[
]
SOCIAL RECOMPRESSION
Alex Melvin Design Thinking Fall 2015 Instructor: Adrian Luchini
Table of Contents 04
premise
history of the reformatory: prison and monastery: Levels of Permeability: typological research: Proposal:
10 12 20 24 38
46
program
programmatic elements: programmatic areas:
48 59
60
site
elements of a rich site: proposed site:
64 66 SOURCES
68
[PREMISE]
Recidivism: a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behavior; especially criminal behavior.
With recidivism rates as high as they are, there is an obvious problem in need of attention. Approaching the recidivism rates specifically, (without reform, recidivism will continue to increase), we are advancing the way we think about ourselves as a society. Do we want to mentally harm and socially mutilate our own people, for a past transgression, or do we want to stand behind these people and offer a hand in their personal growth of these people (just as a wave is a part of the ocean, these people are a part of our society), so that after they have served their punishment, decided by their peers of society, they will be well prepared and fully equipped to re-enter society - armed not with hatred and negativity, but with the tools to live a thriving, successful and selfless life within society.
5
United states
vs.
world
5% of World’s population
25% of World’s prison population
Nearly 75% of people in jail are being held for nonviolent traffic, property, drug, or public order offense.
6
LIFETIME LIKELIHOOD OF IMPRISONMENT in united states
all men
BLACK MEN
1 / 9
1 / 3
latino MEN
1 / 6
white men
1 / 17
Nearly HALF of all prisoners are in prison for NON-VIOLENT offenses.
1 in 100 adults are incarcerated - more than any other modern society - 2.3 million people At least
95%
of prisoners will re-enter society one day.
7
CORRECTIONS WITHIN THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM If prisons are expected to change and adapt with contemporary social times, we cannot simply duplicate a typology that has remained repeated and unevolved for generations. Maybe its not the prison we should be looking at, but rather the more broad landscape of the corrections system - maybe we’re just
missing a piece of the puzzle...
Current out-mate procedures provide probation (post-prison) before being considered ‘out of the system’. By adding an additional step/piece to the corrections process, we can provide recently released inmates (out-mates) the opportunity to adequately prepare for re-entry into society through attendance of a specialized out-mate facility.
8
CORRECTIONS Habeas corpus
Probation
Pardon and clemency
Capital punishment
Revocation Prison Parole
Intermediate sanctions
Out of System (registration, notification)
Revocation Out of System Jail
Revocation Out of System Probation
OUT-MATE FACILITY
Probation or other nonresidential disposition Revocation Residential Placement
Out of System Aftercare Revocation
9
HISTORY OF THE
‘REFORMATORY’
“In ‘Laws’, Plato had proposed that the state should have three prisons: a public one near the marketplace for the ordinary offender, one called the ‘reform center’ near where the Nocturnal Council would meet, and another in the countryside in a solitary spot and with a name that would convey the notion of punishment.” An Eye for an Eye: A Global History of Crime and Punishment (p. 45) By Mitchel P. Rot
“A stone tablet unearthed in the Xian province in China, dated 723 C.E., stated that Buddhist temples were to be set up near prisons so that prisoners could be helped to a better way of life.“ Forms of Constraint: A History of Prison Architecture (p. 5) By Normon Johnston
10
In
the
19th
century, proponents of the corrections process began a movement developed a new prison concept based on the idea that humans are equipped with a malleable/teachable mind. Sometimes referred to as ‘industrial prisons’ - these institutions allowed for prisoners to reduce their prescribed sentences by working in laborious conditions for little to no pay aside from the reduced sentence.
‘Reformatory’
They also offered educational programs that served to reintroduce inmates to society. To keep order and safety, children were segregated from adults; men were isolated from women. Though poor management eventually brought upon horrid living conditions (especially during the Depression), the reformation movement was there to stay. Reformatories of the early 1900s also coincided with the rise of ‘Big House’ prisons like Sing Sing, San Quentin, and Alcatraz — where the primary function was to hold as many of the worst criminals society had to offer as possible while guaranteeing there be no chance of escaping.
