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tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//

17 17


0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd

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18 18

tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//


A[kviG _f yif

opöm½SifawG&JUopömudkaumfa&mf&if; rdrdudk,frdrd ESifwHeJY wkdYyg&JU txufqDrSm rdk;tHkYwmodvQuf 'D awmifusacsmif;udk jzwfygawmhr,f jzwful;olrsm;pGmvdkyJjzwfyghr,f arwåmBuD;olwdkY arwåmudk½dkusdK;NyD; rdrdudk,frdrd prf;wGif;wl;yg&JU atmifbufqD 'Da&uswmodvsuf avSudkvnf;xifwdkif; rvTwfyg wufudkifolrsm;pGmvdkyJ wufudkifvTwfyghr,f r'rfvS&JUaemufqHk;ajc&mrSm twGif;tm;½Sdovdk r'rf...&JU vufxJrSm oajycuf ½Sdw,f r'rf...&JU rsufvHk;rSm arQmfvifhcsuf&J&ifhvdkY r'rf...&JU acR;pufrSmavmu"HjymrIef½Sdw,f r'rf...&JU OD;xufrSmawmh em;vnfrIawG auomzGJUw,f r'rf...? r'rf... pwJh r'rfrsm;&JU ajzmifhwef;wJh e&D? nDnmwJh pD;qif;rIrSm opömapmif;oHawG xpfxpfcsKef;csKef; Mobmay;&JU awmfvJoHaxmyemjyK&JU 'DvdkeJY ... tppftrSef vGwfajrmufMuukef&JU/

armifarmif*sif tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//

19 19


0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd

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20 20

tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//


A[kviG _f yif

(4) oluawmh olYudk,fol twdkif;twm wpfcktxd tEdkif&xm;yHkyJ tjyifyef;Munf½h ekH aYJ wmh uReaf wmfpw d yf suw f ,f rsufvHk;awG&JU t"dyÜg,fudkzrf;rdvdkYomaygh ],kow D m} u rdwq f ufay;w,f oleY mrnf ]a0a0xGe;f } wJh ]vGwv f yfr}I udk b0eJY &if;Ny;D ,HMk unfw,fwhJ ]a0h udpk w d cf syg} vdYk olqw kd t hJ oHu tufuu JG JG qnf;vnf;vdk rcsKd w h csKd ... 'gayr,fh txpftaighr½Sd wnfMunfyg&JU ,koDwmudkuRefawmfNyHK;tMunfhrSm tmrcHtNyHK;eJY ,kow D mu wHk jh yefv.Ykd .. 'gqdpk w d cf sNyD ]a0a0xGef;udk owdawmhay;yg&ap...emZDawGqdkwm ta&cGHrz,fbJ rpm;wwfbl;... iSufaysmoD;wpfvHk;&JU ido k u H kd aw;zGUJ uwwfw,f... olwdkY&JUr*Fvmpum;rSm aoG;pdrf;awGomzGJUpnf;xm;w,f uJ... cifAsm;b,fvv kd }J vdYk uReaf wmfar;w,f olu cyfNird Nf ird Nf yKH ;vdYk ]uRerf todq;kH yg} wJ/h (5) ]a0xG e f ; a&... a0xG e f ; .. ta':h E G m ;awG y god r f ; cJ h a emf . . 'DrSm..rif;tr? rtm;½SmvdkY} ][kwu f .hJ .[kwu f }hJ a0xGe;f &JUtbd"gefrmS tjiif;awGr½Sw d wfb;l / ud, k x hf rif;ud, k pf m; Bu;D awmf EGm;rausmif;bl;qdw k t hJ xJ a0xGe;f rygbl;/ toufu 18ESpaf usmyf g/ odraf rTUwJah ,mufsm;acsm/ rdbrJv h aYkd wmh ajym&r,f/ tzGm;av;eJYae&w,f/ pm&if;iSm;vkyfw,f/ ½Gm&JU a0,m0pö tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//

21 21


0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd

vkyw f ,f/ ukov kd &f wm tuke, f w l ,f/ jrpfacsmif;awGaygwJh pyg;usaD 'ou ½Gmwpf½GmrSm... ½Gmudck spw f hJ a0xGe;f udk ½Gmucspw f ,f/ ½Gmudik w hJ hJ a0xGe;f udk ½GmuiJw h ,f/ trdtbrJah yr,fh ½Gm&JUom;&if;wpfa,mufjzpfcw hJ ,f/ q&mawmftrdet Yf & rESpfuyJ ½SifjyKNyD;NyD/ toufBuD;rSaygh/ ]ndKcif} &JU oabmwlcsuft& rESpfuyJ½SifjyKNyD;NyD/toufBuD;rSaygh/ ]ndKcif&JU oabmwlcsuft& touf 20 rSmtdrfaxmifjyKMur,f/ i,faygif;BuD;cspf ndKcifav;aygh/ o½kyf rSefatmif rBudK;pm;awmhbl;/ (6) w0kef;0kef;vIyfcgaewJh &xm;&JU 'a&maomyg; ajy;vTm;[efaygh/ csdKifhcGufawGa½Smifarmif;aeovm;rSwfw,f/ ½kyfzsufzdkY twGufpOf;pm;&if; aeumrsurf eS w f yfMuw,f/ uReaf wmfvnf;ygwmaygh/ 1988 Zlvdkifvukefydkif;vdkYxifw,f/ awmifBuD;uae ompnfudk qif;/ ompnfuae &xm;wufp;D w,f/ vufrw S rf 0,fbJ txufwef;wGrJ mS ae&m&w,f/ txmodolawGtzdkYvG,fw,fav/ ompnfrSm tenf;qHk; txufwef; xdik cf kH 10cHk vGwo f mG ;w,f/ wGaJ pmifu h o kd m 150 ay;vdu k /f olMunfv h yk v f rd rhf ,f/ uReaf wmfoyd yf if;yef;aeNy/D uReaf wmfw h ifyg; atmufrmS aoG;pkemwpfv;kH (tawmfa,mifaeNy)D udck x k idk x f m;&wJh c&D;a0;orm;av;yg/ pdw"f gwf wuf<uvGe;f vdo Yk maygh/ ]uReaf wmfu h kd jywif;aygufem;u cHak y;ygAsm} vdYk ajymawmh h h h ]pdwcf snaD v;? a[m[dek m;ucHek yH gwf 10rSmom xdik v f u kd af yawmh} vdYk wGaJ pmifBh u;D uqdw k ,f/ ompnfuakd &mufatmif um;ay:rSm xdik v f u kd f wG,v f u kd pf ;D cJ&h mu qdzk mcHBk u;D ay:rSm wud, k v f ;kH avQmch s xdik cf sypfvu kd w f m ]&efuek af &muf&ifighaoG;pkemudak zmufNy}D vdYk tawG;eJY tawmfav; oufom vmw,f/ tjref&xm;u w0kef;0kef;vIyfcgvdkY ESpfrsm;pGm½kef;uefxGufajy; 22 22

tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//


A[kviG _f yif

ae&aygh/ jyKwx f u G Nf yKd uo JG mG ;rvm; tawG;awG ra,mifrvnf a&mufvm ao;w,f/ aeumrsurf eS t f pGr;f vm;? rd;k &dyjf rifaewmaMumifv h m; w&dy&f yd f &xm;ab;u ½I ch if;awG wa½GUa½TUat;aq;vGe;f vSw,f/ tif;..b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf 8 av;vHk;jzpfrSmyg/ (7) ][dw.f ..[dw.f ..udak usm}f ] a[h...udak usm}f uRefawmfarS;puf&mu owdt0if emrnfac:oHMum;&w,f/ ud, k t hf aMumif;eJu Y , kd rf Ydk acgif;aMumBu;D wif;ueJwif;vdYk ac:oH aemufukd tMunfv h u kd rf ad wmh rsurf eS u f akd zmufNy;D a0h0g;0g; .. ? ] bk&m;..bk&m;...Ekopf} uRefawmfhudku ywf0ef;usifudktuJrcwfcJhwm/ ]udak usm.f . b,fvjkd zpfvmwmvJ/ wlveG ;f vdYk aocsmMunfah ewm.. yifyef;aevm;} Ekopf&JUpum;u avoHudkacRwmxm;&JU/ uRefawmfwpfckckcufcJ vmyHk oload ewmaygh/ olUab;rSm olt Y rBu;D uReaf wmfu h Nkd yKH ;NyKH ;Munfw h ,f/ rvH k r vJ e J Y ajratmuf a usmif ; om;rk d Y uRef a wmf taMumuf w &m;ud k tjzpfreS w f pfcek YJ umuG,&f awmhw,f/ ][kw.f ..[kww f ,f.. aoG;pkemaygufaevd}Yk nDrESpfa,muf tm;&atmifNyHK;w,f/ &,fcsifpdwfawG olwdkY &ifacgif; xJywfajy;aeyHkyJ/ wu,fawmh uReaf wmfu h pd u ö kd Ekopfow d ,f/ uReaf wmfeYJ (9)wef; 10 wef;rSm usL½Siftwl/ t.x.u 2 urm½Gwfu uRefawmfhausmif;? Ekopfu T. T. C / wuúov kd af &mufawmh uReaf wmfu ½lyaA'? Ekopfu ocFsm/ tckqkd ESpaf ,mufv;kH wwd,ESp/f yifrwuúov kd rf mS wufMuw,f/ txufu uReaf wmfwYkd taMumif;awG Ekopfu olt Y rBu;D udak jymjyaewm/ aemufq;kH pum;vH;k awGu ryDoawmh/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//

23 23


0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd

]olu.....aewm} qdv k m;yJ/ trBuD;u ydkvdkYawmifazmfa½GoGm;w,f/ ]rEÅ a v;ujyef v mwm? pm;p&mawG &,f ' D y gw,f / trwd k Y oH;k a,mufpm ydak wmifyOkd ;D r,f} wJ/h ]olutm;remwwfb;l rr} Ekopf&JUpum;aMumifh uRefawmfoGm;NzJ½Hk &,fjyvdkufw,f/ ] aus;Zl;vdkY rajymawmhbl;} (8) tpnf;ta0;vdkYac:Muw,f/ vlawGMurf;jyifay:rSm 0dkif;ywfxdkifvdkY tav;teufrsufESmawG [efcsDxm;Muw,f/ uRefawmfa0hMunfhvdkufawmh uRefawmfhyHkrsdK;awGygyJ/ 'grSr[kwf uReaf wmfuolwyYkd rkH sKd ;/ acwfay:½SyftusÐ? *sif;abmif;bD? aeumrsufrSefawG qif,if xm;vd?Yk qHyifawGww kd ?kd a'gufawGcRecf Re?f Punck acwf&UJ vli,fawG/ olwdkYav;awGu qdk½S,fvpftpdk;&udk rD;p½IdUr,fwJh/ wu,fyJ xyfjznfah jymOD;r,f/ olwaYkd v;awG[m rif;Bu;D wmxGuf rl;,pf,rumpHu k kd tenf;qHk;taysmfoabmru prf;cJhbl;w,f/ qdk½S,fvpfygwD&JU ] EdkifiHa&; ody}HÜ bmom&yfukd atmifrw S &f ½Hu k sucf zhJ ;l w,f/ olwaYkd v;awGukd qd½k , S v f pf tpd;k & tmPmodr;f Ny;D rS arG;zGm;cJw h ,f/ (uReaf wmfu h kd 1969 rSmarG;w,f) &,fp&mawmhaumif;om;&,f jrefrmrIudkjrwfEdk;olwdkY wdu k yf ekH aYJ ,m 0wfMuw,f/ 'gayr,f.h .. qdk½S,fvpfom;aumif; (odkY) om;aumifjzpfrSm tm;vHk;aMumufMuw,f qd½k , S v f pfvil ,f ( vrf;pOfvil ,f )awGom tJh'DacwfwdkufyHk½SifawG jzpfawmhw,f bkajym? *vefw Y u kd f 24 24

tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//


A[kviG _f yif

rl;,pfaygufuGJwJh ausmif;om;qdk;awG rsm;NyD;&if;rsm;vmw,f wuúodkvfajr[m olykefe,fajrjzpfcJhNyD tpnf;ta0;awGqufMuNyD/ ajymp&modyfr½SdyJ owådawGom pum;ajymMuNyD/ ]uJ...wdaYk wG cs vdu k Mf upd}Yk ]8 &uf? 8 v? 88 ckEpS ?f reuf 8 em&D} tJ't D csed af wGukd b,fou l pwifowfrSwfvJrod/ 'gayr,fh... udk,fhwm0ef? udk,fhae&mudkawmh ud, k b fh momowfrw S cf w hJ ,f/ awmfveS w f hJ tbd"gefawG uReaf wmfzwfz;l w,f/ bmomw&m;tbd"r®mawG uReaf wmfrw S zf ;l w,f/ bmtwGu&f ,fvaYkd wmh uReaf wmfr&nf½, G yf gbl;/ odxm;&ifaumif;r,f/ olrsm;xufyo kd &d if ydNk y;D *kPf ,lr,f/ jiif;cHkyGJrSmtEdkif,lr,f/ pum;BuD;pum;us,f vlpGmvkyfr,f/ wu,fyJ usaemft h awG;0ef;usiaf v; usO;f cJyh gw,f/ (9) Ä 8?8?88 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkjzpfygw,f/ wEdkifiHvHk;rBuHKzl;atmif vlxkaygif;pHkyg0ifygw,f/ Ä qdk½S,fvpfygwDu ypfowfEdSrfESif;ygw,f/ or®w oHk;qufajymif;NyD; vSnphf m;Munfyh gw,f/ r&ygbl;/ Ä r&wJt h qH;k olw Y yfukd ]Edik if aH wmf Nird 0f yfyjd ym;rI wnfaqmifa&;tzG}YJ vdYk emrnfay;Ny;D tmPmodr;f cdik ;f ygw,f/ qE´jyKoal wGukd axmifcso D wfjzwfNy;D 18?9?88rSm tmPm,lchJygw,f/ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//

