အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၁) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&4 / oDwif;u|wfv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&4 / oDwif;u|wfv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;

uAsm b0jzpfwnfr_ a0zefa&;uavmif qG@H tcef; tdrfa0;a&$rsm;odk@ trSew f &m;rSmtiftm;&Sw d ,f Ed;k xvmwJh ordik ;f tdrrf ufxu J csKd ;jzL wxdwx f w d u f Asm arhr&Ekid w f hJ a&$0ga&mif... zefw;D r_rsm; bk&m;cspfolrsm; ud;k uG,&f m jrpf}u;D {&m0wDe@J ordik ;f &Sw d w hJ ikd ;f jynf yef;aygif;ukaĂ&#x2030;yGifh=uzdk@ eyef;yGx J u J uAsmq&m

&J+ird ;f rif;udkEdkif udu k }kd u;D *sirf D (88) armif+idrf;at; opPmeD udak &G; cdkif=unf0if; EdkifOD;ndK (zdk;ZD;&dk;) oDwmatmif xGe;f +ird ;f (abmufaxmfom;) rdk;opfa0 xGe;f vif;atmif (opPm) at;jrESif;&nf

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

umwGef; [efav;/ apmid/k atmifarmf

8888 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;24 ESpfjynfh armfuGef;pmrsufESm 8888 ta&;awmfy}kH u;D 24 ESpjf ynfh trSww f &pum;rsm; (88) rsdK;qufausmif;om;rsm; 23 ausmif;om; vli,fawGuakd jymjycsif... armifausmif;om; 38

a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; (5) ESpfjynfh armfuGef; pmrsufESm Auo ESihf a&$0ga&mifawmfveS af &; q&mawmf t&Sif okr*FvvuFm& pufwifbmtdrrf uf 2

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

atmifa0; t&SifynmeEN qkreG f

46 51 58

ordik ;f qdik &f m okw/ &o *spD b D aD t acgi;f aqmif}u;D OD;cspv f i_d f ordik ;f wauG@rS Adv k v f ufsm

oef;0if;vd_if oef;0if;vd_if

62 68

'*kew f m&m aZmfaZmfatmif &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; aZmfoufaxG; a'guw f m "rRy, D zd;k xuf *gr%d armifpGrf;&nf

75 85 93 96 100 107 110 113

O\mq&mtdk

115

opPmeD

118

ol&def0if;

121

Edik if aH &;qdik &f m okw/ &o ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f ESihf twl.... &GmuvlawGzwfapcsiw f hJ Edik if aH &; aumifpZD mwfvrf; pvmyg+yD Edik if o H m;wd@k .ykc;kH xufu ewfq;kd rsm; vl@pnf;urf;ESihf vrf;pnf;urf; qdu k u f mU ;orm;eJ@Edi_ ;f +rKd @awmf0ef... b*Fv/D 0g[mbDEiS hf wHcg;zsu0f iforl sm; vlxpk ed 0f if; (od@k ) ol&aJ umif;...

,Ofaus;rSqk ikd &f m okw/ &o 'Duae@ArmawG Armpma=uapzd@k

tufaq; uíefawmfrh mS O,smOfwpfc&k w dS ek ;f u

bmomjyef aqmif;yg; ql'eftrsKd ;orD;wpfO;D od@k ay;pm

0wˆK 'kuQtydik ;f tprsm; (1) (tcef;quf0wˆK) t'D; (AOP) xdt k cspf xdt k vGr;f xdt k rke;f (0wˆKw)kd armifpdk;cdsef

124 133

bmomjyef tcef;quf tdraf jrmS ifavSit f rd f (53) &ke;f xGucf &hJ aom jrefrmjynf

armifarmifvwf oef;0if;vd_if

143 150

tvif;tdrfrSwfpk

tvif;tdrf rD', D m

163

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

tvif;tdrfpum; zwfr/d rSwrf ad om pum;pkwpfcu k kd ajymjycsiyf gw,f? "wdik ;f jynfwpfjynfwiG f tm%mydik Ef iS hf omoemydik f wpfpk tvGet f rif; ยบu,f0 csr;f omaev#if xdw k ikd ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsKd ;rSm tzufzufrS ,d, k iG ;f ysupf ;D .?" vuf&dS jrefrmEdik if &H @J Edik if aH &;tcif;tusi;f [m tvGeEf ;l nHo h rd af rG@+y;D / taumif; tqd;k [m jynfov l x l &k @J &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;r_ay:rSm wnfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh bufpu kH ae oH;k oyf&j_ rif+y;D udik w f , G af jz&Si;f &r,fh tajctaejzpfygw,f? yuwdjzpfpOf ordik ;f a=umif;rsm; udv k nf; qkwu f ikd x f m;&rJh &yfwnfrv _ nf; &Sad e&ygr,f? ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm zsuq f ;D I ysupf ;D cJh&wJh tawG;tac:a[mif;rsm;udkvnf; pGef@y,f+yD;/ tem*wftwGuf oifykef;ajcum aqmif&u G =f u&rSmjzpfw,f? rw&m;r_awGukd wGe;f vSe=f u&rSmjzpfw,f? trSew f &m;twGuf &yfwnf=u&rSmjzpfw,f? tck ppfbufuajymif;vmwJh t&yf0wf OD;ode;f pdef tpd;k &vufxufrmS oef@&Si;f aumif;rGew f hJ tpd;k &wpf&yfukd az:aqmifaeygw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? ajymif;vJrw _ ikd ;f rSm tcuf tcJ &S=d up+ryJ g? &J0phH mG jyKjyifajymif;vJra_ wGukd axmufc}H uKd qv kd u kd +f y;D / tawG;tac:a[mif;rsm; udk qkyu f ikd &f yfwnfum/ twWawGukd a&S@wef;wif+y;D aqmif&u G af er_rsm;udk jyif;xefpmG &_wcf s vdu k yf gw,f? ,ae@ wpfzufowf a&;qGJ jyXmef;twnfjyKcw hJ hJ 2008 ckEpS f tajccHOya'udk vufuikd jf yK vdu k ef mum toH;k jyKaeaom aqmif&u G af er_rsm;onf tem*wf jrefrmjynf aumif;usKd ;twGuf tb,fr# tmrcHcsu&f rdS nfukd vufawG@pOf;pm;=uuke?f ,ae@ jrefrmjynfaxmifpw k iG f obm0ab;tEW&m,frsm;/ jynfwiG ;f ppfruf jzpfymG ; aer_rsm;/ wdkif;jynftESH@ tvkyftudkif rajyvnfr_rsm;tay: qENjyaer_rsm;/ vlrsdK;a&; usL;ausmrf _ ta&;tcif;rsm;/ tpd;k &v$waf wmftwGi;f rajyvnf tjiif;yGm;aer_rsm; jzpfay: aeum/ xdrk ajyvnfrr_ sm;udk tifwu kd t f m;wdu k f ajyvnfatmif tm;jznfah jz&Si;f aqmif&u G f ae=uaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ vly*k Kd~ vrf sm; ay:ayguf wnf&adS e=uw,f? xd@k twl Tod@k jzpfysuaf er_rsm;udk tcGiahf umif;,lum rdrt d usKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf yGv J ef@wke;f zsmcif;qdo k vdk aqmif&u G af e=ur_rsm;vnf; &Sad eygw,f? xdjk zpfysuaf er_ t&mrSeo f r#onf tpd;k &tay:wGif wm0ef&o dS nfukd rnforl # rjiif;Edik ?f wdik ;f jynf. aumif;usKd ;/ qd;k usKd ; jzpfay:aer_ukd tpd;k &rS wm0ef,&l rSmjzpfw,f?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ jynfyrSma&muf&adS ewJ/h ppftpd;k &udk qef@usiaf wmfveS af eaom/ tzG@J tpnf; toD;oD;rS acgi;f aqmifqakd om yk*Kd~ vrf sm;vnf; Edik if aH wmf&@J orwqdo k . l oabmxm; &yfwnfcsuaf =umifh trsKd ;om; jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;ESihf +ird ;f csr;f a&;twGuf az:aqmif&ef jynfwiG ;f od@k jyefvnfa&muf&adS e=u+yjD zpfonf? ppfwyf. enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh tkycf sKycf ahJ om jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if o H nf tzufzufrS edru hf sqw k , f w k f ysupf ;D aeonfukd b,forl S rjiif;Edik yf g? Tonfukd tkycf sKyaf eol vlwef;pm;rSvnf; odaeygw,f? od@k jzpfygI t"rR a&;qGJ/jyXmef; twnfjyKcJhaom 2008 tajccHOya'udk qufvufaxmufcH usio hf ;kH aejcif;udk ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf pOf;pm;=uyg? tvif;tdrf qENoabmxm;rSm jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if o H nf vGwv f yf+y;D / w&m; r#waom 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if H jzpfay:vmap&efjzpfonf? od@k jzpfI tzufzufrS +cKH i+kH y;D 'Duae@ 'DtcsdefrSm +yD;cJhaomt&mrsm;onf +yD;umoGm;+yD jzpfI wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf/ wpfz@JG ESiw hf pfz@JG / tkypf k wpfpEk iS w hf pfpk tjypfajymrae=uyJ twGi;f tjyiftm;vH;k yg0ifaom tem*wfukd az:aqmif=u &ef wdu k w f eG ;f vdo k nf? jzpfay: jzwfoef;vmcJ&h aom umvonf tzufzufrS ysupf ;D ,d, k iG ;f um terfu h sq;kH b0udk jzpfay:apcJo h nf? od@k jzpfI rsKd ;qufopf aemifvmaemufom;rsm;twGuf }uKd ;yrf;tm;xkw=f uygp@kd ? xdo k @kd }uKd ;yrf;tm;xkwf vkyaf qmif =u&mrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm pGJ+rJaeaom tawG;tac: &yfwnfr_a[mif;rsm;udk pGef@y,f+yD; acwfopf/ pepfopf/ tawG;tac:opfrsm;jzifh csw D uf=u&rnfjzpfonf? wpfzufEiS w hf pfzuf oHo,jzpfay:aer_ukd pGe@f ypfum az:aqmif=uyg? trsm;jynfol vlxt k wGuf rwlnaD om t&mrSeo f r#ukd rdrt d wWrmeawG c0gcs+y;D / ige@J rwl/ ig&h efol [k oabmrxm;yJ &d;k om;pGm aqmif&u G =f uygp@kd ? tm%m&Sirf eS o f r# usq;kH ap&rnf? tvif;tdr&f aJ bmfrsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

b0jzpfwnfrSk 26 = — ? 24 = — ? 26 š 24 = 50 = — ? ( — = tE_wv f uQ%m )

&J+idr;f 8 / 8 / 2012 Ak'[< ;l ae@ / eHeuf 8 em&D

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

a0zefa&;uavmif qGH ht ..cef; uAsmqdw k m &moDomcsed f aw;qdik u S f ud, k af &;}uKH &if "g;wvuf? uAsmiSut f m; uAsmorm;u uAsm"g;ESihf rckw&f uf?

rif;udkEdki f

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

tdrfa0;a&$rsm;odk h jrefrmjynf&&dS m acgif;jyKtdyf=u.... aoolawGukd *k%jf yK=u.... &SifolawGcsif; &dkif;yif;=u.... t&k%Of ;D rD;yHyk JG qifE$J=u....

udkudk}uD;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

trSefw&m;rSm tiftm;&Sdw,f

ESpif g;q,fjynfw h hJ " Zlvikd f ckEpS &f uf " a&$&wkwhJ " Zlvikd f ckEpS &f uf " r*Fvm&ufpJG r[kwyf J 0rf;enf;jcif; rSww f rf;awGom jyuQ'ed t f jzpf &Sad ecJ?h tydwt f arSmifz@JG +y;D tcGit hf a&;rSeo f r# tusO;f us jypf'g%t f a=umif;awGom em;&nf0 trde@f ay;oHatmufu oef;aygi;f rsm;pGm&J@ 'ku?Q trSew f &m;rSm tiftm;&Sw d ,f trSew f &m;rSm tiftm;&Sw d ,f trSew f &m;rSmtiftm;&Sw d ,f 'g[m oufapmif*h gxm wpfy'k yf J ,H=k unfoal wGukd &moufyef apmifah &Smufay;w,f ZlvdkifckESpf&ufaygif;rsm;pGm trSew f &m;rSm tiftm;&Sw d ,f?

*sifrD (88) (udk&J+idrf;rSwqifh *syefrSvkyfaz:udkifzufrsm;odk@) ( ESpf 50 jynfh 7 Zkvdkif tcrf;tem; - *syef odk@ ay;ydk@aom uAsm?) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

Ek;d xvmwJ oh rdik ;f ausmif;om;pdw[ f m tdyaf ewJ@vdyjf ymr[kwf xd;k okwrf ,f@[ef/aumif;uifysw H uf rmefuoHr%d/rxdvu kd ef @J ausmif;om;pdw[ f m r&GŒJ rapmif;/'rD u kd a&pDvrf;a=umif;udk pm&Guaf y:utajymif;tvJukd aumif;aumif;avSsmufr,f@ode;f iSuaf wG? ajrmif;xJvi$ @f ypf/acwfe@J tnD jynfow l pf&yfv;kH /tjyKH ;opfopf ausmif;om;pdw[ f m cHpm;jzpfatmif/pHxm;aqmif&Guf ta=umif;w&m;rSm a&SŒudo k mwufjy;D &ifwufr,f@ ajymif;vJomG ;rSmjzpfayr,f@ ajcvSr;f oGuo f u G f a[mif;EGr;f oGm;rSmr[kwf pmr&Diu S af wGomjzpfw,f? qkyx f m;wJ@vufo;D awGe@J twl jynfou l akfd z;rwGJ tdak u...qdw k @J yGi@f vif;vlŒtzG@J tpnf;xJ pum;uav;ESpv f ;kH aemufrmS cyf&&J q J aJG c:oGm;rSmjzpfw,f? AH;k oHawGqn l aH yguu f JG aoyG0J ifc@J &wJ@ausmif;om;awG ausmif;om;pdw[ f m tckawm@'D0n d mOfawGE;kd xvmcJ@=ujyD tmZmenfacgif;aqmif tdak uudo k w l @kd r&dak o=ubl; udak tmifqef;pdu k yf sKd ;cJ@wJ@ aemifwr&Edik =f uwJ@vlŒtpdr;f a&mifawG or*~xu J yef;yGi@f wdr;f a&Smifp&majrr&Sad wm@bl; avvGi@f aer,f@=uyG =f uyG t f w d rf [kwb f ;l a[@ OD;aESmufacsmif&l;oGm;rwwf odumQ rJ@vSpH yG af wGu&kd ifqikd af wGŒr,f@ a=umufvef@ae=u&jyaD v t&Surf &Su d snq f aH wGu&kd ifqikd af wG@r,f@ wuUov kd af jruor*~ wu,f@a,mufsm;aumif;awG? ordik ;f opfwpfacwfujkd yefpapcJ@=ujy?D

armifjidrf;at; Zlvikd f 8/ 2012

(Zlvdkif 7 tcrf;tem;rjyKvkkyfEdkif&ef tpdk;&u zrf;qD;cJhjyD; 7 ae@ rS jyefv$wfay;vdkufaom ausmif;om;or*~ acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom - 'D+idrf;vif; / pnfolarmif/ &Jjrwf[def;ESihf r+zdK;+zdK;atmif wdk@ 4 OD; pvHk; 88rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;&Hk;cef;odk@ ,ckn 9; 10 em&D wGif a&muf&Sdvm=u+yD; 88rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;rS *k%f,lv_dufvSJpGm }udKqdkcJh=uygonf?) (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

tdrfrufxJu csdK;jzL touf tESpf b0&H;_ =u ode;f oef;aoG;usw,f.... zufqpf usq;kH rS +ird ;f csr;f a&;&r,ff.... wufacwf urBmqH;k wr# pdr;f vef;aw;jroG,?f

opPmeD

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

wxdwfxdwf uAsm jrufzsm;u ESi;f oD;av; a=uu G somG ;wJt h cg jrufyifav;[m tvHwikd af v;vdk axmifrwfvmr,fqw kd m odayrJh f w d f uíefawmhrh mS &ifwxdwx rpm;bl;qdw k hJ tpmudk b,fawmhrrS pm;olu roGm;bl;qdw k v hJ rf;udk ajcvSr;f vdu k af wmh uíefawmhrmS &ifwxdwx f w d f yGichf sed w f efyiG rhf ,fqw kd hJ ,EW&m;atmufrmS yGicf sed v f eG f zl;ikaH v;twGuf uíefawmhrmS &ifwxdwx f w d f ZGeyf ef;&kt H eD; EGx H u J íHaewJv h n S ;f u igw@kd usx D u J pyg;awGukd o,fz@kd vmwmrsm;vm; 0kid ;f ulweG ;f &if; uíefawmhrmS &ifwxdwx f w d f ud, k pf w d Ef pS yf g; rsKd oyd x f m;&wJh olŒrsuEf mS rSm vrif;omaeovm; =u,fawGa0aeovm; rd;k wdryf ad eovm; pd;k &drrf w d mvnf; uíefawmhrmS &ifwxdwx f w d ?f trsm;twGuaf wmh tm;wufp&myg olŒ jynfoŒl twGuf toufb0 ESv;Hk om; t}urd }f urd f paw;xm;olu trke;f "m;udk ESv;Hk om;eJ@axmuf+y;D auG;ae&wmqdak wmh trke;f "m;udk ESv;Hk om;eJ@axmuf+y;D auG;ae&wmqdak wmh uíefawmhrmS &ifwxdwx f w d ?f

udka&G; (&eH@opf / ar / 2012) 12

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

arhr&EkdifwJh a&$0ga&mifae h&ufrsm;okd h rw&m;zdEydS f tarSmifwiG ;f u Ek;d xvmwJ h xkt d csed cf g oHCmawmfrsm;tm;vk;H vufwJG qENreS u f dk azmfaqmifum wGe;f vSecf hJ pepfq;dk rsm; yaysmufapzkd h paw;cJ&h toufrsm; ajrccJ&h aoG;pufrsm; a&$0ga&mifvr$ ;f cJh xkad e &h uf orkid ;f wifusecf hJ ,ae x h uf txif&mS ;&Scd hJ jynfol &h @J &ifxu J pmom; a&$0ga&mifae &h ufrsm;?

cdki f=unf0if;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

zefwD;rSkrsm; urBmOD;puwJu tzefw&maw zefw;D cJ=h uwmbJ zefqif;&Sifbk&m;ocifawGuvnf; p=um0Vmwckv;kH rSm zefqif;xm;wmeJ@ jynfah ewmbJ bk&m;u ajrudzk efqif;w,f bk&m;u a&udzk efqif;w,f bk&m;u avudzk efqif;w,f bk&m;u vluzkd efqif;w,f? vlu vluzkd efw;D w,f vlu pufuzkd efw;D w,f vlu um;udzk efw;D w,f rD;&xm; av,mOf w,fvzD ek ;f uGe+f yLwm 'kwf 'g; av; rSsm; aoewf ta+rmuf .... zefw;D w,f .... zefw;D w,f .... zefw;D w,f?

rzefw;D Edik w f mu urBmOD;up ,ckypPKyef tem*wfxd +idrf;csrf;a&; +idrf;csrf;a&; +idrf;csrf;a&;....?

