A[kviG _f yif
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
1 1
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
2 2
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
88 rsdK;qufausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udk*sifrD›reDvmodef; wd. hk orD;av; _zLae_cnfrif;,k . {^yDv 12 &ufaehwiG u f sa&mufonfh 3 ESp_f ynhaf rG;aehwiG f trSwfw&xkwfa0vdkufonf//
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^yd f hkd ^ydKiv A[kvGif_yif _yif
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
3 3
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
pmtkyfrSwfwrf;
12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123 12345678901234567890123456789012123
0J -o C rSm aw; oH _ydKif vdk h
A[kvGifjyif
4 4
pDpOf xkwaf 0ol tvif;tdrf r*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;
rsufEmS zH;k yef;csD atmifvif;xGef;
pmtkyt f jyiftqif tvif;tdrf
xkwaf 0onft h }udrf yxrt}udrf
xkwaf 0onfh ckEpS f 2010/ {+yDv/ 12 &uf
tkyaf & 1000
rlyidk jf zef ch sda&; tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;
qufo, G rf mS ,l&ef Tokyo, Shinjuku-Ku Takadanobaba 3-7-10 Higari Bld 303 Post Code 169-0075 Japan. Tel :(81) 3-6313-4178 Fax: (81) 3-3915-6443 http://www.alineain.com/ http://www.alineain.net/ http://luminarymagazine.wordpress.com/ E-mail: aalinneain@yahoo.com
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
Tel: 080-5070-0080 080-3574-9700 090-9954-5070 090-6528-9292 090-7198-4763
A[kviG _f yif
pma&;ol&J th wˆKy`wdœ trnf&if;rSm ausmfrif;,k (ac:) *sifrD jzpfonf/ 13.2.96 wGif tz OD;wif,k? trd a':trmñTefYwdkY rS arG;zGm;cJhonf/ arG;csif; oHk;a,mufteuf 'kwd,ajrmufom;jzpfonf/ 1947 ckESpfrS 1979 txd ½Srf;jynfawmif;ykdif; yif;w,NrdKU tBudKoufarG;tpdk;& tv,fwef;ausmif; wGif oli,fwef; rS pwkw¬wef; txdynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 1980wGif &ef u k e f N rd K Uod k Y ajymif ; a½G U vmNyD ; yOö r wef ; ud k t.v.u (1)vI d i f wGifvnf;aumif;? qXrwef; rS 'órwef;txd t.x.u (2) urm½Gwf ( pdeMfh o*wfpwif; ) wGif vnf;aumif; ynmoifMum;cJo h nf/ 1986 ESifh 1987 ynmoifESpf rsm;wGif &efukefwuúodkvf? vd I i f e ,f a jrü ½l y aA'bmom t"d u jzif h yxrES p f ? 'k w d , ES p f w d k Y u d k oifMum;cJo h nf/ 1988wGif wwd,ESpf ½lyaA'udk &efuek w f uúov kd (f yifr)ü ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 1988ckESpf rwfv (13) &ufwGif&efukefpufrI wuúov kd af usmif;om; bke;f armf ypfowfc&H Ny;D aemuf jzpfay:vmaom ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifcJhonf/ 1988? rwfv(16)&ufaeYwiG f jzpfymG ;cJah om tif;vQm;uefabmifrS wHwm;eDta&;tcif;wGif xJx0J if0ifyg0ifc&hJ mrS pí Edik if aH &;vIy½f mS ;rIrsm; udk pwifco hJ nf/ 1988? ZGev f ausmif;om;oydwrf sm;? ZlviId v f ausmif;om; vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifvIyf½Sm;cJh onf/ 8.8.88 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmfyBkH u;D ay:ayguf&ef tifwu kd f tm;wdu k f azmfaqmifco hJ nf/ (&efuek f 0dZmÆ ^odyHÜ ausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ [laom trnfjzifh ajratmuf ausmif;om;tzGUJ wpfzUJG udk Mo*kwv f (2) &ufaeYwiG f zGUJ pnf;um ) ½Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyBkH u;D ay:aygufNy;D aemuf 22.8.88 aeYwiG f &efuek w f uúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ukd w&m;0if OD;aqmifzUJG pnf;cJo h nf/ OuúX^twGi;f a&;rSL; yHpk jH zifrh [kwyf J OD;aqmif aumfrwDtrSwpf Oftvdu k f wm0efccJG o hJ nf/ OD;aqmifaumfrwD (OOD ) taejzifh pnf;½H;k a&; wm0efct H jzpf aqmif½u G cf o hJ nf/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
5 5
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
1988 pufwifbm (18)&ufwiG f 'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;udk ppfwyfu NzKd cNJG y;D Edik if aH &;ygwD pkaqmif;cGiahf y;aomtcg rd;k oD;ZGeEf iS hf twl vlaY bmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwDukd xlaxmifco hJ nf/ A[dt k vkyt f rIaqmif aumfrwD0if? pnf;½Hk;a&;aumfrwD OuúXtjzpfwm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1988ckEpS ?f ZlviId v f wGif a':atmifqef;pkMunf ESit hf wl tmPm zDqefa&; vIy½f mS ;rIrsm;udk aqmif½u G &f if; 15.8.89 aeYwiG f zrf;qD;jcif; cHcJh&onf/ 22.12.1989 wGif trSw(f 2) ppfc½kH ;kH rS tusO;f ½H;k w&m;pD&ifum axmif'PftESpf(20)csrSwfcJhonf/ 1993 Zefe0g&Dv (1) &ufaeYwGif Edik if aH wmf Nird 0f yfyjd ym;rI wnfaqmufa&;tzGUJ trdeaYf Mujimcsuf trSwf 1^93 jzifh jypf'Pf (10)ESpf odYk ajymif;vJowfrw S cf &H onf/ odaYk omf axmifwiG ;f Edik if aH &;vIy½f mS ;jcif;? axmifwiG ;f Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;rsm; tcGit hf a&; umuG,rf aI umfrwD (cGi^hf um)udk OD;aqmif zGpYJ nf;jcif;wdaYk Mumifh 1996 rwfv (28)&ufaeYwiG f axmif'Pf (12)ESpf xyfrw H ;kd jrifh csrw S cf &H onf/ axmifwiG ;f Edik if aH &;vIy½f mS ;rItwGuf (7)ESp?f cGi^hf um zGpYJ nf;rItwGu(f 5)ESpf jzpfonf/ tm;vH;k aygif; axmif'Pf(22)ESpf jzpfonf/ tif;pdeaf xmif ESihf om,m0wDaxmifwiG f (16)ESpf uscNH y;D ?2005 ckESpf? ZlvdIifv (6)&ufaeYwGif cRif;csufr½Sd vGwfNidrf;cGifhay;jcif;cH&onf/ vGwaf jrmufcsed rf pS í ,ckwikd f rif;udEk ikd f ESihf twl ]88 rsKd ;qufausmif; om;rsm;} tzGYJ udOk ;D aqmifum 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf vlt Y cGit hf a&;twGuf vIy½f mS ; vQu½f o dS nf/ 2007 jo*kwv f wGif avmifpmqD ukeaf ps;ESek ;f usqif;a&; twGuf vSyk &f mS ;rSrk sm;wGif ]88 rsKd ;qufausmif;om;rsm;}taejzifh OD;aqmifumyg0if cJhonf/ Pm ,cktcg &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; awmifjuD;axmifwGif ppftmPm &Sifrsm;rS rw&m;zrf;qD;jyD; axmif'gPf 65 ESpf csrSwfjcif;udk cHae&qJ jzpfonf/ 6 6
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
armifprG ;f &nf &J t h rSmpm
'D 0 wˆ K trsd K ;tpm;[m wu,f h t jzpf t ysuf / wu,f h b 0u &vmwJt h a=umif;t&mudk a&;zG@J xm;wmjzpfvkd h b0jzpf&yfreS v f @kd qd&k ygr,f? onfhtjyif 'D0wˆK[m omrefjzpf&yfrSefr[kwfbJ Armjynf/ Armvlxk&J@ b0wpdwfwa'oudk xif[yfaz:usL;xm;wJh “jynfol@ b0o&kyfaz:0wˆK” rsdK;jzpfygw,fvdk@ qdk&ygr,f? b0o&k y f a z:/ jynf o l @ b0o&k y f j y 0wˆ K rsd K ;[m tcspf 0 wˆ K awG / v#dK@0Sufqef; =u,f0wˆKawGvdk tysif;ajy/ taysmfzwf r[kwfyg? taysmf zwfr[kwfbl;qdkvdk@ 'D0wˆK[m ysif;p&m0wˆKvdk@vJ rqdkvdkyg? pdwf0ifpm; p&maumif;wJh b0o&kyfaz: 0wˆKrsdK;jzpfygw,f? “0wˆK”vdk@awmif ac:&uf p&mr&SdwJh b0jzpf&yfrSefawGjzpfygw,f? 'Djzpf&yfrSm v,form;awG/ ausmif;om;awG/ omrefjynfolawG taeeJ@ ppftm%m&SifawG&J@ ,kwf,kwfrmrm/ &uf&ufpufpuf tzdESdyfcH &yHkawGudk tao;pdwf az: jyxm;ygw,f? wdkif;jynf&J@tzdk;wef &wemvl i,fawG (tvkyform;vli,f/ v,form;vli,f/ ausmif;om;vli,fawG)/ vli,fawGqdk&mrSm trsdK;om;vli,f/ trsdK;orD;vl i,f tnGef@tzl;av; awGtrsm;pk[m e0wtusOf;axmifudk aemufqHk;pk&yftjzpf tydk@cHae=u& ygw,f? 'D0wˆKudkzwf&if; vufoD;qkwf&/ tH}udwf&eJ@ emusnf;&ifESifhjzpf &ygw,f? vli,fawGudk e0wu rdef;rjynfhwefqmomru a,musfm;jynfh wefqmjzpf atmif zdESdyf&ufpuf EdkifvGef;vSygwum;? b0o&k y f a z:0wˆ K trsd K ;tpm;[m cH p m;r_ & ouwqif h b0t oduakd y;Edik yf g w,f? 'Dvkd 0wˆKrsKd ;u b0tod/ avmutjrifukd wd;k wuf&ifh usufapygw,f? ordkif;wefzdk;omru tEkynmwefzdk;vJ jrifhapygw,f? 'D 0 wˆ K aumif ; &wm[m a&;wJ h v l u vJ tzd E S d y f c H a e&wJ h Zmwf a umif a wG e J @ twl aecJ @ &ol j zpf v d k @ yg? 'gawG [ m ol r sm;uwqif h ajymwmr[kwfyJ ol@rsufpdatmufrSm jrifawG@ cHpm;cJ@&wmawGjzpfygw,f? tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
7 7
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
'D0wˆKa&;ol[m uAsmorm;jzpfy&kH ygw,f? 'ga=umifh ol@rmS zG@J E@JG csiw f hJ pd w f u av;awG “uJ ” aeygw,f ? usaemf h o abmajym&&if trsm; jynfolzwf0wˆKrsdK;[m trsm;jynfolawG&J@ em;rsufpdxJudk wef;ueJ/ pdkuf ueJ 0 if o G m ;atmif vG , f u l & S i f ; vif ; oif h y gw,f ? Oyrm - “0J = oCrS m aw;oH+ydKifv@kd ” qdw k hJ pum;toH;k tE_;H [m vSyayrJh bmajymcsio f vJ qdw k m omrefpmzwfolrsm; em;vnfoabmaygufvG,fr,frxifygbl;? 'guawmh usaemfhtjrif/ usaemfhapwemyg? bmyJjzpfjzpf 'D0wˆKrsdK;udk urBmodatmif bmomjyefxkwfa0zdk@ aumif;ygw,f? bmomjyef&&if pum;ajyta&;tom; &dk;&Sif;zdk@ ydkawmif vdktyfygw,f? aoG;eJ@ ac|;eJ@ &if;xm;&wJh pmwyk'u f kd zwfciG &hf vd@k aus;Zl;wifygw,f?
armifprG ;f &nf 2009 =o*kw/f (7) &uf e,l;a,muf
8 8
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
oJwyGit hf rSmpm usaemf v nf ; axmif x J w k e f ; u pmawG a &;cJ h y gw,f ? uAsmawG y g? tyk'faygif; &meJhcsDygvdrfhr,f? udk,fa&;wm aumif;wmraumif;wmtyxm; udk,hfuAsmav;awGudk yHkeSdyfpmvHk;eJhtjyifrSmodyfjyefhapcsifrdygw,f? 'Dawmh tjyifudkcdk;xkwfzdkhvnf;}udK;pm;zl;wmaygh? enf;enf;yg;yg;xkwfedkifcJhayrJh tJ'w D ek ;f utajctaeeJh pmtkyjf zpfrvm ygb;l ? rSew f m0efc&H &if vGecf w hJ hJ teSpf av;q,fausmf ua&;cJw h mav;awGukd pmtkyt f jzpfxw k cf siw f hJ qEN=uawmh tcktxd&SdaeqJyg? vlawG[maxmifwGif;rSm=um=umaevm&awmh tjyifuvlawGu udk,hf tay:b,fvo kd abmxm;=uovJ/ ud, k u fh akd rhomG ;=uavyvm; qdw k mrsKd ;awG awG;rdvmwwfjuygw,f? ydk+yD;a0;vHoDacgifwJhaxmifawGudktydkhcH& wJhtcg awGrSm 'DvdktawG;rsdK;awGydk0ifwwf=uygw,f? aemufjyD; udk,f axmifxJrSm aewk e f ; wae&muae wae&m tajymif ; cH & wmav;awG u d k rS w f w rf ; wifcsifwmvnf; vl hqENyJxifygw,f? usaemfqdk&if usaemfae&wJh wdkuf cef;awGrSm zdk;oHacsmif;(vlxk)qdk+yD; eH&HrSma&;jzpfatmifa&;avh&Sdygw,f? rSwfrSwf&& udkudk;u|ef;udktwlygvmwJh vli,hfwyfOD;tzGJ hu udkatmifcsrf; a&;wJh uAsmwyk'fudkowd&rdygw,f? ola&;xm;wmu tzdk;}uD;wa,muf ol@om; (7)Zlvdkifta&;tcif;rSmaysmufoGm;vdkh aorSef;rod/ &SifrSef;rod pdwx f rJ mS t}uD;tus,f cHpm;ae&&if; axmifxu J akd &mufvmwm wdu k x f u J ckwifay:rSm yufvufvSef&if; awmif=unhfajrmuf=unhfvkyfawmh ol@om; vufa&;eJ h emrnfudk awGhoGm;vdk haysmfoGm;w,fqdkwJhta=umif;jzpfygw,f? usaemfwdk@udk udkudk;u|ef;udkydk@w,fqdkawmh usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;vdkvdk&Jh acgif;xJrSm tJ'DtawG;rsdK;ay:cJh=u ygw,f? tif'dkeD;&Sm;edkifiHrSm tm%m&Sif ql[mwdu k uGejf rLepfawGukd rmvluu l |e;f pk (Maluku Islands)u bl&l u|ef;(Buru Island)ay:rSmumv tuef@towfr&Sd avSmifxm;cJhwmudk ajy;owd&rd=uygw,f? 'ga=umihf tif;pdef axmifuae [D;edk;um;}uD;awGeJ@ Adkvfwaxmifqdyfurf;udko,foGm;w,fqdkuwJu vrf;ay:udkpma&; ypfcs xm;cJ&h if jzpfrvm;/ jynfawmfneG o hf abFmay:uae pmudyk v k if;xJxnfyh w d jf yD; jrpf x J c scJ h & rvm;qd k w mawG pOf ; pm;cJ h = uygw,f ? 'D v d k e J h ud k u d k ; u|ef ; ay: tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
9 9
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
udka&mufoGm;awmh ppftpdk;&u'dk@udk'Dvlrodolrod ae&mrSm xifovdk vkyfawmhrSmyJvdk@awG;rdjyD; u|ef;ay:utajc taeeJhowif;awGudk jynfr/ 'grrS [kwu f rBmudt k oday;zdq hk EN[m vlwikd ;f &ifxrJ mS t+rJued ;f atmif;aew,f qdk&if rrSm;ygbl;? udkudk;u|ef;rSm yifv,furf;wav#muf vrf;av#muf oGm;w,fqdk&if ykvif;rsdK;pHk a&arsmurf;wif a&mufaewm awG h&ygw,f? yifv,fu;l oabFmjuD;awG ay:uae ypfcsomG ;wmawGqakd wmh wcsKd @yv k if;rsm; rjrifzl;&Hkru vSvdk@rsm;awmifaeygao;w,f? tJ'Dykvif;awGudk aumufvm/ u|ef ; ay:u tjzpf t ysuf a wG u d k p ma&;xnf h / yif v ,f x J r S m ar#mvd k u f & if b,furkd sm; a&mufomG ;rvJ vd@k ayg?h wa,mufa,ufu aumuf&/ owif;pm xJrSmxnfh? pdwful;,Ofvdk@taumif;om;? acgi;f ay:rSmav,mOfys0H o J mG ;&if/ [dt k a0;}uD;rSm yifv,fu;l oabFmawG jzwfarmif;oGm;wmawG@&&if vufvrS ;f jy&ed;k ed;k ? wckcak 0S@&rf;jy&ed;k ed;k / awGa0rd wwf=uygw,f? wcgrSmawmh 'DZ,fqDjywfwJh pufwyf*g;avSwpif; ay:u vlawG udu k ;kd av;u|e;f rSmavSuq kd u kd jf yD; usaemfwahkd ewJh udu k jkd uD;u|e;f bufukd qDayygawGuakd zmifz+hJG yD; ul;vm=uwm}uHK&ygw,f? usaemfwt hkd usO;f pcef;xJu vlawGtm;vHk; tkwfatmfaomif;eif;yJ u|ef;&Jhtaemuf bufurf;qDudk ajy;=unh=f uygw,f? tm;vH;k &J&h nf&, G cf suu f rawG@z;l wJo h pl rd ;f udjk rif&zd@k xuf udk,hfowif;udk yg;csif=uvdk@jzpfygw,f? azmifay:rSmu ukvm;3-4OD;ygvm ygw,f? b,feikd if o H m;/ bmvlrs;kd / b,fuvm-b,f udo k mG ;/ bmrSrodvu kd &f ygb;l ? a&wyfom;awGjcH&jH yD; ac:wJah emuf pum;wcGe;f rajymyJygomG ;=uwmyg? usaemf wdx hk u J olwehkd phJ um;ajymzdjhk ud;k pm;ayrJh olwu hkd ajymvdw k q hJ eNrjyygb;l ? usaemfwdk@ajymwJh pum;udkem;vnf [efvnf;rjyygbl;? olwdk@vnfyif;udk vuf0g;apmif;eJ@vSD;jyjyD; olwdk@Zufjywfvdrfhr,fqdkwmrsdK;yJ wkef@jyefygw,f? wcg/ usaemfw@kd wawGuu kd |e;f uae jynfraxmifujkd yefy@kd awmhr,fqakd wmh u|ef;ay:rSmusaemfwdkhxkwfcJhwJh pmtkyfawG/ r*~Zif;awG/ txdrf;trSwfypPnf; awGukd wae@us&ifjyefazmf/ jyef&mS vd@k &atmifqjkd yD; udak zatmifukd wm0efay;jyD; ajr}uD;xJrSmjrKyf0Suf=uygw,f? ae&mudkoleJ@aemufwa,mufyJodygw,f? tJ'yD pPn;f awGtck &Sad e ao;ovm;rodygb;l ? udak zatmifawmh &Sad o;w,f =um;ygw,f ? touf ( 70)ausmf t &G , f a v? *l * ,f t mh o f (Google 10 10
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
Earth)xJrSm=unhfawmh udkudk;u|ef;tusOf;pcef;ae&mudkawmh rSef;,lvdkh &ygao;w,f? 'gayrJh bm taqmuftODrS rjrif& awmhygbl;? tmZmenf ausmufwikd u f awmh tapm}uD;uwnf;u zsujf yD;=ujyDjzpfrmS yg? rajymif;rvJ quf&Sdae ao;wmuawmh vd_if;vHk;awGygyJ? [d k w acwf w k e f ; uom tck v d k q d k & if ud k u d k ; u|ef ; rS m OD ; av;Aef ; armf wifatmifw@kd / OD;av;OD;jroef;(wif)h wd&hk hJ vuf&mawGtjyifrmS xkwef ikd rf mS yJv@kd pOf;pm;aerdygw,f? rSwfrSwf&& usaemfwdkhtzGJ@tpnf;u r*~Zif;eSpf}udrfeJh &m*%ef;pmtkyfawG xkwfcJhygw,f? bdvyfajrpuULtdwf/ Edk@qD;bl;ywfawG/ aq;cef;uxdk;aq;ykvif; jzwfwJh "m;udk udk,fh[mudk,faoG;vkyfwJh uavmif rsKd ;pHak wG/ opfyifacguaf wGoaH cs;awGe@J vyk w f hJ rSiaf wG/ 'gawGukd aygi;f vdu k af wmh tJ'Dpme,fZif;awGxGufvmcJhwmygyJ? pmtkyfawGu xlw,fqdk&if yGyG}uD; jzpfaewmaygh? tckawmh jynfyrSmxGuw f AhJ rmhpmtkyaf wG[m jynfwiG ;f uvlawGawmif oa&,d k a vmuf w J h p uU L awG / rif u s rif e awG e J h ? axmif x J u vl a wG u d k owd&atmifvkyfae=uwJhvlawGuvnf; jynfwGif;jynfyrSmtrsm;}uD;? Arm jynfrmS u axmifuscw hJ hJ vlawGvnf;rsm;vSjyDu;kd ? taruarG;/ axmifuau|;/ aea&;rcufygqdkwJh udkvdkeD acwfxufawmif tqaygif;rsm;pGmydkrsm;aewJh edik if aH &;tusO;f orm;awGukd ppftpd;k &tqufqufu pufe@J vSnx hf w k o f vm; atmufarh&avmufatmif zrf;qD;jyD; axmifxx J nfah eygw,f/ 'Dvt kd ajctae atmuf r S m jyif y rS m aeol a wG t aeeJ h axmif w G i f ; rS m a&muf a eol a wG u d k rarha=umif; yHo k 他meft f rsKd ;rsKd ;eJah zmfjy=uwm[m r*Fvmwyg;vd@k xifygw,f? 'gajumihf tck ud*k sirf &D phJ mtkyrf mS 'Dvt kd rSmpma&;cGi&fh awmh axmifxu J vlu*kd % k jf yK&ovdjk zpfwmrdhk 0rf;om vdu k w f hJ jzpfjcif;? olwt hkd wGuf ud, k v f yk cf iG hf &oavmufawmh vkyfvdkuf&w,fayghav? jyef p Of ; pm;vd k u f a wmh usaemf a xmif x J r S m aecJ h & wmu ajcmuf e S p f ? olwdk@aeae&wmu----trSmpma&;wmavmufeahJ wmh ud, k w fh m0efrausao;bl;vdv hk nf; awG;rd yg&Jh?
&Jabmfz;kd oHacsmif; tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
11 11
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
c&D;oGm;azmfwpfO;D &JŒ pum; (1) usaemf A[kvGifjyif&JŒ uAsmawG trsm;}uD;zwfzl;w,f? olukd,fwkdifa&; olukd,fwkdifwD;cwf+yD; olukd,fwkdifqkdnnf;jywJh oD;csif;rsm;pGmukdvnf; em;axmifzl;w,f? ola&;wJh pmawG/ ola&;wJh aqmif;yg;awG/ ola&;wJh 0wˆKawG usaemf trsm;}uD;zwfzl;w,f? tck 'D0wˆK “0J=oCrSm aw;oHòydiv f @dk ” ukv d nf; usaemf zwf=unfch hJ zl;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh uAsmawG/ pmawGzwf&wJhae&m[m ol@pm=unfhcef;xJrSm r[kwfbl;/oDcsif;awG *pfwmwpfvufESifh ol wD;cwfoDqkdjycJhwJhae&mu pwD'D,kdwpfck 'grSr[kwf at;csrf;+idrfhoufwJh ol@{nfhcef;xJ rSm r[kwfcJhbl;? tJ'Dtcef;[m æ aomhcavmufawGukd txyfxyfcwfxm;cH&wJh/ ndKnpfnpf tkwf¶kd; jrifhawG txyfxyf um&Hxm;cH&wJh jyLwif;aygufr&SdwJh tcef;usOf;usOf;av; wpfcef;? 'Dtcef;av;xJrmS 'DZ,fqD (rkv d m) yk;H tpkwu f dk 0g;jcrf;jym; zvufwH wyfxm;+yD; ykd;óud;ukd oHpOfóud; 1,2,3,4 wyfxm;wJh ukd,fwkdifvkyf *pfwm wpfvuf&w dS ,f/ aq;vdyaf =umfjim/ bDpuGwf wHqyd pf m¶Gu/f *su D sL uGwu f ;D rke@f a=umfjimpm¶GufwcsKdŒ &Sdr,f/ wcgwcg uHaumif;vGef;vS&if wGef@vdrfa=urGaewJh 0gusifhusifh pm¶GufwcsKdŒ awG@&Ekdifw,f/ abmyiftqH (Refill) ukd 0g;acsmif;av;wckESifh yl;csnfxm;wJh pma&;vkd@&wJht&mwpfck &Sdr,f? +yD ; awmh a&;vuf p uAsmawG / a&;vuf p 0wˆ K awG / a&;vuf p aqmif;yg;awG/ oHpOfryDro t+yD;rowf&ao;wJh oDcsif; tykdif;tpawG &SdEkdifygw,f? 12 12
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
(2)
A[kviG _f yif
ol [ m 1988 avmuf q D u wuU o k d v f wwd , ES p f w uf a ewJ h ausmif;om;av; wpfa,mufyg? aemufawmh ta&;awmfykH}uD;ESifh xdyfwkdufóuHqkH/ 'Dta&;awmfykH}uD;xJrSm b0ukd ykHay;zkd@qkH;jzwf/ 'DvkdESifh &Spfq,hf&Spf 'Dru dk a&pDvx l t k a&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ tm;xm;avmufwhJ ta&;awmfyHk wyfom; wpfa,muf jzpfvmcJhw,f? aemufawmh vl@abmifopf'rD u dk &ufwpfygwu D dk wku d af zmf wku d zf uf awGESifh twlvufwGJxlaxmif/ wòrdŒ0if wòrdŒxGuf pnf;¶kH;a&;vkyfief;awGrSm OD;vnfrokOf wm0ef ,l+yD; v_yf&Sm;?ol@twGufae@awG nawGr&Sdawmhbl;?'DtwGuf ol &vkdufwJh e0wppftyk pf q k u D vufaqmifu tvky=f urf;ESihf axmif'%f tESpf (20)/ ol@toufu tESpf (20) ol@axmif'%fuvnf; tESpf (20) 'gudk ol enf;enf;rS rwkev f y_ cf ?hJ txJrSm avhvmvkd@&wJhae&mwkdif;u avhvm/jznfhqnf;p&m ae&m wkdif;u jznfhqnf;/q&mOD;0if;wiftygt0if tusOf;axmiftwGif;u ouf&Sd usrf;tapmifapmifukd rem;wrf;zwf¶_/ todopfawGudk &SmazG? avhvma&;ESifh vufawG@wkdufyGJawGukd tcsKd;usaygif;pyf/ usvmwJh wm0efwkdif;ukd wcsufrjiif;wrf; wm0ef,lcJhw,f? 'Dvadk =umifh etzppftyk pf u k ol@udk axmif'%f (12) ESpf xyf+yD;*k%ðf yjyefw,f? tJ'*D % k ðf yr_awG atmufuyJ æ ppftkyfpk/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf tukeftpifz,f&Sm;+yD; 'Drkdua&pD acwfopfwpfckukd zefwD;wnfaqmufa&;vrf;ukd ol ajzmifh ajzmifhwef;wef; av#mufcJhw,f? tJ'Djzwfoef;r_awGuyJ 'DuAsmawG/ 'DpmawGukd arG;zGm;ay;cJhwm/ a&;om;zefwD;ay;cJhwmjzpfw,fvkd@ usaemfqkdcsifygw,f? tck etzppftyk pf u k ol@udk aemufxyf (65) ESpf *k%ðf yxm;jyefyg+yD? 'gawG[m ol@ukd OD;csKd;ypfcsifvkd@/ olESifh wkdufazmfwkdufzufawG tm;vkH;ukd OD;csKd;ypfcsifvkd@jzpfygw,f? tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
13 13
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
'gayr,fh ppftyk pf &k ŒJ }uHpnfóud;yrf;r_awG tcsn;f tES;D jzpfomG ;¶krH w S yg; bmrSr&Ekdifbl;vkd@ usaemfajym&Jygw,f? (3) A[kvGifjyif[m æ vli,fawGudk ausmif;om;awGudk ‘t’ oGm;atmif/ ‘nH’h oGm;atmif/ vS H o G m ;wk e f ; oG m ;atmif ppf t k y f p k u b,f a vmuf vk y f c sif o nf j zpf a p vli,fawG ausmif;om;awGu b,fawmhrS 'Dtwkdif;acgif;ikH@rcH=ubl;qkdwm ol@0xˆKrSmazmfjyw,f? ppftkyfpkESifh acwfysufolaX;wcsKdŒ&JŒ ykvif;wl Al;qkd@vkyf&yfawGukd ol@0xˆKrSm zGifhcsw,f/ arSmifrkdufusKd;a=uaewJh vlxkb0ukd ol@0xˆKrSm vSpfjyw,f/ tJ'Db0awGxJu xkd;azmufausmfv$m;xGufEkdifzkd@ vrf;p&Smae=uwJh 'Drkdua&pDa&; v_yf&Sm;aeolrsm;&JŒ v_yf&Sm;¶kef;uef aer_rsm;ukd ol@0wˆKrSm azmfjyw,f? wpfO;D csi;f udpP wpfO;D csi;f tusK;d pD;yGm;qkw d mawGxuf jrefrmjynfol w&yfv;Hk &JŒudpP jrefrmjynfow l &yfv;Hk &JŒ tusK;d pD;yGm; awGtwGuf b0awGudk ay;qyfpeG @f vw $ w f u dk yf 0JG ifaeolrsm;&JŒ tv_yt f &Sm;awGudk 'D0wˆKrSm a&;zGŒJ w,f? A[kvGifjyif[m æ oufwrf;& uavmifwpfacsmif;r[kwfayr,fh ol@b0/ ol@pGef@v$wfr_/ ol@tawG; ol@tjrifeJ@ ol@,kH=unfcsufawGukd awmh ol@pmawGxJrSm pmzwfolwkd@ jrifcGifh zwfcGifh avhvmjrnf;prf;cGifh &Ekdif=ur,fvkd@ ar#mfvifhygw,f? A[k v G i f j yif quf v uf a &;om;Ek d i f y gap/ tcuftcJawGukd b,favmufóuHóuH tòyH;rysuf tif;oH0J0JESifh awmf v S e f a &;aw;oD c sif ; rsm;uk d quf v uf a &;om; wD ; cwf oD u sL; Ek d i f y gapvk d @ qEN ð y&if ; æ
ZGerf i+d ;f
3/ 4/ 2010 14 14
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
xkwaf 0olwkd &h J t h rSmpm 'D0wˆKpmrludk usaemfwdk@qDa&mufaewm tawmf=um+yD? b,fuae b,fvdkyJa&mufa&muf *syefrSm 88rsdK;qufausmif;om;rsm;&J@ &yfwnfcsuf/ ,Hk=unfcsufawGudk av;pm;cH,laewJh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;u vufcx H m;vdu k w f ,f? &du k Ef ydS x f w k af 0zd@k wm0ef,v l u kd w f ,f? 'gayrJh ta=umif; w&m;awGudk tzufzufrS =unfhjrifaewma=umifh rxkwfjzpfcJhbl;? tckpDpOf xkwfa0vdkufyg+yD? pmtkyef mrnfu “0J=oCrSm aw;oH+ydKifv@kd ” qdak wmh qef;aeovd/k pma&;ol uavmif t rnf u vJ “A[k v G i f j yif ””qd k a wmh vef ; aew,f ? ol@udkod&wmu &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;rwdkifrSD rwfv/ ZGefv ta&; tcif;awG &efuek w f uUov kd x f rJ mS qifEaJ$ ewke;f ? aemuf&pS af v;vH;k ta&;awmf yHkumv? +yD;awmh ausmif;om;wdk@&J@ w&m;0if &yfwnfcsufjzpfwJh vl@abmif opf'rD u kd &ufwpfygwrD mS xdyw f ef;acgi;f aqmif jzpfvmcJh w,f? i,f&, G yf sKd jrpfwhJ vli,fumvawGukd trsKd ;om;a&;twGuaf y;qyf+yD; trsKd ;om; 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ ppftm%m&Sipf epf tvH;k pHyk suo f Ok ;f a&;/ awmfveS af &;'Da&v_id ;f rSm xdyw f ef;u yg0ifcw hJ ,f? ppfaxmifawGxaJ &mufw,f? jyefxu G v f m+yD; ausmif;om;&Jabmf &Jbufa[mif;rsm;ESiv hf ufwu JG m 88rsKd ;qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J udk zG@J pnf;+yD; b0wl cspfZeD;onfESifhtwl wufºuGpGm OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhw,f? trsKd ;om;a&;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;/ wef;wla&;udk aqmif&u G af ecsed f olEiS t hf wl 88 rsKd ;qufausmif;om;tm;vH;k udk ppftyk pf u k rw&m;ESp&f n S af xmifcs vdu k =f u w,f? ZeD;onfyg xyfzrf;cH&+yD; arG;uif;porD;i,fav;udk xm;&pfcJh&um tusOf;cscHae&w,f? rdrd&J@ &ifaoG;i,feJ@ rdom;pkta&;udkyif tav;rxm; EdkifyJ wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsdK; vGwfajrmufaumif;pm;a&;twGuf b0ay;tepfemcH aqmif&GufaewJh ol@udk,fa&; t=urf;zsif;yg? olu uAsma&;wJh uAsm&GwfwJh vli,fuAsmq&m? axmiftjyifrSmvJ a&;w,f/ &Gwfw,f? axmifwGif;rSmvJ a&;w,f/ &Gwq f w kd ,f? 'Dpmtky[ f m ol@&@J axmifwiG ;f jzpf jrefrmhEikd if aH &;tjzpf tysuu f kd tajccHwhJ yd@k paf rmf'ef0wˆKqefqef 0wˆKvd@k qykd gw,f? tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
15 15
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
'D0wˆKrSm ppftyk pf t k yk cf sKyfra_ tmufu jrefrmvlrb _ 0 tajctaeawG udk jyw,f? ppftyk pf &k @J tusiphf &du k af wGygw,f? &ufpuf,w k rf m =urf;=uKwfvS wJh axmifwiG ;f tajctaeawGe@J axmifwiG ;f 'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkawG&@J &yfwnf yHkawG/ &ifqdkiftHwkyHkawGeJ@ tJ'Dumv EdkifiHa&;tajctae oHk;oyfcsufawG cHpm;&ygw,f? usaemfwdk@ jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ordkif;pOfw av#muf wdik ;f wyg;u|eb f 0 vufatmufrmS awmifrS ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif awG / vl i ,f a cgif ; aqmif a wG & J @ pmay vuf & mawG xG u f & S d E d k i f c J h y gw,f ? (yrmjy&&if ud k a tmif q ef ; / ud k E k / ud k A [d e f ; )? 'ga=umif h v J vl x k u tjrifus,v f m+yD; Edik if aH &;tod ºuG,0f vmwma=umifh vGwv f yfa&;&cJw h ,f? usaemf w d k @ vl j zpf v mcJ h & wJ h ppf w yf u |ef b 0rS m awmh pmay[m uef@owfwm;qD; ydwfyifr_awGa=umifh tjzpfoepfordkif;jzpf&yfrSefawG/ vufawG@vlr_b0awG/ EdkifiHa&;todtjrifawG a&;om;xkwfa0cGifhr&Sdwm a=umifh ppfu|efb0 oufqdk;&Snfaewmjzpfr,fvdk@ aumufcsufcsrdw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@acwf&J@ [aewJhuGufvyfwckudk usaemfwdk@ 0ifjznfh&if; 88 rsdK;qufausmif;om; acgif;aqmifwOD;&J@pmayudk *syefa&muf tvif ; td r f & J a bmf a wG t aeeJ @ wm0ef , l } ud K ;pm;xk w f a 0vd k u f y gw,f ? trS m pma&;ay;cJ h = uwJ h pma&;q&mrsm;ud k v nf ; tvif ; td r f t aejzif h aus;Zl;wifpGmjzifh rSwfwrf; wiftyfygw,f// wpHkw&m trSm;t,Gif;ygcJh&if usaemfwdk@&J@ &dk;om;pGmrSm;,Gif;r_udk cGifhv$wfem;vnfay; =uyg? pma&;oleJ@ ol @ cspf Z eD ; wd k @ . rd b &if c G i f r J h orD ; i,f “jzLaecsnf r if ; ,k ” &J @ (3)ESpaf jrmufarG;ae@rmS orD;i,ftwGuf arG;ae@vufaqmiftjzpf trSwf w& xkwfa0 jzef@csdvdkufygw,f?
