Benjamin Farm - for people, for wildlife... forever
Project Summary: To develop a cost-neutral model for ecologically-driven habitat management of conservation land through the promotion of local commercial animal husbandry.
Objectives: - Invasive Plant Control - Maintain New England Cottontail Habitat - Create Conditions for Profitable Farming - Develop Public Value on the Land
Plan and Design by: Alex Hoxsie Advisors: Professors Mary Myers and Joe Berg Temple University Department of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture
Table of Contents Local and Regional Context
A2
Scarborough and the Land Trust
A4
Precedent: Broadturn Farm
A6
Precedent: Fuller Farm
A7
Precedent: Sewell Woods & Frith Farm
A8
Precedent: Libby River Farm
A9
Spurwink River Watershed
A10
Site Geology: Bedrock
A12
Site Geology: Surface Material
A13
Site Soils
A14
Dominant Vegetation Types
A16
Site Landforms: Topography
A18
Site Landforms: Elevation
A19
Site Slopes
A20
Hydrology Study 1: Northwest Corner
A22
Hydrology Study 2: East Edge
A24
Hydrology Study 3: Southwest Corner
A26
Scarborough Town Planning
A28
Existing Site Infrastructure
A30
Regional Target Markets
A32
Local Target Markets
A34
Inventory and Analysis: Regional and Local Context
ME
Gorham
Cumberland County
VT
NH
Scarborough
MA CT
RI
Benjamin Farm is located in Southern Maine in the town of Scarborough. Minutes from I-95 and US-1, it is easily accessible to Scarborough residents, regional visitors, and the coastal Maine tourist community. Further, the proximity to downtown Portland, Old Orchard Beach, and a number of other coastal attractions makes Benjamin Farm fit into an existing framework of outdoor recreation opportunities. Page A2
Old Orchard Beach
Portland
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Westbrook
So. Portland
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Benjamin Farm Cape Elizabeth
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Ferry Beach
3
Higgins Beach
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Two Lights State Park
2
Scarborough Beach State Park
4
Crescent Beach State Park
6
Portland Headlight
Page A3
Town Of
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Benjamin Farm fits into a town-wide network of conserved land managed by the Scarborough Land Trust (SLT). These successful public open spaces demonstrate the ATLANTIC OCEAN demand for close-to-home outdoor recreation opportunities in the town. In one of Maine’s fastest growingSACO communities, Benjamin Farm BAY represents an important opportunity to protect valuable habitat and1pay homage to 0 wildlife 0.25 0.5 Scarborough’s agricultural heritage. Miles SK
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± Page A5
SLT leases part of the property to John Bliss and Stacy Brenner for their Broadturn Farm, Inc. business of organic vegetables, flowers, and farm weddings.
Broadturn Farm 434 Acres of Land Protected, Managed and Owned by Scarborough Land Trust
388 Broadturn Rd www.broadturnfarm.com
www.scarboroughlandtrust.org info@scarboroughlandtrust.org (207) 289 -1199
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Hunting and Trapping By SLT Permission Only
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Map produced in partnership with the Town of Scarborough. Mapping services provided by the GIS Division of Scarborough Public Works.
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0.1
Precedent Highlights: Agriculture + Trail + Hunting Leased agriculture Welcome kiosk with restrooms Wetlands and streams Page A6
0.2 Miles
Wetland
September 2013
Fuller Farm Trails 220 Acres of Land Protected, Managed, and Owned by Scarborough Land Trust
www.scarboroughlandtrust.org info@scarboroughlandtrust.org (207) 289 -1199
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Forest Forested Wetlands November 2013
Precedent Highlights: Trails + Trails + Trails Multiple trail options Long trails Trail bridges Page A7
www.scarboroughlandtrust.org info@scarboroughlandtrust.org (207) 289 -1199
35 Acres of Land Protected, Managed and Owned by Scarborough Land Trust Adjacent to Frith Farm, 13 acres Owned by Daniel Mays and Protected by Maine Farmland Trust
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Precedent Highlights: Agriculture + Trails + Forest Private owner partnership Working farm component Wetlands and streams Page A8
Frith Farm raises organic vegetables, meat and poultry. www.frithfarm.net
0 13
Sewell Woods & Frith Farm
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September 2013
Libby River Farm Trails
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75 Acres of Land Protected, Managed, and Owned by Scarborough Land Trust.
