USE 2021 | Brickworks | James Stephenson & Charlie Griffin | MSA by alfresco.architecture

L ANDSC APE ATELIER 2 A

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

JAMES.STEPHENSON2@STU.MMU.AC.UK

CHARLES.GRIFFIN@STU.MMU.AC.UK

M L A 2 - M A N CH E S T ER M E T R O P O L I TA N U N I V ER S I T Y

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

CONTENTS & SECTIONS

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SECTION 01

ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY SECTION 02

PRECEDENT SECTION 03

TRANSECTS SECTION 04

S I T E A N A LY S I S SECTION 05

DESIGN

SECTION 06

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

01 | INTRODUCTION |

CONTE X TUALISING THE FALLOWFIELD LOOP

“THE REWORKING OF MODERN NATURE IS A COLLEC TIVE PROJEC T THAT APPLIES THE HUMAN IMAGINATION TO THE TR ANSFORMATION OF URBAN SPACE AND AFFIRMS THE INTERDEPENDENCIES THAT SUSTAIN A F LO U R I S H I N G C I V I C R E A L M .“ M AT T H E W G A N DY, F R O M CO N C R E T E A N D C L AY, 2 0 0 2

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

INTRODUCTION LOC ATION

GRE ATER MANCHESTER WITHIN UK

CITY OF MANCHESTER Manchester experiences a temperate oceanic climate like much of the British Isles, with warm summers and cool winters.

Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2.8 million. Landlocked and spanning 493 square miles, the Pennines rise to the north and east of the county with the West Pennine Moors in the northwest, the South Pennines in the northeast and the Peak District in the east.

GRE ATER MANCHESTER

The city‘s average annual rainfall is 806.6 millimetres compared to a UK average of 1,125.0 millimetres and its mean rain days are 140.4 per annum compared to the UK average of 154.4. (source: UK 1971–2000 averages“. Met Office. 2001)

(source: wikipedia)

FALLOWFIELD LOOP The Floop extends from Chorlton in the West to Gorton in the East. GORTON C H O R LT O N

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

LEVENSHULME

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

INTRODUCTION ETYMOLOGY

FALLOWFIELD NAME DERIVING FROM LINES PRE-R AILWAY USE A S FARML AND 1840‘S

FALLOW

Before the line was constructed in 1890‘s we can see the extent of farmland surrounding several Lodge‘s and Villas with large grounds. Also note the existing train line running North South into Manchester.

Fallow is a farming technique in which arable land is left without sowing for one or more vegetative cycles.

1890‘S

The goal of fallowing is to allow the land to recover and store organic matter while retaining moisture and disrupting the lifecycles of pathogens by temporarily removing their hosts. Credit: Digimaps

Right: Fallow land or Fallow ‘field‘

The new Fallowfield line runs east to west straight through farmland, estates, private grounds and under Stockport Road running south from Levenshulme - the beginnings of the modern day A6.

(source: Fallow - Wikipedia - https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallow)

FALLOWFIELD LINE

STOCKPORT ROAD (A6)

Credit: Digimaps

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

Credit: Nigel Chadwick - Fallow field by Coldharbour Lane

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL TIMELINE

OPEN TO PASSENGERS

LIGHT RAIL DEMO

LINE CLOSED

FALLOWFIELD LOOP OPENS

The Fallowfield Loop Line was fully opened to passengers in 1892. Running between Sheffield and Manchester Central Station.

line was finally closed and the railway tracks were lifted in October 1988.

(source: About | Friends of the Fallowfield Loop - https://

Short section of track at the former site of Hyde Road station was briefly used to give a public demonstration of the proposed Manchester Metrolink tram system.

fallowfieldloop.org/about)

(source: Fallowfield Loop - Wikipedia - https://

(source: Fallowfield Loop - Wikipedia - https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallowfield_Loop.)

The Fallowfield Loop cycle route, run by Sustrans forms part of Routes 6 and 60 of the National Cycle Network. (source: About | Friends of the Fallowfield Loop)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallowfield_Loop.)

Credit: Friends of the Fallowfield Loop Credit: Friends of the Fallowfield Loop

PURCHASED BY SUSTRANS

Credit: Friends of the Fallowfield Loop

F R E I G H T O N LY

Credit: Fallowfield Loop - Wikipedia

Line purchased using National Lottery funding. The old trackbed begins conversion into a public rail trail cycle track.

The stations at Hyde Road, Levenshulme South, Fallowfield and Wilbraham Road were closed

(source: About | Friends of the Fallowfield

(source: About | Friends of the Fallowfield Loop -

Loop)

https://fallowfieldloop.org/about)

1892

1969

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

1987 1988

2001

2003

NOW

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

INTRODUCTION LOC ATION

FALLOWFIELD LOOP AK A . FLOOP GORTON

THE FALLOWFIELD LOOP At 8 miles long the Fallowfield Loop is thought to be the longest urban cycleway in Britain. Our project centres around the eastern half of the Fallowfield Foop (shown on the adjacent map) that runs from Fallowfield in the West to Gorton in the East. (source: https://fallowfieldloop. org/)

LEVENSHULME

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

FALLOWFIELD

ST OC KP OR T RO AD A6

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

02 | ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY |

F R A M I N G N AT U R E TO R A I S E AWA R E N E S S O F ECO LO G I C A L VA LU E

“ O R D E R LY F R A M E S A R E N O T A ME ANS OF DOMINATING ECOLOGIC AL PHENOMENA FOR THE SAKE OF H U M A N P L E A S U R E . O R D E R LY F R A M E S CAN BE USED TO CONSTRUCT A W I D E LY R E C O G N I Z A B L E C U LT U R A L FRAMEWORK FOR ECOLOGICAL QUALITY“ JOAN IVERSON NASSAUER, FROM MESSY ECOSYSTEMS, O R D E R LY F R A M E S , 1 9 9 5 Photo credit: Markus Staven, Wikimedia Commons - Flaschenhalspark, Berlin

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY M E S S Y E CO S Y S T E M S , O R D E R LY F R A M E S

P E R C E I V E D L A N DS C A P E C A R E (R E L E VA N T TO F LO O P); R E- O R D E R I N G T H E E S TA B L I S H E D V O C A B U L A R Y O F ECO LO G Y T O P R O V I D E N E W D E F I N I T I O N S O F AT T R A C T I V E N E S S I N T H E E N V I R O N M E N T. NE ATNESS

STEWARDSHIP

NATUR ALNESS

AT T R AC T I V E

U N AT T R AC T I V E

AT T R AC T I V E

U N AT T R AC T I V E

AT T R AC T I V E

U N AT T R AC T I V E

Fences Flowers Or Shrubs Landscaped Architectural Details Trees In A Row

Dead or Rotten No Flowers No Shade Not Landscaped Not Mown

Conservation Clean Looking Water No Erosion

No Conservation Practice Slimy Looking Water Obvious Erosion

Development Blends In Habitat Native Vegetation Natural Trees Wildlife

Too Formal Too Much Concrete Too Open Bare Flat No Trees

Large Space

Cluttered Construction Work Rubbish Messy

Clean Neat No Rubbish Cared For Maintained Well Kept

Abandoned Neglected Weedy

Mown New No Weeds (source: Nassauer, J, I. Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames)

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY M E S S Y E CO S Y S T E M S , O R D E R LY F R A M E S

PERCEIVED L ANDSCAPE CARE FLOOP EX AMPLES 01

Neatness: Unattractive Stewardship: Unattractive Naturalness: Attractive

Neatness: Attractive Stewardship: Attractive Naturalness: Unttractive

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY M E S S Y E CO S Y S T E M S , O R D E R LY F R A M E S

CUES TO CARE MOWING

FLOWERING PLANTS AND TREES

STRATEGY Mowing a strip along human paths (streets, walkways) frames patches of greater biodiversity with clear signs of human intention.

STRATEGY Wetland and grassland plants with small flowers misunderstood for weeds. Compared with shrubs or grasses, people are more likely to immediately appreciate trees, especially those they themselves can maintain in some way.

(source: Nassauer, J, I. Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames)

PRECEDENT Right: In Trois-Rivieres, Canada, at an experimental site comparing the ecological effects of intense mowing (R) with low impact mowing (L).

(source: Nassauer, J, I. Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames)

Watson, C. J., Carignan Guillemette, L.,

PRECEDENT Right Upper: Bush Vetch - Pea family. Attracts bumblebees and Honeybees. Source fo food for weevils, beetles and caterpillars.

Turcotte, C., Maire, V. and Proulx, R. (2020) ‘Ecological and economic benefits of low intensity urban lawn management.’ Ming Lee, T. (ed.) Journal of Applied Ecology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 57(2) pp. 436–446.

Credit: Dr Chris Watson

Right Lower: Community orchard on the Floop.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY M E S S Y E CO S Y S T E M S , O R D E R LY F R A M E S

CUES TO CARE WILDLIFE FEEDERS AND HOUSES

BOLD PAT TERNS STRATEGY Bold, clearly-visible patterns of landscaping such as terracing are vivid cues to care. These patterns indicate human intention by their crisp edges and landscape scale.

STRATEGY People may not be able to identify the necessary habitat for the birds they enjoy, and they may not find the “brushy“ quality of the habitat attractive. However they associate bird houses and feeders with the birds they enjoy. The feeders and houses are structural cues to care for wildlife and habitat.

(source: Nassauer, J, I. Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames)

PRECEDENT Right: For this wildlife hotel, the designers used a design strategy called ‘bionics’ or ‘biomimicry’.

PRECEDENT Right: Sand Martin Wall - Sand was placed between the walls, which are approximately two meters apart. The coarse compacted sand was covered with soil and vegetation. The insects attracted to the flowers and plants are now a food source for the sand martins.

(Simon Swietochowski and Mick Brundle ,

(Scottish Wildlife Trust, Montrose Basin

ARUP Associates)

Local Nature Reserve)

(source: Nassauer, J, I. Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames)

Credit: Simon Swietochowski and Mick Brundle

Credit: Scottish Wildlife Trust

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY M E S S Y E CO S Y S T E M S , O R D E R LY F R A M E S

CUES TO CARE TRIMMED SHRUBS AND LINEAR PLANTING

FENCES AND ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS

STRATEGY At a smaller scale, obvious trimming and pruning of shrubs and linear planting clearly indicate human presence and the intention to care for a landscape. (source: Nassauer, J, I. Messy Ecosystems,

STRATEGY Where a fence or nearby building is well-maintained, or especially freshly painted, we have an indication of human attention to a place, the landscape nearby is more likely to appear to be well cared for.

Orderly Frames)

(source: Nassauer, J, I. Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames)

PRECEDENT Right Upper: Willows planted in linear row alongside the Floop at its Westernmost end. Ideal candidates for coppicing. Right Lower: Pruned branches formed into linear barrier between trees alongside the Floop. Deliberate habitat creation. Orderly presentation implies care.

PRECEDENT Right: Crinkle Crankle walls at West Horsley Place, Surrey. Provide microclimates and hiding places for more variety of plants and animals. Use less bricks than a straight brick wall due to structural integrity of curve, requires only a single thickness wall rather than double for straight walls.. (West Horsley Place Trust (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 11th November 2020] https:// www.westhorsleyplace.org)

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

Credit: West Horsley Place Trust

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY NATUR A URBANA

N AT U R A U R B A N A P R E S E N T S A N ECO LO G I C A L A N A LY S I S O F T H E W I L D S PA C E S O F B E R L I N . G A N DY I N V E S T I G AT E S T H E H I S TO R Y O F T H E B R A C H E N , A N D H O W T H E S E S I T E S A R E R E S H A P I N G T H E U R B A N E X P E R I E N C E O F N AT U R E . NATUR A URBANA THE BRACHEN OF BERLIN, A FILM BY MAT THEW G ANDY Matthew Gandy: What is the word for Brache in English? Wasteland perhaps? Hans Zicshler: No. No. Not wasteland . The German word brache has an agricultural connotation. It refers to untilled soil, a field that‘s left fallow.

“ I HAVE ALWAYS BEEN FA SCINATED BY THE BR ACHEN OF BERLIN AS SPACES OF SPONTANEOUS NATURE . E VERY SITE IS UNIQUE - A MARVEL OF NON D E S I G N .“

M AT T H E W G A N DY N AT U R A U R B A N A , 2 017

(source: Matthew Gandy interviewing Hans Zischler for Natura Urbana, 2017)

Credit: https://urbaneye.ro/en/films/natura-urbana-the-brachen-of-berlin/

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

RESEARCH QUESTIONS |

HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE FLOOP? HOW CAN WE USE ECOLOGICAL TOOLS TO CHANGE HUMAN AT TITUDES TOWARDS URBAN NATURE?

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

03 | PRECEDENT |

E N A B L I N G N AT U R E T H R O U G H C R E AT I V E T H I N K I N G A N D D E S I G N

“ M A N I S T H AT U N I Q U E LY CO N S C I O U S CRE ATURE WHO C AN PERCEIVE AND EXPRESS. HE MUST BECOME THE STEWARD OF THE BIOSPHERE. TO DO T H I S H E M US T D E S I G N W I T H N AT U R E .“ IAN MCHARG, DESIGN WITH NATURE, 1967

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT SECTIONS

PRECEDENT SECTIONS PRECEDENT IN ART PRECEDENT IN PSYCHOLOGY PRECEDENT IN PLACE

Credit: Eryn O’Neill - Work - https://www.eofineart.com/#/pastwork)

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT IN ART

A G N E S D E N E S - TA K I N G O W N E R S H I P O F A N A R E A O F L A N D T H AT I S ‘ U N US E D ‘ A N D C R E AT I N G U P O N I T WHE ATFIELD - A CONFRONTATION: BAT TERY PARK LANDFILL, DOWNTOWN MANHAT TAN Planting and harvesting a field of wheat on land worth $4.5 billion created a powerful paradox. It called attention to our misplaced priorities. Two hundred truckloads of dirt were brought in and 285 furrows were dug by hand. For four months the field was cleared of wheat smut, weeded, fertilized and sprayed against mildew fungus, and an irrigation system set up. Yielded over 1000 pounds of golden wheat. (source: Agnes Denes http://www. agnesdenesstudio.com/works7.html.)

Credit: Agnes Denes http://www.agnesdenesstudio.com/works7.html.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT IN ART

J O S E P H B E U Y S - I G N O R I N G P E R M I S S I O N S A N D C R E AT I N G P U B L I C PA R T I C I PAT I O N A N D O W N E R S H I P O F S PA C E S 7000 EICHEN (7000 OAKS) KASSEL, GERMANY In March 1982, 7000 basalt rocks appeared on the lawn of the Fridericianum, the oldest public museum in Kassel, Germany. Beuys announced that a basalt rock from the huge pile could only be removed from the lawn if it were to be accompanied by the planting of a new oak tree in the city. There were 7000 basalt rocks on the lawn of the Fridericianum. Beuys’ idea of ‘social sculpture’ was that the whole of society should be regarded as art; that art has the potential to bring about revolutionary change; and that everyone can contribute creatively to it (source: Joseph Beuys: The Art of Arboriculture - AWA Trees - https://www. awatrees.com/2019/12/06/joseph-beuysthe-art-of-arboriculture)

Credit: Joseph Beuys: The Art of Arboriculture - AWA Trees

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT SECTIONS

PRECEDENT SECTIONS PRECEDENT IN ART PRECEDENT IN PSYCHOLOGY PRECEDENT IN PLACE

Credit: Humanscape: Environments for People: Amazon.co.uk: Kaplan, Stephen, Kaplan, Rachael

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT

THE E XPERIENCE OF NATURE - R ACHEL & STEPHEN K APL AN

AT T E N T I O N R E S T O R AT I O N T H E O R Y, O R A . R .T, P R O P O S E S T H AT E X P O S U R E T O N AT U R E I S N O T O N LY E N J O YA B L E B U T C A N A L S O H E L P US I M P R O V E O U R F O C US A N D A B I L I T Y TO CO N C E N T R AT E A . R .T: 4 K E Y C O M P O N E N T S

01 | BEING AWAY

02 | FA SCINATION

Being separate and apart from your usual thoughts and concerns. People don‘t have to be physically away to satisfy this component, but it helps.

Where your attention is held without any effort expended. Restorative environments hold your attention without you having to focus or direct it a certain way.

(source: Kaplan, S. (1995) ‘The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework.’ Journal of Environmental

Psychology, 15(3) pp. 169–182.

Above: The Secret Lake, geographically close to residential and industrial areas but a world away in terms of mindset and space to think and observe.

Above: Honeysuckle tunnel connecting Floop to Secret Lake. The path and arches draw you down the path into the unseen and unknown, causing a fascinated state of attention.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT

THE E XPERIENCE OF NATURE - R ACHEL & STEPHEN K APL AN

A . R .T: 4 K E Y C O M P O N E N T S C O N T.

Credit: The Wild Deck Company

03 | EXTENT

0 4 | COMPATIBILIT Y

An environment must be at least somewhat familiar and coherent in order for it to be restorative. Familiar only in that it is similar enough to places you have been that you are not feeling uncomfortable, confused, or out-of-place.

To be restorative, an environment must be one in which the individual chooses to be out of intrinsic motivation and personal preference. Compatibility is higher when you are engaging in an activity that is familiar to you.

(source: Kaplan, S. (1995) ‘The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework.’ Journal of Environmental

Psychology, 15(3) pp. 169–182.

Above: In a similar way to Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames, the wildness or inhospitable nature of our sites must be balanced and/or framed by the known or hospitable for human benefit.

Above: Oak boardwalk at Morden Hall Park (National Trust). Provide a familiar and easily understood path through an otherwise inhospitable landscape. Allows for far easier appreciation of surroundings. (picture credit: The Wild Deck Company https://www.thewilddeckcompany.co.uk/product-portfolio/boardwalks/morden-hallpark)

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT SECTIONS

PRECEDENT SECTIONS PRECEDENT IN ART PRECEDENT IN PSYCHOLOGY PRECEDENT IN PLACE

Credit: Schöneberger Südgelände Park by Odious « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine - http://landezine.com/index.php/2013/02/schoneberger-sudgelande-park-by-odious/.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT

HINEWAI RESERVE - BANKS PENINSULA, NZ

E F F EC T I V E , N AT U R A L M E T H O D TO T U R N S C R U B I N TO W O O D L A N D. M A I N TA I N S H A B I TAT F O R D I V E R S E ECO LO G Y. GORSE SCRUB SAPLING NURSERY Left undisturbed, Gorse grows vigorously for a few years. Growth then slows, and the canopy opens up. Gorse needs full light to grow well, it cannot regenerate significantly under shade. Shade-tolerant native species can do so easily, however, as long as they are not browsed off by animals. Birds and wind spread native seed abundantly into stands of Gorse. Native saplings grow up through the aging gorse, overtop it, and smother it. (source: Wilson, H. D. (1994) ‘Regeneration of native forest on Hinewai Reserve.’ New Zealand Journal of Botany, 32(3) pp. 373–383.)

Right: Gorse scrub in Hinewai Reserve with large shrubs and native trees beginning to grow through it. Right Lower: Gorse found in Chorlton Water Park, very close to the western end of the Floop. Credit: Michal Klajban: Hinewai Reserve - gorse, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand - Wikimedia Commons

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT IN PLACE

BEE LINE & INSECT HOTEL BEE LINE ROTTERDAM INSECT HOTELS

The project consists of regularly spaced insect hotels in a continuous green structure. Even more important than the hotels is the new management of the roadsides and riverbanks.

LOCAL SCHOOLS BUY IN

Wild flowers and plants were sown in the roadsides, and the cutting policy has been adjusted. A mix of species was chosen, so that they are in bloom at different times of the year. Of course, many other species of insects, and thus also insectivorous birds and small mammals, can benefit from the beeline as well.

REGULAR SPACING

Schools along the route contribute to its maintenance, and panels along it inform people about the insects, plants and animals.

FLOWER SEED MIX

(source: 3.5 Beeline, Rotterdam - https://www. naturalcity.nl/2016/02/18/bijenlint)

Credit: naturalcity.nl

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT IN PLACE

B AT H OT E L TEESINKBOS, THE NETHERLANDS

INTERIOR PROVIDES HANGING POINTS

Client(s): Rijkswaterstaat, Landschap Overijssel Partner(s): NatuurInclusief, Bouwbedrijf W. Nijhuis BAT ENTRY

A drain in the ground makes sure that the tower has a constant humidity. The rough brick facade gives grip to bats during their approach. Open butt joints lead to a narrow cavity. All of this has the exact size for bats to keep warm, but so narrow that it cannot be entered by local small mammals.

ROOF TO KEEP LIGHT OUT MAIN STRUCTURE

(source: Bat House Teesinkbos – Bright https://bright.coop/teesinkbos)

DAMP COURSE/ ELE VATION FOR SAFETY WATER SOURCE

Credit: Bright Coop

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

INTERIOR DRAIN TO INCREASE HUMIDITY

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT IN PLACE

MOSAIC MOWING ROTTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS MOW DIRECTION

This type of mowing is used in Rotterdam for areas with nutrient-rich soil. The vegetation is never completely mowed in one go and one part is always left untouched during the winter. This is beneficial for insects, which use the vegetation throughout the year in all their life stages (egg, larva, pupa and imago).