tvif;tdr& f a J bmfrsm;
16 16
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
A[dkcsufeHygwf ( 1 'or 2 ) (1) ESif;yGifhawGu orm"dwHqdyfeJY abmufcsmzGifhw,f ]a[m'gaqmif;tppf}wJh &,fcsifovdkvdkyJ aomur[kwfayrJh tvGrf;uwG,fwwf oDcsif;wpfyk'fqdk&if; vomrdw,f ]opöm*Dwusrf;} vdkY ac:csifac:awmh trsdK;om;aeYrSm oDqdkcJhyg&JU trsdK;om;vlom;wdkY tvHudkudkifvdkY oDqdkyg&JU r'rfvS (2002) ?r'rf...? r'rf...? r'rf... olwdkYvdkr'rf tHoGm;xduyfyHkxl;jcm;vGef;vdkY 0efcsDpufudkawmif csDydk;EdkifMuw,f tjyif;qHk;cGmoHudk ,pfrl;avvGifhwmrsdK;r½Sd wmtxGuf apmif;oHudk jrSifhNyD;rcwf oHpOfawGvnf; ñdI;csHK;zG,f&mrjrif yg&rDjznfh vuf½kef;awGqefY&if; tm*ajrmufwJh ckcHppfudk EGJMuw,f ]pGefYvGwfjcif;rSm t½HI;tjrwfr½Sd jrifhjrwfaom udk,fusifhw&m;om½Sdw,f} þc&D; eD;ovm;oDcsif;udkvnf; olwdkY ryDro nnf;qdkEdkifw,f... odkYayr,fhav ol&Jaumif;oHpOf eJY auGYaumufaw;oGm;awGudkawmh
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
17 17
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
olwdkYapmif;BudK;awGuratmf BuD;jrwfwJharwåmppfrSmom ajzmifhajzmifhoDqdkMuw,f apmif;udkvnf; ESvHk;tdrfjzifhrcwf ynmÓPfeJYomcwfMuw,f arSmf...yOövufwdkYeJYrndIU arwåm&JUajzmifhwef;jcif;eJUñdIUMuw,f 'Pf&m& usD;eufwpfaumif&JU nnf;ñloHrSm olwdkYaqmif;uaemufcHaw;oGm;rwD; a'gif;a,mifaqmifrdoludkoHa0*aw;zGJUMuw,f 'gawG [ m...a½S ; ya0oPD u opö m a'gorJ h aomucG e f t m;awG o m rw&m;rI u d k rw&m;rI j zif h r atmif E d k i f atmif y gvQif v nf ; cPyJ j zpf a ygh urÇ m BuD ; awmif yd k ; pm; csud k u f ajrpmcJ y rm jzpf a ygh rd k ; aumif ; uif N yd K Ed k i f w ,f ? ajrBuD ; id k E d k i f w ,f wnf w nf c ef Y c ef Y rif ; rl o l u awmh opö m w&m;om rS e f a wmh w ,f ]ol w d k Y o pö m ud k tav;jyK} olwdkYqdkwJh r'rfawG ,HkMunfcsufudk ,HkMunfrIeJY axmufyHhMuw,f r'rfvSac:tarrmudkOD;cdkufvdkYoDqdkyg&JU trsdK;om; vlom;wdkY wm0efBuD;ygayghvm; 0HykavGtkyfudk MuufNcHrapmifhapouJhodkY idkufjrnf;jcif;0goemBuD;oludk wHcg;rSL;cefYrSmr[kwf Zmwfwlom;pm;wmudk jzKwfodrf;MupdkY
18 18
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
opöm½SifawG&JUopömudkaumfa&mf&if; rdrdudk,frdrd ESifwHeJY wkdYyg&JU txufqDrSm rdk;tHkYwmodvQuf 'D awmifusacsmif;udk jzwfygawmhr,f jzwful;olrsm;pGmvdkyJjzwfyghr,f arwåmBuD;olwdkY arwåmudk½dkusdK;NyD; rdrdudk,frdrd prf;wGif;wl;yg&JU atmifbufqD 'Da&uswmodvsuf avSudkvnf;xifwdkif; rvTwfyg wufudkifolrsm;pGmvdkyJ wufudkifvTwfyghr,f r'rfvS&JUaemufqHk;ajc&mrSm twGif;tm;½Sdovdk r'rf...&JU vufxJrSm oajycuf ½Sdw,f r'rf...&JU rsufvHk;rSm arQmfvifhcsuf&J&ifhvdkY r'rf...&JU acR;pufrSmavmu"HjymrIef½Sdw,f r'rf...&JU OD;xufrSmawmh em;vnfrIawG auomzGJUw,f r'rf...? r'rf... pwJh r'rfrsm;&JU ajzmifhwef;wJh e&D? nDnmwJh pD;qif;rIrSm opömapmif;oHawG xpfxpfcsKef;csKef; Mobmay;&JU awmfvJoHaxmyemjyK&JU 'DvdkeJY ... tppftrSef vGwfajrmufMuukef&JU/
armifarmif*sif tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
19 19
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
(2) ]Ekopf} av,mOfay:uiHkYMunfhvdkufyg tkwfx&Hywfvnf0dkif;wJh uRef;wpfuRef;rSm uRefawmfwdkY aexdkifMuwm tv,facwfrSm yGifhcJhzl;wJh t½dkif;yef;awG tqkwfa&m*gonftwGufta&mif;arT;wJh aq;yef;av tqkwfa&m*gudk pkwf,lxkwf&if;om yef;½dkif;awGtñdI;cHcJhw,f uJ pE´,m;udk toHjrSifhumpwD;r,f/ (3) oydwfawGarSmufw,f... a<u;aMumfw,f qE´jyw,f... tmcHw,f tzrf;cHNyD;wdkufyGJ0ifw,f bmwdkufyGJvJ... vGwfvyfcGifhwdkufyGJawG acwftqufquf... urÇmtqufquf... tqufquf uRefawmfwdkYNyD;awmha&m.. tqufqufygyJ vlUtwåawG ]ig} pGJaysmufwJhtxdaygh tcufqHk;uawmh ]Ekopf} &,f udk,fhudk,fudk,fjyefwdkuf&wJh tcgrsdK;yJ/
20 20
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
(4) oluawmh olYudk,fol twdkif;twm wpfcktxd tEdkif&xm;yHkyJ tjyifyef;Munf½h ekH aYJ wmh uReaf wmfpw d yf suw f ,f rsufvHk;awG&JU t"dyÜg,fudkzrf;rdvdkYomaygh ],kow D m} u rdwq f ufay;w,f oleY mrnf ]a0a0xGe;f } wJh ]vGwv f yfr}I udk b0eJY &if;Ny;D ,HMk unfw,fwhJ ]a0h udpk w d cf syg} vdYk olqw kd t hJ oHu tufuu JG JG qnf;vnf;vdk rcsKd w h csKd ... 'gayr,fh txpftaighr½Sd wnfMunfyg&JU ,koDwmudkuRefawmfNyHK;tMunfhrSm tmrcHtNyHK;eJY ,kow D mu wHk jh yefv.Ykd .. 'gqdpk w d cf sNyD ]a0a0xGef;udk owdawmhay;yg&ap...emZDawGqdkwm ta&cGHrz,fbJ rpm;wwfbl;... iSufaysmoD;wpfvHk;&JU ido k u H kd aw;zGUJ uwwfw,f... olwdkY&JUr*Fvmpum;rSm aoG;pdrf;awGomzGJUpnf;xm;w,f uJ... cifAsm;b,fvv kd }J vdYk uReaf wmfar;w,f olu cyfNird Nf ird Nf yKH ;vdYk ]uRerf todq;kH yg} wJ/h (5) ]a0xG e f ; a&... a0xG e f ; .. ta':h E G m ;awG y god r f ; cJ h a emf . . 'DrSm..rif;tr? rtm;½SmvdkY} ][kwu f .hJ .[kwu f }hJ a0xGe;f &JUtbd"gefrmS tjiif;awGr½Sw d wfb;l / ud, k x hf rif;ud, k pf m; Bu;D awmf EGm;rausmif;bl;qdw k t hJ xJ a0xGe;f rygbl;/ toufu 18ESpaf usmyf g/ odraf rTUwJah ,mufsm;acsm/ rdbrJv h aYkd wmh ajym&r,f/ tzGm;av;eJYae&w,f/ pm&if;iSm;vkyfw,f/ ½Gm&JU a0,m0pö tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
21 21
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
vkyw f ,f/ ukov kd &f wm tuke, f w l ,f/ jrpfacsmif;awGaygwJh pyg;usaD 'ou ½Gmwpf½GmrSm... ½Gmudck spw f hJ a0xGe;f udk ½Gmucspw f ,f/ ½Gmudik w hJ hJ a0xGe;f udk ½GmuiJw h ,f/ trdtbrJah yr,fh ½Gm&JUom;&if;wpfa,mufjzpfcw hJ ,f/ q&mawmftrdet Yf & rESpfuyJ ½SifjyKNyD;NyD/ toufBuD;rSaygh/ ]ndKcif} &JU oabmwlcsuft& rESpfuyJ½SifjyKNyD;NyD/toufBuD;rSaygh/ ]ndKcif&JU oabmwlcsuft& touf 20 rSmtdrfaxmifjyKMur,f/ i,faygif;BuD;cspf ndKcifav;aygh/ o½kyf rSefatmif rBudK;pm;awmhbl;/ (6) w0kef;0kef;vIyfcgaewJh &xm;&JU 'a&maomyg; ajy;vTm;[efaygh/ csdKifhcGufawGa½Smifarmif;aeovm;rSwfw,f/ ½kyfzsufzdkY twGufpOf;pm;&if; aeumrsurf eS w f yfMuw,f/ uReaf wmfvnf;ygwmaygh/ 1988 Zlvdkifvukefydkif;vdkYxifw,f/ awmifBuD;uae ompnfudk qif;/ ompnfuae &xm;wufp;D w,f/ vufrw S rf 0,fbJ txufwef;wGrJ mS ae&m&w,f/ txmodolawGtzdkYvG,fw,fav/ ompnfrSm tenf;qHk; txufwef; xdik cf kH 10cHk vGwo f mG ;w,f/ wGaJ pmifu h o kd m 150 ay;vdu k /f olMunfv h yk v f rd rhf ,f/ uReaf wmfoyd yf if;yef;aeNy/D uReaf wmfw h ifyg; atmufrmS aoG;pkemwpfv;kH (tawmfa,mifaeNy)D udck x k idk x f m;&wJh c&D;a0;orm;av;yg/ pdw"f gwf wuf<uvGe;f vdo Yk maygh/ ]uReaf wmfu h kd jywif;aygufem;u cHak y;ygAsm} vdYk ajymawmh h h h ]pdwcf snaD v;? a[m[dek m;ucHek yH gwf 10rSmom xdik v f u kd af yawmh} vdYk wGaJ pmifBh u;D uqdw k ,f/ ompnfuakd &mufatmif um;ay:rSm xdik v f u kd f wG,v f u kd pf ;D cJ&h mu qdzk mcHBk u;D ay:rSm wud, k v f ;kH avQmch s xdik cf sypfvu kd w f m ]&efuek af &muf&ifighaoG;pkemudak zmufNy}D vdYk tawG;eJY tawmfav; oufom vmw,f/ tjref&xm;u w0kef;0kef;vIyfcgvdkY ESpfrsm;pGm½kef;uefxGufajy; 22 22
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
ae&aygh/ jyKwx f u G Nf yKd uo JG mG ;rvm; tawG;awG ra,mifrvnf a&mufvm ao;w,f/ aeumrsurf eS t f pGr;f vm;? rd;k &dyjf rifaewmaMumifv h m; w&dy&f yd f &xm;ab;u ½I ch if;awG wa½GUa½TUat;aq;vGe;f vSw,f/ tif;..b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf 8 av;vHk;jzpfrSmyg/ (7) ][dw.f ..[dw.f ..udak usm}f ] a[h...udak usm}f uRefawmfarS;puf&mu owdt0if emrnfac:oHMum;&w,f/ ud, k t hf aMumif;eJu Y , kd rf Ydk acgif;aMumBu;D wif;ueJwif;vdYk ac:oH aemufukd tMunfv h u kd rf ad wmh rsurf eS u f akd zmufNy;D a0h0g;0g; .. ? ] bk&m;..bk&m;...Ekopf} uRefawmfhudku ywf0ef;usifudktuJrcwfcJhwm/ ]udak usm.f . b,fvjkd zpfvmwmvJ/ wlveG ;f vdYk aocsmMunfah ewm.. yifyef;aevm;} Ekopf&JUpum;u avoHudkacRwmxm;&JU/ uRefawmfwpfckckcufcJ vmyHk oload ewmaygh/ olUab;rSm olt Y rBu;D uReaf wmfu h Nkd yKH ;NyKH ;Munfw h ,f/ rvH k r vJ e J Y ajratmuf a usmif ; om;rk d Y uRef a wmf taMumuf w &m;ud k tjzpfreS w f pfcek YJ umuG,&f awmhw,f/ ][kw.f ..[kww f ,f.. aoG;pkemaygufaevd}Yk nDrESpfa,muf tm;&atmifNyHK;w,f/ &,fcsifpdwfawG olwdkY &ifacgif; xJywfajy;aeyHkyJ/ wu,fawmh uReaf wmfu h pd u ö kd Ekopfow d ,f/ uReaf wmfeYJ (9)wef; 10 wef;rSm usL½Siftwl/ t.x.u 2 urm½Gwfu uRefawmfhausmif;? Ekopfu T. T. C / wuúov kd af &mufawmh uReaf wmfu ½lyaA'? Ekopfu ocFsm/ tckqkd ESpaf ,mufv;kH wwd,ESp/f yifrwuúov kd rf mS wufMuw,f/ txufu uReaf wmfwYkd taMumif;awG Ekopfu olt Y rBu;D udak jymjyaewm/ aemufq;kH pum;vH;k awGu ryDoawmh/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
23 23
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
]olu.....aewm} qdv k m;yJ/ trBuD;u ydkvdkYawmifazmfa½GoGm;w,f/ ]rEÅ a v;ujyef v mwm? pm;p&mawG &,f ' D y gw,f / trwd k Y oH;k a,mufpm ydak wmifyOkd ;D r,f} wJ/h ]olutm;remwwfb;l rr} Ekopf&JUpum;aMumifh uRefawmfoGm;NzJ½Hk &,fjyvdkufw,f/ ] aus;Zl;vdkY rajymawmhbl;} (8) tpnf;ta0;vdkYac:Muw,f/ vlawGMurf;jyifay:rSm 0dkif;ywfxdkifvdkY tav;teufrsufESmawG [efcsDxm;Muw,f/ uRefawmfa0hMunfhvdkufawmh uRefawmfhyHkrsdK;awGygyJ/ 'grSr[kwf uReaf wmfuolwyYkd rkH sKd ;/ acwfay:½SyftusÐ? *sif;abmif;bD? aeumrsufrSefawG qif,if xm;vd?Yk qHyifawGww kd ?kd a'gufawGcRecf Re?f Punck acwf&UJ vli,fawG/ olwdkYav;awGu qdk½S,fvpftpdk;&udk rD;p½IdUr,fwJh/ wu,fyJ xyfjznfah jymOD;r,f/ olwaYkd v;awG[m rif;Bu;D wmxGuf rl;,pf,rumpHu k kd tenf;qHk;taysmfoabmru prf;cJhbl;w,f/ qdk½S,fvpfygwD&JU ] EdkifiHa&; ody}HÜ bmom&yfukd atmifrw S &f ½Hu k sucf zhJ ;l w,f/ olwaYkd v;awGukd qd½k , S v f pf tpd;k & tmPmodr;f Ny;D rS arG;zGm;cJw h ,f/ (uReaf wmfu h kd 1969 rSmarG;w,f) &,fp&mawmhaumif;om;&,f jrefrmrIudkjrwfEdk;olwdkY wdu k yf ekH aYJ ,m 0wfMuw,f/ 'gayr,f.h .. qdk½S,fvpfom;aumif; (odkY) om;aumifjzpfrSm tm;vHk;aMumufMuw,f qd½k , S v f pfvil ,f ( vrf;pOfvil ,f )awGom tJh'DacwfwdkufyHk½SifawG jzpfawmhw,f bkajym? *vefw Y u kd f 24 24
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
rl;,pfaygufuGJwJh ausmif;om;qdk;awG rsm;NyD;&if;rsm;vmw,f wuúodkvfajr[m olykefe,fajrjzpfcJhNyD tpnf;ta0;awGqufMuNyD/ ajymp&modyfr½SdyJ owådawGom pum;ajymMuNyD/ ]uJ...wdaYk wG cs vdu k Mf upd}Yk ]8 &uf? 8 v? 88 ckEpS ?f reuf 8 em&D} tJ't D csed af wGukd b,fou l pwifowfrSwfvJrod/ 'gayr,fh... udk,fhwm0ef? udk,fhae&mudkawmh ud, k b fh momowfrw S cf w hJ ,f/ awmfveS w f hJ tbd"gefawG uReaf wmfzwfz;l w,f/ bmomw&m;tbd"r®mawG uReaf wmfrw S zf ;l w,f/ bmtwGu&f ,fvaYkd wmh uReaf wmfr&nf½, G yf gbl;/ odxm;&ifaumif;r,f/ olrsm;xufyo kd &d if ydNk y;D *kPf ,lr,f/ jiif;cHkyGJrSmtEdkif,lr,f/ pum;BuD;pum;us,f vlpGmvkyfr,f/ wu,fyJ usaemft h awG;0ef;usiaf v; usO;f cJyh gw,f/ (9) Ä 8?8?88 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkjzpfygw,f/ wEdkifiHvHk;rBuHKzl;atmif vlxkaygif;pHkyg0ifygw,f/ Ä qdk½S,fvpfygwDu ypfowfEdSrfESif;ygw,f/ or®w oHk;qufajymif;NyD; vSnphf m;Munfyh gw,f/ r&ygbl;/ Ä r&wJt h qH;k olw Y yfukd ]Edik if aH wmf Nird 0f yfyjd ym;rI wnfaqmifa&;tzG}YJ vdYk emrnfay;Ny;D tmPmodr;f cdik ;f ygw,f/ qE´jyKoal wGukd axmifcso D wfjzwfNy;D 18?9?88rSm tmPm,lchJygw,f/ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
25 25
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
A[dkcsufeHygwf ( 1 'or 5 ) (1) ]uReaf wmfajymaewmu obm0ed,mrawGyg/ obm0rusb;l vdYk tajymcH&wJt h &mawG[m obm0jzpfaeMuw,f/ wu,fawmh uReaf wmfwYkd rrSDcJhwJh vlYordkif;rsm;pGmrSmvnf; 'gawG½SdcJhrSmyg/ uRefawmfhÓPfavmufeJY obm0qdkwmudk rowfrSwfcsifygbl;/ tawGYtBuHK wpfckwdkif;udk oHrId wpfcsuo f abmxm;&if; uReaf wmfh ,HMk unfcsuu f ckd ikd rf mapcJw h ,f/ uReaf wmf axmifuvGwfvmwJhtcktcsdefrSm Ekopfvdk rdwfaqGaumif;udk uRefawmf awGYae&ao;wm tm;½Sdw,f/ vlawG[maMumufaewmuvGJvdkY olwdkY &ifxJrSmbm½SdvJ uRefawmfodygw,f/ a':pk&JU Freedom From Fear pmpkxJuvdkygyJ/ t*wdw&m; 4yg;rSm b,mwd[m tqdk;qHk;ygyJwJh/ aMumufwt hJ wGuf rrSew f mudv k yk rf w d mvdYk qdw k ,faygh/ a':pkpum;udyk J ,lo;kH yg&ap/ uReaf wmfwYkd jynfoal wGukd taMumuf w&m;eJY tkyfcsKyfolawGudk,fwdkifyJ aMumufaewmyg/ bmrSaMumufp&m rvdb k ;l vdYk ajymaewJh uReaf wmfwv Ykd kd vlrsKd ;awGukd ryg;eyfb;l / aoG;qlwhJ aumifav;.. t½l;av;aygh/ 'grSr[kwv f nf; awmfygawmhumG / wdaYk wG[m zufb0awGyg/ ql;eJb Y ,fvkd awGaY wGY ayguf&wmyJ/ rif;yJc&H rSm igwdo Yk em; vdyYk g/} vdw Yk &m;cswmawG½adS o;w,f/ t&ifwek ;f uuReaf wmfwYkd aoG;qlcyhJ gw,f/ tckaoG;at;wwfvmNy/D tckjzpfaewJyh wf0ef;usiu f u kd Reaf wmf awmfawmfem;vnfw,f/ uReaf wmfwYkd xJu em;rvnfwo hJ al wGvnf; ½Sw d maygh/ vGecf w hJ hJ 5 ESpf 6 ESpf 1988 wkef;uwuf<uygw,fqdkwJh vlawG[m tckpD;yGm;a&;aemuf ukef;½kef; avmbwufae&aumif;vm;.. 'Drdkua&pD qdkwmarYae&aumif;vm;.. bmvm;? nmvm;aygh/ tJ'h v D adk ygufuaJG wmh rdom;pkutp olwo Ykd m;orD; axmifxGufBuD;awmh aMumifoGm;NyDvdkY,lqMuw,f/ udk,fu olwdkYudk em;rvnf? olwdkYu udk,fhudkoabmraygufeJY qufqHa&;awGawmif ysupf ;D ukeMf uwmaygh/aemufq;kH rdbawGupd;k &dru f v J mNy;D wdo Yk m;orD;awG 26 26
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
e,fydkYxm;wmyJaumif;w,fqdkNyD; &efukefuae yxkwfypfvdkufMuwmaygh/ tJ'gvnf; uRefawmfwkdY twdkuftcHawGtwGuf tawmftm;,kwfapwJh tcsufyJ/ [dkwaeYuyJ twGif;a&;rSL; 1&JU rdefYcGef;Mum;vdkuf&ao;w,f/ pD ; yG m ;a&; 9%wuf w ,f w J h / 'g[k w f c sif v nf ; [k w f r S m aygh / b,f v k d wGuv f aJ wmh rodb;l / jynfot l rsm; pkBu;D rSmawmh t&ifxufyq kd ;kd ovdyk gyJ/ &efukefNrdKUBuD;uawmh rSwfrdp&mr½Sdatmif ajymif;vJwdk;wuf oGm;NyD vdq Yk Mkd uw,f/ 'guawmh b,ftpd;k &wufwuf aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;eJY yk*v ¾ u d OD;pm;ay;yHkpHcsvdkuf&if wd k u f B uD ; wmBuD ; awG vrf ; BuD a wG j zpf v mrS m yJ / aemufNyD;ppftpdk;& ajymajymaewm½Sdao;w,f/ wdkif;&if;om; vufeufuikd f 15 zGUJ eJY Nird ;f csr;f a&;vkyEf ikd Nf yw D /hJ 'gaumif;ygw,f/ typfcwf &yfpJa&;yJ ac:ac:aygh/ tJ'Duwqifh EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJ awGvkyfNyD; trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk vkyfrvkyfqdkwm[m ta&;tBuD;qHk;yJ/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;ppfppfrSr[kwf&if bmvkyfrvJ/ vufeufawGudkifxm;NyD; tvpfacsmif;ae&wm yifyef;vSw,f/ ppftpd;k &&JU trSm;qH;k tcsuu f awmh 1990 a½G ; aumuf y G J & v'f u d k tod t rS w f r jyKwmyJ / 80%ausmf tEd k i f r J & xm;wJ h NLD ud k vd k c sif w J h y H k o G i f ; zd k Y tif t m;awG o H k ; aewm ydkvdkYawmifrSm;ao;w,f/ ppfEdkifiHa&;oabmyJ/ yHkoGif;vdkYr&&if acsrIef; ypfawmhr,f/ tJ'DaemufqHk; &nf½G,fcsufudk taumiftxnfazmfzdkY Bud K ;pm;vmNyD q d k & if ol w d k Y v nf ; ed * H k ; csKyf N yD o mrS w f a wmh / ol w d k Y u ppfwyftiftm;awGcsUJ xm;wm bmjzpfvYkd ed*;kH csKyrf mS vJ ar;Edik yf gw,f/ Ekopf uRefawmf,HkMunfwmudk ajymygr,f/ uRefawmfwdkYrSm opömw&m;½Sdw,f/ arwåmw&m;½Sdw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY&JUtrSefw&m;udk urÇmhjynfol tm;vHk; odw,f/ olwdkY&JU rw&m;rIawGrSeforQudk urÇmhjynfolawGu 'Pfcwf Muygvdrfhr,f/ b,fawmh'PfcwfrSmvJ... urÇmvqef; 1 &ufaeYvm; pwJh ar;cGef;awG uRefawmftar;cH&zl;ygw,f/ olwdkYtjrif wdkwmyJvdkY uReaf wmfoabmxm;w,f/ uReaf wmfpw d rf qd;k bl;/ aemufwpfcgawGYrSyJ EdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;awGudkuRefawmfjrif oavmuf ½Sif;jyyghr,f/ EkopfwdkY arQmfvifhcsufaea&mif[m a':pkqDu vmvdrfhr,f/ Edkb,fNidrf;csrf;a&;qkudkay;vdkufwJhtxd urÇmhjynfolawG&JU tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
27 27
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
,HMk unfru I kd &xm;Ny;D Ny/D olvw G af jrmufatmif 0dik ;f Ny;D BuKd ;yrf;aeMuw,f/ yGu J olvw G v f mrS Munfah umif;r,f/ tckppftpd;k &uvkyaf y;wJh trsKd ;om; nDvmcHukd wufa&mufaewJh OD;atmifa½T NLD [m tm;r½Sb d ;l / uReaf wmfwYkd pdwf½Snf&rSmaygh/ uRefawmfajym&r,fhpum;awG jrpfwpfacsmif;vdkpD;qif;cJhw,f/ Ekopf[m wpfcsdefvHk;NidrfNyD;em;axmifw,f/ NyD;rS i,farG; NcHaygufolY&JU qHEG,f½SnfBuD;udk vufeJYtomt,mqGJpkvdkY oufjyif;av;csvdkufw,f/ rsufvHk;tdrfrSmtm;awGjynfhvmw,f/ (2) twm;tqD;trsm;qH;k vHNk cKH a&;e,fajrudk ajymygqd&k if ]wuúov kd f e,fajr} yJvdkYajym&ygr,f/ 1991? 'DZifbm 10&uf ausmif;om;awGu a':pk&JU Nidrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fqkudk axmufcHqE´jyMuw,f/zrf;ypfvdkufwm uk e f y ga&m/ q&mrawG a wmif y gw,f / wuú o d k v f 0 if ; BuD ; awG u d k tuefaY wGjzwf? NcpH nf;½d;k awGum? ausmif;om;awGukd t0iftxGupf pD pfv?Ykd rqdik o f rl 0if&wJ/h ynma&;uvnf;odyrf [kwaf wmhbJ 4veJY wpfwef;Ny;D ? 3veJYvnf; wpfwef;atmif jyóemrsdK;qufvdkY ,lqxm;wJh 1988 tEG,af wGukd ausmif;xJu tjywf½iS ;f aewmxifygh/ bGUJ &tvkyv f ufrahJ wGuvnf; yHak tmvd/Yk uReaf wmfwYkd t½G,af wG? uRef a wmf w d k Y x uf i ,f o l a wG Ed k i f i H j cm;qd k w myJ ajymaeMuw,f / olwdkYwdkif;jynfudkpGefYcJhMuNyDvm;/ at;av...bmae&mrS tay;rcH&wJh vuf0g;BuD;tkyfppfvlwef;pm;y"meacwfrSm a½Smifwdrf;jcif;u wdkufyGJ wpfckvdkjzpfaewmudk;/ rSm;ukefNyD/ tpprSm uRefawmfwdkYxufqdk;wJh b0awGudk ypfpvufcwfxm;cJhMuNyDvm;/ (3) um;eH y gwf p d r f ; pd r f ; awG Y & if owd x m;ae&w,f / Nid r f ; csrf ; a&; vkyx f m;wJh tzGUJ awGw/hJ ]&rf;um;vdu k w f m} ]&rf;vdu k w f m}/ 28 28
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
vlawGu'gyJajymEdkifMuw,f/ 'Dxufrydk&JvdkYyg/ olwdkYajymwJh Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJU (wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif)awGudk aps;uGufpD;yGm; a&;xJrmS 0ifNy;D ukrP Ü aD wG axmifciG ahf y;w,f/ e,fpyfu olwYkd xde;f csKyf &mrS m opf a wG a &mif ; cG i f h j yKw,f / ES p f z uf y l ; aygif ; NyD ; a'ozG H U Nzd K ;a&; awGvyk rf ,fvYkd a<u;aMumfMuw,f/ tqd;k qH;k uawmh vufeufawGuikd Nf y;D NrdKUawGxJrSm0ifMurf;wJhudpöyg/ EdkifiHa&;qefwJh wdkif;&if;om;awG r[kwf avmufbl;xif&JU/tD;a,mif0g; cGpm;awGom jzpfzdkYrsm;w,f/ (4) ajymifvufaewJph m;yG?J ukvm;xdik af wG pD&o D yf&yfvYkd us,v f u kd w f hJ ½Hk;cef;BuD;/ avat;pufoHMum;avmufatmif wdwfqdwfvSw,f/ 1994 ckESpf aEGu tawmfylw,fxifyg&JU/ avat;pufeJY vHkavmufyHkr&vdkY i,faoG;<u vHk;xnfxnfaumif rav;udk ,yfcyfcdkif;xm;w,f/ tnmom;a[mif;wpfa,mufyykH gyJ/ tckawmh bDvQeH molaX;Bu;D NrKd Uawmf&efuek &f UJ *kPaf qmif ]OD;xGe;f Mum} aygh/ jznf;jznf;av;,yfcyfwhJ vufo, G o f , G f olb Y ufujkd yefa½GUtvmrSm cyfomomav;zrf;udik v f u kd w f ,f/ ]awmf Nyu D , G n f rD av;? tudBk u;D Adu k q f mw,f? rif;aMumifah yghumG } wJh/ vH;k xnfxnfaumifrav;u nKww k rk suaf pmif;ypfvYkd ud, k cf E¨mudk wpfcsufaqmifhcgvdkufw,f/ ]&ygw,f . ..&ygw,f . ..orD ; u aemuf q H k ; twG i f ; a&;rS L ; av;yg... tudkBuD;u orD;qdk&if aemufqHk;rSmyJxm;w,f/ aemufqHk; rSyJ..[if;} aumifrav;toHenf;enf;us,fvmw,f/ ]uJ y guG , f . ..qvG e f ; wpf p D ; vm;...jzpf a p&r,f / wd k ; wd k ; ajymrdacsm&,f.. "gwfaygufukefrSmpdk;vdkY... Adkufqmw,f. oGm;jyif awmhaemf} vkyfief;awGrsm;wJh ukrÜPDolaX;wpfa,muf uG,f&mu uav; tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
29 29
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
uvm;ud p ö a wG q d k & if r S m ;Ed k i f w ,f / vl B uD ; ud p ö a &m[k w f y govm;/ OD;xGef;Mumvdk vlBuD;wpfa,muf&JU udpöyg/ NyHK;NyHK;av;jrL;<uoGm;wJh aumifrav; a&csKd ;cef;bufajy;0ifomG ;w,f/ bD;awG? rSeaf wG? eHo Y mcJawG? a&yef ; awG t jyif qd k z mcH k ½ S n f w pf v H k ; u a&csd K ;cef ; rS m xl ; jcm;w,f / cPMumawmh a&csdK;cef; axmifhu t0wfwef;pifav;ay:rSm aumifr acsmav;eJY OD;xGef;Mum&JU t0wftpm;awG a&maESm rdef;armaeMuw,f/ a&pufusov H v dk kd avat;puf&,foH vkv d edk YJ ]Adu k q f mw,f} qdw k phJ um;udk olwEYkd pS af ,muf tajzxkwaf eMuw,f/ (5) EdkifiHjcm;owif;pmwpfapmifeJYtar;tajzwpfckyg/ owif;axmuf / / tckrpöwmxGef;MumvkyfaewJh PoptcsdK&nf vkyfief;tajctaeb,fvdk½SdygovJ/ OD;xGef;Mum / / tckwpf&ufuykd v k if; 5ode;f avmuf xkwEf ikd yf g NyD/ cifAsm;awGUwJhtwdkif;yJav/ puf½HkudkydkNyD;acwfrD atmifvkyfaew,f/ NyD;oGm;&if rEÅav;aps;uGufudkcsJUr,f/ w&ufudkykvif;wpfoef;avmuf xkwfEdkifr,fvdkYxifw,f/ owif;axmuf / / jrefrmawGu Pop tcsdK&nfeJY tawmf&if;ESD; aeMuNyDqdkwJhoabmvm;/ OD;xGef;Mum / / [kwfygw,f/ txl;ojzifh &efukefayghav/ uReaf wmfwv Ykd v kd rl sKd ;u tcsKd &nfBuKd uw f wfygw,f/ owif;axmuf / / tckppftpdk;&uvkyfaewJh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; pepfatmifjrifaew,fvdkYxifygovm;/ OD;xGef;Mum / / xifygw,f/ 'DEpS rf mS aps;uGuu f 9&mcdik Ef eI ;f wuf w,fav/ 'gaps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;&JUzGUH NzKd ;rI t½Sed t f [keaf ygh aemufEpS f awGqkd ydNk y;D wufEikd yf gao;w,f/ owif;axmuf / / ukeaf ps;EIe;f awGwufNy;D aiGawGazmif;yGvmwm ua&m cifAsm;b,fvdkajymrvJ/ 30 30
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
OD;xGef;Mum / / 'guawmh pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;vmwJh EdkifiHwdkif;rSm awGU&wwfygw,f/ owif;axmuf / /'DrSm uRefawmfawGU&wmawmh csrf;omNyD;om; olu t&rf;awGcsr;f omvmNy;D ?qif;&Jwv hJ al wGusawmhyv kd q Ykd if;&J ukew f ,f av/ OD;xGef;Mum / / tJ'v D akd wmhr[kwyf gbl;/ uReaf wmfwYkd ukeo f nf Bu;D rsm;? vkyif ef;½Sirf sm;a&m? 0efBu;D Xme wcsKd Ua&m azmifa';½Si;f awGaxmifNy;D qif;&J'ku©a&mufaeolawGudk ulnDzdkYjyifqifaeygw,f/ owif;axmuf / / EdkifiHa&;tajctaea&m b,fvdkjrifygovJAs/ OD;xGef;Mum / / uRef a wmf w pf O D ; wnf ; tjrif t &ajym&&if Ed k i f i H a &; tajctaeaumif ; ygw,f / tck t rsd K ;om;nD v mcH usif ; y aew,fav/ (6) a0xGef;wdkYvdk½Gmom;awGuawmh yxrydkif;rSm [kwfEdk;Edk;xifcJh ygw,f/ ndKcifhtazBuD;u ]carmuftzGJU0if} wJh/ ½GmvlBuD;uvnf; trsd K ;awG q d k a wmh n d K cif h tazBuD ; ud k o wd a y;wwf w ,f / ol u od y f wuf<uw,f/ ½GmxJupkd pfwyf0ifvm&if olu Y rkd enf;xdr;f &w,f/ pum;rSm; rSmpd;k vdyYk g/ [kwaf wmhvnf;[kwyf gw,f/ vmjyefNyD vkyftm;ay;vmzdkY/ pyg;wm0efrausvdkYqdkNyD; aevSrf; wmu wpfrsKd ;? ½du k w f mwpfrsKd ;? r,Ho k uFmeJY pyg;usaD wG0ifNy;D ajrvSeo f mG ;wm wpfrsdK;/ 1988ckESpfuqdk a0xGef;wdkY ndKcifwdkYu 13ESpft½G,fawGyg/ vlBuD;awGajymwmeJYaygif;NyD; NrdKUutaMumif; odoifhoavmufodygw,f/ aocsm udk,fawGU od&wmuawmh 1991ckESpfukefydkif;rSmaygh/ jrpf0uReaf y:wpfcv k ;kH eD;yg;aygh/ av,mOfawGuvnf;w0D0eD /YJ ausmif;om;eJY u&ifwyfawG0ifvmvdkY qdkvm;yJ/ a0xGef;wdkYvdk uav;awGudkawmif ½Gmywfvnf uif;csxm;w,f/ a0xGef;a&m ndKcifa&m wpfoufrarhwJh yGw J pfy½JG w dS ,f/ aorSmudrk odayr,fh &ifwxdwx f w d ef /YJ ½GmeJY ESprf ikd af vmuf uae&mudo k rd ;f zdw Yk /hJ a0xGe;f a&m tzGm;ygrusef ppfwyfa½Su h oGm;&w,f/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
31 31
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
roGm;&ifaemufuypfxnfv h u kd rf ,fw/hJ &ifwxdwx f w d ef aYJ ygh/ aemufawmh tJh'Dae&mrSm bmrSr½Sdygbl;/ wpf½GmvHk;tckxdtouf½Sifaeao;wmyJ aus;Zl;wif&r,f/ a0xGef;wdkY ½GmbufrSmawmh wdkufyGJawGodyfr½SdcJhygbl;/ tzsm;tem;cuf ½ H k q d k a yr,f h v nf ; awmf a wmf q d k a vmuf y gayw,f / wu,fhae&mawGqdk ajymzG,f&mr½Sdawmhbl;/ wmvrf;zdkYwmawmhNyD;oGm;ygNyD/ udk,fhtvkyfudk,frvkyf&awmh pyg;awG r jzpf b l ; / 'D E S p f w m0ef a wG b ,f v k d c s&rvJ v l B uD ; awG pOf ; pm; aeMuw,f/ vli,fawGuawmh ½GmxJuakd y:wmvmqG&J if rrdatmifajy;ajy; ae&w,f/ nbufrsm;qdk owdxm;zdYk ½GmvlBu;D uajymxm;w,f/ yxrydkif;rSm [kwfEdk;Edk;xifcJhyHkudk ajym&OD;r,f/ a½G;aumufyGJ vkyfwkef;u wpf½GmvHk;carmufyJ/v,form;awGuawmh pdwfcsrf;omNyD rSwv f u kd w f m vGjJ yefyga&mvm;/ tmPmrvTb J ;l wJ/h 'gwifrubl; ½GmxJrmS a&'D,dk em;raxmif&?bmrajym&eJY trsdK;rsdK;vmMuyfaew,f/ ndKcifh tazBuD;ajympum;eJYyJ ½Gmom;awGpdwfajz&w,f/ ]a[h...wdu Yk tdr½f iS .f ..olwu Ykd tdrif mS ;..tcsed w f ef&ifqif;ay; &rSmaygh} wJ/h pyg;awGaps;aumif;&awmh [kwfEdk;Edk;xifcJh&wm½Sdao;w,f/ v,form;awGxrJ mS awmiftESyd pf ufc&H wmarhNy;D aus;Zl;awG wifae vdu k Mf u wm/ndKcift h azBu;D u ]a[h...udk,fvkyftm;eJhxGufwJhpyg;udk,fa&mif;wmuG/ b,folU aus;Zl;wif &rSmwk;H } vdkYajymawmh qdkif&moGm;NyD;cRefwGef;vkyfwJh v,form;awGawmif ay:vmw,f/ ndKcift h azBu;D vnf;ac:owday;cH&ao; w,f/ rMumygbl;/ oGyaf wGw0if;0if;? T.V wdik af wGwaxmifaxmifeYJ v,form;awGausmoyf ½dkufcscH&awmhwmyJ/ bmpyg;? nmpyg;? tydkaqmif;pyg;? apwempyg;? tdk...pyg;awGawmifvdkyHkNyD; olrsm;udkay; vdkuf&wm 0rf;pmygrusefvdkY uRJa&mif;? EGm;a&mif;? ra&mif;oifhwmawGawmif a&mif;cJhMu&NyD/ b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpfppftpdk;&u wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmeJY aEGpyg; pdkufa&; pDrHudef;BuD;pwifaeygNyD/ 32 32
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
(7)
A[kviG _f yif
,kow D mtdru f u kd Reaf wmfa&mufawmh reuf 10em&D/ wuúov kd u f q&mrav;yg/ 1988 vIyf½Sm;rIawGrSm &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;ol wpfa,muf/ NyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkY&JU &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; tzG0YJ ifjzpfcw hJ ,f/ xdyw f ef;ausmif;olawGxu J awmhr[kwyf gbl;/ 'gayr,fh tvGeo f o kd yd w f hJ u@awGuygaew,f/ tquftoG,af umif;wJh aqGBu;D rsKd ; tod k i f ; t0d k i f ; uyg/ ,k o D w m&J U tazeJ Y t aru uk e f o nf B uD ; rsm; toif;0ifawGaygh/ 'Drdkua&pDudk t&rf;axmufcHw,f/ tda`E´rysuf axmufcw H ,f/ Ekopf tHMh ooGm;r,fxif&UJ / b,fv[ kd mBu;D vnf;xifp&myg/ uReaf wmfwb Ykd ufuo kd w l Ykd wwfEikd w f yhJ pkH eH YJ yg0ifaeMuwmyg/ uReaf wmfeYJ ,kow D mazazwdYk vQKd U0Suaf wGUMuw,f/ ]tefu,fuawmh EdkifiHa&;odyfrodbl;uGm/ orD;uawmif ydkod ygw,f / 'gayr,f h tef u ,f p D ; yG m ;a&;ud k aumif ; aumif ; od w ,f / ppfwyftmPmodr;f pu olweYkd u YJ if;uif;aezdYk tefu,fpOf;pm;Munfw h ,f/ r&bl;/ b,fvrkd rS jzpfEikd b f ;l / tefu,fwt Ykd &if;tES;D awG Edik if jH cm;xkwo f mG ;zdYk vnf ; rjzpf E d k i f b l ; / 'D a wmh pD ; yG m ;a&;orm;awG & J U pd w f ½ S n f r I u d k toHk;jyK&awmhw,f/ tefu,f qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f/ pD;yGm;udk 'DrSmyJ 'D x uf a umif ; atmif v k y f r ,f / tJ ' D p D ; yG m ;awG [ m ol w d k Y t wG u f r jzpf & avatmif BudK;pm;r,f/ rif;wdkYtwGufrsm;rsm;jzpf atmifvkyf&r,f/ 'g[mwd k u f y G J w pf c k v d k Y tef u ,f , H k a ew,f / Ed k i f i H a &;qd k w mvnf ; pD;yGm;a&;aumif;rSvyk Ef ikd rf mS yg/ wpfcak wmh tefu,fu h kd uwday;yg/ rif;wdeYk YJ tef u ,f y wf o wf r I ½ S d w ,f q d k w mud k o l w d k Y v H k ; 0rod y gapeJ Y / a&½S n f wdkufyGJwpfckvdkY tefu,fjrifaew,f/ tefu,fh axmufyHhrIuvnf; tzGUJ tpnf;udek mrnfwyfwmxuf rif;udyk w J w l pfa,mufvkd rkezYf ;kd ay;w,f owfrw S yf g/ usew f t hJ ydik ;f urif; BuKd uo f vdo k ;kH aygh/ tJ'v D ekd m;vnfrx I m;&if bmjzpfjzpf½Sif;&vG,fw,fav/} uReaf wmftNyKH ;eJo Y macgif;ndurf w d ,f/ ,kow D mazaz OD;aomif; xuf/ axmifah phatmif xufvyS gw,f/ uReaf wmfw h Hk jh yefru I vnf;csKd om ygw,f/ ]aus;Zl;wifygw,f? tefu,f/ uReaf wmfvnf;'Dvykd pJ Of;pm;w,f/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
33 33
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
uReaf wmfrh mS w&m;0if&yfwnfEikd w f yhJ gwDu tzsucf v H u kd &f awmh b,fypkH o H mG ; &r,f q d k w maocsmcsd e f q ae&w,f / NLD ud k , f w d k i f t rsd K ;om;nD v mcH wuf a e&wJ h t ck v d k t csd e f r sd K ;rS m wjcm;enf ; vrf ; vI y f ½ S m ;rI r S e f o rQ cyfMurf;Murf; ta&;,lrmS taotcsmygyJ/ uReaf wmfwv Ykd nf; ydNk y;D uspv f pf odyfonf; &r,fqdkwmoabmaygufxm;ygw,f/ tefu,f&JU vuf½Sd pD;yGm;a&; tay: tjrifav;od&rvm;cifAsm} ]at;uG m ..tef u ,f t J h ' D v d k a qG ; aEG ; csif w m tawmf M umNyD / ydkufqHawmh tawmf&yg&JU/ awmifhxm;&wmawmh rcsdrqefYyJ/ yg;pyf ud, k m;aewm/ orD;a& azazwdt Yk wGuf Juice av;xyfppD Ofay;OD;uG,}f ][if;---azazawmUqDjznfUawmUr,f ukdausmfa&?oDwmhazazukd oabmaygufoGm;jyDvm;} ,kow D m xdik &f mu xtxGurf mS vnfjyefvn S &hf if;ajymoGm;w,f/ ] aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;tawGYtBuHKopfawG tefu,fwdkYtrsm;BuD; awGYae&w,fuG/ 'gawmif wu,fhwHcg;zGifh0g'udk rusifhoHk;ao;bl;/ tar&duef? NAdwdef? uae'gwdkYvdk taemufEdkifiHukrÜPDBuD;awGu a&eHeJY obm0"gwfaiGUudk ydkpdwf0ifpm;w,f/ tckolwdkY rkwårauGUrSm obm0 "gwf a iG U od k u f w pf c k a wG U aeNyD / xd k i f ; u0,f r ,f q d k a wmh "gwf a iG U ydu k v f ikd ;f oG,zf Ykd ½Sad ew,f/ tJ... tJ'gaMumifyh jJ zpfr,f/ [dak eYutpnf; ta0;rS m pD r H u d e f ; eJ Y pD ; yG m ;a&;0ef B uD ; uajymoG m ;w,f / rG e f e J Y u&ifvufeufudkifawGudk ½Sif;ypf&r,fwJh/ acgif;rmvdkYqdkvm;yJ/} OD;aomif;xufu uRefawmfhudkwpfcsufpdkufMunfhNyD; ar;cGef; xkwo f vdv k kd ar;qwfjyw,f/ ][kwyf gvdrrhf ,ftefu,f/ rGeef YJ u&ifu wjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;awGeYJ rwlovdkjzpfaew,f/ typftcuf&yfpJa&;udk atmufaps;eJYrvkyfbl; qdkwJhoabmyJ/ EdkifiHa&;udpörygwJh Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk t"dyÜg,fr½Sdbl;vdkY owf r S w f x m;w,f / tJ ' D "gwf a iG U yd k u f v d k i f ; u rG e f ? u&if a 'oud k jzwfoGm;r,fvdkY tefu,fajymoGm;rS uRefawmfvnf;owdxm;rdw,f/ avmavmq,f u&ifwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif (KNU)[m tiftm; tawmifhwif;qHk;eJY 0gt&if h q H k ; tzG J U qd k a wmh ol Y u d k r ½S i f ; Ed k i f a o;bl ; / 34 34
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
rvG,fbl;aygh/ rGefjynfopfygwDuawmh 'Davmufraumif;bl;/ tckxikd ;f eJYaygif;NyD; rGefudktBuD;tus,fzdtm;ay;aew,f/} ]at;..aeprf;ygOD;uGm../igr½Sif;wmu rGefudk0ifwdkufae&if u&ifu rulbl;vm;uGm} uReaf wmfwYkd pum;0dik ;f cP&yfomG ;w,f/ ,kow D mu tat;cGuf ae&mcs&if; tvkyf½IyfoGm;vdkYyg/ ,koDwmae&m,lNyD; tat;cGufudk,fpDeJY uReaf wmfph um;udq k ufvu kd w f ,f/ ]uRefawmfwdkYvnf;tJ'gudk BudK;pm;em;vnfae&w,f/ 88 ckESpf tuk e f y d k i f ; rS m DAB vd k Y a c:wJ h w d k i f ; &if ; om;awG a &m? ausmif ; om; awGa&myg0ifwJh r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pkBuD;zGJUEdkifcJhw,f/ ausmif;om;b wyfrawmf ABSDF uvnf;0ifun l cD siw f maygh/ Demacratic Alliance (Burma) vdt Yk ½Snaf c:w,f/ jrefrmvdak wmh 'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdwt f zGUJ aygh/ 1990 a½G;aumufyGJudktmPmrvGJbJ NLDudkacsrIef;awmh vGwfawmf trwf w csKd U u&if a 'oud k a &muf o G m ;NyD ; ck e u DAB eJ Y a ygif ; rd N yD ; trsdK;om;ñTefYaygif; tpdk;&qdkwmjzpfvmw,f/ DAB u tJ'Dtpdk;&&JU vufeufudkifwyfzGJU jzpfvmw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYwdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; vufcHEkdifr,fvkdY,lqwJh zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' rlMurf;udk oabmwl cJhMuw,f/ od&oavmufawmh 1947udjk yKjyifNy;D vTwaf wmfEpS &f yf0efBu;D csKyf pepf? z,f'&,fvfjynfaxmifpkyHkpHvdkY ac:w,f/ 1992 ckESpf{NyDvrSm ppftpdk;&u acgif;aqmiftajymif;tvJvkyfNyD; jynfwGif;rSmtrsdK;om; nD v mcH v k y f a y;r,f / Ed k i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;awG pD p pf v G w f a y;r,f / wzufowftypfcwf&yfpNJ y;D wdik ;f &if;om;awGeYJ Nird ;f csr;f a&;vkyrf ,fvv Ykd nf; upm;vdu k af &m DAB NyKd uo JG mG ;awmhwmyJ/ tJ..csKyv f u dk &f iftefu,f&,f.. yl;wGJppfqifa&; oabmwlnDcsuftxdr&bJ NydKuGJoGm;w,faygh/} ][kwfNyD.. tefu,fqufpyfrdNyD../uJxm;vdkufOD;.. pD;yGm;a&; taMumif;qufajymOD;r,f/ ckeu"gwfaiGUydu k v f ikd ;f udt k aemuf Edik if aH wGu pdwf0ifpm;wJhtjyif txnfcsKyfpuf½Hkav;awG avmufvnf; pdwf0ifpm; w,f/ usefwmuawmh pD;u&uf? t&ufeJYazsmf&nfa&mif;wmyguGm/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
35 35
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
puf½BkH u;D awG xkex YJ nfew YJ nfzu Ykd awmh eJev J efw Y ,f/ w½kwEf ikd if q H &kd if aiGyif aiG&if; BuD;BuD;jrKyfESHzdkY pdwful;½SdyHkr&bl;/ e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;udk t"du tm;xm;wmawGU&w,f/ tJ..Ny;D cJw h t hJ ywfxrJ mS awmhuek o f , G af &;0efBu;D eJY awGUvdkY tmpD,H0ifcGifh&a&;tajc taear;Munfh rdao;w,f/tckawmh avhvmol tjzpfwufae&ygNyw D /hJ aemufwpfEpS f ESpEf pS f qd&k iftzGUJ 0if jzpfrmS ygwJh/ tJh'Dus&ifawmh wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; ydkaumif;ygNyDvdkYajymw,f/} ]tmqD,H0ifwmeJY wu,fyJpD;yGm;wufEdkifyghrvm;tefu,f} ]at;..ighpum;qdk&iftrSefwGufaeOD;r,f/ puFmyla&mufaewJh ygarmu© OD;cifarmifMunf&JUpum;udkyJajymr,f/ udk,fhrSmbmenf;ynmrS r½Sb d eJ YJ b,ftzGUJ xJ0if0ifrxl;ygbl;/ t"dujyóemjzpfwhJ jrefrmaiGvv J , S f EIe;f [m w&m;0ifaps;rSm wpfa':vm 6 usycf yJG J ½Sw d ,f/arSmifcakd ps;eJY tq rsm;rsm; uGmw,f/ 'gudkjyifzdkYqdkwm a':vmoef;axmifhig;&m tenf;qHk; ukerf ,f/ jynfov l x l u k em;vnfrI ray;&if jyóemtpHv k u kd w f ufr,f/} OD;aomif;xuf vufusefazsmf&nfawGudk tjywfarmhaomuf ypf w ,f / ,k o D w mu uRef a wmf w d k Y u d k oabmusovd k & ,f a ew,f / vufuset f ydik ;f udak wmh umvay:[mo wcsKd UawG aemufajymifajymMu&if; pum;0dik ;f udk tqH;k owfcMhJ uw,f/ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
36 36
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
A[dck suef yH gwf (2) (1) &xm;yd k Y a qmif a &;0ef M uD ; [m &ef u k e f u aejynf o G m ;zd k Y c &D ; pOf ½Sdygw,f/ om,m0wDblwm½HkrSmvnf; oefY½Sif;a&;awGvkyfNyD; 0efBuD;udk BudKqdkrSmyg/ 'ghtjyif 0efBuD;ar;orQajzEdkifatmif ½HkydkifBuD;&JUtpDtpOfeJY 0efxrf;awGudk jyifqifrIawG? pm&if;Z,m;awG? tcuftcJwifjycsufawG pkpnf;xm;ygw,f/ &xm;&dyo f mwpfcv k ;kH vdak v;ao;r½Sjd ynfph v kH yS gw,f/ ½Hyk ikd Bf u;D u yifyef;aeyHek YJ avylwpfcsurf w I x f w k &f if; 0efxrf;wpfO;D udk rsucf ;kH wpfzuf `rSifhjy ygw,f/0efxrf;av;uwav;wpm;NyHK;jy&if; ajymvdkufwJhavoHu tm;udk;wBuD;eJYyg/ ]0efxrf;qefav;wd;k Ny;D &&if odyaf umif;rSmyJq&m/ uav;ausmif; p&dwf ydx k u G v f m&if uReaf wmfwv Ykd nf;ckrcd o H m½Sw d maygh q&m&,f/ olrsm; uav;awGvkd aps;vdu k af &mif;zdu Yk sawmhvnf; toufuawmfawmf i,fMu ao;w,fq&m/} ]at;uGm...rif;uvnf;wpfrsKd ;vdYk ajym&rvdjk zpfaeNy/D wd0Yk efxrf; awG&UJ wifjycsuu f pkd pk nf;xm;ygw,f/ &r&qdw k mawmhrif;od wJt h wdik ;f yJ/ igvnf;aMumufaMumufeJYwifjy&rSmuG../ cufw,fuGm} 0efxrf;i,ftNyKH ;u rcso d mG ;Nzw J b hJ ufa&mufomG ;½Smw,f/ arQmv f ifh csufrSeforQtm;r½SdwJhb0awG/ vmorQvlawGuawmh ewfbk&m;emrnf wjym;om; rS ravQmMh ubl;/ aumif;usKd ;ray;&ifaeygap/ tqd;k awGawmh o,frvmygapeJYvdkY pdwfxJuBudwfqkawmif;&if; 0efxrf;av; xGufvm cJhw,f/ (2) &xm;Bu;D om,m0wDbw l mud0k ifNy/D &xm;wGw J cH g;0qD vlawGwef;pD BudKvdkufw,f/ b,fbufjcrf;rSm ½HkydkifBuD;OD;aqmifwJh &xm;0efxrf;awG/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
37 37
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
nmbufrmS awmh wdu k yf jkH zL? vHck snpf rd ;f 0wfwv hJ al wG/ ausmif;om;i,f0wfpkH tjzL? tpdrf;udk ,leDazmif;vkyf0wfwJh ausmif;q&mawGvnf;r[kwfbl;/ 'gqdk&ifwpfckyJ½Sdawmhw,f/ ]jynfaxmifpkBuHUcdkifa&;eJYzGHUNzdK;a&;toif;} uvlawG/ bmtwGut f ckvkd vmBuKd &ygovJq&kd if tpd;k &tzGUJ 0ifawG[m BuUH cdik af &;eJY zGUH NzKd ;a&;toif;&JUem,uawGryYkd g/ tJ't D oif;[mppftpd;k &u zG J U pnf ; NyD ; wr[k w f c sif ; BuD ; xG m ;vmw,f / vl r I a &;toif ; trnf c H EdkifiHa&;tzGJUwpfckyg/ txl;wGJwHcg;zGifhygNyD/ &xm;0efBuD;qif;vmygNyD/ b,fuaenm? nmuaeb,f wpfvn S phf MD unfyh gw,f/ Ny;D rSm.../ ]a[;...om;wkdYvmBudKaewmudk;/ ajymprf;..? ajymprf;.. om;emrnfb,folvJ} 0efBuD;u 0rf;omtm;&urf;ay;vkdufwJhvufudk OD;odrf;armif vuftkyfcsDxm;&mujzKwfNyD; wav;wpm;qGJ,lEIwfqufvdkufygw,f/ ]uReaf wmfeh mrnfu odr;f armifyg bb/ om,m0wDc½dik f jynfcikd Nf zKd ; twGif;a&;rSL;yg/} jynf a xmif p k B uH U cd k i f a &;eJ Y z G H U Nzd K ;a&;ud k ol w d k Y u jynf c d k i f N zd K ;vd k Y twdak umufac:w,f/ jynfoal wGuawmh BuUH ^zGwf vdaYk c:Muw,f/ ] at;..at;..[kwNf yu D mG / bb0rf;omw,f/ tem*wfwikd ;f jynf acgif;aqmifawGyJ..[kwfvm;/ rsdK;cspfpdwf½SifoefxufjrufzdkY vdkw,f [kwfNyDvm;/ 'grSwdkYawGuRefjyefrjzpfrSm/ rif;wkdYtzGJUBuD;tiftm;aumif;rS yk q d e f ½ d k ; tzsuf o rm;awG u d k Ed S r f E S i f ; Ed k i f r S m / tck ' D c ½d k i f r S m toif ; 0if b,favmuf ½Sv d u J , G /f } odr;f armifu ab;wpfzuftvSn?hf aea&mifeYJ olrY surf eS t f a&mif vufueJ xGuo f mG ;w,f/ ]bb.../ oluc½dkifpnf;½Hk;a&;tzGJUacgif;aqmif a':cifjr&Dyg/ ausmif;q&mrBuD;av/ olajzygvdrfhr,f/} q&mra':cifjr&Du vuftkyfuav;csDvdkY0efBuD;a½SUudk cyf½dkU½dkU oGm;w,f/ yk0gpdr;f pdr;f tp½SnBf u;D ESpzf uf[mb,fnmykc;kH qDu pD;usviG hf arsmaew,f/ 38 38
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
] 8 axmifausmyf gNyD bb..} ][kwfvm;?b,fqdk;vdkYvJ../qufvkyfOD;orD;.. qufvkyfOD;.. aemf.. [kwfNyDvm;..'DtzGJUBuD; tm;aumif;oxufaumif; &r,f.. uJom;wkdU bmajymp&m½Sdao;vJ} OD;odrf;armifu vuftkyfcsDvdkufNyD; wifjyvdkufw,f/ ]bb..[d.k .uReaf wmfwt Ykd oif;&efyakH iGtwGuaf v..blwm½Hk aps;qdik af wGuu kd efx½du k v f ckd siyf gw,f/ tJ'g..} ]atmf.. at;.at;..'gvm;..} 0efBuD;&JUrsufESmwbufjcrf;udk vSnfhvdkufNyD;ajymw,f/ avoHu vnf; wrsdK;ajymif;vdkYrmoGm;w,f/ ]a[h..rif;wdkYxJu½Hkydkifb,folvJ} ½Hyk ikd Bf u;D uvufEpS zf ufuakd ½SUrSmcsvYkd ud, k u f ñ kd w T Nf y;D cc,, avoH jyKw,f/ ]us..uRefawmfyg0efBuD;} ]blwmqdkifcef;awG uefx½dkufqGJ&if jynfcdkifNzdK;udkay;vdkuf/ zdwfcsif;zdwf udk,fhtdwfxJzdwfayghuGm..[kwfNyDvm;..at;. at;.. tJ'gyJ.. rif; tqifajyatmif vkyaf y;vku d }f BuUH ^zGUH awGatmifycJG o H mG ;ygNy/D &xm;0efxrf;awG&UJ pdwx f rJ mS awmh eifu h eJav;oGm;cJw h ,f/ 'Dqikd af v;awG[m &xm;0efxrf;rdom;pk&UJ touf arG;0rf;ausmif;Xmeav;awGyg/ oGm;NyD/ bmrSr&wJhtjyif..oGm;NyD/ 0ef B uD ; uawmh ' gyJ a jymNyD ; BuH U ^zG H U awG b uf j yef v S n f h w ,f / tm;&atmif EIwq f ufw,f/ Ny;D awmh &xm;ay:wufvcYkd &D; qufomG ;w,f/ ½HkydkifBuD;&JUrsufESmrSm tqDawGa&m? acR;awGa&m? waiGUaiGU jyefaew,f/ olYudk,folvnf;odyfraocsmbl;/ 0efBuD;u aphaphpyfpyf rppf a q;bJ jyef o G m ;vd k Y pd w f o uf o m&m&oG m ;wmvm;/ 'grS r [k w f ]zkwaf vwJih yd ½Sw d ,fvrYkd xif} qdo k vdk typfy,fc&H vkYd &ifemaewmvm;/ rod a wmh b l ; / aocsmwmuawmh 0ef x rf ; qd k i f a v;awG y goG m ;NyD / ½H k y d k i f B uD ; acgif ; xJ r S m vuf u eJ t od w pf c k 0 if v mw,f / pd w f " gwf a wG &xm;ckwo f v H u kd sqif;aewJh 0efxrf;awGbufvn S w hf ,f/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
39 39
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
]uJ..tm;vHk;odMuwJhtwdkif;yJ/ wdkYawGaemufwpfacgufus&if vuftkyfcsDNyD;BudKqdk&atmif}/ (3)
..zsaH wG&UJ bk&if.. -zsHawG&JUbk&if[m OD;odrf;armifyg a&rSmuRr;f Ny;D ig;zrf;wwfw,f -jrpfurf;pyf½Gmao;ao;rSm olu Y akd rG;zGm;Ny;D NrdKUom,m0wDrSmBuD;jyif;w,f -NrdKUudka&mufp 5 ESpfom;rSm aiGwpfrwfuo kd rl oH;k wwf ydkufqHudkif&if;atmfidkw,f -t½G,af &mufawmh todawG<u,f NrKd UeJaY wmvrf; toGm;tjyef 0,fa&mif;vkyw f ,f -ESpfq,fausmft½G,f oHk;q,favmufrSm xdik ;f eJY &efuek f 0,fa&mif;vkyw f ,f -u&ifwyfawGU&if u&ifudka&mNyD; r.q.v wyfawGU&if Armvdak ygw,f -ESpfzufvHk;udkowif;ay;vkyf taeacsmifatmifBuzH ef csrf;oma&;udkOD;pm;ay;w,f -e.0.w acwf tm;NyKd iyf rJG mS ausmif;om;wyfuwm0ef½Sdol wdww f w d q f w d q f w d Nf rKd UxJ0ifvm 40 40
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
OD;odr;f armif owif;ay;vdYk &Juzrf;Ny;D axmif'Pf 28 ESpcf svu kd w f ,f/
tmPm½So d l olrY w d af qGyJ aiGaMu;½So d l olrY w d af qGyJ -tck.. olt Y ouf 40 ausmf BuHU^zGHUawGMum;rSmae&mBuD;BuD;,lxm;w,f/ -usKyfirdkufom; olo Y rD;eJBY uKd urf ad vawmh axmif'Pf 3 ESpu f s&w,f -tjzpfqdk;yHkajymOD;r,f usKyt f cspu f o kd o l ad vawmh orD;eJrY Qm; odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaiGcsLw,f -usKyfuray; olurauseyf 'Dvekd .YJ .. orD;udkcseif;NyD; rk'drf;rIeJYusKyfudkzrf;w,f -w&m;½Hk;ydkif? &Judkydkifawmh usKyfubmwwfEdkfifrSmvJ rde;f uav;ursu&f nfawGeYJ vkyZf mwfawGux kd u G q f &kd w,f tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
41 41
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
-'DrSmusKyf&JUtm;awG tjynf½h v dS Ykd rdef;uav;ta':(OD;odef;armifESr)u usKyb f ufrmS oufao½Sw d ,f tmPmBuD;wJh BuHU^zGHUawGaMumifh usKyyf gru rde;f uav;ta': olEY rS udak wmif vdrv f nfoufao xGuo f q l Nkd y;D axmif'PfoHk;ESpfcsypfvdkufw,f -usKyfua,musfm; axmifqdkwmbmjzpfrSmvJ 'gayr,fh rw&m;rIudkusKyf½GHUvGef;vdkY 'DuAsmudka&;cJhw,f usKyf&JUtvSnfh½SdOD;r,f orD;vnf;odum© us ESrudkvnf;axmifcs usKyfwdkYtcspfvnf;ysufpD;& -zsHawG&JUbk&if..OD;odrf;armifa&U rSed ;f 'Pf&meJY zso H m;a&udk tusÐcsKyf0wfcsifao;w,f...