Ekdi fO ;D nKd (zkd;ZD;¶kd;) pufwifbm 4/ 2012 (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS) 14

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

bk&m;cspfolrsm; olwkd . h b0onf k qENjzpf. olwkd o h nf vlx. h toHonf ywfr=u;D xd;k razmuf olwkd . k rmefjzpf. r&GH hra=umuf vlx. ruyfrcdk h &mZ0if trsm;twGuq f pkd eG f ph m; olwkd . h twˆKy`wWd b,fae&mxm;xm; ae&J.? olwkd . b,foo l o d d olwkd o h nf rodod ay;qyfzdk hom}udK;pm; bk&m;od. jrifyg.? trSew f &m;ud&k mS &if; k t f if &vmor# cs;D ajrmS uf*% vSvyS y uAŠn;f wif 'kuQwkd t h ay: b0*fwGif. ememusnf;usnf; wGiyf g.? nnf;csi;f rqdk tydkrajym ol&aJ umif;opf oabmjzLpGm jynfh&ifESpf wkef v h , S yf g.? rkcspifppfjzpfyg.....? (tnw&ol&Jaumif;rsm;twGuf)

av;pm;v#uf

oDwmatmif

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

udk;uG,f&m

ol&J...qdw k m &JprG ;f owWd bmrxDpw d "f gwef J h trsm;&J t h rd rf uf aoG;pufeJ ah &;qGo J l ....? aumif;...qdw k muawmh awmfwwfajzmifrh wf ESvkH;tZPswrW mS "rRyef;ysdK;cif; vef;qef;vif;vufrl ....? tnw&...wJh rd;k aumif;uifvkd r}u;D us,af yr,fh ajrjyifxu J =u,fpifav;wvuf ....?

tnw& ol&aJ umif; qdw k m vlom;rsKd ;EG,pf ak wG aygif;pkzGJ hpnf;xm;wJh igw@kd jynfaxmifpEk ikd if rH mS rif; / ig ...oyk&\ d woif;twGuf tvif;awG awmufavmifaewJh &ifawGxu J avmifpmjrpf....?

xGef;+idrf;(abmufaxmfom;)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

jrpf}uD;{&m0wDeJ hordkif;&SdwJhwdkif;jynf acsmif;i,fajrmif;i,fwckrSm }u;D us,w f o hJ rkid ;f qdw k m r¶SEd ikd b f ;l ? acsmif;i,fajrmif;i,fawG[m ESpyf &dap>' twdu k pf m;cH&&if vrf;a=umif;ajymif;csifajymif;r,f wdraf umcsiv f nf; aumr,f? ESpfaygif;axmifaomif;csDwJh ordik ;f jzpfwnfr[ _ m jrpf}u;D wckrmS yJ ¶SEd ikd &f ŒJ ? rpPppP yf [ D m tar&du&JŒordik ;f aAmfv*g[m ¶k¶mS ;&JŒordik ;f **Fg[m tdE, dN jynf&ŒJ ordik ;f ,efp[ D m w¶kwjf ynf&ŒJ ordik ;f xd@k twlyJ {&m0wD[mvnf; igw@kd jrefrmjynf&ŒJ ordik ;f yJjzpf&ŒJ ? urBmhEdkifiHwdkif;¶Sd¶SdorSs jrpf}u;D wckpD ydik Ef ikd =f uwm r[kwyf gb;l ? oifhudkydkifqdkifcJh&jcif;twGuf *k%, f rl yd g&ŒJ {&m0wD....?

oifh crf;em;cJw h hJ &mZ0ifrsm;twGuf tav;jyKryd g&ŒJ {&m0wD....? oifjh ynfoal wGpm;0wfaea&; twdik ;f tqr¶Sd ay;qyfcjhJ cif;twGuf aus;Zl;wifrdyg&JŒ {&m0wD....? w&m;tjynfeh @J oifah &pD;oHrmS igw@kd twGuf tcsuaf y;pum; ig=um;aerd....? aumif;jrwfcw hJ hJ oift h pOftvm igw@kd acwfrS ¶dik ;f &rSmvm; pGr;f tm;jriS u hf m ¶ke;f x=uzd@k E_;d qGae[ef oifah w;oHtm; ig=um;aerd....? oifay;vdw k hJ owif;pum;udk ('DuAsma&;jcif;tm;jzif)h wqifyh g;vdu k yf g+yD {&m0wD....?

rdk; opf a0 ydawmufyiG ohf pf pmay/ tEkynmr*~Zif; trSwf (40) ZGefv 2011 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

yef;aygif;ukaÉyGihf}uzdk h yef;awG yef;awG raºuGcsiyf J aºuGomG ;=u raºuGoifyh J aºuGomG ;=u ESpaf jcmufq,f ppfrek ;f wdik ;f xJrmS +rdK@jy aus;vuf jymyHkay:rSm vlxw k u kd yf JG aoG;yifv,fxrJ mS ppfred @f tqdyaf iG@ '%foifh yGichf si&f uf ryGiv fh u kd &f yGizhf ;l tiHak wG +rHKoGm;=u& aoG;pufvl;ay aºuGchJ=u tusOf;axmifawGxJrSm wdu k yf JG txyfxyfxrJ mS yJ aºuGjyKef;oGm;=u? yef;awG yef;awG yef;aygif;wpf&m yef;aygif;rsm;pGm yGifhvef;zdk@ &eH@oif;oif; csdKjrzdk@ ta&miftqif; rvGijhf y,fz@kd avmuudk tvSqifjref;zd@k ppfred @f tm%m usnq f rH vdb k ;l vGwv f yfra_ jrv$m tvdt k yfq;kH aomt&m jzpfw,f?

csKyjf c,f ajcr_e;f r_ zdEydS rf _ tarSmifxk bmwpfcrk S rvdt k yfb;l tvif;a&mif =oZm"mwf txyfxyf vdt k yfw,faemf? t&dik ;f tpdik ;f ppftm%m tarSmifxk urBmudk zsuo f rd ;f zd@k ynmtvif;a&mif eJ@wdu k f=upd@k ? ?

xGe;f vif;atmif (opPm) rwf 31/ 2012 (ynm'ge vlr_uGef,uf 1 ESpfjy!fh txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;wGif &Gwfqdko!fh uAsm) 18

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

eyef;yGJxJu uAsmq&m uAsmawG[m eyef;yGx J u J pD;qif;vmcJw h ,f? uAsmq&m[m ol@yÉdyuQe@J ol eyef;vH;k ae& pum;vH;k awGe@J eyef;vH;k & pdwu f ;l &kyyf v kH m$ awGe@J eyef;vH;k & uvdeu f uspf vl,w k rf mawGe@J eyef;vH;k & tem*gwef @J eyef;vH;k &? uAsmq&mqdw k m vl@tzG@J tpnf;xJu yÉdyuQtwGi;f rSm pD;csi;f xd;k eyef;vH;k ae&ol topPmeJ@ opPm wdu k yf rJG mS opPmbufom;tjzpf &yfwnfol zdEydS af zmufjyefol vlwef;pm;udk acsy tzdEydS cf H b0awGukd ulaxmuf b0opf xlaqmufay;ol?

aqG;ajr@ ta[mif;tjrif; tarSmifxk}uD;xJ pl;&J xd;k cGJ tvif;ay;ol ADwmrif tm;aq; tvif; wdu k af u|;ol? tvSw&m;udk wufrufveG ;f pGm csp&f if; vGwv f yfru _ kd &d;k usKd ; jrwfE;kd &if; +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk pG+J rJ wG,w f m&if; oif;wd@k oH;k cke@J vufxyfxm;ol tdru f rde;f r ZeD;onf....od@k r[kwf cspo f l &nf;pm; qdw k hJ wpfa,muf 'kw, d ajrmuf vufxyfxm;ol?

at;jrESi f;&nf atmufwbkd m 15/ 2011

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

umwGef;

v,form;awG v,fydkif&rnf

u,fygrsdK;a[h 'dk h....... 20

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

umwGef;

tajymuawmh a&$ref; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

8888 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;24 ESpfjynfh armfuGef;pmrsufESm

8888 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;24 ESpfjynfh (88) rsdK;quf ausmif;om;rsm;. trSwfw&pum;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

rif;udkEdkif

&Spaf v;vH;k aiG&wkt}uKd whJ 24 ESpaf ygh usaemfw@kd jzwfoef;vmcJw h m/ vGecf w hJ hJ ESpq f ,fah v;ESpu f jkd yef=unf&h if usaemfw@kd ayguu f o JG aH wGe@J wufacguo f aH wGe@J 'd@k ta&;oH awGe@J yJw h ifxyfcw hJ m 'Duae@awmh jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&; qdw k ahJ w;udk usaemfw@kd }uKd ;nSad e =uw,f/ 'gayrJh awmxJawmifxrJ mS awmh ,rf;cd;k awGa0aewke;f ygy?J vGecf w hJ hJ 24 ESpu f vrf;awGay:rSm usaemfw@kd eHygww f w k af wG aoewfajymif;awGe@J csed &f , G w f m cHc=hJ u&w,f? tckawmh usaemfw@kd udk uifr&m rD;wzswzf swef @J "gwyf &kH u kd w f hJ rSeb f v D ;l awGe@J usaemfw@kd udk csed &f , G cf aH e&w,f? wpfzufukd =unfv h u kd jf yefawmh pufcsKyw f t hJ vkyo f rav;awG jzpfwu hJ saemfw@kd &J@ ESri,fawG&@J acgi;f xufrmS qif;&J rGaJ wr_e@J ynmrJjh cif;qdw k hJ vufeufawGe@J csed &f , G w f mudk cHae&w,f olw@kd xrif;csKd ix hf u J kd =unfv h u kd &f if bJOwvH;k awmifrjynfw h mudk awG@ae&yg w,f? bJOwjcrf;eJ@ qufae&wJh olw@kd &J@ tm[m&twGuf usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k }uKd ;yrf;aqmif &Gucf rhJ a_ wG b,favmuf t&mxifvJ qdw k m jyefwu G =f u&atmif? v$waf wmfxu J kd =unfv h u kd af wmh t&ifwek ;f uawmh wygwv D w $ af wmf tckawmh ygwpD v kH w $ af wmfw/hJ 'gayrJh 'Dvw $ af wmfxu J kd xyf=unfjh yef&ifvnf; ppf,el aD zmif;awGu ususee 0wfxm;wmudk usaemfw@kd rvdrw f rf; rnmwrf; 0efc=H u&rSmyg? Edik if aH wmforRw uawmh tm;vHk;yg0ifEdkifwJh EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfvdk@ uwday;aew,f ? tm;vHk;yg0if&atmif Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGtjzpf oHwikd af emufrmS useaf eao;wJh usaemfw@kd &J@ vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf awG twGuaf um usaemfw@kd ar;cGe;f xkwyf g&ap? olw@kd yg0ifciG hf r&Sad wmhb;l vm;? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;awG awmwGi;f tzG@J tpnf;awG wcgu w&m;r0iftzG@J tpnf;vd@k tpGypf cJG cH &hJ wJh tzG@J awGe@J qufqrH v d @kd xrif;weyf a=u;G rdv@kd tJ'h D a'ocH jynfol awG tusO;f axmifxrJ mS tckx&d ydS gao;w,f? cketzG@J tpnf;awGu w&m;0if &H;k cef;awG zGi+hf y;D awmhjird ;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yG&J @J atmifjrifr&_ v'f eJ@ &yfwnfaewJt h csed rf mS usaemfw@kd jynfolawG tJh'DtzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ ygwfoufrdwJh jynfolawG EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;tjzpf ruse&f o dS ifah wmhygb;l ? usaemfw@kd a'gi;f tvHawG t&ifwek ;f u/ vGecf w hJ hJ ESpq f ,fah v;ESpu f vrf;awG ay:rSm xlvi$ jfh y;D awmh usaemfw@dk ajy;cJh v$m;cJh =uwmawG/ rd;k a&xJrmS usaemfw@kd a'gi;f tvH av;awG ajrmif;xJxd jyKwu f sv@kd vdu k af umufc&hJ w,f? tckawmhusaemfw@kd a'gi;f tvH av;awG crf;rus,x f rJ mS cef;vH;k jynfah umfaZmcif;wJh eH&aH wGrmS chcH jhH im;jim; xlvi$ v hf @kd &ygjy?D 'Dajymif;vJru _ tifrwef }u;D us,yf gw,f? ordik ;f opfwckyg? 'guakd &;cJw h m b,foal wG ygvdrfhvdk@ rar;ygeJ@? +ynfolawGudk,fwdkifyg? jynfolawGudk,fwdkifomv#if ordkif;&J@ tajymif;tvJudk zefwD;Edkifygw,f? tJh'Dtajymif;tvJG}uD;uomv#if tzGJ@tpnf;awG acgi;f aqmifawGukd arG;xkwaf y;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? 'gah =umifh 'Dajymif;vJr_ =u;D rSm igw@kd ud, k w f ikd yf g0ifcw hJ ,f qdw k mudk usaemfw@kd jynfoal wG jyefjy;D awmh owd&apcsiw f ,f? aemufxyf igw@kd bmvkyEf ikd rf vJqw kd m jynfol awGvJ xyfjy;D awmhtawG;xJrmS ESpx f m;apcsiyf gw,f? jynfwiG ;f rSm jynfyrSm usaemfw@kd tiftm;awG&w dS ,f/ jynfyrSmawmh ocifrsKd ;a[h 'd@k ArmawG oGm;jy;D awmh ukex f rf;ae&wm &Syd gw,f/ 'gt&Sw d &m;yg? tvky=f urf;awGvyk af e&w,f/ aemufwrsKd ;u usaemfw@kd &J@ ya&m[dwaf wGaygh / Edik if w H uma&mufae=uwJh ynm rsKd ;pHk oif,x l m;=uwJh usaemfw@kd &J@ ynmwwf tv$mawG/ usaemfw@kd udk vSr;f ar;ygw,f? jynfwGif;udk 'dk@vmcJh&rvm;vdk@ar;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@ jynfwGif;rSm vrf;cif;aeygw,f? tJ'h cD if;wJh vrf;u yef;cif;wJv h rf;jzpfapcsi&f ifawmh cifAsm; wd@k ud, k w f ikd f yef;awG pdu k yf sKd ;rS jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? {&m0wDjrpfurf;ab;rSm oHjyKd iq f &kd rJh usaemfw@kd &J@ atmifyo JG H oDcsi;f udk usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k cifAsm;wd@k tm;vH;k ud, k w f ikd f 0kid ;f jy;D a&;pyf jy;D rS usaemfw@kd qdEk ikd rf ,f qdw k mudk cifAsm;wd@k udk odapcsiyf gw,f? a[m'D&pS af v;vH;k u usaemfw@kd twGuf qufcsw D uf&rJh &Spaf v;vH;k pdw"f gwu f kd azmfne$ ;f aeygw,f? &Spaf v;vH;k pdw"f gwq f w kd m bmvJv@kd rar;yge@J / Edik if w H ck&@J =u;D us,w f hJ tajymif;tvJreS o f r#ukd jynfoal wGomv#if zefw;D Edik w f ,fqw kd hJ atmifpw d yf g? &Spaf v;vH;k pdw[ f m atmifpw d yf g? tJ'h aD tmifpw d ef @J usaemfw@kd qufjy;D awmh csw D uf=u&atmif / twl vdu k cf yhJ gv@kd zdwaf c:ygw,f/? tm;vH;k udak us;Zl;wifygw,f? (DVB

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

rD'D,m &kyfoHrS)

rif;udkEdkif

udkudk}uD;

usaemfajymcsiw f muawmh 'D &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH }u;D qdw k mu odycf rf;em; kH ckv;kH &J@ vGe;f tm;}u;D w,f ? usaemfw@kd vly*k K~d vaf wG&@J tcef;u他xufukd 'Dta&;awmfyw tcef;u他u v$r;f rd;k oGm;w,fv@kd ajymvd@k &w,f? aemufq;kH usaemfw@kd b,fvjkd rifvJ qdak wmh 'Dta&;awmfy}kH u;D udk vly*k dK~ vf od@k r[kwf tzG@J tpnf;wckcu k ae OD;aqmifwm r[kwyf eJ @J vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f aygh Edik if o H m;wdik ;f u yg0ifqifEw J$ t hJ a&;awmfy}kH u;D vd@k usaemfu awmh o&kycf cJG siw f ,f? ta&;awmfy}kH u;D uaejy;D awmhrS acgi;f aqmifawG tzG@J tpnf;awG qdw k mawGu aemufyikd ;f usrS ay:vmwm/ tJ'h aD wmh 'g awmfawmfx;l jcm;w,fAs/ rsm;aomtm;jzifhqdk&if usaemfwdk@u b,fvlawG b,ftzGJ@tpnf;awGuae OD;aqmif+y;D awmh 'DawmfveS af &;}u;D w&yfukd qifEw J$ ,f tp&So d jzifah ygh jzpfwwf=uw,f / 'D&pS af v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D &J@ xl;jcm;wmu vlxu k OD;aqmifw,f ? vlxu k OD;aqmifw,f qdw k ahJ e&mrSm pkaqmif;vmwJh rauseyfra_ wG tay: 'D rSm;,Gi;f wJh tkycf sKyrf p_ epfawG a=umifrh vd@k jzpfvmwJh 'D Edik if aH &; pD;yGm;a&; tusKd ;qufawGukd vlxu k rcHr&yfawG jzpf+y;D awmh tH=k uaG yguu f w JG m? tJ'h aD wmh 'D xl;jcm;r_u usaemfxifw,f wjcm;Edik if w H um jzpfpOfawG xJrmS vnf; usaemfw@kd 'D ta&;awmfy}kHu;D &J@ xl;jcm;r_u ydjk y;D awmhxif&mS ;vdrrhf ,fv@kd usaemf xifw,f? wu,fudk vlxku OD;aqmifwm/ vlxku ol@ rauseyfr_awG ol@ cHpm;csuaf wGukd olw@kd em;vnfwhJ yHpk H olw@kd vkyw f wfwhJ yHpk eH @J azmfxw k jf ypfvu kd w f myJ? tJh'gjyD;wJh tcgusawmhrS usaemfwdk@u 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk a&S@udkqufjyD;awmh o,faqmifomG ;zd@k twGut f zG@J tpnf;yHo k %efawG / aemuf acgi;f aqmifwhJ vly*k Kd vaf wG tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

tp&Sdojzifh &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; jyD;oGm;rSaemufuaejyD;awmh EdkifiHa&;yHkpH tzGJ@ tpnf;yHpk aH wG ay:vmw,f? 'Dvy_ &f mS ;r_}u;D u crf;em;vGe;f tm;}u;D w,f/ jy;D awmh yg0ifwhJ vly*k v ~d af wG tzG@J tpnf;awGuvnf; t&rf;us,jf yef@ vGe;f tm;}u;D w,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd vd@k vJ usaemfw@kd 'D &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D eJ@ ygwo f ufv@kd txdr;f trSwf tcrf;tem;awG vky=f uw,fq&kd if oufqikd &f m jrKd @e,fawGtvdu k f od@k r[kwf jynfya&mufaewJh vlawGu vnf; jynfya&mufaewJh udk,fa&mufaewJh ae&mrSmyJ txdrf;trSwftcrf;tem;awG usi;f y=uw,fqw kd hJ udpu P 'Dta&;awmfy}kH u;D &J@ }u;D =u,f crf;em;r_ukd azmfjyaewmyJv@kd usaemfuawmhjrifw,f? aemufq;kH usaemfw@kd 'g v$waf wmfw@kd / Edik if aH wmforRw }u;D OD;aqmifwhJ tpd;k & tzG@J wd@k / aemufwcg jynfy &if;ES;D jrKyEf rHS a_ wG0ifvmzd@k aqG;aEG;ae=uwJh tajctaeawG tp&So d jzifh Edik if aH &; pD;yGm;a&; vlra_ &; yHpk aH wGaygah v/ tajymif;tvJawG jzpfvmwmawG ud, k f Yu 'D &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D uae pwifcw hJ ,f/ 'D&pS af v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D &J@ tusKd ;qufawG vd@k ajymvd@k &wmaygah emf?

udkudk}uD;

'Dta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk vly*k Kd~ vf od@k r[kwf tzG@J tpnf;wckcu k ae OD;aqmifwm r[kwyf eJ @J vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f aygh Edik if o H m;wdik ;f u yg0ifqifEw J$ t hJ a&;awmfy}kH uD;vd@k usaemfuawmh o&kycf cJG siw f ,f? ta&;awmfy}kH uD;uaejyD;awmhrS acgif;aqmifawG tzG@J tpnf;awG qdw k mawGu aemufyikd ;f usrS ay:vmwm/ tJ'h aD wmh 'g awmfawmfx;l jcm;w,fAs/ rsm;aomtm;jzifq h &kd if usaemfw@kd u b,fval wG b,ftzG@J tpnf;awGuae OD;aqmif+yD;awmh 'DawmfveS af &;}uD;w&yfukd qifEw J$ ,f tp&So d jzifah ygh jzpfwwf=uw,f / 'D&pS af v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;&J@ xl;jcm;wmu vlxu k OD;aqmifw,f ? vlxu k OD;aqmifw,f qdw k ahJ e&mrSm pkaqmif;vmwJh rauseyfra_ wG tay: 'D rSm;,Gi;f wJh tkycf sKyfrp_ epfawG a=umifrh vd@k jzpfvmwJh 'D Edik if aH &; pD;yGm;a&; tusKd ;qufawGukd vlxu k rcHr&yfawG jzpf+yD;awmh tH=k uGaygufuw JG m? tJ'h aD wmh 'D xl;jcm;r_u usaemfxifw,f wjcm;Edik if w H um jzpfpOfawG xJrmS vnf; usaemfw@kd 'D ta&;awmfy}kH uD;&J@ xl;jcm;r_u ydjk yD;awmhxif&mS ;vdrrhf ,fv@kd usaemf xifw,f? wu,fukd vlxu k OD;aqmifwm/ vlxu k ol@ rauseyfra_ wG ol@ cHpm;csuaf wGukd olw@kd em;vnfwhJ yHpk H olw@kd vkyw f wfwhJ yHpk eH @J azmfxw k jf ypfvu kd w f myJ? (DVB