‘Correctional facilities’
as we know them today were born in the mid20th century, when sociologists pushed for a more humane, bureaucratic model for the penal system that resurrected some concepts from the old reformatories. This was also the same period when we began using ‘corrections’ as a euphemism for imprisonment. Modern prisons included programmed spaces for rehabilitation and recreational activities, making prisons into a kind of parallel civilization; more than a place to merely serve time.
11
“Human societies have from the very beginnings of group life developed seven primary punitive strategies in response to individuals’ undesirable behavior: death, physical injury, deprivation of liberty, disgrace, forced labor, financial penalties and banishment.” The idea of ‘prison’ dates back to the third century, where criminals were held in castle dungeons as a form of punishment. Into the tenth century, the church promoted penitences through detainment, standing against the death penalty, or the mutilation of the human body, so churches were than used for detainment. “Peter the Venerable (died in 1158), a Cistercian, described the penal philosophy of his time by comparing the prisoner to a dead man. The prison would logically, then, resemble a grave - subterranean and dark - which would remind its inhabitant of his crimes and his own wretchedness. Such imprisonment was often referred to as vade in pace, or ‘depart in peace.’“ Once the idea of corrections/reform took hold in the 1900s, there was a transformation in the way society defined ‘prison’. Before, prisons were simply a place to store people for a period of time (weeks, months, years, even decades), but after the reform movement, a system was created, looking at the prison as not just a facility, but a process of transformation. Today, prisons States alone. castle - where to keep people
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detain hundreds of thousands of people all over the United Prisons have evolved into vast strongholds, the antithesis of a a castle was built to keep people out, and prisons were created in.
[PRISON] A facility where people are legally (yet involuntarily) held as punishment for a crime committed or while awaiting trial.
[MONASTERY] A building, or group of buildings, all self-contained and completely independent from the outside world, where a voluntary community live and worship, devoting their lives to God.
The monastery crosses paths in history with the beginning of the penal process, making it a relevant topic of interest when looking at reform. A monastery is self contained - meaning all of the essential necessities of the monks was provided by the monastery community within the monastery’s walls. Occupants (monks) made their own clothes and grew their own food - completely independent of the outside world - allowing a pure focus on the interior of God and the mind’s interior. Monks generally took vows when they entered a monastic order. A part of this vow was that they were promising to dedicate their life to the monastery and the order/brotherhood of monks they were joining. They were to give up worldly possessions and to devote the remainder of their lives to God and selfdiscipline - also taking vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. During the Middle Ages, monks in the monasteries were some of the only people on society that knew how to read and write. They provided education to the rest of the world by writing and transcribing books and recording events. Although the monks focused their attention on God and the monastery itself, they still played an important part in the local community. Monasteries were a place where travelers could stop and rest for short periods of time. They also helped to feed the poor, care for the sick, and provided education to boys in the community.
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Mont Saint-Michel Normandy, France - 1204
[THE
MONASTIC
CELL]
The monastic cell refers to the individual sacred spaces, within a monastery, where a monk sleeps and is able to be in solitude to contemplate the infinite interior of one’s own mind. The cells always have a window (some able to be closed for complete voluntary segregation) bringing light in - connecting the monk’s spirit to nature, God and the cosmos of light.
St. Clare’s Franciscan Convent Soquel, California - 1948
Saint Marie de La Tourette Lyon, France - 1960
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[THE
PRISON
CELL]
In modern America, when someone says the word ‘cell’, one’s mind immediately associates the word with ‘prison’ - a literal storage container for human beings. Living in the cell (and being in prison) is completely involuntary. The inmates are only given the bare essentials, with extremely regulated mediation between inside the cell and outside the cell by prison guards.