jzdK;atmif ( acwå - om,m0wDaxmif )
42 42
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
(5) um;armif;&if;qdkif;bkwfudkuRefawmfvSnfhMunfrdawmh &,fcsif pdwaf wG jzpfvmw,f/ ]a0a0xGe;f ? tvSjyifcef;r? rde;f rrsm;om} vdYk t*Fvyd v f kd a&;xm;wm/ qdkifa½SUu tom;em;qHk;qdkwJhum;awGaMumifh uRefawmfpdwfxifh rdao;w,f/ tvkyfrpcifavhvm zdkY,koDwmqDcGifhawmif;xm;wmyg/ tck..uReaf wmfah vhvma&;tpDtpOfyg/ ]rde;f rrsm;om} qdw k o hJ wfrw S cf suu f qdkifxJudkuRefawmfavhvmcGifhr&bl;qdkwJhoabmyg/ uRefawmfum;av;udk bm;vrf;xJ xdk;xnfhNyD;ae&mcsxm;vdkufw,f/ NyD;awmh uRefawmfh&JU t&if;ESD;qHk;rdwfaqG t,f'Dwm udkrsdK;jrifhqDqufoGm;vdkufw,f/ pmay vkyif ef;awGet YJ em;r&wJMh um;u uReaf wmfu h kd pum;ajymay;w,f/ ]r*¾Zif;awGawmhpv kH mNyD udak usmaf &..Pop awGawmhrsm;w,f} ]Pop tcsdK&nfawGvlBudKufrsm;vmvdkYaerSmaygh} ]Pop zuf½SifawGaMumifhvnf;ygrvm;yJAsdKU} uRefawmfwdkY&,f&,farmarm yGJpOfudkpvdkufMuw,f/ ]a[..c&D;a&mufrqdkufAsm.. cifAsm;wkdYr*¾Zif;xJrSmygaewJh ]a0a0xGef;} tvSjyifqdkifaMumfjimtaMumif; ajymjyprf;Asm/ olYqdkifu tawmfrdkufw,fAs/ um;awGuvnf;&yfxm;wmtjyefpm;awGyJ} udkrsdK;jrifh rcsdKrcsOfNyHK;&if;uRefawmfhudkMunfhw,f/ ]cifAsm;qdik x f rJ 0if&vdYk npfvmyH&k w,f/ bmvJAs.. aumifrav; udk tvSjyifqdkifoGm;ydkYwmvm;} ]t[J..txifc&H vnf;reJb;l As..uReaf wmf&h UJ wwd,ajrmuf.. bmnmom&um vd<Yk um;csiv f u kd w f m..cifAsm;uuRef awmhrf pGyH o kH ad eawmh ..cifAsm;ajymwmudkyJNidrfNyD;tom;,laevdkufwmydkaumif;w,f} ]'Dvkdvnf;r[kwfygbl;Asm..cifAsm;ubmudkodcsifwmvJ} ]atmf..'Dqdkifb,fwkef;upzGifhNyD; b,fvdkatmifjrifvmwmvJ qdkwmayghAsm} ]wu,f a tmif j rif v mwmuawmh 6 vavmuf y J ½ S d O D ; r,f A s/ tjyiftqifypkH aH wGygajymif;oGm;wmaygh/ a0a0xGe;f qdw k ehJ mrnf ajymif;vdu k f tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
43 43
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
uwnf ; uqk d y gawmh A sm/ t&if e mrnf u ]rd k ; qD Z m}vd k Y a c:w,f / tJ..vifr,m;ESpfa,mufaygh/ ydk;u uRefawmfeJYausmif;aebuf/ olwdkY vifr,m;MopaMw;vsoGm;awmhr,fqdkNyD; uRefawmfhudkvmEIwfqufawmh tJ'aD 0a0xGe;f qdw k m ygvmw,f/ emrnfajymif;zdak Mumfjimvmtyfwmaygh/ pd w f & if ; awmh a wmf a wmf a umif ; w,f / t&if E S p f a cguf o H k ; acguf r S m olu, kd w f ikd v f mNy;D aMumfjimudpaö wGvyk w f ,f/ aemufawmh olY vufaxmuf awGeyYJ v J w G af y;w,f/ olupef;vmbfaumif;yHyk AJ s/ Ny;D awmh trsKd ;orD;rsm; omqdkwJhuefYowfcsufawmfawmfpm;w,f/ b,fvdkawGqufrdvJrodbl;As/ 0efBuD;orD;awGawmfawmfvmw,f/ tJ'Duwqifh txufwef;vTmawGrSm a&yef;pm;oGm;yHkyJ/ ypönf;awGuawmhMopahMw;vsu trSeftuefawGudk oHk;w,f} ]a0a0xGef;u'Dqdkifudk0,fvdkufwmvm;As} ][m;..rjzpfEikd b f ;l / yd;k yd;k tqdt k &awmh..olweYdk YJ aqGrsKd ;ruif;bl; vdq Yk w kd ,f.. olaY rG;pm;tazBu;D bufuawmfwmwJ.h olaY rG;pm; tazBu;D u..} udkrsdK;jrifhavoHudk avQmcsNyD;cyfwdk;wdk;ajymw,f/ ]axmifxJrSmqHk;oGm;wJh NLD trwfOD;apm0if;avAsm} ][kwfvm;..uRefawmfeJYaxmifxJrSmqHkzl;w,f/ odyf&if;ESD;w,f/ aemufawmh olaxmifajymif; ygoGm;w,fMum;wmyJ} ]tJ'gxm;vdkufOD;..cifAsm;bmodcsifao;vJ} ]tJ..aemufqHk;odcsifwmuawmh cifAsm;olYudk udka0a0xGef; vdaYk c:ovm; ra0a0xGe;f vdaYk c:ovm;} ][m..cifAsm;uudGKifyJ.. uRefawmfb,fvdkac:rdvJ aocsm rodawmh ygbl;Asm} ][m;..[m;..[m;..[m;..} uRef a wmf w d k Y E S p f a ,muf Nyd K if w l & ,f r d M uw,f / ud k r sd K ;jrif h u uRefawmfhudk vufzuf&nfeJY{nfhcHw,f/ ypönf;wpfckudkvnf;ay;w,f/ olYwdkufxkwfwJh r*¾Zif;awGeJYa&mNyD;ay;wm/ uRefawmfwdkYudpöNyD;oGm;NyD/ uRefawmf um;av;udkbm;vrf;xJujyefqGJxkwfvmcJhw,f/uRefawmfeJY 44 44
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
udrk sKd ;jrif[ h m wpfaxmifxx J u G f nDtpfuakd wGyg/ (5) (1994 - 95 umvppftpd;k &\atmifjrifrrI sm;) - a':atmifqef;pkMunfeYJ twdu k t f cHawGukd zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f xm;Ny;D awmh twdu k t f cHvyI ½f mS ;rIukd axmufvrS ;f a&;? tkycf sKyaf &;yHpk aH wGeYJ cyfMurf;Murf; ESdyfuGyfxm;Edkifygw,f/ - 1990a½G;aumufyGJrSmtjywftowftEdkif&wJh NLD (trsdK;om; 'Drdku a&pDtzGJYcsKyf) udk tMuyfudkifNyD; ppftpdk;&vdkcsifwJhtrsdK;om; nDvmcHudk wufa&mufapcJyh gw,f/ (ppfwyfutmPmcG, J w l hJ Oya'a&;qGaJ eygw,f) - wd k i f ; &if ; om;vuf e uf u d k i f 15zG J Y e J Y typf t cuf & yf p J a &;vk y f N yD ; [efjyNidrf;csrf; a&;vkyfxm;EdkifcJhygw,f/ - typftcuf&yfpaJ &;rvkyw f hJ rGe[ f mvnf; xdik ;f tpd;k & &Jh npfywfraI Mumifh rMumcifrmS yJ Edik if aH &;oabmrygwJh Nird ;f csr;f a&;twk udv k yk &f ygawmhw,f/ - tif;tm;Bu;D vSwhJ u&iftrsKd ;om;tpnf;t½H;k (KNU) [mvnf; xdyyf ikd ;f acgif;aqmifc&pf,mefrsm;eJY tv,fvwfacgif;aqmif Ak'b ¨ mom0ifawGMum; oabmxm;uGJoGm;ygw,f/ 'gudktcGifhaumif;,lwwfwJh ppftpdk;&[m Ak'¨bmomu&iftzGJY (DKBA) udk KNU ucGJxGufapNyD; 0dkif;ulwdkufay; wmaMumifh KNU &JU tcdik t f rmXmecsKyf rme,fyavmpcef;usomG ;ygw,f/ - ppftpd;k &&JUaMumaxmufaemufcaH y;rIaMumifh ] jynfaxmifpBk uUH cdik af &;ESihf zGUH NzKd ;a&;toif; }Bu;D [mvnf; Bu;D xGm;vmygw,f/ (ta&twGuo f abm t&yJjzpfygw,f) - tmqD,EH ikd if aH wGukd oGm;a&mufvnfywfciG &hf Ny;D tmqD,t H zGUJ 0ifjzpfvmzdYk tvm;tvmaumif;aeygw,f/ - w½kwEf ikd if 0H efBu;D csKyf vDrif;ud, k w f ikd v f ma&mufvnfywfcNhJ y;D w½kyjf ynf udv k nf; e0w acgif;aqmifawG oGm;a&mufvnfywfchJ Muygw,f/ - tdE´d,tpdk;&[mvnf; ppftpdk;&tay:oabmxm;ajymif;pjyKaeygNyD/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
45 45
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
- ukvor*¾eYJ taemufEikd if aH wGuawmh qH;k jzwfcsuaf wGrsm;pGmeJY ½Iwcf sraI wG vkyfcJhayr,fh vufawGYrSmodyfrxda&mufvSao;ygbl; (EdkifiHtm;vHk;vdkvdk vwfwavmawmif;qdck suu f awmh a':atmifqef;pkMunf udv k w G af y;a&; jzpfygw,f) - pD ; yG m ;a&;yd k i f ; rS m vnf ; aiG ½ S d o l a wG t zd k Y v k y f p &mawG r sm;cJ h y gw,f / aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;awGtxGwftxdyfjzpfwJhumvyg/ - e,fpyfa'oukeo f , G af &;[mvnf; rqd;k vSygbl;/ - vrf;wHwm;awGudkvnf; EdkifiHtESHUtjym;azmufvkyfaewm½Sdygw,f/ - wyfrawmfOD;ydkifvDrDwwf&JU pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;uvnf; rao;vSygbl;/ (AdkvfcsKyfawGvnf;csrf;omaeygNyD) -bPf v k y f i ef ; awG v nf ; xG e f ; um;vmygNyD / yk * ¾ v d u bPf o l a X;awG [m,cif r l ; ,pf a q;0g;a&mif ; 0,f w J h wd k i f ; &if ; om;vuf e uf u d k i f tzGJUacgif;aqmifawGyg/ - *Dw? ½kyf½Sif tEkynmvkyfief;awG a½TacwfvdkYajym&avmufatmif tvkyfjzpfygw,f/ pmayavmurSvGJNyD; usefwJhtEkynmavm uudk e0w&JU0g'jzefYcsDa&;rSm aumif;aumif;toHk;jyKaeygw,f/ - wyfrawmfyikd f ]jr0wDtoHviT Xhf me} udzk iG chf yhJ gw,f/ -bmoma&;ydik ;f udak wmh awmfawmfvyk w f mawG&Y ygw,f/ r[moHCem,u tzGJUudk xdef;csKyfxm;NyD; [efjyomoemjyKvkyfief;awG vkyfygw,f/ bk&m;awGjyif? xD;awGa½Tcsvkyfygw,f/ ( ordkif;ynm½SifawGuefYuGuf wJhMum;u a½S;a[mif; bk&m;awGudkjyKjyifcJhwmyg) -e0w&JUatmifjrifrh t I ½Sq d ;kH uawmh jrefrmjynfoal wGukd Edik if aH &;pum;vH;k 0 r[&Jatmif taMumufw&m;eJt Y yk cf sKyx f m;Edik jf cif; ygyJ/(uReaf wmfwv Ykd rl sKd ; awG[m tJ'u D mvu a':atmifqef;pkMunf&UJ emrnfuakd wmif rajym&J Muygbl;) (6) (1994 - 1995 umvppftpd;k & t½H;I rsm; ) a':atmifqef;pkMunfukd 1989? ZlviId v f 20 &ufpNy;D tus,cf sKyf 3 ESpcf sxm;&mrS 5 ESpu f w kd ;kd vdu k w f t hJ wGuf Edik if w H umzdtm;ay;rI(jypfwif 46 46
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
a0zefrI)awGydkvmygw,f/ a':pk vnf;Nidrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fvfqk (1991) rSm&cJyh gw,f/ urÇmjynfol axmufcrH I tajccdik o f mG ;wJo h abmyg/ - jynfwGif;rSm twdkuftcHawGudkESdyfuGyfxm;ayr,fh jynfyrSmtwdkuftcH tif;tm;awG urÇmw0ef;jyefEY UHS Bu;D xGm;vmcJyh gw,f/ - jynfytwdu k t f cHawG&UJ vHUI aqmfpnf;½H;I rIawGaMumifh jrefrmjynfukd tm½SzUHG NzKd ; a&;bPf? urÇmhbPf? EdkifiHwumaiGaMu;&efyHkaiGtzGJU awGu tultnD awG&yfqikd ;f xm;cJyh gw,f/ - Edik if jH cm;om;c&D;onfawGvnf; jrefrmEdik if u H o kd mG ;a&mufvnfywfrI r½Scd yhJ gbl;/ - urÇmhowif;XmeBuD;awGu twdkuftcHvIyf½Sm;rIudk apmif;ay;axmufcH cJMh uygw,f/ e0w&JU vlUtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufraI wGukd tjyif; txefa0zef Muygw,f/ - jrefrmhta&;[m urÇmt h a&;wpfcv k jkd zpfomG ;Ny;D ukvor*¾rmS ESppf Ofvv kd kd t"duaqG;aEG;p&m acgif;pOfwpfckjzpfcJhygw,f/ qHk;jzwfcsufawGvnf; csEikd cf yhJ gw,f/ ( vufawGUaqmif½u G Ef ikd rf aI wmh tm;enf;ygw,f ) - typftcuf&yfpJxm;wJh wdkif;&if;om;awGudk vufeufudkifaqmifNyD; olwUkd e,fajrrSm vGwv f w G v f yfvyfvyI ½f mS ;cGi&hf aewJt h wGuf ppfwyftiftm; awG wd;k csUJ ae&ygw,f/ wdik ;f &if;om;awGuvnf; vufeufvo l pl ak qmif;&if; Nidrf;csrf;a&;pum;awG qdkaeMuwJhtwGuf tcsdefra½G;aygufuGJEdkifygw,f/ - trsKd ;om;nDvmcHrmS vnf; NLD eJY tEdik &f wdik ;f &if;om;ygwDrsm;u ]trsKd ;om; EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifrI tcef;u@wGifwyfrawmfyg0ifa&;} qdkwJhtwGufudk cg;cg;oD;oD;uefYuGufaeMuygw,f/ - tmqD,EH ikd if aH wG[mvnf; e0weJY qufqaH &;vkyaf e&ayr,fh tar&duef? Oa&myjynfawmifpkwdkY&JU zdtm;awGaMumifh wGefUqkwf? wGefYqkwf jzpfae ygw,f/( jrefrmudw k ½kwu f vTr;f rd;k oGm;rSmpd;k wJt h wGuf tmqD,x H 0J ifciG jhf yK oifw h ,fvYkd taMumif;jyaeygw,f ) - pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufw,fvdkYqkdayr,fh qif;&JolawGydkNyD;qif;&Jvmygw,f/ csr;f omoleYJ qif;&JoMl um; uGm[rI Bu;D rm;vmjcif;[m tEÅ&m,fwpfcyk g/ - t"dutm;jzifah wmh Edik if jH cm;aiGw&m;0ifvv J , S Ef eI ;f udk ajymif;vJEikd jf cif; r½SdwmygyJ/ tJ'DtwGufb,furStultnDr&ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh EdkifiHjcm; tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
47 47
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
&if;ES;D `ryI Ef o HS al wG[m ,HMk unfro I yd rf ½SMd uyJ tjzpfoabmom vkyu f ikd af eMu ygw,f/ - ukeaf csmEIe;f awGrem;wrf;wufaeygw,f/ - t"dutm;jzifh jynfov l x l u k kd wif;wif;usyu f syf apmifMh unf&h wJt h vkyef YJ olwv Ykd NkH cKH a&;udpaö wGrmS aiGawGatmoH;k ae&ygw,f/ ppfwyfuckd sUJ xGiaf ewJh twGuf ppfvufeufz;kd aiGawG tvGet f uRo H ;kH ae&ygw,f/ - ynma&;? usef;rma&;cRwfNcHKusygw,f/ HIV a&m*g[mjrefrmEdkifiH udkNcdrf;ajcmufaeygNyD/ - rl;&pfaq;a&mif;0,fwhJ wdik ;f &if;om;acgif;aqmifawGeYJ yl;aygif;vdYk e0w [m urÇmhemrnfysufpm&if;xJyg0ifaeygNyD/ (7) ]wu,fyJ Ekopfuakd us;Zl;wif&ygw,f/ tckumvrSm uReaf wmf wdv Yk kd pm&if;aygufNy;D om; twdu k t f cHawGpak 0;pka0; vkyw f meJY axmufvrS ;f a&;u owif;&NyD;om;yJ/ 'gaMumifhuRefawmfwdkYrvkyfMubl;? vGwfvGwf vyfvyf vIyf½Sm;EdkifwJhyHkpHawG a½G;&wmaygh/ tckuRefawmfwdkYbufu ]owif;jyefMum;a&; xdk;ppf}udkpNyD/ uRefawmfwdkYvdkcsifwJhtcsufawGudk Ekopfu uGefysLwmxJoGif;ay;aygh/} ]vkyaf y;rSmaygh.. Ekopfvnf;tvky&f oGm;wmaygh/ [if;..[if;.. t&ifwkef;u olrsm;awGa,mifvdkY vdkufa,mifNyD; uGefysLwmoifwef; wuf c J h w m/ araruvnf ; txif w BuD ; eJ Y PC wpf v H k ; 0,f a y;w,f / bmrS[kwfwdywfwd vkyfp&mr½SdcJhbl;/ {nfhcef;rSmxm;NyD;<um;w,fav/} Ek o pf u &,f & ,f a rmarmajymw,f / ,k o D w meJ Y v nf ; awmfawmfwlw,f/ ½dk;½dk;ajymw,f? yGifhvif;w,f/ olwdkYESpfa,mufudk pd w f x J u Ed I i f ; ,S O f & if ; NyH K ;rd w ,f / ck a cwf r d e f ; uav;awG qH y if u d k awmfawmfwefzdk; xm;Muw,fvdkYaumufcsufqGJrdw,f/ M.Sc.(Maths) r[modyÜHbGJU&NyD; oifwef;rsdK;pHkavQmufwufxm;wJh Ekopf[m uGefysLwm uRrf ; usif w ,f / t*F v d y f v d k a &vnf w ,f / jyif o pf o H ½ H k ; rS m awmif 48 48
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
jyifopfbmomoifcJhao;w,f/ tJ'DtaMumif;udkajym&if; Ekopfu... ]ud k a usmf w d k Y u awmh 'k u © a wG e J Y & if ; vd k Y . ..Ek o pf u awmh y nm awGwpfckNyD;wpfckavQmufoifvdkY...awG;vdkuf&if ½Sufrdw,f/ Ekopf uvnf;pdwx f yJ ½J w dS m/ usew f mbmrSrodb;l av..} tJ'v D q kd akd vh½w dS ,f/ uRefawmfu ESpfodrfhovdkNyHK;&if;ajym&w,f/ ] th'J t D jzpfu Ekopfwpfa,mufwnf;r[kwb f ;l / vli,ftrsm;pk&UJ jyóemav/ wEd k i f i H v H k ; twd k i f ; twmeJ Y M unf h & if 'D r d k u a&pD t wG u f axmifusomG ;wJh vli,f? e,fpyfejYJ ynfya&mufomG ;wJv h il ,f? jynfwiG ;f rSm quf v k y f a ewJ h v l i ,f q d k w m &mcd k i f E I e f ; enf ; aeao;w,f / aemuf N yD ; ta&;Bu;D wJh tcsuw f pfcu k 'Dru kd a&pDwu kd yf yJG pkH u H kd b,fvakd c:rvJqw kd myJ/ pdwf"gwf½Sd½HkeJY&ovm; ar;p&m½Sdw,f/ r&Edkifbl;Ekopf&JU/ urÇmhEdkifiHa&; yHkpHuvnf;ajymif;oGm;w,f/ 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawG trsm;BuD;ay:vmw,f/ vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;awGukd tm;ray;Muawmhb;l / wu,fq&kd if ABSDF ausmif;om;wyf[mtiftm;BuD;xGm;NyD; acwfrDSoifhwmaygh/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfwdkY 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;BuD;EdkifiHawGu vufeufraxmufyHhyJ Ed k i f i H a &;tawG ; ac:awG vk y f e nf ; awG u d k y J axmuf y H h w ,f / 'gvnf ; obm0usygw,f/ 'Dru kd a&pDvckd siw f o hJ [ l m 'Dru kd a&pDenf;eJyY o J mG ;&rSmaygh/ edAÁmefvdkcsif&if r*¾if 8yg;udkusifhrSyJ &EdkifovdkayghAsm/} EkopfrsufESm0if;xdefvdkYvmw,f/ ] Ekopfudk tJ'DtaMumif;pmtkyfawGay;Edkifrvm;} ]&ygw,f/ tar&duefeYJ NAw d ed o f ½H ;kH uxkww f hJ pmtkyaf wG uReaf wmhf rSm½Sdw,f/ tJ'gawGydkaumif;w,f/} Ek o pf e J Y u Ref a wmf [ m ol i ,f c sif ; aumif ; awG j zpf M uw,f / ausmif ; rS m xJ u wpf a ,muf u d k w pf a ,muf u l n D M uw,f / 'gayr,f h uReaf wmhu f kd ulnw D mrsm;ygw,f/ uReaf wmfu ausmif;om;qd;k pm;&if;0if jzpfayr,fh Ekopfutawmfcifw,f/ uReaf wmhpf Of;pm;csuaf wGrjynfph ckH ifrmS um;oHMum;&w,f/ Ekopftajy;tvTm;wHcg;zGifhawmh Ekopf&JUtrBuD;udk awGv Y u kd w f ,f/ {nfch ef;xJt0if EkopftrBu;D u EIwq f ufw,f/ rsuv f ;kH awGucefYrSef;&cufyHkyJ/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
49 49
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
]a[m..ausmfausmf0dkif;ygvm;../ EkopfajymaewmcPcPyJ../rrvnf; awGcY siaf ewm.. Munfh prf;./vlBu;D yHak wmifaygufvmw,f/ tom;ta&vnf;aumif;ygw,fuG } ] uReaf wmfu axmifew YJ w hJ ,few YJ w l ,f } ][J.h .rajymaumif;..rqdak umif;..'Daumifav;..cPaeOD;..rr t0wftpm;vJvdkufOD;r,f } trBuD;tcef;xJ0ifoGm;awmh uRefawmfuEkopfudkar;vdkufw,f/ ] rr,Ofat;u tawmfou G w f ,faemf..'gawmif tdraf xmifav; bmav;rusao;bl;vm; } ] udak usmb f momar;Munfah ygh/ Ekopfar;vdu k &f ifawmh rrBuKd uw f hJ olawGYawmhvnf; tJ'DvlurBudKuf/ rrudkBudKufwJhol usawmhvnf; rruoabmrus/ tJ'DvdkjzpfaewmwJh/ tJ'gtysdKBuD;jzpfudef;yJvdkYawmif Ekopfuaemufaeao;w,f } ] a[h..uav;awG? ightwif;ajymaeMuvm;/} rr,Ofat;toHu {nfhcef;xJt&if0ifvmw,f/ NyD;rSvla&muf vmw,f/ vufxrJ mS a&cJprd o f pfo;D wcsKd UeJaY ygh/ qdzk mxdik cf w kH pfcrk mS ae&m ,lNy;D rr,Ofat; pum;qufw,f/ ] uJ..nDrav;a&..ausmfausmf0dkif;udkvnf;jyefawGY&w,f/ NyD;awmh rrvnf; txufwef;jyq&mreJY vm;½Id;udka½TU&r,f/ 'DaeYyJ atmf'g&w,f/ ararue*dkwnf;u vm;½dI;bufudkajymif;&if; oabm wlNyD;om;qdkawmh rrvnf;vufcHvdkufw,f/} rr,Ofat;uuRefawmfhudkpdwfraumif;ovdkvdk? oem;ovdkvdk Munfhaew,f/ 'Dowif;u EkopftwGufawmh topf[kwfyHkr&bl;/ rr,Ofat; u qufajymw,f/ ] rif ; [d k [ m? 'D [ mawG a vQmuf v k y f r aeygeJ Y u G , f . .rif ; wk d Y rEdik Ef ikd b f ;l ..'kua© &mufvrd rhf ,f/rr&JUausmif;om;av;awGuv kd nf; 'Dvykd J tNrq J ;kH r&w,f/ ud, k phf ;D yGm;a&;ud, k v f yk yf guGm/ Edik if jH cm;oGm;Ny;D awmhaiG½mS vdkYvnf;&ygw,f/ rif;wpfckckjzpfvdkY axmifxJa&mufoGm;&if rif;vnf; 'ku©a&mufw,f/ rrwdkYvdkrdwfaqGawGvnf; pdwfqif;&J&wmaygh... 50 50
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
[kwb f ;l vm; } uRefawmf&,fusJusJav;eJY wkHYjyefaevdkufw,f/ rr,Ofat; 0ifvmcgpu 'Dpum;awGajymcsifaeyHkyJ/ em&D0ufavmuf pum;ajymNyD; uRefawmfjyefcJhw,f/ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
51 51
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
A[dck suef yH gwf ( 2 'or 56 ) (1) ,koDwmay;vdkufwJh uufqufacGudk uRefawmfpzGifhvdkufw,f/ wpfa,mufwnf;em;axmifygvdkYvnf; rSmvdkufao;w,f/ a0a0xGef; u rSmvdu k w f myg/ toHpxGuv f mNy/D ] uRef r ud k r,H k M unf a o;bl ; xif v d k Y y g/ uRef r taMumif ; ud k ajymjycsif w ,f / b,f v d k a jym&if t aumif ; qH k ; vnf ; pOf ; pm;w,f / 'D a wmh u Ref r wynf h a v;vd k ? nD r vd k c spf w J h 10wef ; atmif N yD ; ol a v; olZmEdkifEkdifu uufqufacGeJYajymjyzdkY tBuHay;w,f/ rSwfcsufuawmh wpfa,mufwnf;omem;axmifzdkYygyJ/} ]emrnf&if;ua0xGef;..{&m0wD½Gmav;wpf½Gmuyg/ wpfaeYrSm ½GmvlBu;D uac:Ny;D ajymw,f/ ½Gm&JUud, k pf m;ppfxv J u kd &f r,f wJ/h wpf½mG udk ESpfa,mufawmif;aew,f/ wjcm;wpfa,mufudkawmhNrdKUay:wufNyD; ydkufqHeJYay;iSm;xm;vdkY NyD;oGm;NyD/rif;eJYqdk&if ESpfa,mufjzpfoGm;NyDvdkY ajymw,f/ a0xGe;f &,f rif;rSrvdu k &f if b,fvv kd yk Mf urvJu, G v f aYkd jymw,f/ tckuRerf &JUtjzpfawGukd Mum;vdaYk umif;atmif olZmEdik Ef ikd u f yJ 0wåKqefqef a&;xm;ay;w,f/ uRefrqufzwfygr,f} ]a0xGef;wpfa,mufjiif;zdkYcufoGm;NyD/ ½GmtwGufqdkawmhvnf; pGe&Yf awmhrnf/ wu,fawmhorl vdu k cf si/f owif;od&awmh ndKcifrsu&f nf t0dik ;f om;eJY a0xGe;f qDa&mufvmonf/ ]wdb Yk ,fvv kd yk Mf urvJa0xGe;f &,f} vdkYwkefwkef&if&ifajymvdkufonf/ ]wdkYuH}yJaygh ndKcif&,f/ &Jabmfao.. aoaomfi&Jrvm; qdkayr,fh 'DppfyGJawGu i&Jvm; rvm;igrodbl;..} [komwkHYjyefEkdifcJhonf/ ]rMumygbl; ndKcif&,f}vdkYezl;udktomerf;NyD; ypönf;csufcsif;jyif&onf/ ta&;ay:qdkaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ wpf½GmvHk; pdwfraumif;Mu/ ½Gmv,facgifrSmvufaqmif pm;p&mawGeJY vlawGtHkcJ aeonf / a0xG e f ; uvnf ; tm;vH k ; ud k E I w f q uf N yD ; ½G m vl B uD ; eJ Y t wl NrdKUay:odkYoGm;cJh&onf/ 52 52
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
NrKd Uay:a&mufawmh oabFmwpfwef? um;wpfwefEiS hf &efuek rf *Fvm'Hk qd k a omt&yf o d k Y a &muf c J h o nf / ppf o m;pk a qmif ; a&;Xme[k a c:onf / a0xGef;udk cef;rBuD;xJoGif;vdkufonf/ oHrefwvif;Murf;cif;ay:rSm 'efyefuefjym;awG pD&x D m;onf/ ]uJ tm;vH;k ud, k x hf rif;yefuef ud, k u f ikd x f m;} [ktoHMum;rS a0xGe;f vnf; yefuefwpfcsyaf umufuikd rf o d nf/ xrif;awG wpfa,mufu xnfah y;Ny;D aemufwpfa,mufu yJ[if;&nfusu J sJ qrf;ay; onf/ olw\ Ykd vIy½f mS ;rI udak pmifMh unfah eyH&k aom wyfMuyfBu;D wpfa,mufu ] a[h aumifawG qm;cGuaf y;vdu k Of ;D avuGm} [katmfvu kd rf S qm;cGuaf &mufvmonf/ ]uRefawmf rpm;Edkifbl;tudk} [k a0xGe;f ab;u uav;wpf a,mufuajymvmonf/ uav;rS wu,fh uav;/ a0xG e f ; urS (16)ES p f t ½G , f a wmom;/ tvk y f M urf ; vk y f í vlBuD;yHkxGufao;onf/ ]rif;toufb,favmufvJ} vdkYar;Munfhawmh ]q,fEpS }f vdYk ajzonf/a0xGe;f tawmfvefo Y mG ;onf/ ]uReaf wmfvufzuf&nfxu G 0f ,f wke;f zrf; vmwm/ tarwdrYk odb;l / [D;..[D;.. uRefawmfudktdrfjyefydkYay;yg [D;..[D;...} vdkYuav;u xidkawmhonf/ ]a[h aumif a wG rif ; tarh v if t d r f r [k w f b l ; / pm;p&m½S d w m tjrefpm;/ at;..at;.. tJ'DidkwJhaumif.. rif;udkawmh oif;ypfvdkuf OD;r,f} wyfMuyfMu;D &JU [de;f a[mufoyH jJ zpfonf/ xrif;pm;Ny;D Nyq D w kd mESihf csucf si;f yif a0xGe;f wdu Yk kd tvQKd vQKd cx JG w k v f u kd o f nf/ xdu k av;av;udv k nf; b,fawmh rSjyefrawG&Y awmh/ yifyef;vdu k o f nfo h ifwef;/ a0xGe;f vdak umifawmif roufomvS/ usef o l a wG q d k & if a jymp&mr½S d a wmh / (4)vMumatmif a rmif ; ES i f o nf / tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
53 53
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
Ny;D rSwyfawGcNJG y;D wyf&if;awGqyD o Ykd nf/ wr[kwcf si;f qdo k vdk a0xGe;f a½SUwef; odkYa&mufoGm;onf/ ppfqifa&;rprD AsL[mrSL;BuD;urdefYcGef;acRonf/ ]rif;wdu Yk t kd yGiv hf if; qH;k igajymr,f/ 'Dppfy[ JG momrefr[kwb f ;l / vlawGukd 'kua© y;aewJh bde;f &mZm? bde;f bk&if? bde;f arSmifckd tMurf;zuform; cGeq f mudk wdu k rf mS jzpfw,f/ vlom;awGukd tñTew Yf ek ;f apwJh rl;,pfaq;awG 'DurÇmBu;D rSm yaysmufzjYkd zpfw,f/ toufpeG w Yf u kd &f r,f [kwNf yv D m;/} ][kwfygw,f} vdkYa0xGef;atmfrdonf/ a0xGef;wdkYudkae&m,lzdkY trdefYay;vdkufonf/ wjznf;jznf;eJaY wmif ajcwdu k yfaeNy/D pwku d zf t Ykd csuaf y; rD;usnyf pfvu kd pf Of aoewfoaH wG aygufuq JG n l u H ek o f nf/ a0xGe;f wdYk bufu vufeufBu;D oHawG.. cGefqmbufuvufeufBuD;oHawG.. i&Jysufovdk a&maxG; aeonf/ b,fou l b kd ,forl v S nf;rawGU&bJ a½SUudk ypfcikd ;f í omypf&awmh onf / cG e f q m \vuf e uf B uD ; awG u xl ; qef ; onf / ajrjyif r S udkuftenf;i,ftuGm ]csyf..csyf..csyf} jrnfNyD;vmwwfonf/ xdkYodkY vmvQif rdrdacgif; ay:rSm toHraysmufygapESifhqkawmif;&onf/ toHaysmuf&ifawmhoGm;NyD/ t½dk;ESifhtom;uGm½Sif;ysufpJzdkYom ½Sad wmhonf/ wpfcg wpfcg {&mroHabmvH;k Bu;D awG vdru hf svmwwfonf/ awmif a jc½S d a0xG e f ; wd k Y a e&mw0d k u f t a&muf *sd r f ; ueJ a yguf u G J u m ajrusi;f wpfck jzpfomG ;onf/ AH;k qH tpawGuawmh vl(70)avmuftwGuf &dum© ay;í tqH;k pD&ifwwfonf/ wpfcgwpfcg cGeq f m\ MTA wyfom;awG ab;bufu 0du k 0f ifvmNy;D cg;jzwfcswwfonf/ AsL[mu 0ifru,fvQif a½SUuaumifawG rsKd ;uef;zdo Yk m½Sad wmhonf/ a0xGe;f wdb Yk ufu av,mOfuí l AHk;csjyefawmhvnf; rdrdwdkYwyf\tcsufay;pepf? tvHjypepfudk cGefqm uvnf ; od a eonf / av,mOf a wG u atmuf u d k i H k Y M unf h v d k u f v Qif b,ftvH[mudk,fhbuf? b,ftcsufjyoauFw[m cGefqmbufqdkwm cGJr&awmh AHk;BuJ&rnfhtrdefYuygvmjyefawmh rjzpfraeBuJ&onf/ raumif;olxdyf? aumif;olxdyf &rf;orf; BuJcsawmh udk,fhbuf om;awG udx k jd yefonf/ 'Dyu JG awmh wu,fu h t kd usKd ;eJ& ygonf/ AsL[mvnf; 54 54
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
ru,f E d k i f / aemuf w ef ; rS m xrif ; iwf a ewm 7&uf ½S d N yD q d k r S a wmh a½SUwef;udkpOf;pm;&efrvdk/ cGefqmwyfawGu wmcsDvdwfNrdKUay:udkyg 0if ; NyD ; zd t m;ay;wd k u f v d k u f a o;onf / wywf t wG i f ; ppf o m; 350 usomG ;onf/ a0xGe;f vnf; tawmfaoG;ysuaf eonf/ useaf om ppfom;rsm;udk Munfv h u kd af om tcg jrufawGpm;olupm;? ½l;NyD;awmxJ0ifajy;olajy;? ppfulr½Sd&aumif;vm;qdkNyD; atmfqJoluqJ/ oGm;ukefNyD/ qkwfzdkY? wufzdkY trdefYay;oHawGvnf;r½Sdawmh/ udk,fhbmom qkw&f awmhonf/ pepfwusr[kw/f wuGw J jym; ajy;csi&f mpGwaf jy;Muonf/ a0xGe;f uawmh aemufwef;AsL[mqD a&mufatmifajy;onf/ AsL[mtxdik f pcef ; rS m rS w f r d p &myif r ½S d a wmh / usd K ;aMurG a eonf / aool w d k Y u d k y if jyefrqGJoGm;Edkif/ cGefqmu0ifwdkufNyD; zsufqD;umxGufcGmoGm;yHkay:onf/ a0xGef;vHk;0aoG;ysufoGm;NhyD/ ½l;csifatmfcsifvmonf/ awGU&mudkpGwfajy; vmcJh&onf/ (2) a0xGe;f owd&d awmh ESmacgif;xJaq;eHU0ifvmonf/ a,mif,rf;Ny;D vufxrJ aS oewfukd toifjh yifvu kd o f nf/ odaYk omfvyI í f r&/ tm;tiftawmf eJaeNyD/ wtm;atmfMunfhonf/ rsufvHk;zGifhMunfhonf/ tm;vHk;a00g;0g;/ jyeftdyfaysmfoGm;onf/ (3) aq;½HkrSm 8vjynfhawmh a0xGef;usef;rma&;aumif;vmonf/ Ad k v f B uD ; wpf a ,muf ol Y u d k v mawG U NyD ; tm;ay;onf / ol Y p um;awG u d k tuJcwfMunfah wmh a0xGe;f udak ½SUwef;jyefyrYkd nfo h abmygaeonf/ awmfNy/D roGm;awmhb;l / wu,faMumufomG ;Ny/D e*du k rSo'g¨ rygyJ vkycf &hJ onft h vkyrf Ykd toufut kd aorcHEikd af wmh/ wpf&ufrmS aq;½Hu k ae vpfxu G af jy;vmonf/ r*Fvm'Hkaps;xJrSm ½SdpkrJhpkypönf;av;awG a&mif;csvdkufNyD; &efukef tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
55 55
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
oabmFqyd o f Ykd ar;&if;prf;&if;a&mufvmcJo h nf/ ]ndKcifa& raovdjYk yefawGU MuNy?D wdu Yk aH umif;w,f} vdYk pdwx f u J a<u;aMumfro d nf/ oabFmvufrw S f 0,fNyD; xdkifapmifhaewkef; ntarSmifESifhtwl cyfrdkufrdkufavoHwpfck a0xGe;f \em;xJukd 0ifaqmifh vdu k o f nf/ ][dwfaumif..rif;bmvkyfaewmvJuG..[if..ajymprf;} a0xG e f ; vS n f h M unf h r d a wmh &J o m;ES p f a ,muf u d k a wG U &onf / wpfa,mufuawmh a0xGe;f &JU*kwu f kd zrf;udik v f u kd o f nf/ a0xGe;f u ]usKyf ½GmjyefrvdAYk s..a[h..*kwu f u kd ikd pf &mrvdb k ;l } qdak wmh ]atmifr,f...'Daumif pGmw,fuG...at; yxru rif;udk tomxm;rvdkYyJ.. rif;uighudk tnmom; rSwfaew,f[kwfvm;..uJ rif;udrk ouFm 54 eJY zrf;w,f..vmvdu k cf }hJ qdak wmhonf/ wpfa,mufuawmh ]rif;tzrf;rcHcsi&f ifwpfaxmifay;&r,f} [kqo kd nf/ a0xGef;wpfcsufpOf;pm;vdkufNyD;rS ajymvdkufonf/ ]cifAsm;wdkYudk wpfaxmifay;p&mvnf;rvdkbl;/ usKyfuppfom;As/ cGeq f meJY wdu k v f mwJah umif/ 'DaeYyaJ q;½Hu k qif;vmwm} ][m..'gqd&k if rif;wyfajy;jzpf&r,f/ tawmfy.J . &Jpcef; vdu k cf hJ ayawmh} a0xGef;aMumufoGm;onf/ wyfajy;[kqdkonf/ xdktrlt&mudk &Juvnf; tuJcwfro d mG ;onf/ Ny;D rS ]rif;b,fwyf&if;uvnf; wdkYtaMumif; Mum;&r,f} a0xG e f ; utjzpf r S e f u d k ajymjyonf / ol r vk y f c sif í xG u f a jy; vmaMumif; ½d;k om;pGmqdo k nf/ ppfwyfEiS yhf wfowfí taxmuft xm;vnf; wpf c k r S , l r vmcJ h a Mumif ; yg ajymjyonf / &J a wG o abmayguf o nf / taumif;awmh r[kw/f Oya'udu k pm;awmhrnf/ yxrawmh rouFmyk'rf 54 ESifh pcef;rSmyJcsKyfxm;vdkufonf/ aemufawmha0xGef;\wyf&if;udk owif;ydkYonf/ wyf&if;uac:onf/ wyftcsKyf cef;uMurf;vSonf/ 0if 0 if c sif ; Bud r f ' Pf 5 csuf ½ d k u f c H & onf / aeY b uf w G i f t jyif x k w f í 56 56
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
wyfwiG ;f oef½Y iS ;f a&;vky&f onf/ a0xGe;f udk cspaf omt&m½Sad wGr½SMd uawmh/ topfawGuakd wGU&onf/ tjzpftysuaf wGujrefveG ;f vSojzifh bmudb k mrS oJou J u JG JG rajymEdik af wmh/ cGirf yhJ suu f u G &f ufausmv f eG af tmif &Juzrf;xnfh xm;ygonf q d k w mud k v nf ; ppf c H k ½ H k ; ur,H k / axmif ' Pf w pf E S p f u scH a p [ktrdecYf sum tif;pdeaf xmifBu;D odyYk v Ykd u kd o f nf/ (4) ]rif;bmvkyfvJ} ]ppfom;} ]azgif;...ajAmif;...cGyf..} ]rif;bmvkyfovJ} ]ppfom;vkyfw,f] ]azmif;..cGyf..avoHudkrBudKufbl;? jyefajymprf;.. rif;bmvkyf ovJ} ]ppfom;ygcifAsm} ]at;..[k w f N yD v m;..avoH a zsmh E d k i f o avmuf a zsmh x m;.. [dwfaumifawG.. 'DwpfcgavoHrSefoGm;&if rjAKef;eJYawmh..uJajymprf; rif;bmvkyfovJ} ]ppf..om;..yg...tudk..} ]&Ny.D .a[haumifawG..uJrif;qufNy;D em;axmif..rif;tcka&mufaewm tif;pdef/ A[dkyHkpHaxmif..bmaxmifvJa[h} ]tif;pdefA[dkyHkpHaxmif} a0xGef;wpfa,muf tawmft½dkufcHae&onf/ ppfom;rSef;odí rJ½u dk af ewmvdv Yk nf; oabmaygufaeonf/ ESv;kH tdrw f pfcv k ;kH wif;um;Ny;D aygufuGJxGufawmhrnf/ bkrodbrodaovkarsmyg; ppfxJvdkufcJh&onf/ toufpeG í Yf wdu k cf &hJ onf/ ppfajy;b0a&mufawmhvnf; rsuEf mS tay;rcH&/ ,ckola&mufaeaom eHygwf 5 aqmif? tcef; 1 udk ]yHkpHcef;} [kac:onf/ a0xGe;f uJoYkd 'DaeYraS xmifusvmolawGuykd pkH q H yH ifñyS í f yHpk cH ef; odkYydkYNyD; yHkpHarmif;onf/ axmifwGif;t"dupnf;rsOf; 18csufudkoifonf/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
57 57
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
yHkpHxdkifyHk? &yfyHk? oGm;vmyHk awGudkoifonf/ ppfom;wpfa,mufudk 'Davmuf½dkufykwfoifp&mrvdkyg/ e*dkuyiftydk;usdK;NyD;om;jzpfonf/ yHpk rH oifraD v;wGif yHpk cH ef;vlBu;D (tcef;vlBu;D ) u ]uJ awmifñTefY om;awG yg&ifab;xGuf} [katmfvdkufonf/ oHk;a,mufavmuf xGufoGm;onf/ ]tydkifpm;} [kac:aom we,fxJ om;rsm;rdkY yHkpHoifp&mrvdk/ tcef;vlBuD;rSm awmifñTefY om;jzpfonf/ aemufwpfcg ]yH k p H a Mu;urf ; rJ h aumif a wG ab;xG u f } [k a tmf jyef o nf / av;ig;a,mufxu G o f mG ;jyefonf/ wpfa,mufukd 100 usyf tcef;vlBu;D &oGm;onf/ useaf omolrsm;udk awmh axmifpum;ESihf ]owD;'D} [kac:onf/ yk ' f r (13/D) rS v maom pum;[k xif & onf / rS e f rrS e f r od y g/ xdo k al wGuawmh ausmESi&hf if;zdo Yk m½Sad wmhonf/ tukev f ;kH ½du k cf &H onf/ n 9 em&Dx;kd rSNy;D oGm;onf/ a0xGe;f temqH;k jzpfonf/ armarmESihf emusipf mG tdyaf ysmf oGm;cJo h nf/ (5) ]a[haumifrdv’mbkwu f ikd .f .'DrmS rif;bkwu f w kd pfa,muf tyfrvdYk ½kyaf wmhacsmw,f..½kyaf wmhraygufb;l ..ppforD;av;uG} [ktcef;vlBu;D uajymvdu k o f nf/ rdvm’ bkwu f ikd q f o kd u l vufxw J iG f 0g&if;wkwf wpfacsmif; ESifha0xGef;udkpdkufMunfhvdkufonf/ 5 &ufvHk;vHk;yHkpH armif;cHxm;&aom t½Sed Ef iS hf a0xGe;f aMumufaeonf/ awGo Y rQ ted|m½Hak wGonf reufr;kd vif;rS rdk;csKyftxd rat..ESr.. oHawGvTrf;rdk; aeonf/taumifAavmif awG u vnf ; rsm;vS o nf / awG Y o rQvl u ol Y u d k ½ d k u f o G m ;avrvm; owdxm;ae&onf/ ,cktvkyfcsawmhrdv’m bkwfom;/ wpfcef;vHk;u pGefYxm;aomrdv’myHk;BuD;udkxrf;&onf/ ajrusif;xJrSmjrKyf&onf/ rdv’myHk;awGudkvufESifhaq;&onf/ yHrk usyef;rusweG q Yf w k af evQif t½du k cf &H ao;onf/ a0xGe;f udk ]½kyrf ayguf} [kajymvdkufjcif;rSm aiGr½Sd? ausmaxmufaemufcH r½Sd[kqdkjcif;jzpfonf/ 58 58
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
a&muf a &muf c sif ; &uf r S p í ,ck r d v ’ m BuH K ;&onf t xd t½d k u f c H & qJ / tqJtqdu k rjywf/ rdvm’ bkwu f ikd u f ydí k Murf;onf/ axmifwef;pD? bkwu f ikd ?f tcef;vlBuD;rsm;ESifh taumifAavmifrsm;uajymavh½SdonfrSm ]0}av;vHk; aqmif? taeacsmifr,f? 00pm;? a0;a0;ae? 0ifrpGuef YJ ? 0&if;wkwpf mrdr,f} [l\/ 'kwd,tvkyf0ifonfhaeYuawmh xl;jcm;onf/ rdv’mbkwfudkifu a0xGe;f udk vH;k 0tvkyrf cdik ;f ? useb f w k o f m;awGuckd ikd ;f onf/ Ny;D awmhxrif; pm;csed rf mS vnf; olEiS t hf wlpm;aponf/ olu Y akd vQmw h u G í f r&/ qDjyef[if; 3 cGuEf iS phf m;onf/ a0xGe;f vQmawGcsmcsmvnfrwwf aumif;vGe;f vSonf/ iwfjywfaecJhwmvESifhcsDaeNyDudk;/ xrif;auR;NyD;aumfzDrpf ygwdkufonf/ t&omxl;vSonf/ aemufawmh em;em;aeaeyifxikd &f if; ol\ta&;ygrIawG ud k a jymjyonf / ol o nf þ taqmif r S axmif r S L ;?wef ; pD r sm;twG u f aiGñSpfpm;&mae&mjzpfaMumif;? ½kyfaygufí aiGrxGufaom ausmufcJvdk vlrsm;udkyif rdv’mESifharmif;vdkufygu aiGxGuf vm&aMumif;? 'gaMumifh olwdkYtm;vHk;u ta&;ay;xm;&aMumif;? olYudkwdkifawmolrsm;? &efvdkol rsm;[m a'gufajcusif;cwfí ppfacG;wdkufrSm yHkpHBuD;ay;cH&wwfaMumif;? vlqdk;avmurSmvnf; olYudkrodolr½SdaMumif;? olajymwJhtwdkif; aexdkif vkyu f ikd o f al wG[moufoufomomESiahf eNy;D rSvw G o f mG ;&aMumif;?r[kw&f if awmh aooGm;Edik af Mumif;? axmifxrJ mS vlwpfa,mufaovQif aiG 50 om ukeaf Mumif;? pojzifh pDumywfu;kH ESihf ajymjyonf/ a0xGe;f uvnf;pdwyf suf tm;i,f a ecsd e f r S m ,ck v d k a evd k u f & onf h t wG u f om,moG m ;rd o nf / rdv’mbkwfudkif udkvnf;tawmftm;udk;rdoGm;onf/ olajymovdkvnf; [kwyf &kH onf/ a0xGe;f jriforQ olajymonft h wdik ;f rSeaf eonf/ axmifrLS ;u tp ta&;ay;onf/ NyD;awmholutcef;wpfcef;udkac:oGm;NyD; vlwcsdKU udjk yonf/ t0wftpm;awG pkwjf ywfNy;D wpfu, kd v f ;kH 0JawG jyifxaeonf/ vl½kyfyifray:/ ]tJ'g..t&ifighbkwfom;awGyJuG.. ighpum; em;raxmifvdkY jzpfomG ;wm? rif;ui,fi,fav;½Sad o;w,f/ axmifxrJ mS rsKd ;uef;oGmr,f/ oabmaygufvm;} [kNcdrf;ajcmufovdkajymawmh a0xGef;aMumufovdk tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