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

rD'D,m &kyfoHrS)

udkaX;}uG,f

usaemfw@kd &Spaf v;vH;k umvwke;f u usaemfw@kd jynfoal wGtm;vH;k &J@ awmif;qdrk _ uwoHxyJ g? wygwpD epfzsuo f rd ;f a&;/ 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &; 'd@k ta&;yg? vlowf0g'udt k vdrk &Sd wmawG tm%m&Sipf epfukd tvdrk &Sw d mawGu jynfoal wG&@J &ifxrJ mS twlwyl gy?J tJ'h t D csed f uwnf;uae ppfwyf tm%modr;f zd@k jzpfvmw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDpepfe@J aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&; oGm;r,fv@kd uwdu0wf ay;cJ&h w,f? tJh'Daemufydkif;rSm tck usaemfwdk@ ESpfaygif;ESpfq,fausmf =umwJh tcgrSm a&G;aumufyJG qdw k m ay:vmw,f/ jynfou l kd ud, k pf m;jyK&wJh wm0efc&H wJh v$waf wmfawG qdw k m ay:vmw,f/ tajctaeawGuawmh aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&; t&dyt f a&mifawG t& usaemfw@kd Edik if [ H m wjcm;Edik if aH wGe@J pmvd@k &S&d if trsm;}u;D udk aemufusaeygw,f/ tzuf zufu aemufusaeygw,f? pD;yGm;a&; vlra_ &; Edik if aH &; ynma&; use;f rma&; bufaygi;f pHk aygah v / vlaer_tqift h wef;utp usaemfw@kd Edik if rH mS trsm;}u;D uke;f &ke;f }uKd ;pm;=uawmh rSomv#if usaemfw@kd a'owGi;f Edik if aH wGukd rSED ikd af tmif/ aemufurBmt h qift h wef; rSED ikd f atmif usaemfw@kd }uKd ;pm;=u&rSmyg? tJ'h aD wmh 1988 ckEpS rf mS 'D &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH tcrf;tem;rSm jynfoal wG[m b,fpw d "f gwef @J ygcw hJ mvJ / trSew f &m;twGuq f kd usaemfw@kd [m b,favmuf ay;qyf& ay;qyf& ay;qyfr,fqw kd hJ pdw"f gwrf sKd ;eJ@ zdEydS rf u _ kd vufrcHb;l qdw k hJ ae&mrSm b,favmuf ay;qyf& ay;qyf& usaemfw@kd ay;qyfr,fqw kd hJ cdik =f unfwhJ pdw"f gwef @J aygh / tJh 'D trSew f &m; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

udk jrwfE;kd wJh pdw"f gwaf wG / vGwv f yfre_ @J 'Dru kd a&pDukd jrwfE;kd wJh pdw"f gwaf wGe@J tckcsed x f u d kd usaemfw@kd Edik if rH mS 88 uae pjy;D awmh tckcsed x f u d kd cdik cf ikd jf rjJ rJ tjrpfw, G jf yv D @kd usaemfw@kd ,H=k unfv@kd &ygw,f? tJ'h u D sawmh usaemfw@kd u tck Edik if aH &; tajctaeuaejy;D awmh [dw k csed u f vdrk sKd ; zrf;wmqD;wmawG/ axmifawGxrJ mS ,H=k unfcsuaf =umifh qdw k hJ Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;aygi;f rsm;pGmudk xd;k xnfx h m;wmuae jy;D awmh tckawmh ajymif;vJr,fqw kd hJ vrf;pudk pjy;D awmhjrifae&jy/D 'gayrJv h @kd b,favmuf ajymif;vJrvJ/ b,favmuf t&Sed t f [kef jrefjref eJ@ usaemfw@kd ajymif;vJEikd rf vJ / wdik ;f jynf[m bufaygi;f pHu k aemufusaewJh twGuf usaemfw@kd tcsed t f rsm;}u;D ,lv@kd rjzpfygb;l / usaemfw@kd Edik if o H m;awG nDnw G =f u&ygvrd rhf ,f/ Edik if o H m;awGqw kd hJ ae&mrSm / uae@ wyfrawmf acgi;f aqmifawG/ uae@tpd;k &tzG@J acgi;f aqmifawG tygt0if usaemfw@kd jynfow l &yfv;kH / twdu k t f cH ygwaD wG tm;vH;k / jy;D awmh wdik ;f &if;om; tiftm;pkawG tm;vH;k usaemfw@kd nDnw G pf mG eJ@ wdik ;f jynf&@J tem*gwu f kd 0dik ;f 0ef;jy;D awmh csrw S zf @kd tm;vH;k twlwl yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifEikd zf @kd vdt k yfaeygjyD 'g[m usaemfw@kd &Spaf v;vH;k u ay;wJh oifcef;pmyg/ wygwD tm%m&Sipf epfe@J ppftm%m&Sif pepfrSmvlaxmifaygif; rsm;pGmudk/ jrefrmEdkifiHom;awG&J@ toufawGudk &if;ESD;jyD;awm h 'Dtajymif;tvJudk &,lcw hJ myg? usaemfw@kd qufjy;D awmh oGm;&rSmyg?

udkaX;}uG,f &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH tcrf;tem;rSm jynfoal wG[m b,fpw d "f gwfe@J ygcJw h mvJ / trSew f &m;twGuq f kd usaemfw@kd [m b,favmuf ay;qyf& ay;qyf& ay;qyfr,fqw kd hJ pdw"f gwfrsKd ;eJ@ zdEydS rf u _ kd vufrcHb;l qdw k hJ ae&mrSm b,favmuf ay;qyf& ay;qyf& usaemfw@kd ay;qyfr,fqw kd hJ cdik =f unfwhJ pdw"f gwfe@J aygh / tJh 'D trSew f &m;udk jrwfE;kd wJh pdw"f gwfawG / vGwv f yfre_ @J 'Dru kd a&pDukd jrwfE;kd wJh pdw"f gwfawGe@J tckcsed x f u d kd usaemfw@kd Edik if rH mS 88 uae pjyD;awmh tckcsed x f u d kd cdik cf ikd +f rJ+rJ tjrpfw, G +f yDv@kd usaemfw@kd ,H=k unfv@kd &ygw,f?

(DVB

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

rD'D,m &kyfoHrS)

udkjyHK;csdK

tpfuw kd @kd tJ'w D ek ;f u &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH twGuf yg0ifqifEcJ$ =hJ uwJh 'Dvx l k vdi_ ;f vH;k }u;D awG =um;xJrmS yg0ifcw hJ hJ olawGukd =unfv h u kd rf ,f qdv k @kd &S&d if ausmif;ol ausmif;om; awGvyJ g w,f/ aemuf wu,fh vufvyk v f ufpm;awGvJ ygw,f? aemuf+y;D awmh todynm&Sif twwfy nm&Siaf wGvJ ygw,f? oHCmawmfawGvJ ygw,f/ aemuf jynfol w&yfv;kH vlwef;pm; tv$mv$m toD;oD;uae yg0ifqifEw JG v hJ w l @kd [m 'DyrJG mS jrifcw hJ ,f? tJ'aD wmh 'Dtv$mtoD;oD;u vlawGu acwf&@J tajymif;tvJ/ olw@kd awG&@J rGef;=uyfr_twGuf pkaygif;+yD;awmh aqmif&GufcJhwJh 'Dta&;awmfyHk}uD;&J@ aemufqufwGJ jyKjyifajymif;vJr_awGrSmvnf; 'DvlawGtm;vHk;&J@ qENawG/ 'DvlawG tm;vHk;&J@ b0awG vGwfajrmufzdk@/ 'DvlawG tm;vHk;ar#mfrSef;xm;wJh wu,fh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH ppfppf}uD;udk &&Szd @kd twGuf 'Dtajymif;tvJawGrmS OD;wnf+y;D aqmif&u G o f ifw h ,fv@kd tpfuu kd xifw,f? tJ'D awmh 'Dbufukd tpfuw kd @kd &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D jzwfoef;cJw h m tckqkd 24ESpf jynfhajrmufawmhr,fh tcsdefumvrSm 'Dtajymif;tvJawGudk taumiftxnf azmfwahJ e&mrSm/ wcsKd @ae&mrSm tm;enf;csuaf wG trsm;}u;D &Sad ewmudk awG@&w,f? 'Dtm;enf;csufawG tjrefqHk; ausmfv$m;EdkifrSvnf; tJ'Dacwf tJ'DumvrSm jzwfoef;cJw h hJ jynfov l x l ak wGa&m/ 'DacwfrmS ¶ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ; ae&wJh jynfov l x l k awGa&m/ aemuf+y;D awmh tpfuw kd @kd Edik if &H @J urBm@tv,frmS xif[yfaewJh yH&k yd af wGukd aumif;rGeaf tmif twGu/f wdik ;f jynftwGuf wu,fu h kd ppfppfreS rf eS ef @J pdwaf pwem aumif;aumif;eJ@ jyKjyif tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

ajymif;vJra_ wGukd jrefjrefqefqef vkyo f ifw h ,f? 'DjyKjyifajymif;vJra_ wG &Sd vmrSvnf; tpfuw kd @kd &J@ b0awG/ jynfov l x l &k @J b0awG [mvnf; 'Doo H &mqd;k }u;D / 'kuq Q ;kd }u;D uae vGwaf jrmufEikd rf ,fv@kd tpfuw kd @kd xifw,f?

udkjyHK;csdK

tJ'w D ek ;f u &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH twGuf yg0ifqifEcJ$ =hJ uwJh 'Dvx l k vdi_ ;f vH;k }uD;awG =um;xJrmS yg0ifcw hJ hJ olawGukd =unfv h u kd rf ,f qdv k @kd &&dS if ausmif;olausmif;om; awGvyJ g w,f/ aemuf wu,fh vufvyk v f ufpm;awGvJ ygw,f? aemuf+yD;awmh todynm&Sif twwfy nm&Siaf wGvJ ygw,f? oHCmawmfawGvJ ygw,f/ aemuf jynfow l &yfv;kH vlwef;pm; tv$mv$m toD;oD;uae yg0ifqifEw JG v hJ w l @kd [m 'DyrJG mS jrifcw hJ ,f? tJ'aD wmh 'Dtv$mtoD;oD;u vlawGu acwf&@J tajymif;tvJ/ olw@kd awG&@J rGe;f =uyfrt _ wGuf pkaygif;+yD;awmh aqmif&u G cf w hJ hJ 'Dta&;awmfy}kH uD;&J@ aemufqufwJG jyKjyifajymif;vJra_ wGrmS vnf; 'Dval wGtm;vH;k &J@ qENawG/ 'Dval wG tm;vH;k &J@ b0awG vGwaf jrmufz@kd / 'Dval wG tm;vH;k ar#mrf eS ;f xm;wJh wu,fh 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if H ppfppf}uD;udk &&Szd @kd twGuf 'Dtajymif;tvJawGrmS OD;wnf+yD; aqmif&u G o f ifw h ,fv@kd tpfuu kd xifw,f?'Dtajymif;tvJawGukd taumiftxnf azmfwahJ e&mrSm/ wcsKd @ae&mrSm tm;enf;csuaf wG trsm;}uD;&Sad ewmudk awG@&w,f? 'Dtm;enf;csuaf wG tjrefq;kH ausmv f m$ ;Edik rf v S nf; tJ'aD cwf tJ'u D mvrSm jzwfoef;cJw h hJ jynfov l x l ak wGa&m/ 'DacwfrmS ¶ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ; ae&wJh jynfov l x l k awGa&m/ aemuf+yD;awmh tpfuw kd @kd Edik if &H @J urBm@tv,frmS xif[yfaewJh yH&k yd af wGukd aumif;rGeaf tmiftwGu/f wdik ;f jynftwGuf wu,fu h kd ppfppfreS rf eS ef @J pdwaf pwem aumif;aumif;eJ@ jyKjyif ajymif;vJra_ wGukd jrefjrefqefqef vkyo f ifw h ,f?

(DVB

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

rD'D,m &kyfoHrS)

*sifrD

88 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmfy[ Hk m ordik ;f wpfauG@csKd ;oGm;w,f? tJ'o D rdik ;f wpfauG@ csKd ;zd@k twGuf wGe;f tm;ay;cJw h hJ vli,fawG&@J wuf=uv G y_ &f mS ;r_aygh ? tJ'D wuf=uv G y_ &f mS ;r_[m wpfu,fawmh tifrwefta&; ygygw,f? qdv k ckd siw f hJ oabmuawmh b,fvy_ &f mS ;r_rqdk b,ftajymif;vJrsKd ;rqdk tajccHjynfoal yg jh ynfoal wG ryg0ifbeJ @J r&bl;/ tJawmh tajccH jynfoal wG =um;xJrmS udu k 8888 vk;H 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfyHk pdw"f gwu f kd cdik rf m pdu k x f &l vdrrhf ,f? 'Dru kd a&pD cdik rf mcsi&f if 8av;vk;H 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmfypHk w d "f gwu f kd ckid rf matmif vky&f r,f? tcku|eaf wmfw@kd +ird ;f csr;f a&;eJ@ yGiv hf if;pktzG@J qdw k hJ &nf&, G cf su[ f m 8av;vk;H ta&;awmfypHk w d "f gwyf ?J jynfov l x l &k @J =um;xJrmS 'Dru kd a&pDr他dKib f aJ c:ac: u|eaf wmfw@kd uawmh &Si;f &Si;f vif; vif;ajym&vd@k &S&d if jynfoal wG=um;xJrmS 'Dru kd a&pDpw d "f gwf 8av;vk;H pdw"f gwf tJ'pD w d "f gwu f kd u|eaf wmfw@kd pdu k x f zl @kd }uKd ;pm;aewmyg? tJ'g[m aumif;aom pd w f " gwf w pf c k y g/ aemuf w pf c k [ m bmvJ qd k a wmh j ynf o l v l x k [ m ajymif ; vJ z d k @ vkcd siw f ,fqv kd @kd &S&d if olw@kd &J@Concept udo k w l @kd uajymif;vJypf vku d w f ,f? Oyrm wygwD tm%m&Sipf epfukd rvdck siaf wmhb;l a[h qd&k if wygwt D m%m&Sipf epf/ tJ'&D @J atmufrmS cHp m;ae&wJh olwdk@ &J@ Concept t,l t q awG u d k a jymif ; vJ vd k u f w ,f jyD ; awmh wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfudk awmfvSefvkduf=uw,f/ 'DvdkbJ 'Drdkua&pDudkoGm;r,f qdk&if 'Dru kd a&pDConcept 'Dru kd a&pDppftajccHawGukd wnfaqmuf&r,f/ tJ't D wGuf olw@kd ajymif; vJz@kd }uKd ;pm;aew,f? txl;ojzifh 'Dajymif;vJru _ kd b,fou l pvkyw f mvJqakd wmh tckawG@ (pmrsufESm 33 odk@) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

vSrsdK;aemif

&Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD; jzpfcJhwJh[mu tckqdk&if 24ESpf&SdoGm;+yDaygh? 'D24ESpw f m um vtwGi;f rSm 'D 8 &uf 8 v 88 rSm jzpfomG ;cJw h hJ yH&k yd af wGavmufukd uGufajymwmwpfckayghav/ 'Dc&D;&Snf 24ESpfwm c&D;&Snf wav#mufvHk;&J@ yHk&dyfawGudk yd+k y;D awmh usaemftm¶Hx k m;rdw,fayg?h bmvd@k vJ qdak wmh 'DjzpfpOf wav#mufv;kH aygah emf 'DtrsKd ;om; jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;udk tvG,w f ul eJ@ r&Edik b f eJ @J 24ESpf vH;k vH;k =umcJ+h y/D tckrS vrf;pawG pay:cJ&h wm/ wu,fq&kd if wdik ;f jynf&@J tem*wfrsKd ;qufawG twGuef pfem w,f/ wdik ;f jynftwGuv f nf; epfemw,faygah emf?

vSrsdK;aemif (DVB

rD'D,m &kyfoHrS)

............................ ae&wm uawmh tkycf sLyfa&;tydik ;f aygh tkycf sLyfa&;tydik ;f rSmtjrifq h ;Hk tm%m&Sw d hJ tpd;k & tzG@J 0ifawG =um;xJrmS udu k 'Dru kd a&pDtajccH pdw"f gwaf wGajymif;vJ vmwmudk wdik ;f jynf twGuaf umif;wJu h pd jP zpfw,f jynfo=l um;xJrmS aum jrefrmedik if rH mS aum 'Dru kd a&pDpw d "f gwf 8 av;vk;H 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfyHk pdw"f gwu f kd tcdik t f rm pdu k x f jl cif;tm;jzifh 'Dru kd a&pD cdik rf ma&;udq k ufjy;D wnfaqmufomG ;&r,fv@kd u|eaf wmf ajymcsiyf gw,f?

*sifrD

(DVB

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

rD'D,m &kyfoHrS)

tHhbG,fausmf

&Spaf v;vH;k udpaP wGe@J ywfoufv@kd uawmh trSw&f p&mawG/ cHpm;&wmawGu trsm;}u;D aygAh sm? 'gayr,fh tckcsed rf mS u usaemfw@kd u trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;eJ@ toGiu f ;l ajymif; a&;umvrSm tJ'D tjzpfysuq f ;kd awG ta=umif;awmh usaemf tckcsed rf mS ody+f y;D xyfrajymcsiaf wmhygb;l ?

tHhbG,fausmf

&Spaf v;vH;k udpaP wGe@J ywfoufv@kd uawmh trSw&f p&mawG/ cHpm;&wmawGu trsm;}uD;ayghAsm? 'gayr,fh tckcsed rf mS u usaemfw@kd u trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;eJ@ toGiu f ;l ajymif; a&;umvrSm tJ'D tjzpfysuq f ;kd awG ta=umif;awmh usaemf tckcsed rf mS ody+f yD; xyfrajymcsifawmhygbl;? (DVB

rD'D,m &kyfoHrS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

xGef;jrifhatmif

8av;vk;H ta&;awmfyeHk @J ywfoufv@kd trSw&f csuaf wGuawmh trsm;}u;D aygh trSw&f csuaf wG qdw k ahJ e&mrSm arhcsiaf yrJb h ,fvrkd aS rhv@kd Edik w f jhJ rifuiG ;f awGuvJtrsm;}u;D yJ/ 8av;vk;H ta&;awmfyt Hk csed w f ek ;f u u|eaf wmfw@kd u &efuek w f uUov kd yf ifrrSm 'kw, d ESpf *k%x f ;l wef; ausmif;om;b0 eJ@yg0ifcw hJ ,f tJ't D csed w f ek ;f u t"duu|eaf wmfw@kd pdwx f rJ mS bm&Sv d q J akd wmh rw&m;r_uu kd |eaf wmfw@kd rcHcsiw f mbJ? jynfoal wGtay:rSm vufeufe@J ajz&Sif;wJhudpPudk onf;rcHEdkifwmbJ/ ajymcsifwmu rw&m;r_udk u|efawmfwdk@ikHrcHbl; rw&m;r_ukd u|eaf wmfw@kd wGe;f vSecf w hJ ,f 'Dpw d cf pH m;r_e@J u|eaf wmfw@kd 8av;vk;H ta&;awmfyHk xJrmS yg0ifcw hJ ,f? tJ'aD wmh yg0ifpOftcgwek ;f u u|eaf wmfw@kd awmif;qdck w hJ ,f wygwt D m%m&Sif pepfcsLyf+ird ;f a&; 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &;aygAh sm? wpfenf;tm;jzifu h |eaf wmfw@kd rd bjynfoal wG&@J qif;&Jusyw f nf;r_awGa=umifah emufqufwJG qd;k usLd ;awGjzpfvmw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS wygwD tm%m&Sipf epf&@J qd;k usKd ;awGu|eaf wmfw@kd b,fvrkd rS cHpm;Edik af wmh wygwt D m%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f um;a&;udak wmif;qdck w hJ ,f/ uae@tcsed u f u kd |eaf wmfw@kd jyef=unfw h ,f? uae@ wygwpD epfuawmh csLyf+ird ;f oGm;+yaD ygAh sm? ygwpD aHk y:vmw,f 'gayrJh ygwpD pHk epf ay:vmayrJh 'Dru kd a&pDxeG ;f um;a&;qdw k hJ ae&mrSmawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd ar;cGe;f xkwpf &mu 'Dae@csed rf mS trsm;}u;D &Sad eao;w,f? 'Dru kd a&pD tajymif;tvJawGukd ajcvSr;f awmhpaeyg+y?D 'gayrJh 'DajcvSr;f av;awG[m tcsed rf a&G; aemufjyef vSno hf mG ;Edik w f ,f? cdik rf mr_ r&Sad o;wmudk awG@&w,f 'DtwGuv f J tmm;vk;H rSm wm0ef&w dS ,f? tm%m&tpd;k &rSm 34