www.ScarboroughLandTrust.org info@scarboroughlandtrust.org (207) 289 -1199
Camp Ketcha Libby River Farm Scarborough Land Trust
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ATTENTION DOG OWNERS To safeguard programs at Camp Ketcha. Dogs must be on a leash at all times at Libby River Farm. Thank you for your cooperation!
Camp Ketcha Main Building Camp Ketcha Property Line
Field Forest Forested Wetland Scarborough Marsh (State of Maine)
September 2013
Precedent Highlights: Community + Trails + Habitat >25 ac. NEC Habitat project Non-profit partnership Observation platform Page A9
Inventory and Analysis: Spurwink River Watershed
Pleasant Hill Road
Route 77
Page A10
Connected to the Coast Benjamin Farm contains the headwaters of the Spurwink River. The Spurwink is popular for fishing, paddling, and birding. Protecting its upper reaches is integral to preserving the habitat and recreational opportunities that it provides.
Page A11
Inventory and Analysis: Site Geology
OZce – Ordovician - Precambrian Z Cape Elizabeth Formation. Metamorphic Bedrock Material. PRIMARY ROCK TYPE - Slate SECONDARY ROCK TYPE - Schist OTHER ROCK TYPES - Quartzite, Phyllite
B E D R O C K OZs – Ordovician - Precambrian Z Spring Point Formation. Metavolcanic Bedrock Material.
Page A12
ms â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Medium-grained glaciomarine deposits (sand, gravel, and minor
amounts of silt).
ORIGIN - Deposited where glacial meltwater streams and currents entered the sea. Includes glaciomarine deltas, subaqueous kames and fans (subaqueous outwash), and outwash that prograded into shallow marine waters and locally covered earlier glaciomarine silt and clay deposits
S U R F A C E m
- Fine-grained glaciomarine deposits (silt, clay, and minor amounts of gravel) ORIGIN - Composed of glacial sediments that accumulated on the ocean floor. Formed during the late-glacial marine submergence of lowland areas in southern Maine.
Page A13
Inventory and Analysis: Site Soils
Site Soil Characteristics Biddeford Silt Loam (Bo)
-Depressional areas with a water table depth of 1 foot -Soil is too wet for farming, but suitable for pasture -Most areas are wooded, typical species include: speckled alder, sedges, and marsh grasses
Buxton Silt Loam (BuB)
Hollis Rocky Fine Sand Loam (HsC)
-Shallow, well-drained upland slopes -Can be used as permanent pasture or woodland. -Most areas are now wooded, typical species include: spruce, balsam fir, oak, beech, eastern hemlock, maples, and pines
-Terraces adjacent to drainages and plains with a water table depth of 1 to 2.5 feet, seasonally wet -Suitable for hay, pasture, row crops, and woodland -Mostly used for farming, typical species include: white pine, birches, ground juniper, and poplars
Melrose Fine Sandy Loam (MeC)
Deerfield Loamy Sand (DeB)
Paxton Fine Sandy Loam (PbB)
-Well-drained upland soil mostly used for farming -Suitable for hay, pasture, and woodland -Typical species include: white pine, spruce, balsam fir, gray birch, beech, and maples.