Cell at Sing Sing Correctional Facility Ossining, New York - 1826
18
Cell at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary San Francisco, California - 1934
Alcatraz Island San Francisco, California - 1934
LEVELS OF PERMEABILITY prison The fact that when a person is imprisoned, they are removed and almost completely cut off from the outside world. Aside from the obvious barrier, where unlike the Castle wall that was built to keep people out, the Prison wall was built to keep people in, the prison is a unique situation where time plays a key role in the very essence of the idea of ‘prison’. Prisons run on an inmate-to-inmate time pause, where the technological/social worlds continue to advance and mutate, while the prisoner remains in the prison that is, in concept, timeless; creating a ‘time gap’ barrier between inmates and society. Visitors from the public are allowed into a ‘visitor space’ with very limited/no access beyond that room. Cells are the most private to each inmate/cell mates, but they are only private to other inmates - Guards and the Warden are allowed access at all times to all areas of the prison.
INMATE 20
CELL MATE
GUARD
WARDEN
Monasterio di san Benedetto Subiaco, Italy - Opened in 1467
Guard Tower at Eastern State Penitentiary Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - Opened in 1829
21
Chapel at VĂŠzelay Abbey Burgundy, France - Opened in 1976
22
Cell wing at Pentonville Prison Barnsbury, London - Opened in 1842
LEVELS OF PERMEABILITY monastery With monasteries being completely self-reliant from society, they are a unique typology to analyze. Just like the prison, monasteries have their own strict levels of permeability with a nearly impermeable barrier to the public. The Abbot/Prior and Brothers is able to freely move throughout the monastery and acts as a type of ‘leader’. Juniors and Novices are offered a limited amount of access - essentially on a probation period to ensure their discipline and faith are strong enough to commit a life to the monastery. Most monastery interiors were completely unknown to the public, as visitors were not allowed complete access into these monasteries - although today, a lot have been converted into hotels, and are now places for the public to tour.
NOVICE MONK
JUNIOR MONK
BROTHER MONK
ABBOT & PRIOR 23
Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon penitentiary Drawn by Willey Reveley Elevation, Section, and Plan c.1791
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OBSERVATION
Panopticon
Jeremy Bentham Conception in 1786 Although a true panopticon has never been constructed, Jeremy Bentham’s designs for the panopticon have influenced a number of prisons throughout the centuries. What made the panopticon such a pivotal design was the revolutionary concept that suggested an entirely new way of approaching the typology of a prison. The idea came to Bentham while on his travels to Krichev in White Russia (today’s Belarus) visiting his brother Samuel. It was Samuel who ignited the conceptual fire of the panopticon, suggesting a circular building serving as a hub for a larger compound, allowing a small number of managers to oversee the activities of a larger force of unskilled workers. Jeremy Bentham took this concept and began to contemplate how this idea could be applied particularly to the prison typology, where there is a large number (inmates) that is surveilled by a small number (guards) where this idea of a central point of surveillance could be beneficial. His prison concept called for a circular plan with cells at the perimeter and a central guard tower, where a single guard had the ability to see into and talk to each individual prisoner or the prisoners as a group. An integral aspect to this idea was that prisoners be unable to communicate with one another, and the guard should be unseen by the prisoners. By doing this, the prisoners never knew when they were being watched, in-turn influencing them to act as though they were always being watched - alluding to the ‘Eye of God’.
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Millbank Prison Site Plan and Ground Plan Thomas Hardwick, 1816
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OBSERVATION NETWORK
millbank prison
Millbank, Pimlico, London 1816 - 1890
Originally, the site in Millbank was purchased on behalf of the Crown by Jeremy Bentham to erect his Panopticon prison concept to serve as the National Penitentiary. After various changes, the Panopticon plan was abandoned in 1812, followed by an architectural competition for a new design. After attracting 43 submissions, the winner was William Williams, whose basic design was adapted by Thomas Hardwick (a practicing architect at the time), who finished design and began construction the same year. The design called for a reinterpretation of Bentham’s Panopticon plan, with six hexagonal cell blocks around a central hub (a circular chapel surrounded by a three-story administrative block) surrounded by cells on the perimeter of each cell block. In its early years the prison was used as a temporary holding facility for prisoners prior to their transportation to Australia. The prison was known as being the first ‘modern’ prison; with the first prisoners were women, with men arriving six months later - the prison held 103 men and 109 women by the end of 1817 and 452 men and 326 women by late 1822.