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

wm0ef&Sdovdk EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGqDrSmvJwm0ef&Sdw,f? EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkawGrSma&m/ u|eaf wmfw@kd ausmif;om;vli,fawG tm;vk;H rSmwm0ef&w dS ,f? 'Dru kd a&pDyef;wdik u f kd tm; aumif;aumif;eJ@a&S@qufomG ;Edik zf @kd vJ wm0ef&w dS ,fv@kd vJ u|eaf wmfw@kd 'Dvykd cJ , H l xm;w,f? 'Dawmh 8av;vk;H umvtwGi;f rSmtrSw&f csuaf wGe@J ajymr,fq&kd ifu|eaf wmfw@kd vrf;r}u;D awGay:rSm vlawGvi_d ;f awGvakd &G@aew,f/ +y;D awmh tvHawG toHawG 'Dvx l &k @J tk=H urG }_ u;D udk &uf&ufpufpuf+zKd ypfcw hJ hJ aoewfoaH wG aoG;awG? 'gawG[m rarhEikd pf &m jrifuiG ;f awGuawmh trsm;}u;D yJaygAh sm? u|eaf wmfwkd @=unfjh rifwikd u f qdk 0if;armfO;D 8av;vk;H ta&;awmfyrHk mS tajccHynm ausmif;oltjzLtpdr;f av;eJ@ toufay;oGm;cJ&h w,f? 'Dvkd tajctaersKd ;awGtrsm;}u;D ygy?J wpfwikd ;f jynfv;Hk rSm&[ef;&Siv f jl ynfoal wG toufay;cJh &wmyJav? rSwfrSwf&& wpfckudku|efawmfajymcsifwm uawmh tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u u|eaf wmfw@kd vrf;ay:rSm qENjy=uwJt h cgrmS ausmif;om;awGu ausmif;om;or*~z@JG pnf; a&;udk awmif;qd=k uw,f? ausmif;om;or*~z@JG pnf;a&;udk awmif;qdw k ahJ e&mrSm wpfcsKd @ ausmif;om;awGu ausmif;om;or*~qw kd hJ pum;vk;H udak wmif od=uykrH &bl;? or*~e@J b,f avmufawmifu|eaf wmfw@kd a0;uGmcJw h ,fqw kd m bmay:vJqw kd m ausmif;om;ukvor*~ zG@J pnf;a&; wd@k ta&;qdak wmh u|eaf wmfw@kd u &Dvnf;&D/ pdwrf aumif;vJ jzpfp&mayg?h 8av;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D tESp2f 0 ausmcf yhJ g+y?D ,ae@tcsed x f d ausmif;om; or*~ukd vGwv f w G v f yfvyfe@J zG@J pnf;&yfwnfr, _ ae@ csed x f rd &bl;? tck ausmif;om;or*~ awG &Sad wmh&adS eygw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m ausmif;om;awGu pd;k &drx f w d v f ef@pGmeJ@ zG@J pnf; v_y&f mS ;cJ&h wmyg? bma=umifq h akd wmh+y;D cJw h hJ (7) Zlvid_ f ta&;cif; ESpyf wfvnfwek ;f uqdk ausmif;om;awGukd zrf;qD;wmrsKd ;awG tcrf;tem; vkycf iG rhf ay;wmrsKd ;awG =uK&H w,fav/ tJ'Dawmh ausmif;om;or*~udkvGwfvGwfvyfvyfzGJ@pnf; v_yf&Sm;cGifhr&bl; wenf;tm;jzifh u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jynfrmS uae@tcsed x f d toif;tzG@J awG vGwv f w G v f yfvyf v_y&f mS ;vd@k r&ao;bl;? Civll society qdw k hJ t&yfzuf vl@tzG@J tpnf;awGutp vGwv f w G f vyfvyfe@J zG@J pnf;v_y&f mS ;vd@k r&ao;bl;/ 'gawGuvnf; tESp(f 20) ausmf umvtwGi;f rSm Lead xifv@kd &S& d if u|eaf wmfw@kd 'Dru kd a&pD wdik ;f jynfuo kd mG ;ae+yq D w kd hJ tcgrmS t&yfzuf vl@tzG@J tpnf;awG tm;aumif;aumif;eJ@ &Sio f efciG ahf y;zd@k vdv k rd rhf ,f? 'gro S m u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jynf&@J 'Dru kd a&pDa&; c&D;rSm ydrk ckd ikd rf m tm;aumif;apvdrrhf ,fv@kd u|eaf wmf 'Dvb kd o J ;Hk oyf rdygw,f?

xGef;jrifhatmif

(DVB

rD'D,m &kyfoHrS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

rD;rD;

jrefrmEdik if &H @J 'Dru kd a&pD a&pD;a=umif;[m qdv k @kd &S&d if pD;qif;vmwm 24ESpw f ikd cf yhJ g+y?D tJ'D tcsed rf mS tckvrkd sKd ; jrefrmEdik if H tem*wf&@J 'Dru kd a&pDtoGif ul;ajymif;a&; umvrSm jrefrm jynfojl ynfom; tm;vH;k taeeJ@ trSew f &m;twGuf ta=umufw&m; uif;uif;eJ@ trsdK;om;a&; todtjrif ยบu,f0pGmeJ@ twlvufw+JG y;D awmh yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G =f uygv@kd wdu k w f eG ;f vdyk gw,f?

rD;rD;

(DVB

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

rD'D,m &kyfoHrS)

eDvmodef;

usrwd@k reufjzefqv kd @kd &S&d if &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy&kH @J trSww f &ae@udk a&muf+y?D usrwdk@ vGefcJhaom tESpf20ausmf/ 8&uf 8v 88rSm usrwdk@ vlxk tm;vHk;[m trSew f &m;twGuf vl@tcGiahf &;twGuf tm%m&Sipf epfukd awmfveS cf w hJ ,f? 'Dvx l w k u kd yf JG wck[m ,ae@ ajymif;vJ umvwckvkd jzpfay:vmwm[m ordik ;f rSww f rf; wpfcyk gy?J t"du ajymcsiw f mu vlxq k ENom ygr,fqv kd @kd &S&d if usrwd@k &J@vkyaf qmifrt _ m;[m tiftm;trsm; }u;D &Sw d ,fqw kd @J [mu 'g[m om"u wckygy?J aemufwckrmS usrwd@k &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH }uD;rSm tajrmuftrsm; yg0ifvmcJhwJh trsdK;orD;awG/ 'DtrsdK;orD; ol&Jaumif;awG[m uae@tcsdeftxd qufvuf+yD;awmh vkyfaqmifaewm trsdK;orD;acgif;aqmifawG ay:xGe;f vmcJw h muvnf; 'D&pS af v;vH;k uae tpjyKcw hJ mygy?J

eDvmodef; (DVB

rD'D,m &kyfoHrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

ausmif;om;awG/ vli,fawGudk ajymjycsifwJh &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;ta}umif;

armifausmif;om; &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D udk pum;vH;k t& trsKd ;rsKd ; ajym=uygw,f / &Spq f ,f&h pS f ta&;tcif; / 1350jynfh ta&;awmfykH / &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH / &Spq f ,f&h pS f oydww f u kd yf JG pojzifh aj ym=ujy;D / a emufyikd ;f rSm ta&;tcif; qdw k hJ pum;vH;k u e0wvdk ppftm%m&Sif awGu wefb;kd aygo h mG ;atmif oH;k wm / omrefqefw,f / ta&;awmfykH qdw k mu ta=umif; &m=u;D jzpfw,fe@J ajym=u&if; aemufyikd ;f awmh &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy=kH u;D vd@k yJ tm;vH;k u tod trSwjf yK oH;k ESKe;f cJ=h uygw,f ? b,fvykd J ajymajym Armhordik ;f a&m/ urBmo h rdik ;f rSmyg tH=h o pdwv f KS y&f mS ;p&m aumif;wJh bmompHk / vlrsKd ;pHk / tv$mpHk / vlxk tH=k urG KS }u;D 1988 ckEpS rf mS Arm edik if H ae&m tES@H jzpfay:cJw h ,f qdw k meJ@ tJ'D tHºk urG KS =u;D udk a usmif;om;awG taocH OD;aqmif cJ=h uw,f qdw k hJ ordik ;f jzpf&yfawGukd aemifvmaemufom;awG trSet f wdik ;f od&=dS ubd@k u t"dujzpf ygw,f ? &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D jzpfay:vmapwJh qifu h J jzpfpOfawGrmS t"du˜ u tJ'D tcsed rf mS ESpf 40 oufwrf; &Sad ejyD jzpfwhJ 1948 ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;&jy;D xJu jzpfcw hJ hJ jynfwGif; ppfrD;yJ jzpfygw,f? OD;EkeJ@ OD;ae0if; tygt0if wdkif;jynf tkyfcsKyfcJholawGu jynfoal wGtay: apwem rrSecf b hJ ;l / vufeufuikd f ykeu f ef=uwJh wdik ;f &if;om;awG / tzGŒJ pnf; awGukd rSsrsS ww aqG;aEG; jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmuf&rJh tpm; ppfyaJG wGuykd J zefw;D arG;jrLjy;D edik if b hH ¾maiGawGukd ppfo;kH p&dwf a cgi;f pOfawGjy / ud, k rhf o d m;pk =u, G 0f csr;f oma&; 38

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

awGyJ vkycf =hJ uvd@k / urBmt h qif;&Jq;kH edik if H pm&if;0ifv@kd jzpfvmwJh txd jynfoal wG zGwzf w G f nufnufaus rGaJ wapcJw h ma=umifeh @J / edik if ahH cgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm;&Sm t*wd vdu k pf m;rSK&ŒJ aemufqufwJG Oya'rJrh KS /rw&m;tedik u f sirhf KS awG atmufajc tqifh tm%m ydik af wGtxd tqifq h ifh usL;vGef vmcJh =uwma=umifh jynfoal wG rsKd oyd f cHpm;cJ&h wJh emusn;f rSKawGu &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy=kH u;D tjzpf ayguu f JG xGucf w hJ myJ jzpfygw,f ? Auy (Armjynf uGejf rLepf ygw)D / KNU / KIA / SSA / pwJh wdkif;&if;om; vufeufuikd f tzG@J rsKd ;pHek @J jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D t&Sed u f kd jrifah pcJw h mu tJ'D jynfwiG ;f ppfe@J rwnf r+ird f jzpfaewJh tajctaeawGukd ta=umif;jy+y;D (1962 ck rwfv 2 &uf)ae@rSm awmfveS af &; aumifpt D aeeJ@ tm%modr;f cJw h hJ Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;eJ@ ppf0g'aD wGa=umifyh J jzpfygw,f / ta,mif aqmif jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ ysujf y;D jynfwiG ;f ppf t[kef jrifw h ufco hJ vdk ppfwyf =oZm xlaxmifvrkd KS awGa=umifh 1962 -7JULY ausmif;om; owfyeJG @J ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuftOD +zKd zsuw f m / 1974 ZGef tvkyo f rm; ta&;tcif;udk ypfcwfowfjzwf ESrd Ef iS ;f wm / 1974 'DZifbmrSm OD;oef@psmyepDpOfol ausmif;om;awGukd ypfcwf owfjzwfErdS Ef iS ;f wm /1976 rwfv23 &ufae@ ocifu, kd af wmfrKSd i;f &mjynfyh rJG mS ausmif;om;awGukd ypfcwf owfjzwf ESrd Ef iS ;f wm pwJh jynfoal wG ausmif;om;awG tay: vufeuftm;ud;k t=urf;zuf ajz&Si;f rSKawGukd usL;vGecf yhJ gw,f ? tJ'D jzpfpOfawGrmS tH}uw d f cHc&hJ wJh a usmif;om;awG jynfoal wG&ŒJ vufqifu h rf; ESKd ;aqmfrKS awGu &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D jzpfvmbd@k ta=umif;csuaf wG jzpfygw,f ? teD;pyfq;kH ta=umif;t&muawmh jynfwiG ;f ppfa=umifh ppfo;kH p&dwaf wG rsm;cJo h vdk ud, k u f sKd ; pD;yGm;&SmrSKawGa=umifh pD;yGm;a&; cíwfwjf cKH us/ aiGa=u;rwnfr+ird f jzpfvmwJt h ay: wpf&mwef/ ESpq f ,fih g;usyw f ef / oH;k q,fh ig;usyw f ef / cGeEf pS q f ,fh ig;usyw f ef aiGpuULawGukd w&m; r0ifawmh a=umif; (1987 pufwifbmv 5 &ufae@rSm) a =ujim vdu k w f mygyJ ? tJ'D tcsed f xd;k wufomG ;wJh ukeaf ps;ESKe;f tajctaeeJ@ vufxJ aiGr&Sad wmhrKS qdw k hJ jy\emu jynfol awG twGuf tqd;k &Gm;qH;k qif;&JraJG wrSKjzpfvmjy;D emusn;f rSKawG ayguu f yJG iG t hf x H u G b f @kd tajcjyKvmygw,f ? tm%mydik af wG&ŒJ rw&m;ojzifh Oya'awG / trde@f tm%mawGwikd ;f udk a&SŒuae OD;aqmif qef@usiw f m ausmif;om;awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gah =umifh awmfveS af &;aumifpD uae jrefrmh qd&k , S v f pf vrf;pOfygwD (rqv) trnfcH tkypf ;kd cJw h hJ Adv k cf sKyf ae0if;eJ@ ppf0g'aD wG&ŒJ &efbufozG,f tnSKd ;xm;wm cH&ygw,f ? aiGpuULawG w&m;r0ifa=umif; a=ujimcsed f rmp'g*spu f m; rD;&SKd Œ qENjycJw h hJ pufrKS wuUov kd f (RIT) ausmif;om; awGudk tnSdK;xm;rSK uae ausmif;om;eJ@ t&yfom; jzpfwhJ &efyJG ta=umif;jyjy;D (1988 ck rwfv 13 &ufae@n) &efuek f pufrKS wuUov kd f (RIT) ausmif;0ef;xJ vHx k ed ;f &JawGe@J ppfajrjyif wckvkd ypfcwf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

cJw h hJ twGuf RIT ausmif;om; udzk ek ;f armf/ udpk ;kd edik w f @kd aoqH;k jy;D ausmif;om; trsm;tjym; xdcu kd f 'g%&f m &cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'D j zpfpOfa=umifh "'g; 'g;csi;f vSH vScH si;f ,SO, f ykH J"vd@k j ynfoal wGukd pdeaf c:cJw h /hJ "qlqyl yl l vky&f ifawmh ppfwyfukd oH;k &if roufombl;om rSw=f uayawmh / ppfwyfqw kd m ypf&ifr;kd ay:axmifrypfb;l " vd@k +crd ;f ajcmufcw hJ hJ ppftm%m&Siaf wGtay: ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ qef@usif tH=k urG KS awG qufwu kd f j zpfvmygawmhw,f ? &efuek f pufrKS wuUov kd f (RIT) uae vdKS iw f uUov kd f (RC2)/ &efuek f wuUov kd f (Main) / a q;wuUov kd f pwJh ausmif;awGukd csujf cif; ul;pufomG ;jy;D "zrf;qD; ausmif;om; jyefvw G af &; / aoqH;k rSK jzpfpOf trSeaf =ujim a&; " qdw k hJ awmif;qdrk KS awGe@J qENjyyGaJ wG jzpfvmyg awmhw,f ? ppftm%m&l; t&dik ;f awG uawmh vlowfyaJG wG qufvuf usL;vGejf cif; eJ@om wke@f jyef vdu k yf gw,f/ rwfv 16 &uf tif;vsm;uef(wHwm;jzL)rSm qENjy ausmif;om; awGukd bufeufe@J xd;k / eHygww f w k f awGe@J &du k f / ppfzed yfe@J eif;wmawGa=umifh wHwm;eDv@kd aj ymif;vJ wifpm; ac:&avmufatmif aoG;csi;f csi;f eDc&hJ ygw,f / tJ'aD e&mrSm toufawG paw; cJh&ovdk rqef@r+yJ=uyfodyf a eatmif zrf;wif oGm;wJh tcsKyfum;jym}uD; awGay: touf&SL=uyfrGef; aooGm;olawG &SdvmcJhygw,f ? tJ'DtwGuf ausmif;om;awGuvJ towfcH / tzrf;cHjy;D qENjyyGaJ wG &J&&J if&h ifh qufvyk cf w hJ ma=umifh ZGev f txufwef; ausmif;awG zGifhwJhtcsdefrSm tajccHynm ausmif;om;awG yg0ifvm=uwJhtxd ul;puf cJyh gawmhw,f ? &efuek w f uUov kd x f rJ mS ae@pOfvkd w&m;a[myGaJ wG &Sv d mjy;D ausmif;om;awG=um; xJ ausmif;om;or*~ &Scd b hJ ;l w,f / ausmif;om;or*~ zsuq f ;D cHc&hJ wm a=umifh ausmif;om; tcGit hf a&;awG qH;k &SKH ; a e&wm jzpfw,fqw kd mrsKd ; cHpm;od&v dS m=uygw,f? "ausmif;om; or*~ zGJ@pnf;a& ;- 'dk@ta&; / zrf;qD; ausmif;om; jyefvGwfa&; 'dk@ta&;" qdkwJhaºuG;a=umfoHawGeJ@ qENjycsDwufvmwJh ausmif;om;tkyf (trsm;pk txufwef; ausmif;om;awG) eJ@ vHx k ed ;f awG&ŒJ &du k yf JG (ZGe2f 1 ajreDuek ;f ) [m jynfoal wGyg yg0ifvmapwJh ausmif;om; ta&;tcif;uae vkxt k a&;tcif;udu k ;l ajymif;oGm;wJh yGjJ zpfyg w,f? tJ'v D kd a usmif;om;xk vSKy&f mS ;rSKawGe@J qifu h J jzpfpOfawGuae &Sp*f %ef; av;vH;k pHw k ahJ e@rSm wpfEikd if v H ;kH twdik ;f twmeJ@ vlxv k w l ef;pm; toD;oD;u rqv (wpfygwD tm%m&Sipf epf)udk jzKwcf s=u&atmifqw kd hJ a=ujimcsuaf wG /vKSH ŒapmfpmawG ay:xGuv f mjy;D wJah emuf &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D vd@k jzpfay:vmcJw h m jzpfygw,f ? oydwo …f ydwf - arSmuf...arSmuf ausmif;om;or*~ zGJ@pnf;a&; - 'dk@ta&;...'d@k ta&; 40

