Design manifesto

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Alexander Farr 140205543 Studio Collaborative Production ARC563 The Workshop of Technologies: Incentivising local economical and individual aspirational growth through the promotion and nurture of existing community spirit & skills in a PostThatcherite mining town.

Design Manifesto

Burnishing Goldthorpe

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Frances Johnston, Washington’s Blacksmiths, credit Library of Congress

Frances Johnston, Washington’s Handcraft Workshop, credit Library of Congress

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Acknowledgements With thanks to Daniel Jary of Studio Collaborative Production, Howard Evans, Goldthorpe Big Local, and Goldthorpe Salvation Army.

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Sennett, 2012, p.5

“Cooperation can be defined, drily, as an exchange in which the participants benefit from the encounter”

Frances Johnston, Washington’s Workmen on a Staircase, credit Library of Congress

Manuel Castells, in Sennett, 2012, p.55

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“The results of bonding in the community have to lead somewhere; action needs a structure, it has to become sustainable”


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Thesis Introduction Studio Collaborative Production Studio methodologies Informing a personal approach Emerging project themes

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Goldthorpe A brief historical overview The present The infrastructural crossroads

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Burnishing Goldthorpe Premise and context Craft and cooperation as a tool of social regeneration The depot: rituals of market interaction Why a community economy Testing the validity of a community schema The fly ash production centre Project proposal Research questions

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Spatial Investigations Innovation centres and Business parks Silicon Valley Urbanisms Chinese mass manufacturing The Bauhaus model Campuses within an Urban Context Developing a spatial program

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Site Strategies Environmental strategies Massing studies Initial spatial principles Spatial relationships Project phasing

Contents

/56 Conclusions, and next steps /58 Bibliography /60 Appendix

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Thesis

To investigate means of community actualisation and regeneration through productivity focused asset acquisition. How can spaces for work positively affect the social, cultural and emotional wellbeing of communities with decoupled social-work bonds. This project considers community assets as a tool for productive gain toward self-sustainable regeneration. It proposes leveraging latent community spirit to create an economic strategy and community-owned enterprise for upskilling and recreating bonds. Using the town of Goldthorpe as a case study, architectural proposals will explore the notion of a credit-union whilst testing a community-owned enterprise in the form of a fly-ash production centre. This oft-wasted material is increasingly flexible in use, from low-skill brick production, to technical 3D printing. A tiered learn-and-work system will explore how this material can promote skilling in modern techniques to increase employment.

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Introduction

The Scenario Following the closure of the mines in the 1980s, Goldthorpe has struggled with unemployment and educational attainment, and has since developed an antagonistic attitude toward the ‘other’. However, the town looks out for its own, with successful local community groups and social enterprises to provide activity, employment and recreation for residents. The Proposal The project proposes a newly instated Goldthorpe Credit Union, together with a major social enterprise in the Fly Ash Production Centre. Reconnecting the disused railway creates a depot for goods and monies with national infrastructure and industry. The CU & FAPC seeks to instate a base level of income and local cash flow to trigger the self-led regeneration of Goldthorpe

‘A means of exchange is created that facilitates the circulation of goods and services but limits or excludes the capacity of private individuals to accumulate money as a form of social power’ - Harvey, 2014. 1

‘The distinction between necessary labour done for distant others and work undertaken in the reproduction of self, household and commune is gradually erased such that social labour becomes embedded in household and communal work becomes the primary form of unalienated and nonmonetised social labour’. - Harvey, 2014.

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Manifesto Objectives This manifesto details the research, context and methodologies that have allowed the project to emerge, before exploring the critical elements that will shape the progression of the Goldthorpe Gateway Development. Beginning with on site encounters with the town and its residents, to testing of local currencies on individuals attitudes, the project then explores the spatial requirements of these programs. This investigation will inform early design strategies together with an urbanist model that can be adopted for other struggling ex-mining towns in the UK coal belt network.

Key terms: economy, collaboration, production, making, regeneration, up skilling, craft, workshop, technology.

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Studio Collaborative Production

The studio explores a future where a sharing economy has become mainstream. It supposes that the prevailing economic model of speculation and market-driven change is broken. Harnessing the ideas of David Harvey regarding political praxis, the studio asks how an informal economy and cultures of exchange can be harnessed to redefine and reinvigorate the town of Goldthorpe.

‘‘the architecture supports the collaborative production of objects, processes and infrastructure; one that utilises local resources and expertise and is responsive to local needs’’. - Dan Jary, Studio Introduction. 1

We are exploring the concept of a post-capitalist economy1, and through analysis of the local area and resources proposing how underground, grassroots responses to employment and production can challenge conventional forms of capitalist economies.

Studio Collaborative Production, Critical Themes Influencing Policy Social Enterprise & Firms

Informal Economies

Urban Planning

Alternative Economies

Alternative Means of Production

Radical Localism Radical Economies

Political Engagement

Community Currencies

Informal Activism

Studio Collaborative Production

Public Access & Rights of Way

Events Urban Regeneration

Participatory Practice

Employment Consultation Sessions Activating Community

Post-Mining Contexts Place Making

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Landscape Remediation

Passive Engagement


The Studio has initiated a methodology of engagement with local community groups, through an iterative design research approach. Additionally, the Studio is exploring a thematic relationship of economy, regeneration and culture.

Studio Methodologies

Through a hybrid of quantitative desk-based research methods mapping the demographics and economic activity of the town, and qualitative analysis of on-site context, the studio is documenting the rich experience of life in Goldthorpe. Following this action research,we returned to the town, to initiate responses from residents, both for further architectural research, but also to kickstart aspiration and motivation within residents. The community event, pictured right, was a key tool to test initial studio ideas.

(Above, from top) i. Studio photograph from Goldthorpe consultation event, with studio model of the town. <Credit Barnsley Chronicle.> ii. Studio field trip to the Rhine-Ruhr region of Germany. The Peter Hßbner Evangelische Gesamtschule in Gelsenkirchen is a successful example of an architecture working within the community for a communal goal. iii. Kßppersbuschgelände housing complex, also in Gelsenkirchen, showcases an integrated approach to landscape, the environment and sustainability into a holistic place for living for a community.

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Informing a Personal Approach

The stated studio themes informed a methodology initiated by rich analysis of Goldthorpe as a complete entity, including an informal tour of the town, its high-street, and local geographies, particularly the disused railway cutting. This was supplemented by personal topics of interest particularly economic regeneration, innovation centres, rapid technological innovation and automation.