59 59
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
jzpfrdonf/ ]rif;vdr®m&ifigh&JU bufpf ref;jzpfvdrfhr,f} [kajymjyefonf/ bufpfref;qdkwm teD;uyfvl,Hk[kt"dyÜg,f&onf/ naeydkif;a&csdK;NyD; awmhou l t0wftpm;topf awGay;onf/ ]rif;t0wf tpm;awG vGiyhf pfvu kd }f vdaYk jymawmh a0xGe;f u ]axmifuay;xm;wJyh pkH aH wG} vdjYk yefajzw,f/ olu ]igvGiyhf pf cdik ;f w,fumG ? rif;tJ'h yD pkH H tusrÐ sKd ;b,favmufvckd siv f }J vdaYk [muf[rf;ygawmhonf/ a0xGe;f vnf; olajymovdk t0wfpm;topfawG 0wfNyD; ta[mif;awGvGifh ypfvdkufonf/ tawmfawmh vef;qef;ayghyg; oG m ;onf / naepmuvnf ; aumif ; rS a umif ; / nbuf t d y f j yef a wmh t&if n awG v d k rd v’ m acsmif r S m r[k w f a wmh y J wef ; pD ? tcef ; vl B uD ; ? bkwu f ikd rf sm;omtdyaf om tkw½f ;kd wef; acgif;&if;buftjcrf;rSmtdyf &onf/ rdv’mbkwfudkif\ab;rSm,SOfí a0xGef;tdyf&mudkoyfoyf&yf&yf jyifxm;ay;onf/ aus;Zl;wifp&mawGcsnf;om/ oluHaumif; onf[k pd w f x J u a&½G w f r d o nf / nbuf b k & m;½S d c d k ; NyD ; 9em&D t d y f c sd e f r S m td d y f a ysmf o G m ;onf / td y f r uf x J r S m nd K cif E S i f h a wG Y & onf / ½G m uvl a wG ES i f h q H k í aysmf ½ G i f p &mawG c snf ; om/ reuf 5em&D x d k ; td y f & mxcsd e f r S Ed k ; awmh o nf / ½G m uxG u f v mpOf w nf ; u ,ck w pf n omvQif t d r f rufaumif;aumif;ESifh pdwfcsrf;ompGm tdyfcJh&onf/ olaY b;uvlawGMunfv h u kd af wmh tdy&f mrxMuao;/ wpfaqmifv;kH bk&m;½Scd ;kd oH awGEiS q hf n l aH eonf/ tukex f &onf/ taumifAavmifawGom x&efrvd/k rdv’mbkwu f ikd u f tdyaf e&mu a0xGe;f udjk yefqv JG v JS u kd o f nf/ ]rif ; xp&mrvd k b l ; uG . .wd k Y e J Y t wl x vd k Y & w,f } vd k Y a jymonf / aqmif;&moD at;at;ESihf reuf(5)em&D tarSmifonf a0xGe;f b0rSmZdr, f l p&m r[kwcf /hJ odaYk omf rem;wrf;jzwfc&hJ aom tpd;k r&onfh tjzpfrsm;aMumifh a0xG e f ; tusif h y suf p jyKvmonf / ]taeacsmif a &;? taeacsmif a &;} [komawG;rdonf/ rdv’mbkwfudkif\pum;awGudkom tav;xm;rdonf/ apmifxlxlwpfcgrS rNcHKbl;onfhb0? axmif xJaemufrSZdrfusawmhonf/ a0xGef;jyefíauG;aevdkufonf/ 60 60
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
(6) axmifrif;om;av; a0xGe;f jzpfvmNy/D axmifp½du k af wG0ifvmonf/ yg0gawG j ycsif v monf / ol Y u d k , f o l v nf ; owd a wG x m;&if ; u b0rS m rBuHKzl;aom ZdrfcHypönf;awGMum;rSmarsmpjyKaeonf/ aus;Zl;½SifBuD; udb k ,fvkd aus;Zl;qyf&rnfrodawmh/ wpfaeYawmh rdv’mbkwfudkifBuD;ua0xGef;udkwpfckajymonf/ awmif ; qd k o nf / a0xG e f ; tBuD ; tus,f & if x d w f o G m ;onf / 'D v l B uD ; \rsufESmudkpGwfNyD;xdk;ypfvdkufcsifonf/ atmhESvHk;emí½GH½SmzG,fpum;/ ]uav;&,f...rif;jiif;aevdkYawmh tqdk;awGyJawGY&r,f/ rif; ightaMumif;odygw,f/ iguaumif;&ifolrsm;xuftrsm;BuD;aumif;w,f/ qdk;NyDqdk&ifawmh rif;b0udkawG;ayghuGm} vkaYd jymaejyefonf/ a0xGe;f u ½Suf½GHjcif; ESifh a'gowdkYa&maESmaeNyD; bmrS jyefrajymEdik cf /hJ aemufq;kH rSmawmh taMumufw&m;u a0xGe;f b0udk ajymif;vJypfvdkufawmhonf/ (7) 'D a cwf B uD ; xJ r S m tumuG , f r J h a eaomb0rsm;pG m ½S d o nf / axmifuawmh tqdk;qHk;jzpfonf/ ynmÓPfenf;yg;NyD;ausmaxmuf aemufcb H mrSr½So d l i,fi,f½, G ½f , G af ,musmf ;ysKd av;rsm;twGuf b0ysuu f H BuHK&mXme jzpfwwfonf/ axmifvlqdk;taumifAavmif awGuawmh axmifxJcPcP 0ifvkyfpm;aeolawGjzpfwJh tavsmuf]*sdKzrf;jcif;} enf;ynmtpH½k o dS nf/ ]*sKd zrf;jcif;} ]uav;arG;jcif;} qdo k nfrmS axmifwef;pD? bkwfudkif? tcef;vlBuD;rsm;u olwdkYudkaysmfawmfquf vdifwlqufqHcHzdkY aumifav;awGudk odrf;oGif;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,ckawmh a0xGef;wpfa,muf rdv’mbkwfudkif\ ]*sdKav;wpfaumif} jzpfoGm;NyD/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
61 61
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
(8) a0xGef;b0vHk;0ajymif;&rnfhaeYudk a&mufvmygNy?Drdv’mbkwfudkif ysm,dysm,m a&mufvmNyD; wdk;wdk;uyfajymonf/ ]a0xGef; jyóemawmhwufaeNyD/ tcef; 2utcef;vlBuD;u rif;udkolYvufxJtyfzdkYawmif;w,f/ iguray;Edkifbl;vdkYjiif;w,f/ 'Dawmh olu axmifrSL;udkausmfNyD; rdef;a*s;vf (taqmifrSL;csKyf½Hk;) udkoGm;cRef vdu k w f ,f/ olwYkd ac:Ny;D ppfvrd rhf ,f/ igaxmifrLS ;eJaY wmhñNdS y;D Ny/D rif; udik gu *sKd zrf;w,fqw kd may:oGm;&ifrif;a&migyg ppfacG;wdu k af &mufr,f?rif;vnf; 'ku©ra&mufatmif igvnf;vGwfatmif olwdkY ac:ar;&ife*dkwnf;u tacsmufygvdkYajz/ Mum;vm;../ rif;udkolwdkYbmrSvkyfvdkYr&awmhbl;/ tJ..tajcmufcef;udkawmhydkYvdrfhr,f.. 'gvJbmrSryleJY.. pm;zdkYudpö.. bmnm igwm0ef,w l ,f/ tajcmufcef;vlBu;D uightrIwyJG }J xdkodkYajymaepOftwGif; axmifrSL;a&mufvmonf/ olu Zmwfwdkuf wm tqifajy&JUvm;[kar;onf/ a0xGe;f bmrSrajymwwfawmh/ axmifrLS ;uyg ]igwm0ef,lw,fuGm.. 'DvdkrSrvkyf&if..rif;wdkYESpfa,mufvHk; emr,f../rif;uawmhaozdkYyJ½Sdw,f/} vdx Yk yfajym aejyefonf/ a0xGe;f t½kyw f pf½yk yf rmacgif;Nird v hf u kd rf ad wmhonf/ (9) rdv’mbkwu f ikd Ef iS ahf xmifrLS ;wdYk tmrcHonft h wdik ;f tqifacsmoGm; ygonf / od k Y a omf r d e f ; a*s;vf a xmif r S L ;BuD ; od y f r ,H k a o;aomaMumif h tajcmufcef;xJa&mufoGm;aomfvnf; apmifhMunfhzdkYtusOf;om;wcsdKUudk trdeaYf y;xm;onf/ tajcmufcef;vlBu;D at;aomif; u tajctaetm;vH;k odxm;yHkay:onf/ ajcmufcef;vlBuD;jzpfzdkYuawmh tawmfaps;BuD;BuD; ESifhvdkif;0ifrS&onf/ at;aomif;ua0xGef; udk olYab;rSmac:xm;onf/ rd e f ; a*s;vf a xmif r S L ;BuD ; ur,H k a Mumif ; ? tajcmuf a wG v d k o G m ;vm aexdik zf v Ykd akd Mumif;? r[kwv f Qiaf wmh'u k © a&mufEikd af Mumif; ajymjyonf/ 62 62
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
NyD ; awmh uvsmqd k a om tacsmuf B uD ; wpf a ,muf v uf x J o d k Y a0xGe;f udv k aJT y;vdu k o f nf/ uvsmu tacsmufwo Ykd mG ;[ef? pum;ajym[efrS tp tawG Y t BuH K rsm;pG m wd k Y u d k v Qd K U0S u f y d k Y c say;cJ h o nf / ol Y u d k v nf ; tacsmuftm;vHk;u ]a0a0xGef;} [kac:Muonf/ at;aomif;BuD;\ toHk;awmfcH&onf/ b,fuvmrSef;rodaom wef;pD;taumifAavmifawGudkvnf; toH;k awmfc&H onf/ pm;&?aomuf&wmawmh rqd;k vS/ t0wftpm;? rdwu f yf? EI w f c rf ; eD t pH k ½ S d o nf / at;aomif ; uawmh t ajcmuf a wG u d k & if ; NyD ; aiGawG½Tifonf/ txufudkvnf; tawmfay;urf;Edkifonf/ a0a0xGef; &vdkufonfhtwwfynmuawmh qHyifrdwfuyf tvSjyifonfh twwf jzpf o nf / uvsmonf t vG e f u Rrf ; usif o nf h ynm½S i f j zpf N yD ; txufwef;vTmrSmusifvnfcJhonf/ aemufqHk;owdkYorD;udk vkyfBuHrIwGif yg0ifywfowfcJhí axmifuscJhonf/ olYqDuynmawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; a0a0xG e f ; &vd k u f o nf / a0a0xG e f ; vnf ; 6 vavmuf Mumawmh aeom;usoGm;NyD; b0ajymif;vJjcif;udk tyDtjyifcH,lvdkuf awmhonf/ at;aomif;vkyu f ikd af eaom tajcmufcef;vkyif ef;Bu;D udk wm0ef&dS ol r sm;em;od k Y a yguf M um;oG m ;NyD ; at;aomif ; ud k t a&;,l v d k u f & onf / tajcmufawGudkvnf;om,m0wDaxmifodkYa½GUypfvdkufonf/ (10) om,m0wDaxmifu pnf;urf;tvGew f if;usyo f nfh e,faxmif jzpfonfhtwGuf &efukefvdkvlqdk;awGodyfr½Sd/ a'gotavsmuf vlowfrI awG a wmh rsm;onf / trsm;pk B uD ; u½d k ; ½d k ; awmom;awG r sm;onf / a0a0xGef;wdkYtacsmufawGudk aq;½Hk0if;xJ½Sd tcef;wpfckrSm xm;onf/ tvkyfawGcGJvdkufawmh a0a0xGef;uaq;½HkvlemaqmifrSm oefY½Sif;a&; wm0ef u sonf / axmif 0 ef x rf ; rsm;? wef ; pD r sm;u tajcmuf a wG u d k tif ; pd e f v d k t cG i f h t a&;ray;Mu/ axmif y d k i f u vnf ; cyf M urf ; Murf ; / tajcmufawG cPcPt½du k cf &H onf/ tif;pdev f rkd w S Nf y;D oDcsi;f qd?k ewfu? tvS j yif w mawG v k y f r d í jyif ; jyif ; xef x ef t½d k u f c H & ol a wG ½ S d o nf / tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
63 63
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
a0a0xGef;uawmhoabmusrdonf/ ac:,ltoHk;awmfcH &rnfhb0u vG e f o G m ;NyD / wm0ef u vnf ; ol E S i f h u d k u f o nf / apwemtjynf h j zif h vlemawGudkvkyfukdifay;onf/ txl;o jzifholYudkoGefoifqHk;ravh½Sdaom ]carmuftzGJU}rSvTwfawmftrwf OD;apm0if;udkolwu,fav;pm;onf/ axmifxw J iG af ecJ&h orQ 5(n)awG..5(n)awG..[kaxmiftmPmydik .f . wef ; pD ; awG r ausreyf a jymavh ½ S d o nf / rw&m;rI r S e f o rQud k 5(n) ac:Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;u &J&0J 0hH x hH w k af zmfonf/ twdu k t f cHjyKMuonf/ ESdyfuGyfrIudkvnf;cHEdkif&nf½SdMuonf/ ÓPfynmBuD;olawG? ynm½SifawG? ausmif;om;awGrsm;onf/ tkypf Ek iS ahf ewwfNy;D nDñw T pf mG tmcHwwfonf/ olwt Ykd csi;f csi;f jyóemudv k nf; tmPmydik 0f if½iS ;f wmrcHbJ ud, k b f mom ½Sif;wwfMuonf/ vlawGjzpfaomaMumifhpkef;jyL;wpfa,muf wav½Sd wwfygonf/ trsm;pkBu;D uawmhav;pm;p&m/ OD;apm0if;udk a0a0xGe;f u ol\tjzpfreS u f ½kd iS ;f jycJo h nf/ OD;apm0if;uoabmaygufaMumif;? ,ckupNy;D owåad rG;zdv Yk akd Mumif;? taMumufw&m;[mvlb Y 0udk tcgcg aowwfaMumif; tvif;awGaygufapcJhonf/ OD;apm0if;\a&m*grSmydí k qd;k vmonf/ ol\tdru f wwfEikd af om aMumifhom 'DavmufcHEdkifwmjzpfonf/ jyifyaq;½HkrSmukovQifawmh tawmfqGJqefY EdkifzdkY½Sdonf/ axmifutjyifudk xkwfcGifhray;yJ vHkNcHK a&;udktaMumif;jyonf/ axmifwGif;aexdkif&rItcuftcJrsm;udk tao;pdwfa&;xmaom pm½G u f v d y f a o;ao;av;ud k a0a0xG e f ; vG w f o nf h a eY u &atmif xkwf,loGm;onf/ OD;apm0if; u a0a0xGef;tvSjyifqdkifrSmvkyfEkdifzdkY ol \ arG ; pm;orD ; qD u d k apvG w f c J h o nf / arG ; pm;orD ; yd k ; qD Z mud k OD;apm0if;ay;vdkufaompmudkjyonf/ ydk;qDZmuOD;apm0if;rdom;pkESifhtwl aq;0g;ukoa&;twGuf wdkifyifMuaomfvnf; ]vTwfawmftrwf} [laomemr0daooeaMumifh BudK;pm;rIawG ratmifjrifcJh/ a0a0xGef;vGwfNyD;wywftMum OD;apm0if; uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ OD;apm0if;\tcuftcJtm;vH;k udak wmhurÇmo h wif;XmeBu;D awG 64 64
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
tm;vHk;u tao;pdwfxkwfjyefay;Edkifonf/ a0a0xGef;\ pGefYpm;rIBuD; atmif j rif a Mumif ; yd k ; qD Z muajymonf / a0a0xG e f ; ud k v nf ; yd k ; qD Z m tvSjyKjyifa&;rSm ae&mBu;D Bu;D ay;cJo h nf/ a0a0xGe;f \ ½d;k om;BuKd ;pm;rIukd oabmusí ydk;qDZmuvkyfief;tm;vHk;vTJay;um olr\cifyGef;ESifhtwl Mopajw;vs od k Y x G u f c G m oG m ;onf / a0a0xG e f ; tay:aoG ; om;&if ; ozG,fcifrifoGm;Muonf/ ]uRefru rr,koDwmESifht&rf;cifw,fav/ pdwf"gwfcsif;yg aygif;rdw,f/ rr,kow D m u tultnDawmif;vmwm&,f? bb OD;apm0if; udkuwday;cJwJh twdkif;jynfolYbufu &yfwnfay;csifwm&,f? uRefr udk,fwdkif cHpm;cJh&wmawGaMumifh tudkwdkYeJYawGYqHkcJhwmyg/ ,HkMunfrI[m ta&;BuD; ygw,f/ uRefrudkvHk;0,HkMunfapcsifygw,f/ uRefrb0udk &ifziG chf iG hf &wJt h wGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f/} ndKcifESifh½Gmudk a0a0xGef;wrf;w&HkyJ½Sdawmhw,f/ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
65 65
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
A[dck suef yH gwf (3 'or 01) (1) ]ckvmr,fh..*sLvdkif 20 &ufaeYrSm a':pkvGwfr,f vdkYcifAsm; xifovm;} udrk sKd ;jrifu h uReaf wmfu h akd r;vdu k w f ,f/ ]ajymvdkYawmhr&bl;..tmqD,HEdkifiHawGudkoGm;wJhc&D;pOfwdkif;rSm Edik if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D u a':pkukd ]Oya't&vTwaf y;rSmygvd}Yk awmufavQmuf ajymaew,f / cuf w muol w d k Y O ya'yJ A s/ vd k o vd k q G J q ef Y E d k i f w ,f / tJ..wpfcak wmhaumufcsucf sv&Ykd w,f/ tmqD,H edik if aH wGuo kd mG ;wm[m tmqD,HxJ0ifcGifh&zkdYt"duusw,f/ tmqD,H0ifcGifh&wmeJY urÇmha&;&m udpaö wGrmS tmqD,eH aYJ &mNy;D toHxnfh vd&Yk w,f/ tmqD,u H vnf;e0w twG u f rsuf p d u sp&myJ A s/ bmjzpf v d k Y v J q d k & if t mqD , H [murÇ m rS m vl&m0ifw,f/ tm½Swefzdk;vdkY a<u;aMumfNyD; taemufEdkifiHawGudktmcH &Jw,f/ tmqD,x H 0J ifciG &hf oGm;wmeJY Edik if aH &;rSmvnf; Some sort of shield wpfc&k oGm;r,f/ tmqD,aH wGuvnf;½Si;f ½Si;f ajym&&if taemufEikd if aH wG&UJ t&if;tESD;eJY BuD;yGm;vmwmyg/ 'gayr,fhEdkifiHa&;t&awmh ajymcGifhqdkcGifh &aew,f/ ta½SUeJYtaemufrwlbl;...qdkwmrsdK;aygh/ vlYtcGifhta&; owfrSwfcsufutpuGJjym;w,faygh/ tckvdk EdkifiHa&;? vlYtcGifh ta&; oabmxm;udk e0wuodyfoabmusw,f/ tmqD,HqdkwJhxkBuD;eJYom taemufEdkifiHawGudk ckcHvdkuf&if tawmftqifajyr,f/ wpfEdkifiHwnf; ckcHwmeJYpm&if trsm;BuD;c&D;a&mufr,f}/ udrk sKd ;jrifu h aq;vdyu f t kd omzGm&if; em;axmifaew,f/ uReaf wmf uqufNyD;ajymw,f/ ]'Dvt kd uGurf sKd ;udk taemufEikd if aH wGu rjrifb;l vm;/ txl;ojzifh taemufEkdifiHawGudk pnf;½Hk;rdxm;wJh twdkuftcH NCG (UB) awGu rodbl;vm;/ odyfodwmayghvdkYyJajz&r,f/ 'gaMumifh e0wudktmqD,H 0ifciG rhf &zdYk pwifzt d m;awGay;aew,f/ 'DrmS wif tmqD,aH wGu wd;k wd;k 66 66
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
wdww f w d f e0wudak jym&awmhr,f/ ]cifAsm;wdYk a':atmifqef;pkMunfuv kd nf;vTwaf y;vdu k /f tmqD,H 'Dru kd a&pD rsKd ;xlaxmifzv Ykd nf;usKyw f u Ykd ulnrD ,f/ 'gqd&k if taemufEikd if eH YJ ukvor*¾u zdtm;awGavsmo h mG ;r,f/ cifAsm;wd&Yk nf½, G cf suv f nf; rysuf bl; qdw k mrsKd ;aygh} udkrsdK;jrifhucyfajz;ajz;axmufcHw,f/ ][kwfw,f..cifAsm;ajymwmeD;pyfw,f/ a':pkvGwfzdkY &mcdkifEIef; rsm;w,f/uRefawmf&xm;wJh owif;wcsKdUaMumifhvnf; 'DvkdajymEdkifwmyg} ][..vkyfygOD;udkrsdK;&..bmowif;awGvJ} uRefawmfh&JU odcsifpdwfawGu uRefawmfhudk udkrsdK;&JUtem;ydkNyD; uyfoGm;apw,f/ ]e0w &JU tywfpOftpnf;ta0;wpfckrSm a':pkudkvGwfay;oifh roifh tBu;D tus,jf iif;cHck MhJ uw,f/ S1 (twGi;f a&;rSL;1) acgif;aqmifwhJ tzGUJ u vGwaf y;oifw h ,fvo Ykd abmxm;½Sw d ,f/ S2 eJY jynfxaJ &;? pdu k yf sKd ;a&;? ukeo f , G af &;? [dw k ,fc&D;oGm;vma&; 0efBu;D awG OD;aqmifwt hJ zGUJ uawmh vGwfay;p&mrvdkbl;vdkY,lqw,f/ 'geJYMum;jzwfar;OD;r,f/ cifAsm; S1 tay:b,fvdkjrifvJ} uRefawmfua&aEG;wpfiHkaomufNyD;rSajzvdkufw,f/ ]ol v k y f r ,f h t vk y f u d k a wmh p d w f y gvuf y gvk y f w wf w ,f / 1994 wke;f ua':pkukd yxrqH;k awGcY iG &hf wJh tar&duefatmufvw G af wmf trwf abvf & pf c suf q ef ud k c if A sm;rS w f r d w ,f r [k w f v m;/ &pf c suf q ef [ m vlucJ wfaumif;wJh 0g&ifEh idk if aH &;orm;yJ/axmufveS ;f a&;aumfrwDrmS awmif tBuD;tuJ vkyfzl;w,f/ olYtqdkt& S1 [mtv,ftvwf0g'DwpfOD; jzpfw,f/ olomG ;vdw k chJ &D;udrk enf;xde;f ausmif; ac:ae&w,f/ 'Dvt kd v,f tvwf0g'DawGrsm;vmzdv Yk w kd ,fvYkd rSwcf suaf y;zl;w,f/ aemufwpfcsuu f ol[m Edik if aH &;udpaö wGut kd "du udik w f ,f/ S2 upD;yGm;a&;udik w f ,fayghAsm/ typftcuf&yfpJa&;udpöawGrSmMunfhvdkuf&ifolYtvdkcsnf;yJwpfzufowf rMunfhbl;/ wdkif;&if;om;awGudkvnf;vufeufudkifcGifh? wjcm;vkyfcGifh ay;w,f/ qdv k ckd siw f muvufawGUuswhJ tvkyjf zpfr,fyh pkH u H v kd yk w f wfw,f/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
67 67
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
uRef a wmf u pum;uk d & yf N yD ; ud k r sd K ;jrif h u d k M unf h a evd k u f w ,f / udkrsdK;jrifhuacgif;wpfcsufndwfNyD;ajymw,f/ ][kwNf yAD sm? 'gqd&k ifuReaf wmfqufajymr,f/ S2 eJY ckeuajymwJ0h efBu;D awGuawmh vwfwavmatmifjrifrItay:rSm om,maeyHk ay:w,f/ aemufNyD;olwkdYawG[m ppfbk&ifawGuvmawmh rmevnf;BuD;yHk&w,f/ tqd;k qH;k uawmh S1 udk tmPmNyKd iw f u hJ pd yö AJ s/ uReaf wmfxifwmajym&&if S 1 [mtawmf y g;eyf w ,f / 'D v l a wG u ol w d k Y u d k , f o l w d k Y ppf b k & if a wG r[kwfawmhbl; qdkwmrodao;bl;/ olwdkYudk wdkif;rSL;&mxl;awGpGefYNyD; 0efBu;D awGvyk cf ikd ;f vdu k f uwnf; u oGm;Nyv D rYkd w S u f a&myJ/ olwu Ykd akd emufxyf tyif ; wpf c k x nf h x m;wmvnf ; od y H k r &bl ; / ol w d k Y u awmh S 1 [m *sLeD , mav;yg/ ppf w yf r S m pD e D , mud k ausmf v d k Y r &bl ; vd k Y x if a eyH k y J / tJ'DuRefawmfajymwJh tyif;uawmhwjcm;r[kwfbl;/ olwdkYudkcsrf;om atmifvkyfydkifcGifhawGay;xm;w,f/ 'g[mOD;ae0if;enf;yJ/ pD;yGm;a&; aumif ; aumif ; vk y f ? Ed k i f i H a &;tmPmud k 0 if r pG u f e J U qd k w J h o abmyJ / r[kw&f ifawmh vmbfpm;w,f? bmw,fqNkd y;D tkyx f nfv h u kd v f rd rhf ,f} uReaf wmfoabmwlvu kd yf gw,f/ udrk sKd ;jrifeh YJ uReaf wmfh tjrifawG[m wpfxyfwnf;r[kwfawmifodyfruGmvSbl;/ 'Dvkdtajc taewif;usyfrI atmufrSm pdwfoabmxm; wlnDolawGomtvkyfjzpf wwfMuw,f/ uRef a wmf e J Y u d k r sd K ;jrif h [ maxmif x J r S m vnf ; oabmxm;jcif ; wd k u f q d k i f cJ h M uw,f / 'gaMumif h t jyif r S m quf N yD ; vuf w G J v k y f u d k i f a eMuw,f / tckaqG;aEG;yG[ J m uReaf wmfvw G v f mNy;D rS 3 Burd af jrmufjzpfrvm;rodb;l / uRefawmftawG;wcsdKUudk aq;vdyfaiGYeJYa&mrIwfxkwfvdkufNyD; udkrsdK;jrifhudk pum;qufzw Ykd u kd w f eG ;f vdu k f w,f/ ]uReaf wmftaocsmqH;k owif;wpfcak jymr,fAsm/ e0wtzGUJ 0ifawG [m a':pkeJYywfowfvm&if tNrJwrf;yJoabmxm;uGJavh½Sdw,f/ ckeu ajymwJh S2 eJY 0efBuD;tkyfpkawGu vHk;0ajcrIef;a&;oabmxm;½Sdw,f/ S1 tk y f p k u a':pk u d k v d k o vd k y H k o G i f ; NyD ; ppf w yf t m Pmquf p d k ; rd k ; a&; oabmxm;½Sdw,f/ tJ'gyJAsm/ uJ...cifAsm;xifjrifcsufudkajymygOD;} uReaf wmfacgif; wcsun f w d v f u kd w f ,f/ 68 68
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
]cifAsm;eJo Y yd rf uGmygbl;/ jznfNh y;D aqG;aEG;&r,fq&dk if S1 tkypf ak &m? S2 tkyfpkyg uRefawmfwdkYvdkcsifwJh'Drdkua&pDyHkpHudkjiif;aew,f/ 'gayr,fhS1 uaysmah ysmif;yH&k w,f/ uReaf wmfwu Ykd avmavmq,frmS S1 bufutm;om ygapvdq Yk ak wmif;&r,f/ [dak umifawG tom& oGm;&if yGjJ refjrefNy;D Edik o f vdk wpfwikd ;f jynfv;kH vnf;jymjzpfomG ;Edik w f ,f/ uReaf wmfw&Ykd UJ owif;xd;k ppfrmS S1 bufudk omomwdk;wdk;av; vdkufay;&r,f/ a':pkudkvGwfbdkY t"du qHk;jzwf&rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;oef;a½TyJ/ S1 u'DvlBuD;udktydkifudkifEdkif&if olatmifjrifr,f/ tJ'D pDeD,mAdkvfcsKyfBuD;awGu udkifEdkif&ifawmh S1 ajrmufomG ;vdrrhf ,f/ tckxjd rifae&wmawmh S1 uudik x f m;Edik yf ykH /J a':pk vGwEf ikd yf gw,f/ jynfwiG ;f rSmvnf;axmufvrS ;f a&;,EÅ&m;eJY awmfawmfzx d m; w,f/ jynfyudkawmh tmqD,HeJYckcHr,f/ ukvor*¾udkawmh w½kwfeJY xde;f xm;r,fvYkd xifw,f/ olwu Ykd vnf;olww Ykd u G u f ed ;f eJaY yghAsm/ uReaf wmfwYkd uvnf; uReaf wmfwYkd tvkyv f yk Mf uwmaygh/} pum;0d k i f ; tNyD ; rS m ud k r sd K ;jrif h u txk y f w pf x k y f u Ref a wmf h u d k ay;vdu k w f ,f/ uReaf wmfvnf;um;armif;Ny;D tdru f jkd yefcw hJ ,f/ (2) Ek o pf w pf a ,muf t vk y f a wG q uf w d k u f v k y f a e&w,f / ol Y u d k Munf&h wm wuf<uaysm½f iG af ewJyh ykH /J wpfcg wpfcg owif;tcsut f vuf awGuMkd unfNh y;D tHt h m;oifo h mG ;wwfw,f/ ud, k 0f efaqmiftrsKd ;orD;roef;&D udv k rf;azmuf&mrSm ajraygufcikd ;f wJu h pd rö sKd ;utp wduswhJ vlt Y cGit hf a&; csKd ;azmuf rIawGuo kd t l ckrpS m;&if;Z,m;eJaY wGUzl;w,f/ pdwrf aumif;aMumif; wpfzGzGajymaew,f/ 'ghtjyif &Jzufpcef;?a½SUwef;udpöawGygoltckrS Mum;zl;w,f vdkYajymw,f/ uRefawmfu EkopfvufxJrSm bmtaxmuf txm;rS rusefcJhbl;/ uGefysLwmxJ oGif;NyD;wmeJY pm½Gufpmwef;awGudk uRefawmfh&JUowfrSwfxm;wJh ae&mrSm azsmufzsufypfw,f/ Ekopfazaz uawmh q&m0efBu;D jzpfvYkd uReaf wmfeo YJ yd rf awGUjzpfb;l / ol½adS e&ifvnf; 'DtaMumif;r[rdzdkY uRefawmfwdkYoabmwlxm;w,f/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
69 69
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
vlBu;D qdak wmhp;kd &drw f wfw,f/ uHaumif; csiw f mu rr,Ofat; vm;½Id;ajymif;oGm;wmyJjzpfw,f/ tdrfrSmaeYbufqdk&if Ekopf&,f? Ekopf tzdk;&,f? tzGm;&,f? rEÅav;u EkopfBuD;BuD;&,fyJ ½SdMuw,f/ Ekopfu uGeyf sLwmeJY ½du k o f iG ;f Ny;D &if CD tcsyaf v;awGuu kd Reaf wmf,x l m; vdu k w f ,f/ rNyD;ao;&if aemufwpf aeYrSuRefawmfjyef,lvmNyD;xyf½dkufw,f/ Ekopf vufxJrSm rxm;cJhEdkifbl;/ wpfckckjzpfoGm;rSmpdk;vdkY/ tm;vHk; tacsmowf Ny;D wmeJY aocsm xkyyf ;kd Ny;D a0a0xGe;f qD yd&Yk w,f/ a0a0xGe;f uolrY w d af qG 0efBuD;orD;awG wlrawGudkay;vdkufw,f/ (befaumufxGufr,fholawG? pifumyloGm;r,fholawGudkay;wmyg)/ bef a umuf a&muf & if z k e f ; quf N yD ; ypö n f ; ac:ay;vd k u f & H k y gyJ / b,favmufvNkH cKH ygovJ/ 0efBu;D orD;awG? wlrawG&UJ wefc;kd [m tawmfBu;D ygw,f/ avqdyt f apmift h a½SmufawG[m½SmazGzaYkd eaeomom ypön;f awmif ulo,fay;ae&w,f/ ajcacsmf v uf a csmf j zpf o G m ;&if u Ref a wmf h b uf u ajz½S i f ; Ed k i f z d k Y vrf;jyifqif xm;w,f/ ,kow D mudk tyluyfNy;D uGeyf sLwmtpkwf wpfv;kH uReaf wmfh tdycf ef;xJrmS xm;w,f/ axmufveS ;f a&;rsupf rd aemufatmif tdrrf mS rsm;rsm;aew,f/ pmzwfw,f/ pmay;pm,l (ta0;oifwuúov kd )f wufw,f/ udkrsdK;jrifhvSrf;ac:rSoGm;w,f/ udkrsdK;jrifhay;wJhtcsuftvuf tawGtjyif uReaf wmfwt Ykd mabmfawG udv k nf;jznfah y;&w,f/ uReaf wmhf bufuaygufoGm;&if uRefawmfyJcHzdkYjyifqifxm;w,f/ a0a0xGef;bufuawmh pdwfcs&w,f/ olYqdkifxJ a&mufoGm;wJh jyóemudk olyJwm0ef,l½Sif;vdrfhr,f/ aemufydkif;udpöawGrSm ,koDwm bmrSrodawmhovdk ar;vnf;rar;bl;/ odyfvnf; rawGUjzpfcJhygbl;/ 'gqdu k Reaf wmfu a0a0xGe;f qDb,fvakd y;vJar;p&m½Sw d ,f/ vG,yf gw,f/ olZmEdkifEdkifudktdrf0ifac:NyD; a0a0xGef;&JU qdkifudkvdkufydkYay;wJh aeY[m uRefawmfwdkYtvkyfvkyfwJhaeYygyJ/ (3) 95} ZlviId v f qef;ygNy/D 70 70
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
a':pkudkvGwfay;zdkYurÇmESifht0Sef;awmif;qdkaeygNyD/ jynfwiG ;f rSmvnf;ausmif;om;wcsKd UuZlvikd f 11 &uf(0gqdv k jynf)h rSm a':pkvGwfajrmufa&;qkawmif;yGJawGvkyfzdkYjyifqif aeygNyD/ e0wxJrSmvnf; jiif;cHkrIawGqlnHaeygw,f/ ZlviId (f 7)&ufaeY a&mufawmh azmifBu;D rSm rGr;f rHoifwef;wufae&wJh wuúov kd u f q&mrawGukd S1 urdefYcGef;ajymygw,f/ ]wpfOD;wpfa,muf&JUvGwfvyfrIxuf 45 oef;aomjynfolawG&JU vGwfvyfrIudkomMunfhEdkifr,f}vdkYqdkygw,f/ 'Dred cYf eG ;f aMumifh a':pkrvGwEf ikd b f ;l vdjYk refrmjynfol awGpw d "f gwfus ukeyf gw,f/ arQmv f ifrh xm;wJyh pkH aH wGukd e0w u vkyyf gw,f/ ZlviId v f 10&ufaeYrmS a':pkut kd us,cf sKyu f cRi;f csurf ½Sd wdww f w d f av; vGwaf y;vku d yf gw,f/ odkYaomfurÇmwpf0ef;vHk;uqlnHyGufavm½dkufoGm;ygw,f/ Mobmay;Muygw,f/ owday;Muygw,f/ tmqD,t H zGUJ Bu;D vnf;olw&Ykd J t h jyKoabmqufqaH &;aMumifv h q Ykd akd eygw,f/ ukvor*¾eJYtaemufEdkifiHawGuawmh zdtm;ay; vdkYvGwfay;wm vdq Yk ykd gw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpfa':pkvGwfvmygNyD/ yGJBuD;yGJaumif;awGvmygawmhr,f/ ynmom;awmhaocsmaygufygMurSmjzpfygw,f/ (4) tif;pdeftusOf;axmifwdkufeHygwf 3 / a':pkvGwfvmNyDqdkwJh owif;tay:0dkif;0ef;oHk;oyfaeMuygw,f/ tb0wDvdkYac:wJhOD;0if;wif&JUtjrifudkpygNyD/ ]tckMum;&wJhowif;awGt& a':pku Low Key toHESdrfhNyD;p xGufvmw,f/ 'gaumif;w,f/ tckolajymaewm SSD yJ/ Suu SLORC tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
71 71
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd Dialogue yJ/
wkb Yd ufutEdik &f oGm;Nyq D w kd o hJ abmawmh ,lqvdrYk &ao;bl;} vlYabmifopfarmifarmif*sifu0ifaxmufcHvdkufw,f/ ][kww f ,f..uReaf wmfwb Ykd ufu Tampo wwfvmNyv D yYkd aJ jym&r,f} ]at; Tampo wuf v mwmyJ . .ck a vmavmvwf v wf t wG i f ; a':pk u rem;wrf ; tvk y f a wG v k y f o G m ;w,f / wd k Y PP awG u ol Y u d k axmufcw H t hJ aMumif;eJY wdo Yk abmxm;awGuw kd ifjy&r,f/ qdyk gpdu Yk mG .. wdkYoabmwlnDrI&xm;wJh ]pk..vTwf..jyefawGU} t,ltq&,f? SSD &,faygh.../ tJ'gawGukd DS qDyYkd oifrh oifo h abmxm;ar;Munf&h atmif} armifarmif*sif? a'gufwmaZmf? udkbdk wdkYuvnf;oabmwlNyD; tvkypf wifygw,f/ OD;0if;wifuaxmufcaH Mumif; pmvTmudak &; om;jyKpNk y;D atmufrSm PP 100 ausmfvufrSwfa&;xdk;ygw,f/ NyD;awmhuRefawmfeJY qufo, G Nf y;D pmudak y;ydyYk gw,f/ uReaf wmfuwpfqifh a':pkqu D t kd yfygw,f/ a':pkuOD;0if;wifwdkYeJYwpfoabmwnf;jzpfaMumif;? rsufESmcsif;qdkif aqG ; aEG ; &if a wmif 'D v d k r jzpf E d k i f a Mumif ; ? tH h M op&maumif ; atmif wpf x yf w nf ; pd w f u l ; wl a eaMumif ; ajymwJ h t wG u f OD ; 0if w if e J Y armifarmif*sifwdkYqDudk uRefawmfujyefMum;ay;cJh ygw,f/ (5) ]pk..vTwf..jyefawGU} ]a':pkudkvTwfyg..vTwfawmfac:yg..jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGufawGYqHk aqG;aEG;yg/ } 1993 ESpfukefydkif;avmufupNyD; tb0wDwifcJhwJh pmwrf; wpfapmifjzpfygw,f/ e0wuay;wJh trsdK;om;nDvmcH[m 'Drdkua&pD ud k O D ; rwnf w maMumif h uRef a wmf w d k Y b uf u pk . .vT w f . .jyef a wG Y e J Y EdkifiHa&;jyóemudk½Sif;zdkYjzpfaMumif; pmwrf;uqdkygw,f/ uRefawmfvnf; aqG;aEG;oabmwljzpfwJhtavQmuf wwfEdkfifoavmuf½Sif;jyyghr,f/ (1) jrefrmEdkifiHrSm a':pk&JU tcef;u@[mvHk;0t"duuswmaMumifh a':pkudkjcGif;csufr½SdvGwfyg/ ( PP = Political Prisoner EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;) (72 DS = a':pk ) tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf// 72
A[kviG _f yif
(2) 1990 a½G;aumufyrJG mS tEdik &f wJo h al wG eJY vGwaf wmfac:yg/ (3) pepfwpfckuwpfckacsmarGUpGmajymif;vJapa&; twGuf trsdK;om; jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;[m ta&;Bu;D w,f/ 'gaMumifw h pfrsKd ;om;vH;k ud, k pf m; jyKwJh ppfrSefwJhtrsdK;om;nDvmcHwpfckudk azmfaqmif&r,f/ yxrtqifhawGUqHk aqG;aEG;yGJudk SSD vdkYac:r,f/ Suu SLORC Dialogue aygh/ tEdkif&ygwD acgif;aqmifa':pkeJY tmPmvuf½Sd e0w wdkYMum;rSm tOD;qHk;pwifr,f/ 'kwd,tqifhrSmrS oHk;yGifhqdkiftrsdK;om; jyef v nf o if h j rwf a &; aqG ; aEG ; yG J B uD ; ud k v k y f r ,f / a':pk O D ; aqmif w J h 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk&,f? wdik ;f &if;om; acgif;aqmifawG (ajray: ajratmuf tygt0if)&,f? e0w&,f oHk;yGifhqdkif aqG;aEG;yGJaygh/ 'Doabmxm;[m EdkifiHa&;t& ajz½Sif;rIvrf;aMumif;rSefjzpfovdk ukvor*¾&JU qHk;jzwfcsuf uvnf; 'Dtwdkif;ajymxm;w,f/ ] uReaf wmfwu Ykd vTwaf wmfac:cdik ;f ae&wm wjcm;aMumifrh [kwb f ;l / 'Drdkua&pDpnf;rsOf;awGaMumihfyJ/ a½G;aumufyGJrSmtEdkif&wJh vGwfawmf ud, k pf m;vS,af wG[m jynfov l x l u k tmPmtyfEiS ;f xm;wm/ 'DtmPm[m Ed k i f i H r S m tjrif h q H k ; yJ / 'D v T w f a wmf u d k r S a c:ray;&if jynf o l v l x k [ m tvm;um;yJvdkY vTifhypf&ma&mufw,f/ aemufa½G;aumufyGJwpfckuyJ tck&v'fudk acszsufEdkifw,f/ tck&xm;wJh&v'f udk taumiftxnf razmf y J e J Y v nf ; aemuf a ½G ; aumuf y G J v k y f v d k Y r &bl ; / 'g[m'D r d k u a&pD &JUw&m;awGyJ/ ] SSD udpöuawmh vkyf[efwpfckyJAsm/ 'Drdkua&pDrSm ta&;BuD; vky[ f efwpfcyk /J awGUqHak qG;aEG; tajz½Sma&;qdw k m Democratic Psrinciple wpf c k y J / ud k , f u tm;BuD ; vd k Y y J j zpf j zpf ? tm;eJ v d k Y y J j zpf j zpf ? 'D r d k u a&pD orm;awG[m awGUqHak qG;aEG;a&;udv k ufc&H r,f/ 1989 ZlviId v f yI ½f mS ;rI[m awG Y q H k a qG ; aEG ; a&;ud k a wmif ; qd k w J h y G J a ygh / SSD awmif ; qd k y G J t paygh / e0wutckxdjiif;y,faew,f/ a':pkbufu awmif;qdkrIrSeforQudk jiif;y,faew,faygh/ a':pkuvnf;'gudkolwdkYvufcHvmatmif BudK;pm; rSmjzpfw,f/ enf;vrf;awGuakd wmh a':pkyJ csrw S v f rd rhf ,f/} ] yxrtqifjh zpfwhJ ]pk} rSm a':pkvw T o f mG ;Ny/D ]vTw.f .jyefawGU} tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
73 73
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
udk avmavmq,frmS a':pku ]jyefawGU..vTw}f yHpk aH v;ajymif; xm;w,f/ 'gvnf;tb0wDeYJ uReaf wmfwu Ykd oabmusw,f/} ]Low Key upxGufwJhoabmaygh/ jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf awGUqHkaqG;aEG;Mu&atmifvdkYzdwfac:wJhoabmyJ/ 'DvdkaqG;aEG; MuNyD;&if zG J U pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'twG u f tajccH r l a wG u d k ppf r S e f w J h t rsd K ;om; nDvmcHBuD;u csrSwfr,f/ 'DtajccHrlawGudk,lNyD; tEdkif&trwfawGeJY zGUJ pnf;wJv h w G af wmfu zGpYJ nf;yHt k ajccHOya'wpfcak &;qGNJ y;D twnfjyKr,f/ Ny;D &if tJ'v D w G af wmf&UJ tqH;k tjzwfeyYJ J a½G;aumufyJG topfuu kd si;f y&r,f/ 'grSzUJG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'opfeYJ tnD 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &ay:xGuv f mr,f/ } ]wu,f v d k Y o l w k d Y u SSD rvk y f b l ; qd k & if vT w f a wmf a c:r,f / udk,fhbmomac:r,f/ EdkifiHwumaxmufcHrI? ukvor*¾&JUaxmufcH rIu, kd rl ,f/ tEdik &f NLD udk 'DtwGuu f pd w ö ;kH ypfcsiw f ;kH ypfEikd w f ,f/ bmjzpfv/J cH&&J r,f/ jynfov l x l t k mPmudk toufay;Ny;D umuG,o f mG ;MuzdyYk ½J w dS ,f/ a':pkudktaoowfEdkif&ifowfayghAsm/ olwdkYudkvnf;urÇmhordkif;BuD;u aumif;aumif;qHk;rygvdrfhr,f/} ]uRefawmfwdkYqDrSmu awGYqHkaqG;aEG;a&;udpö[m topfwpfckvdk jzpfaew,f/ SSD qkw d mtmPmcGaJ 0wmr[kwb f ;l / jyóemudk tajz½Smwm/ wpfa,mufu'Dvydk pkH o H mG ;oifw h ,fvt Ykd csut f vufeaYJ jymr,f/ wpfa,muf uawmhr[kwb f ;l [dv k o kd mG ;&r,fvaYkd jymr,f/ wpfa,mufeYJ wpfa,muf qefYusifbufawGvnf;jzpfaer,f/ udpör½Sdbl;/ yxrtqifhrSm wlnD Edik o f avmufwn l aD tmif tay;t,lvyk Mf unf/h b,fvrkd rS &awmhb;l qd&k if pm;yGJ0dkif;udkcsJUxGifNyD; wpfcgxyfaqG;aEG;/ aemufqHk;awmhjynfolvlxk yg0ifvmNyD; aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfvdkuf &if tajz&wmygyJ/ aqG;aEG;wJh ae&mrSmbm tmCmwrS r½SdbJ wu,fhapwemrSefeJYajyvnf&majyvnf aMumif;udk ajymMu&rSmyg/ udk,fht,ltqrSefw,fqdkNyD; ydwfjiif;wJhudpö udak wmh vlxek nf;eJyY q J ;kH jzwfwm ydak umif;w,f/} ] uRefawmfjyefcsKyfNyD;ajymyghr,f/ tcka':pku ]jyefawGY..vTwf} yHpk u H u kd ikd w f ,f/ ]jyefawGU} udk SSD eJpY r,faygh/SSDjzpfvmatmifb,fvv kd yk &f rvJ ar;&if a,bk,suReaf wmfajymEdik yf gw,f/ jynfwiG ;f jynfy zdtm;ay; 74 74