Elmwood Fine Sandy Loam (EmB)
-Terraces adjacent to streams and rivers with a water table depth of 1 to 2.5 feet, seasonally wet -Suitable for hay and pasture -Mostly drained for farming use -Typical species include: pines and northern hardwoods
Hollis Fine Sandy Loam (HrB)
-Deep well-drained soils on terraces adjacent to streams -Formerly farmed, suited for hay or pasture -Most areas are now wooded, typical species include: pines and northern hardwoods -Well-drained moderately sloped uplands -Formerly farmed, typically wooded now -Can be suitable for crops, pasture, hay, and orchards -Typical species include: oaks, maples, beech, pines, white spruce, and larch
Paxton Fine Sandy Loam (PbC)
-Well-drained steeply sloped uplands -Formerly farmed, typically wooded now -Limited by erosion hazard and poor equipment access -Typical species include: oaks, maples, beech, pines, white spruce, and larch
Rockland (Ro) -Shallow, well-drained upland slopes -Formerly farmed for hay or pasture -More than 50% rock cover -Most areas are now wooded, typical species include: spruce, -Suitable for vistas, hiking, and wildlife habitat balsam fir, oak, beech, eastern hemlock, maples, and pines Scantic Silt Loam (Sn)
-Poorly-drained soils, with a water table depth of 1 foot -Soil is typically too wet for farming, but suitable for pasture and hay if artificially drained -Well suited to use as wetland wildlife habitat
Page A14
S O I L S
Page A15
Inventory and Analysis: Dominant Vegetation Types Natural Landscapes of Maine The following plant community references correspond to the findings of Susan Gawler and Andrew Cutko in their book, Natural Landscapes of Maine (2010).
Upland Forest Cover Upland forest covers 39.28 acres, or 32.5% of the site. Based on a preliminary survey of existing vegetation, soils, and topography, the following natural forest communities for Maine are represented or appropriate for the site: Oak - Pine Forest Oak - Pine Woodland
Wetland Cover Wetlands cover 25.32 acres, or 21% of the site. Based on a preliminary survey of existing vegetation, soils, and topography, the following natural wetland communities for Maine are represented or appropriate for the site: Cattail Marsh Grassy Shrub Marsh
Pasture Abandoned pasture covers 56.31 acres, or 46.5% of the site. Based on a preliminary survey of existing vegetation, soils, and topography, the following natural shrub and grassland communities for Maine are represented or appropriate for the site: Rose Maritime Shrubland Tall Grass Meadow
Total Acreage: 120.91 Page A16
C O V E R T Y P E S Pasture (56.31 ac)
Wetland (25.32 ac)
Forest (39.28 ac)
Page A17
Inventory and Analysis: Site Landforms
Page A18
HP 56
30
30
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20
HP 40
10
LP 10 20
HP 28
HP 24 20
HP 30
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T O P O G R A P H Y
HP 68
E L E V A T I O N 0 - 10 ft.
20 - 30 ft.
40 - 50 ft.
60 - 70 ft.
10 - 20 ft.
30 - 40 ft.
50 - 60 ft.
70 - 80 ft.
Page A19
Inventory and Analysis: Site Slopes
0% Slope
Hydrology and Slope Flat Ground (0 - 2%)
2% Slope
Slopes less than 2% are too slight for water to drain off of them readily. As such, these areas are prone to poor drainage and ponding; typical of wetlands.
Slightly Sloped (2 - 5%) 5% Slope
Slopes between 2 and 5% are enough to allow drainage to occur slowly. Soil properties and vegetation can act to help or hinder drainage on these slopes.
Moderately Sloped (2 - 15%) 8% Slope
Slopes between 5 and 15% are steep enough that water drains off of them readily. These areas support upland vegetation.
Steep Slopes (â&#x2030;Ľ15%) 15% Slope
Page A20
Slopes greater than 15% (shown in red) create increased soil erosion and runoff. They also create a more challenging environment for tree growth. Steep slopes tend to be rocky with thin soils.
S L O P E A N A L Y S I S
0 - 2% Slope
2 - 5% Slope
5 - 8% Slope
8 - 15% Slope
>15% Slope
Page A21
Hydrology Study 1: Northwest Corner Drainage on the site, from the boundary along Pleasant Hill Road towards the existing drainage channel (coming out of the adjacent neighborhood), occurs as sheet flow and falls between 1.5 - 2.5% slope.
as Ple tH an ill ad Ro Page A22
Page A23
Hydrology Study 2: East Edge
1
Page A24
1
Drainage off of the central hill typically exists as radial sheet flow and falls between 1.5 - 2.5% slope.