25 25


0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd

A[dkcsufeHygwf ( 1 'or 5 ) (1) ]uReaf wmfajymaewmu obm0ed,mrawGyg/ obm0rusb;l vdYk tajymcH&wJt h &mawG[m obm0jzpfaeMuw,f/ wu,fawmh uReaf wmfwYkd rrSDcJhwJh vlYordkif;rsm;pGmrSmvnf; 'gawG½SdcJhrSmyg/ uRefawmfhÓPfavmufeJY obm0qdkwmudk rowfrSwfcsifygbl;/ tawGYtBuHK wpfckwdkif;udk oHrId wpfcsuo f abmxm;&if; uReaf wmfh ,HMk unfcsuu f ckd ikd rf mapcJw h ,f/ uReaf wmf axmifuvGwfvmwJhtcktcsdefrSm Ekopfvdk rdwfaqGaumif;udk uRefawmf awGYae&ao;wm tm;½Sdw,f/ vlawG[maMumufaewmuvGJvdkY olwdkY &ifxJrSmbm½SdvJ uRefawmfodygw,f/ a':pk&JU Freedom From Fear pmpkxJuvdkygyJ/ t*wdw&m; 4yg;rSm b,mwd[m tqdk;qHk;ygyJwJh/ aMumufwt hJ wGuf rrSew f mudv k yk rf w d mvdYk qdw k ,faygh/ a':pkpum;udyk J ,lo;kH yg&ap/ uReaf wmfwYkd jynfoal wGukd taMumuf w&m;eJY tkyfcsKyfolawGudk,fwdkifyJ aMumufaewmyg/ bmrSaMumufp&m rvdb k ;l vdYk ajymaewJh uReaf wmfwv Ykd kd vlrsKd ;awGukd ryg;eyfb;l / aoG;qlwhJ aumifav;.. t½l;av;aygh/ 'grSr[kwv f nf; awmfygawmhumG / wdaYk wG[m zufb0awGyg/ ql;eJb Y ,fvkd awGaY wGY ayguf&wmyJ/ rif;yJc&H rSm igwdo Yk em; vdyYk g/} vdw Yk &m;cswmawG½adS o;w,f/ t&ifwek ;f uuReaf wmfwYkd aoG;qlcyhJ gw,f/ tckaoG;at;wwfvmNy/D tckjzpfaewJyh wf0ef;usiu f u kd Reaf wmf awmfawmfem;vnfw,f/ uReaf wmfwYkd xJu em;rvnfwo hJ al wGvnf; ½Sw d maygh/ vGecf w hJ hJ 5 ESpf 6 ESpf 1988 wkef;uwuf<uygw,fqdkwJh vlawG[m tckpD;yGm;a&;aemuf ukef;½kef; avmbwufae&aumif;vm;.. 'Drdkua&pD qdkwmarYae&aumif;vm;.. bmvm;? nmvm;aygh/ tJ'h v D adk ygufuaJG wmh rdom;pkutp olwo Ykd m;orD; axmifxGufBuD;awmh aMumifoGm;NyDvdkY,lqMuw,f/ udk,fu olwdkYudk em;rvnf? olwdkYu udk,fhudkoabmraygufeJY qufqHa&;awGawmif ysupf ;D ukeMf uwmaygh/aemufq;kH rdbawGupd;k &dru f v J mNy;D wdo Yk m;orD;awG 26 26

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27 27


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29 29


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- ukvor*¾eYJ taemufEikd if aH wGuawmh qH;k jzwfcsuaf wGrsm;pGmeJY ½Iwcf sraI wG vkyfcJhayr,fh vufawGYrSmodyfrxda&mufvSao;ygbl; (EdkifiHtm;vHk;vdkvdk vwfwavmawmif;qdck suu f awmh a':atmifqef;pkMunf udv k w G af y;a&; jzpfygw,f) - pD ; yG m ;a&;yd k i f ; rS m vnf ; aiG ½ S d o l a wG t zd k Y v k y f p &mawG r sm;cJ h y gw,f / aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;awGtxGwftxdyfjzpfwJhumvyg/ - e,fpyfa'oukeo f , G af &;[mvnf; rqd;k vSygbl;/ - vrf;wHwm;awGudkvnf; EdkifiHtESHUtjym;azmufvkyfaewm½Sdygw,f/ - wyfrawmfOD;ydkifvDrDwwf&JU pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;uvnf; rao;vSygbl;/ (AdkvfcsKyfawGvnf;csrf;omaeygNyD) -bPf v k y f i ef ; awG v nf ; xG e f ; um;vmygNyD / yk * ¾ v d u bPf o l a X;awG [m,cif r l ; ,pf a q;0g;a&mif ; 0,f w J h wd k i f ; &if ; om;vuf e uf u d k i f tzGJUacgif;aqmifawGyg/ - *Dw? ½kyf½Sif tEkynmvkyfief;awG a½TacwfvdkYajym&avmufatmif tvkyfjzpfygw,f/ pmayavmurSvGJNyD; usefwJhtEkynmavm uudk e0w&JU0g'jzefYcsDa&;rSm aumif;aumif;toHk;jyKaeygw,f/ - wyfrawmfyikd f ]jr0wDtoHviT Xhf me} udzk iG chf yhJ gw,f/ -bmoma&;ydik ;f udak wmh awmfawmfvyk w f mawG&Y ygw,f/ r[moHCem,u tzGJUudk xdef;csKyfxm;NyD; [efjyomoemjyKvkyfief;awG vkyfygw,f/ bk&m;awGjyif? xD;awGa½Tcsvkyfygw,f/ ( ordkif;ynm½SifawGuefYuGuf wJhMum;u a½S;a[mif; bk&m;awGudkjyKjyifcJhwmyg) -e0w&JUatmifjrifrh t I ½Sq d ;kH uawmh jrefrmjynfoal wGukd Edik if aH &;pum;vH;k 0 r[&Jatmif taMumufw&m;eJt Y yk cf sKyx f m;Edik jf cif; ygyJ/(uReaf wmfwv Ykd rl sKd ; awG[m tJ'u D mvu a':atmifqef;pkMunf&UJ emrnfuakd wmif rajym&J Muygbl;) (6) (1994 - 1995 umvppftpd;k & t½H;I rsm; ) a':atmifqef;pkMunfukd 1989? ZlviId v f 20 &ufpNy;D tus,cf sKyf 3 ESpcf sxm;&mrS 5 ESpu f w kd ;kd vdu k w f t hJ wGuf Edik if w H umzdtm;ay;rI(jypfwif 46 46