“If architecture was focused on the outcomes, not on the medium, what would you be designing?” “There is no single concept architecture in this model of change. The thesis of change predicated on a Newtonian model, that we can understand things by isolating them, by understanding them in vitro, is fundamentally flawed.” - 1 Indy Johar, Architecture:00, lecture given at This Changes Everything conference, 160224.

Together, a synthesis framework was created which was prototyped and returned to Goldthorpe to iteratively gauge responses. The fundamental thesis proposed is an architecture of networks - that nothing functions in isolation, but is both a product of, and agent of change of, a sociological, technoeconomic and political networks1. The thesis therefore seeks to explore and propose ideas beyond the traditional borders of architecture-as-structure and more as a facilitator of research-guided outcomes.

Methodology framework

Critical Case Study

Collaborative Production

Innovation Centres

Case Studies

Empirical / Quantitative Mapping Synthesis

Goldthorpe Qualitative Experiences & Consultation

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Idea

Prototype

Test

Thesis


Taking the studio themes as a starting point, the project begins to explore the notion of modern work and social structures and their relationships. The work of Richard Sennett in particular begins to inform a language of workshops as a tool for simultaneous economic and culture production within a self-actualising framework.

Emerging Project Themes

My working method is informed by a broad range of reading including, from left: • Organisational practices including strategic design (Hill, Boyer, Hyde, etc.) • Local histories and culture (Warwick and Littlejohn, Sennett, Crawford, etc.). • Current architecture trends (the AJ and AR). • Speculative fiction informing alternative futures and radical thought experiments (Mieville, Stephenson, etc.).

Personal thematic mapping diagram, with critical themes highlighted within four key topics

eConomiCs Wealth and Distribution Technology and Infrastructure Labour and Welfare Consumption and Use

politiCs Organisation and Governance Law and Justice Communication and Movement Representation and Negotiation

Accounting and Regulation

Security and Accord

Exchange and Transfer Production and Resourcing

Dialogue and Reconciliation Ethics and Accountability

Culture Health and Wellbeing Enquiry and Learning Gender and Generations Belief and Meaning Memory and Projection Recreation and Creativity Engagement and Identity

eColoGy Materials and Energy Water and Air Flora and Fauna Habitat and Food Place and Space Construction and Settlements Emission and Waste

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Goldthorpe Goldthorpe, 2015 1:20,000

A Brief Historical Overview 1

Diagram, see right

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Diagram, page 18

Warwick and Littlejohn, 1992, p.16

Goldthorpe map key (right) Coal mining belts of Great Britain, within which Goldthorpe is located as part of the South Yorkshire belt, highlighted. Built around the collieries of the belt, Goldthorpe grew and eventually the edges blurred between itself and the neighbouring towns of Thurnscoe and Bolton-UponDearne.

Central within the South Yorkshire coal belt, the largest and most centrally positioned belt within the United Kingdom, Goldthorpe1 had humble beginnings in the late 19th century. Exploding with the introduction of coal collieries to the area in the early 20th century, the town is intimately linked with the timeline of mining in England. Similarly, culture developed alongside2, with men associating work with self, extending this out to the pubs and civil life. Women, historically restricted to the homes, began to fulfil community agendas but nevertheless remained sidelined3. During the conservative government helmed by Margaret Thatcher in the early 1980s, the industry suffered a swathe of closures, including all local collieries by the late ‘90s. As a result, the local economy underwent a fundamental employment shift, from which it has not fully yet recovered. The 2008 recession also hit hard, costing the coalfields an above average 46,000 jobs. The high unemployment, together with low educational achievement and historic work patterns, has resulted in an economy heavily revolving around elementary and production plant machinery sectors.


Leeds

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Goldthorpe

Sheffield

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Goldthorpe, 1900s 1:20,000

Goldthorpe, 1930s 1:20,000

Goldthorpe, 1960s 1:20,000

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average 2014 Demographic figures forYorkshire the Yorkshire coalbelt 48 area. GB average Goldthorpe figures are typical for the Yorkshire South East England Coalbelt, and reveal an economy lagging behind the national average, whilst remaining predominately manual-job focused. (Foden, Fothergill & Gore, 2014)

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The Present

Contemporary Goldthorpe is physically much the same as it was during the 1960s. The closured collieries have been replaced with new parks, and employment has moved largely to the town’s western periphery. As a result, the historic coupling of employment and social life has been severed - with employment opportunities physically removed and decoupled from the social identity of the town.

I

Mining history Key (Far Left) Historically, Goldthorpe was founded as a mining town, with families settling and expanding the towns of Goldthorpe, Thurnscoe and Burton-Upon-Dearne due to proximity to the collieries.

II

Around a heart of coal, the towns grew with the collieries at the heart of the community. Coal was the fire for urban and social growth and cohesion.

III

As a result of tax increases during the 197981 recession thanks to the conservative government in power, two million jobs were lost.

IV

Strikes over pit closures in 1984 signalled the beginning of the end for mining in Yorkshire, and unemployment spiralled uncontrolled in the town.

V

Since the closure of the collieries, Goldthorpe has struggled with employment and education - but small scale workshops operate on a hobbyist scale out of garages.

Despite overall higher levels of unemployment, women have been active in the community, kickstarting skills café initiatives, libraries, and other social enterprises. Informal working structures, workshops operating out of garages, have also emerged. Groups such as the UK Men’s Sheds Association, use such activities to reinforce work cooperation as a form of social regeneration

UK Men’s Sheds Association

VI With stewardship, Goldthorpe’s latent informal economies can be harnessed to create new markets for emerging technologies and entrepreneurship.

I

Men’s Sheds Key (Left) A community of locally started and funded sheds for men to cluster and be hands-on. By providing an alternative to pubs and sports, the net for men to engage socially is expanded. There are currently 200+ sheds located in the UK.

II

There is currently no shed open closer to Goldthorpe than Barnsley (see map). The combination of manufacturing and the social aspect could be leveraged to uplift the unemployment within the town.