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
&r,f/ jynfyupD;yGm;a&;? oHwrefa&;? Edik if aH &;t& zdtm;ay;&rSmjzpfovdk jynfwGif;uvnf;vTwfawmfac:,lEdkfifa&;tqifhxda&mufatmifvkyf&r,f/ tcka':pkvyk af ewmvnf;tJ'v D rf; aMumif;yJ/ uReaf wmfwu Ykd vnf; vlt Y cGihf ta&; csdK;azmufrI rSwfwrf;awGudk jyKpkNyD;a':pkqDydkYay;w,f/ a':pku ukvor*¾udkwifjyaew,f/ olY NLD udv k nf;uspv f pfatmifwnfaqmufaew,f/ vlxu k v kd nf; td r f a ½S U rS m xG u f N yD ; pae? we*F a EG w d k i f ; w&m;a[mpnf ; ½H k ; ae w,f / e0wuvnf ; 'gawG u d k o d r S m yJ / 'gaMumif h E d k i f i H w umeJ Y uk v or*¾ r S m ckczH BYkd uKd ;pm;r,f/ NLD udv k nf; rkepYf rd ;f aygif;oD0&DeYJ yg;yg;vS;D r,f/ vlxek YJ a':pk u d k c sd w f q uf r rd a tmif j zwf a wmuf x m;r,f / 'gawG v mrS m aygh / ESpfbufvHk;&JUtajctaetay: uRefawmfhtjrifuawmh 'DavmufygyJ/} uRefawmfh&yfwnfcsufudkajymNyD;wJhaemuf 'Dtwdkif;tcdkiftrm &yfwnfvkyfudkif oGm;zdkYjzpfw,f/ tckuRefawmfua':pkNcHxJudk 0ifae xG u f a eawmh axmuf v S e f ; a&;uvnf ; rsuf p d a emuf a eavmuf N yD / tefu,faomif;xufuac:vGe;f vdu Yk Reaf wmfvmawGUwm.. Ny;D awmh.. uRefawmfcyfqqav;awG;vdkufw,f/ ]tm;vHk;udkvnf;aus;Zl;wifEIwfqufpum;av;ajymcsifvdkYyg/ 'gaMumif h u Ref a wmf Ek o pf u d k y gwpf c gwnf ; ac:vmwm/ ,k o D w m eJYvnf;rdwfqufay;csifwmvnf;ygwmaygh/} OD;aomif;xufuyg;eyfw,f/ ]rif;ub,foGm;rSmrdkYvdkYvJ} uRefawmfu&,f&,farmarmyJajymvdkufw,f/ ]axmifxJudkyJjzpfr,fxifw,f} ]½Si}f ]½Si}f ][if} oHk;OD;vHk;tHhtm;oifhoGm;w,f/ EkopfuawmhuRefawmhf&JU 1988 yHk&dyfwpfckudk zrf;,lMunfhaeyHk &w,f/ ,koDwmuvn;ftJ'Denf;wlyJ/ OD;aomif;xufuvnf; enf;enf;wkev f yI o f mG ;yH&k w,f/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
75 75
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
,koDwmucyfajz;ajz;av;ar;w,f/ ]b,fawmhavmufoGm;&rvJ} uRefawmfcyfNyHK;NyHK;eJYcyfazghazghajzw,f/ ]olwdkYvmac:wJhtcsdefaygh} av;uefoGm;wJhpum;0dkif;udkuRefawmfuyJOD;aqmifEdk;xapcJhw,f/ OD;aomif;xufuvnf;pum;0dik ;f udak yghomG ;atmif0ifajym w,f/ r&awmh ygbl;/ 'gaMumifu h Reaf wmfu jyefzpYkd pD Of&w,f/ nae 4 em&D½NdS y/D uReaf wmfu ,koDwmudkcyfwdk;wdk;ajymvdkufw,f/ ]a0a0xGef;udkaus;Zl;wifaMumif;ajymay;yg/ uRefawmfwdkYudk oltrsm;Bu;D ulncD w hJ ,f/ olZmEdik Ef ikd u f akd &majymay;yg/ uReaf wmf wd[ Yk m a':pkudkxifxifay:ay:0dkif;&HvIyf½Sm;aeNyDjzpfwJhtwGuf ,koDwmwdkYeJY cPtqufjzwfxm;csiw f ,f/ ,kow D mwdv Yk nf;wu,f pGev Yf w G zf yYkd ikd ;f jzwf Edik Mf uNyq D &kd if a':pkew YJ u kd ½f u kd q f ufo, G v f yI ½f mS ;Edik yf gw,f/ Ekopfuv kd nf; 'DvdkyJuRefawmfajymjycJhw,f/ uRefawmfeJY qufoG,folawGtm;vHk;udkaygh/ ouf 0 if , H k M unf z d k Y t wG u f u d k , f w d k i f a vh v myg/ ud k , f w d k i f q H k ; jzwf y g/ ud, k q f ;kH jzwfcsuu f kd ud, k w f m0ef,yl g/ ,kow D m[muReaf wmfu h kd 88 ckEpS f wnf;u axmufccH w hJ ,f/ 'DtwGut f xl;aus;Zl;ygyJ/} ,kow D mu ol&Y UJ ajymif;vJvyI ½f mS ;oGm;wJrh suEf mS udk wnfNird af tmif renf;jyif,lvdkufw,f/ wuúodkvfuq&mrqdkawmh ausmif; eJYruif; uGmcJhbl;/ uRefawmfwdkY&JUyHk&dyfawGudkolydkem;vnfw,f/ uRefawmfu OD;aomif;xuf udak us;Zl;wifaMumif;xyfajymNy;D EIwq f ufw,f/ OD;aomif; xufu a&½Gwaf ew,f/ ]at;uG m ..wd k Y p D ; yG m ;a&;orm;awG u a':pk v T w f v mwmeJ Y ajyvnfNyv D rYkd w S Nf y;D ukeaf ps;EIe;f wcsKd Uawmifcsxm;ay;w,f/ tif;.. rif; ajymyHkqdk&ifawmhrvG,fao;bl;/ vkyfief;awGawmifwpfrsdK;pOf;pm;&r,f/} Ekopfeu YJ Reaf wmfum;eJx Y u G v f mw,f/ Ekopfuum;rSeu f w kd ifvu kd Nf y;D rSefwHcg;udkai;&if;vdkufvmw,f/ olbmawGpOf;pm;aevnf; uRefawmf rodcsib f ;l / 'gayr,fo h w l pfcck ak jymcsiyf akH wmh&w,f/ uReaf wmfuyJ pum; pvdu k w f ,f/ 76 76
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
]Ekopf..Munfph rf;..a[m[dak ½SUem;rSm puwf½n S ef YJ aumifrav; ..awGUvm;} EkopfrsuEf mS ua½SUwnfw h nfv h n S v hf mNy;D rsuv f ;kH awG b,fnma0hvYkd ½Smvdu k w f ,f/ awGUoGm;Ny/D ]awGUNyD..tJ'gbmjzpfvJ} Ekopfucyfavmavmav;ar;vmw,f/ ]olU&JUqHyifawGuckd g;em;txd½n S v f u kd &f if 9 wef; 10 wef;wuf aewJhEkopfjzpfoGm;r,f/ tJ..tckrSyJar;&OD;r,f/ uRefawmf wdkYausmif; ud k p wd w f ½ I d ; vmMunf h N yD ; tjyef r S m uRef a wmf a emuf u vd k u f v mawmh bmvdkYxGufajy;&wmvJ} Ek o pf r suf E S m av; ½S u f ½ G H U oG m ;wmaocsmw,f / jyef a jzwJ h toHuvnf; pl;pl;av;eJu Y s,af vmifovdyk /J ]aMumufvdkY} ]aMumufv.Ykd .[kwv f m;..uReaf wmfwu Ykd o&JawGrrS [kww f m} ]tJ'w D ek ;f uawmh udak usmef o YJ cd gpyJ½adS o;w,f/ udak usmw f yYkd pkH aH wG uvnf;..o&Jav;awGvdkyJ..odvm;} ]rodygbl;Asm..cyfaysmfaysmfaewwfwmyg/} ]tJ'DcyfaysmfaysmfaMumifhyJEkopfucifoGm;wmyg..wuúodkvfa&mufawmh ydak wmif uJao;w,f} ]tJ'gaMumifu h Reaf wmfwu Ykd akd usmif;om;qd;k awGvaYkd jymwmaerSmaygh} ]Ekopfuawmhrajymbl;aemf..odvm;} ]odygw,f..odygw,f..[J..[J..[J..} ]bm&,fwmvJ..Ekopfwu,fajymcsifwm..MumNyDodvm;.. ud k a usmf [ mEk o pf a½S U rS m wr[k w f c sif ; BuD ; oG m ;ovd k c H p m;&w,f / ausmif;rSmwke;f uA½kwf odyu f sw,f/rl;½l;vm&if;vnf;Ekopfu'Pfc&H w,f/ 'DaeUawGU&wJjh rifuiG ;f usawmhvBl u;D wpfa,mufvykd .J . ½Si;f jyaevdu k w f m.. tefu,fOD;aomif;xufawmif yg;pyfta[mif;om;av;jzpfaew,f/ Ekopft&rf;0rf;omw,fodvm;} ]odygw,f..odygw,f..} tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
77 77
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
]raemufeJY..'Duwu,fajymaewm..udkausmf..} ][kwyf gNy.D .[kwyf gNy.D .'Dvjkd zpfvmzdt Yk wGuv f nf;ausmif;wuf&wmaygh.. Ekopf&,f.. 'kua© wmh½w dS maygh/ 'gayr,fh pdwu f t&rf;vGwv f yfw,f/ uRefawmfjyefvGwfvmawmh tjyifrSmpdwfusOf;usyfw,f/ [dk;wpfcgu ajymcJhovdkyJ.. udk,fajymcsifwmvGwfvGwf vyfvyfajymcsifayr,fh ywf0ef;usifuxdwfvefYaeawmh udk,fuyJowdxm;vdkuf&w,f/axmifxJ rSmawmh olvu kd , kd v f akd jymwwfqw kd wf olawGyaJ v/ Birds of the same of feather flock together qd k o vd k y J a ygh / wu,f a wmh u Ref a wmf w d k Y u d k tawGUtBuHKuavhusifhay;oGm; wmyg/ odyfowådaumif;vGef;vdkYawmh rxif y geJ Y / aMumuf w wf y gw,f / 'gayr,f h ud k , f h u d k u d k , f t yf E S i f ; wJ h wm0efukdawmh ausatmifxrf; ½GufzdkY ,HkMunfcsuf½SdaewmtrSefyJ/ tJ'gaMumifh aMumufpdwfawG[m aemufudkenf;enf;jyefqkwfoGm;w,f/ 'gavmufygyJ/} uReaf wmfum;udt k ½Sed af vQmv h u kd w f ,f/ ukuKdú i;f rD;ydKG iu hf acwåwm; qD ; xm;vd k Y um;ud k & yf v d k u f & w,f / Ek o pf e J Y u Ref a wmf w pf a ,muf udkwpfa,muftcsufjyrdw,f/ a':pk&JUpaew&m;yGJtNyD; y&dowfawG jyefaeMuNyD/ pnf;urf;wusyJ/ 'DaeYw&m;yGJu ta&;BuD;w,fqdkwm uRefawmfodNyD;NyD;/ Ekopfudkvnf;ajymjyNyD;NyD;/ ,koDwmeJY tefu,f aomif;xufuakd wmhrajymjyrdcb hJ ;l / uReaf wmfbmaMumifah rhomG ; rSe;f rodb;l / NLD uppftpdk;&&JUtrsdK;om;nDvmcHu xGufcGmvmcJhNyD/ 'Dvkd bmaMumifhxGufvm&w,fqdkwmudk a':pku 'DaeYjynfolawGudk ½Sif;jy vdkufwm jzpfw,f/ jynfoltrsm;pk&JUrsufESmrSm tm;wufrIawG0if;0g vdkYaew,f/ EkopfrsufESm..NyD;awmh uRefawmfhrsufESmvnf; 0if;0g aevd r f h r ,f / Ek k o pf td r f u d k a &muf a wmh tzd k ; ? tzG m ;? BuD ; BuD ; eJ Y Ekopfazazudyk gawGU&w,f/ tm;vH;k udw k av;wpm;EIwq f ufNy;D uReaf wmf jyefvmw,f/ Ekopfuawmh ajymw,f/ olYudkwpfacgufavmufvmawGY ygOD;wJh/ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 78 78
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
A[dck suef yH gwf (3'or 65) (1) ukefoG,fa&;0efBuD;&JUorD;arG;aeYygwD/ Mu,fa&mifawG[dk[dk'D'Dywfcif;xm;ovdkyJ/ vlBuD;eJYvli,fawG owfowfppD ak 0;vdYk toHawGuvnf;pHv k ifyg&JU/ ykvif;oH? zefcu G o f ?H *DwoH? &,foH? aemufajymifoH pwJhtoHawGaMumifh wdwfqdwfoHawGajrBuD;xJ jym;uyfcsyfaMurGoGm;w,f/ OD;xGef;Mum&JUrsufvHk;awGrSmawmh t&ufaiGUawGcdkvHIaeMuNyD/ vl B uD ; 0d k i f ; pum;tNyD ; cg;qef Y & if ; vl i ,f a wG b uf v S n f h v myH k a ygh / 'Dyw JG pfcv k ;kH oluek u f somG ;w,f/ 0ef;Bu;D orD;pdwcf sr;f om&if 0efBu;D vnf; pdwcf sr;f omr,f/ ESpq f awmifomOD;r,f/ 'g[m0efBu;D orD; udak y;wJah rG;aeY vufaqmifyyJG /J 0efBu;D uum;wifoiG ;f cGiv hf ikd pf ifjyefay;vdrrhf ,f/ vHak vmuf Nyv D m;/ wpfcu k seaf o;w,fvaYkd jym&r,f/ 'Dvykd rJG sKd ;rSmrS ya*;av;awG½mS vdYk aumif;w,f/ awGUNyD/ ckwavmol&if;xaewJhyHkrsdK;av;/ uav;rsufESmeJYcspfp&mav;/ touf 16 ESpfavmufcefYrSef;&w,f/ OD;xGef;Mum wu,f&if;udkuf aewmuawmh 14 ESpt f ½G,af vmufyg/ urÇmrSmacwfpm;aew,f/ xm;awmh 'D16 ESpft½G,fav;[m b,foleJY ywfoufaevnf;odcsifvmw,f/ t&uf w pf c G u f u d k j znf h u d k i f N yD ; tJ ' D p m;yG J q D u d k a vQmuf o G m ;vd k u f w ,f / pm;yGJ0dkif;uvlawGudkNyHK;jyEIwfquf&if;vlwpfa,mufqDta&mufenf;enf; qGH t h oGm;w,f/ 0g&ifo h q l akd wmht'J v D u l kd qufNy;D pum;ajymEIwq f ufw,f/ ]rif;ua0a0xGe;f ud;k ../ighorD;awGu rif;qdik u f o kd yd f oabmus w,fuG} ][kwu f t hJ efu,f..tefu,ft h rd u f v kd nf;ESpcf gavmufa&mufz;l w,f.. rSwfrdvm;rodbl;/} ]at;uGm..emrnfev YJ el o YJ yd rf wGrJ b d ;l uG.. rif;wdv Yk kd tvSjyifqikd f tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
79 79
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
vkyfolawGudkawmhawGYzl;ygw,f/} ]uJ..uJ..'DbufuorD;av;emrnfajymygOD;} ]olZmEdkifEdkifyg..tefu,f} olZmEdkifEdkifav;[m 'DyGJrsdK;'DwpfcgyJa&mufzl;awmh ae&xdkif& usOf;usyfaeyHkay:w,f/ a0a0xGef;vnf;owdxm;rdw,f/ 'DvlBuD;&JU rsuf E S m [m [ef a qmif a umif ; ayr,f h rsuf v H k ; awG r S m awmh rD ; uRrf ; aewmawGY&w,f/ t&ufaMumifhoufoufr[kwfbl;/ wPSm½l;BuD;..vdkY a0a0xGe;f used q f rJ w d ,f/ olo Y rD;awGuqdik u f o kd abmusw,fvaYkd jymw,f/ b,fuolo Y rD;awG [kw&f rSmvJ/ ti,ftaESmif;awGav/ 'gudak 0a0xGe;f od ygw,f/ OD;xGef;Mum uqHk;rpum;vdkvdk..rdefYcGef;acRovdkvdk pum;&yf ajymNyD;wjcm;0dkif;buf vSnfhoGm;jyefw,f/ (2) ]a0a0a&..a0a0..} ]bmwkef;[Jh..'Daumifrav;..ajym..ajym..} bk & m;yef ; vJ a ewJ h a 0a0xG e f ; qD u d k atmf [ pf a &muf v mol u olZmEdkifEdkifyg/ ]orD;udkpdwfrqdk;eJYaemf..orD;tvkyfcPajymif;rvdkY} ]bm..tvkyfcPajymif;rvdkY [kwfvm;} a0a0xGef;&JUaomuawGudk olZmEdkifEdkifu ajzazsmufzdkYpum;½Sm aew,f/ Ny;D rS.. ]'Dvadk 0a0&JU..[dak eYuarG;aeYrmS qHck w hJ t hJ efu,fBu;D av..orD;wdYk tdru f kd vlvw G Nf y;D ac:ckid ;f w,f/ tvkyaf y;csiv f w Ykd /hJ orD; q,fwef;atmif xm;wmolodw,fwJh/ 'Dt½G,fawGudkyJaemufydkif;rSmtvkyfcefYzdkYpOf;pm; xm;w,fw/hJ orD;udak usmif;wufzu Ykd tpulnD rSmwJ/h ]xGe;f Mum azmifa'; ½Si;f } Bu;D uvkyaf y;rSmwJ/h olt"duajymcsiw f muawmh ynmwwfawGarG; xkwNf y;D olv Y yk if ef;rSmjyefwm0ef ay;r,f/ r[kw&f ifvnf;vdt k yfwahJ e&mawG udkjyefiSm;r,f/ pmcsKyfumvawmh½Sdr,fwJh/ 80 80
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
a0a0xGef;u'gawGudkodyfem;rvnf/ ynma&;udkawmh tm;ay; csif w ,f / OD ; xG e f ; Mumud k a wmh o d y f r ,H k c sif b l ; / ol Z mEd k i f E d k i f q d k w m jzLjzLoG , f o G , f a o;ao;av;/ t&yf u vnf ; ig;ayawmif r jynf h w J h wu,fhuav;rav;/ a0a0xGef;awGa0oGm;w,f/ 'Duav;rav;xuf jynf h N zd K ;awmif h w if ; wJ h o l a wG u d k ½ S m vk d Y & Ed k i f w myJ / ½S d v nf ; ½S d a ewmyJ / 'D u av;rav;ud k a wmh r vk y f a vmuf b l ; vd k Y a 0a0xG e f ; xif v mw,f / ynmvnf;wwfr,f? tvkyfuvnf;&r,fqdkawmh olU&JUtvSjyifqdkifxuf omwmtrSe/f ]eifhtarubmajymvJ} a0a0xGef;uar;vdkufw,f/ ]taruoabmusaew,f/ a0a0&,f.. tarua&m*gvnf; ½S d w ,f / rrBuD ; wd k Y rrav;wd k Y u ol w d k Y t d r f a xmif a wG e J Y tarY u d k vH;k 0vSnrhf Munfb h ;l / orD;udv k nf;a0a0Munf½h UI xm;vdYk 'Dvakd eomwmyg/ wu,fvYkd tJ'rD mS tqifrajy&if 'Dujkd yefvmrSmaygh/[kwf bl;vm;} olZmEdkifEdkifudka0a0xGef;ucspfcifvGef;vdkY qdkifrSmac:xm;wmyg/ tvkyu f awmhusew f w hJ ynfah wGeaYJ 'gifah phaeygw,f/ olomG ; r,fqv kd nf;wm; zdkYucufaew,f/ b,fvdkajym&rSef;rodbl;/ ]eifo h abmygolZm&,f/ igrSmcsiw f muawmhval wGut kd ,Hk rvG,f eJYqdkwmygyJ/ eiftqifrajy&iftcsdefra½G;ighqDjyefvmcJh/ igwHcg;zGifh xm;w,f} olZmEdik Ef ikd &f UJ rsu&f nfawGy;kd yd;k aygufaygufjyKwu f svmw,f/ NyaD wmh toHxGufatmifidkw,f/ a0a0xGef;udkzufvdkufw,f/ a0a0 vnf; rsuf&nfrxdef;EdkifcJhbl;/ pdwfxJ½SdwJhtwdkif;vGwfatmfvdkuf&if OD;xGef;Mum emrnfawGeYJ t,kwå tewåawGxu G o f mG ;Edik w f ,f/ a0a0xGe;f wD;wd;k om a&½Gwf&if;ajzodrfhvdkufw,f/ ]aMumifolawmf..<uufolcdk;awGudkowdxm;uG,f} (3) tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
81 81
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
puFmylEdkifiHu rdk;xdatmifwdkufBuD;arQmf [dkw,f&,fvdkYcrf;em;vSw,f yifv,favudkawmifcyfarT;arT;½IvdkY ntcgrSm vrif;rsm;pGmxdefovdkyJ vrf;awGay:iHkUtMunfh um;av;awGuydpdauG;vSw,f olZmEdkifEdkifuHw&m;qef;Mu,fyHkyJ t½SifarG;aeYcsif;BuD;qdkovdkjzpfcJhNyDaygh Munf h p rf ; rd o l Z m..b0ujAKef ; pm;BuD ; ajymif ; vJ o G m ;NyD v d k Y udk,fbmomajymrdw,f/ OD;xGef;Mumaus;Zl;awGyJaygh/ tvkyfcGifavh vma&;vd k Y a jymw,f / ol Z mEd k i f E d k i f w pf c k y J a Mumuf w ,f / t*F v d y f v d k odyfrwwfwm/ tcktvkyfcGifavhvma&;qdkwmbmrSef;awmhrodbl;/ av,mOfeJY olu Y w kd ifNy;D puFmylvw G v f u dk w f ,f/ trsKd ;orD;Bu;D wpfa,mufvmBuKd w,f/ NyD a wmh 'D [ d k w ,f r S m xm;wm tck q d k c k E S p f & uf a jrmuf nygyJ / ol Z m Edik Ef idk v f ufxrJ mS awmh rkeyYf o J a&pmpm;zdaYk vmufa':vmaiG awGyJ ygw,f/ usef w mud k t NyD ; tNid r f ; tef u ,f B uD ; upD p Of xm;w,f v d k Y a jymw,f / 'DrSmausmif;wuf &&ifawmhrqdk;bl;/ tawG U tBuH K awG t rsm;BuD ; &rS m yJ v d k Y a wG ; rd a ew,f / tvk y f & &ifvnf; aumif;Edkifw,f/ olZmEdkifEdkif&JUoli,fcsif;awGawmif ajymajym aeMuw,f / puF m yl . .puF m yl . .eJ Y / rarQmf v if h y J a wG Y v d k u f & w,f / 'DvkdawG;rdwdkif; q,fausmfoufyDwdawGvdIif;x&w,f/ 'Dvdkae&mrsdK; a&mufzl;w,f qdk&ifyJ pdefpDcs,fwJhtdrfrufvdkYarmf<um;Edkif&JU/ a0a0wpfa,mufighupkd w d rf csEikd w f m..tckvrkd sKd ;rsm;olo&d if.. b,favmuf0rf;omrvJvdkYvnf;awG;rdaeao;w,f/ wHcg;qD uvQyfppf atmfocH yfñiS ;f ñSi;f xGuv f mw,f/ npmvmydw Yk mxif&UJ vdYk wHcg;zGiw hf ,f/ rSeaf eygw,f/ b,favmuftqifajyovJ/ 82 82
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
3 &uf a usmf o G m ;NyD / ck x d b ,f o l r S v nf ; vmrawG Y a o;bl ; / b,frSvnf;roGm;wwfbl;/ tm;ae&iftcef;xJrSm VCD yJxdkifMunfh aerdw,f/ cPMumawmhwHcg;qDutoHMum;&w,f/ olZmEdkifEdkifzGifhay; vdkufawmh [dkw,frefae*smudkawGY&w,f/ olut*Fvdyfbmom pum;eJY wpfckckudk ½Sif;jyaew,f/ olZmEdkifEdkiftrdt&vdkufzrf;em;oGif;Munfhawmh olu Y 'kd t D cef; uz,fcikd ;f aeovdyk /J ]jyefajymygOD;..jyefajymygOD;} vdo Yk Zl mEdik Ef ikd u f t*Fvyd v f dk arwåm &yfw,f/ 0g&ifhrefae*smu tajctaeudk oabmaygufoGm;[ef eJY [dkw,f0efxrf;wpfOD;udk wpfckckajymvdkufw,f/ rMumcifyJtJ'D0efxrf;u cyfokwfokwfjyefwmw,f/ pmtkyfwpftkyfudkzGifhjyNyD; olZmEdkifEdkif&JU rsufESma½SUrSm axmifjyw,f/ olZmEdkifEdkifudkvnf;BudK;pm;NyD;½Sif;jyw,f/ ol Z mh t wG u f [d k w ,f c u 3 &uf p myJ ½ S i f ; xm;ay;wm/ xyf a y;rS y J 'DrSmxyfaecGifh½Sdr,f/ ray;Edkif&iftcef;jyeftyfygvdkY odrfodrfarGYarGY½Sif; jyjyefw,f/ olZmEdik Ef ikd b f mrSem;rvnfawmhb;l / acgif;Bu;D wpfcv k ;kH a,mifuikd ;f vmovdk rsufpdawGrIef0g;vmw,f/ bmawGjyefNyD;ajz½Sif;rdrSef; rodbl;/ ol Z mEd k i f E d k i f & J U tusd K ;tysuf t *F v d y f p um;ud k ref a e*smu *½k w pd k u f em;axmifw,f/ NyD;rSoabmaygufoGm;NyD...wvGJoabm aygufoGm;NyD/ tvkyv f yk zf cYkd ;kd 0ifvmw,fvrYkd w S , f o l mG ;w,f/ refae*smu ydv k pfc.f .ydv k pfcf vdkYajymawmh &Judkac:r,frSef;olZm EdkifEdkifcefY rSef;Munfhw,f/ tefu,f xG e f ; Mum&J U *k P f y k ' f a wG [ m ol Z mh u d k t umtuG , f a y;Ed k i f a umif ; &J U vd k Y pOf;pm;rdNyD; BudK;pm;½Sif;jyjyefw,f/ ]xGe;f Mum..xGe;f Mum..} vdrYk efae*smuvdu k ½f w G Nf y;D olrod aMumif; jyefajymw,f/ aemufq;kH awmh olZmEdik Ef ikd &f UJ tusKd ;tysuf t*Fvyd pf um;udk ref a e*smuvuf c H N yD ; 'D n ae 7 em&D t xd a wmh 'D r S m aecG i f h a y;w,f / tcef;xJrmS awmh r[kwb f ;l / [dw k ,f{nfch ef;rSmyg/ ½SdpkrJhpka':vmav;awGeJY zkef;qufcGifhudkrefae*smuay;ygw,f/ olZmEdkifEdkif vnfacsmif;awG? tmacgifawGtufuGJrwwfacsmuf uyfvm w,f/ pdwfvIyf½Sm;rIawGjyif;xefvGef;wmaMumifh wbufu zkef;jyefxl; tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
83 83
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
oHudkcyf0g;0g; Mum;ae&w,f/ ][kwfuJh..uRefawmfOD;xGef;Mumyg} aocsmoGm;wJeh mrnfet YJ oHu olZmEdik Ef ikd u f t kd m;wufomG ;apw,f/ ]tefu,fBu;D ...tefu,fBu;D ..orD;av...} pum;ukdrqufEdkifao;bJpdwfvIyf½Sm;rIawGMum;rSmarm[dkufoGm;w,f/ wcsuftm;aqmifh,lvdkufNyD;.. ]orD;..'DrmS wpfa,mufwnf;jzpf..jzpfaew,f..b,forl v S nf;.. r.. rvmbl;} touf c yf j yif ; jyif ; t½I d u f r S m id k o H u a&mygvmw,f / NyD ; awmh rsuf&nfawGvdkufygvmw,f/ ][d.k .[dw k ,fuorD;uk&d v J uf..&Jvuf..tyfrvdv Yk yk .f .vkyaf e.. [D;..[if}h idkcsvdkufw,f/ ]bm..bmajymw,f . .at;..awG U Muao;wmaygh u G m .. ig*½kpu kd zf rYkd mS xm;wm.. rif;wdiYk ghorD;udv k yl g;0wmyJ..orD;.. ryle.YJ . tefu,fBu;D ud, k w f ikd v f mr,f..tJ'rD mS apmifah e..awGMY uao;wmayghumG } olZmEdik Ef ikd t f awmftm;wufomG ;w,f..c&D;aqmifaowåmtdwu f kd xdkifcHkab;rSmcsxm;NyD;pmxdkifzwfaevdkufw,f/ bmawGrSm; ukefwmvJ.. vdo Yk m ar;cGe;f awGpw d v f iId ;f xJrmS b,fjyefnmjyefp;D aerdw,f/ pm½Guaf wGukd pkefcsDqefcsD vSefavsmvdkY bmudkrSpdwfrcsEdkif awmhbl;/ xdkif;EdkifiHrSm a&mif;pm;cH&wJh olawGtaMumif;Mum;zl;xm;awmh ydNk y;D vefo Y vd½k v dS mw,f/ olbmrS rodcsifawmhbl;/ tefu,fBuD; omu,fwif½Sifjzpfawmhw,f/ [dkw,fwHcg;0 qDudktBudrfBudrfarQmfMunfh&if;arm&awmhw,f/ (4) puFmylunrD;a&mifawG wa,moHxGef;xm;wJhuvyfcef;arSmifarSmifawG w½kwfeH*g;BuD;awGuwJhrSefvHkqdkifcef;awG 84 84
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
t0wftpm;ta&mif;qdkifawG Ny;D awmh..OD;xGe;f Mumqdw k hJ teHt Y oufawG ]tvkyfcGifavhvma&;} acgif;pOfatmufrSm xl;xl;qef;qef;vufcHae&w,f rSm;ovm;..rSeo f vm; olZmb,fvo kd rd mS vJ ½kyftvSw&m;awGu zdyHkvTrf;rdk;ypfvdkufNyD OD;xGef;Mum&JUb0rSwfwrf;rSmawmh ]xl;jcm;w,f} qdkwJha0g[m&oHk;vHk;om/ (5) jynfaxmifpkBuHUcdkifa&;toif;awGvIyf½Sm;aeygNyD/ olwdkYudkifaqmifxm;wJhqdkif;bkwfawGuyHkpHwlawG/ a':pkeJY NLD udak pGapmif;ykwcf wfxm;wmawG a':pkeYJ twdu k t f cH'rD u kd a&pD tiftm;pk wpfckvHk; qdk&ifydkrSefw,f/ rH½k mG NrKd Ue,f BuUH ^zGUH tzGt YJ pnf;Bu;D upNy;D awmufavQmufvyk af ewm NrdKUe,ftm;vHk;vdkvdkygyJ/ S2uvnf;BuKH ;0g;ygw,f/trsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd zsuq f ;D wJv h u l akd csreI ;f r,fwJh/ e0wtrdeYf ajunmcsut f rSwf 5^96 rSmvnf;trsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd zsufqD;&if uRef;'PfawGtxdcsr,fqdkw,f/ a':pkuvnf; rwfv 25 &uf 1996 &ufpeJG YJ tmPmvGaJ jymif;zdYk tcsdefwefNyDjzpfaMumif;pmwpfapmifydkYvdkufw,f/ tbufbufrmS wif;rmvmawmha':pktrd af ½SUuw&m;yJu G ykd gvlxrk vmatmif ajcmufveS rYf aI wGuv kd yk v f mw,f/ tvwfpm; vufeufawGwifaqmifxm;wJh ppfum;awGudkygawGYvm&NyD/ ]a':pk½adS eoa½GY vlxu k raMumufb;l } oH C mawmf w pf y g;urS w f c suf c svd k u f w ,f / a':pk w &m;yG J u d k tNrJvma&muf xdef;odrf;ay;aewJh rsdK;cspfq&mawmfyg/ axmifxGuf tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
85 85
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
udk,fawmfBuD;yg/ ]olr½S&d ifawmh..pd;k &dr&f w,f..} vdq Yk &mawmfqufNy;D ajymw,f/ uRefawmfuar;vdkufw,f/ ]q&mawmfub,fvdkxifvdkYvJbk&m;} ]rif;tjrifyJav../armifausmfausmf0dkif;&../wdkYvlrsdK;awG[m o'¨gtm; odyfaumif; w,f/ ,HkMunfrItm;odyfaumif;w,fayghuGm/ tJ y nmusawmh e nf ; enf ; Ek H w ,f u G . ./0D & d , yd k i f ; rS m awmh cH E d k i f & nf tawmfaumif;w,f/ t[d HovdkYac:wJhtMurf;rzufenf;vrf;? tck a':pkomG ;wJyh pkH aH ygh/ t*Fvyd v f kd qd&k if Non-Violence vdaYk c:wJeh nf;aygh/ 'Denf;uMumvmrSoo d mw,f/ wdv Yk rl sKd ;awGu 'kuu © 0kd &D , d Bu;D Bu;D eJaY wmh cHEdkifyg&JU/ 'gayr,fh o'¨gaumif;½Hk? 0D&d,aumif;½HkeJY c&D;rwGifbl;/ ynmuta&;ygaew,f/ ynmr½Sv d u Ykd awmh wdaYk wG[m bk&m;vufxufu jA[®PawG? y&AdkZfawGvdkyJjzpfaerSm/ edAÁefra&mufyJjzpfawmhrSm/} ]t½Sifbk&m;u ynmudkb,fvdkay;rvJ} ]at;..tJ'DrSm tmZmenfawGvdkwmayghuGm/ ,HkMunfrIo' ¨g qdkwmvnf; pddwfxJrSmwifNyD;jzpfw,f/ 'ku©cHr,fh 0D&d,qdkwmvnf; o' ¨ g &J U t½S d e f e J Y N yD ; w,f / ynmyd k i f ; uusif h B uH t m;xk w f z d k Y e nf ; vrf ; awG a[majym&r,f / pnf ; ½H k ; &awmh r ,f / 'D t wG u f w u,f h y nmjynf h 0 wJ h tmZmenfawGu OD;aqmif&awmhr,f/ raMumufw&m;udkpaw;cHNyD; vlxu k pkd eH rlemjy&r,f/ a':pkajymaewJh pum;awGyu J mG / aMumufvdkYqdkNyD; rSefwmukdrvkyfrd&ifaeyg/ aMumufvdkYqdkNyD;rrSefwmudkrvkyfrdygapeJY/ 'DEpS cf suyf u J /G 'Dpw d "f gwfawG wdjYk ynfoMl um;rSmude;f 0yfvmatmif activist awGrSmwm0ef½Sdw,f/ udef;0yfwJh&mcdkifEIef;wufvmav av/ 'Dru kd a&pDeYJ eD;avavyJ/} uRefawmfeJYq&mawmfwdkYw&m;yGJbuftm½HkjyKrdw,f/ vufckyf oH a wG u xl ; xl ; jcm;jcm;ql n H N yD ; &,f o H a wG y gtuf u G J a ew,f / t&if uxuf v l a wG yd k r sm;aewmaMumif h vd k Y u Ref a wmf t ajz&oG m ;w,f / 'g[mvl x k & J U pd w f " gwf y gyJ / BuH U ^zG H U tpnf ; ta0;awG u d k TV xJ r S m 86 86
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
wcrf;wem;jyaevdkY vufwkefYjyefwJhtaeeJY a':pktdrfa½SUrSm tif;tm;jy aeMuwmyg/ q&mawmfupum;jyefqufw,f/ ]rif;wdiYk gwdv Yk nf; vlxu k pkd nf;½H;k a&;rSm yg0if&if;axmifxjJ yefomG ;& Edik w f ,f/ 'DtwGuw f u Ykd bmtusKd ;tjrwfrw S u G af erSmr[kwf bl;/ ay;qyfwm wdkY? pGefYvTwfwmwdkYqdkwmuawmh usefwJhvlawGuuifyGef;wyfMuvdrfhr,f/ wdkYuawmhvkyfp&m½Sdwmudk o'¨g? orm"d? ynm? 0D&d,? owdrQwatmif vk y f N yD ; oG m ;MuwmyJ / rif ; wd k Y i gwd k Y t jrif y J a v/ arva½G ; aumuf y G J ESpyf wfvnfukd a':pkNcx H v J yk rf ,fqakd wmh vTwaf wmftrwfawGuzkd rf;w,f/ tJ ' D x J u cyf ñ H h ñ h H 10 a,muf u EI w f x G u f a Mumif ; aMunmw,f / 'gujzpfwwfwo hJ abmyg/ a½SUavQmuf 'Dxuft½Sed jf rifv h m&if ydak wG&Y OD;r,f/ 'DvdktajctaerSm a':pktm;½Sdatmif rif;wdkYigwdkYawGu 0dkif;&Htm; jznfhMuwmyg/ wdkYu NLD tzGJY0ifawGr[kwfayr,fh vlxktm;udk;wJh a':pktwGuf tm;jznfhay;Edkif&if tm;vHk;twlwlyJuGm} uRefawmfuoabmwlaMumif;acgif;udk oHk;Budrfndwfvdkufw,f/ q&mawmfu wa½GUa½GUxGucf mG oGm;Ny;D vlxu k t kd m;ay;aew,f/ pnf;urf;½Szd Ykd ta&;BuD;aMumif;udkvnf;rdefYrSmaew,f/ uReaf wmfem;xJrmS pifay:eJpY ifatmuftay;t,lrQaewJt h oHawG Mum;&w,f/ uRefawmfhtawG;wpfck½kwfw&wf0ifvmw,f/ ]..ig[max&0g'Ak'¨bmomwpfOD;jzpfw,fqdkwmaocsm&JUvm;/ igwdkYEdkifiHuawmh'DvdktrnfcHxm;ayr,fh..vltrsm;pkBuD;u jA[®P .. r[m,e..w`EmÅ ,eawGeaYJ &maxG;aew,f/ 'gaMumifah x&0g' Ak'b ¨ mom ppfppf xGe;f um;zdq Yk w kd m..ckeuq&mawmfred Yf ovdyk .J .ynmeJcY x JG w k &f r,f/ uGefjrLepfygwDa&mbmaMumifhratmifjrifovJ..uGefjrLepfygwD0ifawG[m rmhu©pf0g'udk a&maom aygaomvufcHcJhMuvdkYyJ/..jrefrmhqdk½S,fvpfvJ 'Dvydk /J ig[m'Dru kd a&pDorm;wu,f[w k Nf yv D m;/ 'Dru kd a&pD enf;emawGukd wu,f ,HMk unfcjyhJ ;d Nyv D m;/} w&m;yGJed*Hk;csKyfaewmudk uRefawmfodvdkufw,f/ uRefawmfh rsufpdxJu a&mifpHkum;vSvSav;awG.. wefzdk;BuD;BuD; awGavQmueJ. tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
87 87
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
avQmueJ vdrfhxGuf oGm;Muw,f/ w&m;yGJudk xifxifay:ay:vmNyD; tm;ay;cJhMuwJh vlcsrf;om wcsdKU&JUum;awGyg/ ,koDwm&JUum;av;udk &d y f u eJ a wG Y v d k u f & w,f / 'D v k d tcsd e f r sd K ;rS m tm;jznf h a y;wmud k y J uReaf wmfauseyfw,f/ uReaf wmfvnf; vltyk ef aYJ &maESmvdu k yf gvmcJw h ,f/ uRefawmfh&JUvkyfazmfudkifzufawGudk BudKMum;BudKMum;awGUNyD; &yfpum; ajymae&w,f/ rd;k csKypf av;rSm uReaf wmf tdru f jkd yefa&mufcw hJ ,f/ (6) azazeJY araruuReaf wmhu f ekd m;vnfw,f/ ,HMk unfw,f/ rdbqdak wmhp;kd &drw f ,f (xkwaf wmhrajymbl;)/ rdbarwåmudyk x J w k jf y w,f/ tudBk u;D ujynfyrSm/ uRefawmfupmay;pm,lwufw,f/ acsmufwdacsmufcsufpma&;w,f/ nDrav;udkqdkiftoGm;tjyefydkYay;w,f/ (olYtxnfqdkifa&mif;aumif;&if uRefawmfhtwGufaxmufyHhaMu;ydk&w,f) qdkifydkY^BudK&ufwpfcsdKUawmif cGifhrJhysufuGufjzpfao;w,f/ uRefawmf,HkMunfwJh EdkifiHa&;udkapmufcsvkyfw,f/ uRefawmf..wm0efrJhwpfa,mufvdkraecsifbl;/ omrmeft&yfom;awG&JUb0udk NiD;aiGYw,f/ ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom0iftzdkY..vlUwm0efoHk;ygxJu wpfyg;yg; awmhvkyf&r,f/ avmuwåp&d,mqdw k mtjrifq h ;kH tvkyf avmuaumif;usKd ;xrf;½Guw f m nmww¬ p &d , muawmh trd s K;om;tusd K ;?taqG t rsd K ;usd K ; xrf;½Guw f m ('kw, d tqifah ygh)? wwd,tqifhvlYwm0efu.. Ak'¨w¬p&d,mqdkwJh bk&m;tjzpfa&mufatmif tm;xkwfwm/ uRefawmfub,ftqifhrSm½Sdw,fvdkY aoaocsmcsmrodcsifbl;/ tjrifq h ;kH wm0ef,w l hJ vlppfppfwpfa,mufjzpfcsiw f maocsmw,f/ 88 88
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
BudK;pm;Munfhr,fav/ tjrifhqHk;ysHwJhpifa,mfta0;qHk;udkjrif&w,f/ (7) om,mwJhtdrfrufawGaumif;uifay:wjzKwfjzKwf0Jus arQmfvifhjcif;awGudkiHkYMunfhaew,f/ vGwfvyfrIudkydkifqdkifwJhvl avtvsifvdkayghyg;&JU pdwfoGm;wdkif;½kyfawGc&D;wGif em&DudkzsufqD;xm;&pfNyD; BuD;jyif;vmwJh0dnmOfawG &r®ufoufoufudkr½Smcsifbl; b0t"dyÜg,fppfppfqDom oGm;csifMuukef&JU vlYoufwrf;av;odyfwdkw,f odbdkYMuawmhcJ,Of;aew,f ]ig}qdkwJha0g[m&udk t&ifqHk;acRwmMunfh&atmif tJ'DvkdBudK;pm;vdkufwdkif; awmifukef;awGqDajy;wwfoGm;w,f armyrf;EGrf;e,frIawG[m ]ig}atmufrSmjym;jym;csyfvdkY.../ ½SmwmudkrawGYjcif;aMumifh rawGYwmudk½SmcJhMuNyD arwåmw&m;udktm;jyKvdkY opömudk½SmMuw,f 'DxufjrifhjrwfwJhvrf;avmurSm½Sdao;ovm;/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
89 89
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
(8)
,koDwmqDuw,fvDzkef;vmw,f/ uRefawmfhudkawGYcsifvdkYwJh/ uRefawmfhtajctaeudkajymjyxm;NyD;NyDyJ/ vQdKU0SufrsufvHk;awG uRefawmfh 0ef;usifrSmtdyf&ifawmif rsufcGHrydwfbl;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf csdef;qdk&mqdkifuav;qDoGm;cJhw,f/ ]udak usmu hf Ekd w I q f ufwmyg/ ,kow D mEdik if jH cm;oGm;awmhr,f/ ausmif; wufNy;D a'gufx&dww f pfc, k zl BYkd uKd ;pm;r,f/[db k ufub kd m awGrmS csiaf o;vJ} ,kow D mu uReaf wmf&h UJ vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufawGukd tukeo f ad ew,f/ EdkifiHjcm;a&mufaeolawGudkolodw,f/ olEdkifiHjcm;oGm;r,f qdk&ifvnf; uRefawmfrtHhMobl;/ ynmoifzdkYqdkawmhydkaumif;w,f/ ]uRef a wmf r S m csif w mwpf c k y J ½ S d w ,f / Ed k i f i H j cm;a&muf o G m ;wJ h uRefawmfwdkY vkyfazmfudkifzufawGtm;vHk;ynmwwfawGjzpfatmifvkyf xm;zdkYyJ/ ,koDwm&JU &nf½G,fcsufvnf;aumif;ygw,f/ tem*wfrSm wdkif;jynfxlaxmifzdkY toifhjzpfae&r,f/ 'gavmufygyJ/} ,koDwmuxyfajymvmw,f/ ]azazurS m vd k u f a o;w,f f / ol Y u d k t vQd K U0S u f q H k ; enf ; awG e J Y qufoG,fygwJh.. vdktyfwmrSeforQt&ifvdkyJulnDr,fwJh..} uRefawmfuvdIufvdIufvSJvSJajymrdw,f/ ]aus;Zl ; wif w ,f v d k Y a jymay;yg/ tef u ,f w d k Y v k y f i ef ; awG . . zufpyfawGawmhxdcdkufaeNyDvdkYuRefawmfxifw,f/ tcka':pku pD;yGm; a&;ydwq f aYkd y;zdYk urÇmBu;D udak qmfMoaeNy.D . Visit Myanmar Year ud0k ikd ;f ydwf Muvdrrhf ,f/ Pop tcsKd &nfeYJ udu k mudv k muawmh jyef½w k o f rd ;f zdjYk rifaeNy}D ,koDwmu qHyif½Snfudkwcsufcg&rf;vdkufw,f/ ]'gudkazazodygw,f/ 'DtwGufvnf;cHEdkif&nf½Sdygw,f/ a&½Snf twGuf a&wdu k kd pGeMYf u&rSm azazem;vnfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh udak usmhf udk axmufyzhH rYkd mS vdu k w f myg..} uRefawmfNyHK;NyD;awmhyJ aus;Zl;udktodtrSwfjyKvdkufw,f/ pum; awGeJYwif&wmrsm;vGef;vdkY/ ],koDwm..owfowfjyefoGm;awmh..uRefawmfhudkrydkYygeJY..} 90 90
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
]r[kwfygbl;..udkausmf..'Davmufawmhvnf;r[kwfao;bl;/ ,koDwmu 88 wkef;uvnf;'DyHkyJ/ rajymif;bl;/ ½Sif;EdkifwJh tvkyfudkyJ vkyfw,f/ vmyg..um;ay:a&muf&ifay;p&mtvkyf½Sdao;w,f/} uReaf wmfjiif;zdcYk ufaew,f/ ajray:rSmEdik if aH &;vkyw f ,fqakd yr,fh rqdik o f u l q kd cJG sw d w f wfwhJ olwu Ykd kd owdxm;ae&w,f/ um;av;a½GUueJavQmqif;oGm;w,f/ um;armif;ae&if;,kow D mu um;uufqufudk vSrf;ESdyfvdkufw,f/ pum;oHawGMum;&w,f/ ,koDwm aocsmoGm;[efeJY uufqufacGudkxkwf,lw,f/ NyD;awmh uRefawmfhudk ay;vdkufw,f/ ]a0a0xGe;f ay;vdu k w f myg} ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
91 91
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
A[dck suef yH gwf ( 4 'or 03 ) (1) BuHU^zGHU &JU vlxktpnf;ta0;awG ydkNyD;pdyfvmw,f/ toHukef jcpfNyD;atmf[pfaeMuw,f/ yHkpHwlav;awGygyJ/ vlawGudktwif; tMuyf pka0;apNy;D olwaYkd jymr,fph um;awGu yHak o/ vlxq k ufo, G af &; rD', D m wdik ;f rSmawG&Y r,f/ tckuReaf wmfawG&Y mpmapmifwpfck udzk iG Nhf y;D zwfjyr,f/ a½SUqH;k u xnfx h m;wm/ 'dkYwm0efta&;oHk;yg; jynfaxmifpkrNydKuGJa&; 'dkYta&; wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDñTwfrIrNydKuGJa&; 'dkYta&; tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnfwHhcdkifNrJa&; 'dkYta&; EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;yHk tajccHOya'ay:aygufa&;onfjynfaxmifpk om;tm;vHk;\ y"meusaomwm0efjzpfonf/ jynfolYoabmxm; jynfytm;udk;ykqdef½dk; tqdk;jrif0g'Drsm;tm;qefYusifMu/ EdkifiHawmfwnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;ESifh EdkifiHawmfwdk;wufa&;udk aESmifh,SufzsufqD;olrsm;tm;qefYusifMu/ EdkifiHawmf\jynfwGif;a&;udk0ifa&mufpGufzufaESmuf,Sufaom jynfy EdkifiHrsm;tm;qefYusifMu/ jynfwiG ;f jynfytzsuo f rm;rsm;tm;bH&k efot l jzpfowfrw S af csreI ;f Mu/ tJ'v D rkd sKd ;awGuakd wG&Y w,f/ BuUH ^zGUH awGvnf;'gudyk J toHa&mifpekH YJ atmfajymaeMuw,f/ cifAsm;BuKd uw f phJ mtkyaf ½G;xkwyf g/ a½SUqH;k pmrsuEf mS rSm ckeu[mawGukd pdwyf gonfjzpfap? rygonfjzpfapxnfah y;&r,f/ tJ'h grS 92 92