MOW DIRECTION

By removing the cuttings, the soil is prevented from becoming too rich in nutrients. Many grasses and herbs completed their entire flowering cycle, thus increasing the wealth of insects, especially butterflies. (source: 5.1 Mosaic mowing Rotterdam -

MOW DIRECTION

MOW 01

MOW 02

MOW DIRECTION

https://www.naturalcity.nl/2017/05/20/5-1mosaic-mowing-rotterdam)

Credit: naturalcity.nl

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

MOW 03

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT IN PLACE

R AISED WALK WAYS HELSINKI, FINLAND | 2018

BARRIER FOR WILDLIFE

Top: Lammassaari Boardwalk by Nomaji. (source: Lammassaari Boardwalk by Nomaji « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine - http://landezine.com/index.php/2019/02/ lammassaari-boardwalk-by-nomaji)

BERLIN, GERMANY | 2009 Bottom Left: Schöneberger Südgelände Park by Group Odious.

E XISTING PATH INFRASTRUCTURE

(source: Schöneberger Südgelände Park by Odious « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine - http://landezine.com/index. php/2013/02/schoneberger-sudgelande-

WILDLIFE CAN EXIST UNDER PATH

park-by-odious)

STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN | 2014 Bottom Right: Strandskogen Arninge Ullna by Topia landskapsarkitekter. (source: Strandskogen Arninge Ullna by Topia « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine - http://landezine.com/index. php/2018/05/strandskogen-arninge-ullna-by-

R AISED WALKWAYS

topia) Credit: Landezine

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT IN PLACE

SKY HIVE SKY HIVE PROTOTYPE, M A A S T R I C H T, THE NETHERLANDS The Sky Hive is a pole with two beehives on it, which can be lifted up and down. When the hives are down, the beekeepers can take care of the bees. When the bees are back up on the pole, they are safe from vandalism and the public is protected from being stung.

BEES POLLINATE 3KM RADIUS

By placing the Sky hive in a public place, beekeeping is made accessible to all. Everybody interested can attend the meetings, observe the work of the beekeepers or join in and take responsibility for the bees.

HEIGHT ENSURES FLOOP USER SAFETY

(source: Eu, W. B. - Lifting System Running On Solar Energy Keep Bees Public, But

FLOWER SEED MIX

Safe From Vandalism Bring Communities Together And Challenge New Beekeepers Sky Hive Beekeeping In Public Spaces By Bee Collective.)

Credit: Bee Collective

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT IN PLACE

E C O D U C T/ W I L D L I F E C R O S S I N G MEEDENPAD, GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS Consists of a 4-metre wide bicycle and pedestrian path separated from a 3.5-metre wide fauna passage by a hedge of apple roses. To provide shelter for mammals such as hedgehogs, deer, hares and foxes, a substrate for planting and stumps were placed in this part of the crossing.

WILDLIFE

An interactive panel and a webcam provide information about the animals that use the wildlife crossing. (source: 3.1 Bicycle Ecoduct Meedenpad

ROAD/ RAIL

- https://www.naturalcity.nl/2016/09/27/ ecoduct-groningen)

HUMAN Credit: naturalcity.nl

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT IN PLACE

FAUNA TOWER BEDUM, THE NETHERLANDS Partner(s): Faunus Nature Creations, Bouwbedrijf W. Nijhuis

BIRD ENTRY

The towers create an oppurtunity for a nature nclusive city, where other species co-exist with humans. Wild residents such as common pipistrelles, house sparrows and starlings who are losing more and more of their habitat in modern cities can house here.

BIRD NESTING BOXES

AQUATIC BIRD NESTING SITES

A place of rest for humans becomes full of activity for other species, who hunt insects above the water and in the reed collars, breed and charge energy during the day for their night-time activity.

AQUATIC HABITAT

(source: Fauna towers – Bright - https://bright.

BAT ENTRY

coop/fauna-towers)

Credit: Bright Coop

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BAT NES T/ HANG POINTS

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

PRECEDENT IN PLACE

BIRDLIFE ISL ANDS RUTL AND WATER, UK Sylvia Crowe‘s story: “There was a very nice sympathetic engineer who was working on the reservoir and he and I made great friends and if he saw a bulldozer lying idle, he‘d tell it to go and make some islands. And so it made an archipelago of islands up in the shallow end of the reservoir which were immediately taken over by birds and turned into nesting sites, and this has now become a European recognised site of special scientific interest. So it‘s really marvellous when you can find that what you‘re doing for quite other reasons in fact can also help conservation and wild life as well as the enjoyment of people.“

Credit: Anglian Water Birdwatching Centre - https://www.lrwt.org.uk/nature-reserves/anglian-water-birdwatching-centre

(source: Wood & Water | Sylvia Crowe | Pidgeon Digital - https://www-pidgeondigitalcom.mmu.idm.oclc.org/talks/wood-water/ chapters)

ISL ANDS FOR NESTING - AWAY F R O M P R E D AT O R S B U T E A S I LY VISIBLE Credit: Google Earth

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

04 | TRANSECTS |

D ECO N S T R U C T I N G T H E N AT U R E / U R B A N D I C H OTO M Y

“ I T I S P E R H A P S O N LY T H R O U G H A N E CO L O G I C A L LY E N R I C H E D P U B L I C RE ALM THAT NEW KINDS OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL DISCOURSE MAY EMERGE THAT C AN BEGIN TO LE AVE THE CONCEPTUAL LEXICON OF THE N I N E T E E N T H - C E N T U R Y C I T Y B E H I N D.“ M AT T H E W G A N DY, U R B A N N AT U R E A N D T H E ECO LO G I C A L IMAGINARY

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

HA BITATS RESISTANCE

DISTRIBUTION & T YPOLOGY OPEN WOODLAND Grassland surrounded by trees is a varied habitat for birds and small mammals.

STREAM Cringle Brook flowing east to west provides a habitat for aquatic animals and vegetation.

MEADOW Grasses and wildflowers. Excellent habitat for pollinators, seeds provide valuable food for birds and small mammals.

FRESHWATER LAKE The secret lake is a home for different species of fish, birds and amphibians.

WOODLAND POND Shady area of water, creates a habitat for invertebrates and mosses. FALLOWFIELD

LEVENSHULME JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

GORTON

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SPECIES - NATIVE RESISTANCE

DISTRIBUTION & T YPOLOGY BLACKBERRY Rubus fructicosus, provides a food source from the berries and cover from thorny branches.

SPEAR THISTLE Crisium vulare, flowers attract pollinators and seeds are a good source of food finches..

HAWTHORN Crataegus monogyna, also called quickthorn due to its growth rate. Valuable food source and cover.

SILV ER BIRCH Betula Pendula, unmistakeable silver bark. Second only to the oak in the number of species it supports.

SHAGGY INKCAP Coprinus comatus, fungi play an essential role in the breakdown of organic matter. FALLOWFIELD

LEVENSHULME JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

GORTON

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SPECIES - INVASIVE RESISTANCE

DISTRIBUTION & T YPOLOGY BAMBOO Pseudosasa japonica Escapee from neighbouring allotments bamboo spreads quickly through underground rhizomes

HIMAL AYAN BASALM Impatiens glandulifera Grows near rivers and streams, can produce 2,500 seeds per plant per year.

JAPANESE KNOTWEED Fallopia japonica Extremely fast growing, up to 20cm per day. Spreads through underground rhizomes

COTONEASTER cotoneaster horizontalis Another garden escapee. Spreads rapidly but does provide food for mammals and birds.

FALLOWFIELD

LEVENSHULME JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

GORTON

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

ANTHROPOFLOOP RESISTANCE

DISTRIBUTION & T YPOLOGY STUDENTS The floop bisects Fallowfield, home to a large student population.

STREET ART Political messages in the form of street art line many of the walls and bridges along the floop.

HIDDEN RENDEZVOUS Secluded areas are used by some residents as secret gardens and meeting points.

INCREDIBLE EDIBLE The free food movement has a small allotment near Levenshulme.

ACTIVE TRAVEL Most users of the floop are taking advantage of the lack of motor traffic to exercise and ride bikes. FALLOWFIELD

LEVENSHULME JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

GORTON

0 5 | S I T E A N A LY S I S |

IDENTIF YING SITES OF ECOLOGICAL VALUE ON THE FLOOP

“NATURE- INCLUSIVE DESIGN SHOULD P R I M A R I LY B E S E E N A S S TA R T I N G O R MAINTAINING AN ECOLOGIC AL PROCESS, OR CRE ATING THE RIGHT CONDITIONS F O R I T, A N D N O T A S T H E R E A L I Z AT I O N O F A G R E E N PAT T E R N O R I M A G E .“ V I N K ,VO LL A R D & D E Z W A R T E , M A K I N G U R B A N N AT U R E 2 017

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

S I T E A N A LY S I S GEOLOGY

KEY BEDROCK Collyhurst Sandstone Formation: Sandstone

SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS Till, Devensian: Diamicton

ARTIFICIAL GROUND Worked, Made, Infilled

(source: DigiMaps)

Credit: Digimaps

SITE 01 T H E B AT C AV E

SITE 02 THE CROSSWAYS

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

SITE 03 THE MEADOW

SITE 05 THE SECRET L AKE

SITE 04 THE LOUGH

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

S I T E A N A LY S I S BIOTOPES

F L O O P S P E C I F I C B I O T Y P E I N F O R M A T I O N F R O M S I T E W A L K W I T H J A M E S R I C H A R D S O N , O F W A R D E L L- A R M S T R O N G BRACKEN Bracken is a large fern species. Its underground rhizome stretches out over a wide area. The large, triangular leaves rise individually from the rhizome. Their spores ripen in JulyAugust. Bracken thrives on the sites path sides and clear-cut areas. As a common species Bracken requires no conservation to secure its occurrence.

DENSE SCRUB A ‘successional habitat’, meaning that it is in transition between more open areas such as grassland and heathland and another (generally woodland). Found mainly as scattered hawthorn bushes or a dense thicket of nettles and bramble. Nationally, there are over 450 rare and threatened species of plant, insect and bird which are associated with this habitat.

IMPROVED GRASSLAND This habitat is made up mainly of perennial rye-grass Lolium perenne. The vegetation is botanically species-poor and of limited ecological interest. Regularly cut throughout the year to maintain neat aesthetic. Cuttings usually left in situe which break down and increase nutrient levels further reducing ecological diversity.

SEMI-IMPROVED GRASSLAND Not too nutrient rich, no one species dominating. On a poor topsoil. Not cut too often. Beneficial species found on site include: - Non native Evening Primrose from America. - Birds foot trefoil - food source for butterflies. Member of the pea family so fixes nitrogen into the soil. - Yorkshire Fog Grass.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

S I T E A N A LY S I S BIOTOPES

HARD STANDING

POND

Seemingly treated with Glyphosate in some areas to prevent all unwanted plant growth. Devoid of use for wildlife but effective for human transportation. A hard barrier between biotopes on opposite sides of the hard standing.

Hosts creatures that are entirely aquatic or almost so (such as pond snails, water beetles and backswimmers), others that spend a large part of their life cycle in water (such as frogs, toad, newts, dragonflies and damselflies), and the pond also provides drinking, feeding and bathing opportunities for birds and small mammals. Blackbirds were seen bathing whilst we were at the site.

FRESHWATER LAKE

RUDERAL

The plants and animals in the lake are the planktonic algae and tiny crustaceans in the open water, the reeds and rushes of the margins, and the fish of the deeper water. The lake is affected by pollution and has less wildlife than it would naturally, but our lake should still have a good variety of submerged water plants if not too polluted.

Ruderal biotope is the first to colonize disturbed lands. The disturbance is a consequence of building the floop. The word ruderal comes from the Latin rudus, meaning “rubble“. Nettles often evidence of high nutrient levels found in ruderal floop sites. Sole food of several butterfly species - Small Tortoiseshell, Red Admiral and Peacock butterfly.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

S I T E A N A LY S I S BIOTOPES

REED BED

TR ACK - NATUR AL SURFACE

Despite lack of floristic diversity, reedbeds support a wide range of wildlife, provided a variety of ages and structures are present. The reed beds on site have damp areas where the litter is not flooded . This supports the greatest number of invertebrate species. The drier areas above the water level may provide burrowing habitat for water voles and scrubby islands may be used by otters.

Desire paths created through almost all biotopes by humans or wildlife. Most desire paths creating a natural track surface on and around the floop are found in grassland and woodland areas. An excellent way for people to move through a space whilst maintaining its wildness and permeability to wild animals and flowers.

STREAM

WOODLAND

Important because it provides habitats for plants and animals that depend on running water including lampreys, native crayfish, the golden-ringed dragonfly and cool water stoneflies.

Support a huge range of wildlife. As somewhere to feed, shelter and breed, they are vitally important for connectivity and supporting species iaround the Floop. Abundance of Native Ivy growing up trees which flowers in autumn and fruits in spring, opposite most other plants so essential to floop wildlife.

Cringle brook has been completely overbuilt in areas so is hugely impacted in terms of ecological benefit.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

S I T E A N A LY S I S ECOTONES

ECOTO N E S - T H E CO N S I D E R AT I O N O F H O W D I F F E R E N T B I OTO P E B O U N D A R I E S F U N C T I O N ECOTONES Schematic representation of different types of ecotones on a square surface. Yellow and green surfaces represent two different ecological habitats, eg scrub and woodland or grassland and hard standing. The area of each ecotope is similar in each case but the length of the ecotone between them varies greatly. Note the impact of the “pattern“ of each patch of “color“ on the “percolation capacities“ of certain species in the landscape (source: Ecotone - Wikipedia - https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotone#/media/ File:ÉcotoneLamiotCommons4.jpg.)

Credit: Google Earth

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SELECTED SITES LOC ATION

GORTON

LEVENSHULME HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

FALLOWFIELD

SITE 01 B AT C AV E

SITE 02 S TAT I O N F I E L DS

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

SITE 03 THE MEADOW

SITE 05 SECRET L AKE

SITE 04 WOODLAND POND

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 01 BAT C AVE

GORTON

LEVENSHULME HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

FALLOWFIELD

SITE 01 B AT C AV E

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 01 BAT C AVE

1:1000 @ A3 Site 01 and surroundings in relation to the Fallowfield Loop approximatley 40m north.

THE FLOOP

ALLOTMENTS

KINGSWAY

SMALL BROOK

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 01 BAT C AVE

INITIAL IMPRESSIONS Experiential map drawn on site. Accentuates feeling of openness and closure and highlights notable unique features.

TO THE FLOOP

SCOTS PINE BAMBOO ROPESWING

DESIRE PATHS

N E W LY PLANTED TREES

SMALL BROOK

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 01 BAT C AVE

AT M O S P H E R E

US E R C R E AT E D D E S I R E PAT H S THROUGH TREES

INTRODUCED SCOTS PINE I N D I C AT I N G F E E L I N G O F OWNERSHIP AND CARE BY USERS OF SPACE

B A M B O O T H AT O R I G I N AT E D I N NE ARBY GARDENS OR ALLOTMENTS

CENTR AL ME ADOW SHOWING SCOTS P I N E A N D G E N E R A L N AT U R E O F T H E UNIMPROVED GRASSLAND

SMALL BROOK (SOUTH EDGE OF SITE). WOODEN SLEEPER STEP B U I LT I N TO B A N K S H O W S U S T H AT T H I S A R E A I S US E D A S A N E N T R A N C E A N D E X I T TO WAT E R

DE AD PL ANTS NOT CUT DOWN WHICH PROVIDES FOOD AND H A B I TAT TO W I L D R E S I D E N T S

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 01 BAT C AVE

A VIEW FROM NORTHERN ENTRANCE In the process of creating this sketch we got talking to a man called Tony who worked for Manchester Council emptying bins. He mistook us for developers at first unfortunatley. Once he knew our real intentions for the site he spoke about how much he loves the space and how it reminded him of his NVQ he studied BAMBOO in Horticulture as a teenager.

ROPE SWING

SCOTS PINE

DESIRE PATHS

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 02

STATION FIELDS

GORTON

LEVENSHULME HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

FALLOWFIELD

SITE 02 S TAT I O N F I E L DS

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 02

STATION FIELDS

1:1000 @ A3 Site 02 and surroundings in relation to the Fallowfield Loop which bisects the site. INCREDIBLE EDIBLE VEG PATCH THE FLOOP

STATION SOUTH

STOCKPORT ROAD A6

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 02

STATION FIELDS

INITIAL IMPRESSIONS Experiential map drawn on site. Each quadrant of the site has a completely different character and this felt very evident standing in the middle of the junction.

INCREDIBLE EDIBLE IMPROVED GRASSLAND INFORMATION BOARD

BROOM LANE FALLOWFIELD LOOP

STOCKPORT ROAD

COMMUNITY ORCHARD

SEMI-IMPROVED GRASSLAND

KERSH AVENUE

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 02

STATION FIELDS

AT M O S P H E R E

S TAT I O N F I E L DS I S A N I M P O R TA N T SOCIAL AND ECLOGICAL JUNCTION WHICH CONNECTS LEVENSHULME W I T H T H E F L O O P.

THE COMMUNITY BASED FREE FOOD MOVEMENT INCREDIBLE EDIBLE M A I N TA I N A S M A L L V EG E TA B L E GARDEN PROVIDING FREE PRODUCE F O R A N Y O N E W H O W A N T S I T.

V EG E TAT I O N CO N S I S T S O F M O W N GR ASS, SHRUBS AND HAWTHORN

A SMALL ORCHARD OF FRUIT TREES GROWS IN THE EAST OF SITE

SMALL FERNS ARE GROWING ON THE W A L L S O F T H E E M B A N K M E N T.

WILD FLOWERS AND BR AMBLES P R O V I D E A N E X C E L L E N T H A B I TAT AND NUTRITION FOR ANIMALS AND INSECTS

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 02

STATION FIELDS

SITE VIEWS Left Lower: Walk through orchard lost in a quiet, seperate and edible world.

COMMUNITY ORCHARD INCREDIBLE EDIBLE

Right: View looking east to crossroads with main features highlighted.

FLOOP

IMPROVED GRASSLAND

INFORMATION BOARD

ORCHARD WALK

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 03

THE MEADOW

GORTON

LEVENSHULME HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

FALLOWFIELD

SITE 03 THE MEADOW

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 03

THE MEADOW

1:1000 @ A3 Site 03 and surroundings in relation to the Fallowfield Loop running adjacent to the south. BRIDGE ACROSS THE OLD LINE

SIMPLE WOODEN BRIDGE

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK ENTRANCE

LONG GRASS MEADOW

ST ANDREWS SCHOOL

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 03

THE MEADOW

INITIAL IMPRESSIONS

BIRCH TREES

Experiential map based on visit alone with no reference to actual geogrophy of place. The paths and bridges felt more important on site than they appear in maps or photography.

LARGE BEECH TREE

WOODLAND

HOUSING BRIDGE OVER OLD LINE

FLOOP

SMALL WOODEN FOOTBRIDGE

DESIRE PATH

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

HIGH FIELD COUNTRY PARK

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 03

THE MEADOW

AT M O S P H E R E

VIEW OF THE WOODED NORTH AREA OF THE MEADOW FROM THE OLD BRIDGE.

GR ASSES AND WILDFLOWEERS D O M I N AT E T H E V EG E TAT I O N I N T H E ME ADOW.

THE WOODLAND EDGE IS GOOD H A B I TAT F O R N U M E R O US S P EC I E S OF BIRDS AND MAMMALS

G R A S S E S L I N E T H E F LO O P PAT H .

BIRCH AND HAWTHORN ARE DOMINANT SPECIES IN THE WOODL AND. THEY PROVIDE VERTICAL HEIGHT BUT ALSO ALLOW ENOUGH LIGHT FOR PERENNIALS TO GROW

A SIMPLE BRIDGE CROSSES A DR AINAGE DITCH LINKING THE MEADOW WITH WOODL AND. T H E WAT E R P R O V I D E S I D E A L CONDITIONS FOR MARGINAL PL ANTS AND WILLOWS.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 03

THE MEADOW

SITE VIEWS Right Upper: Simple two plank bridge created to cross small brook runnning through eastern edge of site.

TWO WOODEN PLANKS FORM RIVER CROSSING

Centre: View looking west through meadow showing desire path and Floop users off to the left, very seperate spaces. Right Lower: Crossing the old footbridge which leads south towards the Highfield Park entrance.

FORMAL METALWORK AND STONE BRIDGE (CROSSES OLD R AILWAY) MEADOW OF LONG GRASS (SEMI IMPROVED)

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 04

WOODLAND POND

GORTON

LEVENSHULME HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

FALLOWFIELD

SITE 04 WOODLAND POND

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 04

WOODLAND POND

1:1000 @ A3 Site 04 and surroundings in relation to the Fallowfield Loop approximatley 10m west.

POND

REED BED THE FLOOP

PL AYING FIELDS

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 04

WOODLAND POND

INITIAL IMPRESSIONS Experiential map drawn on site. The intimacy of the open pond area and the places you can view it from was striking. Walking around the pond on the woodland path running along the south boundary of the site allowed for enchanting views through the tree and shrub varieties that framed the water and reedbeds behind.

BRIDGE OVER FLOOP

MAIN POND AREA

REED BEDS

ACCESS

ENTRANCE FROM RESIDENTIAL AREA

MEADOWS ALONGSIDE FLOOP

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 04

WOODLAND POND

AT M O S P H E R E

S H E LT E R E D W O O D L A N D PAT H F R O M EASTERN ENTRANCE.