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&if;ES;D `ryI Ef o HS al wG[m ,HMk unfro I yd rf ½SMd uyJ tjzpfoabmom vkyu f ikd af eMu ygw,f/ - ukeaf csmEIe;f awGrem;wrf;wufaeygw,f/ - t"dutm;jzifh jynfov l x l u k kd wif;wif;usyu f syf apmifMh unf&h wJt h vkyef YJ olwv Ykd NkH cKH a&;udpaö wGrmS aiGawGatmoH;k ae&ygw,f/ ppfwyfuckd sUJ xGiaf ewJh twGuf ppfvufeufz;kd aiGawG tvGet f uRo H ;kH ae&ygw,f/ - ynma&;? usef;rma&;cRwfNcHKusygw,f/ HIV a&m*g[mjrefrmEdkifiH udkNcdrf;ajcmufaeygNyD/ - rl;&pfaq;a&mif;0,fwhJ wdik ;f &if;om;acgif;aqmifawGeYJ yl;aygif;vdYk e0w [m urÇmhemrnfysufpm&if;xJyg0ifaeygNyD/ (7) ]wu,fyJ Ekopfuakd us;Zl;wif&ygw,f/ tckumvrSm uReaf wmf wdv Yk kd pm&if;aygufNy;D om; twdu k t f cHawGpak 0;pka0; vkyw f meJY axmufvrS ;f a&;u owif;&NyD;om;yJ/ 'gaMumifhuRefawmfwdkYrvkyfMubl;? vGwfvGwf vyfvyf vIyf½Sm;EdkifwJhyHkpHawG a½G;&wmaygh/ tckuRefawmfwdkYbufu ]owif;jyefMum;a&; xdk;ppf}udkpNyD/ uRefawmfwdkYvdkcsifwJhtcsufawGudk Ekopfu uGefysLwmxJoGif;ay;aygh/} ]vkyaf y;rSmaygh.. Ekopfvnf;tvky&f oGm;wmaygh/ [if;..[if;.. t&ifwkef;u olrsm;awGa,mifvdkY vdkufa,mifNyD; uGefysLwmoifwef; wuf c J h w m/ araruvnf ; txif w BuD ; eJ Y PC wpf v H k ; 0,f a y;w,f / bmrS[kwfwdywfwd vkyfp&mr½SdcJhbl;/ {nfhcef;rSmxm;NyD;<um;w,fav/} Ek o pf u &,f & ,f a rmarmajymw,f / ,k o D w meJ Y v nf ; awmfawmfwlw,f/ ½dk;½dk;ajymw,f? yGifhvif;w,f/ olwdkYESpfa,mufudk pd w f x J u Ed I i f ; ,S O f & if ; NyH K ;rd w ,f / ck a cwf r d e f ; uav;awG qH y if u d k awmfawmfwefzdk; xm;Muw,fvdkYaumufcsufqGJrdw,f/ M.Sc.(Maths) r[modyÜHbGJU&NyD; oifwef;rsdK;pHkavQmufwufxm;wJh Ekopf[m uGefysLwm uRrf ; usif w ,f / t*F v d y f v d k a &vnf w ,f / jyif o pf o H ½ H k ; rS m awmif 48 48

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51 51


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53 53


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55 55


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57 57


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a&muf a &muf c sif ; &uf r S p í ,ck r d v ’ m BuH K ;&onf t xd t½d k u f c H & qJ / tqJtqdu k rjywf/ rdvm’ bkwu f ikd u f ydí k Murf;onf/ axmifwef;pD? bkwu f ikd ?f tcef;vlBuD;rsm;ESifh taumifAavmifrsm;uajymavh½SdonfrSm ]0}av;vHk; aqmif? taeacsmifr,f? 00pm;? a0;a0;ae? 0ifrpGuef YJ ? 0&if;wkwpf mrdr,f} [l\/ 'kwd,tvkyf0ifonfhaeYuawmh xl;jcm;onf/ rdv’mbkwfudkifu a0xGe;f udk vH;k 0tvkyrf cdik ;f ? useb f w k o f m;awGuckd ikd ;f onf/ Ny;D awmhxrif; pm;csed rf mS vnf; olEiS t hf wlpm;aponf/ olu Y akd vQmw h u G í f r&/ qDjyef[if; 3 cGuEf iS phf m;onf/ a0xGe;f vQmawGcsmcsmvnfrwwf aumif;vGe;f vSonf/ iwfjywfaecJhwmvESifhcsDaeNyDudk;/ xrif;auR;NyD;aumfzDrpf ygwdkufonf/ t&omxl;vSonf/ aemufawmh em;em;aeaeyifxikd &f if; ol\ta&;ygrIawG ud k a jymjyonf / ol o nf þ taqmif r S axmif r S L ;?wef ; pD r sm;twG u f aiGñSpfpm;&mae&mjzpfaMumif;? ½kyfaygufí aiGrxGufaom ausmufcJvdk vlrsm;udkyif rdv’mESifharmif;vdkufygu aiGxGuf vm&aMumif;? 'gaMumifh olwdkYtm;vHk;u ta&;ay;xm;&aMumif;? olYudkwdkifawmolrsm;? &efvdkol rsm;[m a'gufajcusif;cwfí ppfacG;wdkufrSm yHkpHBuD;ay;cH&wwfaMumif;? vlqdk;avmurSmvnf; olYudkrodolr½SdaMumif;? olajymwJhtwdkif; aexdkif vkyu f ikd o f al wG[moufoufomomESiahf eNy;D rSvw G o f mG ;&aMumif;?r[kw&f if awmh aooGm;Edik af Mumif;? axmifxrJ mS vlwpfa,mufaovQif aiG 50 om ukeaf Mumif;? pojzifh pDumywfu;kH ESihf ajymjyonf/ a0xGe;f uvnf;pdwyf suf tm;i,f a ecsd e f r S m ,ck v d k a evd k u f & onf h t wG u f om,moG m ;rd o nf / rdv’mbkwfudkif udkvnf;tawmftm;udk;rdoGm;onf/ olajymovdkvnf; [kwyf &kH onf/ a0xGe;f jriforQ olajymonft h wdik ;f rSeaf eonf/ axmifrLS ;u tp ta&;ay;onf/ NyD;awmholutcef;wpfcef;udkac:oGm;NyD; vlwcsdKU udjk yonf/ t0wftpm;awG pkwjf ywfNy;D wpfu, kd v f ;kH 0JawG jyifxaeonf/ vl½kyfyifray:/ ]tJ'g..t&ifighbkwfom;awGyJuG.. ighpum; em;raxmifvdkY jzpfomG ;wm? rif;ui,fi,fav;½Sad o;w,f/ axmifxrJ mS rsKd ;uef;oGmr,f/ oabmaygufvm;} [kNcdrf;ajcmufovdkajymawmh a0xGef;aMumufovdk tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//

59 59


0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd

jzpfrdonf/ ]rif;vdr®m&ifigh&JU bufpf ref;jzpfvdrfhr,f} [kajymjyefonf/ bufpfref;qdkwm teD;uyfvl,Hk[kt"dyÜg,f&onf/ naeydkif;a&csdK;NyD; awmhou l t0wftpm;topf awGay;onf/ ]rif;t0wf tpm;awG vGiyhf pfvu kd }f vdaYk jymawmh a0xGe;f u ]axmifuay;xm;wJyh pkH aH wG} vdjYk yefajzw,f/ olu ]igvGiyhf pf cdik ;f w,fumG ? rif;tJ'h yD pkH H tusrÐ sKd ;b,favmufvckd siv f }J vdaYk [muf[rf;ygawmhonf/ a0xGe;f vnf; olajymovdk t0wfpm;topfawG 0wfNyD; ta[mif;awGvGifh ypfvdkufonf/ tawmfawmh vef;qef;ayghyg; oG m ;onf / naepmuvnf ; aumif ; rS a umif ; / nbuf t d y f j yef a wmh t&if n awG v d k rd v’ m acsmif r S m r[k w f a wmh y J wef ; pD ? tcef ; vl B uD ; ? bkwu f ikd rf sm;omtdyaf om tkw½f ;kd wef; acgif;&if;buftjcrf;rSmtdyf &onf/ rdv’mbkwfudkif\ab;rSm,SOfí a0xGef;tdyf&mudkoyfoyf&yf&yf jyifxm;ay;onf/ aus;Zl;wifp&mawGcsnf;om/ oluHaumif; onf[k pd w f x J u a&½G w f r d o nf / nbuf b k & m;½S d c d k ; NyD ; 9em&D t d y f c sd e f r S m td d y f a ysmf o G m ;onf / td y f r uf x J r S m nd K cif E S i f h a wG Y & onf / ½G m uvl a wG ES i f h q H k í aysmf ½ G i f p &mawG c snf ; om/ reuf 5em&D x d k ; td y f & mxcsd e f r S Ed k ; awmh o nf / ½G m uxG u f v mpOf w nf ; u ,ck w pf n omvQif t d r f rufaumif;aumif;ESifh pdwfcsrf;ompGm tdyfcJh&onf/ olaY b;uvlawGMunfv h u kd af wmh tdy&f mrxMuao;/ wpfaqmifv;kH bk&m;½Scd ;kd oH awGEiS q hf n l aH eonf/ tukex f &onf/ taumifAavmifawGom x&efrvd/k rdv’mbkwu f ikd u f tdyaf e&mu a0xGe;f udjk yefqv JG v JS u kd o f nf/ ]rif ; xp&mrvd k b l ; uG . .wd k Y e J Y t wl x vd k Y & w,f } vd k Y a jymonf / aqmif;&moD at;at;ESihf reuf(5)em&D tarSmifonf a0xGe;f b0rSmZdr, f l p&m r[kwcf /hJ odaYk omf rem;wrf;jzwfc&hJ aom tpd;k r&onfh tjzpfrsm;aMumifh a0xG e f ; tusif h y suf p jyKvmonf / ]taeacsmif a &;? taeacsmif a &;} [komawG;rdonf/ rdv’mbkwfudkif\pum;awGudkom tav;xm;rdonf/ apmifxlxlwpfcgrS rNcHKbl;onfhb0? axmif xJaemufrSZdrfusawmhonf/ a0xGef;jyefíauG;aevdkufonf/ 60 60

tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//


A[kviG _f yif

(6) axmifrif;om;av; a0xGe;f jzpfvmNy/D axmifp½du k af wG0ifvmonf/ yg0gawG j ycsif v monf / ol Y u d k , f o l v nf ; owd a wG x m;&if ; u b0rS m rBuHKzl;aom ZdrfcHypönf;awGMum;rSmarsmpjyKaeonf/ aus;Zl;½SifBuD; udb k ,fvkd aus;Zl;qyf&rnfrodawmh/ wpfaeYawmh rdv’mbkwfudkifBuD;ua0xGef;udkwpfckajymonf/ awmif ; qd k o nf / a0xG e f ; tBuD ; tus,f & if x d w f o G m ;onf / 'D v l B uD ; \rsufESmudkpGwfNyD;xdk;ypfvdkufcsifonf/ atmhESvHk;emí½GH½SmzG,fpum;/ ]uav;&,f...rif;jiif;aevdkYawmh tqdk;awGyJawGY&r,f/ rif; ightaMumif;odygw,f/ iguaumif;&ifolrsm;xuftrsm;BuD;aumif;w,f/ qdk;NyDqdk&ifawmh rif;b0udkawG;ayghuGm} vkaYd jymaejyefonf/ a0xGe;f u ½Suf½GHjcif; ESifh a'gowdkYa&maESmaeNyD; bmrS jyefrajymEdik cf /hJ aemufq;kH rSmawmh taMumufw&m;u a0xGe;f b0udk ajymif;vJypfvdkufawmhonf/ (7) 'D a cwf B uD ; xJ r S m tumuG , f r J h a eaomb0rsm;pG m ½S d o nf / axmifuawmh tqdk;qHk;jzpfonf/ ynmÓPfenf;yg;NyD;ausmaxmuf aemufcb H mrSr½So d l i,fi,f½, G ½f , G af ,musmf ;ysKd av;rsm;twGuf b0ysuu f H BuHK&mXme jzpfwwfonf/ axmifvlqdk;taumifAavmif awGuawmh axmifxJcPcP 0ifvkyfpm;aeolawGjzpfwJh tavsmuf]*sdKzrf;jcif;} enf;ynmtpH½k o dS nf/ ]*sKd zrf;jcif;} ]uav;arG;jcif;} qdo k nfrmS axmifwef;pD? bkwfudkif? tcef;vlBuD;rsm;u olwdkYudkaysmfawmfquf vdifwlqufqHcHzdkY aumifav;awGudk odrf;oGif;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,ckawmh a0xGef;wpfa,muf rdv’mbkwfudkif\ ]*sdKav;wpfaumif} jzpfoGm;NyD/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//