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
rxnfhcsifbl;qdk&if aemufwpfrsdK;½Sdao;w,f/ EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf 4 &yf -Edik if aH wmfwnfNird af &;? &yf½mG at;csr;f om,ma&; ESiw hf &m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; -trsdK;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDnTwfa&; -ckdifrmonfhzGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya'opfjzpfay:vma&; -jzpfay:vmonfhzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opfESifhtnD acwfrDzGHUNzdK; wdk;wuf aom EdkifiHawmfopfwpf&yfwnfaqmufa&; pD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf 4 &yf -pdkufysdK;a&;udktajccHí tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;udkvnf; bufpHkzGHUNzdK; wdk;wufatmifwnfaqmufa&; -aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfyDjyifpGmjzpfay:vma&; -jynfwiG ;f jynfyrS twwfynmESit hf &if;tES;D rsm;zdwaf c:í pD;yGm;a&; zGUH NzKd ; wdk;wufatmifwnfaqmufa&; -EdkifiHawmfpD;yGm;a&;w&yfvHk;udkzefwD;EdkifrIpGrf;tm;onf EdkifiHawmfESifh wdkif;&if;om; jynfolwdkY\vuf0,fwGif½Sda&; vlrakS &;OD;wnfcsuf 4 &yfaI &;OD;wnfcsuf 4 &yf -wpfrsdK;om;vHk;pdwf"gwfESifhtusifhpm&dwåjrifhrm;a&; -trsKd ;*kP?f Zmwd*P k jf rifrh m;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;rItarGtESprf sm; trsKd ;om;a&; vu©Pmrsm;raysmufysufatmifxdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufa&; -rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwf½Sifoefxufjrwfa&; -wpfrsdK;om;vHk;usef;rmBuHUcdkifa&;ESifh ynm&nfjrifhrm;a&;/ tJ'DvdkrsdK;awGudkazmfjy&w,f/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
93 93
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
(2) 'Dbufydkif;rSmydkqdk;vmw,f/ e0wydkifowif;pm? a&'D,dkawGu a':pkuykd spyf spEf pS Ef pS q f aJ &;wdik ;f xGmaeMuwm[m rqef;awmhb;l / [d;k tp wnf ; uyg/ tck a wmh B uH U ^zG H U awG u a':pk e mrnf u d k w yf N yD ; atmf q J vmMuw,f/ uRefawmfpdwfraumif;jzpf&wmu ausmif;q&mr awG/ rdcifeu YJ av; apmifah ½Smufa&;uq&mrawG/ olwu Ykd kd BuUH ^zGUH rSmtcGit hf a&;eJY ae&mawG? acsmufvSefYvHk;awGay;NyD;pifay:udkwuf atmfcdkif;aew,f/ rSm;ukefNyD/ uRefawmfhrsufvHk;awGurrSm;bl;/ vm;½Id;NrdKU BuHU^zGHUtoif;&JU twG i f ; a&;rI ; q&mr a':,Of a t;/ aocsmygw,f / rr,Of a t;yg/ uRefawmfEkopfrsufESmudkcsufcsif;awG;rdw,f/ olb,fvdkcHpm;&rvJ/ ]bd k u awmf p k M unf } qd k w mawG x yf x yf o H k ; aevd k u f w m/ rod c J h w J h pum;vH;k awGukd Muufwal ½G;EIww f u kd ef YJ ½Gwaf ewmaocsmw,f/ taMumuf w&m;u rr,Ofat;udkvrf;acsmfoGm;cJhapwmvdkY uRefawmf yJodygw,f/ uRef a wmf e J Y t wl TV xd k i f M unf h a ewJ h v k y f a zmf u d k i f z uf a wG u awmh owdawmifjyKrdrSmr[kwfygbl;/ ]at;uGm..ausmif;q&mrawGvnf;'kuy© gyJa[h..}vdo Yk muReaf wmf toHjyKrdw,f/ usefwJhvlawGuvnf;uRefawmfeJYxufcsyfruGm oabmxm;awG omay;Muw,f/ ud k r sd K ;jrif h u pwif N yD ; awmh TV ucG m Muzd k ; aqmf M ovmw,f / uReaf wmfwYkd 4 a,muf uReaf wmft h yd cf ef;av;xJrmS xdik rf Md uawmh rD;ysucf sed ef YJ wdu k q f ikd w f ,f/ ]rD;..uvnf;vmraeygeJYawmhuGm} pd;k rd;k ut½GUJ wdu k af jymvdu k w f ,fuReaf wmfwt Ykd oHxu G af tmif&,frMd uw,f/ uRef a wmf u za,mif ; wd k i f u d k x G e f ; vd k u f w ,f / armif q ef ; jrif h u aemufNyD;ajymw,f/ ]tud.k .tudu Yk eG yf sLwmu za,mif;wdik ef v YJ nf;tvkyjf zpfovm;} 94 94
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
uReaf wmfuolx Y ufuJ pum;vH;k eJjY yefaemufrw d ,f/ ]*wfprf ;D jcpfev YJ nf;&ygw,fumG ..t"durD;pGo J mG ;&iftakd u oGm;wmyJ.. wvH;k vH;k avmifygw,fumG } udkrsdK;jrifhu'DuGefysLwmtaMumif;todqHk;jzpfavawmh oluyg 0ifvmw,f/ ]a[haumif..rvkyef .YJ .'DueG yf sLwmu taepkwaf yr,fh a½Txyk w f hJ jryk0garmif&.. ,koDwm&JUvufaqmifavuGm} ][m;..,kow D m..udak usmBfu;D ajymajymaewJ, h o k w D m..uReaf wmfawmh wpfcg awGYzl;w,f/ olurif;orD;vdkvSwmawmhr[kwf bl;As/ b,fvdk ajymrvJ..ESpfvdkzG,f..tJ..cspfcifzG,f..} pdk;rdk;uMum;jzwfNyD;rem;wrf;0ifpGufw,f/ ]ESpo f ufz, G .f .cspcf ifz, G .f .BuKd ucf sizf , G .f .vufxyf,cl sizf , G f ayghumG .. [kwv f m;qef;jrif.h .} uRefawmfucyfNyHK;NyHK;eJYacgif;wpfcsufqwfvdkufNyD; armifqef;jrifh udkajymw,f/ ]at;uG..iguawmhodyfowdrxm;rdbl;/ rif;ajymovdkawmh [kwfaew,f/ tckrSpOf;pm;Munfhwmyg/ rif;,koDwmtaMumif; bmod ovJuG..} ]oluuRefawmfwdkYausmif;uavtudk&../uRefawmfuoleJYwpfcgyJ aocsmawGYzl;wmyg/ cyfat;at;cyfjywfjywfyJAs/ olYudkrGrf;rH oifwef; qdNk y;D azmifBu;D udv k w G af wmh oluajymw,f..ausmif;q&mreJY ppfa&;jy[m bmrSrqdkifbl;..roGm;Edkifbl;..xGufr,f..qdkNyD; aemufawmhwu,f xGuo f mG ;wmtud&k ../ausmif;rSmawmh[;kd av;ausmo f mG ;w,f/ ,kow D mu vnf;q&mraygufpawGMum;rSmpwm;As} uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSmyDwdwpfck&oGm;w,f/ rr,Ofat;udkvnf; zsufueJowd&w,f/ bmvdkYEIwfrxGufypfwmvnf;vdkYawG;rdjyef w,f/ uRefawmfupum;vrf;aMumif;udkpNyD;ajymif;vdkufw,f/ ]uJ..udkrsdK;jrifha&..cifAsm;yJpNyD;tajctaeudkoHk;oyfAsm/} udkrsdK;jrifh[ma':pkeJYteD;uyf½SdaeNyD; NLD wm0efawGudk&J&J0Hh0Hh tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
95 95
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
aqmif½Gufaeoljzpfygw,f/ qef;jrifhuawmh jrefrmpmaemufqHk;ESpf ausmif;om;/ uReaf wmfo h il ,fcsi;f nDnaD Zmf (1998 pufwifbm19&ufrmS ypfowfcH&) &JUnDti,fqHk;yg/ 1996 'DZifbmausmif; om;oydwfrSm yg0if c J h N yD ; jyef v G w f a y;jcif ; cH & w,f / pd k ; rd k ; uawmh vl Y a bmif o pf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDu uRefawmfh&JUvkyfazmfudkifzuf axmifxGufwpfOD;yg/ uRefawmfwdkY 14 OD;vHk;'DrSmvmpka0;aewJhtwGufaxmufvSef;a&; u rsufpdaemuf rSmaocsmygw,f/ cPcPac: ar;jref;ayr,fhaxmif cs&avmufatmiftaxmuftxm;awGrawGYao;wmaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY vIyf½Sm;Edkifao;wmyg/ udkrsdK;jrifhuavoH cyfavQmhavQmheJYpajymygNyD/ ]96 'DZifbmausmif;om; Strike upNy;D olwo Ykd u d m© tBu;D tus,u f s oGm;w,f/ ausmif;awGyw d yf pfvu kd &f Ny/D b,fawmhrzS iG hf r,frodb;l / EU eJY tar&duefu ADZm0ifcGifhawGray;awmhwm&,f? pD;yGm;a&;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI aemufxyfrvkyfzdkYydwfyifvdkufwm&,fu ydkNyD;awmholwdkYudk ½l;½l;½Sm;½Sm; jzpf a pw,f / c&D ; oG m ;ES p f q d k w J h Visit Myanmar Year uawmh o l w d k Y twGut f ½H;I qH;k yJ/ 'Dawmhow l u Ykd jynfwiG ;f rSmydNk y;D &rf;um;vmw,f/ a':pkukd vlrdkufawGeJY ac:NyD;½kdufcdkif;wmwdkY? tdrfa½SUuw&m;yGJudkydwfypfwmwdkY? Nid v d k Y & wmeJ Y Nid a tmif v k y f N yD ; axmif c sypf w mwd k Y tuk e f v k y f w ,f / uRefawmfwdkYbufu abmif0ifatmifvkyfxm;EdkifrS 'gawmifraocsmbl;/ uRefawmfa½SUua':pkeJY teD;uyfqufoG,folawGudkawmh cyfjrefjref aqmf y pf v d k u f w ,f / uRef a wmf u enf ; enf ; ouf w rf ; &aew,f / b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpfuRefawmfu axmifusaysmfoGm;NyD/ a':pk[mowif; raygufMum;atmif xde;f uGyzf t Ykd wGuf A[dt k vkyt f rIaqmif aumfrw D 0D if awGuakd wmif tuket f od ray;awmhb;l / vdt k yfoavmufyaJ jymawmhw,f/ tck t csd e f r S m a':pk u vT w f a wmf a c:r,f q d k & if ac:vd k Y & NyD / cif A sm; vufcHovm;/} uRefawmfwdk YoHk;a,mufudkrsdK;jrifhudkydkNyD;tm½HkpdkufvkdufMuw,f/ pum;t½SdefysufrSmpdk;vdkYuRefawmfuar;cGef;xkwfwJhoabmeJY ar;qwf jyvdu k w f ,f/ ]udkausmf..cifAsm;..NLD tay:cifAsm;b,fvdkxifovJ../ 96 96
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
tzGJU0ifawG&JU tajctaeudka&mcifAsm;b,fvdkjrifovJ/} uReaf wmfacgif;wpfcsun f w d v f u kd w f ,f/ uReaf wmfu h jkd yefNy;D ar;aeNy/D ][kwNf y.D .uReaf wmfwt Ykd ajcaerSet f wdik ;f ajymMuwmaygh/ (1) NLD [ma':pkvw G v f mNy;D wJah emufyikd ;f rSm t&ifumvawGeYJ bmrSrqdik af tmif wdk;wuf ajymif;vJvmcJhw,f/ e0w&JUzdESdyfrIawGudk xlxlaxmifaxmif tmcHEikd cf w hJ ,f/ jrefrmEdik if aH &;udu k rÇmEh ikd if aH &; eJt Y wwfEikd q f ;kH pepfwus csdwfqufvIyf½Sm;EkdifcJhw,f/ (2)a':pk&JUacgif;aqmifrItm;aumif;aomfvnf; &J&J&ifh&ifhvdkufyg aqmif½u G Ef ikd w f hJ NLD tzGUJ 0ifO;D a&[m 50% r½Sw d wfb;l / [d;k tapmydik ;f eJY pm&ifawmh omwmrSew f ,f/ 'gayr,fh NLD A[dek YJ NLD atmufajcawGukd e0wu cg;rjzwf E d k i f a tmif v I y f ½ S m ;wJ h &mcd k i f E I e f ; txd a &muf z d k Y v d k aeao;w,f/ (3)txl;ojzifv h w G af wmfwpfcak c:,l&mrSm yg0ifr,ht f rwfawG[m tvGefta&;ygwmaMumifhowåd½SdzdkYvdkw,f/ tenf;qHk; ]EIwfxGufjcif; udk rvkyfyg}qdkwJhowådav;awmh½Sd&r,f/ tJ'ga,bk,suRefawmfhtjrifyJ} udrk sKd ;jrifu h aq;vdyu f kd wpfcsut f jrefzmG vdu k w f ,f/ ]BudKufoGm;NyD..cifAsm;ajymwmudkuRefawmfvnf;oabmwlw,f/ a':pkvnf;jiif;rSmr[kwb f ;l / cifAsm;wdq Yk u D tjrifawG[m NLD udak wmfawmf tusdK;½Sdygw,f/ cifAsm;wdkY&JUtultnDawG uawmhajymp&mr½Sdawmhbl;/ 'DudpöuodyfNyD;ta&;BuD;w,f/ cifAsm;wdkYvnf; tm;½SdatmifuRefawmf today;&r,f/ tcka':pku wpfEikd if v H ;kH rSm½Sw d hJ NLD tzG0YJ ifawG? trwfawG qDu vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf mPmawGukd wqifv h , JT v l u kd w f hJ vQKd U0Suv f yI ½f mS ;rIwpfcyk /J ta&;Bu;D wJq h ;kH jzwfcsuaf wGut kd rwfawGu, kd pf m; a':pkeYJ OD;atmifa½Tu qHk;jzwfcGifh tjynfht0½SdygaMumif; oabmwlvufrSwfawGa':pkqDrSm a&mufaeNy/D a':pkrmS Mandate ½Sad eNy}D ][kwfvm;Asm} ]aumif;vdu k w f t hJ uGuf h h h rdu k w f ,f} ][kww f ,f..'g'Dru kd a&pDypkH yH .J .a':pku olv Y al wGtajctaeukd tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
97 97
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
odyfodwmaygh/ tcke0wu vTwfawmftrwfawGudk odyfodwmaygh/ tck e 0wu vT w f a wmf t rwf a wG u d k a':pk N cH x J a &muf r S m pd k ; w,f / uefo Y wfraI wGvyk w f ,f/ wpfcsKd Uudzk rf;w,f/ zdtm; ay;Ny;D xGucf ikd ;f w,f/ rxGuf&ifaxmifcsw,f/ BudKufwmvkyfygap/ tck&xm;wJh Mandate eJ Y v T w f a wmf a c:r,f / Ed k i f i H w um axmuf c H rI & atmif v k y f r ,f / jynf w G i f ; rS m vnf ; axmuf c H E d k i f a tmif uRef a wmf w d k Y jyif x m;&r,f / udkausmf..cifAsm;oHk;oyfygOD;} ]td k a u..td k a u..'god y f t a&;BuD ; oG m ;NyD / 'D a e&mrS m uRef a wmf w d k Y & J U taetxm;awG y g wpf c gwnf ; jyif q if & awmh r ,f / vTwfawmfac:NyDqdk&ifawmh aemufqHk;tajctaexda&mufoGm;Edkifw,f/ cifAsm;rSwfrdrvm;yJudkrsdK;&../ [dkwpfcgua0a0xGef;&JU uufqufacG udpöav/} ]rSwfrdw,f} ]udpk ;kd rd;k ukad wmhajymxm;Ny;D Ny/D armifqef;jrifyh rJ odao;wm/ 'Dvu kd mG qef;jrif&h / a0a0xGe;f b,foq l w kd mawmhaemufraS jymr,f/ olay;vdu k w f hJ uuf q uf a cG u 0ef B uD ; orD ; awG t wif ; tzsif ; ud k oG i f ; ,l x m;wm/ tvSjyifqdkif wpfckrSmayghuGmolwdkYua':pkudk [dktrsdK; orD; vdkerfpm; oH;k w,f/ olwq Ykd w kd mu ukeo f , G af &;? [dw k ,fc&D;? pdu k yf sKd ;a&;? jynfxaJ &;pwJh S1 eJYrnufwJhtkyfpkayghuGm/ xl;jcm;wmu S1 eJYrajyvnfwmuolwkdY wifr[kwb f ;l wJ/h S2 eJY e0w OuúXygygw,fw/hJ ppfwyfrmS bmtqifrh rS ½Sw d hJ S1 uaeYcsif;ncsif;BuD;vmNyD; olwdkYtarawGvdk pDeD,mBuD;awGudkjyefcdkif; aew,fw/hJ pdu k yf sKd ;a&;0efBu;D uqd&k if e0wtpnf;ta0;rSm S1 udx k ;kd r,f Budwfr,fawmif vkyfcJhao;w,fwJh/ S1 u ][dktrsdK;orD;}udktqifhwpfck ay;NyD ; jyef q uf q H o if h w ,f q d k w mud k ol w d k Y t azawG u cg;cg;oD ; oD ; jiif;w,fw/hJ Mum;jzwftpd;k &zGUJ Ny;D ][dt k rsKd ;orD;} ud&k mxl;wpfcak y;csiw f ,fvYkd S1 uajymw,fw/hJ usew f mawGuawmhumG tkypf ak wGuaJG ewJph um; awGaygh/ S1 tvSLvkyf&ifroGm;wmwkdY/ S1 om;orD; awGeJY NydKifwmqdkifwmwdkY taMumif ; awG y g/ xm;vd k u f / 'D r S m t"d u ajymcsif w mu SSD udkolwdkYpOf;pm;aeNyD/ b,fyHkpvkyfr,fqdkwmawGygolwdkYajymEdkifw,f/ 98 98
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
0efBuD;awGuodyfrauseyfvGef;vdkYom rdom;pkawGudkjyeftef xkwfjywm/ 'gaocsmw,f/ uReaf wmfwv Ykd ufcx H m;wJo h 0D &Dtwdik ;f a':pkqw kd ahJ cgif;pOf ygvm&if olwx Ykd rJ smjyóem½Sad ew,f/ uReaf wmfwb Ykd ufuvnf; tmPm vTaJ jymif;a&; qdw k hJ Edik zf u J kd vdt k yfovdx k w k x f w k ½f u kd af e&r,f/b,fou Yl kd vTJ&rvJqdk&if tEdkif&ygwDeJYtEdkif&ygwDacgif;aqmifa':pkudkaygh/ tJ ' D ] tmPmvT J a jymif ; a&;}ud k O D ; 0if ; wif u twd k a umuf TOP vdaYk c:w,f/ Transfer of Power aygh/ SSD vkyrf vm;ar;r,f/ tcsed w f pfck ay;r,f/ tcsed af ph&iftmPmvTcJ ikd ;f r,f/ vTwaf wmfac:cdik ;f r,f/ rac:&if ud, k b hf mom ac:r,f/ ydww f m? qdw Yk m? wm;wm? jzwfwmvkyx f m;&if a':pkeYJ OD;atmifa½TqrD mS ½Sw d hJ Mandate eJaY c:r,f/ UN uaxmufcv H u kd &f if International Issue vH k ; 0jzpf o G m ;NyD / jynf w G i f ; rS m vnf ; tBuD ; tus,f ESdyfuGyfvmEdkifw,f/ b,favmufyJESdyfuGyfESdyfuGyf &wJhyHkpHeJY vTwfawmfudk axmuf c H M u&rS m yJ / 'D a vmuf y J u Ref a wmf o H k ; oyf v d k Y & w,f / ud k p d k ; rd k ; eJ Y armifqef;jrifh ajymygOD;} udkpdk;rdk;uukefawmhr,fhza,mif;wdkifudkMunfhNyD;ajymw,f/ ]za,mif;wdik rf ;D Nird ;f awmhr,f..topfrxGe;f ygeJaY wmh.. tarSmif xJrSmvnf;jzpfwmyJ} uReaf wmfwo Ykd ;kH a,mufu bmoHrrS wkejYf yefyo J abmwlvu dk Mf uw,f/ ]uRefawmfh&JUudk,fydkifoabmudkajymr,f/ udkrsdK;eJY udkausmfuawmh aeYvm;nvm;rodb;l / tqGcJ &H awmhr,f/ cifAsm;wdu Yk vnf; apmifah ewm MumNyv D u Ykd Reaf wmf,w kH ,f/ uReaf wmfuawmh [db k ufux kd u G zf pYkd Of;pm;aew,f/ Edik if w H umrSm½Sad ewJt h iftm;pkawGeYJ vTwaf wmf ac:r,ft h csed af ygh/ 'Dtcsed u f kd a':pkuajymrSmyJ/ oluodyfvQifw,f/ [dkwpfcguRefawmfawGYwkef;u olu Y akd r;bl;w,f/ uReaf wmfwYkd [efcsun f v D yI ½f mS ;zdYk Green Light udk tefwD ub,fvakd y;rvJvYkd uReaf wmfuar;awmh BBC, VOA, DVB vdt k oHviT Xhf me awGu em;axmif aevdkYjyefajzw,f/ 'gqufoG,fa&;yHkpHtppfyJ/'Dtajc taerSm 'DypkH yH &J r,f/ ckeuvTwaf wmfupd rö mS vnf; urÇmeJY t0Sr;f axmufczH Ykd uRef a wmf vI y f ½ S m ;csif w ,f / tck o d x m;wJ h u d p ö u d k a wmh r ajymbl ; / jyifqifxm;&r,f qdw k o hJ abmavmufeYJ tvkyv f yk cf siw f ,f/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
99 99
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
typf t cuf & yf p J x m;wJ h wd k i f ; &if ; om;tzG J Y a wG u d k y gBud K wif pnf;½Hk;xm;oifhw,fvdkYxifw,f/ 'DvTwfawmf ac:,la&;qdkwmu OPEN SECRECT vd k j zpf a ew,f / e0wuvnf ; trwf a wG u d k tJ ' gaMumif h pk p nf ; cG i f h r ay;wmud k Mandate eJ Y a c:&if & w,f v d k Y a wmh ' D a rmif a wG odroduRefawmfawmhrajymwwfbl;/ od&ifvnf;ckrSawmhrrSDawmhbl;/ odoBd u;D eJcY &H rSmyJ/ uReaf wmfb h ufuawmhtvQKd U0Suq f ;kH pnf;½H;k oGm;rSmyg/} udkpdk;rdk;pum;&yfoGm;w,f/ uRefawmfwdkYtm;vHk;oabmayguf xm;w,f/ udk,fha½T;cs,frIeJYudk,fyg/ rwm;Muygbl;/ tm;vHk;aumif; zdkYtwGufjzpfwmaMumifh oef&moef&mvdkif;udka½G;Muwmyg/ 'Drdkua&pD abmifxJrSmyJvIyf½Sm;Muwmyg/ uRefawmfuyJarmifqef;jrifhudk wdkufwGef; vdkufw,f/ ]uJ..armifqef;jrifhua&m} ]uRefawmfuawmh..tzrf;cHr,f..} ]aocsmvm;} uRefawmfuxyfar;w,f/ ]aocsmw,f..jyifqifNyD;NyD} uRef a wmf w d k Y p um;oH a wG w d w f q d w f o G m ;w,f / tm;vH k ; acgif ; wqwfqwf Nird Nhf y;D armifqef;jrifu h kd todtrSwjf yKaeMuwJyh ykH /J uReaf wmf uawmh tJ't D wdik ;f vkycf w hJ ,f/ cPMumawmhuReaf wmfpOf;pm;Ny;D ajymvdu k f w,f/ ][kwfNyD..'gqdk&if udkpdk;rdk;udkifxm;wJh uRefawmfwdkYvlYabmifopf tiftm;pkawGukd armifqef;jrifu h kd wdu k ½f u kd v f aJT y;xm;cJah wmh/ [dak &mufvYkd uRefawmfhudkqufoG,fr,fqdk&if wqifhcHeJYoGm;r,f/ uRefawmfudk,fwdkif e,fqufo, G af &;udu k ikd rf ,fq&kd ifawmh rjzpfEikd af wmhb;l / armifqef;jrifyh J udik v f u kd af wmh/ rif; uighxufoufwrf;½Sn½f n S f tjyifrmS usecf zhJ ½Ykd w dS ,f/ usefatmifvnf;ae&r,f/ rif;wdkYausmif; om;tkyfpkudkqufNyD; vIyf½Sm; Edik af tmif rif;uwdv Yk al wGecYJ sw d q f wfay;&r,f/ usew f mudk pd;k rd;k eJrY if;qufNy;D tao;pdwaf qG;aEG;/ igeJu Y rkd sKd ; eJu Y reufjzef a':pkeYJ oGm;awGpY &m½Sw d ,f/ wdt Yk ckjrifxm;wJt h aetxm;awGuakd wmhrajymbl;/ a':pkukd vkypf &m½Sw d m 100 100
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
&J&v J yk zf Ykd tMuaH y; wdu k w f eG ;f wJo h abmaqG;aEG;r,f/ tckwaYkd qG;aEG;xm;wJh tcsufawGwpfcsdKUawmhygr,f/ olYbufuawmif;vmwJh tultnDay; EdkifatmifawmhwdkYvkyf&r,f..uJ..b,fvdkoabm&MuvJ..ajymMuygOD;} udkrsdK;jrifhu0ifjznfhNyD;aqG;aEG;vmw,f/ ]uReaf wmfeu YJ akd usmv f mawmh.. vTwaf wmfac:r,fqw kd t hJ pDtpOf (ac:jzpfwmrjzpfwmwpfydkif;ayghAsm)..tJ'DtcsdeftxdtjyifrSmr½SdEdkifwm aocsmw,f/ armifqef;jrif&h UJ emrnfuakd wmh a':pkerYJ w d q f ufxm;ay;cJrh ,f/ uRefawmfwdkYr½Sd&iftvkyfqufvkyfvdkY&atmifyg/ ckeuarmifqef;jrifh axmifxJ0ifzdkY ydkif;jzwfxm;&if pdwf"gwfa&;&mcdkifrmatmifavhusifhxm; apcsiw f ,f/ ESp½f n S af wGjzpfEikd w f ,f/ ,HMk unf csuu f t kd m;trsKd ;rsKd ; eJpY rf;cH &Edkifw,f..tJ'g..} armifqef;jrifhupum;jzwfNyD;ajymw,f/ ]pdwfcs..udkrsdK;..uRefawmfbufpHkpOfpm;xm;NyD;NyD/ udkrsdK;wdkY.. udkausmfwdkY.. tawGYtBuHKudkuRefawmf,Hkw,f/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmf &nf;pm;awmifrxm;bl;Asm..} ][..[..bmqdkifvJuG} ]a[haumif..tJavmufawmh r[kwyf g bl;uGm.. rif;bmomrif; apmfrMunfwmyg..[m;..[m;..} ]tJ'DvdkapmfrMunfwmvnf; tudkwdkYtawGYtBuHKudk,HkvdkYyJAsmh.. [m;..[m;..[m;..bmrSaemufqHwif;p&mr½Sdawmhbl;.. [m;.. [m;..} (3) rdk;awGcyftHkYtHkYxHk;zGJYxm;w,f/ &efukefNrdKUvnfacgif wdkufcef; wpfckrSmawmh toHawG½Gmcsaew,f/ idkoHawGNydKusaew,f/ 0l;0l; 0g;0g; atmfoaH wG wpfcsKd UBurd ;f armif;aew,f/ tcef;awmifu h xdik cf rkH mS ydwrf ad ewJh c½dik Bf uUH ^zGUH twGi;f a&;rSL;udo k ed ;f armifwpfa,muf uawmh ckeutoHawG atmufrSm rsufvHk;us,fus,frzGifh&JcJhbl;/ ]uRefrudkawmolrBuD;qdkNyD; vdrfcsifwdkif;vdrfaew,f[kwfvm;/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
101 101
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
[if.. BuHUvdkvdk.. zGwfvdkvdkaumifBuD;&JU..&efukefur,fawmf awGqD oGm;quf&r,fvdkYajymajymaewm 'gudk;..[kwfvm;/ [if..romBuD; r,fawmfqdkwm armf',fawGudkajymrSef;uRefrtckrSod&w,f/ 'DrSmuRefr tjywfajymr,f...uRefr[mapmuf½l;tvkyfrcHawmhbl;/ ½Sifaecsif ovdkae..uRefreJYuav;awGtwGuftarGjywf wpfcgwnf;½Sif;ay;/ ½Sifhudkydwfrzrf;cifrSmuRefrtm;vHk;pDpOfNyD;NyD/ bbudkvnf;awGYNyD;NyD/ trav;rdwiftodaemufrusao;vdaYk wmf ao;&JU..[D;.. tD;..tD;.. tifh} a':rdrdwif&JUw&pyfatmfoHawGcP&yfoGm;w,f/ OD;odef;armif wpfuu G [ f moGm;wmaMumifh ckvakd ygufux JG u G u f ek &f w,f/ ½ky½f iS 'f g½du k w f m qdkwJhaumifu olYudk *GifxJxnfh½dkufypfvdkufwm/ aemufusoGm;NyD/ o,m0wDtydik f oH;k q,fNrKd U bk&m;xD;wifyv JG yk w f ek ;f u e0wt&m½SBd u;D awGeYJ twl t J h ' D y sH v T m ;qd k w J h ' g½d k u f w mvnf ; ygvmw,f / OD ; od e f ; armif w d k Y BuUH ^zGUH tzGUJ u tptqH;k ulnaD y;&olawGqakd wmh ysv H mT ;eJOY ;D ode;f armifwYkd &if;ESD;oGm;Muw,f/ &efukefa&mufwdkif;0ifvnf&if;ydkvdkY&if;ESD;vmcJhw,f/ &xm;0efBu;D udk ydik w f OhJ ;D ode;f armifu 'g½du k w f mysv H mT ;ud0k efBu;D XmetwGuf ½ky½f iS u f m;½du k af y; zdaYk tmifo, G v f yk af y;w,f/ ½ky½f iS u f m;Bu;D xGuv f mawmh e0wacgif ; aqmif a wG uod y f B ud K uf o G m ;w,f / &xm;0ef B uD ; vnf ; rsuf E S m &w,f / 'g½d k u f w m ysH v T m ;vnf ; aumif ; pm;vmawmh w ,f / 'gayr,fh&xm;0efBuD;csD;jrifh orQawG[mOD;odef;armif uwqifhoGm;& wmaMumifh w0ufavmufyJ 'g½dkufwmBuD;&aew,f/ Oyrm um;ygrpf (10)ckq&kd if (5)cky&J w,f/ 'g½du k w f m ysv H mT ;utomarQmNy;D olu Y akd csmif; aecJhw,fqdkwmOD;odef;armifodyfodaecJhw,f/ uHq;kd csiv f yYkd aJ jym&r,f/ &efuek u f OD;ode;f armif&UJ ti,f taESmif; av; pcef;xvmw,f/ ol½yk ½f iS ½f u kd cf siw f ,fvYkd ylqmw,f/tMuyfuikd w f ,f/ owdxm; aewJMh um;u OD;ode;f armif [moGm;w,f/ ysv H mT ;udrk S tultnD awmif;rdw,f/ wlrav;vdkYvdrfxm;ayr,fh ysHvTm;wdkYu txmeyf aeNyD/ 'Daumifrav;udk rufvHk;awGay;NyD;tpawGqGJxkwfvdkufawmh tajcae rS e f u d k o d o G m ;w,f / yxrtqif h y sH v T m ;u aumif r av;ud k VCD 102 102
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
rSm½dkufay;vkdufw,f/ aumifrav;udkpnf;½Hk;rdoGm;NyD/ aemufqHk;awmh tckypkH rH sKd ; wdu k cf ef;xJrmS ydwrf ad eawmhw,f/ &xm;0efBuD;&JUudk,fa&;t&m½Sdudkyg wpfcgxJa':rdrdwifeJYtwl xnfah y; vdu k w f ,f/ oufaocdik v f o kH mG ;bdjYk zpfw,f/ wdu k cf ef;&JUtdycf ef;xJrmS awmh aumifrav;uNyKH ;pdped UJ oabmus aew,f/ 'Dvdkrdef;rBuD;udk xGufNyD;&ifqdkif&atmifolrnHhbl;/ olvkyfp&m wpfckuawmh vuf0wf&wemeJYaiGtdwfudk,lNyD; wdkufcef;xJu azsmif xGufoGm;zdkYyJ/ ]uav;..uav;..b,fomG ;rvdv Yk .J .ae..aeOD;av.} ]½Si.f .vlvrd Bf u;D ..uRerf udn k maygif;w,f..uRerf utysKd av;½Si.hf . ½Suw f ,f.. oGm;r,f} aumifrav;uajcoHjyif;jyif;ay;vdkYtajy;wydkif;qif;oGm;w,f/ &ifxJrSmawmhyDwdwcsdKUudkvG,fvdkY/ OD;odef;armifuawmh rD;awGuRrf;ukefNyD/ r,m;BuD;a':rdrdwifwdkY trsKd ;awGqw kd m vuf&ZJ uf&aJ wG/ om,m0wDc½dik &f UJ p½du k f twdik ;f tysi;f ajy "g;prf ; wwf o l a wG / 'D y H k p H t wd k i f ; qd k & if a':rd r d w if e J Y o m;orD ; awG u olYudktjywf jiif;y,faeNyD/ om,m0wDukdjyefzdkY rvG,f/ &xm;0efBuD;&JU udk,fa&;t&m½Sdpum;udkvnf;Mum;ae&jyefw,f/ ]udo k ed ;f armif..cifAsm;raumif;bl;Asm..ckeuaumifrav;taeeJY trI a wG vk y f v mEd k i f w ,f / 'D u d p ö u d k a ocsmatmif p H k p rf ; cJ h z d k Y bbu uReaf wmfu h rdk mS vdu k w f ,f/ tckcifAsm;udpu ö ½Si;f aeNy/D uReaf wmfu trSef twdik ;f Report ay;&rSmyJ/ cifAsm;udo k m,m0wDc½dik f rSm bbuawmfawmf tav;xm;wm/ tckupd o ö mqefu Y sib f uftzGUJ awGu odomG ;&if uReaf wmf wdkYjynf-ckdif-NzdK;vnf;odu©mtBuD;t us,fusNyD; uRefawmfbufuawmh tjynfhtpHkwifjy&rSmyJ/ uJ..trBuD;..bmjzpfcsifao;vJ/} ]bmrSjzpfp&mr½Sdbl;..olYudkom,m0wDjyefrvmapeJY.. uRefr wm0ef r,lbl;..vm&J&ifvnf;vmygap..'gyJ..oGm;r,f} wkdufcef;rsm;a½SUum;vrf;av;rSm Super Roof tjzLav;wpfpD; &yfxm;w,f/ um;xJrSmvli,fwpfa,mufeJY aumifrav;(3) a,muf/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
103 103
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
rsufESm awGuromr,m½SdvSw,f/ a½SUcef;rSmum;pwD,m&ifudkukdif&if; wdkufcef;ay:u qif;vmwJhaumifrav;udk vli,fu wpfcsufMunfh vdkufw,f/ awmfawmf vSwJhaumifrav;yJvdkYrSwfcsuftjyKrSm vufxJu tdwu f o kd rl w S rf d oGm;w,f/ Ny;D rS acgif;wpfcsun f w d f Ny;D ajymvdu k w f ,f/ ][J..tr..tJ'aD umifrjzpfr,f..odvm;..vufxu J tdwu f .. tarhtw d .f .} aemuf c ef ; unD t r2a,muf j yL;wl ; J N yJ w J v S r f ; Munf h M uw,f / ti,fq;kH nDrav;uawmh tda`E&´ &yJMunfw h ,f/ olt Y azt aMumif;olu ydo k cd w hJ ,f/ 'Daumifrav;utazudw k &m;pGcJ &hJ ifqw kd t hJ awG;eJY olr&JUcspo f l axmifuvTwfavmufNyDvdkYwqufwnf;pOf; pm;aerdw,f/ cPMumawmh a':rdrw d ifeYJ 0efBu;D &JU ud, k af &;t&m½Sw d Ykd jyefqif; vmw,f/ um;ay:wufNy;D oGm;MuNy/D wdkufcef;xJrSmawmh0kef;'dkif;awGjuJvdkY/ w,fvDzkef;uae toH uke[ f pf aewJh OD;ode;f armifuakd wG&Y r,f/ ]a[haumif..ysHvTm;rif;tBuHawGaygh [kwfvm;../acG;rom;.. ig..om;..rat..}/ wpfbufubmrSrMum;&ayrJ.h .OD;ode;f armifpw d v f w T u f , kd v f w T f qJ a ew,f / jrif o rQawG u d k ½ d k u f c G J y pf w ,f / om,m0wD a oG ; awG <uvmNyD;"g;ajrmif wpfvuf udk,lw,f/ ysHvTm;udkowfzdkYtqif;.. &JawGeJYwdk;w,f/ ckav;wifwdkifMum;wJh rk'drf;rIudkppfaq;zdkYvdkufcJhygwJh/ OD;odef;armifuol[m ]jynfcdkifNzdK;} om,m0wD c½dkif twGif;a&;rSL; jzpf a Mumif ; ajymNyD ; a[muf w ,f / &J u vnf ; rd e f ; uav;buf u ]0d w f } [mrayghaMumif;..pcef;a&mufrS½Sif;&rSmjzpfaMumif;ajymNyD; um;ay:wif ac:vmcJhw,f/ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
104 104
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
A[dck suef yH gwf (5) (1) ]eifu h ikd gajymxm;wmyJ..aq;rSerf eS x f ;kd ygqd.k .tckeifAh u kd u f kd zsufcs&r,f.. x..oGm;r,f} OD;xGef;Muma'gowBuD;eJY olZmEdkifEdkif&JUvufudkqGJ,lvdkufw,f/ olZmEkid Ef ikd u f vufut kd udik rf cHyJ a½Smifvu kd w f ,f/ xdik cf u kH vnf;½kwu f eJ xxGuv f u kd w f ,f/ rwkev f yI w f ahJ voHeYJ pum;udpk ajymw,f/ ]tefu,fBu;D ..aocsmem;axmif..uRerf [mt½dik ;f tpdik ;f owå0g r[kwfbl;.. 'Duav;udkuRefr&atmifarG;r,f/} ][..jzpfrvm;uG..ig..apmuf½SufuGJrSmaygh} OD;xGef;MumtvefYwMum;xatmfw,f/ olZmEdkifEdkifuawmhcyfwnfwnfqufajymw,f/ ]'gvkyf&if..'gjzpfr,fav..tefu,fBuD;&JU} ]at;..'gawmh'gaygh..'gayr,fhigh*kPfodu©meJY awmf½Hkudpöqdk aqm&D;yJ.. tck..igu wu,fuav;av;udrk v S yk &f aumif;vm; qdNk y;D 0dik ;f qJMurSm..'gqd&k ifaoNy.D .igeifu h o kd yd rf ,Hb k ;l ..ajymprf;eifu h b kd ,fol a`rSmufay;aeovJ/ [dktacsmufa0a0xGef;r[kwfvm;} ]tefu,fBu;D ..avQmufr&rf;eJ.Y .orD;wdu Yk pd u ö b kd ,forl aS `rmS ufay;p&m rvdkbl;/} OD;xGef;MumtawG;wpfck&oGm;w,f/ oltpdk;&drfvGefoGm;wmvdkY olu Y , kd o f o l v d u kd w f ,f/ acgif;at;at;eJu Y ikd w f , G &f r,fqw kd mvnf; oabm aygufomG ;w,f/ avoHuakd vQmNh y;D ajymvdu k w f ,f/ ]aqm&D;uGm..aqm&D;..tefu,fBuD;aoG;yloGm;w,f} aoG ; yl r ,f q d k v nf ; yl p &m/ ol u d k i f w G , f c J h w J h y a*;awG r S e f o rQ ud, k 0f ef& w,fqw kd mr½Scd b hJ ;l / 'D[mrav;..uav;av;MurS..qdk awmh tawmftoJxdwfp&maumif;aew,f/ tckvdktcsdefrsdK;rSmydkNyD; pdk;&drfwwf oGm;w,f/ ol&Y UJ zufpyftcsKd &nf Pop vkyif ef;udk qdik &f m Edik if u H ½kyo f rd ;f ay;zdYk tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
105 105
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
zdtm;awGay;cHae&w,f/ aemufq;kH Pop tcsKd &nfurk P Ü [ D m jrefrmEdik if H uxGucf mG zdYk qH;k jzwfcsuaf wmifcsvu kd f Nyv D Ykd Mum;&w,f/ 'DMum;xJtpd;k &tzGYJ xJrmS xif&mpdik ;f ay:vpDawGaMumifh oGi;f ukex f w k u f ek af wGu, Ykd Ykd um;,m; jzpf&w,f/ ukefoG,fa&; 0efBuD;&JUaus;Zl;aMumifhum;ygrpfawmfawmf &vdkufwmuyJ a':vmawGjyefpkrdvdkufw,f/ tckwpfcgrdolZmudpö u 0ifaqmifhawmh cH& cufBuD;jzpf&jyefw,f/ ]tefu,fBu;D } qdw k chJ yfqwfqwfac:oHaMumifh tvefw Y Mum;xl;rdw,f/ ]Asm..bmvJ..ajym..ajym.} ]tefu,fBuD;..roifhawmfwmawGpOf;pm;raeeJY.. orD;[m.. tefu,fBu;D &JUZeD;..'DAu kd x f u J tefu,fBu;D &JUuav;..} ]bk&m;a&..rif;uighZeD;..bk&m;a&} OD;xGef;MumxyfwvJvJa&½Gwfaew,f/ olZmEdik Ef ikd u f OD;xGe;f Mum&JUaomursuEf mS Bu;D udMk unfNh y;D atmf[pf &,fw,f/ ][m;..[m;..[m;..tefu,fBu;D ..tefu,fBu;D ..[m;[m;.. [m;[m;} NyD;awmhtoH[mwdrf0ifoGm;w,f/ idkoHtaeeJYjyefay:vmw,f/ rsuf&nfawGuNydKifwlpD;usaew,f/ ][if..b,fvv kd J vl,w k rf mBu;D .. uRerf udv k rd Nf y;D Edik if jH cm;udyk .Ykd . 'kua© &mufatmifvyk .f .Ny;D awmhu,fwif½iS v f v kd .kd .bm vdv k ekd .YJ . uRerf udk tdyfvdkufw,f..uRefruvnf;wu,fhtwHk;av;qdkawmh 'DtjzpfawGudk ½dk;½dk;yJvufcHcJhw,f..tjzpfrSefawGudkod awmh uRefrrSm udk,f0efwpfck& atmif vkyfcJhw,f.. uRefr'Dvdkrvkyf&if.. aemufxyftrsdK;aumif; orD ; awG c H & OD ; r,f . . a[m'D A d k u f x J u uav;ud k ; aoG ; ppf ? aq;ppf tukefvkyf&if OD;xGef;Mumvufcsufqdkwmaocsmw,f/ acwfrSDpufawGudk OD;xGe;f Mum&JU aiGawGu zH;k zdv&Ykd rSm r[kwb f ;l /} w,fvzD ek ;f oHucyfou G o f u G x f jrnfvmw,f/ OD;xGe;f Mum zke;f udk udkif&aumif;Edk;Edk;pOf;pm;w,f/ olZmEdkifEdkiftoHawG0ifoGm; rSmvnf; 106 106
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
pdk;&drfw,f/ ]uJ..orD;odycf pH m;ae&yHyk .J .tefu,ftqifajyatmifvyk af y;r,f.. [kwv f m;.. cPtcef;xJuxGuaf y;} ]uRef r utNyD ; xG u f o G m ;rS m ..OD ; xG e f ; Mumud k p d e f a c:vd k u f N yD qdu k wnf;u.. uRerf rSmbmrrvHNk cKH awmhb;l ..tck..OD;xGe;f Mum&JU orD; Bu;D eJaY wGUzdYk csed ;f xm; w,f/ uRerf tukeaf jymjyr,f/ Ny;D &iftrsKd ;orD;a&;&m aumfrwDuo kd wif;ydrYk ,f/ ukeo f , G af &;0efBu;D em;xda&muf atmifvyk rf ,f/ Edik if aH wmftxdwikd rf ,f/ 'gyJ..vl,w k rf mBu;D .. 'gayr,f.h .'Duav;ud&k atmifarG;r,f..} olZmEdkifEdkifxGufoGm;ayr,fh pum;oHawGtcef;xJrSm vdIifvdIif xusefaecJhovdkcHpm;&w,f/ zkef;udkcsufcsif;aumufrudkif&Jao;.. ][,fv.kd .uReaf wmfxeG ;f Mumyg.} ][kwu f .hJ .uReaf wmfaxmufvrS ;f a&;wyftrSw(f ) wyfrLS ;yg/ Pop tcsK&d nfurk P Ü ED w I x f u G w f u hJ pd rö mS OD;xGe;f Mumwdt Yk aeeJY oabmxm;wpfcck k ajymzkv Yd w kd ,fav..tJ'aD wmh..uReaf wmfwv Ykd Bl u;D awG&UJ pum;twdik ;f tckvkd pD ; yG m ;a&;yd w f q d k Y v d k Y b mrS j zpf r oG m ;bl ; qd k w mrsd K ;? vk y f i ef ; ½S i f a wG u bmrrxdcu kd yf J jynfoal wGxcd u kd w f ,fqw kd mrsKd ;.. vufiif;tusKd ;uawmh Pop tcsKd & nf p uf ½ H k zsuf v d k u f & vd k Y t vk y f v uf r J h a wG j zpf o G m ;&w,f qdkwmrsdK;ajym&r,f..&NyDvm;.. cifAsm} ][kwfuJh..[kwfuJh..&ygNyD} OD;xGef;Mumacgif;xJrSm vufueJwpfckay:vmw,f/ 'DwyfrSL;[m oleJYtawmfav;awmhtultnD&Edkifw,f..tckyJtvkyfjzpf Edkifw,f/ ]atmf..wyfrLS ;cifAsm..uReaf wmfowif;wpfcak y;&OD;r,f..uReaf wmf Secrectary wpfa,mufudpöyg/ 'Duav;rav;u 10 wef;atmifNyD;NyD/ uReaf wmfoyd rf ouFmwmu Edik if aH &;tzGt YJ pnf;wpfcck ek q YJ ufpyfaeovdyk /J tckyJ uRefawmhftvkyfuxkwfypf vdkufw,f/ oluvnf; ]jyefrvm awmhbl;}.. bmnmeJYajymavawmh..awmcdkzdkYrsm;½Sdrvm;rodbl;/} ]emrnfajymAsm} ]olZmEdkifEdkif} tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
107 107
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