O P E N WAT E R A N D R E E D B E DS C R E AT E A N A Q UAT I C H A B I TAT F O R PLANTS AND ANIMALS

D E L A P I D AT E D R U I N S O F S LU I C E G AT E CO N T R O L L I N G F LO W O F WAT E R TO T H E S EC R E T L A K E

SHADY AREAS AND MOISTURE ENCOURAGE MOSS AND I N V E R TA B R AT E S . E V I D E N C E O F L ACK OF CARE TOWARDS SITE WITH DISPOSAL OF UNWANTED T YRE

POND SIDE WOODED WALK WITH D E S I R E PAT H C R E AT E D T H R O U G H THE TREES

OLD INDUSTRIAL REMENANT WHICH ACTS AS CENTREPOINT FOR ACCESS TO THE POND FROM THE WEST

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 04

WOODLAND POND

WOODLAND POND SURROUNDS Upper Right: View from main pond access point from the Fallowfiled Loop. Allows for a raised vantage point to enjoy the pond and the wildlife without disturbing the habitat. Stood on old sluice gate infrastructure.

MOORHENS IN REEDS

Lower Left: The natural track that turns into a desire path through the woodland further into the site. Formal fencing with English Ivy growing up them form good frame for ecosystem contained within.

BLACKBIRDS BATHING AT WATERS EDGE

FOOTPATH VIEW FROM EASTERN ENTRANCE

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 05

SECRET LAKE

GORTON

LEVENSHULME HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

FALLOWFIELD

SITE 05 SECRET L AKE

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 05

SECRET LAKE

1:1000 @ A3 Site 05 and surroundings in relation to the Fallowfield Loop approximatley 30m east.

EAST ENTRY

SECRET LAKE

THE FLOOP WEST ENTRANCE

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 05

SECRET LAKE

INITIAL IMPRESSIONS Experiential map drawn on site. A large stone on the path creates an entrance experience. The path winds through a honeysuckle tunnel and eventually opens out revealing the whole lake in one go. A designed approach could not better increase the suspense and excitement of entering the site.

REED BEDS

STREAM FLOWING OUT OF LAKE

DENSE SCRUB (OLD ALLOTMENTS) WESTERN ACCESS TO INDUSTRIAL SITE

LARGE STONE AT E A STERN ENTRANCE

HONEYSUCKLE COVERED TREE TUNNEL

PERIMETER DESIRE PATH

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 05

THE SECRET LAKE

AT M O S P H E R E

D E N S E V EG E TAT I O N C R E AT E S TUNNEL FROM THE EASTERN ENTRANCE

L A R G E E X PA N S E O F O P E N WAT E R P R O V I D E S H A B I TAT F O R F I S H A N D A Q UAT I C B I R DS

JAPANESE KNOT WEED

THIS STONE MARKS THE E ASTERN ENTRANCE

STREET ART AND RUBBISH CAN B E F O U N D AT T H E P E R I M E T E R O F THE SITE, EVIDENCE OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES

A N AT U R A L F O OT PAT H W I N DS AROUND THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE LAKE

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SITE 05

SECRET LAKE

INITIAL IMPRESSIONS Lower Left: View through Honeysuckle covered natural tunnel Centre: View across lake with access steps down to lake side built into the banking

BRIDGE MADE OF 4 PLANKS OF WOOD L ARGE MATURE TREES FRAMING LAKE ON ALL SIDES

VIEW NORTH WEST WITH REEDS AND DUCK IN VIEW

Upper Right: Simple bridge for perimeter walk to cross exit stream from lake Lower Right: Lilypads at edge of lake close to footpath

NATUR AL TUNNEL LEADING TO LAKE

L I LY PA D S

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

06 | DESIGN |

C R E AT I O N O F A N ECO LO G I C A L LY S U P P O R T I V E FA L LO W F I E L D LO O P

“WHEN WE TRY TO PICK OUT ANYTHING B Y I T S E L F, W E F I N D I T H I T C H E D T O E V E R Y T H I N G E L S E I N T H E U N I V E R S E .“ JOHN MUIR, MY FIRST SUMMER IN THE SIERR A, 1911

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

MASTERPLAN ENTIRE SITE

MANAGEMENT

INTERVENTIONS

Woodland Management

Bat Tower

Wildflower Seeding

Bee-Mex

Scrubland Management

Sky Hive

Water Body

Board Walk

Grassland Diversification

Fauna Towers

Mosaic Mowing

Eco-archipelago

GORTON

Reed Bed Management

FALLOWFIELD

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

LEVENSHULME ST OC KP OR T RO AD A6

1:15000 @ A3

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

BAT C AVE SITE PLAN

1:500 @ A3 MANAGEMENT

FLOOP

Woodland Management Water Body Grassland Diversification

ALLOTMENTS

(A3

INTERVENTIONS

GSW

Boardwalk

KIN

Betula Pendula Ulex europaeus Bat Tower

RODNEY FIELDS

CRINGLE BROOK

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

BAT C AVE

VEGETATION STR ATEGY

IMPROVING BIODIVERSITY THROUGH: G R A S S L A N D I M P R O V E M E N T, W O O D L A N D M A N A G E M E N T. A woodland management strategy can be implemented to increase the ecoligical value of the trees at the site. Betula pendula and Ulex europaeus can be planted to complement the existing tree species. Birch and Gorse will not create a dense crown which will allow light to penetrate to lower levels to help grasses develop. These two species provide habitats for numerous speices of birds, mammals and insects. Grassland improvement through the addition of a native wildflower mix to the existing habitat and applying proper mowing tecniques will ensure a rich diversity of grasses and flowers. These will provide nectar for pollinators and seeds for birds. Careful eradication of Impatiens glandulifera will prevent the Himalayan Basalm from gaining a stronghold.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

BAT C AVE

B U I LT I N T E R V E N T I O N S

I N C R E A S I N G E C O L O G I C A L E N G A G E M E N T: B AT H A M TO W E R , R A I S E D B O A R D WA L K A new structure and access path will inform visitors they are entering a site of ecological value. A new building for bats, Batham Tower will encourage the mammals to roost at the Bat Cave and away from Kingsway. This will also provide the possibility of lighting the darker areas of the bike lane. The Bats will be encouraged to use the provided shelter due to the increase in insects from the enhanced grassland. Elevated boardwalks built along the exisiting desire paths will protect the meadow and create a new vantage point for visitors. The new perspective will invite visitors to appreciate the diversity of flora at the site. The boardwalk will frame the meadow and add to the construction of a new natural experience for the Floop.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

STATION FIELDS SITE PLAN

1:500 @ A3

INCREDIBLE EDIBLE

LEVENSHULME

FLOO

ORCHARD FLOO

MANAGEMENT Wildflower Seeding

INTERVENTIONS

Scrubland Management

Orchard Management

Mosaic Mowing

Sky Hive

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

STATION FIELDS VEGETATION STR ATEGY

IMPROVING BIODIVERSITY THROUGH: G R A S S L A N D I M P R O V E M E N T, O R C H A R D M A I N T E N A N C E , FA L L O W S C R U B L A N D The biodiversity of Station Fields can be enriched in three ways. Mosaic mowing is a grass cutting technique in which one area of grassland is always left untouched, even during the winter. This provides year round shelter for small animals and insects and also allows for an area of meadow to set seed. Making the first cut of the meadow in May allows that part to flower later in the summer which provides more colour and nectar throughout the season. After mowing the cuttings must be removed to prevent too many nutrients entering the soil. Maintaining the fruit trees within the orchard should provide better yields and will encourage people to go and pick their own. The area of scrub to the south of the site should be left to its own devices. It is a vauable habitat in its own right.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

STATION FIELDS B U I LT I N T E R V E N T I O N S

I N C R E A S I N G E C O L O G I C A L E N G A G E M E N T: SKY HIVE, EDGE MOWING Floop users and Levenshulme localswill soon realise they are entering an area designed for nature when they catch sight of the Sky Hive. The 7m tall elevated bee hive will punctuate the Levenshulme skyline and signify the ecological variety of the site. Hopefully the local community will be enthused to participate in caring for the bees and honey production could potentially be started. Edge mowing at the perimeter of the meadows around the junction at the centre of site will be kept short. This is necessary for visibility at the corners of the bike paths. Short edges also inform people subconciously that environmental maintenance is occuring and that the wild nature of the grasslands is deliberate.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

THE MEADOW SITE PLAN

1:500 @ A3

LEVENSHULME

FLOO

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK ENTR ANCE

FLOO

FLOOP ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

MANAGEMENT

INTERVENTIONS

Woodland Management

Water Body

Wet Meadow

Grassland Diversification

Bee-Mex Rasied Walkway

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

THE MEADOW

VEGETATION STR ATEGY

IMPROVING BIODIVERSITY THROUGH: W E T M E A D O W C R E AT I O N , W O O D L A N D M A N A G E M E N T. CRE ATING A WET MEADOW The natural dampness of the meadow site can be used to create a site of high ecological value. The area and the drainage ditch can be planted with damp loving species to encourage the formation of the unique wet meadow ecosystem. Species such as Marsh Orchids (Dactylorhiza spp)(right), and Ragged Robin (Silene flos-cuculi) will eventually flourish. These species are quite common at the nearby Chorlton Ees nature reserve, specimens could potentially be translocated. Woodland management can be used to encourage moisture loving trees. Salix alba would be well suited to this site for the boggy conditions and for the tree‘s water purifying ability. Pruning and coppicing will benefit the eixsting trees and allow more light to enter the site.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

THE MEADOW

B U I LT I N T E R V E N T I O N S

I N C R E A S I N G E C O L O G I C A L E N G A G E M E N T: BEE-ME X , STEEL WALK WAY

The meadow will be the site of one of the Bee-Mex bee hives which will populate the length of the floop where areas of wildflowers are to be found. The bees will provide an insect link along the floop and provide valuable pollination services for the wildflowers. A seperate basement with a small entrance can provide refuge for small mammals such as voles and hedgehogs. A new steel walkway connecting the meadow with the floop, replacing the existing wooden bridge will provide an alternative access and vantage point. The steel grid will allow light and water to pass through which should not prohibit the vegetation below. The elevation will encourage people to remain on the grass which will protect the plants living in the meadow.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

WOODLAND POND SITE PLAN

1:750 @ A 3 MANAGEMENT

Grassland Diversification

INDUSTRIAL PARK

FLO

Woodland Management

Reed Bed Management REEDBED

INTERVENTIONS Salix Alba Reedbed Management Fauna Tower

MEADOW

SK BALLERS FOOTBALL PITCH

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

WOODLAND POND VEGETATION STR ATEGY

IMPROVING BIODIVERSITY THROUGH: W O O D L A N D M A N A G E M E N T, R E E D B E D M A N A G E M E N T Using woodland management techniques to selectively prune and thin the trees surrounding the woodland pond will allow more light to reach the surface of the water. Planting more Salix alba within the reedbeds will lead to the formation of a helophyte filter which can produce an ecosytem of bacteria which actively remove pollution from the water. Careful reedbed management will enable the reeds to act as a water filter and oxygenator. Periodic dredging of the water closest to the banks will also aid circulation and increase the depth of the water which will prevent overheating in the summer month. The addition Water crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis), Water moss (Fontinalis antipyretica) and Slender club rush (Isolepis cernua) will add aesthetic and ecological value as well as providing habitat for insects and fish, abova and below the water.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

WOODLAND POND B U I LT I N T E R V E N T I O N S

I N C R E A S I N G E C O L O G I C A L E N G A G E M E N T: FAUNA TOWER A multi storey fauna tower will provide habitats for invertebrates, fish, birds and mammals. Below the water level fish and amphibians can take advantage of the foundations which provide safe spaces to hide and spawn. Water birds can use the foundation tops as nesting sites. The upper floors of the tower include nesting and roosting sites for birds. Bats can access the tower to roost and hibernate through special slats in the walls and roof. The presence of the tower, which is solely for the use of animals reinforces the message of ecological importance. Visitors to the woodland pond should come away with the impression that the site is a natural habitat managed for wildlife and plants just as much as humans.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

SECRET LAKE SITE PLAN

1:1000 @ A3 MANAGEMENT Scrubland Management

Water Body

Reed Bed Management

INTERVENTIONS Salix Alba Eco Archipelago Fauna Tower

INDUSTRIAL PARK RESIDENTIAL

Circular Walkway

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

THE SECRET LAKE VEGETATION STR ATEGY

IMPROVING BIODIVERSITY THROUGH: R E E D B E D M A N A G E M E N T, S C R U B L A N D Continuing the strategy of reedbed management from the nearby wodland pond will create an ecological connection between the two sites. Utilising Salix alba will encourage the development of the water purifying helophyte fllter. Adding native freshwater plants such as water violet (Hottonia palustris), yellow water lily (Nuphar lutea) and flag iris ( ) will add colour and improve the oxygen levels of the secret lake. Improving the existing scrubland to the east of the Secret Lake will increase the biodiversity of the site. Planting new areas of gorse (Ulex europaeus), bramble (Rubus fruticosus )and scrubland trees such as willow (Salix alba), birch(Betula Pendula) and hazel (Corylus avellana) will provide habitat and cover for a multitude of animals. Increased vegetation density will prevent human encroachment into the designated wildlife area. The scrubland will act as a nursery for other trees which require the protection of scrub to develop. JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

THE SECRET LAKE B U I LT I N T E R V E N T I O N S

I N C R E A S I N G E C O L O G I C A L E N G A G E M E N T: FAUNA TOWERS, CIRCUL AR BOARDWALK, ECO ARCHIPEL AGO The construction of fauna towers will invite more wildlife to use the secret lake. Fish, amphibians, birds and bats will all be attracted to a safe place to rest, spawn and roost. A circular boardwalk will be built into the lake which will allow users to experience the lake at a much closer scale. The cover provided by the wooden structure will also provide a space for fish. Children will be able to use the site on school visits to learn about the freshwater ecology and get up close and personal with the wildlife. Dredging the lake centre will be benficial for oxygen and temperature levels. The dredged sediments can be used to create small islands which will forn ab eco-archipelago. The islands can be planted with reeds. These will become a haven for aquatic wildlife which will be safe from predators and humans.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FALLOWFIELD LOOP

CONCLUSION

MANAGEMENT AND STR ATEGY

HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE FLOOP? HOW CAN WE USE ECOLOGICAL TOOLS TO

C H A N G E H U M A N AT T I T U D E S TO WA R D S U R B A N N AT U R E ?

CONCLUSIONS The floop is a dynamic and diverse habitat, not only for people but also for plants and animals. Our intent is to reframe the floop as a valuable and rich ecosystem with its own charateristics and values. Through our strategy and design interventions we hope to inspire city inhabitants and decision makers, and to motivate them to think and act nature-inclusively. Creating a space of real ecological value in the city will help to erode the long established nature/ urban binary. Nature will be integrated into the urban fabric and collective consciusness. This will help redefine our relationship with nature and place greater emphasis on how we choose to use our land in the future.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

L ANDSC APE ATELIER 2B

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JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

JAMES.STEPHENSON2@STU.MMU.AC.UK

CHARLES.GRIFFIN@STU.MMU.AC.UK

M L A 2 - M A N CH E S T ER M E T R O P O L I TA N U N I V ER S I T Y

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CONTENTS & SECTIONS

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO SITE SECTION 01

GEOGR APHIES PAST SECTION 02

GEOGRAPHIES PRESENT SECTION 03

S I T E A N A LY S I S SECTION 04

PRECEDENTS SECTION 05

DESIGN

SECTION 06

STR ATEGY SECTION 07

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

THESIS QUESTIONS |

HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE FLOOP? HOW CAN WE USE ECOLOGICAL TOOLS TO CHANGE HUMAN AT TITUDES TOWARDS URBAN NATURE?

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

01 | INTRODUCTION TO SITE |

NARROWING OUR FOCUS

“A BE AUTIFUL N ATUR A L SPACE RUNNING ACROSS SOUTH MANCHESTER, BLACKBERRIES ARE GROWING, WILDLIFE IS THRIVING, AND I DO NOT THINK THAT HARSH VEGETATION MANAGEMENT W O U LD B E N E FI T LO C A L B I O D I V E R S I T Y. I T WOULD ALSO MAKE THE LOOP FEEL MORE C L I N I C A L A N D P R I S T I N E .“ ANONYMOUS FALLOWFIELD LOOP USER, MANCHESTER CIT Y COUNCIL FEEDBACK 2020

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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INTRODUCTION TO SITE LOC ATION

GORTON

LEVENSHULME

KP OR

GSS

OC T RD

KIN

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

Y A 34

FALLOWFIELD

(A 6)

BRICKWORKS 5 3.4 415 89, -2.1818 5 3

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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INTRODUCTION TO SITE FE ATURES

FALLOWFIELD BROOK DOWNSTRE A M CULV ERT EXIT

L AT TICE BRIDGE ABOVE OLD LINE

MEADOW

SIMPLE WOODEN BRIDGE

FALLOWFIELD BROOK UPSTRE A M CULV ERT ENTRANCE

FLOOP

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK ENTRANCE

SCHOOL GROUNDS ST ANDREWS SCHOOL BUILDINGS

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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INTRODUCTION TO SITE CHARACTER

FA L LOWF IEL D BR O OK D OWNS TR E A M CULV ER T E X IT VIEW WEST TOWARDS LEVENSHULME The Fallowfield Brook flows out of the site in this small shallow valley between the terraced houses to the north and a new housing estate to the south. Despite it being surrounded by housing this area feels like a seperate space and a natural blend between the urban and the natural further into the site. This area is our oppurtunity to make a bold impression on people entering the site and to subconciously calm their mindset. A perfect area of transition.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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INTRODUCTION TO SITE CHARACTER

M AT U R E B I R C H W O O D L A N D I N VA L L E Y O F S I T E VIEW E A ST TOWARDS L AT TICE BRIDGE Since its historical use as a train line the valley has naturally reforested and there are several mature trees on the site which contribute greatly to the site‘s stmosphere. The Betula Pendula (Silver Birch) shown are key species for wildlife and encouraging biodiveersity. They create an ethereal and lightly sheltered sense of place. Looking down the valley we see the lattice bridge above all else, a foci of the site which the eye is drawn to as well as a platform to view the site from.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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INTRODUCTION TO SITE CHARACTER

CL AY ME ADOW AND FALLOWFIELD LOOP VIEW WEST THROUGH MEADOW The meadow grows to a metre tall in summer and is semi-improved in its nature and species mix. Flanked on all sides by Alnus (Alder) ,Salix (Willow) and Corylus (Hazel) the meadow feels sheltered yet open from above. Desire paths wind through the meadow joining bridge crossings and acces points into the site. Utilising and enhancing the routes of these desire paths in our eventual designs would be wise.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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INTRODUCTION TO SITE CHARACTER

FALLOWFIELD LOOP AND SCHOOL ENTR ANCE/ BOUNDARY VIEW EAST ALONGSIDE SCHOOL ENTRANCE The Fallowfield Loop and St. Andrew‘s School entrance have a difficult relationship. The access away from roads provides an ideal way for children to enter and exit school but the proximity to the main cycling throughfare causes problems with congestion. The tree lined avenue that the Betula (Birch) and Quercus (Oak) saplings create is beautiful. The Floop goes on to open right out into the entrance to Highfield Park from here, a huge contrast in light and sense of place.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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INTRODUCTION TO SITE CHARACTER

HIGHFIELD PARK ENTR ANCE VIEW NORTH TOWARDS L AT TICE BRIDGE AND PARK BOUNDARY The most open and expansive area of the site. A true sense of exposure exists here away from the trees and dense vegetation. This contrast with the densely wooded and sunken areas of site is striking over such a small area. We can see the natural loci of the site in this image where the Floop, lattice bridge and Highfield park footpaths all meet.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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INTRODUCTION TO SITE CHARACTER

IN THE UNDERGROWTH BELOW THE BRIDGE VIEW E A ST TOWARDS L AT TICE BRIDGE In the lowest point of the site you feel a sense of enclosure and claustrophobia as the terrain and vegetation dictate the paths you can take. The bridge is a beautiful but imposing presence upon this area of the site and further casts its shade reduce the light exposure found here.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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INTRODUCTION TO SITE CHARACTER

SUNKEN WILLOW GROVE VIEW WEST TOWARDS L AT TICE BRIDGE Again in the lowest level of the site but towards the eastern end of the valley. You can just see the lattice bridge in the distance. In the foreground are innumerable Salix (Willow) which have self seeded and cover the floor of the entire basin. There is a clear feeling of being at the bottom of the site and looking up from here. The bank on the right slopes up northwards to a plateau offering a view across the entire site from its highest point.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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INTRODUCTION TO SITE CHARACTER

FA L LOWF IEL D BR O OK UPS TR E A M BEFOR E CULV ER T VIEW EAST AWAY FROM CULV ERT ENTR A NCE The water here is at its highest point on the site here, over the course of the site it drops approximately 2m towards its exit into Levenshulme. The vegetated banks of the brook provide habitat for animals as oppose to the hard concrete edges of the culvert behind this image. A footpath runs paralell to the left of the brook from this persepective. This is a popular route for walkers and is a direct path to the loci of our overall site. The movement of the water is a calming and serence presence, both visually and audibly.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

02 | GEOGR APHIES PAST |

HISTORICAL CONTEX T

LEVENSHULME SOUTH GOODS AND COAL DEPOT 1962

Photo credit: Nick Catford http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/l/levenshulme_south/index3.shtml

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT E XC AVATING THE PA ST

E V O L U T I O N T H R O U G H R E V O L U T I O N ; E X P L O R I N G T H E H I S T O R Y O F T H E F A L L O W F I E L D L O O P, F R O M A G R I C U L T U R E TO INDUSTRY TO WASTEL AND THROUGH NEGLECT T R A N S P O R T, INDUSTRY AND A G R I C U LT U R E The site has a long industrial history and transitioned at the end of the 19th century from agricultural farmland to a network of small holdings, factories and railways. The UCP Tripe works processed beef for many popular tripe restaurants in the north west. The site is now housing to the north of the fallowfield just next to the lattice bridge which is original and was built to preserve the right of way into Highfield Park. Jacksons Brickworks, known as the brickie, was a brick factory to the south of the site. The extraction of the clay for the bricks formed a mosaic of small lakes and ponds which were a popular playground for children at the time. The pools were later filled in as the site was used for landfill.

(source: http://www.unitedcattleproducts.co.uk/buildings_ manchester003.php)

(source: http://www.levyboy.com/industry.htm)

Credit: Digimaps

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT E XC AVATING THE PA ST

R U N N I N G B E LO W T H E R E M N A N T S O F T H E B R I C K W O R K S A N D T H E T R I P E FA C TO R Y, A T R O G LO DY T I C WAT E R WAY MEANDERS THROUGH DARKNESS. THE DISAPPERANCE OF THE FALLOWFIELD BROOK The Fallowfield Brook rises at the eastern edge of the golf course adjacent to Highfield Country Park. The waterway flows westwards through the golf course and into the park. About 50m before it reaches the Fallowfield Loop, the brook disappears from view into a red brick culvert. The brook flows underground for 160m beneath the old railway, below the floop and the houses on Pullman Close before exiting the culvert into open air behind Cranage Road. Here the brook continues northwest alongside former allotment gardens. The above map from 1950 illustrates the extent that water historically shaped the site. Areas of marsh and bog defined the site; south of the brook was a large pond on the site of St Andrew‘s school. Credit: Digimaps

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

03 | GEOGRAPHIES PRESENT |

PRESENT DAY HUMAN USE

FALLOWFIELD LOOP ST ANDREWS SCHOOL 2021 )

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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KE Y STAKEHOLDERS SUMMARY

K E Y S TA K E H O L D E R S 01 SUSTRANS Owners and managers of the Floop.

02 MANCHESTER CITY COUNCIL

03 ST ANDREWS SCHOOL

04 INCREDIBLE EDIBLE

Closest school to the site, kids will use the site on a daily basis.

Self growing volunteers, willing and able to help out.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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KE Y STAKEHOLDERS SUSTRANS

O W N E R S O F T H E F LO O P A N D C US TO D I A N S O F T H E N AT I O N A L C YC L E N E T W O R K SUSTRANS: THE CHARITY MAKING IT EASIER FOR PEOPLE TO WALK AND CYCLE. Sustrans are the ultimate owners of the floop; with the council and a lot of help from volunteers, they maintain the route to benefit all users. The charity play an active role in the ecological management of the floop. Their aim is to maintain a space that is beneficial for humans and wildlife. Sustran volunteers are often intervening in the environment to help maintain and increase biodiversity, for example building the bat boxes in the bottom right image. Sustrans also play an important role in organising social events on the floop. This is improtant as it raises awareness and increases the number of people who use the space. They will be important and useful partners in any design development. Credit: Sustrans

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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KE Y STAKEHOLDERS MANCHESTER CITY COUNCIL

2 0 2 0 P U B L I C C O N S U LTAT I O N O N H O W TO I M P R O V E T H E FA L LO W F I E L D LO O P F O R P E D E S T R I A N S A N D P E O P L E O N BIKES OF ALL AGES AND ABILITIES AIMS OF THE SCHEME -Make the route safer and reduce anti-social behaviour -Reduce/clear overgrown vegetation -Having a route that is more open and better connected to surrounding neighbourhoods -Strengthen the habitat and landscape to create a more open and less intimidating environment for users -Upgrading access points to make entry and exit points clearer -Transforming and enhancing open areas to provide more inviting places for people to relax, play, and include seating areas along the route -Street lighting to allow users to travel throughout the year, particularly in the winter months

Credit: Manchester City Council

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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KE Y STAKEHOLDERS ST ANDREW‘S SCHOOL

T H E N E X T G E N E R AT I O N P U R S U I N G C H A N G E F O R T H E I R E N V I R O N M E N T PUPILS, PARENTS AND TEACHERS A C T I V E LY IMPROVING THEIR SURROUNDINGS The pupils of St Andrews school are pushing for positive change in the local area and contributing to the ongoing wider scale discourse around enirommental protection and improvement. The kids, supported by their teachers and parents, are promoting positive change in attitudes towards littering, clean air and climate change. Many school children travel actively to arrive at school via bicycle or walking buses. Protecting them from conflict with other floop users to ensure they can arrive and leave school safely and happily will be critical in creating a successful design for the site.

Credit: Clean Air Levenshulme,

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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KE Y STAKEHOLDERS INCREDIBLE EDIBLE

THE VOLUNTEER FOOD GROWING MOVEMENT FEEDING PEOPLE FOR FREE INCREDIBLE EDIBLE ARE GROWING PLANTS FOR HUMANS AND ANIMALS ACROSS LEVENSHULME AND BEYOND The green fingered volunteer army look after various beds, borders and orchards to provide fresh locally grown produce for humans, and to create habitats for insects and animals. They are a truly grass roots movement and their knowledge of horticulture could make them invaluable partners in any design. Thier ethos matches well with the philosophy of increasing biodiversity of the floop. Potentially they could be good collaborators in design and maintenance. The site could also be used for more experimental growing techniques such as forest gardens. They might also be good custodians for the bees inhabiting the sky hives.

Credit: Incredible Edible Levenshulme, Facebook

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

0 4 | S I T E A N A LY S I S |

Q UA N T I TAT I V E S U R V E Y, Q UA L I TAT I V E AT M O S P H E R E

HIGHFIELD PARK ENTRANCE 2021 )

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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S I T E A N A LY S I S FALLOWFIELD BROOK

P LOT T I N G T H E R O U T E O F T H E FA L LO W F I E L D B R O O K U N D E R N E AT H T H E FA L LO W F I E L D LO O P FALLOWFIELD BROOK Full extent of culverting of Fallowfield Brook visible. Very limited areas that are exposed, this is an oppurtunity for us to celebrate the brook as it moves through our site.

KEY Exposed Culverted

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

LEVENSHULME

Y A 34 WA

W O SL

GSS KIN

FALLOWFIELD

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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S I T E A N A LY S I S TOPOGRAPHY

DESIGNING IN HARMONY WITH SITE BY UTILISING EXISTING TOPOGR APHY 60M - Exposed - Vantage Point - Looking down on site

59M - Flatland - Meadows - Open

PULL

L MAN C

58M - Dryer land - Lighter Canopy - Transitional Spaces

FLO

FLOOP

57M - Vegetation - Cointained - Views through ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

BASE (56M) - Shady - Water - Dense - In a bowl

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

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S I T E A N A LY S I S DESIRE PATHS

C R E AT I N G WA L K A B L E CO N N EC T I O N S F R O M E X I S T I N G H U M A N M A D E PAT H WAY S LEARNING FROM USER EXPERIENCE Human pathways dissect the site where existing infrastructure is lacking in providing efficient connections. These existing desire paths highlight the most routes used which humans use and demonstrate the human ecology which is evident on the site.

1 2

Using these existing paths as a framework for our boardwalk desigins will help integrate the anthropogenic into the natural. The boardwalks will also act as seperators of humans from the environment and ensure there is minimal damage to the vegetation on site.

Credit: Digimaps

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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S I T E A N A LY S I S

BOTANIC AL FIELD OBSERVATIONS

O N S I T E R ECO R D O F T H E T R E E S P EC I E S LO C AT E D I N A N D A R O U N D O U R S I T E VALUE OF THE IMMEDIATE Creating these drawings whilst on site allows for the visual and physical importance of the species to take priority on the page. Working through the site you feel that there are several major specimens or groups of similar species that form the structure of the site. Surrounding this main vegetation is the secondary level of tree species, either saplings or much smaller species. This process proved to be extremely useful in understanding how the biotopes of the site realte to each other.

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Acer Platanoides

Corylus Avellana

Frangula Alnus

Quercus Robur

Acer Pseudo-Platanus

Crataegus Monogyna

Fraxinus Excelsior

Salix Caprea

Alnus Cordata

Cupressus x Leylandii

Populus Alba

Salix Fragilis

Betula Pendula

Fagus Sylvatica

Populus Nigra

Salix Scouleriana

Norway Maple

S I T E A N A LY S I S

Sycamore

TREE SPECIES

Italian Alder Silver Birch

Hazel

Hawthorn

Leyland Cypress Beech

Alder Buckthorn Ash

White Poplar

Lombardy Poplar

Oak

Goat Willow

Crack Willow

Scouler Willow

1:500 @ A3 FA

PULLMAN

FLO

FLOO

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

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S I T E A N A LY S I S

OVERVIEW OF GIS SECTIONS

1:500 @ A3

PULLMAN CL

FLO

03 FLOO

P HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

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S I T E A N A LY S I S IN SECTION

1:200 @ A3

58M 56M

SECTION 01

56M

SECTION 02

60M

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S I T E A N A LY S I S IN SECTION

1:500 @ A3

58M 56M

SECTION 03

61M 56M

SECTION 04

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S I T E A N A LY S I S

E XISTING ATMOSPHERES

LO C AT I O N 01 : O P E N , J U N C T I O N , V I E W P O I N T VIEW FROM THE L AT TICE BRIDGE TOWARDS HIGHFIELD PARK The apex of the site is the original Lattice Bridge. Entering the site via the bridge, the viewer‘s gaze is drawn along the parallel ballustrades to the floop which bisects the scene, and runs perpendicular to the bridge. In the background is the open grassland at the entrane to highfield park. Trees on either side of the bridge provide a sense of enclosure and protection. The junction of the floop, the bridge and the entrance to the park is an important nexus for all users of the site. Integrating this focus point efficiently and effectively into the design will be one of the key challenges for the site.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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S I T E A N A LY S I S

E XISTING ATMOSPHERES

L O C AT I O N 0 2 : O B S C U R E D , C O N T R A S T, J U X TA P O S I T I O N VIEW ALONG THE FALLOWFIELD BROOK BEHIND CRANAGE AVE Looking along the brook at the point where it emerges from its culvert to continue northwest parallel to the rear of the Victorian terraces on Cranage Avenue. Here, where the brook meets daylight again, vegetation and a steep bank obscure the running water. There is a sharp contrast between the mown grass and the overgrown brambles and bushes which line the water‘s edge. Another contrast is provided by the geometry of the housing on the right against the more natural tree lined left bank. This area was once allotments and has the potential to be beneficial to the local community once more.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

S I T E A N A LY S I S

E XISTING ATMOSPHERES

LO C AT I O N 0 3 : E N C LO S U R E , B O U N D A R Y, CO N F L I C T I N G US E VIEW TOWARDS ST ANDREWS SCHOOL ALONG THE FLOOP This is a cyclist‘s eye view of the floop just west of the intersection with highfield park and the lattice bridge. Here the floop runs adjacent to boundary of the school. To the right is a birch lined bank which slopes down to the former rail line. Somewhere along this section of the floop lies the brook, silent and invisible beneath the ground. Visual signs implore users to slow and be considerate, however this site is often one of conflict. During the school run hours this area is congested with kids and parents, scooters and bikes. Managing the variety and velocity of users at this point will be important to the success of the design.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

S I T E A N A LY S I S

E XISTING ATMOSPHERES

LO C AT I O N 0 4: F R A M I N G , VA R I E T Y, D E S I R E PAT H S VIEW WEST ALONG THE FLOOP FROM THE MEADOW This view is from the natural path along the meadow looking down the floop towards Broom Lane bridge. Here the floop is framed by vegetation, creating a sense a wonder and intimacy as the floop vanishes into a green walled, leafy valley. There is also a juxtaposition to this vertical enclosure provided by the grassland, vegetation at a different, smaller and horizontal scale, experienced by the feet as well as the eyes. This area demonstrates the variety of habitats which are present along this section of the floop. Enhancing these habitats is central to our design.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

S I T E A N A LY S I S

E XISTING ATMOSPHERES

LO C AT I O N 0 5 : S E R E N I T Y, U N TA M E D, PA S S A G E VIEW NORTH ACROSS SMALL WOODEN BRIDGE FROM THE MEADOW Looking north we can see the desire path across the lowest part of the site which has led to the creation of a small 2 plank wooden bridge. This area of the site has a feeling of being at the bottom and looking upwards, surrounded by scrub and with large birch, hazel and alder growing around you. The trees have an interesting character of their own and are a defining and essential part of the features that create the sites atmosphere. Keeping these established, unique trees is a must.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

S I T E A N A LY S I S

E XISTING ATMOSPHERES

LIGHT VS DARK LIGHT Looking westwards across the expanse of grassland between the Floop and the scrub around the lattice bridge. Here the site is bathed in late afternoon winter sun. The expansive verticality of the sky provides contrasts to the low level vegetation. The light is strong and unfiltered and incites a feeling of openness and freedom.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

S I T E A N A LY S I S

E XISTING ATMOSPHERES

LIGHT VS DARK DARK Facing eastwards with the floop suspended above and to the right and the lattice work bridge overhanging behind. This part of the site is almost permanently in near shady conditions. No horizon is evident and visibility is poor due to the thick vegetation. Sunlight struggles to reach the floor and a carpet moss prevails in cool dampness. Darkness pervades amid feelings of claustraphobia and entrapment. A complete juxtaposition to the expansive fields of Highfield Country Park a stones throw to the south.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

05 | PRECEDENT |

R E- N AT U R A L I S I N G WAT E R CO U R S E S , C R E AT I N G T H I R D L A N D S C A P E S

“THE THIRD LANDSCAPE – AN UNDETERMINED FRAGMENT OF THE PL ANETARY G ARDEN - DESIGNATES THE SUM OF THE SPACE LEFT OVER BY MAN TO LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION – TO N AT U R E A LO N E .“ G I L E S C L E M E N T, T H E T H I R D L A N D S C A P E MANIFESTO (2003) JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

PRECEDENT

ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY

G I L L E S C L É M E N T, T H I R D L A N D S C A P E S THIRD LANDSCAPES Third Landscapes are spaces leftover by man to landscape evolution - to nature alone. They form a priveleged area of receptivity to biological diversity. The variety of species found in a field, cultivated land or managed forest is low in comparison to neighbouring unattended space.

ST NAZAIRE, FRANCE | 2009 Left: Jardins du Tiers-Paysage, Giles Clement.

FROM THIS POINT OF VIEW, THE THIRD L ANDSCAPE CAN BE CONSIDERED AS THE GENETIC R E S E R V O I R O F T H E P L A N E T, T H E SPACE OF THE FUTURE…

(source: | Coloco - https://www.coloco.org/ projets/jardins-du-tiers-paysage/

LILLE, FRANCE | 1990 Right: Parc Matisse, Giles Clement.

G I L L E S C L E M E N T, T H E T H I R D L A N D S C A P E MANIFESTO (2003)

(source: | http://www.gillesclement.com/catbanqueimages-matisse-tit-Parc-Matisse-Lillle

Credit:https://landscapetheory1.wordpress.com/tag/gilles-clement/

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

PRECEDENT

UNCOVERING THE FALLOWFIELD BROOK

W O R K I N G W I T H WAT E R GENEVA, SWITZERLAND | 2016 Top: Renaturation of the River Aire by Atelier Descombes Rampini. (source: Renaturation of the River Aire by Atelier Descombes Rampini « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine - http:// landezine.com/index.php/2016/06/ renaturation-of-the-river-aire-geneva/)

BAD OEYNHAUSEN, GERMANY | 2000 Bottom Left: Aqua Park Magica by Agence Ter. (source: Aqua Park Magica by Agence Ter « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine - http://landezine.com/index.php/2011/10/ agence-ter-aqua-magica-landscapearchitecture/)

S A INT- OUEN, FRANCE | 2013 Bottom Middle & Right: Park of the Docks by Agence Ter. (source: Park of the Docks by Agence Ter « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine - http://landezine.com/index.php/2017/09/ saint-ouen-park-of-the-docks-by-agenceter/)

Credit: Landezine

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

PRECEDENT WET GRASSLANDS

CO N N EC T I N G N AT U R A L S PA C E S PARIS, FR ANCE | 2006 Top: Le Parc du Chemin de l’Ile by Mutabilis Landscape Architecture. (source: Le Parc du Chemin de l’Ile by Mutabilis Landscape Architecture. « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine - http://landezine.com/index.php/2015/10/leparc-du-chemin-de-lile-by-mutabilis/)

GOUDA, NETHERLANDS | 2013 Bottom Left: Gouda Oostpolderpark by Maak. (source: Gouda Oostpolderpark by Maak « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine - http://landezine.com/index.php/2020/10/ gouda-oostpolderpark/)

NORGES-LA-VILLE, FRANCE | 2013 Bottom Middle & Right: Wet Meadow and Source of the River Norges by Agence Ter. (source: http://landezine.com/index. php/2014/10/wet-meadow-and-source-ofthe-river-norges-by-territoires/)

Credit: Landezine

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

06 | DESIGN |

C R E AT I N G N AT U R E I N C LUS I V E D E S I G N

“LOOK FOR OPPORTUNITIES TO CRE ATE GR ADIENTS, INTEGR ATE HABITATS FOR DIFFERENT SPECIES, DON‘T BE AFRAID OF REL ATIONSHIPS AND CONNECTIONS BEING ALL J U M B L E D U P.“ VINK,VOLL ARD & DE ZWARTE, MAKING U R B A N N AT U R E 2 017 )

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN

DAYLIGHTING THE FALLOWFIELD BROOK

U T I L I S I N G T H E U N TA P P E D P OT E N T I A L O F T H E FA L LO W F I E L D B R O O K OPTION 01

Redirecting the culvert below the Fallowfield Loop to bring it out east of our site allows us to run the brook through the valley of our site. This has the potential for far more ecologically diverse areas.

EXISTING OW

PULLM

Exposed OO

Culverted

AN CL FLO

Exposed FLOOP

Culverted

ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

OPTION 02 Bringing the Fallowfield Brook to the surface where it is currently culverted will allow for creation of ponds and various water bodies/ features in the northern tip of Highfield Park as well as in the ‘valley‘ of the site.

PROPOSED

PULLM

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

AN CL FLO

FLOOP

ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN BIOTOPES

ZONING SITE BY INTENDED BIOTOPE A COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL NETWORK The site has a diverse network of different biotopes linked together by vegetation, water and pathways. This diagram shows how the different biotopes in the site can influence our design decisions and how these connections can enable an increase in biodiversity.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN IDE ATION

E A R LY R E P R E S E N TAT I O N O F S E V E R A L I D E A S O N O N E P L A N R EG A R D L E S S O F A P P E A R A N C E

Shielding / screening houses using vegetation.

Potential water body location Variable water level features/ islands

Stairs up to existing lattice bridge

Creation of rest point adjacent to Floop Reorganisation of floop and school entrance interface

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN IDE ATION

I N I T I A L T H O U G H T S R EG A R D I N G T H R O U G H WAY S A N D V EG E TAT I O N S T R U C T U R E

Several smaller ponds/ wetland areas

Trees/ Woodland

Wet Grassland/ Meadow Site loci Speed reduction intervention placement Highfield Park meadow and paths

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN IDE ATION

L AT T I C E B R I D G E I N S P I R E D B O A R D WA L K A N D W E T W O O D L A N D M E A D O W S Loci

Grassland

Alnus Glutinosa

Wet Meadow

Betula Pendula

Extending boardwalks to rest of site

Inclusion of dam/ bridge feature

Fallowfield brook daylighted

Boardwalk layout inspired by lattice bridge

Major changes to School boundary

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN IDE ATION

M E R G I N G N AT U R A L W O R L D S W I T H H U M A N S PA C E S A N D N E E D S PL ATFORM POSITION Exploring location of platform. Here it is shown at northern end of the existing bridge on the highest point of the site

VIEWING PL ATFORM Incorporating viewing platforms into the site to provide new perspectives and views.

IMAGINING SPACES Visualising how the new wet woodland could appear with a dam feature and viewing platform beneath bridge.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN

SKETCH MODEL

A W O R K I N G S C A L E M O D E L W I T H I N F I N I T E E D I TA B I L I T Y

USED AS A TOOL TO HELP US SHAPE OUR IDE AS

WORKING WITH SAND Sand was used a base to experiment with ideas of for the boardwalk. The use of sand as a base was helpful in working out the topography of the site and how the water would fill the site when the brook is released from its culvert. As useful as sand was as a sketch model base due to its infinite editability, we rejected it as a material for the final model due to its granularity and colour.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN

DEVELOPMENT

E X P LO R I N G D E S I R E PAT H A N D B O A R D WA L K P L A C E M E N T FOLLOWING THE BE ATEN PATH The existing desire lines on the site give good indications as to where to place the connecting boardwalks.

Replacing natural desire paths with boardwalks will protect the ecologically important existing vegetation in the dry and wet meadow areas, at the same time the efficient existing human connections are maintained.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN

DEVELOPMENT

U N D E R S TA N D I N G S PA C E S A N D PAT H WAY S | S O U T H E A S T V I E W P O I N T CONNECTING HABITATS Pathways can be created to provide new vistas and entice people to explore the site.