2
Drainage originating at the top of the existing clear cut down towards the center of the site exists as sheet flow at a 2% slope.
2
Page A25
Hydrology Study 3: Southwest Corner
Existing Barn Structure
Page A26
Water draining off the hills at the southwest corner should seemingly collect at the foot of the central hill. Instead, notice the drainage channel that prevents water from pooling here. This drainage channel was installed to convert this area into permanent pasture during the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tenure as an active beef farm.
Existing Farm Drainage
Page A27
Inventory and Analysis: Scarborough Town Planning
Residential-2 Zoning (R-2) “To provide residential areas within the Town of Scarborough of low density in a manner which will promote a wholesome living environment. To this end, residential development shall not exceed 2 dwellings per net residential acre...”
Some Special Exception Uses: -Commercial Agriculture -Farm Stands -Agricultural Products Stores -Agricultural Processing Facilities
Rural Farming District (R-F) “To conserve the integrity and natural qualities of rural open space for the betterment and future of the community and encourage the continuation of agriculture and related activities in these areas of the community. To this end, residential development shall not be in excess of 1 dwelling unit per 2 residential acres...”
Some Permitted Uses: -Commercial Agriculture -Commercial Animal Husbandry -Farm Stands -Agricultural Products Stores -Agricultural Processing Facilities -Wetlands Creation on Previously Excavated Property
Page A28
Some Special Exception Uses: -Camping and Tenting Area -Agricultural Employee Housing
Z O N I N G
Page A29
Inventory and Analysis: Existing Site Infrastructure
Existing Man-Made Site Elements Farm House Existing farmhouse built in 1824 is in a state of disrepair that makes it a liability; removal is necessary
Brick Barn Dismantled and bricks sold off in early 2000s; some remnant material still present
Metal Barn Sturdy steel-framed structure; needs new siding and roof
Drainage Ditches Channelizes runoff from elevated areas and neighboring development to reduce ponding on site
Ponds Appear to be man-made, heavily colonized by common cattail (Typhus latifolia)
Fence Lines Remnant barbed-wire fencing used to define different pasture areas and property boundary; in need of repairs
Farm Roads Unpaved tractor and/or truck paths, one accessing the metal barn from Pleasant Hill Road and the other connecting the farm house and the metal barn
Page A30
S T R U C T U R E S
Page A31
Inventory and Analysis: Regional Target Markets Southern Maine Farmers’ Markets Market Distribution: Farmers’ markets and natural foods stores tend to be located along I-95 and US Route-1, where population centers and tourist destinations occur most frequently
Within 25 Miles of Benjamin Farm: There are approximately 12 towns within a 25-mile radius of the site that host farmers’ markets
Within 50 Miles of Benjamin Farm: There are approximately 37 towns within a 50-mile radius of the site that host farmers’ markets
Southern Maine Natural Food Stores Within 25 Miles of Benjamin Farm: There are approximately 6 specialty natural foods stores within a 25-mile radius of the site.
Within 50 Miles of Benjamin Farm: There are approximately 13 specialty natural foods stores within a 50-mile radius of the site.
Page A32
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Farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Market 0
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24 Miles
Page A33
Inventory and Analysis: Local Target Markets
“The Portland Food Co-op brings local producers and consumers together in a member-owned marketplace to grow a healthier community and a more sustainable food system.” www.portlandfood.coop
“We aim to serve you by giving you the best information we have, locating products that you want, ordering bulk foods at savings, supporting local producers of natural products...” www.newmorningnaturalfoods.com
Page A34
“We’re proud to support small producers who need a hand, not a handout, to help them make their dreams reality.” www.wholefoodsmarket.com
Benjamin’s Farm
Natural Foods Store 0
Farmers’ Market 2
“Farm to market at Lois’ often means that the produce being delivered at the back door was picked that morning! Year round selection of seasonal and regional favorites from local Maine farms.” www.loisnatural.com
4 Miles
Page A35
Plan and Design by: Alex Hoxsie Advisors: Professors Mary Myers and Joe Berg Temple University Department of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture