The Gateway To Africa: The Strategic Development of Limpopo by Alfred Masubelele

THE

G A T E W A Y

T O

A F R I C A THE STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF LIMPOPO Lerato Alfred Masubelele

For inquiries contact:

Lerato Masubelele masubelelealfed@gmail.com

University of Limpopo Polokwane, 0727

This research paper is presented by

LERATO ALFRED MASUBELELE for the University of Limpopo 5th Annual Research Day year 2019-2020. Presented on the 1st of October, year two thousand and nineteen.

FORWORD

THIS RESEARCH PAPER WAS PREPARED FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO FACULTY OF BUSINESS & LAW

THEME BUSINESSS & PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, ECONOMICS,HUMAN RESOURES AND& LEADERSHIP

PROTECTED LAND

70%

LimpopoÂ hosts more than 3.6 million hectares of national parks, nature reserves and game farms, making up 70% of South Africa'sÂ protected land. - GoLimpopo.com

CONTENT 1.LIMPOPO PROVINCE - A REFLECTION NATURE'S BASKET QUARTERLY REPORT ECONOMIC GROWTH MODEL: AGRICULTURE 2. 2010 - PRESENT CURRENT INVESTMENT ECONOMIC COMPOSITION THE MAKHADO/MUSINA SEZ 3. 2020 - FUTURE: NEEDS ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 10 HIGH IMPACT DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

A REFLECTION The Limpopo River is the second largest river in Africa which drains to the east after the Zambezi River. It flows in a great arc, first zig-zagging north-east and north, then turning east and finally south-east. At this point it serves as a border for about 640 km, separating South Africa on the south-east bank from Botswana in the north-west and Zimbabwe on the north. - GoLimpopo.com

Nature's Basket The Limpopo province can be identified by it’s weather, culture and beauty as it stands on the North of South Africa neighbouring Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Mozambique and Swaziland. The province is the bread and basket of South Africa producing 60% of all the fruits, vegetables, maize meals, wheat and cotton. It is the nation's richest agriculture province. 45% of the R2 billion annual turnover of the Johannesburg Fresh Produce comes from Limpopo, that is a staggering R900 million. The Limpopo province economy is the sixth largest economy with a GDP value of R224 billion, generating 7.6% of South Africa’s economy. Interesting enough for a province that’s known for Agriculture, that industry only added 2% Gross Value Added of the total Limpopo Economy GVA. Agriculture according to the 1ST Quarter 2019 Results performed at -13.2%. Other industries that under performing include Mining, Manufacturing, Electricity, Transport, Trade & Construction. The government, finance and personal services all achieved supbar 1.2% growth.

South Africa’s slow growth economy is experiencing an economy that is stabilised by government spending, as the private industries withdraw investments. The CCMA reported that the number of companies approaching the council for retrenchments increased from 137 last year to 185 between April and June this year. This will decrease aggregate consumption as households will be saving more money instead of spending it and this inhibits economic growth. - TimesLive

"The 3.1% growth in the Q2 was brought by the announcement from the South Africa Reserve Bank to cut the benchmark repo rate by 25 basis points to 6.5% from 6.75%, With the repo rate down, the prime lending rate will decline to 10% from 10.25% which should see more investors become more confident in the South African Economy." The composition of South Africa’s economy is mostly in the primary sectors, which is owed to our beautiful land laden with resources. To stimulate the economy, we have to disrupt our primary sectors so that we can create more value from our raw materials by creating more supply chains & more products.

South Africa Quarterly Economic Growth July 2016 - July 2019

Agrculture Technology

& Relax

2010 PRESENT Major international mining operations contribute to 20% of Limpopo's economy, making mining the primary driver of economic activity after government services. Substantial mineral reserves include platinum group metals, diamonds, coal, chrome, iron ore and copper. Limpopo's diverse mining activities include diamonds, iron ore, coal, copper and phosphates GoLimpopo.com

Current Investments Limpopo has a large array of assets which include – the largest diamond mine, the biggest copper mine, the biggest vermiculite mine, the largest open-pit mine in the country. The province gas 90% of South Africa’s redgranite resources, 41% of South Africa’s platinum group metals and approximately 50% of the country’s coal reserves. Since 2010 the province has had Investments into different sectors. The province is mostly rural majority of the investments have been focused on Infrastructure or in the

Primary Industries.

Here is a list of Investments made in the Limpopo Province - Elim Mall, which is located in the south-east of Makhado formerly Louis Trichardt, is undergoing an expansion at a cost of R120m. - South Africa's government is setting aside R4 billion for maintenance and improve conditions on the N1 road between Kranskop and Makhado - The construction of the much-awaited R350 million Thohoyandou bus and taxi terminus in Limpopo is progressing. - The province received a double dose capital investments of R2 billion in a week's time, a new cement plant in Northam, namely Mamba Cement and a regional Thavhani Mall in Thohoyandou - Flanagan & Gerard Property Investments and Thavhani Property Investment, are set to deliver a new R900m shopping centre in Thohoyandou, Limpopo’s Vhembe District Municipality - The University of Venda (UNIVEN) will soon be able to accommodate more students, thanks to a R300-million loan agreement from Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) for the construction of student accommodation - The R20bn investment will extend the life of Venetia beyond 2040 and replace the open pit as SA’s largest diamond mine. With underground production expected to commence in 2021‚ over its life‚ the mine will treat approximately 130-million tonnes of ore‚ containing an estimated 96-million carats of diamonds. The mine will also support over 8‚000 jobs directly‚ and a further 5‚000 through the supply chain – benefiting the South African economy - A leading full-service retail leasing and development specialist has been brought on board to assist with the R150 million revamp and expansion of Steilloop Shopping Centre and the development of the new R150 million Tibani Shopping Centre - The recently granted license for new mining activity near Mokopane in Limpopo is bound to give the town’s economy and property market a major boost as rights holder Ivanplats injects some R17bn into its new operation. The license was awarded at the beginning of November 2014 to mine the platinum flat reef near Mokopane, and is effective for 30 years with the option of a further 30-year extension - The Greater Tubatse Local Municipality district is currently benefiting from plans to expand the platinum and coal mines in the region making it South Africa’s major energy resource node. Plans are currently underway for a total of R15 billion to be spent in mining development in the region, which will in turn create over 22 000 new job opportunities that will be directly related to mining - Nine Chinese companies have invested $10 billion (= R150 billion) in the Musina-Makhado Special Economic Zone.

The total investments over the past 10 years is R209.52 billion. The total GDP of the province is R224 billion. The average investment over the past 10 years in the economy was R20.952 billion. Investments constintute a total of 6.46% of the Total GDP. investment Spend Mining – R52 billion Trade (Musina/Makhado SEZ) – R150 billion Manufacturing – R2 billion Transport - R4.35 billion Other – R1.47 billion

THE MUSINA/MAKHADO STRATEGIC ECONOMIC ZONE

Artist impression of The South African Energy and Metallurgical Special Economic Zone (EMSEZ) via official website In August, China pledged R196 billion to South Africa, during the 10th annual BRICS summit which was held in Johannesburg. A portion of these funds is set to assist embattled state-owned enterprises, Eskom and Transnet.

The South African Energy and Metallurgical Special Economic Zone is a state-level energy and metallurgical special economic zone approved by the South African Government in according with the Special Economic Zones Act No. 16 of 2014, and enjoys preferential taxes for special economic zones in South Africa and all the privileges given by the South African Government for encouraging foreign investment.â&#x20AC;?

The EMSEZ is located in the Musina-Makhado Limpopo River Bank area of Limpopo Province, South Africa.Facing with Zimbabwe and Mozambique across a river and connected with those two countries through bridge. The reserve of surrounding large open-cast coking coal mines is over 10 billion tons, and the chromium resources in South Africa account for over 83% of total global chromium resources, while Manganese resources account for more than 81%.The region is abundant with raw material mine resources necessary for stainless steel production, including iron ore, silicon ore, nickel ore, limestone, etc. National railways, highways and power supply lines run through the SEZ, and its distance to the Port of Maputo in Mozambique is 500km.The Limpopo River is 30km away from the project site, and it is an important water source for the SEZ

POWER CHINA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY PROJECT .The 4 600 megawatt coal-fired power plant, known as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Power China International Energy Projectâ&#x20AC;? will service

A coal washing plant (with the capacity to process 12 million tonnes per year) A coking plant (3 million tonnes) An iron plant (3 million tonnes) A stainless steel plant (3 million tonnes) A Ferro manganese powder plant (1 million tonnes) A ferrochrome plant (3 million) A limestone plant (3 million) An apartment building, hotel, shopping mall, hospital and school will also be built

Iron and ferrochrome plants. (EMSEZ)

The 4 600 megawatt coal-fired power plant, known as the “Power China International Energy Project” (EMSEZ)

The coking and lime plants (EMSEZ)

I N D U S T R I A L O F

U S E S

LIME

Sugar Refining Hydrated lime is essential to the production of sugar from both sugar cane and sugar beets. It is also used to purify sugar from other sources, such as maple or sorghum, although these are produced in much smaller quantities.Sugar cane and sugar beets are harvested and processed with water to form raw juice, which has low pH and contains dissolved impurities. Hydrated lime is added to the juice to raise the pH and to react with the impurities to form insoluble calcium organic compounds that can be removed. Excess lime is removed by carbonation or by the addition of phosphoric acid. This process may be repeated several times depending on the purity of final product required.

Refractory Products High purity refractory “dolomite” (frequently called Doloma) and lower purity fettling grade “dead-burned dolomite” (usually referred to as DBD) are both manufactured by calcining dolomitic limestone. The production method is similar to the manufacture of ordinary lime, except that the burning time is longer and temperatures considerably higher (in the range of 1600 – 1850º C). High purity doloma is fired in rotary kilns to the upper end of the temperature range and without the addition of impurities. High purity doloma is used to manufacture refractory bricks employed in cement and lime rotary kiln linings, and in steel ladles and refining vessels. The lower-purity DBD is fired in rotary kilns to the lower end of the temperature range, and iron oxides are added during calcinations to stabilize the resulting hard-burned quicklime against decomposition from moisture. DBD is used for the manufacture of monolithic patching and repair materials for steel furnaces.Large quantities of light-burned dolomitic lime are used in the production of synthetic refractory grade magnesia (MgO). The quicklime is slaked in magnesium chloride brine, precipitating magnesium hydroxide. The mag-hydroxide is calcined and fired into dense, high-purity magnesium oxide. Refractory magnesia is used in the production of linings for cement and lime kilns, in addition to steel ladles and furnaces.Stabilized zirconium oxide (ZrO2) is produced by adding about 3% lime during the fusion or sintering process. ZrO2 is widely used for analysis crucibles and thermocouple tubes in addition to crucibles and furnaces used for the production of high-temperature aerospace alloys.One form of silica brick, a specialized refractory used for lining coke ovens and glass furnaces, is made by thoroughly mixing ground silica (usually quartzite) with the addition of ½ to 3 percent milk-of-lime as a sintering (firing) aid. This mixture is formed into various shapes and then fired in kilns. Food Industry Lime serves a myriad of uses in the food industry. Some examples include: Dairy Industry When cream is separated from whole milk during the production of butter, lime water is often added to the cream to reduce acidity prior to pasteurization. The skimmed milk is next acidified to separate casein. The casein is mixed with lime and a small amount of sodium fluoride to produce calcium caseinate, a form of glue. Fermentation of the remaining skimmed milk (whey) and the addition of lime forms calcium lactate, which is marketed as a medicinal or acidified to produce lactic acid. Glue and Gelatin Waste materials from rendering plants are treated with lime in slurry form. This process swells the collagen, thereby facilitating subsequent hydrolysis. Afterwards, the treated stock is washed to remove lime, albumin, and mucin. The washed stock is dried, and the final product is sold as glue or gelatin. Baking Industry In the preparation of a common type of baking powder, monocalcium phosphate, lime is required as an ingredient. This baking powder is made by reacting pure phosphoric acid with a high calcium lime. Fruit and Vegetables In the controlled atmospheric storage of fruit and vegetables, bags of hydrated lime are placed on racks in the storage room to absorb CO2 that exudes from ripening fresh produce. The co-location of hydrated lime in the storage room maintains a higher ratio of oxygen to CO2, permitting vegetables and fruit to be stored fresh for much longer periods. When placed in close proximity to the produce, carbon dioxide penetrates easily through the multi-wall paper bags into the lime. For apples, lime consumption averages about 1 to 1.5 lb./bushel. Pears, plums, and tomatoes, in addition to apples, have been stored this way in Canada and the Northeastern U.S. as well as in Oregon and Washington. In California, this technique is commonly employed in storing lettuce. Miscellaneous All quality tortillas are treated with lime. Corn is first soaked in milk-of-lime before its conversion to cornmeal. Lime is also used in the corn chip business. Grape leaves from wineries are treated with lime to precipitate calcium tartrate, which is sold as such or converted to tartaric acid. Several recipes for making watermelon pickles require the melon rind be soaked in milk-of-lime.

- https://www.lime.org/lime-basics/uses-of-lime/other-uses-oflime/chemicalindustrial-uses/

PROGRESS REPORT

Opportunities for the community Premier Stanley Mathabatha said that the R150 billion total investment commitment will go a long way in creating much-needed jobs and other economic opportunities, especially for the youth. “According to existing plans and programmes, several plants will be constructed under these SEZ projects, creating over 21 000 jobs,” He said the SEZ is strategically located to accelerate and consolidate economic integration within the SADC region. “Our focus is to ensure that sister countries such as Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique also benefit from this massive economic project,” he added - https://www.zoutnet.co.za/articles/news/49402/2019-03-01/musina-makhado-sez-will-create-over-21-000-jobs

https://www.instagram.com/p/BaZeesyg_uS/?taken-by=christinaemiliephotodÂ

2020 BEYOND Limpopo is the gateway to the rest of Africa. It is favourably situated for economic cooperation with other parts of southern Africa as it shares borders with Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique - GoLimpopo.com

SPONSORED BY

10 HIGH IMPACT

INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS

HOUSE OF LEAVES (PTY) LTD

10 IMPACT PROJECTS

02 03

Observations - 2018/2019 Polokwane Intergrated

Development Plan - 2015 - 2019 Limpopo Development Plan - Limpopo Green Economy Plan - 2013 - 2030 National Development Plan

Experiment - Economic Analysis

- Environmental Impact Assessment

Recommendations -Â Airport Storage Park - CBD Extension - Eco Nature Estate - Seshego Economic Corridor - Science Park - Formal Housing - Hyperloop Test Track - Experimental Landscape Parks - Nature Precinct - SMART City -Â

UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO

HIGH IMPACT PROJECT NEED ANAYLIS.

- Limpopo Development Plan - Limpopo Green Economy - Polokwane Intergrateed Development Plan

LIMPOPO DEVELOPMENT

NEEDS ANAYLSIS Limpopo is rich in cultural heritage. The languages and cultures of its citizens link directly with the countries that surround the province, namely, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The vast mineral resources of the Province extend throughout the entire region. Several partnership and cooperation agreements have been signed between Limpopo, its municipalities and its neighbours in order to promote regional development. This vision statement encapsulates the expectation that by 2030, Limpopo will have a public service that meets the best standards of governance, citizens that are educated, skilled, healthy and selfreliant, a labour force that is fully, productively and rewardingly employed, with infrastructure that is capable of promoting and sustaining an innovative local and regional economy for the benefit of all the provinceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s diversified communities, in a responsible and sustainable manner. The 18 Strategic Infrastructure Projects (SIPs) are part of the National Infrastructure Plan approved by National Government in 2012 and co-ordinated through the Presidential Infrastructure Coordinating Commission (PICC). Three of these eighteen SIPs, namely SIP 1, SIP 6 and SIP 7, will have a significant impact on the provincial municipalities of Lephalale, Mopani, Sekhukhune, Capricorn, Vhembe and Polokwane. Other SIPs of importance to Limpopo are: SIPs 8: Green Energy in support of the South African economy; SIP 11: Agri-logistics and rural infrastructure; SIP 17: Regional Integration for African cooperation and development; and SIP 18: Water & Sanitation Infrastructure. Limpopo Province has the potential to be a national pioneer in the Green Economy. Soundlymanaged, the natural environment will provide drinkable water, breathable air, energy, food, and all the other requirements for human life. Poorly managed, the ability of natural systems to function will be impaired. Limpopo has a comparative advantage is several resource-based industries. These industries have major environmental impacts and need to be carefully managed to avoid disruptions. They are water intensive and this is a scarce resource in most parts of the Province. Limpopo is rich in biodiversity and has three national centres of endemism (Soutpansberg Centre, Â the Wolkberg Centre, and the Sekhukhune Centre). These systems are under pressure and require conservation to protect the provincial biodiversity and ecosystems. The top three national biodiversity conservation priorities are in Limpopo. It is anticipated that the digital revolution that is currently underway and that is gaining momentum, will cause structural shifts in the labour market. Demand for skilled labour is likely to outgrow the demand for unskilled labour. Unskilled persons could be left vulnerable by this global trend.

LIMPOPO DEVELOPMENT

NEEDS ANAYLSIS The National Planning Commission believes Â that the following capital investments that are relevant to Limpopo, should be prioritised: - The upgrading of informal settlements; - Public transport infrastructure and systems; - The construction of a new coal line to unlock coal deposits in the Waterberg; - Development of a number of key new water schemes to supply urban and industrial centres; - Procuring about 20 000 MW of renewable electricity by 2030 The implication for the Limpopo Development Plan is that, in addition to the two envisaged Special Economic Zones (SEZs}, specific manufacturing clusters for appropriate industrial value-chains should be identified to enable the manufacturing sector in Limpopo to be more competitive nationally The thrust of the National Development Plan is to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality by 2030, which will require new spatial norms and standards, densifying cities, improving transport, locating jobs where people live, upgrading informal settlements and fixing housing market gaps. It is also imperative that investment in public infrastructure, in support of Growth Points, must be prioritised. It is through thriving Growth Points that investment will be drawn, which is essential to address poverty and link opportunities in surrounding rural communities. The Limpopo Provincial Government has identified the following ten growth points for co-ordinated and high-priority development support: Lephalale; Greater Tubatse; Musina; Makhado; Greater Tzaneen; Ba-Phalaborwa; Elias Motsoaledi; Mogalakwena; Thabazimbi; and Polokwane

LIMPOPO DEVELOPMENT

NEEDS ANAYLSIS The strategy to attract productive investment is to plan and implement carefully selected public sector investment projects in the priority growth points and economic development clusters of Limpopo. These cluster priorities are listed below and provide the strategic framework for most of the economic component of the Limpopo Development Plan. Coal and Energy Cluster in Lephalale Green City urban development Growth Point; Platinum Cluster in Tubatse and Mokopane Growth Points; Musina-Makhado Corridor Mining Cluster; Phalaborwa Mining Cluster; Polokwane and Musina Logistical Hubs; Agricultural Clusters; and Tourism Clusters. South Africa and Limpopo need engineering skills to deliver the massive infrastructure programme announced in the 2012 State of the Nation address. The country also needs sufficient doctors, nurses and health professionals in different occupational classes to deliver quality healthcare. Critically, the Â pool of researchers needs to expand and their productivity needs to increase significantly. Innovators are going to play a critical role in creating new products and new ways of producing existing products cheaply and more efficiently, including the delivery of public services. The following sub-outcomes are prioritised, in order to improve performance: 1. An expanded, effective, coherent, integrated and quality post school system; 2. Strengthened Governance and management of institutions; 3. Improved equity in access and quality of outcomes; 4. Transparency and quality of information; 5. Strengthened Vocational and continuing education and training; 6. Integrated work-based learning within the TVEC system; 7. Improved performance of skills development system; 8. A new generation of high quality lecturers; and 9. Expanded production of highly skilled professionals and enhanced innovation. In addition to the SIP-related infrastructure projects, the following other priority infrastructure Â projects will be promoted within the context of this Limpopo Development Plan: Construction of Mamitwa Dam; Raising of Tzaneen Dam wall; Integrated Mooihoek Water Scheme; Reticulation from De Hoop and Nandoni Dams; Purified water supply to Bela-Bela, Modimolle and Mookgopong local municipalities; Rural access roads in support of agriculture and tourism clusters; Solar photovoltaic electricity generation; Information and communication technology; Nodal infrastructure for the priority growth points; and Adequate maintenance for all existing infrastructure.