/17


III

II

/18


I

II

I III

I

Mining Community in Goldthorpe This map visualises historic community structures within Goldthorpe. Male workers at the Colliery identified socially with these places and working groups, and extended these through to public houses, creating a male dominated culture. Since the closure of the Collieries, employment has decreased, but is now largely centred around distribution centres located on the fringes of the town. This has created a decentralised economic geography for working communities, further weakening their historically social-geographically centred community. In the wake of the collapse of the maledominated colliery communities, female groups have emerged to support the town. Community led endeavours including the community shop and skills cafe have collaborated to restore a heart to the town and its people.

/19


The Infrastructural Crossroads

Physically, the site sits on a crossroads of infrastructure, directly west of Goldthorpe town centre, on the main road leading west to Sheffield and Rotherham. It also sits at a junction of historical mining railroads, one maintained as the mainline between Sheffield and Leeds, the remaining mothballed.

(Right) Goldthorpe infrastructure, highlighting historical, existing, and proposed routes around the site: Existing road networks Proposed reopening of historic rail networks: As depot tracks As footpaths (Below) Goldthorpe site plan, with neighbouring infrastructural routes and town context

Mainline train to Leeds

Distribution warehouses

Disused railway proposed reopening

To Sheffield Existing car park

Goldthorpe train station

Goldthorpe centre

Toward Rotherham

Mainline train to Sheffield /20

Existing petrol stations

Disused railway proposed as footpath

Disused railway proposed as footpath


10min

5min

Site

/21


Burnishing Goldthorpe

Premise & Context

Building upon the theories of Sennett and Crawford, the project supposes that a latent social agenda exists within Goldthorpe, as evidenced within the Big Local meetings, that can be captured and leveraged for a social good. By capturing this spirit, ideas of community currency are explored to provide a crowd-sourced ‘pot’ for social enterprises and initiatives.

(Right) Burnishing Goldthorpe, from a mining town through to a rejuvenated production centre for Fly Ash skills.

/22

The theme of crowd-a funding is explored as a means of communal self-actualisation, in the form of a workshop of technologies. This workshop functions as a training centre for new employability skills. Goldthorpe resultantly trains itself to become employable within a rapidly changing technological employment climate. Through community ownership and cooperative working, the workshop functions as a social regenerator, at both individual and town scales.


1

The Local Credit Union of Goldthorpe & South Yorkshire Coal Belt

This note is valid tender for all debts, public and private within the borders of the South Yorkshire Coal Belt subject to verbal agreement with suplier. Exchangeable for equal quantity pound sterling at the Credit Union, Goldthorpe. Series 2016.

GT 54820931 A

Secretary of the Treasury.

GT 54820931 A

Goldthorpe Colliery, closed February 4th 1994 despite retained on the British Coal Corporations list of mines.

1

/23


Craft and Cooperation as a Tool of Social Regeneration Active involvement in face-to-face organisations has plummeted, whether we consider organisational records, survey reports, time diaries or consumer expenditures.” - Putnam, 2000, p.63. 1“

Architectural Review, February 2016. 3 Warwick and Littlejohn, 1992; Bulmer, 1978. 4 UK Men’s Sheds Association, < http://menssheds.org.uk> 2

5

Sennett, 2012, p.9 6

ibid., p.203

“Like ritual, the social triangle is a social relationship people make. In the craftsman’s workshop, this three-sided relation is experienced physically, non-verbally; bodily-gestures take the place of work in establishing authority, trust and cooperation. Skills like muscular control are required to make bodily gestures communicate, but gesture matters socially for another reason as well: physical gesture makes social relationships feel informal. Visceral feelings are also aroused when we gesture, informally, with words.” - Sennett, 2012, p.205 7

8

Communal, unspoken re-appropriation of shared workshops to meet shared modes of working ibid., p.205 9

10

/24

ibid., p.212

Sennett, 2012, p.234.

Alongside the decline of mining communities, social relations are in global decline, with home entertainment and the lounge replacing social clubs as the peak of entertainment1. Work environments, despite a tendency toward the openplan, have created the anti-thesis of monastic working: we are together, but alone2. The subsequent decoupling of work and social life has resulted in a home life spent alone after a work life, spent alone. Within Goldthorpe, where men developed social identities around being a miner3, levels of depression are increasing. Schemes such as Men’s Sheds4, are beginning to explore the healing process that craft can bring to these communities. The dissolution of skill based work in the town is compounding skill loss, creating superficial contracts and anxiety about the national ‘Other’5. The further loss of ingrained habits between working social actors has created what Goffman calls ‘role dissonance’6. The younger generation, as economic actors, are emerging into this uninviting context. Through the process of craft, Sennett argues7, unspoken rituals create a bond between makers as they act out the motion of craft. Flexible spaces, originally laid out ‘justso’ are appropriated collaboratively to create spaces that work through naturally generated processes8. This action spatialises gestures developed through practice of a particular craft communally. Utilising the social triangle, social repair can be attempted, in particular social remediation, being the act of improving an existing social operation9. This act of remediation challenges the reviewer to recreate lost bonds through the appropriation of different means of employment in contemporary economies. The failings of the mining industry are thus replaced and improved through the implementation of workshops based around contemporary skills, such as robotics and 3D printing, together with traditional craft. Experimentally rethinking the Big Local grant scheme as a crowd sourced fund to engage community ownership over local initiatives attempts what Sennett calls Reconfiguration. This process is more informal in procedure than remediation, manifesting through engagement and iterative hypothesis testing until a consensus is reached. This ultimately attempts to tackle the challenge of participation: how is it worth the participant’s time? Sennett suggests a method is to avoid the fantasy of ‘settling matters’, instead acknowledge the root causes of the problem10. Taken together, the credit union and workshops, instead of ‘settling matters’ with the current government, attempt to reconfigure the single-industry employment monopoly that crippled the town.


Rhythm of developing a physical skill, as Ritual

Gestures between participants as informal social experience

The Depot: Rituals of Market Interaction

As Sennett argues, competition can function as a strengthener of social cooperation1. In this regard, local production of objects and national production are in contention - local production seeking to make a mark on the national market. The proposed depot therefore functions as a mediating ritual between the national ‘other’ and the cooperative local workshop. Ritualistic success here shows competence at the national playing field. By placing the depot within the site as an intrinsic part of the thesis program, these rituals are spatialised locally. The act of selling locally produced products onto a national market is a marker of success, one that can be qualified within the community mind. These markers can then be internalised by workers as motivational meme2 indicating Goldthorpe’s re-emergence as player on the national stage.