27
Eastern State Penitentiary aerial perspective of original design
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PENANCE
eastern state penitentiary (Cherry Hill) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1829 - 1971
Covering 11 acres and designed to hold A new typological transformation was Eastern State Penitentiary - it is important to note this prison because of its revolutionary system of incarceration (referred to as the world’s first true penitentiary) where the role of the prison was to reshape the mind of an inmate, rather than punish the body of a transgressor, as was the common system of punishment under the ‘Auburn system’ (where prisoners were forced to work together in silence and were subjected to physical punishment at any time - ex Sing Sing Penitentiary). Eastern State Penitentiary’s revolutionary system was dubbed the ‘Pennsylvania system’ or ‘separate system’ where prisoners were confined separately in chapellike cells, which were thought to encourage the inner light of their souls to emerge - resulting in true penance. The warden was even legally required to visit every inmate each day and the guards/daily overseers were required to visit with each inmate three times a day; another form of rehabilitation. The architectural conception of ‘reform’ took place most explicitly in the ‘chapel-like’ cells, with a single glass skylight in each cell - representing the ‘Eye of God’, but also in the use of smaller doors at the cell entrance requiring the inmate to ‘bow’ when entering his cell - relating to penance and the religious inspiration of the design,
29
Pentonville State Penitentiary axonometric of original prison design
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SEGREGATION pentonville state penitentiary Barnsbury, London 1842
Many believed Pentonville was a ‘panopticon’ typological adaptation, because there was a central hub with five radiating wings - this was designed to maintain isolation, more than it was to carry out the concept of Bentham’s panopticon - guards did not have a view into the individual cells from their central position, which was essential to Bentham’s Panopticon plan. The prison was designed to hold 860 prisoners in response to the rapid increase in prisoners due to the abolition of capitol punishment. It is currently a Category B/C men’s prison, operated by Her Majesty’s Prison Service. Over time, the prison became a typological model for British prisons, with more than 50 built within six years of its completion.
31
32
MONASTIC RITUAL
Sainte-Marie de La TourettE Le Corbusier Lyon, France 1960
Looking to Le Corbusier’s monastery in France, we can begin to analyze the daily lifestyle of the monastery as a typology, and how that lifestyle manifests itself architecturally. Keeping a barrier between society and the brothers within the monastery, there is a lifestyle of self-reliance and introspective reflection promoting internalized growth of the spirit. The light qualities of La Tourette - especially within the chapel - can be described as nothing short of ‘cosmic’. The light introduced into the darkness begins to paint away the unknown space, slowly revealing the details as the occupant’s eyes adjust.
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from
Society to
and
Back
Prison
SOCIETY
Prison ‘revolving door of prison’ 75% of prisoners return to prison within 5 years of release,
from
city
to
house
and
back
Children’s song: Deux-Sèvres
In Paris, there is a street; in that street, there is a house; in that house, there is a staircase; on that staircase, there is a room; in that room, there is a table; on that table, there is a cloth; on that cloth, there is a cage; in that cage, there is a nest; in that nest, there is an egg; in that egg, there is a bird; The the the the the the the the the the
bird knocked the egg over; egg knocked the nest over; nest knocked the cage over; cage knocked the cloth over; cloth knocked the table over; table knocked the room over; room knocked the staircase over; staircase knocked the house over; house knocked the street over; street knocked Paris over.
from
society
to
prison
and
back
Within society, there is a city; in that city, there is a street; on that street, there is a house; in that house, there is a crime; in that crime, there is punishment; in that punishment, there is a wall; within that wall, there is a prison; in that prison, there is a cellblock; in that cellblock, there is a cell; in that cell, there is an inmate; in that inmate there is a mind; The the the the the the the the the the the
mind knocked the inmate over; inmate knocked the cell over; cell knocked the cellblock over; cellblock knocked the prison over; prison knocked the wall over; wall knocked the punishment over; punishment knocked the crime over; crime knocked the house over; house knocked the street over; street knocked the city over; city knocked society over.