Visitors will be transported from intimate areas of enclosed vegetation to wider open areas of flat grasslands framed by trees.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN

DEVELOPMENT

FURTHER IDE A S FOR BIOTOPES AND SPACES | NORTH E A ST VIE WPOINT CRE ATING JUNCTIONS Junctions are important for the site to facilitate ease of movement and reduce potential scenarios for conflict between different users. Here brick platforms have been used at the intersections next to the bridge and the school. The change in surface will slow users down and allow them time to navigate the space safely and efficiently. The extra time spent at these areas will also provide an opportunity to take in the site atmosphere.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN

DEVELOPMENT

C R E AT I N G I N T E R E S T A N D P U B L I C E N G A G E M E N T | FA L LO W F I E L D B R O O K A N D C R A N A G E R O A D ALLOTMENT BOARDWALK Here at the rear of Cranage Avenue a boardwalk provides the means to experience the site, formerly allotments.

A zig-zag shape breaks up the linearity of the site and provides access to the brook and to the raised vegetable planters. This area of the site provides a good opportunity for Incredible Edible to expand their green influence.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN

DEVELOPMENT

U N D E R S TA N D I N G M I X T U R E O F S PA C E F O R N AT U R E A N D T H R O U G H WAY S | C E N T R A L S I T E B A S I N CRE ATING SPACE FOR FAUNA The inaccessible area created from the construction of the dam provides a good opportunity for nesting sites for birds such as the Sand Martin and Kingfisher both of which live in burrows in river banks. Water Voles, are another threatened species which may come to appreciate the new habitat.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN

DEVELOPMENT

VISUALISING FLOW FROM FLOOP INTO SITE ME ADOWS AND WOODL AND | WESTERN ENTR ANCE MAKING AN ENTRANCE After the intimacy of the woodland around the lattice bridge, people will then experience the open freedom of the dry wildflower meadow within the northern edege of Highfield Park.

The site will be revealed to the visitor between stands of Alder and Birch. Floop users will first see the boardwalk leading them into the flower filled wet meadow, an alluring entrance promising further ecological richness in the form of the dam and pond.

The element of surprise created by the succession of different atmospheres will ensure an exciting experience for human visitors.

The noise of running water will soothe the mind and create an atmopshere which people will to remain in and soak up.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN

FINAL MODEL

C R E AT I N G T H E S I T E I N T H R E E D I M E N S I O N S 1:500 SCALE SITE MODEL Site model constructed from cardboard, greyboard, wood veneer, sand and glue. This image shows the site looking from a southwest perspective.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN

FINAL MODEL

C R E AT I N G T H E S I T E I N T H R E E D I M E N S I O N S 1:500 SCALE SITE MODEL Close up of the site model showing the birdge with metal grid platform below.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN

FINAL MODEL

C R E AT I N G T H E S I T E I N T H R E E D I M E N S I O N S 1:500 SCALE SITE MODEL Plan view of the site model showing the location of the boardwalks, bridge and dam.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN

FINAL MODEL

C R E AT I N G T H E S I T E I N T H R E E D I M E N S I O N S 1:500 SCALE SITE MODEL The Brickworks model was made from layers of 5mm cardboard sheets. Wood veneer offcuts have been used to show the locations of the boardwalks with the darker line showing the floop. Sand has been used as a texture to represent the areas of grassland that will be created on the site. The left image shows the dam in the foreground with the lattice bridge and floop intersection to the background. The top right image shows a diffierent perspective of the same area looking from east. The bottom right image has the light penetrating from the east which gives an impression of what the site could look like at sunrise.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

PLAN

BIOTOPES

BIOTOPES Water

Wet Woodland

Wet Meadow

Marginal Planting

Woodland

Meadow

1:500 @ A3

FLO

BRICKWORKS

PLAN B U I LT

B U I LT

INTERVENTIONS

Wooden Boardwalk

Brick

Salix Alba

Metal Boardwalk

Existing Paths

Eco Archipelago

1:500 @ A3

FLO

07 | STR ATEGY |

I N C R E A S I N G B I O D I V E R I T Y T H R O U G H W O R K I N G W I T H W H AT I S A L R E A DY T H E R E

“NEVER EXPLAIN THE ECOLOGICAL M E A S U R E S A S A P O S S I B LY N E C E S S A R Y EXTENSION OF THE DESIGN, BUT AS NATUR AL COMPONENTS OF THE WHOLE“ V I N K ,VO LL A R D & D E Z W A R T E , M A K I N G U R B A N N AT U R E 2 017 )

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

V EGETATION STR ATEGY MARGINALS/ AQUATIC

I M P R O V I N G B I O D I V E R S I T Y T H R O U G H A Q UAT I C P L A N T I N G

Careful reedbed management will enable the reeds to act as a water filter and oxygenator. Periodic dredging of the water closest to the banks will also aid circulation and increase the depth of the water which will prevent overheating in the summer month. The addition Water crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis), Water moss (Fontinalis antipyretica) and Slender club rush (Isolepis cernua) will add aesthetic and ecological value as well as providing habitat for insects and fish, above and below the water.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

V EGETATION STR ATEGY WET MEADOW

I M P R O V I N G B I O D I V E R S I T Y T H R O U G H W E T M E A D O W C R E AT I O N CRE ATING A WET MEADOW Following the re-emergence of the Fallowfield Brook, the site will become naturally more damp. To increase the biodiversity, a wet meadow wild flower seed mix can be planted to create a wet meadow ecosystem. The mix is 20:80 flowers to grass and contains moisture loving native perennials such as: Filipendula ulmaria (left), Leucanthemum vulgare (middle) and Sanguisorba officinalis (right). Species such as Marsh Orchids (Dactylorhiza spp), and Ragged Robin (Silene flos-cuculi) will eventually flourish. These species are quite common at the nearby Chorlton Ees nature reserve, specimens could potentially be translocated. Woodland management can be used to encourage moisture loving trees. Salix alba would be well suited to this site for the boggy conditions and for the tree‘s water purifying ability. JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

V EGETATION STR ATEGY MEADOW

I M P R O V I N G B I O D I V E R S I T Y T H R O U G H M E A D O W C R E AT I O N CRE ATING A MEADOW The area of grassland at the entrance of Highfield Park is not as wet as the meadow in the area of the brook. The area was formerly the clay pits and the brickworks and the soil is mainly clay. It can be waterlogged in the winter and dry and cracked in the summer. To increase the biodiversity and nimber of species here, a dry meadow wild flower seed mix, suitable for clay soils, can be planted to create a dry meadow ecosystem. The mix is 20:80 flowers to grass and contains native perennials such as: Self heal Prunella vulgaris (left), Common Knapweed Centaurea nigra (middle) and Crested Dogstail Grass Cynosurus cristatus (right).

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

V EGETATION STR ATEGY WOODLAND

IMPROVING BIODIVERSITY THROUGH WOODLAND MANAGEMENT Using woodland management techniques to selectively prune and thin the trees surrounding the woodland pond will allow more light to reach the surface of the water. Planting more Salix alba within the reedbeds will lead to the formation of a helophyte filter which can produce an ecosytem of bacteria which actively remove pollution from the water. Removing the Sycamore from the site and instead planting Betula pendula and Alnus glutinosa will increase the ecological value of the site as well as the aesthetic value. As native trees, birch and alder support more species than sycamore, they are also better sutied to the wetness of the site. Their canopies are also relatively thin which allows more light to reach the woodland floor enocouraging the growth of grasses, ferns and fungi. As a combination birch and alder together looks natural and they form a pairing which is easy on the eye.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

FAL BR LOWF OO IE K O LD UT

PRIVATE LAND

BO AR

DW A

PRIVATE LAND

WALK BOARD VIEWING PLATFORM

POND OP FLO

E BRID

DAM

POND

LATTIC

ALK

BOARDW

BOARDWALK FLOOP

CENTRAL PLATFORM

FLOOP

BOA

RDW

ALK

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

CRINKLE CRANKLE WALL

WET MEADOW PLANTING

TREES

MARGINAL PLANTING

BOARDWALKS

K DWAL BOAR

ST. ANDREW'S SCHOOL

DRY MEADOW PLANTING

BOARDWALK

FALLOWFIELD BROOK IN HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

BRICKWORKS GENERAL ARRANGEMENT Scale:

1:500 @ A2 0m

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

20m

BRICKWORKS

CONCLUSION MOVING FORWARD

HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE FLOOP? HOW CAN WE USE ECOLOGICAL TOOLS TO

C H A N G E H U M A N AT T I T U D E S TO WA R D S U R B A N N AT U R E ?

CONCLUSIONS Defining areas of varying character across the site will allow us to focus in on a smaller area that encompasses a boundary or interface between these characters as we move forward. Whilst the open expanses and the enclosed damp areas are interesting within themselves, it will be the successful design in linking these spaces together coherently that will make the site special. The further we progress through this project the more methods we have found to show evidence of care of the site whilst allowing nature the controlled defined spaces to develop in its own way. Moving forward we will be norrowing in on a smaller section of site and exploring the possibilities that we can find within it. JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

L ANDSC APE ATELIER 2C

BRICKWORKS

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

JAMES.STEPHENSON2@STU.MMU.AC.UK

CHARLES.GRIFFIN@STU.MMU.AC.UK

M L A 2 - M A N CH E S T ER M E T R O P O L I TA N U N I V ER S I T Y

BRICKWORKS

CONTENTS & SECTIONS

CONTENTS IDEOLOGY SECTION 01

KEY IDEAS SECTION 02

EXISTING SITE SECTION 03

STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS SECTION 04: MESSY ECOSYSTEMS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

S EC T I O N 0 5: C R E AT I N G F R A M E S

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS SECTION 06

TECHNICAL PACK SECTION 07

VISUALISATIONS SECTION 08

APPENDIX

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

01 | IDEOLOGY |

GUIDING VALUES AND PRINCIPLES

“ D E S I G N C A N U S E C U LT U R A L V A L U E S AND TRADITIONS FOR THE APPEARANCE OF LANDSCAPE TO PLACE ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION IN A RECOGNIZABLE CONTEXT“ JOAN NASSAUER, 2007

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

IDEOLOGY | THESIS QUESTIONS |

FR AMING OUR SOLUTIONS

HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE FLOOP? HOW CAN WE USE ECOLOGICAL TOOLS TO CHANGE HUMAN AT TITUDES TOWARDS URBAN NATURE?

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

IDEOLOGY

WHY IS BIODIVERSITY VALUABLE?

THE VARIED BENEFITS TO HIGH BIODIVERSIT Y A S W E I N C R E A S I N G LY L I V E I N U R B A N ENVIRONMENTS. THIS DETACHMENT FROM THE NATUR AL WORLD LE ADS TO PEOPLE TO QUESTION BIODIVERSITY‘S IMPORTANCE

M O N O C U LT U R E

Species are all directly and indirectly interacting in an ecosystem. Ecosystems play an integral role in biogeochemical cycles. This includes removing carbon from the atmosphere, cycling nitrogen and other nutrients through soil, and altering the water cycle. Ecosystems with more of their biodiversity intact are more stable. Many of these cycles and processes function as feedback loops, so the loss of some species can trigger an ecological cascade that can trigger extinctions. Ecosystems provide valuable services for humans. These include: Sources of food and medication Crop pollination Products like wood Breakdown of organic wastes Mediation of pollutants Mitigating events like erosion and flooding Protecting ecosystems and humans from infectious diseases The cultural and aesthetic value of biodiversity is also important. Urban greenspace are known to improve psychological well-being, and those benefits improve with increased biodiversity. Studies have shown that people exposed to a natural environment are less stressed, recover from surgery more quickly, and even experience lower crime rates (Credit:soilscience.info)

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BIODIVERSE

BRICKWORKS

IDEOLOGY

M E S S Y E CO S Y S T E M S , O R D E R LY F R A M E S

STEWARDSHIP

NATUR ALNESS

AT T R AC T I V E

U N AT T R AC T I V E

AT T R AC T I V E

U N AT T R AC T I V E

AT T R AC T I V E

U N AT T R AC T I V E

Fences Flowers Or Shrubs Landscaped Architectural Details Trees In A Row

Dead or Rotten No Flowers No Shade Not Landscaped Not Mown

Conservation Clean Looking Water No Erosion

No Conservation Practice Slimy Looking Water Obvious Erosion

Development Blends In Habitat Native Vegetation Natural Trees Wildlife

Too Formal Too Much Concrete Too Open Bare Flat No Trees

Large Space

Cluttered Construction Work Rubbish Messy

Clean Neat No Rubbish Cared For Maintained Well Kept

Abandoned Neglected Weedy

Mown New No Weeds (source: Nassauer, J, I. Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames)

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

IDEOLOGY

M E S S Y E CO S Y S T E M S , O R D E R LY F R A M E S

PERCEIVED L ANDSCAPE CARE 01

Neatness: Unattractive Stewardship: Unattractive Naturalness: Attractive

Neatness: Attractive Stewardship: Attractive Naturalness: Unttractive

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

IDEOLOGY

M E S S Y E CO S Y S T E M S , O R D E R LY F R A M E S

I M P L E M E N TAT I O N I N P R A C T I C E CLEAR SEPAR ATION OF DIVERSE AREAS Through the use of boardwalks and clearly marked paths, we intend to create areas suited solely for wildlife to live and adjacent areas for humans to travel through and dwell safely within. These areas need not be separate in terms of barriers and visual/ perceived walls, the edges are hard but the seperation is subtle and leaves enjoyable spaces that attract people to them without instruction. In this way less maintenance is required as areas for wildlife can be left to grow truly wild - with only the borders of that area requiring attention and cutting back to hold its defined shape.

02 | KEY IDEAS |

CORE DESIGN PROPOSALS

“ W E F O R G E T, I N A W O R L D C O M P L E T E LY TR ANSFORMED BY MAN, THAT WHAT WE’RE L O O K I N G AT I S N O T N E C E S S A R I LY T H E ENVIRONMENT WILDLIFE PREFER, BUT THE DEPLETED REMNANT THAT WILDLIFE IS HAVING TO COPE WITH: WHAT IT HA S IS N O T N E C E S S A R I LY W H AT I T W A N T S .“ ISABELLA TREE, 2018

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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KEY IDEAS PRECEDENT

B O A R D WA L K S A N D AT M O S P H E R E I N W O O D L A N D A N D W E T A R E A S SCHÖNEBERGER SÜDGELÄNDE PARK | BERLIN, GERMANY | 2009 HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

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ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

The raised steel walkways with corten edging in Berlin allow for easy access to all users. They provide a practical and low maintenance material choice in a relatively wet climate and the natural patina of ageing corten adds to the site aesthetic.

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KEY IDEAS PRECEDENT

B O A R D WA L K S A N D AT M O S P H E R E I N O P E N M E A D O W A R E A S WET MEADOW AND SOURCE OF THE RIVER NORGES | FRANCE | 2013 HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

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ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

We aim to carry the same boardwalk design and materiality throughtout the entire site as a way of holding together the various biotopes. This allows us to create huge contrast across the site by making the most of these wide open spaces to the south.

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KEY IDEAS PRECEDENT

D A M C R E AT I O N TO M I M I C N AT U R A L D A M S A N D E F F EC T S O F B E AV E R S O N E N V I R O N M E N T SLOVENSKY RAJ 2020

| SLOVAKIA |

Without introducing beavers to our site we aim to create interest and variety along the watercourse. The pooling and movement of water allows many types of animal and plant to flourish.

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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KEY IDEAS PRECEDENT

M I L L P O N D - C R E AT I O N O F N E W H A B I TAT T H R O U G H M A N I P U L AT I O N O F E X I S T I N G B R O O K KIRKKOJÄRVI FLOOD PARK | FINLAND | 2014 HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

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ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

By creating a millpond in the low part of our site we intend to harness the currently culverted Fallowfield Brook and create a central feature to attract animals and people alike. Oppurtunitues are created for a wider range of biodiversity to live within our site.

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KEY IDEAS PRECEDENT

BENCHES GOUDA OOSTPOLDERPARK | NETHERLANDS | 2012 Both the style and placement of the benches in this project appeal. This is due to their minimalist aesthetic and the placement in an extended seating area which allows people to feel part of the throughfare whilst they relax.

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

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ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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KEY IDEAS PRECEDENT

V E R T I C A L N E S T I N G S I T E A N D H A B I TAT C R E AT I O N ARTIFICIAL SAND BANK LANGFORD LOWFIELDS, NEWARK | UK | 2012 With the introduction of the mill pond there will be an increase in small flying insects. To help keep these under control we will install an artificial sand bank nesting site for sand martins (Riparia riparia).

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

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ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

03 | EXISTING SITE |

U N D E R S TA N D I N G A N D E N H A N C I N G S I T E ‘ S E X I S T I N G C H A R A C T E R

L ANDSC APE REFLEC TS THE REL ATIONSHIP BET WEEN PEOPLE AND PL ACE . IT IS A PRODUC T OF THE INTER AC TION OF THE NATUR AL A N D C U LT U R A L C O M P O N E N T S O F O U R E N V I R O N M E N T, A N D H O W THEY ARE UNDERSTOOD AND EXPERIENCED BY PEOPLE. CHRISTINE TUDOR, NATUR AL ENGL AND

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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EXISTING SITE WHAT IS L ANDSC APE?

ture Tex rn tte a P

Touch/ feel

so cia tio ns

Smell s

Sou nds

Fo rm

Memo ries

ces eren Pref

CIAL

Time depth

LANDSCAPE

Colour

PERCEPTUAL (source: Tudor, C. An Approach to Landscape Character Assessment)

t en m tle t e Se sur o l c En rship e n ow Land

ate lim &C

Geolo g

Soils

Air

Hy dr ol og Lan y dfo rm

U LT

A UR

La nd us e

Land c ov flora & er/ fauna

T H E VA R I O US WAY S T H AT P EO P L E , P L A C E S A N D L I V I N G T H I N G S I N T E R A C T TO C R E AT E C H A R A C T E R

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EXISTING SITE

VERTIC AL STR ATIFIC ATIONS

UNDER STORE Y

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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EXISTING SITE

VERTIC AL STR ATIFIC ATIONS

MIDDLE STORE Y

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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EXISTING SITE

VERTIC AL STR ATIFIC ATIONS

UPPER STORE Y

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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EXISTING SITE EXPERIENCE

OVERVIEW OF EXPERIENCES WITHIN SITE

OPEN GRASSLAND

DENSE SCRUB

DESIRE PATH

DENSE WOODLAND

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

HARD PATHWAY

FALLOWFIELD BROOK

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EXISTING SITE EXPERIENCE

OPEN GRASSLAND Large uninterupted sky expanse. Patterns of clouds add to visual composition

Variations of tree species visible in distance Coarse texture of woodland in background, fine texture of grass in foreground Brown and yellow shades - rough and tactile

Fresh greens - smooth and uniform. Limited/ no variation in ground colour

LIGHT IN SECTION

MOISTURE Ambient noise: Wind and nearby town

Visual sight is uninterupted and next archtype is clearly visible and identifiable. Physical movement across site is easy and vegetation is of a smooth nature.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

Fauna noise: Birds on woodland edge

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EXISTING SITE EXPERIENCE

DENSE SCRUB Relatively small proportion of sky in view, impinged by upper scrub and saplings.

Variations of species visible up close within scrub. Smooth texture gives way to coarse the further into the scrub you look. Brown and yellow shades - rough and tactile

Fresh greens - wider range of green hues in longer grasses and ruderal species.

LIGHT IN SECTION Visual sight is harshly blocked, scrub becomes inpenetrable with no through views.

MOISTURE Ambient noise: Muffled distant pedestrians

Fauna noise: Small mammals and birds in scrub

Physical movement across site is impossible for humans and grazing large mammals.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

Fauna noise: Birds flying above scrub

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EXISTING SITE EXPERIENCE

DESIRE PATH Limited sky visible. Mosaic appearnace through tree tops.

Tree species visible both close up and in distance. Coarse texture of woodland in background, coarse texture of brambles in foreground Brown and grey shades - rough and aggressive. Muddy path from foot erosion with ruderal vegetation at immediate edge. Dark and varied greens beside path.

LIGHT IN SECTION Visual sight is uninterupted in forward direction only, emphasising route of path.

MOISTURE Fauna noise: Birds flying above path Fauna noise: Small mammals and birds in trees and scrub

Physical movement across site is easy along path. Impassable away from worn path.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

Ambient noise: Muffled distant Floop traffic

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EXISTING SITE EXPERIENCE

DENSE WOODLAND Almost no sky visible, what you can see is broken up by upper branches of trees. Intense mix of species of trees and scrub forming dense and inpenetrable background Sheer number of trees and plants creates almost smooth background due to complexity. Nearby brown and green shades rough and tactile.

Deep greens on woodland floor comprised of ferns and other shade loving ruderal species.

LIGHT IN SECTION Visual sight and focus is forced to be almost completely immediate.

MOISTURE

Fauna noise: Birds flying above Environment noise: Trees blowing in wind, rustling and creaking

Physical movement across site is heavily compromised but possible with care.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

Fauna noise: Small mammals and birds in trees and scrub

Ambient noise: Muffled distant houses

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EXISTING SITE EXPERIENCE

HARD PATHWAY Open atmosphere but sky still hidden by canopy of trees.

Variations of tree species visible in distance Coarse texture of woodland in background Grey artificial asphalt floor is sterile and uninteresting, but practical.

Fresh greens - smooth and uniform alongside path. Limited variation in ground colour

LIGHT IN SECTION Visual sight is uninterupted and next archtype is clearly visible and identifiable.

MOISTURE Ambient noise: School playground

Environment noise: Nearby users of Floop

Physical movement across site is deliberately easy and flanking is gentle and maintained.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

Fauna noise: Small mammals and birds in trees and meadow

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EXISTING SITE EXPERIENCE

FALLOWFIELD BROOK Sky in view, visible above adn below in reflection on water. Creates atmosphere of calm and space

Trees, scrub and woodland visible in distant background Glassy texture of water gives way to coarse marginal plants suited for wet soils. Green and brown shades - rough, tactile and vibrant.