Using minimum force to embody response to those who resist or differ

1

Sennett, 2012, p.64

“an idea, behaviour, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture”. Definition of meme, <http://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary/meme> 2

The physical act of shipping products produced by an economy represents a spatialisation of the success of that economy. The ritual of transfer is a recognition that your work is successful.

/25


Why a Community Economy 1 2

The Bristol Pound <http://bristolpound.org>

The Findhorn Eko <http://www.ekopia.org.uk/ investments/eko-currency/>

Brunel University Research Highlights <http:// bristolpound.org/library/ResearchFeedback.pdf> 3

United Diversity Commons <http://library. uniteddiversity.coop/Community_Currencies/ Community_Currency_Eko_Scotland.pdf> 4

5 6

Hickey, 2015

ref: Management Report: Social Enterprise and Social Firms

(Right, from top) The Findhorn Eko currency; the Bristol Pound currency; The proposed Coalbelt currency network; proposed Goldthorpe Pound notes.

The proposed method for a community currency (the Goldthorpe pound, £G) for social ends has been tested in multiple locations worldwide, including the UK and Germany. Compared here is a large scale attempt the Bristol Pound1 (£B), and the Findhorn Eko2 (£E), from a commune in North-East Scotland. A first in city-wide community currency, the Bristol Pound is run as a not-for-profit partnership between the Bristol Pound Community Interest Company and Bristol Credit Union. Research feedback has indicated3 that use of local currency creates feelings of power among spenders, “it’s the only power a consumer has to decide where spending goes”. This power is represented in estimates that 80% of spending will ‘exit the economy very quickly’5, if spent in national chains. Figures from June 2015 indicate that of £B1m issued, £B700,000 remains in circulation5. The Eko, introduced in 2002, has a turnover of £E1520,000, with total annual trading turnover in excess of £E100,000. With an established fund base, the community makes loans to various community organisations2, additionally any income from any unreturned ekos goes to local non-profit initiatives4.

(Below) The Bristol Pound scheme works to retain local investment in the local area as opposed to dilution to the national economy through shopping chains. It encourages the purchase of local goods and services creating a ‘closed loop’ economy.

Local energy bills Council Tax & Mayor’s wages

National chains excluded from scheme

/26


The Goldthorpe Pound emerges as a response to two main objectives explored in both the Bristol Pound and Findhorn Eko. By restoring power to local spending, higher levels of local money remain local, strengthening local business, but also community ties. Secondly, establishing a community partnership handling the pot as a social enterprise6 enables the reintroduction of profits, and low cost loans back into community social endeavours, similar to Ekopian methods. It is envisioned that this fund will enable further economic schemes such as the Big Local’s recent purchase of four terrace houses for low cost rent to local residents. Within the thesis context, a portion of this money will be invested into the Workshop of Technologies for the upskilling of workers. Ultimately, as the currency embeds within Goldthorpe, there is scope for the network to spread, becoming a Coalbelt currency network, with the town, and the credit union, at it’s heart.

Aims of the Eko Currency Issue

1

5 20

This note is valid tender for all debts, public and private within the borders of the South Yorkshire Coal Belt subject to verbal agreement with supplier. Exchangeable for equal quantity pound sterling at the Credit Union, Goldthorpe.

Reopened in 2006 by Brian Blessed, the Dearne Playhouse has become the Dearne Valley’s leading venue for shows, comedy, concerts and more.

20

The Local Credit Union of Goldthorpe & South Yorkshire Coal Belt

10

This note is valid tender for all debts, public and private within the borders of the South Yorkshire Coal Belt subject to verbal agreement with supplier. Exchangeable for equal quantity pound sterling at the Credit Union, Goldthorpe.

Series 2016.

GT 54820964 D

Secretary of the Treasury.

The Homes of Goldthorpe, with population booming in the years following the collieries opening, residents have a strong community spirit.

Series 2016.

GT 54820959 C

Secretary of the Treasury.

Goldthorpe High Street, a local selection of independent businesses within a rich built heritage.

Secretary of the Treasury.

GT 54820959 C

5. To create gift capital for local projects.

GT 54820945 B

GT 54820964 D

4. To inspire both guests and residents with the demonstration value of a locally based currency, and to get the users thinking about how and where they spend their money.

Series 2016. Secretary of the Treasury.

Goldthorpe Colliery, closed February 4th 1994 despite retained on the British Coal Corporations list of mines.

The Local Credit Union of Goldthorpe & South Yorkshire Coal Belt

3. To promote these businesses and projects, and the Ecovillage in general as a place of innovation and sustainable economy

This note is valid tender for all debts, public and private within the borders of the South Yorkshire Coal Belt subject to verbal agreement with supplier. Exchangeable for equal quantity pound sterling at the Credit Union, Goldthorpe.

Series 2016.

GT 54820931 A

5

The Local Credit Union of Goldthorpe & South Yorkshire Coal Belt

GT 54820945 B

2. To enable existing businesses to make savings on bank charges (surprisingly perhaps, this benefit may outweigh the value of the low cost financing), and to stimulate trade amongst community business, residents and visitors.

This note is valid tender for all debts, public and private within the borders of the South Yorkshire Coal Belt subject to verbal agreement with suplier. Exchangeable for equal quantity pound sterling at the Credit Union, Goldthorpe.

GT 54820931 A

1. To provide low cost financing for new projects through low interest loans and surpluses generated by the currency project itself.

1

The Local Credit Union of Goldthorpe & South Yorkshire Coal Belt

10 /27


Testing the Validity of a Community Schema 1

di Carlo, 2012, p.31

“But if the architects have lost the ability to deploy knowledge, nobody benefits and everyone loses. I think it is fine that architects bring a certain form of knowledge to the table, but if they are prepared to receive knowledge back from the other side of the table.” - Jeremy Till, in interview with Bernd Upmeyer.

2

3

Warren, 2001, p.60

To achieve an embedded project within a community, ensuring users participate in the project from planning phases is critical to avoiding decay of use1. As Till argues, effective collaboration achieves a greater end result for all involved, so long as suitable distinctions are drawn. He argues that architects should maintain their specialised ability to deploy knowledge yet they must remain open to receiving knowledge back2 from ‘lay-experts’, expert in their own life situation. The consultation event was designed to utilise the architect’s expert knowledge of data and collaboration theory to table a language of currency and workshops, yet remain open-ended enough to enable lay-expert input into the particular shape of work desired within their community. This was tested through a series of production methods, at varied scales, that residents could vote with community current for preferred employment modes. In deferring the details of programme definition to residents, democracy is practiced through the distribution of decision making powers to those potentially affected by collective decisions3.