The industrial nature of prisons today is part to blame for the situation we find ourselves in. People are being labeled for life and treated as if they are literally objects being stored in a warehouse for later release. The issue with that mentality is that - to continue the metaphor - the object being stored is damaged, not repaired, sent out into the world, and is immediately returned to the factory when it is proven unrepaired (i.e. recently released inmates being sent back to prison). While approaching this time away from society, we must keep in mind what may happen after an inmate’s release - these people will be released at some point in time, this is not just a pause button on the inmates’ lives while society’s lives move on - time goes on in both worlds, with an unavoidable appointment for reconnection in the future.
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change over time
society
prisoner
time of incarceration
time of release
SOCIETY
Prison
Proposing a voluntary halfway facility that acts as a ‘Recompression facility’, not dissimilar to the recompression chambers used to treat decompression sickness of divers, assisting the transition from the decompressing nature of the prison/jail environment. Providing all of the necessary skills to not only teach how to live in society, but how to contribute to society.
After attendance, an ‘out-mate’ will be ready for a successful transition back into society, thinking of themselves not just as individuals in this world, but as an integral part of a larger community, evolving not only their individual mind, but the mind of the collective community that they are, and always have been.
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What it
IS NOT
PRISON - voluntary facility MONASTERY - occupancy not for life, primary focus is not religion HALFWAY HOUSE - primary focus is not treating physical, mental and emotional disabilities
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What it
IS
MONASTERY - daily tasks, rituals and responsibilities REFORMATORY - the primary focus is offering assistance in positively reshaping the mind of the out-mate SCHOOL - valuable technical, social and emotional skills are taught to provide the tools necessary for being a happy and productive member of society FAMILY AND INDIVIDUAL HOUSING facility acting as a home as well as educating how to create the feeling of a home A MISSING LINK between the individual, the judicial court system, and the community BRIDGING THE TIME GAP - Upon release, the prisoner is expected to ‘timehop’ to the current state of society, from the point at which they left
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This reinterpretation of the old child’s song is to display that there must be harmony at all scales in order to move between scales. This idea of moving between and blending scales is relate to the idea of prisons, because crime happens within society, then the society punishes the transgressor, who then goes to prison, serves his/her sentence, then must return full circle back into society... but society must accept that their time has been served and they must be welcomed back into society. Currently, we live in a society that instantly labels any past transgression, regardless of the mistake, even penalizing a charged but not convicted crime, and even after they have served their punishment, society continues to label them as criminals. This creates a paradox that these inmates cannot be received into A society that cannot move on. But what we can do is offer a compromise to society, offering a ‘degree’ of sorts, proving to society that this person is armed and ready with ambition, character and the skills necessary to be an integral aspect of society. Is there a way to educate these people in order to give them a purpose after they have served their time? This education will give social value, allowing a shift in social views of what it can mean, coming out of prison. With value, there can be a fluid transition back into society, which will assist in the advancement of society as a whole. By attacking the recidivism rates, we not only lower the overall prison population, but those who go through the ‘system’ will no longer be a harm to, but rather a positive influence on the local community/society as a whole. This recompression facility will provide the solution to end the recidivism cycle.
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SOCIETY
Prison
[PROGRAM]
Can the monastic lifestyle inspire a
reimagination of the modern penal reform system? Where true reform is held at utmost importance with aims of attacking the overwhelming recidivism rate. Where through regiment, self-discipline and education out-mates are given the tools imperative for a successful
reintegration back into society.
REFORM-ASTERY Recompression Facility
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
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Programmatic INFLUENCES toward
reintegration
Monastic Lifestyle - by following the ritualistic lifestyle of a monastery, inmates are able to form an intimate relationship with nature and the inner self, beginning the foundation for reform.