61 61


0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd

(8) a0xGef;b0vHk;0ajymif;&rnfhaeYudk a&mufvmygNy?Drdv’mbkwfudkif ysm,dysm,m a&mufvmNyD; wdk;wdk;uyfajymonf/ ]a0xGef; jyóemawmhwufaeNyD/ tcef; 2utcef;vlBuD;u rif;udkolYvufxJtyfzdkYawmif;w,f/ iguray;Edkifbl;vdkYjiif;w,f/ 'Dawmh olu axmifrSL;udkausmfNyD; rdef;a*s;vf (taqmifrSL;csKyf½Hk;) udkoGm;cRef vdu k w f ,f/ olwYkd ac:Ny;D ppfvrd rhf ,f/ igaxmifrLS ;eJaY wmhñNdS y;D Ny/D rif; udik gu *sKd zrf;w,fqw kd may:oGm;&ifrif;a&migyg ppfacG;wdu k af &mufr,f?rif;vnf; 'ku©ra&mufatmif igvnf;vGwfatmif olwdkY ac:ar;&ife*dkwnf;u tacsmufygvdkYajz/ Mum;vm;../ rif;udkolwdkYbmrSvkyfvdkYr&awmhbl;/ tJ..tajcmufcef;udkawmhydkYvdrfhr,f.. 'gvJbmrSryleJY.. pm;zdkYudpö.. bmnm igwm0ef,w l ,f/ tajcmufcef;vlBu;D uightrIwyJG }J xdkodkYajymaepOftwGif; axmifrSL;a&mufvmonf/ olu Zmwfwdkuf wm tqifajy&JUvm;[kar;onf/ a0xGe;f bmrSrajymwwfawmh/ axmifrLS ;uyg ]igwm0ef,lw,fuGm.. 'DvdkrSrvkyf&if..rif;wdkYESpfa,mufvHk; emr,f../rif;uawmhaozdkYyJ½Sdw,f/} vdx Yk yfajym aejyefonf/ a0xGe;f t½kyw f pf½yk yf rmacgif;Nird v hf u kd rf ad wmhonf/ (9) rdv’mbkwu f ikd Ef iS ahf xmifrLS ;wdYk tmrcHonft h wdik ;f tqifacsmoGm; ygonf / od k Y a omf r d e f ; a*s;vf a xmif r S L ;BuD ; od y f r ,H k a o;aomaMumif h tajcmufcef;xJa&mufoGm;aomfvnf; apmifhMunfhzdkYtusOf;om;wcsdKUudk trdeaYf y;xm;onf/ tajcmufcef;vlBu;D at;aomif; u tajctaetm;vH;k odxm;yHkay:onf/ ajcmufcef;vlBuD;jzpfzdkYuawmh tawmfaps;BuD;BuD; ESifhvdkif;0ifrS&onf/ at;aomif;ua0xGef; udk olYab;rSmac:xm;onf/ rd e f ; a*s;vf a xmif r S L ;BuD ; ur,H k a Mumif ; ? tajcmuf a wG v d k o G m ;vm aexdik zf v Ykd akd Mumif;? r[kwv f Qiaf wmh'u k © a&mufEikd af Mumif; ajymjyonf/ 62 62

tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//


A[kviG _f yif

NyD ; awmh uvsmqd k a om tacsmuf B uD ; wpf a ,muf v uf x J o d k Y a0xGe;f udv k aJT y;vdu k o f nf/ uvsmu tacsmufwo Ykd mG ;[ef? pum;ajym[efrS tp tawG Y t BuH K rsm;pG m wd k Y u d k v Qd K U0S u f y d k Y c say;cJ h o nf / ol Y u d k v nf ; tacsmuftm;vHk;u ]a0a0xGef;} [kac:Muonf/ at;aomif;BuD;\ toHk;awmfcH&onf/ b,fuvmrSef;rodaom wef;pD;taumifAavmifawGudkvnf; toH;k awmfc&H onf/ pm;&?aomuf&wmawmh rqd;k vS/ t0wftpm;? rdwu f yf? EI w f c rf ; eD t pH k ½ S d o nf / at;aomif ; uawmh t ajcmuf a wG u d k & if ; NyD ; aiGawG½Tifonf/ txufudkvnf; tawmfay;urf;Edkifonf/ a0a0xGef; &vdkufonfhtwwfynmuawmh qHyifrdwfuyf tvSjyifonfh twwf jzpf o nf / uvsmonf t vG e f u Rrf ; usif o nf h ynm½S i f j zpf N yD ; txufwef;vTmrSmusifvnfcJhonf/ aemufqHk;owdkYorD;udk vkyfBuHrIwGif yg0ifywfowfcJhí axmifuscJhonf/ olYqDuynmawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; a0a0xG e f ; &vd k u f o nf / a0a0xG e f ; vnf ; 6 vavmuf Mumawmh aeom;usoGm;NyD; b0ajymif;vJjcif;udk tyDtjyifcH,lvdkuf awmhonf/ at;aomif;vkyu f ikd af eaom tajcmufcef;vkyif ef;Bu;D udk wm0ef&dS ol r sm;em;od k Y a yguf M um;oG m ;NyD ; at;aomif ; ud k t a&;,l v d k u f & onf / tajcmufawGudkvnf;om,m0wDaxmifodkYa½GUypfvdkufonf/ (10) om,m0wDaxmifu pnf;urf;tvGew f if;usyo f nfh e,faxmif jzpfonfhtwGuf &efukefvdkvlqdk;awGodyfr½Sd/ a'gotavsmuf vlowfrI awG a wmh rsm;onf / trsm;pk B uD ; u½d k ; ½d k ; awmom;awG r sm;onf / a0a0xGef;wdkYtacsmufawGudk aq;½Hk0if;xJ½Sd tcef;wpfckrSm xm;onf/ tvkyfawGcGJvdkufawmh a0a0xGef;uaq;½HkvlemaqmifrSm oefY½Sif;a&; wm0ef u sonf / axmif 0 ef x rf ; rsm;? wef ; pD r sm;u tajcmuf a wG u d k tif ; pd e f v d k t cG i f h t a&;ray;Mu/ axmif y d k i f u vnf ; cyf M urf ; Murf ; / tajcmufawG cPcPt½du k cf &H onf/ tif;pdev f rkd w S Nf y;D oDcsi;f qd?k ewfu? tvS j yif w mawG v k y f r d í jyif ; jyif ; xef x ef t½d k u f c H & ol a wG ½ S d o nf / tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//