Darkness of water even at shallow depth enhances mirror finish and hides underwater habitat

LIGHT IN SECTION

MOISTURE Environment noise: Brook gurgling past

Visual sight is uninterupted along length of water channel. Banks impinge view to sides. Fauna noise: Water voles scurrying along banks

Physical movement across site is only possible through water. Forms a natural porous barrier

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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EXISTING SITE WILDLIFE

SUPPORTED WILDLIFE | SELECTION FROM 33 MAMMALS, 182 BIRD SPECIES AND 100‘S OF INSECT SPECIES LESSER REDPOLL

SPARROWHAWK

LONG TAILED TIT

KINGFISHER

GREY HERON

WATER VOLE

ACANTHIS CABARET

ACCIPITER NISUS

AEGITHALOS C AUDATUS

ALCEDO AT THIS

ARDEA CINEREA

ARVICOLA AMPHIBIUS

GREENFINCH

L ARGE HE ATH

JACKDAW

GRE AT SPOT TED WOODPECKER

HEDGEHOG

KESTREL

CHLORIS CHLORIS

COENONYMPHA TULLIA

CORVUS MONEDULA

DENDROCOPOS MAJOR

ERINACEINAE

FALCO TINNUNCULUS

JAY

HARVEST MOUSE

GRE AT TIT

PIPISTRELLE BAT

DUNNOCK

SONG THRUSH

GARRULUS GLANDARIUS

MICROMYS MINUTUS

PARUS MAJOR

PIPISTRELLUS PIPISTRELLUS

PRUNELLA MODULARIS

TURDUS PHILOMELOS

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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EXISTING SITE TREE SPECIES

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FIELD STUDY 1:200 @ A3

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

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PRIVATE L AND

ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

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EXISTING SITE TREE SPECIES

FIELD STUDY SECTIONS 1:200 @ A3

01 02

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EXISTING SITE TREE SPECIES

FIELD STUDY SECTIONS 1:200 @ A3

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EXISTING SITE TREE SPECIES

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1:200 @ A3 Acer Pseudo-Platanus Sycamore

Alnus Glutinosa Alder

Betula Pendula

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

Silver Birch

Corylus Avellana Hazel

Fraxinus Excelsior Ash

Populus Nigra Lombardy Poplar

Quercus Robur Oak

Salix Fragilis Crack Willow

Salix Scouleriana Scouler Willow

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PRIVATE L AND

ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

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EXISTING SITE

TREE E VALUATION CRITERIA

DECIDING WHICH TREES TO EITHER KEEP OR REMOVE ACER PSEUDOPL ATANUS

ALNUS GLUTINOSA

GROWTH

Rapid and often exceeds 50cm per year in early stages.

Fairly fast in early stages. If coppiced, a bush form is assumed by the secondary growths.

SOIL Widely tolerant, but prefers gravel lying over clay or a stiff calcerous loam.

CLIMATE Very hardy and firm rooted. Endures frost and wind, sea gales and salt spray.

HABITAT Woodland and common, becoming locally dominant in certain areas where deep loam overlies chalk. Occasionslly codominant with beech on chalk.

KEEP/ REMOVE Remove due to dominant nature and relatively poor biodiversity support. Allows space for more biodiversity supportive species to be included in planting plan. Only need to remove 2 existing Acers within the site.

SOIL Can grow in extremely wet positions provided mineral salts are not lacking. Strong loams and heavy soils suit it best.

CLIMATE Very hardy. Quite frim against wind.

HABITAT Frequently used to hold river banks against erosion, also seen at waters edge of meres and lakes.

KEEP/ REMOVE Keep, supports wide range of biodiversity and is well suited to the wetter areas of our site.

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EXISTING SITE

TREE E VALUATION CRITERIA

DECIDING WHICH TREES TO EITHER KEEP OR REMOVE BETULA PENDULA

FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR

GROWTH

Fast growing at younger stage, forms a slender, graceful tree that casts a very light shadow.

Fairly fast in early stages, often as much as 40cm a year.

SOIL

Chalk, limestone and any alkaline soils. Also grows well on moist loams and boulder clay.

Light sandy loam. Though tolerant of many types.

CLIMATE Very hardy, enduring wind and frost.

HABITAT It will grow in very moist positions. Will hybridise freely with Betula pubescens on intermediate soils. Often found with heather, gorse and pines.

KEEP/ REMOVE Keep, second only to Quercus robur in biodiversity support. Particularly good for moths. Native species and tolerant of wide range of soil conditions. Makes up most of the existing trees on site.

SOIL

CLIMATE Young shoots may be injured by late spring frosts, but the tree is generally hardy.

HABITAT Historically a dominant woodland tree on moist hillsides. Grows in association with oak on boulder clay. A common hedgerow tree in alkaline soils.

KEEP/ REMOVE Keep: Unable to spec ash for new landscape planting currently so try to hold onto as many as possible and hopefully they avoid the ash dieback.

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EXISTING SITE

TREE E VALUATION CRITERIA

DECIDING WHICH TREES TO EITHER KEEP OR REMOVE POPULUS NIGRA

QUERCUS ROBUR

GROWTH

Very fast in early stages, annual growth of up to 80cm. Compact erect branches.

Slow. grown in the open, the mature tree develops a spread greater than height

SOIL

For good growth, requires moist rich silt, or gravelly loams.

Tolerant of wide range of conditions but best on loams overlying clay.

CLIMATE

Hardy but liable to damage by gales when older.

Very hardy against wind and winter. Normally a tree of lowland areas.

HABITAT No native habitat but used extensively for avenues and windbreaks along roads throughout Europe.

KEEP/ REMOVE Keep: with only one on our site it forms a focal point next to our intended mill pond site. Silts brough tin by brook should aid its effective growth.

HABITAT Dominant woodland tree on all the heavier soils on UK. Deep rooted and casts moderate shade so combines well with other woodland planting. Floor beneath often richly carpeted with flowering plants.

KEEP/ REMOVE Keep: Supports highest range of biodiversity of any native UK tree.

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EXISTING SITE

TREE E VALUATION CRITERIA

DECIDING WHICH TREES TO EITHER KEEP OR REMOVE SALIX FRAGILIS GROWTH Rapid in suitable soils. Foliage and shade of medium density.

SOIL Moist valley loam, deep and preferably light, though it will grow in heavy clays.

CLIMATE Hardy tree, endures exposed positions.

HABITAT Used to prevent erosion of riverbanks. With poplars, alder, birch and ash it forms mixed fen woods.

KEEP/ REMOVE Keep: Native to UK and covers large area of site in the lower wetter soils. Hardy and fast growing so increases tree cover of site well in a relativeyl short space of time.

0 4 | STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS |

MESSY ECOSYSTEMS

SO ABUNDANT AND NOVEL ARE THE OBJECTS OF INTEREST IN A WILDERNESS THAT UNLESS YOU ARE PURSUING SPECIAL STUDIES IT MAT TERS LIT TLE WHERE YOU GO, OR HOW OF TEN TO THE SAME PL ACE . WHERE V ER YOU CHANCE TO BE ALWAYS SEEMS AT THE MOMENT OF ALL PLACES THE BEST JOHN MUIR, 1914

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS BIOTOPE MANAGEMENT AREAS

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1:200 @ A3

BIOTOPE MANAGEMENT AREAS

HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK

Water Marginal Planting Wet Meadow Woodland Meadow

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PRIVATE L AND

ST ANDREWS PRIMARY SCHOOL

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STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS WOODLAND

MESSY ECOSYSTEM: WOODL AND

P R E C E D E N T: M I X E D N AT I V E W O O D L A N D HIGHFIELD COUNTRY PARK, MANCHESTER

P R E C E D E N T: U P L A N D B I R C H W O O D SCOTLAND

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STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS WOODLAND

W O O D L A N D P L A N T I N G & S T R AT EG Y

QUERCUS PETRAEA Sessile Oak

SORBUS AUCUPARIA Mountain Ash (Rowan)

BETULA PENDULA Silver Birch

CR ATAEGUS MONOGYNA Hawthorn

MAT TEUCCIA STRUTHIOPTERIS Shuttlecock Fern: spreads slowly by underground rhizomes. The offsets can be dug up and moved in spring, but plants look best when left to form colonies.

WOODLAND FLOOR Left undisturbed to preserve scrubland habitat in these areas. Also encourages seeding of new saplings. JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS WOODLAND

WOODLAND TREES BETULA PENDULA

QUERCUS PETRAEA

Silver birch

Sessile oak

Silver birch provides food and habitat for more than 300 insect species – the leaves attracting aphids which provide food for ladybirds and other species further up the food chain. The leaves are also a food plant for the caterpillars of many moths. Birch trees are particularly associated with many specific fungi. Woodpeckers and other hole-nesting birds often nest in the trunk, while the seeds are eaten by siskins, greenfinches and redpolls.

Oak trees support more wildlife than any other native trees. They provide a habitat for more than 257 species of insect, which are the food source for birds and other predators. The bark also provides a habitat for mosses, lichens and liverworts, and deadwood cavities for nesting birds and roosting bats. The acorns are eaten by a number of birds and mammals. The soft leaves break down with ease in autumn and form a rich leaf mould beneath the tree, supporting beetles and numerous fungi.

CR ATAEGUS MONOGYNA

SORBUS AUCUPARIA

Hawthorn

Mountain Ash (Rowan)

Common hawthorn can support more than 300 insects. It is the foodplant for many caterpillars of moths,. Its flowers are eaten by dormice and provide nectar and pollen for bees and other pollinating insects. The haws are rich in antioxidants and are eaten by migrating birds, such as redwings, fieldfares and thrushes, as well as small mammals. The dense, thorny foliage makes fantastic nesting shelter for many species of bird.

The leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of a number of moths, including the larger Welsh wave. Caterpillars of the apple fruit moth feed on the berries. Flowers provide pollen and nectar for bees and other pollinating insects, while the berries are a rich source of autumn food for birds, especially the blackbird, mistle thrush, redstart, redwing, song thrush, fieldfare and waxwing.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS WOODLAND

IMPROVING BIODIVERSITY THROUGH WOODLAND MANAGEMENT WOODLAND MANAGEMENT Using woodland management techniques to selectively prune and thin the trees surrounding the woodland pond will allow more light to reach the surface of the water.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS WOODLAND

IMPROVING BIODIVERSITY THROUGH WOODLAND MANAGEMENT TREE SPECIES SELECTION Removing the Sycamore from the site and instead planting Betula pendula and Alnus glutinosa will increase the ecological value of the site as well as the aesthetic value. As native trees, birch and alder support more species than sycamore, they are also better sutied to the wetness of the site. Their canopies are also relatively thin which allows more light to reach the woodland floor enocouraging the growth of grasses, ferns and fungi.

BETULA PENDULA Thin canopies allow for growth of ferns and other woodland floor species below.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS WET MEADOW & MARGINALS

MESSY ECOSYSTEMS: WET MEADOW & MARGINALS

P R E C E D E N T: W O O D L A N D/ W E T M E A D O W B O U N D A R Y BIDDENFIELD HIGH WOOD, HAMPSHIRE

P R E C E D E N T: R E N AT U R AT I O N O F T H E R I V E R A I R E GENEVA, SWITZERLAND

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STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS WET MEADOW & MARGINALS

M E S S Y ECO S Y S T E M S : W E T M E A D O W & M A R G I N A L , U N D E R S TA N D I N G T H E S PA C E S A N D S U I TA B L E P L A N T I N G

L AT TICE BRIDGE How can we design the planting so it is suitable to run all the way up to the base of the bridge? Whilst outside of scope in this project, the bridge forms an important atmospheric consideration just outside our border.

MARGINAL REEDS How does interaction of reeds work alongside preliminary design of boardwalk/ path locations. How do they frame the views and site.

PLANTING MIX Preliminary planting mix used as a starting point to see how everything could be located within pond surroundings

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS WET MEADOW & MARGINALS

W E T M E A D O W U N D E R S TO R E Y & M A R G I N A L S P L A N T I N G & S T R AT EG Y SANGUISORBA OFFICINALIS Great burnet

REEDBED MANAGEMENT

FILIPENDULA ULMARIA

Phragmites australis

Meadowsweet

ISOLEPIS CERNUA

LEUCANTHEMUM VULGARE

Slender club rush

Oxeye daisy

NYMPHAEA ALBA Alba water lily

FONTINALIS ANTIPYRETICA Water moss

RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS Water crowfoot

LARGE SURFACE ARE A OF WATER The larger the surface area the more the plants in and around the water can photosynthesise and maintain high oxygen levels. JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS WET MEADOW & MARGINALS

WET MEADOW SPECIES SANGUISORBA OFFICINALIS

LEUCANTHEMUM VULGARE

Great burnet

Oxeye daisy

A hardy, herbaceous perennial native to the United Kingdom. The flowers are an oval, pompom shape and are extremely attractive to bees. Can be found growing in damp grasslands and meadows, and along the edges of lakes and rivers. The foliage is said to have a cucumber scent.

Similar in appearance to the daisies you’d find in a lawn, although with bigger flowers and taller stems. Their white petals with yellow centres put on a show from June to August. They’re loved by pollinating insects.

FILIPENDULA ULMARIA

RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS

Meadowsweet

Water crowfoot

This moisture-loving plant puts on a display of fluffy-white flowers in high summer. It selfseeds if it’s in a plot it likes, meaning if you’re lucky it will increase year after year.

This British Native oxygenator grows long strands of attractive feathery fronds under water with dainty white flowers appearing above the water from April to June. It loves moving water but is also fine in still water.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS WET MEADOW & MARGINALS

W E T M E A D O W M I D A N D U P P E R S TO R E Y P L A N T I N G & S T R AT EG Y

ALNUS GLUTINOSA

SALIX ALBA

Alder

Planting Salix alba near the reedbeds will lead to the formation of a helophyte filter which can produce an ecosytem of bacteria which actively remove pollution from the water.

WET MEADOWS AND MARGINALS PLANTING

VIBURNUM OPULUS

As shown on previous pages

Guelder rose: Important addition for wildlife as it both flowers and fruits. The addition of flowering woody shrubs will also act as a cue to care for the public in the space.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS WET MEADOW & MARGINALS

WET MEADOW TREES & SHRUBS ALNUS GLUTINOSA Alder Alder is the food plant for the caterpillars of several moths.. Catkins provide an early source of nectar and pollen for bees, and the seeds are eaten by the siskin, redpoll and goldfinch. The wet conditions found in alder woodland are ideal for a number of mosses, lichens and fungi, along with the small pearl-bordered fritillary and chequered skipper butterflies, and some species of crane fly. Alder roots make the perfect nest sites for otters..

VIBURNUM OPULUS Guelder rose Flamboyant, romantic, wildlife beacon. The guelder rose brightens woods with spring blossom, autumn colour and vibrant berries. The red berries are an important food source for birds, including bullfinch and mistle thrush. The shrub canopy provides shelter for other wildlife. The flowers are especially attractive to hoverflies.

SALIX ALBA White willow The white willow is the largest species of willow, with mature trees growing up to 25m. They often have an irregular, leaning crown Caterpillars of a number of moth species feed on white willow leaves. The catkins are an important source of early nectar and pollen for bees and other insects, and the branches make good nesting and roosting sites for birds.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

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STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS WET MEADOW & MARGINALS

I M P R O V I N G B I O D I V E R S I T Y T H R O U G H W E T M E A D O W C R E AT I O N CRE ATING A WET MEADOW Following the re-emergence of the Fallowfield Brook, the site will become naturally more damp. To increase the biodiversity, a wet meadow wild flower seed mix can be planted to create a wet meadow ecosystem. The mix is 20:80 flowers to grass and contains moisture loving native perennials such as: Filipendula ulmaria, Leucanthemum vulgare and Sanguisorba officinalis. Species such as Marsh Orchids (Dactylorhiza spp), and Ragged Robin (Silene flos-cuculi) will eventually flourish. These species are quite common at the nearby Chorlton Ees nature reserve, specimens could potentially be translocated.

ALNUS GLUTINOSA Well suited to this site for the boggy conditions and for the tree‘s ability to firm up the river banks.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS WET MEADOW & MARGINALS

I M P R O V I N G B I O D I V E R S I T Y T H R O U G H A Q UAT I C P L A N T I N G REEDBED MANAGEMENT Careful reedbed management will enable the reeds to act as a water filter and oxygenator. Periodic dredging of the water closest to the banks will also aid circulation and increase the depth of the water which will prevent overheating in the summer month. The addition Water crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis), Water moss (Fontinalis antipyretica) and Slender club rush (Isolepis cernua) will add aesthetic and ecological value as well as providing habitat for insects and fish, above and below the water.

PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS Norfolk reeds

RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS Water crowfoot JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS MEADOW

MESSY ECOSYSTEM: MEADOW

P R E C E D E N T: S O L I TA R Y P I N U S S Y LV E S T R I S CLARE, IRELAND

P R E C E D E N T: W I L D F L O W E R M E A D O W SUSSEX

BRICKWORKS

STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS MEADOW

M E A D O W U N D E R S TO R E Y P L A N T I N G A N D S T R AT EG Y

CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS Crested dogs-tail grass

CALAMAGROSTIS

CENTAURE A NIGRA

Feather reed grass

Common knapweed

PRUNELLA VULGARIS Self heal

LEUCANTHAMUM Shasta daisy

MEADOW STR ATEGY The mix is 40:60 flowers to grasses and contains native perennials. Existing area cleared to bare soil and started again using seed and plug plants

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS MEADOW

MEADOW PERENNIAL SPECIES CENTAURE A NIGRA

LEUCANTHEMUM VULGARE

Common Knapweed

Oxeye daisy

Thistle-like, vibrant-purple blooms, which reappear every year, once established. They provide a real burst of colour and attract bees and butterflies. Their seed heads provide food for birds.

CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS

PRUNELLA VULGARIS

Crested dogs-tail

Self heal

A characteristic grass of flowerrich meadows, crested dogstail is tough enough to crowd out weeds whilst still allowing your flowers to grow. Although quite short-lived, the unusual flat flower heads release huge quantities of seeds each year to keep the display going.

This purplish blue-flowered perennial was once an important therapeutic plant – its leaves were crushed and used to dress skin wounds and syrup made with the flowers and leaves was thought to cure sore throats.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS MEADOW

M E A D O W U P P E R S TO R E Y P L A N T I N G A N D S T R AT EG Y

PINUS S Y LV ESTRIS Scots pine: Well suited to being a solitary tree, emphasises the openness of the meadow in comparison to other more enclosed areas of the site.

MEADOW PLANTING MIX As shown on previous pages

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS MEADOW

MEADOW TREE SPECIES PINUS S Y LV ESTRIS Scots pine A truly stunning tree. It is one of only three native conifers, and our only native pine. Scots pine is monoecious, meaning both male and female flowers grow on the same tree. Male flowers comprise clusters of yellow anthers at the base of shoots. Female flowers are small, red-purple and globular, and grow at the tips of new shoots. Found naturally in The Caledonian forest, which is a priority habitat under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan and is home to rare species such as the creeping lady’s tresses and lesser twayblade orchids; the Scottish wood ant and Rannoch looper; and the capercaillie, crested tit and Scottish crossbill. Mammals include red squirrel, pine marten and Scottish wildcat.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS MEADOW

MEADOW MIX Well suited to this site for the dryer conditions and the open expanses of full sun with limited tree cover.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS DAM VEGETATION

MESSY ECOSYSTEM: DAM

P R E C E D E N T: F E R N S A N D C A S C A D E USA

P R E C E D E N T: M AT T E U C C I A S T R U T H I O P T E R I S AT S U NS E T | M O B B E R LE Y. C H E S H I R E

BRICKWORKS

STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS DAM VEGETATION

D A M P L A N T I N G A N D S T R AT EG Y

MAT TEUCCIA STRUTHIOPTERIS Shuttlecock fern

DAM STR ATEGY Initially plant matteuccia struthiopteris into the gabion basket front faces. This will quickly naturally be joined by many moss and lichen species. Over time the dam will self regulate where the planting spreads to based on the volume of water and climate of season.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

STR ATEGIC INTERVENTIONS DAM VEGETATION

DAM SPECIES MAT TEUCCIA STRUTHIOPTERIS Shuttlecock fern A large deciduous fern found growing in damp woodland, by streams and lakes, and in fen carr under Betula. It tolerates a range of soil pH, but prefers waterlogged clay substrates. It spreads through the production of stolons. Found in lowland areas naturally. Ecologically, Matteuccia struthiopteris will attract many lepidoptera, whose larval form will feed on the plants foliage.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

05 | DESIGN DEVELOPMENT |

OR DER LY FR A MES

L ANDSC APE L ANGUAGE THAT COMMUNIC ATES HUMAN INTENTION, PA R T I C U L A R LY I N T E N T I O N T O C A R E F O R T H E L A N D S C A P E , OFFERS A POWERFUL VOCABULARY FOR DESIGN TO IMPROVE ECOLOGICAL QUALITY JOAN NASSAEUR, 2007

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

OR DER LY FR A MES: B OA R DWA LK S

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

PRECEDENT NATUR- PARK SCHÖNEBERGER SÜDGELÄNDE | BERLIN Top: The pathways have been designed around existing trees as a way of emphasising the values of the park.

WET MEADOW AND SOURCE OF THE RIVER NORGES | FRANCE Right: Directly bisecting an otherwise difficult terrain to navigate the boardwalk here allows for users to focus on the nature around them more easily without worrying about their footing.