Halfway Home - inmates can work to finance a piece of land to construct a house that they then move into after prison - creates economic education - gives pride to the inmate - teaches life skills, offers an easy transition from prison to society, where the facility can still act as a safety net and a source of assistance - Creates a physical community of people with similarities. Ethics/Morals/emotional/social Education - a special level to educate inmates on the different aspects of societies in different cultures and subcultures, and offering preparation for the day-to-day responsibilities of society.
Expression of the Arts - theater, writing, music, etc. - offering the inmates a release of emotion in a positive manner and a source of connection between one another.
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Gardening/Horticulture/Agriculture - inmates can connect with nature on an academic level, offering a source of in-house all-natural foods.
Technical School - inmates in the program offer assistance to inmates building their post-graduation homes - also giving skills for gaining employment.
Entrepreneurship 101 - giving inmates the education and all of the tools necessary for creating a successful small business.
Community
Service - forming a direct connection to society, offering ‘practice’ interactions, while showing the community value and the willingness for reintegration.
STUDENTS BECOME TEACHERS - After completing the program, graduates are invited to become teachers in the facility - creating another tie between society by the new members of society playing a role and the reformation process - allowing a temporary transition work.
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daily LIFE in A
Monastery
A Ritualistic / spiritual lifestyle
Cells/Chapel/Individual Responsibilities
Rising with the sun, a monk awakes to the silence of their cell - a fresh start to a new day. Throughout the day, a monk will pray, sing/chant, eat, meditate, and perform daily tasks to contribute to the monastic community. The day ends where the day began, in the silence of their own cell. This facility will use this lifestyle as an influence when writing the story The out-mates will spend time in of the Daily Life in a REFORMASTERY. solitude, for meditation and inner-reflection. There will be daily tasks within the facility that each out-mate will perform - specifically chosen to advance personal interests, as well as to instill responsibility for self and others. After an out-mates feels ready he will begin to branch out these daily responsibilities out into the social community - enhancing the feeling of responsibility for others at a larger scale.
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a halfway
home
housing post-prison / pre-society
Individual Housing/House-Building Outreach (American Dream Revival)
Housing is offered as a part of the facility, but also offers a program with the community (similar to Habitat for Humanity) where these out-mates are offered the opportunity to build their own home with the help of the community. With housing for out-mates and their family, out-mates are able to focus on their personal growth toward reintegrating into society with support from the community and loved ones. Not only is housing offered to those wishing to successfully reintegrate, but there is also guidance and education, assisting these out-mates and their families on the process of creating a ‘home’ and more importantly, a strong family unit.
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Educating
‘the individual living in a productive society’ a catalyst for growth
Classrooms/Small Lecture Hall/Library
To attack the recidivism rate, I propose a facility populated by ‘out-mates’ volunteering for 24-hour enrolment in a kind of ‘school’ with a mission to prepare the individual for living in a productive society; this is a Place for social preparation. We are helping thy brother (the graduating from this school, an successful reintegration back into recidivism - fully equipped with a for society.
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criminal and society as a whole). Upon ‘out-mate’ is released with tools for a society, greatly minimizing the chance for fresh mind, eager with purpose, and respect
expressing emotion through
communication through talent
arts
Classrooms/Studio Labs/Performance + Exhibition Space
By allowing an outlet for emotion in many different forms - drawing/ painting/sculpting, theater, dance, poetry, music, etc - there is a way to express emotion while developing a talent, also building self-esteem. This outlet to physically manifest emotions through the arts will provide an opportunity for these out-mates to create and develop a position within the world, and what it means to be alive within society. This will offer a direct connection to the local community by offering classes for the public taught by the out-mates, as well as exhibitions and performances by the out-mates; developing a creative conversation with the community.
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from
garden to table
community through food
Classrooms/Labs/Gardens/Green House/Large Dining Space
A form of primal learning, where out-mates are educated in growing edible fruits and vegetables, biology, natural ecosystems, as well as in the culinary arts. Events will be held, where the community can come and purchase fresh-grown crops while getting to know the people who live and farm there. There are also community dinners - allowing a place for the out-mates to display their appreciation for the community and to display their talents and social value in a more intimate and personal way.