]ae&yfvdyfpmodvm;} ]odyrf odb;l ? tckyJ ½H;k atmufqif;oGm;w,f? tckav;wify}J ]&NyD..&NyD..OD;xGef;Mum aus;Zl;yJ} wbufzkef;oHtjref&yfoGm;w,f/ cyfoGufoGuftvkyfvkyfaeyHkyJ/ OD;xGe;f Mum &ifxeJ nf;enf;ayghomG ;w,f/ ½H;k jywif;aygufuae cyfvrS ;f vSr;f um;*dwfqDvSrf;Munfhvdkufawmh a&mifpHkvlawG&yfaew,f/ aocsm jrif &avmufatmif olrsufvHk;awGtm;raumif;bl;/ orD;BuD;qDolZmEdkifEdkif ra&mufcifyGJNyD; oGm;zdkYvdkw,f/ olY&JUvuf&if;wynfhwpfa,muf udkvSrf; ac:vdu k w f ,f/ ]armifoef;pdef..atmifqef;pkMunf.."gwfyHkESpfyHk½SmcJh..NyD;awmh olZmEdkifEdkifxdkifwJhpm;yGJtHqGJxJxnfhxm;vdkuf/ wpfem&DtwGif; NyD;atmif vkyfxm;} ][kwfuJh..q&m} [kwfuJhvdkYomajymvdkuf&w,f/ 'D"gwfyHkudkarmifoef;pdefb,frSm ½Sm&rvJrodb;l / um;udpk ufE;Id &if;pOf;pm;w,f/ Ny;D rSjzwfueJ owd&vmNy;D olYtarqDudkajy;w,f/ tarqDrS omrnq&mawmfbk&m;udk a':pk MunfndKaewJh "gwfyHkBuD;½Sdw,f/ tara½Twd*HkwufpOf u0,fcJhwmvdkY olu Y akd jymbl;w,f/ tdru f akd &mufawmh tarqDtajy;tvTm;oGm;awGw Y ,f/ ]tar..tar..[dak tmifqef;pkMunf"gwfyo kH m;udck Pay;prf;yg.} rdcifrsufESmwnfoGm;w,f/ ]rif ; bmvmaMumif a ewmvJ . .rif ; wd k Y q &mwynf h a wG [ m 'Duav;rudk tawmfrIdcsdK; rQpfcsdK;ajymwJh[mawG..tckrS ta&;wBuD; vkyaf ew,f.. aemufNy;D ..rif;vmwJyh u kH ukov kd af &;twGuf r[kwEf ikd f bl;.. tukov kd f wpfcck v k yk zf jYkd zpfEikd w f ,f..ray;Edik b f ;l ..oGm; oGm;..} ]vkyyf gtar&m..uReaf wmfu h w kd pfem&DyaJ y;xm;w,f..r&&ifuReaf wmf tvkyfjyKwfrSm} ]tJ'g..eifu h pd yö .J .eifw[ Ykd m"r®bufawmfom;awGr[kwb f ;l ../ t"r® r buf u &yf N yD ; pD ; yG m ;½S m aewJ h [ mawG . .eif h t ar.. ig[m wpfavQmufvHk; qif;qif;&J&J aew,f../ rSefwJhbufu&yfw,f../ 108 108
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
om;orD;awGxJrSmvnf; eifwpfa,mufyJ..rw&m;0rf;pm½SmwJhaumif.. oGm;oGm;../ eifu h m;Bu;D udk awGU&wmawmif½w HG ,f/} tdrfcef;xJutudkBuD;&JUtoHxGufvmw,f/ ]tar..bmawGjzpfaewmvJ} tudBk u;D cef;qD;ptz,f armifoef;pdeu f akd wGw Y ,f/ ]a[h..oef;pdefygvm;..bmawGta&;BuD;vmvJuG..} ]rBuD;ygbl;..tudkBuD;..uRefawmfjyefawmhr,f} rdcif&UJ EIwq f w d af erI? oef;pde&f UJ yg;eyfraI wGu &efyw JG pfyu JG kd a½SmifEikd f cJw h ,f/ tudBk u;D omod&ifawmhoef;pderf vG,v f b S ;l / oef;pdef xyfpOf;pm; w,f/ tdrfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmawmh 'D"gwfyHkawG½SdrSm aocsmw,f/ olUudkb,folu ,HkNyD;ay;rSmvJ/ jyawmifjyrSm r[kwfbl;/ olwdkYuvnf; wavQmufv;kH a':pkukd qefu Y sicf ahJ vawmh 'D"gwfyakH wGqw kd m vSnahf wmif rMunfhjzpfcJhbl;/q&muvnf;tckrS bmpdwful;aygufwmvJvdkY awG;&if; oef ; pd e f ouf j yif ; csw,f / aemuf q H k ; Bud K ;yrf ; rI t aeeJ Y owif ; pm ta[mif;awGxu J jzwfnyS x f w k zf Ykd owif;pmwdu k q f D tjrefarmif;vdu k w f ,f/ (2) ]tdkau..&NyDolZmEdkifEdkif..igwdkYoabmaygufNyD..'gayr,fh.. rif;udkjyefvTwfay;vdkYrjzpfao;bl;..wdkY0if;xJutdrfwpf vHk;rSm ae [kwfvm;..rif;rdcifudkvnf;'DrSmac:csifac:xm;aygh.. wpfywfavmuf qdk&if NyD;oGm;rSmyg} axmufveS ;f a&;wyfrLS ;uolZmEdik Ef ikd u f akd jymjyaew,f/ OD;xGe;f Mum uawmh olZmEdkifEdkifudktjywf½Sif;zdkY axmufvSrf;a&;eJYaygif; vdkufwmyJ/ 'gayr,fh axmufvrS ;f a&;uOD;xGe;f Mumudk ½Si;f awmhr,fqw kd mrodc½hJ mS bl;/ axmufvrS ;f a&; tzGUJ Bu;D [m e0wtzGUJ 0if 14 a,mufeYJ taygif;tyg tpG,ftyGm;awGudk ½Sif;zdkY0dkif;ywfydwfqdkYaeNyD/ axmufvSrf;a&;uvTJvdkY b,folrSrodEdkifbl;/ olZmEdkifEdkif[m ODxGef;MumudkESdyfuGyfzdkY w&m;vdk wpfa,muf tjzpf axmufvrS ;f a&;uarG;xm;vdu k Nf y/D tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
109 109
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
(3) OD;xGe;f Mumuoufqikd &f maxmufvrS ;f a&;awGukd olZmEdik Ef ikd pf m;yGu J kd 0if½mS zdzYk w d af c:cJw h m 3 &ufajrmS ufomG ;Ny/D nae 7 em&D avmufrmS awmh axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJUawGa&mufvmw,f/ olZmEdkifEdkif&JUpm;yGJudk vdkufydkYzdkY txrSm axmufvSrf;a&;awGuOD;xGef;Mumudk vufxdwfcwfvdkufw,f/ Ny;D awmh olt Y cef;udk axmif;varmif;aMuatmif ½SmyHak wmfziG Mhf uw,f/ OD;xGef;MumaoG;awGw½Sdef;½Sdef;wufvmovdkcHpm;&w,f/ acR;ap; awG acR;aygufrsm;qDu ysu d eJ ysu d eJusvmovdyk /J olar; cGe;f awG w&pyf ar;aeayr,fh bmrSrajzMubl;/ tcsed af wGb,favmufMumoGm;vJrodb;l / OD;xGe;f Mum upm½Guaf y: rSm a&;xm;wJt h cef;wGi;f ypön;f awG[m olyikd q f ikd af Mumif; vufrw S x f ;kd ay; &w,f/ um;ygrpfawG? a':vmaiGawG? 0,fa&mif;pmcsKyaf wG? aumifrav; awG&UJ "gwfyakH wG? a&csKd ;cef;xJu&wJh a'gufzd eyfwpf&u H ykd g olyikd q f ikd af Mumif; vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;w,f/ bmawGjzpfukefNyDvJ...bmawGjzpfukefwmvJ../ OD;xGef;MumqufrawG;wwfawmhbl;/ (4) 1997 Ed0k ifbm 15 &uf / Edik if aH wmfNird 0f yfyjd ym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGYJ (e0w)udk Edik if aH wmf at;csr;f om,ma&;ESizhf NHG zKd ;a&;aumifpD (e,u) (twdu k t f cH rsm;tac: etz)udk ajymif;vJzGJYpnf;ygw,f/ Ouú|? 'kOuú|? twGi;f a&;rSL;(1)(S1) ? twGi;f a&;rSL;(2)(S2) wdYk 4 OD; rStyusefe0wtzGJU0if 14 OD;udk &mxl;rSz,f½Sm;vdkuf wJhtjyif tus,cf sKyyf gcsxm;vdu k yf gw,f/ 4if; e0wAdv k cf sKyf 14 OD;&JU tqG,t f yGm; &maygif;rsm;pGmudv k nf; wNyKd ief ufxJ xde;f odr;f vdu k yf gw,f/ vla[mif;awGae&mrSm wdik ;f rSL;Adv k cf sKyf 14 a,mufukd tpm;xk;d ceft Y yfNy;D e,u (etz) qdw k mjzpfvmygawmhw,f/ 110 110
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
ukefoG,fa&;0efBuD;vnf;xdef;odrf;cH&rSawmh OD;xGef;Mumtzrf; cH&wm rqef;awmhvdkYajym&rvdk/ (5) &moDavu½kwfueJxa<uvdkY aqmif;udkazsmfcsaew,f 'DvdkaEGrsdK;tcgcgwyfrufzl;&JU 'gayr,fh bmrSr[kwfygbl;uG,f OMooHromwmeJYyJ aEGOD;[mqGHUtoGm;½Smw,f 'DeH&HeJYoHwdkifawG b,favmufawmiftouf½SnftHk;rvJ ar;wdkif;vnf;tajz½SmcJhwm opöm½Smjrif;pD;olawGaygh/ / (6) oHwHcg;udkzGifhvdkufawmh uRefawmftcef;tjyifbufxGuf&w,f/ wbufcef;u udrk sKd ;jrifv h nf; acR;pawGow k &f if;qif;vmw,f/ reufcif; avhusifhcef;NyD;oGm;NyDxif&JU/ &efukef? tif;pdef oD;oefYtusOf;axmifrSm uReaf wmfwjYkd yeftvSnahf &mufaeMuw,f/ reufcif; udpaö wG tjywf½iS ;f Ny;D om;rdYk rdv’m*efzvm;(usiBf u;D pGew Yf hJ pOfh odrYk [kwf aumfZvH)k eJY qD;*efzvm; (usiif ,fZvH)k awGukd aq;aMumtNy;D uReaf wmfeYJ udrk sKd ;jrifh vrf;avQmuf Muw,f/ ]tif;pdefaxmifrBuD;}eJ hpm&if oD;oefYaxmifav;u enf;enf; acsmifw,f/ uReaf wmf uyJpvdu k w f ,f/ ]udkrsdK;..tajctaeuawmh tqifhwpfcka&mufoGm;NyDxifw,f} ]cifAsm;b,fvdkxifvdkYvJAs} ]tck o wif ; upH k o G m ;NyD . Comfirm vnf ; jzpf w ,f q d k a wmh tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
111 111
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
uRefawmfwdkYtwGufMunfh&atmifAsm..uRefawmfYtxifpajymr,f} ]vkyfprf;yg..udkausmf&} ]vkyf&rSmayghAsm..xif&mjrif&mawGpGwfNyD;ajym&rSmaygh} ][m;[m;[m;[m;[m;} uReaf wmfwEYkd pS af ,mufom;NyKd iw f &l ,frw d ,f/ uRe;f wdu k v f aYkd c:wJh tJ'w D u kd cf ef; 12 cef;rSm uReaf wmfeYJ udrk sKd ;jrifEh pS af ,muf [m Edik if aH &;rI awGjzpfw,f/ usew f t hJ cef;rSmawmh ao'Pfuae uRe;f ajymif;cHxm;&wJh ES p f B uD ; tusOf ; om;awG ? wjcm;wd k u f a wG r S m aeY b uf t vk y f q if ; NyD ; nbufusrS 'DrSm jyeftdyf&wJhtusOfom;awGaew,f/ uRefawmfwdkYudk axmufveS ;f a&;pcef;rSm xdr;f odr;f Ny;D 'Dukd ydcYk geD;rSmyJ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; tm;vHk;udk om,m0wD axmifa½GUvdkufw,fvdkYod&w,f/ AdkvfcsKyf 14 a,mufjyKwo f mG ;wJh Ed0k ifbm 15 - 1997 rSma½GUoGm;wmwJ/h ]pDe, D m Adv k cf sKyBf u;D awG cHvu kd &f wmyJAsurkd sKd ;&/ taMumif;jycsuf uawmh 0g;wmvGeo f mG ;vdaYk yghAsm/ aemufu, G Ef ikd if aH &;jyóem awGvnf; ½S d r ,f x if w ,f / S1 u'D A d k v f c sKyf B uD ; awG u d k 0ef B uD ; awG v k y f c d k i f ; NyD ; 0g;cdik ;f xm;r,f/ Edik if aH &;udprö mS 0ifrpGuzf ufapcsib f ;l / 0ifpu G zf ufwt hJ cg 0g;wD ; zG i f h xm;wm awG u d k axmuf N yD ; pm&if ; tif ; eJ Y w uG Ouú | ? 'kOuúú|udkwifjyr,f/ t"duuawmh Ouúú|OD;pD;csKyf&JU rD;pdrf;jycsufaMumifh ½Si;f ypfEikd w f myJ/ 'Dupd u ö kd 'kOuú|ú eJY S2 wdu Yk atmifo h ufoufev YJ ufcv H u kd &f yHk ½Sw d ,f/ auseyfrmS awmhr[kwb f ;l / Oyrmz,f½mS ;cH&wJo h al wGxrJ mS 'kOuú|ú eJY ppfoifwef;wpfywfxJ qif;vm olawGygoGm;w,f/ S2 &JUq&mt&if; awGygoGm;w,f/ 'gay r,fhOD;pD;csKyfudk,fwdkif S1 eJYaygif;rdaeawmh olwb Ykd mrSrwwfEikd b f ;l / jyifqifcsed v f nf;r&awmhb;l / tqD,pfaewmud;k As} udkrsdK;jrifhuwpfcsuf0ifaxmufvdkufw,f/ ]OD;pD;csKyfqdkwmxuf OD;ae0if;ucdkif;vdkYa&m rjzpfEdkifbl;vm;? OD;ae0if; 97 Mo*kwfvm;? pufwifbmvm;uRefawmfrrSwfrdawmh bl;? puF m yl u d k aq;oG m ;uk & w,f / aemuf t if ' d k e D ; ½S m ;ud k q uf o G m ;w,f / tJ'rD mS olajymwJh pum;udMk unf&h if e0wvkyyf u kH ikd yf akH wGuo kd l oabmruswhJ avoHawGygw,f/ &ufydkif;twGif;rSmyJ puFmyludk S1 vdkufvmw,f/ 112 112
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
aiGacs;zdu Yk pd ö puFmyltpd;k &eJY tqifajyatmif OD;ae0if; u vkyaf y;ovdv k kd Mum;&w,f/} uRefawmfupOf;pm;&if;jyefajymvdkufw,f/ ]'gvnf ; pOf ; pm;p&maygh A sm/ b,f o l u rD ; pd r f ; jyw,f q d k w m cPxm;Munf h r ,f / aocsmwmuawmh tJ ' D x d y f w ef ; q&mBuD ; (14) a,mufv;kH udk oyfoyfcyfcyfav;½Si;f xkwEf ikd w f hJ tm;wpfck S1 &xm;w,f/ 'ghtjyif 'kOuúXeJY S2 udkrvIyf½Sm;Edkifatmifxdef;uGyfxm; Edkifw,f/ tdak u..qufajymr,f.. uReaf wmfwt Ykd ay:rSm tckwufvmwJt h zGo YJ pf.. emrnft&ayghAsm.. b,fvo kd abmxm;aeovJ qdw k mMunf&h atmif/ SSD udjk iif;aeao;w,f/ [d.k .pufwifbmvwke;f u awGUqHak qG;aEG;yghr,fqNkd y;D zd w f p myd k Y w ,f / 'gayr,f h OD ; atmif a ½T ? OD ; oef ; xG e f ; ? OD ; vS a z yJ vmygvd k Y a jymw,f / a':pk e J Y r awG Y c sif b l ; qd k w J h o abmaygh / NLD tzGJUtaeeJYa':pkryg&if roGm;bl;uGm vdkYcyfrmrm jiif;ypfvdkufawmh olwq Ykd ufNy;D &efawGUaew,f/ uReaf wmfpcJw h phJ um;rSm tqifw h pfcw k ufomG ; w,fvyYkd gw,f/ tJ'g[kwf w,fAsm/ t&ifwek ;f u SSD qk&d if Ed;k ..Ed;k ..eJ/Y tckawmhvkyfyghr,f/ 'gayr,fh a':pkrygeJYwJh/ uRefawmfwdkYjynfwGif; jynfyqufzdxm; &if a':pkeJYvkyfvm&awmhr,f/ tqifh wpfckwufvm w,f q d k w m tJ ' gud k a jymwmyg/ raumif ; wmwpf c k v nf ; ½S d w ,f / zqvacwfu OD;ae0if;wpfa,mufwnf;usefwJhvlawGudk½Sif;ypfwmawG ½Sdw,f/ 'gu t&yf0wf? t&yfpm;awGeJY ½Sif;Muwm/ 'g[mwyfuGJwJh yHpk w H pfcyk /J atmufajcrSmvnf;t½Si;f cH&wJAh v kd cf sKyaf wG&UJ wynfah wG ½Srd ,f/ rwwfomvdkYomaeOD;r,f/ wcsdefcsdefawGUEdkifao;w,f/ uGJp½SdvdkYuawmh uGJwwfw,fAsm/ aoG;xGufoH,dkawGrjzpfygapeJYvdkYyJ qkawmif;rdyg&JU/} udkrsdK;jrifhuvTJaewJhvufudkydkufvdkufw,f/ ]etzeJYywfowfvdkY a':pkuawmh apmifhMunftHk;r,fvdkYavoH ypfxm;w,f/'Dvakd yghAsm ESpb f ufxyd w f u kd jf yif;xefvm&if olb Y uf ud, k b f uf uGMJ uwmyJ/ uReaf wmfwb Ykd ufuawmh aoG;xGuo f , H kd jzpfp&modyrf ½Syd gbl;/ vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rSr[kwfyJ/ aemufNyD;.. a':pk&JUpGrf;tm;ay:rSm trsm;pku,HMk unfMuw,f/ tlaMumifMum; teJpk awmh½rdS mS aygh/ olb Y mom tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
113 113
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
oluG,faysmufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/} udkrsdK;jrifhpum;&yfoGm;NyD; uRefawmfwdkYwdkufudk0ef;&Humxm;wJh cyferd ehf rd t hf w k ef &H w H cH g;0udk vSr;f Munfah ew,f/ rMumbl;wHcg; yGiv hf mw,f/ wm0ef½SdaxmifrSL;udkygawGU&w,f/ olYaemufrSmtxkyfuav;awG qGv J Ykd vl 4 a,mufygvmw,f/ &efuek u f yHpk aH wGr[kwb f ;l / ]uJ..udak usmaf usm0f ikd ;f eJY udrk sKd ;jrif.h . cifAsm;wd&Yk UJ 5-n 4a,muf uReaf wmfvmxm;wm/ axmifpnf;urf;awGuawmh uReaf wmfrajymcsib f ;l Asm/ cifAsm;wdkhuaxmifESpfcgorm;awGqdkawmh tcsif;csif;xdef;ay;ygAsm/ cif A sm;wd k Y o d w J h t wd k i f ; uRef a wmf w d k Y v nf ; vk y f & ud k i f & wm *G u sw,f / ckwpfrsdK;awmfMumwpfrsdK;awGqdkawmh..uRefawmfoGm;r,faemf} ][kwfuJh} 'DaxmifrSL;uoabmaumif;w,f/ wm0efxufausmfNyD;bmrS rvkyfwJhtjyif wm0efudktaumiftxnfazmf&mrSmvnf; odrfarGU w,f/ trSew f &m; udo k u l , kd w f ikd rf xkwaf zmf&aJ yr,fh xkwaf zmfoal wGukd av;pm; wwfw,f/ uReaf wmfwv Ykd nf; ol½adS evdYk taeacsmif aewm/ ]OD;av;wkdYub,fuvJcifAsm} uRefawmfupNyD;rdwfqufw,f/ ]{&m0wDwdkif;uuG..rtlyifbufu} cyf½dk;½dk;? cyfjywfjywftoHrSm cifp&maumif;vSw,f/ uRefawmf taemufbuf tusO;f om;½H;k pma&;&JU toHuMkd um;vdu k w f ,f/ ]uJ..cifAsm;wdYk 4 a,mufut kd cef;cGrJ ,f/} udkrsdK;jrihfu0ifajymvdkufw,f/ ]uReaf wmft h cef; 2 a,muf? udak usmt hf cef; 2 a,mufxm;vdu k yf gAsm} pma&;uoabmwlaMumif;acgif;ndwfw,f/ NyD;awmholwdkY 4 a,muf&UJ axmifeyH gwfawGuakd r;w,f/ emrnf? ae&yfvyd pf mawGukd ,lw,f/ pm&if; ydwNf y;D awmh pma&;uEIwq f ufNy;D jyefomG ;w,f/ uReaf wmf&h UJ tcef;rSmyJ 6 a,mufom;pkxdkifpum;ajymjzpfw,f/ reufpmvnf;pm;Muw,f/ ]wdkYu tzGJUcsKyfuuG? carmuftzGJUawGav? a':pkeJYvmawGUNyD; tjyef r S m zrf ; wmyJ u G / aEG p yg;pd k u f c d k i f ; w,f u G m / v,f o rm;awG 114 114
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
b,fpu kd Ef ikd rf vJu/G pdu k &f ifta<u;eJaY ozdyYk ½J w dS ,f/ tJ'gudpk m&if;tif;eJw Y uG a':pkqo D mG ;wif jyw,f/ a':pkujywfw,farmifa&U/ csucf si;f xatmfwm/ qlnHukefwmyJ/ igwdkYawmhzrf;cH&wmayghuGm/ aEGpyg;awmh &yfawmh r,fvMYkd um; &w,f/} OD;oef;qdkoluajymjyaew,f/ ol[maus;½GmnDvmcHu ukd,fpm; vS , f jzpf N yD ; rtl y if t zG J Y c sKyf t vk y f t rI a qmif j zpf v mwJ h t aMumif ; olww Ykd pf½mG vH;k u a':pkucdk spw f t hJ aMumif; ?tcuftcJawGb,fvBkd uKH awG?Y BuKH awGY a':pktay: opöm½Sw d t hJ aMumif; a&'D,t kd NreJ m;axmif Ny;D tzGcYJ sKy&f UJ aMujimcsufawG twdkif;waoGrwdrf;vkyfaqmifwJhtaMumif;pwJh pwJh t&mawGajym&if;.... ]igwdkYuawmh ZGJeJYcwf&rSmyJuG/ igaooGm;&ifighorD;ndKcif quf vkyv f rd rhf ,f/ ndKcifao&if olo Y m;orD;awGqufvyk v f rd rhf ,f/ jynfot Yl &if; tjrpfqdkwmb,fawmhrSraobl;uG/ [kwfw,fr[kwfvm;} ndKcif..ndKcif..uReaf wmfpOf;pm;&if; udrk sKd ;jrifu h v kd rS ;f Munfv h u kd f w,f / ud k r sd K ;jrih f u vnf ; uRef a wmf h u d k v S r f ; Munf h a ew,f / uRef a wmf h pdwfxJrSmawmh a0xGef;&JUndKcifvdkY,HkMunfaew,f/ uRefawmfaemufrSyJ ar;zdkYpdwful;vdkufw,f/ a0xGef;eJY b,frSmawGUovJ ar;&if;uRefawmf b,fvkd ajz&r,freS ;f rodao;bl;/ (7) uRefawmfwdkYwdkuf0if;av;xJudkwm0efrSty0ifvdkYr&awmhbl;/ tvkyo f rm; tusO;f orm;awGeYJ ESpBf u;D tusO;f orm;tm;vH;k udk vnf;wjcm; ae&ma½TUajymif;vdu k w f ,f/ olwt Ykd ac: 5^n qdw k hJ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG omxm;zdYk tusO;f OD;pD;t&m½Sad wGu trdeUf xkwv f u kd w f ,f/ axmifrBu;D u a½T U cH v d k u f w J h E d k i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;awG a &muf v mw,f / vl Y a bmif o pf armifarmif*sif ygvmwmudak wGU &awmh uReaf wmf0rf;om&w,f/ armifarmif*sifeJY tefu,fOD;0if;wiftygt0if 24 a,mufudk axmifxyfcsvu kd f Nyv D o Ykd &d wm tckryS J Zmwf&nfvnfawmhw,f/ 'Dval wG[m tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
115 115
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
tawmfvyI ½f mS ;wJv h al wGyg/ vGw&f ufawGb,fvykd eJ ;D eD;tcGio hf m&ifomovdk a&mufwJht&yfrSm EdkifiHa&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;aeMuolawGyg/ OD;oef;wdkYvlpkuvnf; uRefawmfwdkYvkd ausmif;om;t½G,fawGeJY awGYNyD; tawmf aysmfae½Smw,f/ tawGYtBuHKawGzvS,fMuw,f/ tpp t&m&m pkpkpnf;pnf;wdkifwdkifyifyifeJYoGm;Muw,f/ owif;ywif;av; awGvnf; pkaqmif;Muw,f/ wm0ef½w dS 0hJ efxrf;i,fav;awG eJv Y n;foifw h ifh atmif ajymqdNk y;D tultnDawG,&l w,f/ ]tudkBuD;a&..'Dwpfcgawmh ESpfaxmBuD;yJAs..} ]bmvJuG..rif;[muvnf;.ajymygOD;} uRefawmfhtar;udk0efxrf;av;uqufajzw,f/ ][dkbufoD;oefY 1 axmifeJY 2 axmifrSmAdkvfjyKwfawGtrsm;BuD; a&mufvmw,f/ taumifBu;D awGawmifygw,f/ t0g;vGef oGm;vdeYk w YJ w l ,f/ abmhpf awGvnf; ygw,fAs} ]bmvJuG..abmhpfqdkwm} ]Pop tcsdK&nfydkif½SifawGa&m..um;0,fa&mif;vkyfwJhvlawGa&m trsm;BuD;yJAsm} ]rif;..*Gifav;bmav;oGm;r½dkufbl;vm;} ]at;aq;aygh..tudBk u;D &m..tajctaecsu&f OD;r,f.. ckavmavmq,f ]iaxmuf}awG ½Iyfaeao;w,f/ at;..tudkBuD;& tJ'b D BJ u;D u awmfawmf emrnfBu;D w,f} ]b,fbJBuD;vJuG} ]Pop ydik ½f iS Af sm} ]atmf..OD;xGef;Mumvm;} ][kww f ,f..olt Y rIawGuvnf;rsm;vdu k w f mAsm..a':vmawGupd ?ö um;awGc;kd oGi;f wJu h pd ?ö pHak ewmyJ..tJ'b D BJ u;D apmfvnf; awmfawmf½yI w f ,f wJ.h . tcktrIxrJ mS cav;rav;wpfa,mufukd zJv h u kd w f u hJ pd v ö nf;ygw,f/ uJ tudBk u;D .. uReaf wmfu h 0kd g;wD;ay;OD; Adu k q f maeNy}D ][..rif;a&rcsdK;awmhbl;vm;} ]awmf N yD . .pm;NyD ; rS c sd K ;r,f . .r[k w f & if a cR;jyef x G u f v mr,f / 116 116
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
uRefawmfnbufjyef0ifvmrSm..tudkBuD;twGufuGrf;0,fvmcJhr,f/ tudkBuD; ½S,faemf..qpf*e,fvfeJY 0,fvmrSm.. uRefawmfhudk0g;wD; trSet f uef vkyaf y;..} ]at;yguGm..at;yg..rif;pm;Ny;D &iftcef;awGuo kd yH &k m&nfvu kd af 0 ay;OD;aemf.. igazsmx f m;w,f/} ]at;aq;yg..tudkBuD;&m} ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
117 117
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
A[dck suef yH gwf (6 'or 22) (1) uRefawmfeJYarmifarmif*sif ESpfa,mufxJ awGUzdkYtcGifhta&;awmh odyrf ½Sb d ;l / usew f v hJ al wGozd rYkd aumif;wmaMumifh uReaf wmf tcGiahf umif; acsmif;aerdw,f/ 'Dvu l vnf;tawmfyg;aeawmh uReaf wmfrh mS cuf&w,f/ oluuRefawmfhudka&mufa&mufcsif;ESpfodrfh pum;awmhqdkyg&JU/ ]cifAsm;awmifhxm;yg...rNyD;ao;wmaMumifh quf&r,fhwm0ef½Sd ao;w,f.}wJ/h olzefwD;wJhZmwfudkolwm0ef,lr,f wJh/ uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSmawmh awmfawmf,m;usu d sEd ikd v f w S ,f/ EkopfeYJ ,kow D mtay:uReaf wmfb,fvkd oabmxm;&rvJ/ olwdkYESpfa,muf ua&muRefawmhfudk b,fvdkqufqH oGm;MuOD;rSmvJ/tJ'gawGtm;vHk;[m armifarmif*sif&JUvufxJrSm½Sdw,f/ oluawmh 'gawGtm;vH;k vSvyS yjzpfomG ;apr,hyf kH uReaf wmfu h Ekd pS o f rd w hf ,f/ apmifhMu&ao;wmayghvdkYomuRefawmfoufrcsrdw,f/ (2) ]awmfawmfq;kd wJv h Al sm..awGUvdu k &f &if½mS ½SmaygufaygufawGyAJ s} armifarmif*sif&JUavoHtwdkif;Mum;ae&w,f/ ]tJ'aD cgif;jzLBu;D OD;wif0if;qdw k mu oH;k cGNrKd Ue,f oydwaf cgif;aqmif/ t&ifu wyfrawmfwyfMuyfBu;D a[mif;/ wyfuxGuv f m Ny;D aemufyikd ;f rSm r.q.v Nrd K Ue,f t mPmyd k i f a wG u d k *vef Y w d k u f w wf v G e f ; vd k Y 1985 avmufrSmxdef;odrf;cH&zl;w,f/ 1998 ½Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHkusawmh olvnf;xdyfqHk;uygvmw,f/ wyfutmPmjyefodrf;awmhtzrf;cH&w,f/ tJ ' D r S m ppf a &;jyoif w ef ; awG a y;w,f ? bmw,f q d k w J h pG J c suf a wG ? aemuf&pJ cef;ud0k if;pD;Ny;D ,lxm;wJah oewfupd aö wGeYJ axmif 44 ESpu f sw,f/ axmifuscgpuawmhtawmf rdu k w f v hJ yl /J Oyrm yHpk x H ikd &f ifacgif;iHUk &r,fvYkd 118 118
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
axmiftmPmydkifawGutrdefYay;&if riHkYbl;/ jyeftmcHw,f/ 'DvdkeJY uReaf wmfwYkd aewJh wdu k u f akd &mufvmw,f/ axmifrBu;D wdu k 0f if;uawmh odwt hJ wdik ;f yJ/ wu,f'h yd q f w kd hJ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG½w dS ,f/ trwfawG? ausmif ; om;awG ? ygwD a cgif ; aqmif a wG t awmf r S ta&mif p H k w ,f / ynmawG v nf ; pH k w ,f / tcsif ; csif ; zvS , f w mawG ? aqG ; aEG ; wmawG ? ynm,lwmawGpwJh wdk;wuf&mwdk;wufaMumif;awGvnf;vkyfMuw,f/ cd k ; 0S u f N yD ; vk y f & wm/ od v d k Y u awmh aozd k Y j yif y J / tcG i f h t a&;&&if EdkifiHa&;ygvkyfw,f/ tJ'DrSmOD;wif0if;[maysmfaysmf½Tif½TifyJaew,f/ txl ; ojzif h vl i ,f a wG e J Y wnf h w ,f / ol Y r S m t"d u tm;enf ; csuf u EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;awGbmrSrodbl;/ pdwftwuftustvGefjrefw,f/ 'Dawmhpum;ajym&ifxdef;rajymbl;/ rw&m;eif;ajymwwfw,f/ tqd;k qH;k uawmho[ l mb,fawmhrrS rSm;bl;vd, Yk q l xm;wJt h csuyf AJ s/ tJ'h gaMumifyh J vlwikd ;f eJu Y if;uGmvmw,f/ olt Y rd u f vnf;vmrawGU Edik b f ;l / 'guawmh a xmif x J r S m od y f t a&;rygbl ; / Ed k i f i H a &;tod k i f ; t0d k i f ; rS m axmif0ifpm rvmvdv Yk nf;b,fawmhrrS suEf mS ri,fap&bl;/ ydNk y;D *½kpu kd cf H &w,f / cRif ; csuf a wmh ½ S d w maygh A sm/ ud k , f h [ mud k , f p m;wJ h t wå a bm wpf a ,muf E S p f a ,muf aygh / xm;yg/ vl a wG u d k ; As/ uRef a wmf q d k & if olu Y t kd cef;xJrmS twlaezdt Yk xdac:cJzh ;l w,f/ olujiif;w,f/ 'guvnf; wpf r sd K ;awmh aumif ; oG m ;wmaygh A sm/ r[k w f tapmBuD ; uwnf ; uyGo J rd ;f oGm;rvm;yJ/ uReaf wmfq h rD mS uwm;jrpfxm;wJh Edik if aH &;ypön;f awG tukef½Sdw,f/ 'DvlBuD;uvnf; 'gawGt ukefodatmifvkyfxm;w,f/ uRefawmfwdkYuvnf; EdkifiHa&;pdwf"gwfeJYolYudk today;cJhwmawGvnf; ½S d w maygh A sm/ ol Y t ouf u 50em;eD ; aeNyD q d k a wmh o l v nf ; yg;eyf r S m ygvd, Yk q l cJw h ,f/aemufyikd ;f rSm olbmomol txD;useaf tmifvyk v f mw,f/ b,fvakd c:rvJ/ Self-isolated vdq Yk rkd vm;yJ/ vlawG[mbmrSaumif;p&m r½S d a wmh b l ; vd k Y o l x if v mw,f / aemuf q H k ; tcsuf w pf c suf u vnf ; olYudkazmufjyefzdkY ydkjzpfoGm;w,f/ olYrdef;ruaemuftdrfaxmifjyKoGm; w,fqdkvm;yJ/ ol[mawGUwJhvlwdkif; udkaygufaygufuGJuGJqufqHw,f/ b,fvdkrS azsmif;zsvdkYr&bl;/ 'Dtajc taeawGudkodwJhaxmiftmPmydkif tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
119 119
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
awGu olu Y akd umufarG;vdu k w f ,f/} armifarmif*siftanmif;wcsufqefUjyD;qufjyefw,f ]'Dumvwkef;u EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGeJUaxmiftPmykdifwdkU tm;jyd K if a ewJ U umvaygU/ a':pk v G w f v mjyD ; Tampo wuf v mw,f / uG s ef a wmf w k d U uvnf ; Ek d i f i H a &;awG y k d w uf < uvmw,f / a':pk u d k v nf ; tMuH a y;xm;w,f / uG s ef a wmf w d k h u d k j yef a y; oabmrsKd ; eJ U Ek d i f i H a &; tavSsmUtwif;vkyfzdkU ppftpkd;&ujyifqifaewmukdusaemfwdkYodw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYukd ykdNyD; ESdyfuGyfvdkuf&if a':pk toJawGwkefcgoGm;r,f/ tJ ' D t csd e f u srS a ':pk u d k ]cif A sm;vl a wG u d k v G w f a y;apcsif & if cif A sm; 'gawG'gawGay;&r,f} vdYk awmif;r,f/ uReaf wmfwo Ykd yd o f w d maygh/ 'gaMumifh tJ ' D v d k tMuyf u d k i f awmif ; vmcJ h & if vH k ; 0tavQmh r ay;zd k Y uReaf wmfwt Ykd aocHomG ;r,fqw kd mudk ,HMk unfxm;zdYk a':pkut kd BuaH y;cJw h ,f/ xif w J h t wd k i f ; yJ axmif a jymif ; axmif a ½T U awG v k y f v mwmyJ A sd K U/ usefwJholawGudkvnf;wif;usyfwJh pnf;urf;awG xkwfNyD;udkifawmhwmyJ/ 'DvlawGuvnf;b,fcHrvJ/ H.S (tpmtiwfcH) eJYjyefwdkufw,f/ 3 &uf M umawmh a xmif t mPm yd k i f a wG b uf u tavQmh a y;vmw,f / pma&;pmzwfcGifhawGygay;yghr,fvdkY pum;awGqdkvmw,f/ rMumbl;Asm acgif;jzLBu;D OD;wif0if;udk axmiftmPmydik af wGu pnf;½H;k Ny;D ar;vdu k af wmh 'D v l B uD ; utuk e f a zmf w m/ t&if 3ES p f a vmuf b mawG v k y f c J h w ,f / tcka&mbmawGvyk af ew,f/ aemufvnf;bmawGvyk Of ;D r,f/ b,foal wG ygw,f/ b,fypön;f awGub,fae&mrSm0Sux f m;w,f/ b,fot Yl cef;ub,f bufawmifrh mS usi;f wl;Ny;D bmawGjrKyx f m;w,f/ ukeaf &mAsm..ukeaf &m..} armifarmif*sifacsmif;wpfcsuf½Sif;vdkufw,f/ NyD;rS ]'DudpöutBuD;BuD;jzpfoGm;NyD/ axmifuvnf;axmufvSef;a&; eJ Y y l ; wG J N yD ; ppf q if a &;wpf c k t aeeJ Y csrS w f a qmif ½ G u f & awmh w ,f / wdu k 0f if;wpfcv k ;kH aAsmif;qefaewmyJ/ 11.11.95 n(9) em&DavmufvYkd xif w ,f / cif A sm;wd k Y o d w J h t wd k i f ; axmif x J r S m jyu© ' d e f r ½S d a wmh aeYawGvGJcsifvGJr,f onf;cHAsm/ tcef;awGxJ0ifNyD;oHrefwvif;awGudk ygvS e f y pf w m/ ajrvS e f ½ S m w,f q d k w mrsd K ;As/ wd k u f c ef ; tjyif b uf r S m 120 120
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
vnf;yGpmusJvdkY/ bmajymaumif;rvJ/ rdvdkufwmrSpm½Gufpmwrf;awG weifhwydk;BuD;yJ/ tJ'gawGeJYw&m;½Hk; wifw,f ayghAsm/ wu,fawmh 'g[maxmifpnf;urf; csKd ;azmufwt hJ qifyh ½J w dS ,f/ axmifwiG ;f ta&;,lryI J vk y f p &m½S d w maygh / 'gayr,f h Ed k i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;awG u d k zd u d k i f N yD ; a':pk q D u awmif ; csif w maMumif h w &m;½H k ; awG w if N yD ; axmif a wG csypfvu kd w f mygyJ/ uReaf wmfwYkd 24 a,mufaxmifxyfusw,f/ 4 a,mufu 12 ESpfpD? 2 a,mufu 5 ESpfpD? usefwJh 18 a,mufu 7 ESpfpDaygh/ aysmfaysmfyg;yg; ayghAsm/} (3) ]wdkufcef;awGuawmh topfvdkvdkjzpfoGm;w,f/ txl;ojzifh 1 wdkufeJY 3 wdkufudk oHwHcg; 2 xyf/ tay:uoHZumtkyfNyD; vHkNcHK atmifvyk x f m; w,f/ uReaf wmfwu Ykd akd xmifcsNy;D tJ'aD e&mawGrmS jyefxm;wm ayghAsm/ tawmfawmh MuyfomG ;w,f/ wpfcef;eJw Y pfcef; qufo, G zf aYkd wmif rvG,fvSbl;/ ]tNrJqif;awG} (wdkufa0,sm0pövkyfudkifay;&wJh &mZ0wf tusOf;omawG) uvnf;uRefawmfwdkY arG;xm; wJhvlawGr½Sdawmhbl;/ 0efxrf;awGwcsdKUvnf; judrf;cH&w,f/ ]tNrJqif;awG}uvnf; axmifu a`rSmufay;xm;awmhawmfawmfopöm½Sdw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYudkapmfum; armfum;awmhrvky&f yJ gbl;/ cdik ;f vdaYk wmhr&bl;As/ olwu Ykd akd xmifucdik ;f xm;wJh wm0efuvGJNyD;bmrSrvkyfbl;wJh} ]OD;ode;f armifqw kd hJ tNrq J if;Bu;D } wpfa,mufuReaf wmfwYkd 3 wdu k u f kd a&mufvmw,f/ oluom,m0wD BuHU^zGHUtwGif;a&;rSL; vdkYajymw,f/ rk'drf;rIeJYusvmwmAs/ pum;jzwfajym&&if..tNrJqif;awG[m ppfajy;? &Jajy;? &0wjyKwf? BuHU^zGHUjyKwfawGrsm;w,f/ olwdkYpdwfcswJhvlawGaygh/ 'DvlBuD;uawmhvl&nfvnfw,fAs/ uRefawmfwdkYcdkif;wJhawmf½Hk wef½Hk tvkyfawGvnf;vkyfay;w,f/ axmift&m½Sd awGudkvnf;uRefawmfwdkY owif;awGay;w,f/ tjyifEdkifiHa&;owif; wcsdKUvnf;uRefawmfwdkYudk ajymjyw,f/ uReaf wmfwu Ykd vnf;auR; ygw,f/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
121 121
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
'DvlBuD;uaxmif0ifpmrSr½SdyJ/ uRefawmfwdkYqDuyJaumif;aumif; pm;&wmaygh/ oluawmhajymwmyJ/ oH;k q,f? om,m0wDu oydwaf cgif; aqmifawG[m olrY w d af qGawGw/hJ rk'rd ;f rIqw kd mvnf;vkyBf uw H myg/ 'gjzif h u Ref a wmf u ar;w,f / cif A sm;rd o m;pk u bmjzpf v d k Y rvmwmvJqdkawmholu.. ]axmufveS ;f a&;awGujcrd ;f ajcmufxm; vdyYk g}vdaYk jzw,f/ b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpfolutoHk;wnfhaew,fAs/ olu cyfa0;a0;u wdkufawGtxdoGm;vmvdkY&w,f/ [if;av;? rkefYav;awG uRefawmfwdkY &Jabmf'ku©onfawGqDydkYay;vdkY&wmayghAsm/ aemuf yg;pyf owif;av; bmav; toGm;tjyefvyk v f &Ykd wmayghAsm/ pmawGayawGeaYJ wmh rvkyb f ;l As/ wpfaeYusawmholuRefawmfhqDtajy;tvGm; a&mufvmw,f/ txkyfBuD; txkyfi,fawGqGJvdkYAsm/ uRefawmfvnf;0r;fomtm;&eJY ]a[hvl..cifAsm;axmif0ifpmvmoGm;NyDvm;} vkdY ar;awmhol csufcsif; rajzEdkifbl;/ NyD;rSoHwdkifwHcg;udkolYvufESpfzufeJY tm;&yg;& qkyfudkifNyD;idkawmh wmyJ/ uRefawmfvnf;vefYoGm;w,f/ olYrdom;pkxJu ema&;wpfckckjzpfNyD xifw,faygh/ NyD;rSoluajymw,f/ ]uReaf wmfo h rD;av;eJY olaY ,mufsm;wkYd vmawGw Y m/ uReaf wmfb h 0 rSm'Dvw kd pfcgrS'u k r© a&mufz;l ovd.k . 'Davmuf arwåmBu;D wJh oli,fav; awG v nf ; rpOf ; pm;rd c J h b l ; / uRef a wmf h o rD ; av;uk d w&m;vd k v k y f c d k i f ; NyD;uRefawmf axmifcsypfvdkufwJholi,fav;u uRefawmfhudkvmawGYw,f/ olaxmifuvTwv f mNy;D uReaf wmho f rD;av;udk yJjrwfjrwfE;kd Ed;k vufxyfw,f/ olpw d ef mp&mqkv d Ykd 'Daumifirdu k o f m; ode;f armifukd yJjzpf&rSmaygh/ r[kwb f ;l / 'Doli,fav;uuRefawmhfudkcGifhvGwfw,f wJh/ Munfhprf;Asm/ uRefawmf b,f a vmuf E G m ;usvd k u f o vJ / wu,f a wmh uRef a wmf [ mrd o m;pk & J U pGefYypfjcif;udk cHcJY&wmyg/ r,m;i,fu rk'drf;rIqifNyD; axmifcscJhw,f/ uRefawmfhrdkufypfawGutrsm;BuD;ygAsm/ cifAsm; [mvnf; uRefawmh aus;Zl;½SifyJ/ pm;..pm;..BudKufwm ,lpm;} qdkNyD;awmh udwfrkefYtwHk;BuD;udkzJhNyD;uRefawmfhyg;pyfxJ twif;xdk; xnfw h ,f/ uReaf wmfuwm;awmhorl suEf mS Bu;D wnfomG ;w,f/ olrY suv f ;kH awG 122 122
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
ta&mif0if;0if;vufvYkd uReaf wmfu h pkd u kd Mf unfah ew,f/ Ny;D awmhoyYl g;pyfu ½Gpd½Gpdjzpfvmw,f/ rsuf&nfeJYESyf&nfawG uvnf;rsufESmrSmjynfhvdkY/ uRefawmfolYudkaoaocsmcsmtuJcwfaewkef;rSmyJ olu½kwfw&wf ]owfr,f..owfr,f..rat..ESr.. ysHvTm;qdkwJhaumif. rif;aMumifh ig'ku© a&mufwm} vdx Yk Ny;D atmfw,f/ uReaf wmfu]a[hv.l . a[hvl.. wdk;wdk;vkyfygvdkYowday;awmh oluvuftkyfcsDNyD; uRefawmfhudk awmif;yefw,f/ Ny;D awmh ]uReaf wmfysv H mT ;udo k wfoifo h vm;}vdYk ar;jyefw,f/ uReaf wmfurodb;l vdYk ajymawmh ]cifAsm;vnf;tvum;vly/J ode;f armifu.G . ode;f armif..ysv H mT ;udk ao'Pfay;vku d Nf y/D w&m;olBu;D awGut kd rdeYf ay;vdu k Nf y/D ysv H mT ;aoap.. armifNzdK;atmifav;vTwfap.. ighorD;av;eJYaygif;ap.. trdefYawmf.. om,m0wD jynf - cd k i f - Nzd K ; c½d k i f t wG i f ; a&;rS L ; trd e f Y a wmf } qd k N yD ; atmf [ pf x G u f a jy;oG m ;w,f / uRef a wmf o d v d k u f w ,f / oG m ;NyD . . 'D v l a yguf o G m ;NyD / ol a yguf o G m ;wm uRef a wmf v nf ; qH k ; ½H I ; wmaygh / olcPpdwv f yI ½f mS ;wmyJ jzpfygapvdq Yk ak wmif; rdao;w,f/ naeusawmh owif ; 0if v mw,f / OD ; od e f ; armif u d k t ½l ; wd k u f xJ x nf h v d k u f N yD w J h / tJ'n D aeupNy;D 'Duakd jymif;vmwJt h xd uReaf wmfh &Jabmf'u k o © nfawGqD uReaf wmf [if;eJrY ek af wGryd&Yk awmhb;l / (4) a0a0xGef;tm;vHk;tqifoifhjyifxm;w,f/ bmawGjzpfvmrvJ olodaew,f/ cufwmuolZmEdkifEdkifeJYb,fvdkrS rawGY&wJhudpö jzpfw,f/ olZmav; bmawGjzpfoGm;NyDvJvdkYpdk;&drfaewkef; olYqdkifa½SUudkum;awG qdkufvmw,f/ rsufESmxm;awGvnf;cyfwif;wif;eJY/ aumfvmuwHk; tusÐjzLeJYvlajzmifhwpfa,mufupajymw,f/ ]uRefawmfwdkYcP½SmazGa&;vkyfr,f} a0a0xG e f ; qD u bmrS t ajzr&ao;cif ol Y v l a wG u d k t rd e f Y a wG w&pyfay; aew,f/ rsufESmusufawGudkygxdk;cGJcH&w,f/ auseyftm; tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
123 123