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

zrf;qD; ausmif;om; jyefvw G af &; - 'd@k ta&;...'d@k ta&; ukefaps;E_ef; usqif;a&; - 'dk@ta&;...'d@k ta&; wygwD pepf - tvdrk &Sd...tvdrk &Sd ta&;awmfykH - atmif&rnf...atmif&rnf...? tJ'v D kd aºuG;a=umfoaH wGe@J &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D udk pcJw h myg ? &efuek f taeeJ@uawmh =o*kwv f 8&uf (&Sp&f uf &Spv f &Spq f ,f&h pS )f rS pwm r[kwf ygb;l / rwfvu pwJh ausmif;om; vSKy&f mS ;rSKawG uae / ZGef / Zlvikd f / =o*kwf qufwu kd f jzpfvmcJw h myg? ZGefveJ@ ZlvdkifvawGrSm qdk&if txl;ojzifh txufwef; ausmif;awGrSm qENjyrSKawG qufwu kd v f kd jzpfaecJw h myg ? [d+k rKd Œe,f 'D+rKd Œe,f [dak usmif; 'Dausmif; [dak e&m 'Dae&m pojzifh ae&m uGu=f um;qENjyyGaJ wG jzpfae+y;D jynfoal wGyg (&efuek f w+rKd ŒvH;k vd)k ygvmwmu 3²8²88 ae@yg ? tJ'aD e@u uefawmf}u;D yef;jcH Adv k cf sKyf a=u;&kyaf &SŒrSm reuf &Spef m&D ausmaf vmuf ausmif;om;awG pk&;kH =u+y;D ewfarmufausmif; (pufrKS vufrKS txufwef; ausmif;)a&SŒuae um;awGwm; acsmqGJ ql;avudk armif;cdik ;f =uygw,f / +rKd Œawmfcef;ra&SŒ um;awG&yfjy;D oydwf...oydwf - arSmuf...arSmuf vd@k ajy;qif; aºuG;a=umf vdu k w f hJ tcsed f vlawG... ysm;tH=k u;D udk wkwef @J qGvu kd o f vdk 0dik ;f tHv k mvdu k w f m wpfoufe@J wpfu, kd f wpfcgrS r=uKH b;l wJh tjzpfygyJ / ukeaf ps;ESe;f usqif;a&; - 'd@k ta&;... 'd@k ta&; vd@k aºu;G a=umf&if; uíefawmfw@kd jynfoal wGtwGuf wdu k yf JG 0ifaeyg+yD / vufcw k w f ;D +y;D tm;ay;=uyg atmfawmh wD;vdu k =f uwJh vufcw k o f aH wG 26 ESpf atmifx h m; rsKd oyd f xm;cJ&h orSs zGi[ hf tm;ay; vdu k =f uwm.../ "gwyf kH &du k &f if umbd@k / rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH eJ@ ypf&ifumbd@k / vufuikd yf 0k gav;awG ay;=uyg awmif; awmh wdu k af wG ay:uaeawmif ypfcsay;=uwm ? avxJrmS vufuikd f yk0gav;awG0v J @kd / jynfoal wG&ŒJ wcJeuf tm;ay;rSKu jyefawG;wdik ;f / =uufo;D ar$;nSi;f x&avmufatmif ygyJ ? rw&m;rSKawGrsm; vGef;vdk@ qif;&JrGJawvGef;vdk@om qENjy tHk=uGcJh=uwm jzpfjyD; jynfoal wGe@J ausmif;om;awG(trsm;pk)u edik if aH &;em;vnfv@kd r[kwyf gb;l / bmawG awmif; qdk &rvJawmif rod=uygb;l / ae0if;eJ@ rqv tpd;k & jyKwu f sb@kd yJ od=uwmyg ? tJ'D tcsed rf mS Adv k cf sKypf ed v f iG f (1962 7 July ausmif;om;owfwyf&ŒJ wyf&if;rSK;) orwjzpfae awmh "qefwjynf 15 usyf pdev f iG f acgi;f udjk zwf" "qefwjynf 15jym; ae0if; aorSpm;" "pdev f iG f ajcmufwef; wapmufuef; apmuf&rf; rvkyef @J " qdw k m rsKd ;awGvJ atmf=uygw,f? wygwD pepf - tvdrk &Sd...tvdrk &Sd atmfae=uayrJh wygwD pepfuyJ raumif; wmvm; / tm%m&Sipf epfuyJ raumif;wmvm; / 'Dru kd a&pD qdw k mbmvJ rod=uao;ygb;l ? "tJ'aD e@u rkew f ikd ;f qifrhJ aumif;uifjyif wckvykd J / vlvKdS i;f awG wvdrv hf rd /hf [pfaºuG;oHawG wcsrd chf srd ehf @J ajrrd;k yGuv f sH odro hf rd n hf cH hJ / &Sp&f uf &Spv f &Spq f ,f&h pS f wJh / tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

acwfwacwfukd xkqpf ayawmhrnf" rkew f ikd ;f 88 qdw k hJ uAsm tp yd'k af v;vdyk gy?J &Spaf v;vH;k ae@rSmawmh wpfeikd if v H ;kH twdik ;f twmeJ@ tHkºuGqENjy cJ=h uygw,f / &efuek rf mS awmh urBmat;bk&m; vrf;r=u;D ay: / ck qD';kd em;eJ@ uUKd i;f vrf;qH=k um; um;vrf; wjcrf; ppfum;wef; vufeufrsKd ;pHek @J apmifah ewmudk pwif awG@&jy;D jynfoal wGu "jynfo@l ppfom; 'd@k ppfom; / jynfo@l wyfrawmf 'd@k wyfrawmf" vd@k [pfatmf =uygw,f / wcsKd Œ ausmif;om; i,fawGu xdik u f efawmh=uygw,f ? n q,fw h pfem&DcJG 0ef;usirf mS awmh +rKd Œawmf cef;ra&SŒrSm &efuek +f rKd ŒrD; tarSmifcs+y;D ypfcwf owfjzwfwhJ yG}J u;D pygawmhw,f ? Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef; "gwyf kH udik x f m;wJh q,fah v; ig;ESpaf vmuf ausmif;olav;&JŒ acgi;f *s 3D armif;jyef jyif;tm;a=umifh yGix hf u G o f mG ;jy;D vufeufrhJ vltyk }f u;D aoG;oH t&J&J tvJvJ t+yKd +yKd jzpfuek f ygawmhw,f ? tpGr;f ukef &ufpufjy ypfcwf owfjzwfjy vdu k v f @kd ausmif;om;awGe@J vlx=k u;D &JŒ qENjy oydwaf rSmuf tHkºuGrG KS awG &yfroGm; ygb;l /ppfwyf uvJ xyfxu G f xyfypfwmygyJ / rcHr&yfeikd f ayguu f v JG mwJh vlx}k u;D uawmh awmifOuUvmeJ@ ajrmufOuUvm awGrmS &JawGukd acgi;f jzwf owfwmrsKd ; jyefccH s=uygw,f / 9 &uf 10 &uf 11 &uf 12 &ufae@awG awmufavSsmuf ypfvu kd w f m &efuek f aq;&H}k u;D 0ef;xJawmif rcsef ypfxv hJ @kd q&m0efawGyg aoqH;k cJ=h u&ygw,f? wae&mxJrmS tpkvu kd f tjyKH vu kd f ypfowfc&H rSKrmS ausmif;om; / &[ef; / a,mufusm; / rde;f r / uav; tm;vH;k vlo;kH &mausmf tavmif;csi;f xyf aeatmif ypfowf cHc=hJ u&wJh ppfuikd ;f +rKd Œu tqd;k qH;k vd@k ajym=uygw,f? b,favmuf ypfypf taocH wdkufr,fqdkwJh ausmif;om;awGeJ@ vlxk}uD;&JŒ pdw"f gwu f kd ppf0g'aD wG t&SKH ;ay; enf;AsL[m ajymif;&ygawmhw,f / 12 &ufae@ nrSm pdev f iG f tem;,l+yD jzpfa=umif; a=ujim+y;D aoewfoaH wG &yfomG ;ygawmhw,f ? edik if aH wmf orRw tjzpf a'guw f m armifarmif wufvmayrJh +rKd Œwdik ;f rSm oydwf pcef;awG zGi+hf y;D ud, k t hf yk cf sKyf a&;eJ@ ud, k v f yk =f uygw,f / ud, k b hf momw&m; pD&if=uygw,f / qENjyolawG aomufrhJ a&td;k udk tqdycf wfwm / tod aysmufapwJh xHak q; rl;,pfaq;awG xd;k ay;jy;D oHCmawG ausmif;om;awGukd owfcikd ;f wmrsKd ;awG &Sw d hJ twGuf rdwo hJ al wGukd acgi;f jzwf owfwmawG &Sv d mygw,f? ppfwyfu tm%modrf;jyD; aemufydkif; rif;rJhp&dkuf jzpfpOfawGvdk@ oHk;ESKef;+yD; jynfoal wG a=umuf&ŒHG xdwv f ef@aprJ@ &ufpufrKS rsKd ;awGuo kd m uGuaf z:jycJyh gw,f? bma=umifh jzpf&w,f / b,fvkd vlawG towfc&H wm qdw k mawG rjyyJ jynfoal wG &rf;&rf; um;um; vlowfw,f qdkwmrsdK; jzpfatmif zkef;uG,f vdkufygw,f? [kwfygw,f/ jynfolawG&JŒ vufpm;acswhJ vlowfyaJG wG / wefjyefoydwf qd+k y;D qENjyolawGukd vky=f uH owfjzwfvmol awGukd jynfoal wG ud, k w f ikd f w&m;pD&ifwhJ vlowfyaJG wG wu,fjzpfcyhJ gw,f / bma=umifh jzpf&wmvJ qdw k mawmh xnfah jym&rSmyg ? rif; &Sad evsuef @J tm;ud;k r&vd@k / rif;ud, k w f ikd u f 42

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

rif;qd;k rif;npf jzpfaevd@k ud, k w hf &m;ud, k pf &D ifjzpfvm&wmawGyg? vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;wmawmif vGwfvyfa&; t&om rcHpm;&yJ trsdK;om;csif; uíefvdk jyef tkycf sKyf cHvm&wJh ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm rsKd oyd cf pH m;vm&wJh / vufeufrhJ qENjyrSKukd AvmcsD ypfowf cHxm;&wJh vlawG&ŒJ rcHr&yfeikd f ayguu f rJG KS awGyJ jzpfygw,f ? +rKd Œwdik ;f rSm oydwpf cef;awG zGi=hf u+y;D ae&m trsm;pkrmS oHCmawmfawG OD;aqmifv@kd ud, k +hf rKd Œe,f/ &yf&mG awGukd ud, k b hf mom tkycf sKy=f uygw,f / "g; / vSH / avmufav; / *siu f vdawGe@J &yfuu G f tqifx h d ud, k ahf 'o vkjH cKH a&; ud, k w f m0ef ,l=uygw,f? &efuek f aq;&H}k u;D uawmh &efuek w f ikd ;f oydwpf cef; tjzpf&cdS +hJ y;D w&m;a[myGaJ wG awmufavSsmuf usi;f y cJyh gw,f / udZk m*emvdk &,fp&m [moawG yHEk KdS i;f ajymjy a[majym wJh ol&o dS vdk / rif;odcv F kd cyf=urf;=urf;awG ajym+y;D qJ+y;D a[majymwJh olawGvJ &Syd gw,f? a&SŒaeawG / pma&;q&mawG / *DweJ@ tekynm&Siaf wG/ todik ;f 0dik ;f pHu k vma&muf a[majym =u+y;D 'Dru kd a&pD / vl@tcGit hf a&; pwJEh ikd if aH &; a0g[m&awG acwfpm;vmovdk aºuG;a=umf oHvnf; ajymif;oGm; cJyh gw,f ? "'Dru kd a&pD &&Sad &; - 'd@k ta&;"'d@k ta&;"/ ppftm%m&Sif pepf usq;kH a&; - 'd@k ta&; 'd@k ta&;" wJ?h &[ef;ysKd rsm; or*~ / oHCmhor*~D / oDv&Sirf sm; or*~ / tdraf xmif &Sirf rsm;or*~/ awmifol v,form;rsm; or*~/ tvkyo f rm; or*~ pojzifh tv$mpHk toif;tzG@J awGz@JG qENjy=uovdk 0efxrf; awGuvJ oufqikd &f m XmeawG tvdu k f pkz@JG qEN jy=uygw,f? &J/ avwyfe@J a&wyf wyfz@JG 0iftcsKd ŒvJ wjznf;jznf; yg0ifvm=uygw,f? rde;f rvSsmawG uawmif tvS zefw;D &Sirf sm; or*~v@kd qENjycJ=h uygw,f ? vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f [m oufqikd &f m tzG@J tpnf; wHqyd ef @J ezl;pD; teDawG / vufygwf teDawG ygwjf y;D xdik o f ydwf / tpmiwfcH qENjyyGJ /vrf;avSsmuf aºuG;a=umf csw D ufyJG / rqv touf26 ESpf a&;xm;wJh tacgi;f udk rD;&DKS ŒyGJ / acG;vnfyif;rSm ae0if;/ pdev f iG f a&;jy;D v$wyf JG pojzifh toGif o¾mefrsKd ;pHek @J wpfeikd if v H ;kH rSm tH;kH tH;k ºuGufºuGuf qENxw k af z: jyocJ=h uyg w,f ? edik if aH wmf orRw a'guw f m armifarmifu " qENawG rapm=uyge@J / wpfygwD pepfuykd J }uKd u}f uKd uf ygwpD u kH ykd J =uKd u=f uKd uf a&G;aumufy}JG u;D vky+f y;D qH;k jzwf =uwmaygh / ausmif;om; or*~ taqmuftOD;}uD;udkvJ aysmfaysmf}uD; tkwfjrpfcs=uwm ayghvdk@" ewfuawmf awGxuf cíJyspfwJh avoHeJ@ nwdkif;vdk jrefrmhtoHeJ@ &kyfjrifoH=um;uae awmif;yefajym ajymaeayrJh aemufuG,f rSmawmh jynfolawGudk owfjzwfESdrfESif;bdk@ aumufuspf pOf;vJpmG t}ux H w k f jyifqifaecJyh gw,f ? vlxk tHkºuGrKS }u;D wpfeikd if v H ;kH twdik ;f wmeJ@ av;q,fh ESp&f uf t=um 1988 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

ckEpS f / pufwifbmv 18 &ufae@ naerSm &maxmif csw D hJ ppfom;awGu +rKd Œ }u;D awGukd ypfcwf pDeif;jy;D ppfwyf taeeJ@ tm%mjyeford ;f vdu k af =umif; a=ujim ygawmhw,f ? Armjynf ppfwyftwGuf rqef;awmhwhJ tjypfrhJ jynfou l kd owfyaJG wGxrJ mS t&ufpuf tjyif;xefq;kH owfy}JG u;D jzpfygw,f? G-3 , G-4 armif;jyef &dik zf ,fawG tjyif pufvwfvkd trsKd ;tpm;awGe@J yg twGv J u kd f ypfcwfc=hJ uygw,f? jynfoal wGu ppfum;awG 0ifrvm& atmif opfyifawG ckwv f JS vrf;awGay: uef@vef@pDcs ydwq f @kd / vufx&J dS avmufav;awG *siu f vdawGe@J cHcs vky=f u ao;ayrJh tqrwef &ufpufrKS &ŒJ 'g%u f kd rcHeikd =f uawmhygb;l / tm;rwef rmefavSsmh ay;cJ=h uwJh aemufrmS apmarmife@J cifneG @f OD;pD;wJh ppfwyfu e0w( edik if aH wmf +ird 0f yf ydjym;rSK wnfaqmufa&; tzGŒJ )qdjk y;D ppfwyf tpd;k & trnfcH tkycf sKyf cJyh gawmhw,f? &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD; uae ausmif;om; jynfolawG&ifxJ xnfhay; vdkufwm uawmh touftygt0if udk,fusdK;pD;yGm; tm;vHk; pGef@v$wfwdkufyGJ0ifr,f? rw&m;rSKukd &J&J tHwrk ,f qdw k hJ pdw"f gwyf gyJ / ppftm%m&Sif awGu vufeufrsKd ;pHk /,w k rf m aumufusprf KS rsKd ;pHk / rw&m;rSK rsKd ;pHek @J tJ'D pdw"f gwu f kd csKd ;ESrd b f @kd }uKd ;pm;cJah yrJh uae@xd cdik cf ikd +f r+J rJ wdu k yf 0JG ifae=uqJ jzpfygw,f ? txufrmS ajymjycJo h vdk jynfoal wGe@J ausmif;om;awG (trsm;pk)u Edik if aH &; em;vnfv@kd r[kwyf J rw&m;rSKawG rsm;vGe;f vd@k qif;&JraJG w vGe;f vd@k om qENjy tHºk ucG =hJ uwm jzpfwt hJ wGuf vdt k yfcsuaf wG uawmh trsm;}u;D &Scd yhJ gw,f? acgi;f aqmifawG pkpnf;jy;D =um;jzwftpdk;& rzGJŒedkifcJhwm / awmwGif; vufeufudkif tiftm;pkawGeJ@ aygif;pnf;+yD; edik if aH wmf tm%mudk t& r,leikd cf w hJ m / pepfwus r[kww f hJ pkz@JG rSKawGe@J taocsm jyifqif pDpOfrKS awG r&Syd J vSsyw f jyuf qH;k jzwf vkyjf zpf cJ=h uwmawG[m &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D uae oifcef;pm ,l&rSmawG jzpfygw,f ? rqv trnfcH ae0if; / pef;,k / pdev f iG f tpd;k &awGukd jzKwcf sEikd cf w hJ m / jynfoal wG ausmif;om;vli,fawGukd edik if aH &; em; rsuaf phyiG ahf pcJw h m / Arm edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om; or*~rsm; tzG@J csKy(f Auo) eJ@ twl rif;udek ikd f / udu k }kd u;D wd@k vdk ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmifawG a':atmifqef;pk=unf / OD;wifO;D wd@k vdk vlxk acgi;f aqmifawG ay:xGuv f mcJw h m / vufeufukd vufeufcsi;f jyefcseikd rf S om&r,fv@kd ,H=k unfcsuaf wGe@J ausmif;om; wyfrawmf (ABSDF) zG@J pnf; ay:aygucf w hJ m / 1990 ygwpD kH 'Dru kd a&pD a&G;aumufy}JG u;D ay:ayguf cJw h mawG[m &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D uae &&Scd w hJ hJ atmifjrifrKS awG jzpfygw,f ? &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk=uD; / vlxk tHkºuGrSK yHkpHuae &yfqdkif;vdkufwm[m ppfwyfu ypfowf ESrd Ef iS ;f vd@k qdw k mxuf awmif;qdk qENjyaewJh vdt k yfcsuu f kd ppfwyfu vkyaf y;r,f qdw k hJ jrLS qG,rf KS a=umifh &yfqikd ;f vdu k w f mvd@k xifygw,f? "wyfrawmfu 44

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

edik if aH wmftm%mudck sKyu f ikd v f u kd yf gjyD / qENjyyGJ awG&yf=uyg / edik if aH &;ygwaD wGaxmifciG ahf y;+y;D ygwpD kH taxGaxG a&G;aumufy}JG u;D vkyaf y;ygrh ,f / jy;D &if tedik &f ygwu D kd tm%mv$aJ y;+y;D ppfwyfu ppfwef;vsm; jyefrmS yg " qdw k hJ tm%modr;f ppfacgi;f aqmif umuG,af &; OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKy}f u;D apmarmif&ŒJ uwd pum;udk ,Hpk m;rdc=hJ uvd@k vd@k xifygw,f ? 1989 rSm udrk if;udek ikd ef @J ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmifawG zrf; / a':atmifqef;pk=unf udzk rf; vkyjf y;D rqvuae trnfajymif; wpn (wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &; ygw)D tEdik &f atmif enf;rsKd ;pHk }uKd ;pm; cJah yrJh jynfoal wG&ŒJ Edik if aH &; Ed;k =um;rSKu 1990 a&G;aumuf yGrJ mS a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ ygwD (NLD) trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyu f ykd J xl;xl;uJuJ rJay;cJ=h uygw,f ? jynfoal wGqENrJ ay;cJ=h uwJh tedik &f ygwu D kd tm%m v$rJ ay;yJ uwdawG udk csKd ;azgujf y;D ppftm%m&Siaf wGu vlajymif; emrnfajymif; uae@xd quftyk cf sKyf aeqJ jzpfygw,f ? &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D udk tm%m odr;f cJw h hJ Adv k cf sKyrf KS ;}u;D apmarmife@J AdkvfcsKyf cifnGef@ wdk@udkz,f&Sm;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSK;}uD; oef;a&$u e0w trnfuae etz (Edik if aH wmf at;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zGŒH +zKd ;a&; aumifp)D vd@k ajymif;vJtyk cf sKyf aecJyh gw,f ? 1996 ausmif;om; ta&;tcif; / 9999 ta&;tcif; / 2007 =o*kwfv avmifpmqD aps;jrifhwufrSK vrf;avsSmufyGJ / wpfudk,fawmf qENjyyGJrsm;pGmeJ@ 2007 a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; qdkwmawG[m &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;&JŒ aemufqufwGJ t&Sed t f [keaf wG jzpfygw,f ? &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH qdw k m '¾m&D r[kwf / &mZ0if jzpfw,f ? ausmif;om; awG / Armjynfoal wG&ŒJ txifu& ordik ;f }u;D jzpfw,f? aocsm em;pGihf =unfyh g / ESv;kH om;eJ@ em;axmif=unfyh g? " vGwv f yfrS trSsa0yg " qdw k hJ &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D rSm usq;kH cJw h hJ k yf 0JG if=uygv@kd rSm=um; 0dOmOfawG&ŒJ 'd@k ta&; 'd@k ta&; aºuG;a=umf oHawGe@J qufvuf wdu aeoHawG =um;&ygvrd rhf ,f ? ppftm%m&Sif pepf usqHk;onf txd

armifausmif;om; minyekyawswar8888

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; (5) ESpfjynfh armfuGef; pmrsufESm

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

Auo ESifh a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;

atmifa0; ausmif;om;or*~ ordik ;f udk jyef=unfrh ,f qd&k if txufjrefrmjynf ausmif;om; or*~ v_y&f mS ;r_[mvnf; ta&;}u;D wJh tcef;u yg0ifaew,f qkw d m awG@&ygw,f? " jrif;cGm wcsuaf ygu&f if rD;[ke;f [ke;f awmufap&r,f " qkw d hJ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfykH ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmif ukAd [de;f [m rEWav; wuUov dk u f ae &efuek f wuUov dk u f dk a&muf&v dS mcJo h yl g? 2008 ckEpS x f rJ mS etz ppftpd;k &&JĹ&#x2019; axmif'%f (104) ESpf rw&m; csrw S jf cif; cH&wJh ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmif udAk v dk rf if;,ku[ kd m rEWav;u txufjrefrmjynf Auo tzG@J 0if wpfa,mufyg? jrefrmh 'Dru dk a&pD acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf yxrt}urd f aetdrt f us,f csKyf ruscif 1989 ZGev f xJrmS txuf jrefrmjynf Auo ausmif;om;awGe@J a':atmifqef; pk=unf awG@qHk aqG;aEG;cJw h hJ rSww f rf;awG &Syd gw,f? twdwrf mS wke;f uawmh 1950 jynfv h eG f Edik if aH &;tpk;d &acwfrmS rEWav; wuUov kd f ausmif;om; or*~/ rEWav; wuUov kd f ausmif;om; v_y&f mS ;r_[m &efuek w f uUov dk ef @J t+yKd if tm;aumif; armif;oef &yfwnfcw hJ m jzpfw,f? tJ'aD cwfwek ;f u rEWav; wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ukd OD;aqmifr_ ay;cJw h hJ olawGuawmh q&marmifom&/ q&marmifomEd;k / q&marmifr;kd ol/ q&marmifprG ;f &nf/ q&m=unfatmif/ wuUov kd af rmifapmvGi/f armifaygupf nf(ref;wuUov kd )f / rH&k mG wifa&$/ &Jabmfpkd;0if;armif/ &Jabmfzkd;oHacsmif;/ jrif;jcHav;armif polwkd@ygyJ? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm; tzG@J csKyf (ABFSU) &JŒ ordik ;f udk jyef=unfh r,f qd&k if 1951 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (15)&ufae@rSm Auo rsm; tzG@J csKyu f kd pwif zG@J pnf;cJw h ,f? 1956rSm pwkwu ˆ eG *f &uf/ 1958rSm yOPruGe*f &uf? 1960rSm qXruGe*f &uf ponfjzifh uGe*f &uftoD;oD;ukd usi;f ycJw h ,f? 1960 qXruGe*f &uf[m Ekid if aH &;tpd;k &acwf wenf; ygvrD ef 'Dru dk a&pDacwfrmS aemufq;kH usi;f ycJw h hJ uGe*f &uf jzpfw,f?