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providing education for
valuable skills
adding social value to out-mates
Classrooms/Workshops/Public Showcase Events
Offering hands-on technical experience, valuable for a job when re-entering society.
teaching
skills
that
are
There will be computer labs and classrooms for teaching the academic portions of these skills, with multiple workshops for each of the offered disciplines to hold labs and tutorials on tasks taught in the classroom. This facility will also offer discounted work toward community citizens and occasional classes for the public that will be taught by the students of the facility.
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Creating
business
opportunity
an approach to creating an economic future
Classrooms
In prison, aside from crimes committed, there is one common underlying characteristic between inmates that stands out: economic ingenuity (commonly known as ‘the hustle’). From running a business based on skills (tattoos, hair cutting, etc) to creating products from limited materials while imprisoned. Taking advantage of this quality, the ‘Reformastery’ gives the opportunity for adequate business education, with a focus on interpersonal-transactions and socioeconomic trends, learning all the steps along the path to creating a legal enterprise. Upon ‘graduation’, an ‘out-mate’ is given the chance to bring a business plan to fruition in the ‘pseudo-business district’ of the facility. Over time this will become a hub of locally-owned businesses with passionate and educated people who are looking for the change to give back to the society they took so much from. This pseudo-business district will slowly weave its way into the immediate fabric of the community.
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teaching what
community
means
providing a direct link to the community
Public Exhibition Space/Public Outreach
This is a way for out-mates to reach out in any way they can to the community, offering a helping hand in any community projects the city/public have organized. The community is an integral piece to the puzzle - just as there will be recidivism with no reform, there can be no reduction in recidivism without the support of the community as a whole. This facility will offer a place for the community to voice concerns and to brainstorm solutions - by working as a team to solve these issues, the idea of community becomes as strong as the team working together.
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continue learning through
teaching
allowing those who graduate to give back
Students Become Teachers/Teaching Assistants
By allowing the graduates to come back and teach creates a new cycle - a cycle of teaching and learning, where the teacher’s past as a student creates an immediate connection to new out-mates just entering the Reformastery. This reinforcement of connecting goals with achievement, the new outmates have role-models to look up to and take advice from, when looking to reintegrate.
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Programmatic
areas
A Proposed area distribution
Classrooms (21x27) x 05
567 SF
2,835
Teaching Labs
(28x27) x
05
756 SF
3,780
Lecture Hall
(28x27) x
01
Teaching Kitchen
(35x36) x
02
756 1,260 SF
2,205
Library (35x63) x 01 Workshops (35x81) x 04
2,520
2,835 SF
11,340 1,008
Garden Space
(28x36) x
01
Dining Space
(49x45) x
02
2,205 SF
4,410
Public Exhibition Space
(35x54) x
02
1,890 SF
3,780
Public Dining Space
(35x72) x
01
5,040
Performance Space
(49x63) x
01
3,087
Small Chapel
(35x27) x
02
Large Chapel
(42x72) x
01
945 SF
1,890 3,024
x
30
63 SF
1,890
Single Bedrooms
(14x18) x
20
252 SF
5,040
Temporary Family Housing
(35x27) x
15
945 SF
14,175
Individual Monastic Cells
(7x9)
TOTAL:
66,780 SF
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When deciding the location of the site, we must look to specific qualities that will enforce the concept of the proposal at hand. When looking to the history of the halfway house. The first halfway houses were created to provide travelers a place to rest during their travels - usually located halfway to their destination. If we use this idea at a large scale and specifically the history of the United States, we find an almost immediate similarity. Located in the relative middle of the Mississippi River running north-south and located in the relative middle of the country running east-west, makes St. Louis the perfect place to stop and gather inventory for westward travel. To link St. Louis to the proposed program, The locations of existing prisons/jails is the next logical step.