63 63


0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd

a0a0xGef;uawmhoabmusrdonf/ ac:,ltoHk;awmfcH &rnfhb0u vG e f o G m ;NyD / wm0ef u vnf ; ol E S i f h u d k u f o nf / apwemtjynf h j zif h vlemawGudkvkyfukdifay;onf/ txl;o jzifholYudkoGefoifqHk;ravh½Sdaom ]carmuftzGJU}rSvTwfawmftrwf OD;apm0if;udkolwu,fav;pm;onf/ axmifxw J iG af ecJ&h orQ 5(n)awG..5(n)awG..[kaxmiftmPmydik .f . wef ; pD ; awG r ausreyf a jymavh ½ S d o nf / rw&m;rI r S e f o rQud k 5(n) ac:Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;u &J&0J 0hH x hH w k af zmfonf/ twdu k t f cHjyKMuonf/ ESdyfuGyfrIudkvnf;cHEdkif&nf½SdMuonf/ ÓPfynmBuD;olawG? ynm½SifawG? ausmif;om;awGrsm;onf/ tkypf Ek iS ahf ewwfNy;D nDñw T pf mG tmcHwwfonf/ olwt Ykd csi;f csi;f jyóemudv k nf; tmPmydik 0f if½iS ;f wmrcHbJ ud, k b f mom ½Sif;wwfMuonf/ vlawGjzpfaomaMumifhpkef;jyL;wpfa,muf wav½Sd wwfygonf/ trsm;pkBu;D uawmhav;pm;p&m/ OD;apm0if;udk a0a0xGe;f u ol\tjzpfreS u f ½kd iS ;f jycJo h nf/ OD;apm0if;uoabmaygufaMumif;? ,ckupNy;D owåad rG;zdv Yk akd Mumif;? taMumufw&m;[mvlb Y 0udk tcgcg aowwfaMumif; tvif;awGaygufapcJhonf/ OD;apm0if;\a&m*grSmydí k qd;k vmonf/ ol\tdru f wwfEikd af om aMumifhom 'DavmufcHEdkifwmjzpfonf/ jyifyaq;½HkrSmukovQifawmh tawmfqGJqefY EdkifzdkY½Sdonf/ axmifutjyifudk xkwfcGifhray;yJ vHkNcHK a&;udktaMumif;jyonf/ axmifwGif;aexdkif&rItcuftcJrsm;udk tao;pdwfa&;xmaom pm½G u f v d y f a o;ao;av;ud k a0a0xG e f ; vG w f o nf h a eY u &atmif xkwf,loGm;onf/ OD;apm0if; u a0a0xGef;tvSjyifqdkifrSmvkyfEkdifzdkY ol \ arG ; pm;orD ; qD u d k apvG w f c J h o nf / arG ; pm;orD ; yd k ; qD Z mud k OD;apm0if;ay;vdkufaompmudkjyonf/ ydk;qDZmuOD;apm0if;rdom;pkESifhtwl aq;0g;ukoa&;twGuf wdkifyifMuaomfvnf; ]vTwfawmftrwf} [laomemr0daooeaMumifh BudK;pm;rIawG ratmifjrifcJh/ a0a0xGef;vGwfNyD;wywftMum OD;apm0if; uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ OD;apm0if;\tcuftcJtm;vH;k udak wmhurÇmo h wif;XmeBu;D awG 64 64

tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//


A[kviG _f yif

tm;vHk;u tao;pdwfxkwfjyefay;Edkifonf/ a0a0xGef;\ pGefYpm;rIBuD; atmif j rif a Mumif ; yd k ; qD Z muajymonf / a0a0xG e f ; ud k v nf ; yd k ; qD Z m tvSjyKjyifa&;rSm ae&mBu;D Bu;D ay;cJo h nf/ a0a0xGe;f \ ½d;k om;BuKd ;pm;rIukd oabmusí ydk;qDZmuvkyfief;tm;vHk;vTJay;um olr\cifyGef;ESifhtwl Mopajw;vs od k Y x G u f c G m oG m ;onf / a0a0xG e f ; tay:aoG ; om;&if ; ozG,fcifrifoGm;Muonf/ ]uRefru rr,koDwmESifht&rf;cifw,fav/ pdwf"gwfcsif;yg aygif;rdw,f/ rr,kow D m u tultnDawmif;vmwm&,f? bb OD;apm0if; udkuwday;cJwJh twdkif;jynfolYbufu &yfwnfay;csifwm&,f? uRefr udk,fwdkif cHpm;cJh&wmawGaMumifh tudkwdkYeJYawGYqHkcJhwmyg/ ,HkMunfrI[m ta&;BuD; ygw,f/ uRefrudkvHk;0,HkMunfapcsifygw,f/ uRefrb0udk &ifziG chf iG hf &wJt h wGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f/} ndKcifESifh½Gmudk a0a0xGef;wrf;w&HkyJ½Sdawmhw,f/ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//

65 65


0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd

A[dck suef yH gwf (3 'or 01) (1) ]ckvmr,fh..*sLvdkif 20 &ufaeYrSm a':pkvGwfr,f vdkYcifAsm; xifovm;} udrk sKd ;jrifu h uReaf wmfu h akd r;vdu k w f ,f/ ]ajymvdkYawmhr&bl;..tmqD,HEdkifiHawGudkoGm;wJhc&D;pOfwdkif;rSm Edik if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D u a':pkukd ]Oya't&vTwaf y;rSmygvd}Yk awmufavQmuf ajymaew,f / cuf w muol w d k Y O ya'yJ A s/ vd k o vd k q G J q ef Y E d k i f w ,f / tJ..wpfcak wmhaumufcsucf sv&Ykd w,f/ tmqD,H edik if aH wGuo kd mG ;wm[m tmqD,HxJ0ifcGifh&zkdYt"duusw,f/ tmqD,H0ifcGifh&wmeJY urÇmha&;&m udpaö wGrmS tmqD,eH aYJ &mNy;D toHxnfh vd&Yk w,f/ tmqD,u H vnf;e0w twG u f rsuf p d u sp&myJ A s/ bmjzpf v d k Y v J q d k & if t mqD , H [murÇ m rS m vl&m0ifw,f/ tm½Swefzdk;vdkY a<u;aMumfNyD; taemufEdkifiHawGudktmcH &Jw,f/ tmqD,x H 0J ifciG &hf oGm;wmeJY Edik if aH &;rSmvnf; Some sort of shield wpfc&k oGm;r,f/ tmqD,aH wGuvnf;½Si;f ½Si;f ajym&&if taemufEikd if aH wG&UJ t&if;tESD;eJY BuD;yGm;vmwmyg/ 'gayr,fhEdkifiHa&;t&awmh ajymcGifhqdkcGifh &aew,f/ ta½SUeJYtaemufrwlbl;...qdkwmrsdK;aygh/ vlYtcGifhta&; owfrSwfcsufutpuGJjym;w,faygh/ tckvdk EdkifiHa&;? vlYtcGifh ta&; oabmxm;udk e0wuodyfoabmusw,f/ tmqD,HqdkwJhxkBuD;eJYom taemufEdkifiHawGudk ckcHvdkuf&if tawmftqifajyr,f/ wpfEdkifiHwnf; ckcHwmeJYpm&if trsm;BuD;c&D;a&mufr,f}/ udrk sKd ;jrifu h aq;vdyu f t kd omzGm&if; em;axmifaew,f/ uReaf wmf uqufNyD;ajymw,f/ ]'Dvt kd uGurf sKd ;udk taemufEikd if aH wGu rjrifb;l vm;/ txl;ojzifh taemufEkdifiHawGudk pnf;½Hk;rdxm;wJh twdkuftcH NCG (UB) awGu rodbl;vm;/ odyfodwmayghvdkYyJajz&r,f/ 'gaMumifh e0wudktmqD,H 0ifciG rhf &zdYk pwifzt d m;awGay;aew,f/ 'DrmS wif tmqD,aH wGu wd;k wd;k 66 66

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75 75


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77 77


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79 79


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83 83


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85 85


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87 87


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104 104

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127 127


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tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//

129 129


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tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//