LIMPOPO DEVELOPMENT

NEEDS ANAYLSIS Improved coordination and integration in the planning and implementation of area-based and differentiated rural development plans will be needed over the medium-term to achieve the vision of an inclusive rural economy. The following policy imperatives will be the focus of the coming MTSF period: 1. Improved land administration and spatial planning for integrated development with a bias towards rural areas; 2. Up-scaled rural development as a result of coordinated and integrated planning, re2015-2020 source allocation and implementation by all stakeholders; 3. Sustainable land reform (agrarian transformation); 4. Improved food security; 5. Smallholder farmer development and support for agrarian transformation; 6. Increased access to quality basic infrastructure and services, particularly in education, healthcare and public transport in rural areas; and 7. Growth of sustainable rural enterprises and industries characterised by strong rural-urban linkages, increased investment in agro-processing, trade development and access to markets and financial servicesâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; resulting in rural job-creation. Priority sub-outcomes are that: Ecosystems are sustained and natural resource are used efficiently; An effective climate change mitigation and adaptation response is developed; An environmentally sustainable, low-carbon economy is created; Governance systems and capacity are improved; and Sustainable human communities are established. The National Development Plan sets out a Vision for a future South Africa and Limpopo that are prosperous and stable, with full employment in a country that is fully integrated into the region, the continent and the global political economy. Sub-outcomes to realise this vision include: Strengthen regional political cohesion and accelerate regional economic integration; Enhanced implementation of the African Agenda and sustainable development; Strengthen bilateral political and economic relations; and Enhance institutional capacity and coordinating mechanisms to manage international relations. Primary responsibility to manage the achievement of these sub-outcomes rests with the National Specific regional integration priorities for Limpopo include: Constructive and mutually rewarding relationships with Botswana and Zimbabwe relating to the Coal and Energy Cluster in Lephalale and the Mining Cluster in the Musina-Makhado Corridor; Agreement with Zimbabwe to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the Beit Bridge Border Post, as part of the Logistics Cluster; and Agreement with Mozambique with regard to tourism and nature conservation.

LIMPOPO DEVELOPMENT

ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

An assessment on the current state of the Natural Enviroment in the Capricorn District

TheÂ Capricorn District isÂ Vunverable to Climate Change making itÂ optimal to create new climate oriented settlements and preserve the less vunerable areas for agriculture.

The District's Ecosystem is not threatened thus making it optimal for human settlements.

The Agriculture Potential in the Caprciorn District is evely spread out thus making it the perfect location for sustainble development.

The area has a medium to low occurance of alient plants make human settlement possible.

Air Port ParkÂ

CBD Extension.

Based on the Shenzhen Metro Changzhen Depot TOD Master Plan by Woods Bagot Hong Kong

Nature Eco Estate .

Seshego Economic Corridor

Science Park

L I M P O P O

SCIENCE PARK C O R E

F O C U S E S

Adapted from the Research done by the University of Stellenbosch Business School in the context of Agriculture in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

SECTOR 1

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY Sensors detect events or changes in its environment and send information to other electronics. Sensor technology is used to collect soil, crop and animal data through the integration of different kinds of agricultural equipment and machines, aircraft, drones or even satellites. Sensors can provide real-time information, enabling producers to farm more effectively. It can also be useful in planning, crop/livestock management, as well as in processing and harvesting

SECTOR 2

UNMANNED AERIEL VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are part of unmanned aeriel systems. Â UAVs are aircrafts without on-board human pilots that are controlled autonomously or remotely. Drones have advantages over piloted or satellite surveys, including improved accuracy and resolution, and frequency of data delivery

SECTOR 3

ROBO TICS Robotics deals with the design, construction and operation of robots in automation. This is a field where multiple technologies and disciplies overlap. Robots are typically designed to perform tasks that humans cannot do. This disciple can focus on packaging & manufacturing of goods which would increase the supply chains the province currently has with itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Raw Materials

SECTOR 4

FOOD PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGY Food preservation refers to several techniques used to prevent food from spoiling, including the application of heat (such as canning and preserving), fermentation and controlled atmosphere techniques (containers). This is a process of maintaining the original quality or existing state of food by treatment(s) that will prevent its spoilage or deterioration. It implies putting microorganisms in a hostile environment to cause their death

SECTOR 5

SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY Synthetic biology combines scientific disciplines and involves the design of biological systems, using standardised components that have been created in a laboratory. This goes beyond the transfer of pre-existing individual genes, encompassing a broader range of genetic engineering strategies, from the tinkering of the genetic code itself to the complete synthesis of microorganisms, including the design of novel proteins and metabolic pathway engineering. Two different approaches may be distinguished: the modification of existing cells, or the complete construction of artificial systemsth

SECTOR 6

RENEWABLE ENERGY Technologies that are already in use include biomass, wind and micro-hydro energy, solar photo-voltaic, solar thermal and solar water heating installations. Renewable energy can reduce the environmental impact of agriculture while making farms more competitive. The declining cost of renewable energy is a major driver for its adoption on farms.