[SITE]
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In the current society, there is an extremely negative connotation of the word prison/penitentiary/jail. To address this social mind set, we must imagine the local urban fabric of the area as a literal and conceptual transition back into society, just as a released inmate must go through the judicial system, they must also progress back into society. We can achieve this transition by designing this facility as a network able to mutate and adapt its edges to the fabric - no matter the site. This edge may contain housing, small businesses, community hubs, transportation hubs, or any other social element a potential site may contain. The site should near to an existing detention facility; serving as a new typological ‘branch’ to the judicial stem, with a platform for reform and positive transformation. There should be a number of social amenities such as: banks, schools, hospitals, police/fire stations, public parks, etc in the area; giving the ‘out-mates’ a front-row seat to some of the integral services of society. There should be residential areas in close proximity, but with a spatial barrier between them; as to maintain separation, while offering a visual connection to consistently remind the ‘out-mate’ what they are working towards - a strong transition back into the social world. st. louis county circuit clerk st. louis county jouvenile corrections st. louis county jail st. louis county police department city of clayton police department
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metrolink
st. louis children’s clinic
clayton high school washington university in st. louis - WEST CAMPUS meramec elementary school
world trade center st. louis
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[SOURCES] Benner, Jeffrey. “Politically Correct Punishment.” Mother Jones, 16 Mar. 2000. Web. 8 Aug. 2015. Bentham, Jeremy, and Miran Božovic. The Panopticon Writings. London: Verso, 1995. Print. Braunfels, Wolfgang. Monasteries of Western Europe: The Architecture of the Orders. New York, NY: Thames and Hudson, 1993. Print. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Web. Dolan, Francis X. Eastern State Penitentiary. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub., 2007. Print. Evans, Robin. The Fabrication of Virtue: English Prison Architecture, 1750-1840. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010. Print. Flatow, Nicole. “The United States Has The Largest Prison Population In The World - And It’s Growing.” Think Progress. Web. Foucault, Michel, and Alan Sheridan. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage, 1979. Print. Johnston, Norman Bruce. Forms of Constraint: A History of Prison Architecture. Urbana: U of Illinois, 2000. Print. Johnston, Norman Bruce. The Human Cage: A Brief History of Prison Architecture. New York: Published for the American Foundation, Institute of Corrections by Walker, 1973. Print. Lewis, Jim. Behind Bars ... Sort Of.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 13 June 2009. Web. 10 Sept. 2015. Mumford, Lewis. “The Monastery and the Clock.” Technics and Civilization. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1934. 12-18. Print. “Our Increasingly Uncomfortable Topographies of Incarceration.” D.A. Brownstein. Musings on Maps. N.p., 12 June 2014. Web. 16 Oct. 2015. Wagner, Peter, and Leah Sakala. “Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie.” PrisonPolicy.org. Prison Policy Initiative, 12 Mar. 2014. Web.
[IMAGE SOURCES] “Clayton, MO.” http://www.claytonmo.gov/. “Eastern State Penitentiary.” The Visual Chronicle. http://thevisualchronicle.com/tag/prisons/. “Home - Montclair Presbyterian Church.” Montclair Presbyterian Church Home Comments. http://www. mpcfamily.org/. “Map data: Google, DigitalGlobe”. Google Earth Pro. “Monastero Di San Benedetto.” Not Strictly Spiritual. http://www.notstrictlyspiritual. com/2011/02/on-st-scholasticas-feast-a-view-from-subiaco/. “Pentonville Prison.” Victorian London - Prisons. http://www.victorianlondon.org/prisons/ pentonvilleprison.htm. United States. National Park Service. “U.S. Penitentiary Alcatraz.” National Parks Service. http://www.nps.gov/alca/learn/historyculture/us-penitentiary-alcatraz.htm. “USDOJ: Criminal Justice System.” USDOJ: Criminal Justice System. http://www.justice.gov/ archive/cjs/. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatraz_Island. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_State_Penitentiary. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Pentonville. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millbank_Prison. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte_Marie_de_La_Tourette. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Sing. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vézelay_Abbey.