THE LANDSCAPE THERAPEUTIC PARK | GERMANY Bottom: Clever use of horizontal units mounted at different heights on the bank to form stairs. Makes construction easy and allows for a coherent design even in areas requiring stairs.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

O R D E R LY F R A M E S : E S TA B L I S H I N G R O U G H L AYO U T F R O M L A 2 B

WATER Pond and waterside boardwalk

EXISTING TREES Indication of trees on site to inform placement of boardwalks

RAMP ENTRANCE Sloped boardwalk to allow accessability for all users.

INTERSECTION

DAM

Key intersection of paths that needs a design solution

Proposed site for a bridge and/ or dam

FLOOP Existing route of Floop through site

PRIVATE PROPERTY Fence line around property at top of bank.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

O R D E R LY F R A M E S : E A R LY CO N C E P T S I N C LU D I N G T H O U G H T S O N V EG E TAT I O N

SHAPE INTEREST

EXPANDING FLOOP

Adding shape to path to create oppurtunity for users to pause

Early ideas for how to expand areas of intersections to reduce congestion

MATERIALIT Y Which materials to use in which areas of boardwalks?

MEADOWS Viewpoint incorporated into boardwalk over meadow

TREE PLANTING Designing location and shape of boardwalk with one eye on future planting

SCHOOL ACCESS Making sure we include school access in design ideas from the very start.

RAMP Ramped access to southern side of site as well as Northern side.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

OR DER LY FR A MES: V ISUA L ISING B A SIC B OA R DWA L K L AYOUT A S A SK E TCH PER SPEC TI V E

RAMPED ACCESS Route that ramped access takes from entry to waterside. Platform is out of our site bounds but worth considering regardless.

PL ATFORM SIZE Impact that platform would have on site if bought within our site bounds. Would ramped entry be too steep?

POND

DAM VIEW

How large should the pond be and how will this interact with the surrounding boardwalks in terms of scale.

Understanding interaction between boardwalks and view of dam/ pond

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

O R D E R LY F R A M E S : I M A G I N E D V I E W I N TO S I T E F R O M P L AT F O R M O U T S I D E E A S T E R N B O U N D S

CUTOUTS

LEVELS How would both stairs and a ramp come together at end of bridge and/ or dam?

Starting to work cutouts for existing trees into boardwalk design and location.

EDGES Comparing hard edges of boardwalk to softer edges of more natural waters edge on far side of pond

BORDER What border will the boardwalk have and how high will it be, what is its purpose? Aesthetic, safety or a guide for visually impared?

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

OR DER LY FR A MES: E X IS TING TR EES A ND INTER AC TION WITH B OA R DWA L K S

CUTOUTS

INTERSECTION

Breaking up straight lines of board walk and showing respect to the existing trees. Reflects the values of improving the existing site and not just starting again.

Development of solving the intersection problem and creating space to remove congestion

REST Hinting at potential locations for benches later on in the design process.

PAUSE Configuring spaces for pause along the boardwalk. Allows users to enjoy their surroundings without feeling ‚in the way‘.

CANOPY Considering the size of tree canopies in the layout of the boardwalks to make the most of light and shade.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

OR DER LY FR A MES: DE SIGNING IN SEC TION

SCALE Using the placement/ size adn proportions of existing trees from our field drawings to retain character of site in our design process.

STAIRS Understanding the need for stairs and visualising the location and severity of slope they must ascend.

PEOPLE

ELE VATION

Using people to begin to pull together the overall scale for our proposals. Ensure that spaces are not too large or small for pleasurable use.

Showing the boardwalk raised above the surface fo the water and how this would be experienced by user.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

OR DER LY FR A MES: PA LIMPSES T

NEW TREES Location and approximate size of new trees to be introdued to site. How can the boardwalk frame these and allow interaction with users.

EXISTING TREES Showing location, numnber of stems and size of trees to clarify final boardwalk position an ddesign.

SHAPE Distilling final form for boardwalks iteratively each drawing.

CONTOURS Fitting boardwalk expanded areas into spaces that work with contours and levels of site

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

OR DER LY FR A MES: USER S V IE W OF S CHO OL ENTR A NCE

FLOOP How can we match up start of boardwalks to edge of existing floop as seamlessly as possible.

DEFINED EDGES Visualising how the hard edges of the boardwalks form orderly frames for the messy meadow around them

MATERIALIT Y Using the perspective views to better understand the appearance of different materials used on the baordwalk. In this case, wood.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

O R D E R LY F R A M E S : AT M O S P H E R I C V I E W O F R A I S E D B O A R D WA L K A LO N G P O N D E D G E

ANGLES Using the angles of the boardwalk to break up the straight edge of the pond. Creates visual interest and allows users to feel as though they are moving out above the water.

SLOPE Visualising the way the land slopes up from the edge of the board walk on this side. Increasingly confident in the designa ndits placement on the site. JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

OR DER LY FR A MES: 3D MODEL OF PR E V IOUS SK E TCH DESIGNS

SUPPORTS Final decision for edging and proportion. Corten steel edging in a square section to act as visual and physical barrier to edge of boardwalk.

RAMPS Confirmation of design feasibility to have ramped access from northern edge of site. Can clearly see slope on ramp here and its complexity in working arouind trees.

SUPPORTS First true calculation of sub structure for boardwalk and its location in relation to the pond bed and banks.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

OR DER LY FR A MES: SUPP OR TING FR A ME FOR B OA R DWA LK

SUB STRUCTURE Batons to support the grid that people walk on are 40mm square in section and form a framework at all edges of standing areas. They also have horizontal spans at 1m intervals.

LEGS 100mm x 100mm vertical metal sections that are sunk into the pond bed into a concrete base below ground. These are located every 2m along the frame edge.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

O R D E R LY F R A M E S : CO M P L E X A N D D E TA I L E D A R E A S O F B O A R D WA L K D E S I G N

CUTOUTS Raised area of baordwalk above wet meadow and marginals with cut outs for two existing alder trees. The spaces around the holes are large enough to walk around but small enough to feel playful. We have ensured that the drop off the boardwalks at no point is higher than 500mm to avoid the need for unsightly handrails

STAIRS Designed to same aesthetic as the rest of the boardwalk areas. corten edging runs length of stair unit. Final appearance of stairs when accounting for elevation and travel required from the unit as a whole but also each indicidual step.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BOARDWALKS

OR DER LY FR A MES: INTER SEC TION DESIGN A ND S CHO OL ENTR A NCE

PAUSE Room made for seating space at edge of boardwalk so people can sit and enjoy space without hindering travel of other users.

ROOM FOR WAITING Drop off area configured into design so people can wait for children and drop them off away from the through traffic of the Floop. This is an important area in our future design of seating an dlocations for seating.

INTERSECTION Increased width of board walks with multiple crossing channels between existing trees. Atmospheric and interesting whilst also increasing safety of all users of the floop and our site.

FLOOP Existing route that floop takes through site

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

BOARDWALK S: MATERIALIT Y & COSTING

M AT E R I A L & CO S T I N G S E L EC T I O N FA C TO R S : F O U N D AT I O N S ASSUMPTIONS

03 TIMBER PILES: £360-£540/ M2

- Boardwalk price ranges assume a pedestrian loading of 120kg per square m. - A geotechnical report would be completed which would drive the foundation design process. - Estimated boardwalk construction cost ranges are based on existing projects final cost, variation is due to finish and site specifics.

Primarily due to their cost-effectiveness, pressure treated timber piles are the most common deep foundation option for commercial boardwalks. 300mm diameter widths are often specified, while total pile length can be anywhere from 250mm - 1m. Several variables will impact the price of timber pile installation: site access, diameter of pile required, required driven depth, geographic region, total number of piles, soil conditions, etc.

BOARDWALK FOUNDATION COST ESTIMATES: CONCRETE VS. TIMBER VS. STEEL MATERIALS The five most common foundation types used to support pedestrian boardwalk systems: - Precast Concrete Piers - Cast-In-Place Concrete Shallow Footings - Timber Piles (Pressure Treated Pine) - Drilled Shaft or Concrete Caissons - Steel Helical Piles (Screw Piles) - chosen for site

01 PRECAST CONCRETE PIERS: £290-£430/ M2 Stackable pier components serve as a shallow (spread footing) foundation. They are the most cost-effective foundation option for a boardwalk if feasible. Not suitable for our site due to damage caused to surrounding environment and inability to support raised paths.

02 C A S T- IN - PL ACE CONCR E TE S H A LLOW FOOTINGS: £320-£610/ M2 Shallow footings are preferable to deep footing options as they contribute to a lower boardwalk construction cost. These cast-inplace footings could be circular or square. Not suitable for site for same reasons as option 01 above.

04 DRILLED SHAFT OR CONCRETE CAISSONS: £400-£680/ M2 When designing a boardwalk on cast-in-place caissons, we need to consider site conditions, industry standard casing sizes, and finished boardwalk elevation. All of these factors influence the structural engineer’s design for diameter and depth of the caissons. The photo here shows a walking surface at roughly 150mm above ground level.

05 STEEL SCREW PILES: £470-£680/ M2 Provide several distinct advantages over timber or concrete foundations for project site. Increasing in popularity and recognition, more projects are using helical piles as an environmentally friendly foundation option, especially if the boardwalk or pedestrian bridge needs to be installed in a sensitive wetland. For this reason, despite the cost, we will be using this method for our raised boardwalks. Source: https://www.permatrak.com

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

BOARDWALK S: MATERIALIT Y & COSTING

M AT E R I A L & CO S T I N G S E L EC T I O N FA C TO R S : B O A R D WA L K KE Y CONSIDER ATIONS

02 WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES

Wetlands contribute to unique ecosystems that require special considerations. The ultimate goal of a wetland boardwalk is to provide access into or through the wetland in a manner that will not degrade the ecosystem. The main points are: - The environmental impact of the construction process - The aesthetic appearance of the finished product - The long-term impact of the boardwalk material to the surrounding environment.

Most composite decking products are biologically inert. This alleviates concerns of toxins or chemicals leaching into the soils over time. Composite decking is similar to wood in the sense that it can be cut and modified in the field as the boardwalk is being built.

COMPARING WETL AND BOARDWALK MATERIALS The three most common materials for commercial boardwalks are: - Pressure-treated timber - Wood-plastic composites - Metal grating - chosen for site

01 PRESSURE- TRE ATED TIMBER Major drawbacks to using timber materials in a wetland environment occur overtime. Timber must be pressure-treated to minimize decay and warping and maximize longevity when used for a boardwalk. This involves chemicals that will eventually leach out of the material, which can be damaging to the ecosystem of a wetland area. Even with treatment, there’s danger of swelling and rotting due to the moist nature of wetlands. Pressure-treated timber is also at risk for attracting the growth of algae and moss, which can be slippery and hazardous for pedestrians. Removing this type of growth takes considerable time if done without chemicals, increasing the maintenance costs.

Vulnerable to mold and algae, especially under heavy shade. Even with its plastic binders, most composite decking contains wood flour as a filler material. This will absorb moisture once the outer, protective shell of the plank is permeated. Not considered a “closedcell material,” and moisture is likely to enter via the deck fasteners where screws or nails are used to tie into supporting beams.

03 METAL GR ATING The advangtages to metal grating are: Aesthetically and in feel it has an industrial feel which juxtaposes well against the messy ecosystems on our site. It allows light to pass through to plants & vegetation below walkway. Special finishes available including slip resistant treatments, perfect for use in our wet meadow environment. Made from lightweight yet strong aluminum or steel materials. Requires minimal maintenance once installed. Galvanized steel has a design life expectancy of 50+ years in most commercial environments. For these reasons we will be using metal grating as our boardwalk surface. Source: https://www.permatrak.com

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

BOARDWALK S: MATERIALIT Y & COSTING

M AT E R I A L & CO S T I N G S E L EC T I O N FA C TO R S : E D G I N G CORTEN STEEL

WE ATHERED CORTEN STEEL

Corten steel is also known as weathering steel, or COR-TEN steel. It is specially formulated to provide the strength and stability of traditional steel with an attractive patina. A thin layer of oxide forms on the outside surface of the steel, giving it that attractive burnt orange colour of rust.

Corten beyond 6 months of aging will release almost no iron oxide bleed. The chart to the right shows how the steel ages over time.

This layer is thin and does not affect the material’s strength or longevity which is why it is so popular. In fact, that oxidised layer helps to protect the material from the elements and negates the need for finishing, which is why it was invented in the first place!

0.5 months

1.5 months

6 months

2 years

Unweathered Corten bleeds iron oxide as it establishes and so stains surrounding areas and users for first few months! To combat this we will be using pre-weathered corten on site as it will prevent leaching and staining of surrounding materials and environment as all of its aging has happened off site before delivery.

5 years

22 years

NEW CORTEN BLEEDING 40 years

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BENCHES AND SE ATING

PL ACES FOR PAUSE

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BENCHES AND SE ATING

PRECEDENT BAD LIPPSPRINGE| GERMANY Top: Benches provide a viewpoint across the woodland pond. Subtle variations in design provide different potential ways of using the seating.

GOUDA OOSTPOLDERPARK| NETHERLANDS Right: The simple linear cuboid shapes of the benches in Gouda provide an effective and aesthetic solution to integrating seating into the horizontal landscape. The use of natural oak fits in with the atmosphere created by the flat wetland Polder.

JAK TG ATAN AND LÖVÄNGSG ATAN| SWEDEN Bottom: The addition of a corten steel armrest to this bench in a park in Sweden creates a place to rest. The oxidised metal provides a contrast to the wood and the yellow intensity of the Rudbeckia. JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BENCHES AND SE ATING

O R D E R LY F R A M E S : M O D U L A R S E AT I N G

LOC ATION Between the Floop and St Andrews School is a busy junction especially at school run times.

TIME Picking up the kids can be a lengthy process.

USERS

FLOOP

The seating in this area needs to accommodate school kids and their parents, and take into account different lengths of stay.

Coming and going by bike, scooter and on foot; all modes of transport need to be catered for.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BENCHES AND SE ATING

O R D E R LY F R A M E S : C R E AT I N G P O I N T S O F V I E W

SCHOOL ENTRANCE St Andrew‘s entrance presents opportunities for interactions between kids and parents.

CONVIVALITY Dual two person benches create a stage for rendezvous and friendlier chats between friends. An ideal place for a spot of people watching, perhaps.

SOCIALITY Groups of chairs provide the forum for informal discussions.

TEMPORALITY For those who don‘t have the time for a stop and chat, the perch bench provides the option for an swift exit.

FLOOP The pace slows at the busy intersection between the floop and the school. A hive of activity and movement especially during peak school run hours.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

BENCHES AND SE ATING: MATERIALIT Y

M AT E R I A L S E L EC T I O N FA C TO R S : B E N C H E S KE Y CONSIDER ATIONS

02 CORTEN STEEL

Given the site climate and the high footfall of the Floop, the seating for the site must combine durability with practicality. It is important that they will compliment the Brickwork‘s natural aesthetic whilst also integrating with the environment. Choosing materials which are long lasting, usable and in fitting with the nature of the site are all critical design considerations.

The bench frame will be constructed from corten steel which retains the molecular strength of steel but develops a rusty orange patina with age. The steel will be pre-weathered to avoid leaching and staining of the wood. The red finish will match well with the Brickworks aesthetic and reference the industrial heritage of the site.

BENCH AND SE ATING MATERIALS Wood beams will be practical in creating the modular seating solution. A steel frame has been designed as the bench superstructure. LED lighting will contribute to the site ambience - Oak - Corten Steel - LED lighting

01 OAK BEAMS Fresh cut structural oak beams which are good for internal and external use will be used for the bench seat. Due to the high levels of moisture at the brickworks. The timber will be treated with Osmo 420 which contains active ingredients to protect the coating against mould, algae and fungal attack. Over time the wood will age to a grey colour as the moisture content reduces, the treatent should protect against biological decay.

03 RED LED LIGHTING Red LED lights will provide small scale lighting from within the bench armrests. The soft red glow of the light will enhance the corten steel and illuminate the oak timber. The red light is less disruptive for the many bats which roost in various sites in the brickworks. The ember like benches will punctuate the evening scene creating miniature glowing landmarks to entice people into the Brickworks. Combined with further lighting on the boardwalks and the gabion dam. The red lighting will create a special atmosphere and tie together all the built aspects of the site. Source: https://www.permatrak.com

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

06 | ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS |

CONSTRUCTING ECOLOGICAL DIVERSIT Y

TO ENTER WATER IS, OF COURSE, TO CROSS A BORDER. YOU PA SS THE L A K E’S EDGE, THE SE A’S SHORE, THE RI V ER’S BRINK – A ND IN SO DOING YOU ARRIVE AT A DIFFERENT RE ALM, IN WHICH YOU A R E D I F F E R E N T LY M I N D E D B E C A U S E D I F F E R E N T LY B O D I E D. ROBERT MACFARLANE

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS VERTICAL NESTING SITE

N E W H A B I TAT C R E AT I O N F O R S A N D M A R T I N S

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS VERTICAL NESTING SITE

KEY IDEAS HABITAT CRE ATION In line with our key ideas we aim to create a new habitat on site wihout removing any existing habitats. In both cases this is an easy win as it uses a previously unused area of the site and creates a brand new nesting site to encourage sand martin‘s (Riparia riparia) to nest on the site. They can already be found locally, nesting in pipe openings on the banks of the Mersey (as seen in the image to the right).

MITIG ATING E F F E C T O F F LY I N G INSECTS In combination with our bat friendly interventions this nesting site aims to reduce the number of flying insects created by introducing a pond to the site. Sand martin‘s feed primarily on flying insects and would help to keep the site pleasurable for human users all year round.

Photo Credit: Terry Whittaker

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS VERTICAL NESTING SITE

PRECEDENT NUTFIELD MARSHES | SURREY Built with a vertical face two meters high so that most predators such as stoats and weasels cannot get to them. Designed to be slightly concave as the birds like to watch each other to see who is home and away, and take every opportunity to breed with their neighbours given the chance. The birds make a narrow tunnel with a slight incline that is about 30 to 80cm deep with a small oval chamber at the back in which the birds make their nests with grasses and then rear their young. Every year the bank will be knocked back by about a metre as the sand martins prefer to build new nests and this also reduces the risks of parasites. Then after several years the sand will all be gathered up and used again to build a new bank. As well as the birds, this sand sculpture will be very attractive as a home for invertebrates such as solitary bees and wasps.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS VERTICAL NESTING SITE

DEVELOPING THE NESTING DESIGN NEST SECTION Exploring the nesting space required for Sand martins‘s (Riparia riparia) to nest successfully. The depth of their nests is as much as 800mm. This means that the depth of the nesting site must be at least 1 metre to allow it to accomodate the birds securely.

NESTING FACE The proportions and heights required to make the nesting site work. Initial impression of vegetation growing back over disturbed face of sandy clay.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS BAT LIGHTING

N E W H A B I TAT C R E AT I O N : B AT L I G H T I N G

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS BAT LIGHTING

KEY IDEAS BLINDED BY THE LIGHTS Artificial lighting can prevent Bats from leaving their roosts, and can even lead to roost abandonment. Slower flying species avoid foraging in illuminated areas, whilst the insects they feed on are attracted to brightly lit areas leading to a vacuum effect. Bats communting routes are also affected as they avoid brightly lit areas.

S I M P LY R E D Research from the Netherlands Institute of Ecology has shown that using red lights is much less disruptive to bat activity and also attracts fewer insects, leading to more natural feeding conditions.

B AT S A R E N O C T U R N A L A N I M A L S T H AT H AV E A DA PTED TO A LIFE IN DA RK NES S , PA R TLY TO AV O I D P R E D AT I O N D U R I N G D AY L I G H T HOURS FROM BIRD OF PREY SPECIES SUCH A S SPARROWHAWKS. THEREFORE THE A R T I F I C I A L L I G H T I N G O F B AT R O O S T S , A CC E S S P O I N T S A N D F O R A G I N G PAT H WAY S C A N B E E X T R E M E LY D I S T U R B I N G TO B AT S AND SHOULD BE AVOIDED

BRICKWORKS AESTHETIC The red bat friendly lighting will be used to highlight the benches and the gabion dam. The red hues will fit in well with the corten steel and rubble filled gabions.

B AT S .O R G .U K

Zuidhoek-Nieuwkoop https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/dutch-town-installs-bat-friendly-lighting-2998

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS BAT LIGHTING

LIGHTING IMPRESSION SKETCH

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS BAT LIGHTING

BRICK WORK S BAT LIGHTING

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS GABION DAM

N E W H A B I TAT C R E AT I O N : D A M M I N G T H E FA L LO W F I E L D B R O O K

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS GABION DAM

KEY IDEAS WOODLAND POND Slowing the flow of the Fallowfield Brook using a dam will create a woodland pond habitat which will greatly increase the biodiversity of the site. The shallow woodland pond will support many aquatic species of plants and animals. The barrier will also prevent flooding during times of heavy rainfall.

DAMS AND WATERFALLS The still pond on one side of the dam will be contrasted by much faster flowing water downstream. The cascade will provde a good micro climate for mosses and ferns to naturalise the man-made structure.

A M P H I B I A N S , B AT S A N D W O O D L A N D B I R DS ALL USE WOODL AND PONDS. THESE PONDS PROVIDE A GOOD SOURCE OF INV E R T E B R AT E F O O D A N D F R E S H D R I N K I N G WAT E R . F O R A M P H I B I A N S S U C H A S T H E G R E AT C R E S T E D N E W T T R I T U R US C R I S TAT US , E N CO U R A G I N G G R O W T H O F TA L L H E R B S A N D S C R U B A DJ A C E N T TO T H E POND IS USEFUL.