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uRef a wmf h a rar&J U tawG Y t BuH K urao;vS a ybl ; / 15 rd e pf y J ½SdwJhtcsdefudkb,fvdkoHk;&r,fqdkwm BuHKzl;olawGyJodw,f/ uRefawmf uBudKwifjyifqifxm;wJhpm&if;twdkif;ajymw,f/ araru acgif;xJrSm xnfhrSwfw,f/ 2 rdepftwGif;rSmNyD;oGm;NyD/ NyD;awmhararu udkrsdK;jrifh udkEIwfqufzdkYoGm;&if;uRefawmfwdkYudka½Smifay;w,f/ EkopfuuRefawmfh nDrav;rSwyf w kH ifuu kd ikd Nf y;D 0ifvmwm/ uReaf wmfwYkd Edik if aH &;orm;awGukd wpd r f ; vl od k Y r [k w f td r f a xmif p k p m&if ; pm½G u f y H k p H ( 10)rS m rygwJ h vludkawGYcGifhray;bl;/ 'DawmhrSwfyHkwifudk udkifNyD;tBuH tzefvkyf&w,f/ "gwf y H k e J Y v l w l r wl u d k a wmh rppf M uygbl ; / Ek o pf u uRef a wmf h u d k tjzLa&mif0wfpHkeJY yxrtBudrfawGU&wmrkdY pdwfxJwpf rsdK;cHpm;ae&yHkyJ/ 'gawmiftdrfucsKyfay;xm;wJh taumif;pm; tjzL0wfpkHawG/ axmifu xk w f a y;wJ h 0 wf p H k e J Y o mawG U &&if b,f v d k a ervJ uRef a wmf h p d w f x J uydkawG;Munfhrdw,f/ ]uJ..Ekopf..bmajymcsifvJ..ajym} EkopfuuRefawmfhudkaocsmpdkufMunfhaejyefw,f/ uReaf wmfuaemufvu kd w f ,f/ ]bd k ; awmf O D ; 0d k i f ; qd k w muRef a wmf y J A s..emrnf t jynf h t pH k u bdk;awmfausmfausmf0dkif;} EkopfrsufESmav;NyHK;oGm;w,f/ ]Ekopfbmpajym&rSef;rodbl; udkausmf&,f} 'D o bm0awG u d k uRef a wmf w d k Y u od w ,f / yxrqHk;awGY&wJholwdkif;jzpfavh½Sdw,f/ ]EkopftaMumif;udkpajym..NyD;&ifEkopfrdom;pktaMumif;..} Ekopftajz&oGm;yHkay:w,f/ rsufESmav;0if;vufvdkY rsufvHk; awGydkawmufyvmw,f/ ]EkopfEdkifiHjcm;oGm;zdkYjyifxm;w,f/ ausmif;oGm;wufzdkYaygh.. azazuawmh t&ifomG ;ESiNhf y.D .tar&dum;udak v..[drk mS ol tvkyt f qif ajyw,f/ zdk;zdk;uNyD;cJhwJhvuyJqHk;oGm;w,f/ BuD;BuD;u'DrSmxHk;pHtwdkif; a0,sm0pö tukev f yk af ygh/ zGm;zGm;eJY rr,Ofat; uvnf;tdrrf mS ½Sad ew,f/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//

131 131


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aeaumif; Muygw,f/ Ekopf'v D mawGUr,fqakd wmh 0dik ;f Ny;D rSmvdu k Mf uw,f/ owd&wJh taMumif;awGaygh..} ]rr,Ofat;u vm;½Id;rSmyJvm;} tJ'DvkduRefawmfar;awmh EkopfuNyHK;NyHK;av;vkyfaew,f/NyD;rS.. ]tdrfrSmjyefa&mufaeNyD..olvnf;EkopfeJYtwlazazqDudkvdkufrSm.. xm;ygudak usm&f m.. bmpm;csiv f aJ jym..rr,Ofat; u olbmcsuaf y;& rvJwJh..Ekopfvuf&mawGtJ'DxJrSmygw,faemf} EkopfutxkyfawGudkvufñdI;oG,foG,fav;eJYxdk;jyw,f/ ]aus;Zl;ygEkopf&,f} ]bmaus;Zl;vJ..} ]aqm&D;..aus;Zl;wifw,frajymawmhbl;? pm;aeaomufae usyJ..'geJYtdrfudkb,fvdka&mufoGm;ovJ..} ]zkef;qufNyD;ar;wmaygh..udkausmfhnDrav;uEkopfudkodw,fwJh..} ]tif;..udkausmfajymjyxm;wm..} ]udak usmw f u,fyo J v d m;..Ekopfuv kd mawGo Y mG ;ygOD;vdaYk jymwm..wpfcgrSrvm awmhb;l / udak usmt f zrf;cH&wmawmif ,kow D m zke;f vSr;f qufvo Ykd &d wm/ ,k o D w mu BBC rS m a&muf a ew,f / owif ; aMujimol v k y f a ew,f / udkausmfwdkYzrf;cH&wJhowif;udk olyJaMu jimay;cJhwmwJh} ][..w,f [ k w f y gvm;..,k o D w ma&maeaumif ; &J U vm;..Ek o pf . . uReaf wmf tdr0f ifxu G af ewm..axmufveS ;f a&;u od&if Edik if jH cm;xGuzf Ykd tcuf tcJrsm;jzpfrvm;yJ} ]½Sif;vdkY&ygw,f..EkopfraMumufygbl;..} EkopfuavoHESdrfhcsNyD;uRefawmhfudkqufajymaew,f/ ],kow D mqDupmygvmw,f..,kow D mazazuEkopfuak d c:ay;wm..tefu,f OD;aomif;xuf vnf;odyrf acsmifb;l .. tck wufvmwJ0h efBu;D topfawGu awmf a wmf t Muyf u d k i f w ,f w J h . . vk d w mrS m zd k Y v nf ; ajymw,f . . pmudkb,fvdkay;&rvJ..} uRefawmfuvnf;cyfwdk;wdk;avoHeJYjyefajymvdkufw,f/ 132 132

tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//


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133 133


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tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//


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135 135


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tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//


A[kviG _f yif

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137 137


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tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//


A[kviG _f yif

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139 139


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&cJw h mawG&Y w,f/ uReaf wmfwt Ykd 'J 'D Pf&mawGukd teD;uyfavhvmMuawmh 'Pf&mawGrSmtrm½GwfrawGY&bl;/ aemufrSoabmaygufoGm; w,f/ ol[m'Pf&mtm;vH;k udk arwåmBuKd ;eJjY yefcsKyaf ESmifcw hJ mud;k / ol&Y UJ apwemudk uRefawmfwdkYtm;vHk;em;vnfcJhMuw,f/ ol&Y UJ ESv;kH tdrrf mS xm0&aexdik b f Ykd uReaf wmfwt Ykd m;vH;k wpfceJ uf oabmolnDcJhMuw,f/

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140 140

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