Detailed discussion and analysis of the practice of community engagement and results can be found at ref: Management Report: User Consultation

When Should Consultation End?

As an academic thesis, the question arises of when should collaboration end? As Till argues2, the specialist knowledge of architects should be retained throughout consultation, but at the culmination of the process, some expert knowledge should be imparted. At a future final meeting with the Big Local group and residents, this thesis needs to consider a legacy vehicle that is usable by the community. It is envisaged that this will take the form of a spatial vision of the workshops and union in action. Focus should be on the shared activity in these spaces, such that residents can utilise existing vacant space to manifest these proposals.

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01_ Small scale ceramics £41 (10%)

03_ Brick making (manual machining) £0 (0%)

05_ Small scale handcraft £66 (15%)

07_ Small scale 3D printing £22 (6%)

02_ Large scale ceramics £0 (0%)

03_ Brick making (manual machining) £30 (8%)

06_ Large scale handcraft £40 (9%)

08_ medium scale 3D printing £5 (2%)

Total cash votes £430 Amounted unvoted £215 (50%)

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The Fly Ash Production Centre 1 Sourcing strategy is discussed in the management report, ref: Management Report: Funding Strategy 2

Countdown to 2025: Tracking the UK coal phase out.

Fly Ash was selected for the workshop of technologies due to its versatility. It can effectively be utilised in green brick technology (both robotic and handmade), ceramics and 3D printing, all technological skills identified as desirable within Goldthorpe. A by-product of the coal thermal power process, Fly Ash becomes a metaphor for the regeneration of Goldthorpe itself - a superseded waste product becoming of use in a contemporary economy. In a climate of closing thermal power stations2, the existing fly ash in landfill would maintain operation of the building in its current form for a number of years. As the aspiration of the workshops is ultimately an upskilling firm, the processes themselves should be flexible and adaptable to newer materials in a post-carbon future.

Mixing of Fly Ash with cement, sand and water

Pouring of mortar into the moulds

Drying in atmospheric temperature & pressure

Cured for a period of 14 days

Removing from the moulds

Fly ash bricks

[Above] Process of creating Fly Ash bricks [Left, from top] 1. 1.4 million tonnes of fly ash is placed into land fill each year 2. Fly ash bricks palettes 3. Method of ceramic production in South Korea involves the mixing of fly ash into the glaze for a unique black effect 4. Dr Mark Evans has developed a method of utilising fly ash (50% mix) into 3D printing methods to print street furniture

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Mined coal

Traditional economy in Goldthorpe Extraction of coal from local area

Coal Fly ash

Burning of coal in thermal power plans producing coal fly ash as part of waste by-products

Proposed upskilling process Coal fly ash waste can be used as an aggregate in green brick production, pottery making, and in 3d printed furniture

From producer of waste to producer from waste

Total yearly fly ash production 4,646,389 tonnes Total yearly furnace bottom ash 778,808 tonnes

Fly Ash placed in Landfill 1,366,038 tonnes 29.4% of total yearly ash production

Fly Ash used in AAC Blocks 752,718 tonnes 16.2% of total yearly ash production Functioning coal thermal power plants (government data, 2014)

Coal belts in the United Kingdom

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Project Proposal

The thesis proposes that Goldthorpe as a community can self-actualise the regeneration of the town, both economically, and socially. It comprises three core elements: • A credit union that legitimises latent social power as a community currency offering funding for local social initiatives. • Utilising theories of cooperative work, the workshop of technologies simultaneously offers means for economic activity, whilst providing education in relevant manufacturing skills and the creation of new social cooperative bonds. • An import/export depot that communicates success through the ritual of exchange to the national network.

Right, Programme Triad Import/Export Depot The Workshop of Technologies The Goldthorpe Credit Union

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Research Questions

To investigate means of community actualisation and regeneration through productivity focused asset acquisition. How can spaces for work positively affect the social, cultural and emotional well-being of communities with decouple social-work bonds.

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Spatial Investigations

Innovation Centres and Business Parks 1

Barnsley Business & Innovation Centre, http://www.bbic.co.uk, images below.

I

Key Typical business park layering creates gradients of privacy, ranging from the public circulatory routes, often through landscaping and parking, to the front door. Pedestrian footpaths are often additionally restricted across parking.

II

Goldthorpe Innovation park, located in the community heart of the town. Flexible layering creates a central core campus surrounded by a community “backyard” green belt used for campus expansion in future phases. Public through routes remain and penetrate into the core of the previously ‘private’ campus plan.

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I Office business park

Car park

Public urban circulation Soft landscaping

II

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Silicon Valley Urbanisms

1

The Dot-Com City, Lange, 2012

“It’s still a fortress of solitude. That gorgeous green space is for employees only (whereas, for instance, California’s natural coastline is protected public space)” - Fastcodesign, 2014

Apple’s new Cupertino Campus, designed by Foster + Partners, costing $5 billion <Credit Fastcodesign>

Facebook’s new campus was meticulously designed to Mark Zuckerberg’s idea of work by Frank Gehry <Credit Frank Gehry>

I

Key Silicon Valley Urbanism1. Championed by Apple and Facebook, technology giants provide all amenities within the campus to promote innovation among employees whilst retaining company secrets.

II Goldthorpe Urbanism. An alternative strategy, the informal economy and community already existing in Goldthorpe is captured as a town-wide campus. Amenities are shared between companies to promote local enterprise and business.

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I

II

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Chinese Mass Manufacturing

I

Key Foxconn/Apple Factories. Factory towns turn remote innovation into remote capital with no local investment from either. Factory towns emerge clustered around megalithic factories employing most of the residents. II Goldthorpe Retention proposal. Historically, similar to contemporary factory towns. Workers in Goldthorpe were employed in the collieries to national corporations who retained capital. A renaissance of creative manufacturing can promote integration and retention of ideas, capital and manufacturing locally. <image credits: cultofmac>

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I

II

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The Bauhaus Model

The Bauhaus model offered vocational artists, or ‘Masters of Form’, together with a master craftsman as technical supervisors, the chance to head their own workshop, be it stone or sculpture, or printmaking, among others. Gropius envisaged these workshops1 as a way of teaching craft to prepare designers for industry, gradually increasing their “ability to master more intricate problems” whilst remaining aware of the entire process. This thesis aligns itself with this process within the production centre. Spatialising each workshop as its own teaching entity promotes craft as a skill that is translatable and employable. Discrete yet interconnected workshops teach a range of skills that progressively increase in complexity.