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
&atmif½Smw,f/ reuf 1 em&DcGJavmufrSm NyD;oGm;w,f/ vlajzmifhav; uajymw,f/ ]cifAsm;..ckcsed u f pNy;D tdraf y:utdraf tmufurkd qif;ygeJ.Y .uReaf wmf wdkYvlawG ½Sdaer,f/ cifAsm;qdkifudkydwfxm;yg/ udpöav;awG ½Sif;oGm;rS yJjyefzGifhMuwmaygh/ [kwfNyDvm;} avoHuawmfawmfrmw,f/ a0a0xGef;qDubmrS&p&mr½Sdbl;/ bmypönf;rSvnf;r½Sdbl;/ EdkifiHa&;udpövnf;uif;w,f/ jzpfp&m uawmh 0efBuD; orD;awGudpöjzpfEdkifw,f/ 'DtwGufvnf;a0a0xGef; BudKwif arQmfvifhcJhwmyJ/ ½Sif;p&m½Sdvnf;½Sif;zdkYtoifhyg/ bmjzpfEdkifrvJ qdk&if a':vmeJY ausmufawG a0a0xGe;f qdik rf mS ta&mif;t0,fvmvkyaf ewJu h pd ö ay:oGm;yHk&w,f/ 'Dvkd vkyfaewmudkvnf; olb,fvdk vkyfxm;rvJ/ odwmawmhodaecJhw,f/ a0a0xGef; vkyfp&mwpfckyJ½Sdw,f/ w,fvDzkef; udkolwdkYjzwfrxm;bl;/ ]ydk;ydk;vm;..a0a0yg} ]ajym..a0a0..bmta&;BuD;vdkUvJ} ]qdik u f akd rTomG ;w,f/ tydwcf &H zdrYk sm;w,f/ a0a0huv kd nf; zrf;vdrd hf r,few YJ w l ,f/ bmudpv ö aJ wmh aocsmrodb;l / a':vmeJY ausmufawGukd a0a0hqikd rf mS 0efBu;D orD;wcsKd U ta&mif;t0,fvmvkyw f u hJ pd jö zpfzrYkd sm;w,f/ pdwrf yleaYJ emf..a0a0jyifxm;Ny;D om;.. wpfcyk rJ mS csiw f ,f/ yd;k yd;k wwfEikd &f if olZmEdik Ef ikd ef q YJ ufo, G yf g/ ckxad wmhob l ,fa&mufaevJrodb;l / olv Y yd pf mu (-------) jzpfw,f/ rSwfrdw,faemf/ olYudk'DqdkifrSmqufxm;vdkYjzpfw,f/ ]'ku©ygvm;a0a0&,f/ [kwfNyD..[kwfNyD..igqufvkyfvdkufr,f/ olZmEdkifEdkifaemf} ][kwf} ydk;ydk;taetxm;uvnf;rvG,fvS/ jynfawmfudkb,fvdkrSjyefr&/ jyef&ifvnf;Mopaw;vsrSaewkef; etz udkqefYusif0g'jzefY cJhwJhtwGuf tzrf;cH&zkdYrsm;w,f/ olZmEdkifEdkifudkyJBudK;pm;qufoG,f&awmhr,f/ a0a0xGe;f pdwaf wGtjyif;txefvyI ½f mS ;aew,f/ xifwt hJ wdik ;f ygyJ/ rdk;vif;vmwmeJYwcsdKUa&mufvmNyD;a0a0xGef;udkac:oGm; MuygNyD/ 124 124
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
&JXmeuppfcsuaf wG,Nl y;D tif;pdeo f ;D oeft Y usO;f axmif udyk v Ykd u kd f Muygw,f/ wdu k cf ef;aqmif 1 rSm tajcmufawGpx k m;wJt h cef; udyk v Ykd u kd f ygw,f/ tajcmufawGua0a0xGef;qdkwJhemrnfeJYwif av;pm; ae&may; Muygw,f/ olYrSm vQdKU0Sufo,f,lvmwJhaiGaMu;awG aMumifh a0a0xGef; [moef½Y iS ;f a&;bkwt f zGYJ tajcmufacgif;aqmif (bkwu f ikd f vdaYk c:Muw,f) tjzpfaxmifrLS ;uae&may;w,f/ axmif tawGU tBuKH ½w dS maMumifo h u Yl kd &ufydkif;twGif;rSmyJ axmifrSL;awGu ,HkMunfvmw,f/ a0a0xGef;udk wdu k cf ef;aqmifawGtm;vH;k oefU ½Si;f a&;vSnyhf wfvyk cf ikd ;f w,f/ oef½Y iS ;f a&; qdw k ahJ e&mrSm wdu k cf ef;aqmifjyify oef½Y iS ;f a&;? wdu k cf ef;wGi;f aexdik o f rl sm;&JU rdvm’ oefU ½Sif;a&;udkvkyf&w,f/ awGUygNyD..olrSwfrdaewJhvlwpfa,muf/ b,fawmhrS rarhwJh vlwpfa,mufyg/ &ifxu J tvdv k ekd musiv f mw,f/ ½G½H mS vmw,f/ tckawmh vnf;ykw;D wudik u f ikd ef YJ OD;xGe;f Mum/ a0a0xGe;f rsuv f ;kH rSm olZmEdik Ef ikd u f o kd wd&vmw,f/ ud, k 0f efwpfv;kH vG,fvdkY/ olYtawG;awG&yfwefYoGm;w,f/ pdwfawGtjyif;t xefvIyf½Sm; vmw,f/ aoG;awGqv l mw,f/ olu Y , kd o f t l Edik Ef ikd x f ed ;f &if; wa½GUa½GUcGm vmcJ h w ,f / &if x J r S m armovk d v d k ? 0rf ; xJ u emovd k vd k c H p m;&w,f / axmifxrJ mS pm;&wJh tm[m&aMumifo h cYl eG t f m;awG qkw, f w k v f m ovm; vdkYawG;rdw,f/ txl;uefYowfe,fajrjzpfwJh uRef;wdkuf0if;xJrSm oefY½Sif;a&; vkyfaewJhtajcmufawGqDudka&mufrS xdkifcsNyD;tem;,lvdkufw,f/ ]a[haumif..ausmaf usm0f ik d ;f ..rif;wd&Y k efuek af xmifuvnf;rde;f rvQmawG w,faygygvm;uG} 'DtoHeJY ac:vdkufwJhemrnfyga0a0xGef;udkwkefcgoGm;apw,f/ tm;wuf ovdck pH m;&w,f/ toHav;apmif;iJMh unfv h u kd af wmh a0a0xGe;f &JUurÇma'gifcsmqdkif;oGm;awmhw,f/ ]bk&m;a&..OD;av;oef;..OD;av;oef;} wdk;wdk;BudwfNyD;ac:vdkufrdw,f/ ]bmOD;av;oef;vJ ra0&} tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
125 125
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
ab;ubkwfom;tajcmufwpfa,mufuuyfar;w,f/ ]ra0..oGm;pum;rajymrdapeJYaemf..tJ'g 5^awG?axmifu odoGm;&if ra0udkac:½dkufvdrfhr,f/ ]tif;..tif;yg.. tif;yg..nnf;tvkyn f nf;vkyyf g..igodw,f} a0a0xGef;cyfqwfqwfav;ajymvdkufrSbkwfom;av;NidrfoGm;w,f/ a0a0xGef;tawG;awGabmifbifcwfvdkYaew,f/ ]OD;av;oef;..t&ifwek ;f uvdck yfaysmaf ysmyf v J m;..udak usmaf usm0f ikd ;f &JU tultnDeJY ightajctaeudk½Sif;jy&&ifaumif;rvm;rjzpfao;ygbl;.. ndKcifwpfa,mufb,fvkdaervJ..} tJ'DvkdcsDwHkcswkHjzpfae½Smw,f/ tcsdefawmfawmfMumoGm;w,f/ olYbkwfom;awG xrif;pm;csdefa&mufNyD/ wpfa,mufuowday; vdkY a0a0xGe;f owd&vmNy;D tcef;qDujkd yefvmMuw,f/ xrif;pm;csipf w d v f rJ ½S/d bmqdkbmrSvkyfcsifpdwfr½SdawmhyJ tdyf&mxJrSmvSJae rdawmhw,f/ ]'kbw k u f ik d .f .eifyq J ufNy;D OD;pD;vdu k af wmh..q&mar;&if..igaeraumif;bl;vdY k ajymvdkuf} 'kwd,bkwfudkifudktvkyfawGvTJvdkufw,f/ a0a0xGef; trsdK;rsdK; pOf;pm; w,f/ rdk;wpfpwpfpcsKyfvmw,f/ apmifudkomacgif;`rSD; NcHKvdkY ywf0ef;usif wpfckvHk;udkarhxm;cJhNyD/ reuf5;00 em&Dx;kd vdYk bk&m;½Scd ;kd oHawGMum;&w,f/ 'Dtcsed rf mS awmh a0a0xGef;ydkifydkifEdkifEdkifqHk;jzwfcsufwpfckcsvdkufw,f/ EHI;csdaewJholYcE¨mrSm tiftm;awGjyefjynfhvmovdkyJ/ reufcif;oefY½Sif;a&;tvkyfjyefpNyD/ olb Y w k u f ikd f awGu ol'v D ½dk iT v f ef;vmyHu k kd MunfNh y;D aysm½f iT af eMuw,f/ OD;xGef;Mum&JUwdkufcef;qDa&mufawmh ykwD;BuD;udkifNyD; ausmay; &yfaewJhOD;xGef;MumudkawGUw,f/ a0a0xGef;u rdvm’ yHk;BuD;qDudk avQmuf oGm;w,f/ rdvm’ yH;k Bu;D [m wdik u f yD ikd ;f w0ufujkd zwfxm;Ny;D oHuiG ;f ESpu f iG ;f udk em;½GufESpfzufvdkcsdwfxm;w,f/ tJ'DoHuGif;BuD; ESpfuGif;udk wHydk;BuD; wpfacsmif;eJY vQKd oiG ;f Ny;D vlEpS af ,mufuxrf;&w,f/ xrf;vmwJh tacsmuf ESpaf ,mufu tcef;awGxu J rdvm’ *efzvm;tao;av;awGukd ,lvmNy;D 126 126
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
wd k i f u D y H k ; jywf x J r S m pk w ,f / ol w d k Y t vk y f v k y f aewk e f ; wH y d k ; BuD ; ud k a0a0xGef;qGJjzKwfvdkufw,f/ NyD;rS t½SdefeJYajy;oGm;NyD; OD;xGef;Mum&JU aemufaphukd wtm;½du k cf svu kd w f ,f/ ]azmif;} qdktoHus,fBuD;aemufrSm azsmif;ueJ..azsmif;ueJ qufwu kd ½f u kd cf soaH wGay:vmw,f/ vlowfaew,f/ vlowfae w,fqw kd hJ toHawG c&mwGwfoHawG atmf[pfxm;wJhtoHawG qlnHAavmifyGuf ukew f ,f/ (5) wdkufydwfcHxm;&wJha0a0xGef;rsufESmrSm NyHK;aysmfvdkYaew,f/ a'gufajcusif;udk cufcufcJcJo,f&if;rdvm’ *efzvm;qDajy;w,f/ 0rf;awG 'va[m oGm;w,f/ awmufavQmuf0rf;awGysuw f ,f/ wku d yf w d &f ufawG MumvmwmeJt Y rQ vl[mvnf;csKH ;usvmw,f/ rsuv f ;kH awGuawmh ta&mif vufae wkef;yJ/ vlowfrIeJYywfowfvdkYppfcsuf,lr,fhaeYrSm vrf;awmif ravQmufEdkifawmhbl;/ axmift&m½Sdwpf a,mufuar;w,f/ ]rif;rSm HIV yd;k ½Sv d m;} a0a0xGef;cyfqwfqwfjyefajzw,f/ ]rodbl; ½Sdcsif½SdrSmaygh} ]wpfcgrSaq;rppfzl;bl;vm;} t&m½Sduar;awmh a0a0xGef;wrifvdrfvdkufw,f/ ]rppfzl;bl;} t&m½Sduacgif;ndwfvdkufw,f/ Ny;D awmho0Yl efxrf;awGuw kd ;kd wd;k ajymw,f/ a0a0xGe;f udk a'gufjzKwf ay;NyD; ajcusif;eJYyJaq;½Hkwifvdkufw,f/ wpfckaomnrSmawmh axmifaq;½HkrSmvlESpfa,mufqHk;w,f/ tay:xyf u ol a X;cef ; rS m wpf a ,muf ? atmuf x yf u HIV cef ; rS m wpfa,muf/ tay:xyfuolaX;Bu;D uawmh ]acG;rJBu;D awG uReaf wmfu h v kd m qGaJ eygw,f} vdYk atmf[pf&if;uG,v f eG o f mG ;w,f/ emrnfu OD;xGe;f Mum/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
127 127
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
cef;u a0a0xGe;f uawmh ]½kyb f 0yJEpS zf ufcRet f jzpfcrH ,f/ pdw"f gwf uawmh ESpzf ufcRef rjzpfb;l } vkaYd <u;aMumf&if; toufxu G o f mG ;w,f/ HIV
(6) 'Dwpfcgawmh armifarmif*sifa½SmifvdkYr&awmhbl;/ oltawmf pdwrf aumif;jzpfaeyHak y:w,f/ olarG;cJw h ZhJ mwfaumifawGu qH;k yg;ukeNf y/D uRefawmfhudka&molb,fvdktqHk;owfrvJar;ygNyD/ usef w J h Z mwf a umif a wG r ½S d w k e f ; ar;&wmyg/ ud k r sd K ;jrif h w d k Y ? OD;oef;wdkYtjyif usefwJholawGrMum;atmif aqG;aEG;&ygw,f/ uRef awmfuwHcg;ydwf tpnf;ta0; odkYr[kwf udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpövdkY acgif;pOfwyfNyD; aqG;aEG;Muwmyg/ ]uJ..armifarmif*si.f .q&m*si.f .cifAsm;uaxmifxu J kd touf 20 avmufeJY a&mufvmw,f/ axmifxJrSmaxmifawGxyf usw,f/ cif A sm;uawmh txJ u aepd w f u l ; ½S d w d k i f ; Zmwf a umif a wG a rG ; NyD ; a&;csifwJh0wåKawGa&;w,f/ uRefawmfhudkvnf;cdkif;csif&mawG cdkif;NyD; cif A sm;ajymcsif w mawG a jymcd k i f ; w,f / aowJ h v l a wG v nf ; aouk e f N yD / uRefawmfua&mb,fvdkqufNyD;½Sifoef&OD;rSmvJAs/ cifAsm; udkuRefawmf ajymcsif aewmMumNy/D cifAsm;a&mufvmwnf;uyJ/ uReaf wmfuzGvu kd &f if udrk sKd ;jrifw h Ykd OD;oef;wdyYk gudKG iv f mrSm/ 'gayr,fh olwu Ykd pd o ö w l aYkd jymvdrrhf ,f/ uReaf wmfu uReaf wmfu h pd u ö ykd J uReaf wmf ajymae wm} uRefawmfucyfavmavmav;ajymvdkufw,f/ armifarmif*si&f UJ El;El;nHn h phH ;D qif;vmwJEh v S ;kH aoG;awGukd uReaf wmf awGUae &w,f/ olYOD;aPSmufqJvfawGuvnf; wjzwfjzwf vIyf½Sm;&if; ajymw,f/ ]cPav;apmifhygOD;Asm/ cifAsm;twGufuRefawmfae&m owfrSwf xm; ygw,f/} ]cifAsm;uawmh'DvdkyJajymwmyJ/ EkopfeJY,koDwmudpöudkcifAsm; b,fvdk½Sif;rvJ/ uRefawmfwdkYuvli,fawGAs/ ESvHk;om;csif;vnf; &if;ESD; 128 128
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
aeMuwm/ uReaf wmfuawmh Ekopfuykd o kd abmus..} [dk;...udkausmf..cifAsm;cPapmifhprf;ygOD;Asm.. a½SUavQmuf Edik if aH &; awG b,fvv kd mr,fqw kd mrodao;bl;/ cifAsm;pdwu f ;l r,OfygeJ]Y ]q&m*si.f .cifAsm;uompdwu f ;l awG,OfNy;D avQmufa&;aewm..vufawGU rusbl;As/ uRefawmfhbufudkvnf;MunfhygOD;} ]wd;k wd;k vkyyf g udak usm&f m..} ]rvkyfbl;Asm..cifAsm;&JUcHpm;wwfwJhESvHk;om;eJY zefwD;wwfwJh OD;aPSmufqaD &mufatmif uReaf wmfatmf&rSmyJ/ tJ'[ D mawG ½Sad eoa½GU cif A sm;uRef a wmf h u d k c d k i f ; pm;aerS m uRef a wmf o d w ,f / 'gh t jyif w jcm; Zmwf a umif a wG u d k v nf ; cif A sm;wpf y d k i f ; wpf p BuD ; awG vk y f x m;w,f / rr,Ofat;bmawGjzpfaevJajym..Ekopf..,koDwmbmawGjzpfaevJ/ uReaf wmfrh o d m;pkuawmhxm;awmh/ cifAsm;axmif 0ifpmawmhay;awGU&rSmyJ/ olwdkYeJYawGU&ifolwdkYtaMumif;uRefawmfod&r,f} ]uJyg..udak usm&f m..'DavmufvrJ avmygeJ/Y cifAsm; wavQmufv;kH pd w f a t;at;vI y f ½ S m ;vmNyD ; tck r S a vmaew,f / at;aq; aygh A sm/ 'DrSma[h... cifAsm;wdkYtpDtpOfawGrNyD;ao;bl;/ 'Dawmh cifAsm;wdkY &JUu@awGu uRefawmfhtwGufr½Sdrjzpfvdkaeao;w,f/ uRefawmfhudk ulnyD gAsm/ uReaf wmfEh v S ;kH om;eJY OD;aPSmufu active jzpfaew,f/ uReaf wmf awmif;yefygw,f/ b,fev YJ }J uRefawmfuav;av;eufeufpOf;pm;NyD;rSajymw,f/ ]Ekopf udp}ö ][d;k ...uReaf wmfppD Ofxm;w,f/ cifAsm;apmifMh unf.h .[kwNf yv D m;} ]at;..Munf h & ao;wmaygh / a0a0xG e f ; ud p ö u d k a &m OD ; oef ; udkajym&OD;rvm;} armifarmif*sifuacgif;cgw,f/ ]rajymyJxm;vdkufwmaumif;ygw,fAsm}
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
129 129
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
A[dck suef yH gwf ( 6 'or 97 ) (1) vlwikd ;f onfwef;wlomwlnrD Q zefqif;xm;onfqw kd mudk tajymeJY raMujimyJ vufawGUoufaojyMuygpdkY/ (0DvQ*H &if;a½Sm) uReaf wmf&h UJ 4 Burd af jrmufaxmif0ifpm/ tazeJn Y rD av;ud{k nfo h nf pm&if;rSmawGU&w,f/ uRefawmfaxmif0ifpmcef;xJudk udkrsdK;jrifheJYtwl 0ifvu kd w f ,f/ wm0efuswhJ t&m½Su d uReaf wmfwEYkd pS af ,mufukd vHNk cKH a&;t& pDppfNyD;ae&mcsxm;ay;w,f/ cPMumawmh rdom;pkawG0ifvmw,f/ udkrsdK;jrifh&JUtreJYrdcift&if0ifvmw,f/ udkrsdK;jrifh&JUtru uRefawmfhudk EIwfquf&if;ajymoGm;w,f/ ][Jh..ausmfausmf..aeaumif;&JUvm;..eifhtaru eifhtwGuf tm;aq;ygvmw,f} ]aumif;w,f..tr..trwdkY..tefwDwdkYa&m..} uReaf wmfpum;rqH;k cifrmS yJajcvSr;f cyfou G o f u G ef v YJ ufxrJ mS txkyt f yd;k awGeYJ EkopfudkawGUvdkuf&w,f/ EkopfudkMunfh&wm jrL;jrL;<u<uyJ} ]udkausmf..aeaumif;w,faemf..udkausmf} Ekopftar;unifomvSayr,fhcyfoGufoGuf&,f} ]aumif;w,f..Ekopf..Ekopfa&m} Ek o pf a cgif ; av;nd w f j yw,f / aemuf u xyf a &muf v mwJ h uRefawmfhtar&JUtoHudkMum;&w,f/ ]om;..aeaumif;vm;} ]aumif;ygw,f..arara&m} ]arara&m..azaza&m..rif;nDrav;a&mtm;vHk;aumif;w,f/ om;rSmp&m½Sdwmt&ifrSmvdkuf..NyD;rSat;at;aq;aq;ajym} 130 130
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
uRef a wmf h a rar&J U tawG Y t BuH K urao;vS a ybl ; / 15 rd e pf y J ½SdwJhtcsdefudkb,fvdkoHk;&r,fqdkwm BuHKzl;olawGyJodw,f/ uRefawmf uBudKwifjyifqifxm;wJhpm&if;twdkif;ajymw,f/ araru acgif;xJrSm xnfhrSwfw,f/ 2 rdepftwGif;rSmNyD;oGm;NyD/ NyD;awmhararu udkrsdK;jrifh udkEIwfqufzdkYoGm;&if;uRefawmfwdkYudka½Smifay;w,f/ EkopfuuRefawmfh nDrav;rSwyf w kH ifuu kd ikd Nf y;D 0ifvmwm/ uReaf wmfwYkd Edik if aH &;orm;awGukd wpd r f ; vl od k Y r [k w f td r f a xmif p k p m&if ; pm½G u f y H k p H ( 10)rS m rygwJ h vludkawGYcGifhray;bl;/ 'DawmhrSwfyHkwifudk udkifNyD;tBuH tzefvkyf&w,f/ "gwf y H k e J Y v l w l r wl u d k a wmh rppf M uygbl ; / Ek o pf u uRef a wmf h u d k tjzLa&mif0wfpHkeJY yxrtBudrfawGU&wmrkdY pdwfxJwpf rsdK;cHpm;ae&yHkyJ/ 'gawmiftdrfucsKyfay;xm;wJh taumif;pm; tjzL0wfpkHawG/ axmifu xk w f a y;wJ h 0 wf p H k e J Y o mawG U &&if b,f v d k a ervJ uRef a wmf h p d w f x J uydkawG;Munfhrdw,f/ ]uJ..Ekopf..bmajymcsifvJ..ajym} EkopfuuRefawmfhudkaocsmpdkufMunfhaejyefw,f/ uReaf wmfuaemufvu kd w f ,f/ ]bd k ; awmf O D ; 0d k i f ; qd k w muRef a wmf y J A s..emrnf t jynf h t pH k u bdk;awmfausmfausmf0dkif;} EkopfrsufESmav;NyHK;oGm;w,f/ ]Ekopfbmpajym&rSef;rodbl; udkausmf&,f} 'D o bm0awG u d k uRef a wmf w d k Y u od w ,f / yxrqHk;awGY&wJholwdkif;jzpfavh½Sdw,f/ ]EkopftaMumif;udkpajym..NyD;&ifEkopfrdom;pktaMumif;..} Ekopftajz&oGm;yHkay:w,f/ rsufESmav;0if;vufvdkY rsufvHk; awGydkawmufyvmw,f/ ]EkopfEdkifiHjcm;oGm;zdkYjyifxm;w,f/ ausmif;oGm;wufzdkYaygh.. azazuawmh t&ifomG ;ESiNhf y.D .tar&dum;udak v..[drk mS ol tvkyt f qif ajyw,f/ zdk;zdk;uNyD;cJhwJhvuyJqHk;oGm;w,f/ BuD;BuD;u'DrSmxHk;pHtwdkif; a0,sm0pö tukev f yk af ygh/ zGm;zGm;eJY rr,Ofat; uvnf;tdrrf mS ½Sad ew,f/ tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
131 131
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
aeaumif; Muygw,f/ Ekopf'v D mawGUr,fqakd wmh 0dik ;f Ny;D rSmvdu k Mf uw,f/ owd&wJh taMumif;awGaygh..} ]rr,Ofat;u vm;½Id;rSmyJvm;} tJ'DvkduRefawmfar;awmh EkopfuNyHK;NyHK;av;vkyfaew,f/NyD;rS.. ]tdrfrSmjyefa&mufaeNyD..olvnf;EkopfeJYtwlazazqDudkvdkufrSm.. xm;ygudak usm&f m.. bmpm;csiv f aJ jym..rr,Ofat; u olbmcsuaf y;& rvJwJh..Ekopfvuf&mawGtJ'DxJrSmygw,faemf} EkopfutxkyfawGudkvufñdI;oG,foG,fav;eJYxdk;jyw,f/ ]aus;Zl;ygEkopf&,f} ]bmaus;Zl;vJ..} ]aqm&D;..aus;Zl;wifw,frajymawmhbl;? pm;aeaomufae usyJ..'geJYtdrfudkb,fvdka&mufoGm;ovJ..} ]zkef;qufNyD;ar;wmaygh..udkausmfhnDrav;uEkopfudkodw,fwJh..} ]tif;..udkausmfajymjyxm;wm..} ]udak usmw f u,fyo J v d m;..Ekopfuv kd mawGo Y mG ;ygOD;vdaYk jymwm..wpfcgrSrvm awmhb;l / udak usmt f zrf;cH&wmawmif ,kow D m zke;f vSr;f qufvo Ykd &d wm/ ,k o D w mu BBC rS m a&muf a ew,f / owif ; aMujimol v k y f a ew,f / udkausmfwdkYzrf;cH&wJhowif;udk olyJaMu jimay;cJhwmwJh} ][..w,f [ k w f y gvm;..,k o D w ma&maeaumif ; &J U vm;..Ek o pf . . uReaf wmf tdr0f ifxu G af ewm..axmufveS ;f a&;u od&if Edik if jH cm;xGuzf Ykd tcuf tcJrsm;jzpfrvm;yJ} ]½Sif;vdkY&ygw,f..EkopfraMumufygbl;..} EkopfuavoHESdrfhcsNyD;uRefawmhfudkqufajymaew,f/ ],kow D mqDupmygvmw,f..,kow D mazazuEkopfuak d c:ay;wm..tefu,f OD;aomif;xuf vnf;odyrf acsmifb;l .. tck wufvmwJ0h efBu;D topfawGu awmf a wmf t Muyf u d k i f w ,f w J h . . vk d w mrS m zd k Y v nf ; ajymw,f . . pmudkb,fvdkay;&rvJ..} uRefawmfuvnf;cyfwdk;wdk;avoHeJYjyefajymvdkufw,f/ 132 132
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
]nDrav;qdkifudk..uRefawmfvlvGwfay;r,f..EkopfajymcsifwmawGvnf; a&;xm;.. Ekopfpmudkvnf;zwfcsifw,f..} uRefawmfh&ifxJunifnifomompum;vHk;awGjzpfoGm;w,f.. Ekopf&JUrsufESm½Sif;½Sif;av;rSm tvGrf;wcsdKUwdrfcdk;zGJUovdkvdk awGUvdkuf &w,f.. uReaf wmf&h UJ rsuv f ;kH uwqif&h ifxu J kd xd;k azmufpu kd Mf unfah ew,f/ uRefawmf jrifovdkolvnf;jrifae&NyDyJ/ cPwdwf qdwfvdkY&ifckefoHudk tm½Hjk yKrMd uw,f/ uReaf wmfrh suv f ;kH pHk [mEkopfrsuv f ;kH awGay: tm;Bu;D Bu;D Nyd K usoG m ;w,f xif & J U ..Ek o pf a cgif ; iH k Y rsuf v T m csoG m ;w,f / owdaumif;wJu h Reaf wmfu udrk sKd ;jrifh bufuv kd n S Nhf y;D ac:vdu k w f ,f/ ]udrk sKd ;a&..a[m[db k ufu..trwd?Yk tefww D .Ykd . 'DrmS uReaf wmfh oli,fcsif;eJYrdwfqufay;OD;r,f} uRefawmfharar? udkrsdK;arareJY trwdkYu EkopfqDrSmvmpkw,f/ ud k r sd K ;uuRef a wmf h q D r S m vmpk w ,f / uRef a wmf w d k Y t pk E S p f c k & J U Mum; rS m oHwdkifeJYoHpum cifwif;wif;umxm;vdkY/ Ekopfudkawmh udkrsdK;arareJY trudkodNyD;aeNyD/ udkrsdK;jrifhuawmh uReaf wmfajymzl;vdo Yk ad ew,f/ vluawmhcrk aS wGzY ;l w,f/ udrk sKd ;jrifu h vnf; uRefawmfhtwGuf aumif;&maumif;aMumif;awGajymay;ygw,f/ Ekopf uvnf;wnfNidrfrI&atmifxdef;NyD;ajymoGm;Edkif w,f/ &,f&,farmarmeJY 'D y G J u pnf u m;oG m ;w,f / acgif ; avmif ; xd k ; oH (a&cJ a csmif ; a&mif ; wJ h acgif ; avmif ; oH r sd K ;) Mum;&awmh uRef a wmf w d k Y tcsd e f a ph o G m ;ygNyD / tm;vHk;xGufoGm;wkef; Ekopfwpfacgufjyefajy;vmw,f/ ]udkausmfhqDupmzwfcsifw,f..}wJh (2) n 9 em&D t d y f c sd e f a y;wJ h c&mu vG r f ; aqG ; aqG ; &,f / uRefawmftcef;wHcg;0rSmajcoHMum;vdkufvdkY uRefawmfjzwfueJxMunfh rdw,f/ uReaf wmh0f efxrf;av;/ oluwd;k wd;k ajymw,f/ ]tudkBuD;..tm;vHk;cdkifw,f..a&mh..a&mh..ypönf;awGt&if,lxm;..} tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
133 133
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
uReaf wmfvnf;cyfou G o f u G yf pön;f awGu, kd Nl y;D tcef;awmifu h ykd pfxnfv h u kd w f ,f/ ]bmrSmvdkufao;vJ} ]rS m wmawG u awmh w axmBuD ; yJ A s..uRef a wmf v nf ; rrS w f E d k i f b l ; .. tudkBuD;nDrav;uawmhodyfrrSmbl;..usef;rma&; aumif; zdkYbmzdkY avmuf y J . .tud k B uD ; &J U bmnmutom;uk e f r S m wmAs.. tud k B uD ; ud k awmfawmfvTrf;aewJhyHkyJ} ][..bmvJuG..ighbmnm..rif;[mur½Sif;r½Sif;eJY} uRef a wmf o d o d e J Y a r;aerd w myg/ xyf e m;axmif N yD ; yD w d jzpfcsifvdkYjzpfygvdrfhr,f/ 0efcHygw,f/ ]tm..tudkBuD;&JUap;uavmf..ap;uavmf..} ]a[haumifawmfNyD..&NyD..} aumif a v;jyef x G u f o G m ;w,f . .'D v d k r sd K ;vnf ; vnf y wf y wf o pö m ½S d w J h 0efxrf;av;awGudk uRefwmfwdkYucifrifMuw,f/ twef; ynmodyfr½SdyJ pmwwf½akH vmufeYJ tvkyv f yk Mf u&olav;awG/ wjcm;tvkyu f rvG,b f ;l / axmif0efxrf;tvkyfuawmhtcsdefra½G;yJ/ p p f x J u a j y ; v m o l a w G ? vlq;kd vlay awG? rSwyf w kH ifrahJ wG tuke&f w,f/ axmif0efxrf;trsm;pk[m pepf&JU zdtm;aMumifh t½dkif;wumh t½dkif;awGjzpfcJh&w,f/ 'Daumif av;rsdK;awGu ½Sm;w,f/ vrf;ab;qefwJhajymaygufqdkaygufawGudkawmh oD;nnf;cH&wmaygh/ ypön;f awGupkd pfaq;vdu k af wmh pD;u&ufwpfA;l ? Rock tqdak wmfyekH YJ wD½Syftopfwpfxnf? NyD;awmh pmESpfapmif/ uReaf wmfp;D u&wfA;l udzk iG Nhf y;D wpfvyd rf ;D ndaS omufw,f/ Ny;D awmh ,koDwm&JU pmudkt&ifzGifhw,f/ Ekopfpmudkawmh at;at; aq;aq; zwfcsiv f yYkd g/ &ifcek pf &mawmhjzpfrmS aocsmw,f/ ,kow D m&JUpmudzk iG yhf gNy/D udak usm.f .. ,koDwmtNrJowd&aew,f/ udkausmfhowif;udkMum;Mum;&csif;yJ ,kow D mwdv Yk iT x hf w k af y;cJw h ,f/ ,kow D mud, k w f ikd zf wfNy;D aMujim&wm.. &ifxrJ mS awmfawmfcjH yif;w,f/ a'govnf;xGuw f ,f/ tJ'o D wif;Ny;D atmif tH B ud w f N yD ; ajym&w,f / ud k a usmf t NrJ w rf ; ajym ajymaeayr,f h 134 134
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
wu,f z rf ; NyD q d k a wmh wu,f p d w f r aumif ; jzpf & ygw,f / yxrawmh ynmoifNy;D a'gufx&dw, f rl vdyYk /J t*Fvefa&muf awmhreDwmeJY pum;ajym jzpfMu&if; BBC rSm0ifvkyfzdkYjzpfoGm;w,f/ 'Duaetqifajy&ifvnf;a'gufx&dwfwpfck,ltHk;rSmyg/ udkausmf ajymovdyk J tem*wfEikd if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf ynmwwfawGxrJ mS ,kow D mudv k nf;awG&Y rSmyg/ BBC a&mufawmh oifwef;awG wuf&w,f/ tvkyfuqufwdkufyJ/ em;&w,ffr½Sdbl;/ 'gaMumifpmcsufcsif;rydkYEkdifwm/ ud k a usmf h q D a wmh a&muf r ,f v d k Y x if w myJ / tenf ; qH k ; Ek o pf uawmhjyefajymjyrSmyJ/ 'Da&mufrSyJ ,koDwmwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHtajctaeudk tpHkod&w,f/ owif;awGu awmhtqdk;awGcsnf;yJ/EU uAdkvfcsKyfawG udk0ifcGifhray;awmhbl;vdkY ydwfyifxm;wJhMum;rSm AdkvfcsKyfwpfa,mufu emrnfvrd ef cYJ ;kd 0ifvmw,f/ ESv;kH a&m*gukwmwJ/h owif;XmeawGuodawmh 0dkif;NyD;wDvdkufMuwm t½SufawGuGJoGm;w,f/ urÇmBuD;uawmh a':pkeJY 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGudk tjynfh t0axmuf c H M uw,f / Ed k i f i H t eH Y r S m urÇ m w0ef ; rS m 'D r d k u a&pD buf a wmf o m;awG q d k & if t&rf ; rsuf E S m yG i f h w ,f / av;pm;Muw,f / ,k o D w mwd k Y v nf ; *k P f , l & ygw,f / ,k o D w m&J U tm;ay;pum;[m ud k a usmf h t wG u f b mrS r [k w f b l ; qd k w m ,k o D w mod y gw,f / 'gayr,f h tm;ay;wwfw, hJ o k w D mwpfa,muf b,favmufyaJ 0;a0; ½Sad e ygvm;vdYk udak usmo f &d if ,kow D mauseyfygNy/D ,kow D m trsm;Bu;D rpGev Yf w T &f yJ gbl;/ 'gayr,fh Edik o f avmufawmh pGev Yf w T cf siyf gw,f/ udkausmfwpfa,mufaeaumif;ygap cifrifvsuf (,kow D m) pmtqH k ; rS m uRef a wmf h a q;vd y f u wd k w d k y J u sef a wmh w ,f / ,koDwm&JUpmudkwav;wpm;eJYuRefawmfzwfcJhw,f/ ½Spfav;vHk;&Jabmf rav;/ ckxduRefawmfhudk axmufcHtm;ay;aecJhw,f/ ½Sm;rS½Sm;xJu wpfOD;vdkYqdk&rSmyg/ uRefawmfhrSm½Spfav;vHk;umv &Jabmf&JbufawG tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
135 135
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
tzG J Y 0 if a wG t rsm;BuD ; ½S d c J h w ,f / tck a wmh o l w d k Y t aMumif ; eJ Y o l w d k Y b,fawGrsm;a&mufuek Nf yv D J uReaf wmfrawG; awmhb;l / a&½Snf ppfyJG awG&UJ obm0yJ v d k Y r S w f c suf c sw,f / aus;Zl ; wif w ,f ,k o D w m&,f v d k Y y J uRefawmfa&½Gwfrdw,f/ Ekopf&JUpmudkzGifhw,f/ pD;u&uftopfwpfvdyfudkrD;ndSw,f/ (uReaf wmfaq;vdyrf aomufwmMumygNy/D odyv f nf;rBuKd uyf gbl;/ tck[mu Ekopfay;vdkufwmrdkYvdkY jrnf;Munfhwmyg/) udak usm.f . Ek o pf a v..b,f v d k r S e f ; rod b l ; ..cH p m;&w,f o d v m;.. (vT r f ; aewmyJ jzpf r ,f v d k Y u Ref a wmf x if w ,f / pmud k q uf z wf w ,f ) Ekopft&ifxu J rS rdw&f if;aqG&if;awG r½S&d wJt h xJ udak usmu f ygcGo J mG ;w,f/ tck w pf c gEk o pf ud k , f w d k i f u yJ ud k a usmf h u d k x m;ch J & tH k ; r,f / (aocsmNy.D .ighuv kd rG ;f aewm. qufzwf) udak usmq hf u D pmudrk zwf&ao;cif a&;xm;awmh odyfa&a&&m&m½Sdr,f rxifbl;..(emvdkufwm igbmvdkY tydkifra&;rdygvdrfh.. aemufwpfacguf ayghuGm) udak usmb f mawGocd siv f /J bmawGvyk af y;&rvJ/ tm;remeJ/Y Ekopf tpGr;f ukeBf uKd ;pm;ay;r,f/ rr,Ofat;uawmh pdwt f awmf xdcu kd o f mG ;w,f/ 'DEikd if rH mS raecsiaf wmhb;l wJ/h oltifrwef0goemygwJh q&mr tvkyu f ykd g pGeyYf pf vdu k w f ,f/ olu Y kd BuUH ^zGUH twGi;f a&;rSL; &mxl;ay;cgp u vlraI &; toif;yHkpHajymxm;w,f/ vm;½Id;rSma':pkudkwdkufcdkufzdkYrdefYcGef;u trSefrSm Ouú|uajym&rSm/ yGJpcgeD;rSm Ouú|u olYudk,fpm;'DtrdefYudk zwfay; zd k Y a jymw,f / ol w pf a cguf z wf z d k Y v k y f w J h t csd e f r S m yJ tcef ; tem;rS L ; uoleY mrnfukd aMunmvdu k af wmh pifay:wufNy;D zwfvu kd &f w,f/ oluvnf; tawmf a Mumuf w wf y gw,f / 'gaMumif h v nf ; cH & wm/ ol Y u d k TV rSmawGv Y u kd af wmh trsKd ;awGu 0dik ;f qlMuw,f/ olaq;½Hak wmifwuf&w,f/ tvkyfuxGufNyD;tck EkopfwdkYeJYyJaew,f/ EkopfuawmhtrBuD; taMumif;odvdkYtm;ay;yg w,f/ a':pk&JUrdefYcGef;xJrSm ausmif;q&mr awG u d k e m;vnf w J h t aMumif ; av;ygvmawmh ol Y u d k a jymjy&ao;w,f / ol y d k N yD ; cH p m;&w,f / tck a wmh tar&d u m;ud k oG m ;aer,f q d k a wmh 136 136
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
aumif;ygw,f/ Ekopfuawmh wpfESpfwpfacgufjyefvm zdkYBudK;pm;r,f/ jyefvmwdkif; udkausmfhudkawGUr,f/ EkopfwdkYtvkyfvkyfcJhwJh uGefjyLwm av;uawmh taysmufrysufEkopfwdkYtdrfrSmyJ½Sdaer,f/ udkausmf&,f? Ekopf&,f uGejf yLwm av;&,fjyefqMkH uwmaygh/ tcifqHk; (Ekopf) uReaf wmfa<uaew,f vdIif;awGuckefrIu xdef;r&atmifyJ cGJpdwfcHxm;&wJhajrwpfuGufay: uRefawmfysdK;BuJcJhrdw,f vdyfjymi,fawG tkyfoif;zGJYjrL;aysmfzdkY pm;yifeJYyef;Mum;rSm uRefawmhESvHk;om;pnf;cwfxm;w,f EkopfcGifhjyKr,fqdk uRefawmfhtcspfawG,lxm;yg acgif;wdkifuxGufwJhrD;cdk;vdk rdk;udktqdyfroifhapcsifbl; uRefawmfhb0[m tylydkif;a'ou rdk;&moDawmwpfckyg/ / (3) ]uJ..udkausmfa&..uRefawmfwdkYcPem;Mur,f} armifarmif*sifuuRefawmhfudkajymw,f/ ]bm..b,fvdkem;rSmvJ} ]uRefawmfh0wåKudkcPem;r,fvdkYajymwm} ][..jzpfrvm;As..cifAsm;uvnf;..'DrSmuRefawmfeJY Ekopf tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
137 137
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
Zmwfvrf;u tckrS t½Sed w f ufaewm.. uReaf wmfu t"du Zmwfaumif qdkawmh cifAsm;b,fvdkvkyfvkyf&w,f.. Ekopfudkawmhtm;em zdkYaumif; w,f..} ]atmf . .ud k a usmf & m..a&;r,f q d k & if b ,f a wmh r S v nf ; qH k ; rS m r[kwb f ;l .. a&;vnf;a&;&OD;rSmyJ..ckawmh cP&yfxm;OD;r,f} ]tJ ' gyJ . . q&m*sif . .tJ ' gyJ . .cif A sm;wd k Y p ma&;ol a wG [ m cif A sm;wd k Y cH p m;csuf a y:rS m yJ t ajccH w ,f . .a&;w,f . .uRef a wmf wdv Yk Zkd mwfaumif awGuzkd efw;D Ny;D toH;k csw,f.. vlawGupkd w d 0f ifpm;atmif vk y f w ,f . . uRef a wmf w d k Y u bmtcG i f h t a&;rS r ½S d w J h toH k ; awmf c H awGy.J .vkypf rf;.. cifAsm;BuKd uo f vdv k yk pf rf;..usKycf rH ,f..vkyaf vAsm} armifarmif*sifrsufESmrSm 0rf;enf;&dyfawGndKueJvTrf;oGm;w,f/ ]tJ ' D v d k a wmh r ajymygeJ Y A sm..uRef a wmf [ m cif A sm;wd k Y u d k tom;vTwfBuD; arG;zGm;cJhwmr[kwfbl;/ uRefawmfhb0BuD;wpfckvHk;eJY &if ; ES D ; NyD ; arG ; xk w f c J h & wmyg/ wcsd K UZmwf a umif a wG u d k c yf q d k ; qd k ; awGjzpfatmifvyk cf &hJ w,f/ taoowfc&hJ w,f/ tcsKd UawGuakd wmh avmu ed,mrw&m;eJY,OfNyDawmh arG;xkwfcJh&w,f/ cifAsm;wdkYvdk? udkrsdK;jrifhwdkYvdk? a0a0xGef;wdkYvdk ZmwfaumifawGudkawmh uRefawmfhtawGU tBuHKeYJ&if;NyD; xkwfcJh&w,f} uReaf wmfwu,foyd gw,f/ armifarmif*siw f v Ykd 0kd wåKzefw;D olawG trsm;BuD;½SdwJhteuf uRefawmfhvdkZmwfaumif? 'grSr[kwf uRefawmf udk,fwdkifyJyg0ifNyD; tvkyfvkyf&wmrsdK;½SdEdkifygw,f/ armifarmif*sif r[kww f w hJ jcm;pma&;olwpfa,mufu uReaf wmfu h akd rG; xkwEf ikd yf gao;w,f/ uRefawmfoabmraygufwmwpfcku uRefawmfh ESvHk;om;a&; &mudpöudk armifarmif*sifuxdef;csKyfcdkif;xm;w,f/ ,HkMunfcsuf cdkifrmwmuwydkif;? ESvHk;om;a&;&muwpfydkif;vdkY uRefawmfxifw,f/ ]uJ..'DvdkvkyfAsm..q&m*sif..uRefawmf[mcifAsm;&JUxm0& Zmwfaumifjzpfqdkvnf;jzpfyghr,f/ 'gayr,fhcifAsm;u odyfudk csKyfudkif vG e f ; w,f / cif A sm;vnf ; yd k Y p f a rmf ' ef o rm;wpf a ,muf y J / A[d k c suf u d k cifAsm;qDrmS taoudik f rxm;ygeJ/Y uReaf wmfuv kd nf;vGwf vyfciG ahf y;yg/ 138 138
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
A[kviG _f yif
ray;&ifvnf; uRefawmfwdkYtmcH&rSmyJ} armifarmif*siaf cgif;udak jz;ajz;av;&rf;aew,f/ olrY suv f ;kH awGu &Da0a0&,f/ cPNidrfaeNyD;rS vIyf½Sm;vmw,f/ ]cifAsm;wdZYk mwfaumifawGtm;vH;k udk uReaf wmfjyefppk nf;xm;Ny;D ygNy/D cif A sm;wd k Y u d k a rG ; zG m ;cH & wJ h u Ref a wmf h E S v H k ; td r f u d k j yr,f / tNrJ w rf ; vmaezd k Y v nf ; zd w f a c:r,f / a&muf w J h v l a wG v nf ; a&muf a eMuygNyD / uRefawmf[m0wåKudktqHk;owfawmhrSmqdkayr,fh cifAsm;wdkY tm;vHk;udk 'DpmtkyfxJrSmrxm;cJhEdkifbl;/ cifAsm;wdkY&JUrl&if;arG;zGm;&m uRefawmfhESvHk; tdrfrSmjyefxm;r,f/} uRefawmftawmfpdwfvIyf½Sm;oGm;w,f/ ]uRefawmfub,fvdkvm&rSmvJ} armifarmif*sifuajzw,f/ ]uRefawmfa&;wJhpmvHk;awGtwdkif;cifAsm;awmufavQmufvdkufcJh/ tqH;k rSm rSiw f t H 0udak wG&Y r,f/ tJ'rD ifwu H ae uReaf wmfh vufxu J 0kd ifvu kd /f aoG;aMumawGtwdkif;pD;arQmvmcJh/ aemufqHk;uRefawmfh ESvHk;tdrfrSm ½SdwJhcifAsm; ae&mudkawGY&r,f/} csucf si;f qdo k vdyk u J Reaf wmfpmvH;k awGtwdik ;f a0h0u kd v f u kd yf gcJw h ,f/ uRefawmf a½SUem;u rifwHt0xJ0ifoGm;wJholZmEdkifEdkifudk udk,f0efav; eJ Y a wG U vd k u f & w,f / armif a rmif * sif a jymovd k y J rS i f w H u aewqif h olYvufxJ0if awmh aoG;awGvSnfhpD;aewJhaoG;aMumBuD;? tJ'Dtwdkif; uRefawmfpD;arQmvdkufawmh aemufqHk;olY&JUESvHk;tdrfqDa&mufvmw,f/ ol Z mEd k i f E d k i f u uRef a wmf h u d k N yH K ;NyD ; EI w f q uf w ,f / ol Y E S v H k ; td r f [ m rBu;D us,v f aS yr,fh yGiv hf if;vGwv f yfvw S ,f/ [d;k bufxyd t f cef;us,Bf u;D rSm a':pkuNkd yKH ;NyKH ; ½Gi½f iG ef aYJ wG&Y w,f/ uReaf wmhf 0wåKxu J ZmwfaumifawGtjyif wjcm;vlawGu vnf;awmfawmfrsm;w,f/ tJ'x D u J wpfcsKd U[m tjyifrmS awmh uG,v f eG f oGm;Nyv D aYkd jym w,f/ olEY v S ;kH tdrx f rJ mS awmhtouf½iS af eMuw,f/ Ekopf&,f? uReaf wmf&,f? ,kow D m&,f?3a,mufqrkH Md uw,f/ uReaf wmfww Ykd pf a,mufcsif;qDudkarG;zGm;cJhwJh ESvHk;om;eH&HawGudk oGm;MunfhMuw,f/ uRef a wmf w d k Y u d k a rG ; zG m ;pOf u q&m*sif h E S v H k ; om;rS m 'Pf & mawG c snf ; tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
139 139
0JjoCrSmaw;oH^ydKiv f hkd
&cJw h mawG&Y w,f/ uReaf wmfwt Ykd 'J 'D Pf&mawGukd teD;uyfavhvmMuawmh 'Pf&mawGrSmtrm½GwfrawGY&bl;/ aemufrSoabmaygufoGm; w,f/ ol[m'Pf&mtm;vH;k udk arwåmBuKd ;eJjY yefcsKyaf ESmifcw hJ mud;k / ol&Y UJ apwemudk uRefawmfwdkYtm;vHk;em;vnfcJhMuw,f/ ol&Y UJ ESv;kH tdrrf mS xm0&aexdik b f Ykd uReaf wmfwt Ykd m;vH;k wpfceJ uf oabmolnDcJhMuw,f/
(ausmfc&D;)
'D0wåKuzkd wfNy;D wdik ;f a0zefcsu?f rSwcf suaf v;awGa&;ay;oifw h ,f/ Bud K ajymxm;OD ; r,f / 'D 0 wå K &J U aemuf q uf w G J a wG tvd k t avQmuf arG ; zG m ;jcif ; cH & awmh r ,f / tJ ' D 0 wå K emrnf u d k a wmh ]]0J M oCrS m
aw;oHNyKd iv f }Ykd }
140 140
qdNk y;D emrnfBuKd ay;xm;w,f/
tvif;tdrfrS xkwfa0onf//
/