1962 awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftm%modrf;wJh tcsdefup+yD; 1988 rqv ppftpd;k & jyKwu f sroGm;ciftxd ausmif;om;or*~ taeeJ@ uGe*f &uf ac:,l usi;f yEkid jf cif; r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? 'ga=umifh rqvacwf ukeq f ;kH wJh 1988ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (28)&uf &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyt kH wGi;f rSm usi;f ycJw h hJ rif;ukEd idk /f udu k }dk u;D / rk;d oD;ZGew f @kd OD;aqmifwhJ Auo jynfvnf zG@J pnf;a&; ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;}u;D [m Auorsm; tzG@J csKy&f ŒJ owWr uGe*f &uftjzpf orkid ;f 0ifw,fv@dk ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmifa[mif;}u;D awGu qkyd gw,f? &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH orkid ;f t& ajym&&if 1988 uae 2007txd Auo zG@J pnf; v_y&f mS ;r_ oH;k }urd f ay:aygucf w hJ ,fv@kd qkEd idk yf gw,f? 1988rSm rif;ukEd idk /f udu k }dk u;D / rk;d oD;ZGew f @dk OD;aqmifwhJ Auo ay:xGucf w hJ ,f? tJ'D 88 Auo uae arG;zGm;cJw h hJ jrefrmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Dru dk &ufwpf wyfOD; (ABSDF) ausmif;om; wyfrawmf/ vl@abmifopf 'Drkdu&ufwpf ygwDeJ@ 88 rsdK;qufausmif;om;rsm;tzGJ@wdk@[m 'Dae@txd ppftm%m&Sif qef@usifa&;wkdufyJGxJrSm vlxek @J twl &Sad eqJjzpfw,f? 1993 rSm Auo (,m,D) zG@J pnf; v_y&f mS ;r_ wpfck ay:xGuv f mcJw h ,f? 93 Auo 48

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

udk OD;aqmifol wOD;u tk;d a0aZmf (ac:) &Jabmfxufr;dk jzpfw,fv@dk qkyd gw,f? tJ'D 93 Auo uae qif;oufvmwJh Arm EkdifiHvHk; qdkif&m ausmif;om; or*~rsm; tzGJ@csKyf (Ekid if jH cm;a&;&m aumfrwD)[m 'Dae@ vGwaf jrmuf e,fajrrSm &yfwnf v_y&f mS ;aeygw,f? 2007 ckEpS f pufwifbm a&$0ga&mifawmfveS af &;}u;D rwdik cf if 2007 =o*kwv f (28)ae@rSm ausmu f u kd w dk @dk OD;aqmifwhJ Auo wzef ay:xGe;f vmcJyh g+y?D ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm rjrifawG@cJ=h u&wJh ausmif;om;or*~&ŒJ eD&w J hJ cGyaf 'gi;f tvHawGukd tJ'D 2007 Auo eJ@ twl a&$0ga&mif awmfveS af &;rSm jyefvnf jrifawG@cJ=h u&ygw,f? 2007 Auoukd rzJ@G pnf;cifuwnf;u 2007 rsK;d quf ausmif;om;i,fawG[m ukrd if;ukEd idk w f @dk 88 rsK;d quf ausmif;om;}u;D awGe@J twl vufwGJ v_y&f mS ;ch=J uwmyg? =o*kwv f (8)&uf ig;xyf}uD;bk&m;/ ody`Hausmif;wdkufrSm 88rsdK;quf ausmif;om;rsm;tzGJ@u OD;pD; usif;ywJh &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk (19)ESpfjynfh tcrf;tem;rSm rif;udkEdkif/ udkudk}uD; rsKd ;qufa[mif;awGe@J twl tJ'2D 007 rsKd ;qufopf ausmif;om;i,fawG vlxak &S@arSmuf a&mufvmygw,f? 2007 =o*kwv f (21)&uf noef;acgif udrk if;udEk ikd w f @dk 88 rsKd ;quf ausmif;om; rsm;tzG@J acgi;f aqmif (15) OD;ukd etz u xde;f odr;f vku d +f y;D wJah emuf/ reDvmode;f / rrD;rD;/ rpkpkaEG;/ raemftkef;vSwkd@ OD;aqmifwJh =o*kwfv vlxk qENjyyJGawGrSm tJ'D 2007 rsKd ;qufopf ausmif;om;awG 0kid ;f &Hc=hJ uw,f? =o*kwv f (28)&ufae@rSm olw@dk Auoudk jyefvnf zG@J pnf;vku d af =umif; a=unm w,f? 2007 pufwifbm (5) &uf yckuLU oHCmh ta&;tcif;up+y;D vrf;avSsmuf arwWmyd@k qENjywJh oHCmawmfawGudk tJ'D 2007 rsdK;qufopf ausmif;om;awGu vkdufvH tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

apmifah &Smufay;cJ=h uw,f? 2007 pufwifbm (24)&ufe@J (25)&uf taxGaxG oydw}f u;D rSm 2007 Auo&JŒ tcef;u¾u ta&;ygcw hJ ,f? a&$w*d t kH a&S@bufrck f a=u;oGe;f bk&m; oydwpf cef;rSm 2007 Auo ausmif;om;awG[m cGyfa'gif;tvH v$ifh+yD; pmay tEkynm&SifawG EkdifiHa&; wuf=uv G y_ &f mS ;olawGe@J twl oHCmh v_y&f mS ;r_ukd vufwJG jriS w hf ifc=hJ uw,f? ql;avbk&m;rSm Auorsm; tzGJ@csKyf udk,fpm; ausmif;om; acgif;aqmif ausmu f u dk u kd wkid ;f jynfe@J vlxu k dk ppftm%m&Sif jzKwcf sa&; &J&aJ wmuf rde@f cGe;f ajymcJw h ,f? pufwifbmv (26)&ufae@up+y;D etz&JŒ ppfwyfe@J vHx k ed ;f &JawGu oHCmh v_yf&Sm;r_udk t=urf;zuf ESdrfESif; +zdKcGJcJhygw,f? etz u &uf&ufpufpuf tiftm;oHk; acsr_ef;aewJh =um;rSmyJ pufwifbm (27) (28) (29)&ufae@awGtxd 2007 Auo ausmif;om;awG ra=umufr&GŒH cGyaf 'gi;f tvHawG wvlvl v$i+hf y;D oHCmawG/ jynfoal wGe@J twl qufvuf csw D uf qENjycJ=h uwmyg? tckawmh 'D 2007 Auo ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG jzpf=uwJh udak usmu f u kd /kd ud'k +D ird ;f vif;/ ud&k jJ r[de;f / udpk nfoal rmif/ ud^k m%fvif;atmif/ r[efeOD ;D polw@dk udk etz ppftpd;k &u a0;vH acgizf sm;vSwhJ tusO;f axmif toD;oD;rSm rw&m; zrf;qD; xde;f odr;f xm;cJyh g+y?D etz tpd;k &u b,fvydk J zdEydS f zdEydS /f ausmif;om;pdw"f mwf/ cGyaf 'gi;f pdw"f mwfu b,fawmhrS aoroGm;bl; qkw d m a&$0ga&mifawmfveS af &;}u;D wESpjf ynfw h hJ tcsed rf mS zJ@G pnf; ay:xGuv f mwJh wuUov dk f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) &JŒ 'Duae@ v_y&f mS ;r_awGu txift&Sm; oufaojyae+yyD J r[kwyf gvm;?

atmifa0;

pufwifbm 26/ 2009 (atmifa0;. ukdA[def;rSonf ausmfudkudktxd (trSwf 25) rS) ¡ rl&if; - vGwfvyfonhftm&StoH www.rfa.org/burmese ¢

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

om;&[ef;awmfrsm; (14) q&mawmf t&Sifokr*FvvuFm&

t&Si fynmeEN (1) 1990 ckEpS u f ywWeu d Zk e… oydwaf rSmuf uHaqmifyrJG mS xif&mS ;ausm=f um;wJh q&m awmfawG trsm;tjym; e0w ppftpk;d &&JŒ rw&m;zrf;qD;+cif; cHc&hJ ygw,f? tzrf;cHc&hJ wJh q&mawmfawGxrJ mS ydÉuwfo;Hk ykaH qmif q&mawmfwyg; yg0ifygw,f? tJ'q D &mawmf}u;D u awmh &efuek f r[m*E<m¶kaH usmif;wku d u f q&mawmft&Sio f rk *FvvuFm&jzpfygw,f? rEWav;rSm oHCmawG oydwu f aH qmifawmh &efuek rf mS &Sw d hJ oHCmawmfawGvnf; ajcmufxyf}u;D bk&m;0if;twGi;f rSm oydwu f H aqmifbdk ph pD Of=uygw,f? oydwu f aH qmifoifh raqmifoifhukd rEWav;oHCmxku &efukefrSm&SdwJh q&mawmfOD;okr*FvxHokd@ pma&; qufo, G af r;jref; avSsmufxm;cJyh gw,f? tJ't D csed t f cgwek ;f uq&mawmfO;D okr*Fvu ol@&JŒoabmxm;ukd &Si;f &Si;f vif; vif; xkwaf zmfjyocJyh gw,f? qGr;f avmif;yGrJ mS &[ef;awmfawGudk aoewfe@J ypfwhJ ppftpk;d &&JŒ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

vkyfykHukdifykH/ jynfolawGukdESdyfpufowfjzwfykHawGtwGuf ywWeduUKZ…euHaqmif xkduf raqmifxu dk q f ;Hk jzwfay;bk@d bke;f awmf}u;D qDupdk mvmuyf=uygw,f? bke;f }u;D qD pma&muf wmukd axmufvrS ;f a&;uodawmh t&Sib f &k m; jzpfEidk &f if pmrjyefyge@J ? jyefr,fq&dk ifvnf; raqmifxu dk b f ;l vk@d jyefajzay;ygv@dk avsmuf=uygw,f? bke;f }u;D u 'umwk@d owday;wm aus;Zl;wifw,f? ok@d aomf bk&m;pum;uko d m bke;f }u;D em;axmif&vdrrhf ,f? w&m;awmfrmS vmwJt h wkid ;f om usr;f wwfbek ;f }u;D wyg;taeeJ@ ajz&ygvrd rhf ,fv@dk bke;f }u;D jyefvnfred @f =um;ygw,f? uHaqmifxu dk af =umif; tqk;H tjzwf pmwrf;a&;+y;D &[ef;ysKt d zG@J awGxu H dk bke;f }u;D jyef=um;ay;cJyh gw,f? r=umygb;l ? zrf;wmygy?J tzrf;cH&r,fqw dk m bke;f }u;D od+y;D om; ygvdk ah xmif uxGuv f m+y;D aemufyidk ;f &if;ES;D wJw h ynf'h umwa,mufudk rde@f =um;bl;a=umif; =um;od&ygw,f? q&mawmf OD;okr*FvvuFm&[m jrefrmEkid if u H wdydÉubGŒJ & q&mawmf 12 yg;teuf av;yg;ajrmufq&mawmfjzpfygw,f? 1973 ckEpS /f oufawmf 27 ESpt f &G,rf mS ydÉuwfo;Hk yku H dk a&;ajz E_waf jz ESprf sKd ;vk;H atmifjrifawmfrw l t hJ wGuf wdydÉu"&/ wdyÉd u aum0d'bGŒJ awmfEpS rf sK;d &cJw h q hJ &mawmfjzpfovkd tr&yl& (awmif+rKŒd ) r[m*E<m¶Hak usmif; wku d /f usr;f jyKtausmf q&mawmf t&SiZf eumbd0o H &JŒwynf&h if;wyg;vnf;jzpfygw,f? k f wdyÉd u"&bGŒJ wHqyd &f wJEh pS rf mS bJ &efuek +f rKd Œ urBmat; r[m*E<m¶Hak usmif;wdu udkwnfaxmifawmfrl+yD; wynfhoHCmawmfawG y&d,wWdpmayrsm;oif=um;ykd hcsay;+yD; usr;f pmrsm;jyKpu k m oDwif;ok;H aexkid af wmfryl gw,f? ywWeu d Zk e… uHaqmifwmeJ@ywfoufv@dk q&mawmf&JŒwynfhwyg;vnf;jzpf+yD; ,cktar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSmoDwif;okH;aewJh q&mawmfwyg;uvnf; atmufygtwkid ;f ajymjybl;ygw,f? rEWav;+rKd ŒrSm q&mawmfoC H mawmfawGtpk;d &uko d ydwaf rSmufuaH qmifae=ujy?D oH C mqd k w m nD n G w f & r,f ? oH C mtquf q uf nD n G w f c J h v k d @ 'D a e@wd k i f a tmif omoemawmfwnfaejcif;+zpfw,f? rEWav;oHCmu tpd;k &udk oydwaf rSmufuaH qmif+y;D &efuek f oHCmu oydwrf arSmufurH aqmifcb hJ ;l qk&d iff oHCmnDnw G af &;ysujf ym;vdrrhf ,f? oHCmnDnw G af &;udk a&S;¶_+y;D awmh omoem twGuf wm0efaus&r,fv@dk rdeaf wmfrw l ,f? wqufxb J J tif;pde&f mG r wdu k t f yk q f &mawmf OD;wdavmu/ a&$bek ;f yGiq hf &mawmf/ ausmufuek ;f ar'deD q&mawmfpaomxif&mS ; aomq&mawmfrsm;udyk ifzh w d +f y;D q&mawmfu OuUX/ tif;pde&f mG r wdu k t f yk q f &mawmfu twGi;f a&;rSL;wm0ef,u l m ppftpd;k &uko d ydwf arSmufuaH qmifa=umif; vufrw S af &;xd;k ay;yd@k cJw h ,f? wynfh pmcsbek ;f awmf}u;D awGuakd pv$w+f y;D ajcmufxyf}u;D bk&m;rSm e0wppftpd;k & ukd oydwaf rSmufuaH qmifapcJw h ,fv@dk ajymjy ygw,f? &efuek rf EWav;uoHCmawmfawG&ŒJ oydwfarSmufu Haqmifr_a=umifh ppfwyftwGif;rSmjyKvkyfwJh bmoma&;a&;tcrf; 52

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

tem;awGukd oHCmawmfawGu aqmif&Gufray;awmhwJhtwGuf ppfwyftwGif;rSm rajyvnfra_ wGjzpfymG ;cJyh gw,f? oydwf arSmufuaH qmif+y;D r=umcif omoema&;OD;pD;Xme nGe=f um;a&;rSL;csKyv f nf;jzpf/ q&mawmfe@J pmoifbuf i,focl si;f vnf;jzpfwhJ OD;tHah rmif udk,fwdkif wdydÉu"&q&mawmf}uD; t&Sifokr*FvmvuFm&udk vma&mufawG hqkH+yD; atmufygtwkid ;f avsmufxm;cJyh gw,f? "t&Sifbk&m; vufrSwfxdk;+yD; oydwfudk jyefvSefay;awmfrlyg? wynfhawmfrSm a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;r&Sdawmhygbl;bk&m;? 'DudpPudk Adkvf csKyfcifn$ef@udk,fwdkifudkifaewm? wynfah wmftaeeSiw hf m0efay;vmvd@k t&Sib f &k m;udzk rf;&awmhygr,fb&k m;" vd@k avSsmuf xm;a=umif; od&ygw,f? wdydÉu"&q&mawmf}uD; t&Sifokr*FvmvuFm&rS jyef+yD;rdef@awmfrlwmu "tHharmif ig0denf;udk zsufwmr[kwfbl;? 0denf;eSifh tnDvkyfwm? trsKd;bmom omoemtwGuf igt h aeeSihf tavSsmrh ay;edik b f ;l ? rif;vky&f r,fh rif;tvkyu f kd rif;qufom vkyfyg " vdk@ omoemhtmZmenfq&mawmfbk&m;}uD;u rdefŒcJha=umif; OD;tHharmif¶kH;rSm ¶k;H udpaP wGvyk af ewJo h C H mawmfawGu wqifo h cd &hJ ygw,f? 'Dowif;tjyifaygu=f um;vk@d qk+d y;D tJ'&D ;Hk xkid w f o hJ C H mawmfawGuydk gzrf;qD;+y;D tif;pdeaf xmifuydk @dk vku d af =umif; tif;pdef axmifrmS twlaecJ&h wJh axmifxu G Ef idk if aH &;orm;wa,mufu jyefajymjyygw,f? &efuek ef @J rEWav;rSm&Sw d hJ oHCmawmfawG oydwaf rSmuf uHaqmifvu dk w f t hJ wGuf ppfwyftwGi;f jy\em wuf&awmhrhJ tajctae qku d af &mufvmcJyh gw,f? (3)&uftwGi;f oydwrf vSe&f iff jyif;xefpmG ta&;,lrt hJ a=umif; q&mawmfx h H pmyd@k vmygw,f? ppftpd;k &ta=umif;udk odawmfrw l hJ t&Sio f rk *Fv&JŒ q&mvnf;jzpfwhJ rEWav; r[m0do'k g< &w kH u kd /f oHawmfqifh q&mawmfu vufrw S x f ;dk vku d b f @dk azsmif;zsawmfryl gw,f? q&mhpum;udk ry,f&mS ;vdI k oydwv f eS af =umif; vufrw S x f ;kd ay;cJah yrJh vufrw S x f ;kd +y;D aemufwpfae@ oHCmawmfrsm; qGr;f cH=ucG sed rf mS ppftm %m&Siaf wGu ausmif;wku d u f v dk ma&muf+y;D q&mawmft&Sio f rk *Fv ukd zrf;qD;ac:oGm;ygw,f? (2) q&mawmf OD;okr*Fvtzrf;qD;cH&wJhowif;u csufcsif;jyef@ESH@oGm;ygw,f? q&mawmfukd zrf;qD;xm;wJu h pd t P ay: rauseyfra_ wG ayguu f x JG u G v f m=urSmudk e0w ppftm%m&SifawG t}uD;tus,fpdk;&drfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? q&mawmfudk w&m;&Hk;rxkwfyJ rsuu f , G &f ref,al pcJyh gw,f? q&mawmfukd &H;k xkww f &m;&ifqidk rf ahJ e@rSm &efuek +f rKd Œ bm;vrf; (pwD;0yf) tcsKyfcef;udk vlawGtrsm;tjym; vm a&mufapmifh=unhf=u+yD; tJ'DxJrSm q&mawmfu=dk unfnKad v;pm;wJh e0wt&m&Sad wG&hJ aqGrsK;d todik ;f t0dik ;f u 'um 'umrawG vnf; vma&muf=uw,fv@kd od&ygw,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

e0w&JŒ txl;ppfc¶kH ;kH u uHaqmifoydwaf rSmufwmeJ@ywfouf+y;D twif;tusyf +crd ;f ajcmuf0efccH idk ;f +y;D axmif'%fEpS f (10) csrw S cf hJ ygw,f? uk, d o hf abmeJ@uk, d f vlxu G f a=umif;vnf; tm%mykid af wGu vufrw S x f ;dk ckid ;f ygw,f? "bke;f }u;D ukd tif;pdeaf xmifuae jrpf}u;D em;axmifuydk @dk awmh av,mOfay:rSm axmufvrS ;f a&;awGu vrf;wavSsmufv;Hk }urd ;f armif;vmygw,f? jrpf}u;D em;axmifxJ ryk@d cif jrpf}u;D em;axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfrmS bke;f }u;D ukd t&yf0wftwif;0wfcidk ;f +y;D t&m&Sd vkyo f u l ppfwyf[m trde@f &xm;&if bmrqkd vkyrf ,fqw dk modovm;wJ?h olw@dk ykpH u H ¶ku d Ef u S Ef ydS pf ufr[ hJ efygy?J bke;f }u;D tmemygeukd wavSsmufv;Hk rSwv f mcJyh gw,f? bke;f }u;D rkom;rajymbl;? a=umufpdwf&Sdaomfjim;vnf; qkH;jzwfcsufukdrjyifEkdifwJht a=umif;/ &[ef;b0ukpd eG @f bk@d xuf toufuo dk m pGe@f rJt h a=umif; tm%m&Siaf wGuadk jymcJyh gw,fv@dk " axmifuxGuv f m+y;D aemufyidk ;f wynf'h umwOD;ukd jyefajymjycJyh gw,f? (3) axmifxJrSm (2) ESpfcGJavmufaecJh&+yD; 1993 ckESpfrSm q&mawmfaxmifu jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvmygw,f? csrw S x f m;wJah xmif'%fEpS rf jynfch if e0wppftpk;d &u q&mawmfujdk yefvw G af y;cJw h meJ@ywfouf+y;D owif; ESpcf x k u G cf yhJ gw,f? (1) a&$[oFmq&mawmf}uD;eJ@ tjcm;xif&Sm;wJhq&mawmf}uD;awGu OD;okr*Fvvkd omoemhtmZmenfwyg;ukd zrf;qD;csKyaf ESmifxm;wm[m omoemtwGuf t¶kyq f ;dk vS w,f? rvkyaf umif;/ rjyKvyk af umif;a=umif;ajym+y;D tpk;d &qDrmS tvSLcHa=umif;? (2) rif;uGe;f q&mawmf}u;D ysv H eG af wmfrrlr&D ufyidk ;f tvkrd mS Akv d cf sKy}f u;D cifneG @f q&mawmfxH oGm;a&mufz;l arSsmcf +hJ y;D q&mawmf}u;D uku d o k ay;aewJh orm;awmf}u;D a'guw f mOD;xGe;f wif ukd q&mawmf}u;D &JŒuse;f rma&;tajctaeukd ar;jref;a=umif;/ q&mawmf }u;D &JŒ tajctaerSm &ufyidk ;f twGi;f jyefveG af wmfral wmhrmS jzpfa=umif;&Si;f jycJw h ,fv@dk od&ygw,f? tJ't D cg AkdvfcsKyf}uD;cifnGef@u q&mawmfukd&Sdckd;+yD; q&mawmf}uD;+zpfcsifonfhqENukdajymyg? twwfEkdifqkH;jzpfatmifaqmif&Gufay;ygrnf[k avsmufxm;a=umif;/ q&mawmf}uD;u tcsuf (3) ukd &Si;f jyawmif; qkad =umif;/ (u) a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk tus,cf sKyu f jyefvw G af y;&ef? (c) oDw*lq&mawmf t&SiOf m%d\ukd jynf0ifciG jhf yefay;&ef? $ f ay;&efw@dk jzpfa=umif; (*)wdydÉu"& q&mawmf OD;okr*Fvukd jrpf}u;D em;axmifrjS yefvw od&ygw,f? tJ'Dtcg Akdvfcifn$ef hu (u) tcsufukd olwm0efr,lEkdifa=umif; (c) (*) ESpcf suu f adk wmh wm0ef,El idk w f ,fvdk ah vsmufxm;cJah =umif;/ (u/c/ ESpcf suf 'Dae&meJ@rouf qkid v f dk &h iS ;f rjyawmhyg) 54