FRAMING THE BROOK The man-made dam will provide a linear frame to the messy ecosystem of the woodland pond. An integrated walkway will provide visitors with access to the new ecosystem allowing them to get up close to the vegetation and wildlife.

P O N D CO N S E R VAT I O N .O R G

https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/habitats/wet-woodland/

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS GABION DAM

N AT U R A L P R EC E D E N T L ATHKILL DALE | PEAK DISTRICT Although not entirely natural the five weirs built one hundred years ago allong the river Lathkill have blended into the landscape. The pools support an immense variety of fauna and flora including many insect species and wildflowers such as Polemonium caeruleum, Jacob‘s ladder.

PANNIER‘S POOL | PEAK DISTRICT Also in the peak district, Panniers Pool lies on the river Dane below the 18th Century Packhorse bridge. This site is popular with human users for wild swimming and walking. Epiphytic vegetation is found on the rocks between the pools.

http://www.fungalpunknature.co.uk/Siteguides/Lathkill%20Dale.htm

FALLOWFIELD BROOK CASCADE | Closer to the site, the Fallowfield Brook already flows through a small brick dam. The water is slowed by the construction creating new habitats for aquatic vegetation and animals. Credit: Rob Bendall, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Shire.jpg

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS GABION DAM

B U I LT P R E C E D E N T PORTLAND, ORGEON | 1970 Left: The Keller Fountain Park was conceived by Angela Danadjieva, an architect at Lawrence Halprin‘s firm. The series of cascades she created were inspired by the waterfalls of the Coloumbia River Gorge and were intended to be used as a space of interaction as well as observation.

BAD OEYNHAUSEN, GERMANY | 2000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keller_Fountain_Park#/media/File:KellerFountainSummer2010.JPG

Far right: Aqua Park Magica by Agence Ter. Corten steel damn designed by Agence Ter.

http://landezine.com/index.php/2011/10/agence-ter-aqua-magica-landscape-architecture

THESE VERY STR AIGHT PEOPLE H AV E S O M E H O W G R A S P E D W H AT C I T I E S C A N B E A L L A B O U T. . . A S YOU PL AY IN THIS GARDEN, PLE AS E T R Y TO R E M E M B E R T H AT W E ARE ALL IN THIS TOGETHER

BAD LIPPSPRINGE, G E R M A N Y | 2 017 Bottom Left: Forest Park, Sinai. Visitors experience the interaction of water and woodland through a series of interconnected pathways, bridges and platforms.

L ARRY HALPRIN, JUNE 23 1970

http://landezine.com/index.php/2020/09/forest-park-in-bad-lippspringe/

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS GABION DAM

DEVELOPING THE DAM DESIGN

CRE ATING A WALK WAY Integrating the walkways into the dam will create a zone of interaction for visitors to experience the wet woodland environment. Bringing people close to the water will intensify the ambience created by the flowing brook. The contrast between the still woodland pond on one side and the water flowing from the other will create a juxtaposition of atmospheres and amplify the sensory experience.

HERRINGBONE BRICK DAM Incorporating bricks into the design relates to the heritage of the brickworks. The herringbone pattern evokes the lattice work bridge and creates a geometrically divided edge for the water to flow over.

FLOW MANAGEMENT Variation in water outlet size and dam material will allow water to percolate through the dam at different points and at different speeds. This will create unique tyes of flow from a torrent to a trickle depending on water levels and precipitation JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS GABION DAM

DAM DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Modular construction of 16 gabions, 2m x 0.5m x 0.5m

Gabions filled with Brickwork‘s rubble and lime/sand mix

Gabions offset by 10mm to 30mm to create cascade effect.

40mm steel grating on gabion tops to create walkway.

Gabions 5, 8 and 11 sunnk by 100mm to create water outlets

Water outflow from 3 points creates delta environment for aquatic plants and wildlife

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS GABION DAM

M AT E R I A L I T Y STEEL GABION BASKETS Stainless steel gabion baskets provide a modular solution to the dam construction. The semi permeable nature of the material will allow for different flow rates.

CORTEN STEEL Pre-weathered Corten steel prevents leeching into the watercourse. The red steel acknowledges the industrial heritage of the site and complements the naturalistic planting scheme.

BRICKWORKS RUBBLE Re-using existing site rubble is an effective and sustainable solution to fill the steel gabions. The bricks are a subtle hint to the past and enhance the industrial aesthetic.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS GABION DAM

M O D E L D E S I G N D E V E L O P M E N T: C A L C U L AT I N G G A B I O N D I M E N S I O N S

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS GABION DAM

M O D E L D E S I G N D E V E L O P M E N T: B U I L D I N G T H E D A M

SCALING DOWN THE DAM Building a 1:20 replica of the dam required accuracy to ensure the gabions were uniform size. A 2000 x 500 x 500mm gabion shrank to 100 x 250 x 250mm. The mesh chosen had a hole diameter of 5mm.

G ABION CRE ATION 16 gabions were built but only the best 11 were chosen for the model. The gabions form the dam wall are yet to be infilled in these images,

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS GABION DAM

M O D E L D E S I G N D E V E L O P M E N T: B U I L D I N G T H E D A M

BOARDWALK BRIDGE The steel boardwalk bridge was built to scale and the support posts were inserted into the corresponding gabions. The boardwalk was then attached to the posts. Finally the corten steel edges were added.

PEBBLE INFILL Peanut pebbles were used in place of the Brickworks rubble which will actually be used at the site. The pebbles are a good match both in terms of size and colouration.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS GABION DAM

M O D E L D E S I G N D E V E L O P M E N T: T H E D A M F I N I S H E D

GABION DAM 11 pebble filled gabions constitute the dam wall. 3 gabions are horizontally offset to create water outflows. The corten framed steel walkway forms the bridge and is supported by 14 foundation posts.

STRUCTURAL RIGIDITY The filled gabions provide the dam with a suprising amount of structural integrity for such a small structure. The infill sorted itself as the smaller pieces of pebble fell through the gaps in the dam to leave the biggest in place.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

07 | TECHNICAL PACK |

D E TA I L I N G D E S I G N P R O P O S A L S

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

B-B

61m

DRY MEADOW PLANTING

FLOOP EAST

58m

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

58m

WET MEADOW PLANTING

56m

58m

60m

BOARDWALKS

ALK

FALLOWFIELD LO

RDW BOA

BENCH

MARGINAL PLANTING

60m BENCHES

BOARDWALK

59m

61m

CONTOUR LINE

FLOW DIRECTION

59m

SPOT HEIGHTS

60.2m

60m

60m 60m

PEOPLE

BENCH BOARDWALK

57m

POND 60m

60.2m

L DWA

BOAR

56m

BENCHES

A-A

OM BOTT

A-A

60m

SEATING AREA

60.2m

ST. AN SC DRE HO WS OL

GABION DAM CRAN A ROA GE D

BENCH 56m

55.5m

OOP FIELD L FALLOW

56m

59m 59m

57m 58m

60m 60m

PRIVATE LAND

VERTICAL NESTING SITE

58m

57m

B-B

BRICKWORKS

60m

59m

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

60m

WALK BOARD

FALLOWFIELD BROOK

59m

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

60m

Scale:

1:100 @ A2 FLOOP WEST

Dry Meadow Planting

Armchair Benches

High Benches

Floop

Two Person Bench

Floop

DRY MEADOW PLANTING

BRICKWORKS GA SECTION A

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

WET MEADOW PLANTING

MARGINALS

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

St Andrews School entrance

Dry Meadow Planting

Stairs

Fallowfield Brook

Gabion Dam

Wet Meadow Planting

Two Person Bench

Boardwalk

Woodland Management

Scale:

1:100 @ A2 0m

Two Person Bench

Boardwalk

Gabion Dam

Two Person Bench

Boardwalk

Cranage Ave Entrance

Vertical Nest Site

Two Person Bench

Woodland Management

Wet Woodland Planting

BRICKWORKS GA SECTION B Scale:

1:100 @ A2

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

Crataegus monogyna

B-B

Crataegus monogyna

58m Salix fragilis

Viburnum opulus x2

Corylus avellana

Salix fragilis

Crataegus monogyna

Matteuccia struthiopteris

Betula pendula

Populus nigra

WET MEADOW PLANTING

Salix alba

Salix fragilis

MARGINAL PLANTING

Betula pendula

EXISTING TREES

Corylus avellana

Quercus robur

Alnus glutinosa 59m

Betula pendula

Alnus glutinosa

61m Betula pendula

Pinus sylvestris

Salix alba Salix fragilis

Quercus robur

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

Quercus robur

Betula pendula

Corylus avellana

DRY MEADOW PLANTING

Betula pendula

Sorbus aucuparia

Betula pendula

Sorbus aucuparia

NEW TREES

Betula pendula

Betula pendula Betula pendula

Betula pendula Sorbus aucuparia

Alnus glutinosa

Betula pendula Matteuccia struthiopteris

SHRUBS 60m

Matteuccia struthiopteris Salix fragilis

Betula pendula

Pinus sylvestris

Betula pendula Quercus petraea

Pinus sylvestris

Betula pendula

Salix alba Betula pendula

Betula pendula

Fraxinus excelsior x2

Viburnum opulus

A-A

Betula pendula

A-A

Betula pendula

Matteuccia struthiopteris Betula pendula x2

Fraxinus excelsior

Crataegus monogyna

Matteuccia struthiopteris

Matteuccia struthiopteris Alnus glutinosa Viburnum opulus x2

57m 58m 59m Alnus glutinosa

60m

58m

57m

Alnus glutinosa

B-B

BRICKWORKS

Tree Schedule Species 59m

60m

Number

Width

Height

Girth/Length

no x transplanted

Form

PLANTING PLAN

Alnus Gultinosa, specimen tree

150-200

500-700

35-40

Natural form, unclipped (WRB)

Betula Pendula

150-200

300-350

30-35

Natural form, unclipped (WRB)

Scale:

Crataegus monogyna

150-200

300-350

30-35

Natural form, unclipped (WRB)

1:100 @ A2

Pinus sylvestris, specimen tree

300-400

500-700

50-60

Natural form, unclipped (WRB)

Quercus petraea, specimen tree

200-300

500-700

50-60

Natural form, unclipped (WRB)

Salix alba

200-300

500-700

50-60

Natural form, unclipped (WRB)

Sorbus aucuparia

150-200

300-350

30-35

Natural form, unclipped (WRB)

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

DRY MEADOW PLANTING

WET MEADOW PLANTING

MARGINALS

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

VEGETATION SECTION A Scale:

A A

1:100 @ A2

0m 5m

New Pinus sylvestris

Existing Fraxinus excelsior

Existing Betula pendula

New Sorbus aucuparia

New Quercus petraea

New Sorbus aucuparia

Existing Salix alba

New Alnus glutinosa

New Matteucia struthiopteris x7

Existing Populus nigra

Existing Betula pendula

New Matteucia struthiopteris x7

Existing Betula pendula

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

VEGETATION SECTION B Scale:

1:100 @ A2

0m 5m

New Crataegus monogyna

Existing Corylus avellana

New Betula pendula

New Betula pendula Existing Populus nigra

Existing Corylus avellana

New Betula pendula

Existing Betula pendula

New Betula pendula

Existing Betula pendula

New Matteucia struthiopteris x7

Existing Betula pendula

New Matteucia struthiopteris x7

Existing Betula pendula

New Viburnum opulus x2

New Matteucia struthiopteris x7

Existing Anlus Glutinosa

BRICKWORKS

TECHNICAL PACK PL ANTING MATRICES

W E T M E A D O W P L A N T I N G M AT R I X KEY

P L A N T I N G S C Perennial HEDU LE and Shrubs Schedule

300mm

17 Filipendula ulmaria

11 Sanguisorba officinalis

3000mm

5 Leucanthemum vulgare

Seed Mix 9m2

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

Area

Area m2

Rate/ m2

Quantity

Pot Size

Dry Meadow Planting

686

Dry Meadow Seed Mix

Height

Note

686

4g/m2

2744g

See appendix for species mix

Cantaurea nigra

686

11/9m2

838

Full and healthy root system

Cynosurus cristatus

686

20/9m2

1524

Full and healthy root system

Leucanthemum vulgare

686

7/9m2

534

Full and healthy root system

Prunella vulgaris

686

9/9m2

686

Full and healthy root system

Wet Meadow Planting

135

Wet Meadow Seed Mix

135

4g/m2

540g

See appendix for species mix

Filipendula ulmaria

135

17/9m2

255

Full and healthy root system

Leucanthemum vulgare

135

5/9m2

Full and healthy root system

Sanguisorba oﬀicinalis

135

11/9m2

165

Full and healthy root system

Woodland Management

680

Matteuccia struthiopteris

680

Full and healthy root system

Viburnum opulus

680

70l

150-175

Full and healthy root system, min. 5 breaks

BRICKWORKS

TECHNICAL PACK PL ANTING MATRICES

M E A D O W P L A N T I N G M AT R I X KEY

P L A N T I N G S CPerennial HEDU LE and Shrubs Schedule

300mm

11 Cantaurea nigra

7 Leucanthemum vulgare

3000mm

Cynosurus cristatus

9 Prunella vulgaris

Seed Mix 9m2

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

Area

Area m2

Rate/ m2

Quantity

Pot Size

Dry Meadow Planting

686

Dry Meadow Seed Mix

Height

Note

686

4g/m2

2744g

See appendix for species mix

Cantaurea nigra

686

11/9m2

838

Full and healthy root system

Cynosurus cristatus

686

20/9m2

1524

Full and healthy root system

Leucanthemum vulgare

686

7/9m2

534

Full and healthy root system

Prunella vulgaris

686

9/9m2

686

Full and healthy root system

Wet Meadow Planting

135

Wet Meadow Seed Mix

135

4g/m2

540g

See appendix for species mix

Filipendula ulmaria

135

17/9m2

255

Full and healthy root system

Leucanthemum vulgare

135

5/9m2

Full and healthy root system

Sanguisorba oﬀicinalis

135

11/9m2

165

Full and healthy root system

Woodland Management

680

Matteuccia struthiopteris

680

Full and healthy root system

Viburnum opulus

680

70l

150-175

Full and healthy root system, min. 5 breaks

BRICKWORKS

TECHNICAL PACK SE ATING

C R E AT I N G M O D U L A R S E AT I N G

Standard two person bench with bike parking.

Bench divided in two, creates one person armchair

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

Armchair flipped vertically, creates high-perch.

BRICKWORKS

TECHNICAL PACK SE ATING

S E AT I N G F O R D I F F E R E N T US E R S

40mm gap between timber is enough to use as a bicycle stand.

Two person bench for sitting, observing, reading and conversing.

Armchair style bench for solo study, contemplation and self reflection.

Taller bench ideal for perching in areas where people are remaining for short time periods.

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

TECHNICAL PACK SE ATING

1:10 PLAN @ A3

419 mm

660 mm

100 mm

Bat friendly, low energy, red LED lighting built into bench armrests to provide ambient evening lighting.

1162 mm

100 mm

380 mm

40 mm

1800 mm

BRICKWORKS BENCH SECTION

2x Corten steel frames, pre-weathered to prevent leaching, support 9x 1800 x 100 x 100mm timber beams to create bench structure. Frame is bolted to steel grating.

Sustainably sourced, pressured treated English Oak. 5mm Bevelled edge.

40mm gap between timber for bike wheel

Scale:

1:10@A3

500mm

BRICKWORKS

TECHNICAL PACK SE ATING

1:10 PLAN @ A3

460 mm

660 mm

100 mm

645 mm

660mm high bench for perching. Modular design using same components as two person bench.

BRICKWORKS

567 mm

100 mm

40 mm

2x Corten steel frame with 9x 645 x 100 x 100 pressure treated English Oak beams.

PERCH BENCH SECTION Scale:

1:10@A3

Corten steel base fixed to steel floor grating. 0m

500mm

BRICKWORKS

TECHNICAL PACK SE ATING

1:10 PLAN @ A3

460 mm

421mm armchair bench for perching. Modular design using same components as two person bench.

421 mm

647 mm

BRICKWORKS

567 mm

100 mm

40 mm

2x Corten steel frame with 9x 645 x 100 x 100 pressure treated English Oak beams.

ARMCHAIR BENCH SECTION Scale:

1:10@A3

Corten steel base fixed to steel floor grating. 0m

500mm

BRICKWORKS

TECHNICAL PACK G ABION DAM DETAIL

1:50 PLAN @ A3

1880 mm

100 x 100mm box profile corten steel edge

1800 x 1000 x 40mm steel grating panels for bridge floor. Fixed to conrete foundation posts.

600 mm

500 mm 100 mm

8000 mm 9000 mm

720 x 100 x 100 concrete foundation posts for bridge supports. Holes to be cut in gabions to accommodate.

1000 mm

300 mm 300 mm

500 mm

2000 x 500 x 500mm steel gabion baskets filled with brickworks site rubble and lined with lime/sand mix for waterproofing.

Concrete posts embedded in cement foundations.

600mm max height drop from steel edge to gabion base 2000 mm BRICKWORKS

3 gabions set 100mm deep to create water outflows for dam.

GABION DAM SECTION

Scale: 1:50@A3

2500mm

BRICKWORKS

TECHNICAL PACK G ABION DAM DETAIL

500 mm

1:10 PLAN @ A3

500 mm

2000 mm

BRICKWORKS GABION SECTION

2000 x 50 x 50mm Gabion basket with 76.2 x 76.2 x 3mm galfan coated welded mesh.

Gabions filled with Brickworks site rubble. Gabion interior sides and base injected with a sand/lime mix for waterproofing.

Scale: 1:10@A3

500mm

BRICKWORKS

TECHNICAL PACK FINAL MODEL

1:20 MODEL @ A3

BRICKWORKS

TECHNICAL PACK FINAL MODEL

1:20 MODEL @ A3

BRICKWORKS

TECHNICAL PACK FINAL MODEL

1:20 MODEL @ A3

08 | VISUALISATIONS |

BRICKWORKS

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

| BRICKWORKS |

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

| BRICKWORKS |

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

| BRICKWORKS |

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

| BRICKWORKS |

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

| BRICKWORKS |

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

APPENDIX |

F U R T H E R R E L E VA N T I N F O R M AT I O N

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

BRICKWORKS

APPENDIX

SEED MIX SPECIFIC ATION

MEADOW

Dry Meadow Seed Mix Clay Soil Seed Mix

W E T M E A D OWet W Meadow Seed Mix Species

% 40

Wild Flowers

Yarrow

1.2

Achillea millefolium

Common Knapweed

Meadowsweet

Lady's Bedstraw

0.4

Geranium pratense

Meadow Crane's-bill

Leontodon hispidus

Rough Hawkbit

0.4

Oxeye Daisy - (Moon Daisy)

Birdsfoot Trefoil

0.6

Primula veris

Cowslip

0.6

Prunella vulgaris

Selfheal

8.8

Ranunculus acris

Meadow Buttercup

Rhinanthus minor

Yellow Rattle

Common Sorrel

Wild Flowers Achillea millefolium Centaurea nigra Filipendula ulmaria Galium verum

Leucanthemum vulgare Lotus corniculatus

Rumex acetosa Sanguisorba oﬀicinalis Silaum silaus Succisa pratensis Vicia cracca

0.4

Common Knapweed

Meadowsweet

Lady's Bedstraw

Water Avens

Yellow Iris

0.4

Oxeye Daisy - (Moon Daisy)

Lotus corniculatus

Birdsfoot Trefoil

Lotus pedunculatus

Greater Birdsfoot Trefoil

0.08

Plantago lanceolata

Ribwort Plantain

Primula veris

Cowslip

0.8

Prunella vulgaris

Selfheal

Pulicaria dysenterica

Common Fleabane

Ranunculus acris

Meadow Buttercup

0.92

Great Burnet

Rhinanthus minor

Yellow Rattle

Pepper Saxifrage

0.8

Rumex acetosa

Common Sorrel

Devil's-bit Scabious

0.2

Sanguisorba oﬀicinalis

Great Burnet

Tufted Vetch

Pepper Saxifrage

Dandelion

Common Meadow-rue

0.4

Tufted Vetch

Grasses

Centaurea nigra Filipendula ulmaria Galium verum Geum rivale Iris pseudacorus Leucanthemum vulgare

Silaum silaus

7.5

Meadow Foxtail (w)

0.75

Sweet Vernal-grass (w)

2.25

Quaking Grass (w)

0.75

Crested Dogstail

19.5

Slender-creeping Redfescue

Hordeum secalinum

Meadow Barley (w)

0.75

Phleum bertolonii

Smaller Cat's-tail (w)

Smooth-stalked Meadowgrass

7.5

Anthoxanthum odoratum Briza media Cynosurus cristatus Festuca rubra

Poa pratensis

Thalictrum flavum

60 Common Bent

Alopecurus pratensis

40 Yarrow

Taraxacum oﬀicinale

Agrostis capillaris

Vicia cracca

Grasses Agrostis capillaris Alopecurus pratensis Anthoxanthum odoratum Briza media Cynosurus cristatus Deschampsia cespitosa Festuca rubra Hordeum secalinum

JAMES STEPHENSON | CHARLIE GRIFFIN

60 Common Bent

7.5

Meadow Foxtail (w)

2.25

Sweet Vernal-grass (w)

2.25

Quaking Grass (w)

2.25

Crested Dogstail

Tufted Hair-grass (w)

1.5

Slender-creeping Red-fescue

Meadow Barley (w)

2.25