“The Bauhaus does not pretend to be a crafts school; contact with industry is consciously sought... The old craft workshops will develop into industrial laboratories: from their experimentation will evolve standards for industrial production...The teaching of a craft is meant to prepare for designing for mass production. Starting with the simplest tools and least complicated jobs, he gradually acquires ability to master more intricate problem and to work with machinery, while at the same time he keeps in touch with the entire process of production from start to finish.” -1 Walter Gropius, in Naylor, 1985, p.93 (Right, top) Skills training route proposed within the production centre. Solid lines are default routes while dashed lines indicate optional progression routes for residents with different desires. (Right, bottom) Typical Bauhaus class teaching structure.

I

Bauhaus Key ( far right) Because we live in the [21st] century, the student architect or designer [or maker or hacker] should be offered no refuge in the part but should be equipped for the modern world in its various aspects, artistic, technical, social, economic, spiritual, so that he [or she] may function not in society not as a decorator [or miner] but as a vital participant.

II

The Bauhaus’s philosophy of learning by doing and of teachers as masters, as professionals themselves, is a relevant to Goldthorpe’s culture as the modernist designers. A culture of ‘dirty’ industry and hands-on skills should be nurtured and the strengths of an ex-mining community should be encouraged, not replaced.

/40

Whether learning one craft, or multiple, the student gains transferable employable skills to become economically active.

Goldthorpe Residents

Handcraft

Ceramics

Brickmaking

INDUSTRY

Robotics

3D Printing


KED

IN A

WOR KSHO P RA THER AND

WOR THAN

ERS

AST

EM

MY

CADE

AN A

AM

BEC

NTS ORS

ESS

F PRO

STUD E AUS

AUH

EB

H AT T

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Campuses Within an Urban Context

(Images, below) Taking a number of campus architectures, these collages superimpose the floor plan onto the site to compare arrangements and scales of intervention.

John Henry Brookes & Abercrombie Building, Oxford Brookes University 26,848m2 Design Engine Architects

Kingston Business School, Kingston-Upon-Thames. 7,290m2 Hawkins\Brown

/42

Large, new build education and campus structures have tended to favour out-of-centre solutions. However, a number have successfully integrated within townscapes, historically and contemporaneously. Those in urban centres offer transportation, environmental and economical advantages over the alternative. The proposed site echoes these advantages, positioned near multiple transportation networks (road, bus and rail). The creation of a vibrant, accessible campus brings twin advantages to Goldthorpe - integrating residents into a local economy, and a transparent campus as a new civic landscape for walking and recreation.


Port Glasgow Community Campus, Port Glasgow 21,719m2 Archial NORR

Scottish Crime Campus, Gartcosh 22,500m2 Ryder Architecture

Burntwood School, London 19,800m2 AHMM

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Developing a Spatial Program

The proposed urban strategy is inclusive of urban context and rewards inclusion of infrastructure and green spaces within its borders. Consultation results also indicate the community userbase would prefer smaller, more domestic scale workshops suitable for intimate working groups. The spatial program therefore proposes a dispersed campus architecture, one with sufficient circulation allowing natural and positive engagement penetrating the site. Remaining inclusive of the nearby town centre, existing services and amenities in the centre (a Âą10 minute walk) will be excluded from the program, including cafĂŠs. This section explores the spatial proposing in greater detail, including approaches to massing and urban and environmental strategies.

Spatialising a campus plan prioritising the throughcut of pedestrian and infrastructure routes and the maintenance of green spaces for recreation and environmental benefit

Spatialising a campus that is inclusive of it’s urban area, not exclusive of local business, infrastructure, social capital.

(Right) Conceptual sketch of an upskilling of residents achieved through dispersed, yet connected, Bauhausian workshops at a human scale, that encourages the traversal and engagement of the site by pedestrians, cyclists, and road travel.

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Site Strategies Analysis of site desire lines across the site. Comparing scales of the warehouses to the north and residences in the south creates a rising scale from smaller buildings in the south to larger spaces in the north.

W

Extant infrastructure routes Identified pedestrian desire lines Project buildings Warehouses

Housing

H

Accidental engagement with the program should be encouraged: in this early sketch, a workshop interacts with the non-place of the petrol station.

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Environmental Strategies

The site is not overshadowed by neighbouring building1, nor is it at risk of flooding. The focus is on creative masterplanning to maximise green areas for recreational use, and utilisation of passive and active environmental strategies throughout. Due to the lack of overshadowing and fractured campus proposal, achieving natural daylight and ventilation should be a priority, and will be considered in the arrangement of spaces. Locally produced fly ash bricks should be utilised within the structure of the building2. In addition to the environmental benefits of using fly ash waste, these bricks do not require firing, instead produced entirely through compression and water-curing. Compared to clay bricks, they have lower thermal-conductivity values, and higher compressive strength3.

Above from top, sun studies at spring equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice. 1

2

Fly Ash bricks in use creating load bearing walls.

3

Chokshi et al., 2014.

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Massing Studies

Early block massing Exploring the arrangement of programme on site, particularly a clustering of workshops to promote interaction, and access to a lowered depot, accessible from the rail level. 2

2 Early massing sketch Explored through precedent studies, we have established a language of small, domestic scale workshops arranged into a campus style plan to promote inclusivity.

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Early studies sketch out a language of one- to two-storey campus buildings arranged around core urban spaces open to the public.


Later sketches have begun to explore drawing routes through the spaces deeper into the plan, promoting engagement throughout the arrangement of spaces. By carving into the ground below routes, surprising relationships with the ground and unique perspectives into workshops - from above, from the same level, and from below.

In addition to being a proponent of process planning, Giancarlo di Carlo’s Urbino Campus sets a precedent for a language of ‘carving’ and integrating within both a landscape and domestic scale context. <credit AJ Buildings Library>

di Carlo, Urbino, view from roof level.

a dialogue of carving manipulates the levels between road and rail heights. Structures can pass below, alongside and above pedestrian routes.

di Carlo, Urbino, student residences, view from public space.