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

q&mawmf O D ; ok r *F v eJ @ ywf o wf + yD ; rif ; uG e f ; q&mawmf } uD ; u wd y d É u &wmcsi;f twlwl igu h adk wmh cs;D ajrmS ufyal Zmf+y;D / OD;okr*Fvukd axmifcsxm;wm igv;Hk 0pdwf rcsr;f ombl;? rif;wk@d tjypfv@dk ajymayr,fh igt h jrifawmh tjypfr&Syd gb;l vkd h Akv d cf ifne$ @f ukd &Si;f jya=umif; od&ygw,f? r=umcif OD;okr*Fvaxmifu jyefvnfajrmufc+hJ y;D OD;^m%d\& vnf; t*Fvefuae jrefrmjynfujdk yefvnfa&muf&v dS m cJyh gw,f? q&mawmfO;D okr*FvaxmifuxGuv f m+y;D aemufyikd ;f e0wppftm%m&Siaf wGe@J cyfa0;a0;aecJah yr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unf tus,cf sKyu f jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvmwJt h cg q&mawmfudk oGm;a&mufzl;ajrSmfygw,f? r=umcifrSmyJ q&mawmfqDudk e0wt&m &Sad wGa&mufvm+y;D q&mawmf&ŒJ ausmif;wku d u f kd wyfrawmf =unf;/ a&/ avrdom;pkuae+y;D qef/ qD/ qm;/ aq; qyfuyf vSL'gef; csifygw,fvdk@ vma&mufavsmufygawmhw,f? q&mawmfu bke;f }u;D ausmif;rSmjynfph ykH gw,f? tjcm;vdt k yfaewJh ausmif;wdu k af wG udo k m oGm;a&mufv'_ ge;f =uygv@kd ¶k;d ¶k;d om;om; t=ujH yKvu kd yf gw,f? tJ'gukdbJ tm%mykdifawGu q&mawmf[macgif;rma=umif;/ tckcsdefxd uHaqmifoydwaf rSmufaewke;f yJjzpfa=umif;/ ¶ke@f &if;=urf;wrf;wJh pum;vH;k awGe@J r[kwrf rSef vky=f uo H wif;awGudk vlx=k um;xJ t=unfnKd ysuaf tmif 0g'jzef yh gawmhw,f? q&mawmfukd ausmif;wdu k u f z,f&mS ;zd@k twGuf omoema&;OD;pD;Xmeuae tm%mpufo;kH +y;D +crd ;f ajcmuf jyefygw,f? r=umcifrmS q&mawmfausmif;wdu k u f kd e0wtwGi;f a&;rSL; (1) jzpfwhJ ppfaxmuf vSr;f a&; t}u;D tuJ 'kAv kd cf sKy}f u;D cif!e$ @f ud, k w f ikd f t&Surf &Sd rsuEf mS ajymifwu kd +f y;D a&muf vmygw,f? q&mawmfukd OD; (3) }urd cf s uef awmh+y;D (5) xyfausmif;aqmifopf aqmufvyk f v_'ge;f wmawG/ q&mawmf ausmif;wdu k t f wGuf bufprkH rG ;f rHa&; aumfrwDzŒJG +y;D tvSLaiG aumufcw H mawGvyk yf gawmhw,f? 'Dta=umif;awGukd e0wydik o f wif;pm/ ¶kyjf rifo=H um;uae v$ i f h x k w f + yD ; bmoma&; ud k i f ; ¶_ d i f ; oa,mif a=umf j im=uygw,f ? tJ ' D w k e f ; u omoema&;0ef}uD; jzpfaewJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsdK;!$ef@u ydÉuwf (3) yHk tm*Hak qmif Edik w f hJ oHCmqdw k m tifrwefr&S mS ;yg;vS+y;D ay:aygu&f efc, J Of;wJt h wGuaf =umifh bk&m;i,fwpfql ygyv J @kd q&mawmfudk wifpm;ajymqdo k mG ;w,fv@kd =um;&ygw,f? vkw d rsK;d rvkw d rsK;d wwf vnf; wwfEidk w f hJ ppftm%m&Siaf wGyg? ppf t m%m&S i f a wG [ m ol w d k @ tm%m wnf + rJ a &;twG u f q d k & if bmom/ omoemudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rSm r[kwfbl;qdkwm q&mawmf OD;okr*FvmvuFm&eJ@ oHCmawmfawGtay:rSm usL;vGecf w hJ mawG uk=d unf&h ifoEd ikd yf gw,f? (4) q&mawmfaxmifuvGwfajrmufvmayrJhvnf; axmufvSrf;a&;u teD;uyf apmif=h unfah eqJyg? 1998 ckEpS /f xkid ;f Ekid if /H csLvm avmifueG f &mZ0dZm… v, wuUov dk u f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

q&mawmfO;D okr*FvaxmifuxGufvm+yD;aemufydki f; e0wppftm%m&Si fawGeJ@ cyfa0;a0;aecJhayr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unf tus,fcsKyfu jyefvnfvwG af jrmufvmwJth cg q&mawmfukd oGm;a&mufz;l ajrSmyf gw,f? r=umcifrmS yJ q&mawmfquD dk e0wt&m &SdawGa&mufvm+yD; q&mawmf&JŒausmif;wkud uf kd wyfrawmf =unf;/ a&/ avrdom;pkuae+yD; qef/ qD/ qm;/ aq; qyfuyf vSL'gef; csifygw,fv@kd vma&mufavSsmufygawmhw,f? q&mawmfu bke;f }uD;ausmif;rSmjynfph ykH gw,f? tjcm;vdtk yfaewJh ausmif;wduk af wG udok m oGm;a&mufv'_ gef;=uygvd@k ¶k;d ¶k;d om;om; t=uHjyKvduk yf gw,f? tJ'gukbd J tm%mykid af wGu q&mawmf[macgif;rma=umif;/ tckcsdefxd uHaqmifoydwaf rSmufaewke;f yJjzpfa=umif;/ ¶kef@&if;=urf;wrf;wJh pum;vHk;awGeJ@ r[kwfrrSef vky=f uHowif;awGudk vlx=k um;xJ t=unfnKd ysufatmif 0g'jzef yh gawmhw,f? q&mawmfukd ausmif;wduk uf z,f&mS ;zdk@twGuf omoema&;OD;pD;Xmeuae tm%mpufoHk;+yD; +cdrf;ajcmufjyefygw,f? ........ Ak'p< mayqkid &f m *k%x f ;l aqmif yg&*l (Ph.D) bG@J qufuyfc&H pOfuvnf; ppftpk;d &u q&mawmfudk oHo,ruif;bl;qkw d modomygw,f? "xkid ;f Ekid if H csLvmavmifueG w f uUov dk u f pmwapmifa&mufvmw,f? bke;f }u;D a&;vkw d hJ Ak'p< mayqkid &f mpmwrf;wckudk ygVcd sn;f oufouf a&;yd@k zd@k avSsmufxm;wmyg? bke;f }u;D pmrsuEf mS av;q,f&w dS phJ mwrf;ukd a&;yk@d +y;D r=umcifrmS a'guw f mbGŒJ qufuyf wJhta=umif; pma&mufvmygw,f? 'gudk tpdk;&u aoG;¶kd;om;¶kd;rS[kwfyghrvm;qdk+yD; r,Hb k ;l Asm" "tJ't D crf;tem;ukd v$wrf vkv d /dk rv$wv f v dk edk @J aemufq;Hk usrS tapmifeh @J wuf cGi&hf w,f? olw@dk uawmh uyd, ` taeeJ@ vku d w f myg ayg?h 'gayrJh tcrf;tem;usi;f y aecsed f txd Akv d cf ifneG @f qDudk tao;pdwo f wif;yd@k aewm bke;f }u;D =um;aewmyJ? bke;f }u;D bG@J trnf ac:+y;D bG@J vufrw S u f yf+y;D rSyJ olw@kd pdwaf t;oGm;yHyk J" 2000 ckESpfwkef;uvnf; tar&duefEdkifiH/ e,l;a,muf+rdKŒrSmusif;ywJh urBmh bmomaygi;f pkn H v D mcHudk q&mawmf=uw G ek ;f uvnf; ppftpk;d & &mZrmef&cS jhJ yefygao;w,f? axmufvrS ;f a&;u tar&dum;a&muf&if b,fowif;XmeeJ@rS tquftoG,rf vkyb f @dk wif;wif;=uyf=uyf ydwyf ifwm;+rpfcyhJ gw,f? "bke;f }u;D bmwwfEidk rf vJ? olw@dk u b,fowif;XmeeJ@rS pum;rajymyge@J vk@d rSmxm;w,f? bke;f }u;D wyg;wnf; [kw d ,fcef;rSm &Sad e wke;f [Jvdk wynfah wmfped af usmv f i_d f ygb&k m;? wdydÉu q&mawmf &Syd govm;bk&m; qkad wmh bke;f }u;D b,fEh , S v f yk v f rd rf vJ? at; bke;f }u;D yJq+dk y;D olw@dk ar;wm ok;H av;cGe;f ajzvku d w f ,f? omoema&;eJ@omywfouf w,f? jyefvnf;a&mufa&m tpk;d &wzG@J vk;H cyfwef;wef;jzpfa&m" vkd rh ed @f awmfrcl yhJ gw,f? 56

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

bmoma&;udprP S r[kw/f q&mawmf&ŒJ use;f rm;a&;udpP ukad wmif tm%m&Sif awGu r&k;d rom;vkycf w hJ myg? "bke;f }u;D aeraumif;wmukd wm0ef&o dS al wGu dk ta=umif; =um;awmh q&m0ef}u;D awG v$waf y;w,f? tJ'q D &m0ef}u;D awGu "bmrSrjzpfb;l wJAh sm" bke;f }u;D u cHpm;ae&olqadk wmh aocsmppfygO;D ajymawmhvnf; r}uKd u=f ubl;? uk, d phf m;&dwef @J uk, d o f mG ;r,f ajymwmawmif r,kv H @dk xif yg&ŒJ ? vG,v f , G ef @J rv$wb f ;l ? t}urd }f urd pf pfar;+y;D rS oGm;cGi&hf w,f? 'Da&mufawmhrS aocsm=uyfrwfppfaq;=unfah wmh ¶k;d wGi;f jcif qDuifqm a&m*gjzpfreS ;f od&vd@k ukoay;ae=uwm? ArmjynfrmS qkd bke;f }u;D aoavmufjyD " wJ?h q&mawmf&@J use;f rma&;udpEP iS yhf wfouf+y;D xkid ;f bk&ifrh o d m;pku wm0efausvS ygw,f? xkid ;f bk&ifw h yfrawmfu Akv d cf sKyf 0dcspf ,m'dy. f owif;yk@d r_a=umifh xkid ;f bk&if rdom;pku q&mawmf&ŒJ aq;0g;ukop&dwt f 00ukd xkid ;f bwfaiG 3 oef;cef@txd tukef tusccH +hJ y;D xkid ;f omoemykid o f m tok;H jyK&wJh oHCmh0ZD&^m%aqmifrmS yif jyKpu k o k ay; ygw,f? ?jrefrmtpk;d &u bmrSwm0efr,l? &Sub f @dk aumif;avpG? jrefrmq&m0eform;awmf }u;D rsm;u bmrSrjzpfyg[k bma=umifh rSwcf sucf sco hJ nfrod? q&mawmf&ŒJ use;f rma&;twGuf xkdif;EkdifiHq&m0efrsm;u t*Fvef/ tar&duef EkdifiHwkd@&Sd tEkZD0"gwfcGJcef;tultnDeJ@ t}urd }f urd f }uKd ;pm;uko ay;cJah yrJv h nf; 2006 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (24) &uf/ we*FaEGae@ (07;35) em&DwiG f xkid ;f Ekid if /H befaumufavqdyrf mS q&mawmf b0ewfxH ysv H eG af wmfrl cJ&h ygw,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wGvufatmufrmS ydÉuwfo;Hk ykaH qmif (wdydÉu"&) omoemh tmZmenfq&mawmfwyg; rqk;H ¶_;H oifb h J qk;H ¶_;H cJ&h wm yg? wu,fu h dk 0rf;;enf;a=uuGpJ &m aumif;vSygw,f? =unfnKad v;pm;pGm uefawmhygw,fb&k m;? ?

t&Si fynmeEN &if;jrpf 1? oHCmh*kd%f; roifhapbkd h(t&SifwduQ^m%) f =hJ uu G pf w k f (aevif;) 2? ydÉu zsuw 3? rif;'if&JŒoufckdif (rif;'if) 4? tusOf;axmifwGif; q&mawmf}uD;rsm;eSifhoHCmawmfrsm; oDwif;oHk;&yHk (&Jrif;xGef;) 5? rif;uGe;f q&mawmf}u;D .awmif;qkcd suf (3) csu?f a'guw f mxl;xl; (The hotnews weekle owif;*sme,f) (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

pufwifbm tdyfruf

qkrGef tyla&mifvidl ;f awG wjzwfjzwfawmufv@kd rD;awmufr;D vSsaH wG=um;rSm upOfu h vsm;ajy;aewJh yH&k yd af wG/ w[l;[l; r_wx f w k af ewJh rD;cd;k aiGŒawG=um;rSm t+yKd +yKd tvJv J J tvHawG/ tvHawG vrf;rxufrmS twH;k t¶H;k eJ@ ydik &f iS rf hJ zdeyfawG/ tdik x f eG ;f aewJh aoG;uGuf awG/ tydik ;f ydik ;f jywfaewJh oajycufawG aygujf yaJ ewJh bk&m;yHk yef;csu D m;csyaf wG/ oHq;l =um; nyfaewJh oCFe;f pawG tm;vH;k udk jrifaew,f? usr ed;k xyg&apawmh? ud, k af y:udk rGe;f usypf mG zdeydS x f m;wJh vuf=urf;}u;D awG&ŒJ atmufrmS touf¶LS r& u,f=uygO;D / odaew,f t&m&mudk vH;k 0udk v_yrf &wmwcky/J tdyrf uf r[kwrf eS ;f vnf; odaew,f? 'gqkd bDv;l pD;wmvm;/ odae&JŒ jrifae&JŒ v_yv f @kd udfk r&jzpfaewmyJ? rd;k +crd ;f oHawGvnf; tqufrjywf =um;ae&w,f? bmawGv/J u,f=uygO;D / vGiu hf eJ ¶kww f &uf jyKwu f somG ;w,f? [d;k tjrif}h u;D u jyKwu f sovdk tonf;wat;at; &Sad eovdk wvSyv f yS ef @J ayg?h a&pD;a=umif;}u;D wckwnf;udk jyKwu f somG ;ovdk xl;qef;wmu a&vH;k 0 pdrk aebl;? vGw+f yD uGsw+f yaD yg?h uke;f ¶ke;f xcsed rf mS yJ a&pD;a=umif;xJrmS arsmygvmwJh o¾mefwck/ bmrsm;yg vdrv hf @kd vSr;f arSsm=f unfv h u fkd af wmh tndKtrnf; pGaJ ewJh cE<mud, fk w f ck arsmvmaew,f? OD;jynf;ajymifajymife@J oCFe;f pu vnfyif;rSm ywf+iad ew,f? tvd.k ..bk&m;a&... t¶_;d &m tjynhef @J toufuek af ewJh oHCmawmf tavmif;ygvm;... bk&m;... bk&m;...? tm;... ¶$ŒH xJEx HG u J ae usK;H ¶ke;f xum a&ajrmif;abmifav;wckukd ar;wif+y;D 58