SECTOR 7

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & MACHINE LEARNING AI has many applications in smart and automated agriculture. Sensors around the farm give real-time updates to the AI system, which can be trained to send the correct response to that area. This can guidea farmer toward â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;perfectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; farming and when used at scale, would create tremendous efficiencies. Within farm robotics, an AI system could coordinate many robots to work harmoniously so that the farm runs more efficiently and reacts to changes more quickly and effectively

SECTOR 8

VERTICAL FARMING Controlled urban agriculture, orcontrolled environment agriculture,includes any form of agriculture whereenvironmental conditions (such aslight, temperature, humidity, radiationand nutrient cycling) are controlled inconjunction with urban architecture orgreen infrastructure. It can be defiedas a system of commercial farmingwhereby plants, animals, fungi and otherlife forms are cultivated for food, fuel,fire or other products or services byartifiially stacking them vertically aboveeach other, such as in a skyscraper, usedwarehouse, or shipping container(s).The concept anticipates the cultivationof fruits, vegetables, medicinal, fuelproducing plants and other plantproducts in the cities and their salesdirectly within the cities, therebyreducing the transportation costs andpromoting effient utilisation of land andwater resources.More modern versions of verticalfarming use indoor farming techniquesandÂ controlled environmentagricultureÂ technology, where allenvironmental factors are controlled.

SECTOR 9

FOOD DESIGN The term â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;functional foodsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; refers to processed foods containing ingredients that aid specific bodily functions in addition to being nutritious. Functional foods may, therefore, be defied as natural or processed foods that contain known or unknown biologically active compounds, which provide a clinically proven and documented health benefit for the prevention, management, or treatment ofchronic disease

SECTOR 10

3D & 4D PRINTING While 3D printing is not currently as directly applicable to farming as other technologies, it is being used in some agricultural operations. Most additive manufacturing methods are used upstream in agricultural equipment manufacturing. 3D printing and 3Dprinted foods, meats and vegetables could have a large impact on agriculture (bio fabrication). Equipment manufacturers are using 3D printing, which has brought down the cost of machinery and resulted in faster development of new equipment. 3D-printed equipment is emerging in the field of hydroponics, with opensource equipment and designs used 4D printing could enable self-assembling and repairing products as well as smart materials that can perform basic computations. While this technology is not commercially available, good progress is being made in the field. The rapid prototyping of tools and replacement parts for farmers in remote areas is also possible. The alternative is parts that would need to be imported at great cost. This also reduces waiting and downtime

SECTOR 11

BIOREFINERY & BIOFUELS Biorefiing is the processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable bio-based products (food, feed, chemicals and materials) and bioenergy (biofuels, power and heat).

SECTOR 12

GENETICS Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of anorganism’s genome using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved ornovel organisms. As well as inserting genes, the process can also be used to remove, or ‘knock out’, genes. Genetic engineering, therefore, alters the genetic makeup of an organism. Agricultural genetics is the applied study ofthe effcts of genetic variation and selection used to propagate desired and useful traits in animals and crops. It could be used to develop genetically modifidcrops for small-scale farmers, to improve crop yield, and enhance the nutritional content of crops, among others

SECTOR 13

SMART WATER All of the smart water technologies are useful to reduce water stress within the next decade. Their overall impact will be determined by the affordability of the technology, its geographical viability, how complicated the technology is for farmers to use and the perceived risks that it presents to society.Remote sensing technology provides farmers with free access to satellite information about how well their crops are growing and how much water the yare using. In future, smart farming robots perform autonomously. Sensors allow them to evaluate situations and take decisions.The introduction of solar energy desalination could make this technologymore cost-effctive.

SECTOR 15

NANO TECHNOLOGY This is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale (of1-100 nanometres). One nano metreis a billionth (or 10-9) of a metre. In the ‘bottom-up’ approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components that assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition.In the ‘top-down’ approach, nano objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control,similar to additive versus subtractive manufacturing.

SECTOR 16

PROTEIN TRANSITION Protein transition becomes synonymous with meat substitutes, in response to environmental concerns around global warming due to, amongst others, methane gas production by animals and population growth. There are three broad categories of alternatives to meat,namely meat alternatives (including plants and fungi), cultured meat orin-vitro meat (meat derived from tissue and cells grown in a laboratory),and genetically modified organisms(animals that have had their genome artificiallyÂ altered). Cloned animals are possibly a fourth category of artificial meat. Replacing meat from live stock with meat cultures in laboratories involves growing protein cells from a culture of animal stem cells, or the whole muscle is synthesised in a laboratory. The principles of tissue engineering are applied. Protein substitution can also be used foranimal feeds

Formal Housing

Hyperloop Test Track

Experminetal Landscape Park

Nature Precinct

SMART City