Section Study Exploring a language of carving the landscape and embedding the building within the landscape to mitigate impact of a large proposal in a typically 2-storey context 3

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Initial Spatial Principles

The propose disparate programmes represent a mix of civic, commercial and industrial pressures, the confluence of which poses the question1 - how can a civic building integrate the programmatical complexity of industrial structures, and vice versa, how can industrial-commercial structures be made approachable to civic communities?

Credit Union

Depot

Workshops

Thesis Civic

Commercial

Industrial

(above) interrelationship of programmatic requirements preludes the creation of an architecture questioning a relationship of civic, commercial and industrial 1

2

Spatial relationships for combination workshops, covering handcraft, ceramics, brickmaking (both hand and robotics), and 3D printing.

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Spatial relationships for a typical credit union including counselling rooms

Spatial relationships for a combination Import/ Export goods depot and platform for Inspectors and potential clients

/51


Spatial Relationships 1 (right) Interrelationship between workshop programs dictate discrete entities, per Bauhaus organisation, through a notionally linear experience, but one where connections, and chance glimpses are encouraged throughout.

(below) The interrelationship expands beyond the Bauhausian workshops and includes chance interactions between workshop and public routes wherever possible rather than presenting closed borders. 2

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For the workshop program to embed, it is critical that the program remains transparent and visible. Despite a Bauhausian discrete workshop model to education1 with outlined linear progression, techniques learnt in one program should be transferable (and visible) to other workshops, with workers being able to flow between programs to their choosing if desired. It is also key to draw in new residents through ‘accidental’ engagement of the populace2. This is encouraged through the arrangement of spaces near public areas, breaking traditional business park hierarchy.


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Project Phasing 1

Detail of project phasing is discussed in: ref: Management Report: Phasing

To achieve true collaborative integration into the community, it is essential to phase the project effectively1. By consulting the credit union early and giving it time to embed, ideas of a crowd-sourced fund for local initiatives can become normative. As such, funding for the first phase of the workshop is easier to grasp, and the additional pause between workshop phases enables early workers to progress through classes. By the time phase 3 is implemented, it is envisaged that the union and workshops will be an intrinsic part of the Goldthorpe identity. The additional spatialisation of ritual in exchange also helps to communicate success to local workers. Ultimately, skills developed in the production centre will be implemented in small-scale local businesses within the town. That this emergence of business will contribute to the revitalisation of the high streets, will locally produced products livening the urban realm.

(Right) Goldthorpe town centre, as theorised following completion of the project. Once vacant stores reopen under local business ownership developed within the production centre, whilst locally produced street furniture rejuvenates the urban realm.

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Goldthorpe expands as Mining Begins

Policies put in place by Thatcher begins the closure of collieries

Goldthorpe Pound founded, community fund pot established

1

Goldthorpe Credit Union founded

Collapse of local economy occurs.

Rise of requests for funding of social enterprise groups

Fly ash brick kiln studios founded

2

Goldthorpe & Bolton-on-Dearne Big Local founded

Fly ash ceramics studios founded

Import/Export rail depot established Fly ash 3D printing studios founded

3

Depot expanded

4

Skill uplift of Goldthorpe’s residents

Legacy futures: economic & social regeneration of the coalbelts

Scheme rolled out across UK deprived coalbelt areas

Boom in local industries in Goldthorpe high street

Desirable skills makes Goldthorpe valuable to the national construction economy

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Conclusions, and Next Steps

This thesis investigates the establishment of crowd-sourced community funds and workshops to establish self-actualised community bonds within Goldthorpe. Going forward, it is proposed to achieve the following: • Ensure strategic integration of phasing and massing into the site. • Consider the interrelationship of civic and industrial programmatic diversity. • Maintain an iterative methodology, quickly developing the project to be reappraised by the local community and feedback integrated. The project presents the opportunity to critically assess the potential of architecture to embed social and economic regeneration within a town’s identity. The successes of the project can be expanded throughout the Coalbelt network to regenerate similarly disadvantaged communities.

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Bibliography

Books Boyer, B., Cook, J. W., and Steinberg, M., 2011. Recipes for Systemic Change. Helsinki: Sitra. Boyer, B., Cook, J. W., and Steinberg, M., 2013. Legible Practises: Six Stories About the Craft of Stewardship. Helsinki: Sitra. Bulmer, M, ed., 1978. Mining and Social Change. London: Croom Helm. Crawford, M., 2009. The Case for Working with Your Hands, or Why Office Work is Bad for Us and Fixing Things Feels Good. London: Penguin. Easterling, K., 2012. The Action is the Form: Victor Hugo’s TED Talk. Moscow: Strelka. Harvey, D., 2014. Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism. London: Profile. Hill, D., 2012. Dark Matter and Trojan Horses: A Strategy Design Vocabulary. Moscow: Strelka. Lange, A., 2012. The Dot-Com City: Silicon Valley Urbanism. Moscow: Strelka. Naylor, G., 195. The Bauhaus Reassessed: Sources and Design Theory. New York: E.P. Dutton. Putnam, R., 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster. Sennett, R., 2012. Together: The Politics, Pleasures and Politics of Cooperation. London: Penguin. Warren, M., 2001. Democracy and Association. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Warwick, D., and Littlejohn, G., 1992. Coal, Capital and Culture: A Sociological Analysis of Mining Communities in West Yorkshire. London: Routledge. Reports The Coalfields Regeneration Trust, 2014. Our Impact Over the Last 15 Years. [Report]. s.n. Foden, M., Fothergill, S., and Gore, T., 2014. The State of the Coalfields: Economic and Social Conditions in the Former Mining Communities of England, Scotland and Wales. Sheffield: Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research.

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Online Articles Ball, A., 2016. Architecture students present Goldthorpe plans. Barnsley Chronicle, [online]. Available at: <http://www. barnsley-chronicle.co.uk/news/article/11778/architecturestudents-present-goldthorpe-plans> [Accessed 15th February 2016]. Bauhaus Movement, n.d. Rethinking the World. [Online]. Available at: < http://www.bauhaus-movement.com/en/> [Accessed 22nd February 2016]. Chokshi et al., 2014. A Competitive Assessment on Fly-Ash Bricks and Clay Bricks in Central Gujarat Region of India Using ChiSquare Test through SPSS Software. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 3(5). [Online] Available at: <http://www.ijesrt.com/issues%20pdf%20file/ Archives-2014/May-2014/54.pdf> [Accessed 24th February 2016]. Evans, D. Fly Ash 3D Printed Concrete Bench. Core 77, [online]. Available at: < http://www.core77.com/ projects/35571/Fly-ash-3D-printed-concrete-bench> [Accessed 18th February 2016]. Ekopia Resource Exchange, ltd. Eko Community Currency. [Online]. Available at: <http://www.ekopia.org.uk/ investments/eko-currency/> [Accessed 18th February 2016]. Fastcodesign, 2014. Norman Foster On Designing Apple’s $5 Billion “Spaceship” Campus. Fastcodesign, [online]. Available at: < http://www.fastcodesign.com/3029477/norman-fosteron-designing-apples-5-billion-spaceship-campus> [Accessed 22nd February 2016]. Hickey, S., 2015. The innovators: the Bristol pound is giving sterling a run for its money. The Guardian, [online]. Available at: <http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jun/07/theinnovators-the-bristol-pound-is-giving-sterling-a-run-for-itsmoney> [Accessed 18th February 2016]. UK Men’s Sheds Association. [Online]. Available at: <http:// menssheds.org.uk> [Accessed 17th February 2016]. United Diversity Commons, 2005. Community Currency, Eko, Scotland. [Online]. Available at: < http://library. uniteddiversity.coop/Community_Currencies/Community_ Currency_Eko_Scotland.pdf> [Accessed 18th February 2016].

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Appendix

Group demographic studies of working age residents within Goldthorpe. [Top] [Bottom]

ADULT LIFESTAGES_ 16-25

16-25 25-34

DEMOGRAPHICS AGE DISTRIBUTION 16-25 YEARS OLD

5 % 16-2

17

HED DETAC

4 BED

HEST

ES HIG

HOUS

ITY

UAL

RQ

OO

5P

6-2

1 20%

ENT

OYM EMPL

C

N OU

C

0%

G5

USIN

O IL H

LG

CIA

SO

5%

E4

ED

RAD

NO

NS

TIO ICA

Q

LIF UA

OPERTUNITIES ARRISING INDUSRTY EXPANDING

BUT

LOW GRADE HOUSING & LIMITED EDUCATION

= LOW AMBITION DISCONNECTED SOCIETY

PEOPLE

ADULT LIFESTAGES_ 25-34

DEMOGRAPHICS AGE DISTRIBUTION 25-34 YEARS OLD YOUNG FAMILIES

LOW EMPLOYMENT

S

25%

/60

= ASPIRATIONS FOR CHILDREN NOT CAREER ESSENTIAL TO KEEP THE FAMILY IN THE CENTRE OF ANY PLANS

IG

SH

LD

RO

EA

5Y

25-3

D OL RK WO YEAR IME T-T F 0-4 O PAR GE TAGE A EN VER N A PERC HA R T HIGH HE

PEOPLE


Group demographic studies of working age residents within Goldthorpe. [Top] [Bottom]

35-54 55-64

ADULT LIFESTAGES_ 35-54

DEMOGRAPHICS AGE DISTRIBUTION 35-54 YEARS OLD

WEST

SPLIT FROM THE REST OF THE TOWN BY THE

PLOYM

IME EM

6%

S 42-4

R OLD

4 YEA

% 35-5

40-50

LL-T IN FU

% ENT 30

DE C1

L GRA

SOCIA

RAILWAY LINE

PHYSICAL BARRIERS= DISJOINTED SOCIETY +

MOST WILL LEAVE GOLDTHORPE FOR WORK ELSEWHERE

BRING THEM BACK AND RECONNECT THE TOWN

PEOPLE

ADULT LIFESTAGES_ 55-64

DEMOGRAPHICS AGE DISTRIBUTION 55-64 YEARS OLD

NORTH

% EC

LDS 45

AR O

-64 YE

20% 55

TIVE E DE INAC GRAD ALLY CIAL 60% SO

MIC ONO

OF DONCASTER ROAD

WHY ECONOMICALLY INACTIVE? 1. LOOKING AFTER HOME OR FAMILY 2. LONG-TERM SICK OR DISABLED

AREA IN NEED OF REGENERATION

DOES THIS GROUP HAVE THE ENERGY TO MAKE A CHANGE?

PEOPLE

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Goldthorpe Community Campus Entrance/Shared Spaces Foyer WC Plant Sub Total

100 25 90 215

Credit Union Banking Hall Lobby/ATMs Cashiers Back Office Secure Area/Store Counselling/Interview WC Store Circulation Sub Total

88 16 50 24 15 55 12 10 50 320

Offices/Community Spaces Admin Meeting Room (1) Meeting Room (2) Bookable Seminar/Meeting WC Store Circulation Sub Total

80 12 12 20 12 10 50 196

Depot Platform Unload/Load Admin/Offices Goods in Bulk Stock [5 days] Active Stock [3 carriages] WC Store Circulation Sub Total

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190 190 25 75 680 75 12 10 50 1307

[1.8% total floor area]

[24/7 access]

[76x2.5] [next to platform]

[2x Automated Production Lines]


Schedule of accommodation

Workshop Studios Hand Tools Workshop (20 Persons) (1) Hand Tools Workshop (20 Persons) (2) Brick Forming Studio (20 Persons) Brick Production Shed Mixing Room Water Curing Room Air Drying Store Robotic Brickmaking Plant Robotic CAD Management Office Storage Ceramics Studio (20 Persons) (1) Ceramics Studio (20 Persons) (2) Ceramics Kiln Ceramics Object Storage Storage CAD/IT Suite (10 persons) (1) CAD/IT Suite (10 persons) (2) CAD/IT Suite (10 persons) (3) 3D Printing Studio (10 Persons) Large Scale Print Suite (5-10 Persons) Storage Rentable Studio (1) Rentable Studio (2) Seminar Room (1) Seminar Room (2) Meeting Rooms Staff Offices WC Store Circulation Sub Total Total

200 200 200 150 100 420 150 600 16 10 90 90 24 100 10 16 16 16 12 40 10 200 200 20 20 12 80 12 10 50 3074 5112

[420 pallets/14 days] [150 pallets/5 days]

sqm

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Alexander Farr 140205543

Design Manifesto

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Studio Collaborative Production


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