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

id¶k u _d rf w d ,f? &ifxJ emusiv f eG ;f vdk &h ifurJG wwfy?J toufukd renf;yif¶h LS &if;u tckrS ab;bDukd vSn=fh unfrh w d ,f? bk&m;a& … trlu d af wG jynfah ewJh a&ajrmif;E_wcf rf;pyfrmS 'gu bmygvdrfh/ OD;aESmufpawG... aoG;awG pGef;xif;ayusefaewJh OD;aeSmufpawG/ toHukef jcpfatmfvu kd rf w d ,f? tm;ukef vGifhxGufoGm;ovdk jzpfoGm;+yD; tkwfcJyHkawG=um;rSm acGacGav; yHv k o J mG ;jyefw,f? bk&m;...bk&m;...bmawGrsm; qufjzpfO;D rSmygvrd hf (tara&..)? aoG;ndK ndKpawG [dw k uGuf 'DwuGuf tkwcf yJ akH v;awGeJ ah oG;uGuaf v;awGukd 0ef;ywfxm;w,f? bmav;awGygvdrfh? ausmif;wdkufab;rSm idk¶d_ufaewJh tartdkawG/ rsufeSmav;awG r_erf i_d ;f aewJh oDv&Sif q&mav;wG/ olwkd ah b;rSm rsuef mS i,fav;awGeJ x h ikd af e=uwJh uav; i,fav;awG ukvm;xdik af y:rSm ili}l u;D atmufukd ai;pdu k =f unhaf ewJh yH@k yH@k }u;D xdik af ewJh bke;f awmf}u;D wyg;/ ausmif;0ef;wdu k x f rJ mS pDwef;xdik af ewJh ud, k af wmfawG ywfw;D tazG; om;awGeJ h bmawG jzpfuek }f uygvrd .hf ..? vGiu hf eJ vSnyhf wf=unfrh ad wmh tm;vH;k +yKd usysupf ;D aewJh bk&m;pifawG z¶dzk &JjzpfaewJh w&m;pmtkyaf wG... rSeu f pJG awG... aoG;awG... aoG;awG pum;oHawG... oJo h =hJ um;ae&w,f? renf;vGwaf tmif ajy;&w,f 'um}u;D ... aeraumif; jzpfaewJh oHCmawmfawGvnf; tdyaf ewke;f ayg?h wd;k nif;+y;D wkecf gaewJh toHawG...? ¶kww f &uf tke;f armif;acguo f aH wG 0ke;f 'dik ;f usx J u G v f mw,f? ¶du _ }f u;D wiifiakd ewJh a,musmF ;&ifrh }u;D wa,muf&ŒJ toH a&'D,o kd wˆKvidl ;f uae wkecf g+y;D em;pnfukd vmxdcwf aew,f? bke;f bke;f awGu wk;H awGacgu+f y;D u,fygvkd t h ultnD awmif;aewmudk usaemf wd@k rSm nrxGu&f trde@f eJ@ b,fvrkd S xGuu f ,fvkd rh &cJb h ;l [k id&k if;¶du _ &f if; ajymaewJh toHukd em;axmif&if;u zke;f cGuu f kd udik &f if; rsu&f nf ayguaf yguu f saewJh aumifrav;wa,muf? tvkd...usrud, k w f ikd yf gvm;/ rid&k bl;av... rid&k bl;...owif;axmufqw kd m cHpm;csuf rxnfh&bl;/ wdwfprf;...toHawGu a0;oGm;vkduf eD;vmvdkuf toHoGif;cef;rrSm pm¶Guaf v;udik &f if; rsu&f nf awGawGusaewJh aumifrav;wa,muf...? 'gtrd rf ufvm;...wu,fvm; t}urd }f urd f vufxyd u f kd qGpJ w d af erd&if;u emusif vGe;f vmvdk h vufz0g;awGukd jzef@=unfv h u kd w f t hJ cg tvkd...a[m[dk wHwm;wzufrmS ¶_u d }f u;D wiif idak =u;G aewJh vli,fav;awG/ rD;tm;jriS phf uf=um;xJrmS aoewf'%f&meJ h aoG;tdik x f rJ mS vJaewJh vli,fav;eHab;rSm ajcrudik rf d vufrudik rf ed @J Asmrsm;aewJh vli,f av;wa,muf zdeyfoH wcGycf yG f =um;ae&+y/D uav;a&...ajy;awmh...ajy;awmhav? rvGwb f ;l ...rvGwb f ;l ...xkid cf svu kd .f ..xdik cf svu kd .f ..rajy;&if olw@kd vku d rf ypfb;l / ,Hk=unfpGmeJ@ ua,mifuwrf; udk,fyg a&ma,mif xdkifcsvdkufrdw,f? tarmawG&,f b,fawmhrS +y;D ygrh vJu, G ?f tm;...ao+y.D ..aoyg+y.D ..wkwcf su=f urf;=urf;awG acgi;f awGurkd S a¶G;+y;D tm;eJ@rmefe@J xk¶u kd af ewJh tpdr;f a&mif t&dyaf wG? tm;...'¶Gww f u kd f qGaJ c:aewJh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

vuf=urf;=urf;awG/ awmfygawmh...awmfygawmh ikww f w k af v;awG xkid af ewJh uav;awG wud, k v f ;kH wqwfqwf wke&f v D @kd rsuv f ;kH ta=umifom;av;awGe@J tvef@w=um; atmfio kd H awG/ urBmysuw f hJ tvm;yJ/ bk&m;u,fyg/ olw@kd ud, fk u f kd rjrifavmufb;l / tum=um;uae tomav; vdrt hf xGuf ajzmif;ueJ yif¶h u dk v f u kd w f hJ toHa=umifh tvef@w=um; ud, k yhf g;ud, k f jyefprf;rdawmh w&yfpyf yg;¶du k +f y;D qGaJ c:wJah emuf '¶Gww f u dk f ygomG ;&SmwJh uav;rav;awG/ u,forl hJ ulorl hJ ydik &f iS rf hJ zdeyfyakH wG=um;rSm ypPn;f awGukd E_wo f ;D eJ@ vdu k [ f yfaewJh tpdr;f a&mif acG;waumi?f tvdk...acG&ufom;av; yHv k aJ ewJh wkwcf suaf tmufrmS touf aysmufomG ;wJh trnfrod vli,fav;wa,muf bk&m;bk&m; bmawGrsm; jzpfuek yf gvrd .hf ..? ajy;rS...ajy;rS... ydwf...ydwf...ta&SŒu ydwzf rf;...ydwfzrf; xdik x f ikd f...tm;vH;k pkxikd pf rf; atmifr,f...rif;u bmaumifvJ...zkef;zkef;...zsef;zsef;... ppfzed yfe@J pHck u kH ef/ eHygww f w k ef @J pHu k ikd +f y;D ¶du k af ew,f? aoyg+y.D . aoyg+y.D acgi;f ay: vufuakd jrmS uf+y;D umxm;wJh teDa&mif0wf aumifav;? awmfygawmh...awmfygawmh... ua,mifuwrf; 0ifqGJwmrrdbJ udk,fyg vrf;ray: yHk&yfvJusw,f? oGm;...x... [du k m;ay:wuf ikww f w k af v;awG xdik af e&muae tajy;tv$m; ',D;',dik f ajy;xGuu f mrS ausmaemufuae eHygww f w k ef @J ajy;¶ku d v f u kd af o;awmh taumifyed yf ed af v;cifAsm 0rf;vsm; arSmuf vJus&mS wmudk ppfzed yfe@J ypfuefvu kd af o;w,f? xkae¶du k af e&if;u [dv k rf;wzuf rSm vrf;jzwfavSsmufvmwJh tjzLa&mif t&dyaf v;wck...t,f...aoyg+y.D .. eHygww f w k ef @J rsuEf mS udk jzwf&u kd w f m vufe@J umvd@k acgi;f udk av;ig;csuf ajzmif; ajzmif; ajzmif;eJ@ qifq h ifh ¶du k af eyHrk sm; tm;r&vd@k vrf;ul;+y;D 0if¶u dk w f hJ aumifu &Sad o;w,f? ig...awmuf... b,fvrkd S pdwrf xde;f edik af wmhvkd yh g;pyfxrJ mS uGr;f wHawG; t&Jom;eJ ppf0wfpekH @J bDv;l jyKH ;jyKH ;aewhJ aumifukd yg;jzwf¶u kd v f u kd w f mrSm t&Sed v f eG +f y;D jyKwu f swm jrufcif;awG=um; a&mufomG ;jyefw,f? tm;vH;k +ird o f uf wdwq f w d v f @kd / yk&pfatmfopH ;l pl;eJ@ +ird o f ufaewJh nwn...? &ifxrJ mS aoG;¶d;k om;¶d;k r[kwrf eS ;f odyo f o d maew,f? ab;bD0, J mudk =unhv f u kd f awmh arSmifarSmifrnf;rnf; *dak 'gi}f u;D wck/ vlawGrS &S&d ŒJ vm;...tomav; acsmif;}unfh vdkufawmh zkef;ueJ ¶kdufvdkufwJh toH}uD;wckxGufvmw,f? acgif;awG armfr=unhfeJ@ aocsiaf evm;wJ/h 0rf;acgi;f oH}u;D eJ@ atmfox H u G v f mwJt h cg aemufab;bD 0J,mawGuae tohawG toHawG i&JyGufovdk atmfvdkuf [pfvdkuf=uwm tckrS urBmysufovdk tcef;usOf;av;awGxJrSm w0kef;0kef;eJ@ ¶kdufeSufoHawGeJ@twl csKyfaeSmifxm;wJh vlawG 60

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

vlawG...? ppfa=uma&;pcef;wJh...? tvef@w=um; ajy;xGuv f mcJrh w d ,f? pDteftefw@kd bDbpD w D @kd udk ajymay;=uyg? raoao;wJh vlawGuakd v... rD;eJ@¶dŒ_ aeygw,f... ¶_u}f u;D wiif idak =u;G &if; ajymaewJ t h efw}D u;D / bmawGjzpfuek +f yv D J vlt&Sif vwfvwfawmif rD;¶dŒ_ owf&avmufatmif tjypfawG b,favmuf}u;D aevJ? vrf;rxuf arwWmokwf¶Gwfrdwm/ iwfvGef;vdk@ 'kuQa&mufvGef;vdk@ qENudk azmfxkwfrdwmav;udk t&Siv f wfvwf rD;¶dŒ_ owfypfowJ?h [m;...rGe;f usyv f eG ;f wJh pdwaf wGukd xGuaf yguaf y;wJh taeeJ o h ufjyif; r_wx f w k rf cd sed rf mS yJ vrf;ray: vGix hf u G o f mG ;jyefw,f? vlou l if;rJah ewJh vrf;rv,frmS ud, k w f a,mufwnf; b,fomG ;&rSe;f rod? tr… tr usaemfu h kd u,fygO;D wJh ? ',D;',dik ef @J avSsmufvmwJh aumifav;wa,muf? aoG;awGe@J pd¶k aJ$ ewJh acgi;f udk tkyrf ;kd udik +f y;D t&rf;emusiaf ewJh rsuef mS eJ ah umifav;wa,muf? tr vdu k yf @kd ay;r,f b,fvJ armifav;qdak wmh...awmifOuUvmyudk vdu k yf @kd ay;yg tr&,f usaemf udu k 0kd if;ygw?hJ tdrrf mS tareJ@ taz pdwyf al ew,f? reuf tvkyv f nf; qif;&OD;r,f wJhav? udkudk0if;...olao+yD;+yD r[kwfvm;? tck raoao;bl;yJ? bk&m;...bk&m;... aoG;awG¶aJ$ ewJh ol@acgi;f udk tkyu f ikd af y;xm;&if;u ul&mrJh u,f&mrJ?h b,fb0u 0Éfa=u;G awGygvrd /hf ¶du _ }f u;D wiif idrk w d ,f? toHuek jf cpf+y;D udk atmfirkd w d ,f? jyif;xefveG ;f wJh emusif ayguu f aJG ewJh pdwaf wGe@J twl avm[me,fxJ arsmvGio hf mG ;rdw,f? nDrav;...nDrav;...tdrrf ufrufaewmvm;/ idak evdu k w f m ¶du _ }f u;D wiife@J / xx a&aomufvu kd w f @kd 'Dae@ pufwifbm ta&;awmfyrkH mS usq;kH cJw h hJ ol&aJ umif;awG twGuf qGr;f auGs;oGm;&r,fav? vufarmif;tpHu k kd omomav; v_yEf ;_d vmwJh twlae trudk tdyaf e&if;u awGawG}u;D ai;}unhaf e&if; igt h yd rf uf r+y;D ao;bl;? E_wcf rf;zsm;u cyfzzG G a&¶Gwrf w d ,f? igt h yd rf uf r+y;D qH;k ao;ovdk igw@kd tckxd r+y;D ao;bl;yJ? tdrrf ufawG [m arhaumif;wJh t&mawGawmh r[kwcf yhJ gb;l / aocsmw,f/ igw@kd r+y;D ao;bl;? ay;cJw h hJ aoG;awG +yKd ucJG &hJ wJh b0awGtwGuf igw@kd tdrrf uf r+y;D ao;bl;? ?

qkrGef (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

1920 jynhEf pS f atmufwb kd mv 29 &uf rS 31 &uftxd jynfwiG u f si;f ycJah om 0dik t f rfbaD ttoif;}u;D . jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m tXrt}urd af jrmufnv D mcHwiG f vlrsK;d pH/k bmomaygi;f pHk e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;udk us,jf yef@pGmaqmif&u G Ef ikd af p&eftwGuf 0dik t f rfbD atudk jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;toif;rsm;. toif;csKy}f u;D [k ajymif;vnf;ac:a0:&ef qH;k jzwf cJh=uonf? ,if;toif;csKyf}uD;udk t*F vdyfbmomjzihf General Council of Burmese Association [k ac:aoma=umihf t*Fvy df ordkif;wauGŒrS *sDpDbDatacgif;aqmif}uD; pum;vH;k av;vH;k rS xdyqf ;kH tuQ&m rsm;udk ,lI twdak umuf *spD b D aD t (G.C.B.A) [k OD;cspfvdSkif twdak umuf ac:wGicf =hJ uonf? ,if;od@k 0dik t f rfbaD t rS *spD b D D at[k a jymif ; vJ z G J Œ pnf ; vd k u f a omtcg *sDpDbDat. +AdwdoSse,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; vkyif ef;rsm;rSm ydI k wufºuv G m+y;D jyif;xef vmonhf vkyo f m;jynfow l @kd . yg0iftm; ay;r_/ pnf;vHk;r_}uD;xGm;vmcJhr_wdk@a=umihf *spD b D aD tonf jrefrmh vGwv f yfa&;}uKd yrf; r_ordik ;f Y trsK;d om;nDnw G af &; wyfaygi;f pk}u;D ozG,f jzpfvmcJah vonf? *spD b D aD t udk 0HomEktzGŒJ csKy}f u;D [k vnf; tcsKŒd u ac:a0:cJh=uonf? *sD p D b D a t.&nf & G , f c suf r S m ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyaf &;ac: wm0efcH tkycf sKyf a&;&&Sad &;/ tpd;k &xl;}u;D rsm;wGif jrefrm oef;0if;vd_i f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; cef@wm;a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om; vkycf iG t fh a&;wdk @jzpfonf? *spD b D aD t. +Aw d o d sS e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; enf;AsL[mrSm t=urf;rzuf tEkenf;jzihf tm%mzDqefa&; enf;AsL[myif jzpfonf? od@k uwdik f trsK;d om;nDnw G af &; wyfaygi;f pk}u;D ozG,f jzpfcahJ om *spD b D aD t. yxrqH;k OuUXrSm OD;cspv f i_d jf zpfonf? yxrwGif *spD b D aD t. OuUXudk orRw[ko;kH E_e;f cJ=h uonf? aemufrmS OuUX[kac:a0:=uonf? *spD b D aD tudk acgi;f aqmiforl sm;rSm acwfynm wwf vlrsm;jzpf=uonf? *sDpDbDat.yxrqHk;OuUXjzpfonhf Od;;cspfvd_ifudk 1879 ckESpf ZGefv 9 &uf 62

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

we*Fvmae@wGif armfv+rKd i+f rKd Œ rkyeG &f yfY tzopfuek o f nf olaX;OD;omnSi;f / trda':&ifw@kd rS zGm;jrifcJhonf? arG;csif; 6 a,mufwGif 'kwd,ajrmufom;jzpfonf? zcifOD;omnSif;rSm rGejf refrmolaX;OD;aysm. h om;jzpfI armfv+rKd i+f rKd Œ omoe"&toif; (1899) udk aiGtiftm; jzihf t"duyHyh ;kd olwOD;jzpfonf? rdcifa':&ifrmS +rKd Œ0efarmifpyfac: ordeb f ¶l;.ajr;jzpfonf? OD;cspv f i_d . f ESra':ESi;f jrrSm 'dik [ f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &; wGaJ &;trwftjzpf armfv+rKd i+f rKd ŒrS ta&G;cHI xif&mS ;aomtrsK;d om; 0HomEkacgi;f aqmifjzpfonf? 7 ESpt f &G,w f iG f jrefrmpmoifwef;ausmif;Y pwifynmoif=um;cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf armfv+rdKif tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;Y qufvufynmoif=um;cJh+yD; 1894 wGif umvuwWm; 0ifciG pfh mar;yGJ atmifjrifco hJ nf? ,if;ESpYf yif &efuek af umvdyYf qufvuf ynmoif=um;I tufzaf tac: Oypmwef; atmifI 0dZm… wef;pmar;yGaJ jzqdak epOf touf 20 t&G,w f iG f 2898 wGif t*Fvefjynfo@kd oGm;I 0wfvkH ynmoif,cl o hJ nf? t*FvefrS 0wfvb Hk ŒJG &+y;D aemuf Ak'b < mom uvsm%,k0toif; (0dik t f rfbaD t) od@k 0ifa&mufI trsK;d bmom omoema&;wd@k udk 0ifa&mufaqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1914 arv 10 wGif &efuek +f rKd Œ Yusi;f yaom 0dik t f rfbaD ttoif;csKy. f Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m'kw, d ESpyf wfvnfnv D mcHo@kd armfv+rKd if ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf pwifwufa&mufchJ onf? ,if;aemuf 1918 atmufwb kd mv 22 rS 24 &uftxd armfv+rKd i+f rKd ŒwGiu f si;f y cJhaom 0dkiftrfbDattoif;csKyf}uD;. EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m qXrt}udrfajrmufnDvmcHwGif tooif;csKyOf uUXtjzpf OD;cspv f i_d t f m; a&G;aumufwifajrmufco H nf? xd@k aemuf 1920 atmufwb kd mv 29 &ufrS 31 xd jynf+rKd ŒwGiu f si;f ycJah om 0dik t f rfbaD ttoif;}u;D . jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m tXrajrmufnv D mcHwiG f 0dik t f rfbaD t toif;udk *spD b D aD tod@k ajymif; vJc+hJ y;D toif;csKy}f u;D. yxrqH;k OuUXtjzpf OD;cspv f i_d u f ykd if a&G;cs,cf =hJ uonf? toif;csKy}f u;D . 'kw, d OuUtjzpf OD;bpDEiS fh &cdik t f rsK;d om; OD;pdev f S atmif/ twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf 0wfvOkH ;D oif;armifw@kd udk a&G;cs,cf =hJ uonf? 1921 atmufwb kd m 21 rS 24 xd *spD b D aD ttoif;}u;D csKy}f u;D . e0rt}urd f Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m nDvmcHukd rEWav;+rKd ŒwGif usi;f ycJ+h y;D OuUtjzpfO;D cspv f i_d u f ykd if qufvuf a&G;cs,cf =hJ uonf? rEWav;nDvmcHwiG f OD;cspv f i_d u f a&$w*d akH pwDuek ;f awmfay:rS t*Fvyd cf H wyfa&$Œajymif;ay;&ef/ 0du _ af umfrwDEiS fh a0vrif;om;tm; oydwaf rSmuf&ef trsK;d om;ae@ owfrw S af &;ESifh "[kr¶R ;l "ac: tkycf sKyaf &; udak wmif;qd&k ef tqdw k ifoiG ;f &m toif;}u;D u twnfjyKay;cJo h nf? od@k aomf *spD b D aD ttoif;}u;D . OuUXudk tvSnu fh s wm0ef ay;tyf vd&k mrS OD;babESifh OD;cspv f i_d w f @kd oabmuGv J cJG &hJ onf? 1922 Zefe0g&v D 2 wGif +Aw d o d sS trd af &SŒpHa0vrif;om; wdik ;f cef;vSnv fh nf&mrS jrefrmjynfo@kd a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf? a0vrif;om; rvmrDuyif *spD b D aD ttoif;csKy}f u;D u tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

+Aw d o d sS trd af &SŒrif;om;tm; r}uKd qb kd J oydwaf rSmufrnhf qH;k jzwfcsuu f ckd srw S cf &hJ m OuUX OD;cspv f i_d Ef iS fh *spD b D aD tacgi;f aqmif (9) OD; tjypfay;cHc&hJ onf? OD;cspv f i_d t f m; 1921 ck 'DZifbmvwGif awmif}u;D +rKd Œod@k e,fEiS 'f %ftjypfay;cJo h nf? 1922 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f (1) &ufae@wGif +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &u jrefrmjynftm; 'dik t f mcD tkycf sKyaf &;ay;cJo h nf? 1922 Zlvi_d v f 15 rS 16 xd *spD b D aD t A[dt k oif;csKyt f pnf;ta0; usi;f yI 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;udk vufco H ih/f vufrcHoihf tjiif;yGm;cJ=h uonf? ,if;aemuf 1922 =o*kwf 26 rS 27 xd &efuek +f rKd Œ *sLAvDa[mwGif OD;cspv f i_d /f om,m0wDOD;yk/ OD;xGef;atmifausmfwdk@}uD;rSL;I *sDpDbDat tpnf;ta0;usif;y+yD; 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;udk vufco H nhf OD;babacgi;f aqmifonhf 21 OD; (OD;bab/ OD;armif}u;D (trf at)/ OD;odrf;armif/ OD;yk/ OD;uGef;/ OD;odef;armif/ OD;udkudk/ OD;bOD;/ OD;armif}uD;/ OD;i,f/ OD;pdrf;(jrefrmhtvif;)/ OD;armifarmif}uD;/ OD;b&if/ OD;bvd_if (vG,ftdwf}uD;)/ OD;xGef;a0/ OD;oif;armif/ OD;xGe;f vdi_ /f OD;omvif;/ OD;bpde/f OD;vGe;f armif/ OD;armifarmiftek ;f cdik )f tzGŒJ udk qH;k jzwfcsuf (3) t& *spD b D aD ttoif;csKy}f u;D rS xkwyf ,f&ef qH;k jzwfcsuf jyXmef;cJo h nf? Ttcsed rf pS I OD;cspv f i_d /f om,m0wDO;D yk/ OD;xGe;f atmifausmw f @kd }u;D rSL;onhf *spD b D aD tudk vdi_ /f yk/ ausmf *spD b D aD t (0HomEk *spD b D aD t[kvnf;ac:) [k trnf wGicf ahJ vonf? 1922 Edik 0f ifbm 9 rS 10 xd vdi_ yf ak usmf *spD b D aD t (0HomEk *spD b D aD t) u Edik if H vH;k qdik &f m 'ort}urd n f v D mcHukd o&uf+rKd ŒwGif usi;f ycJ&h m nDvmcHY q&mawmfO;D OwWr u 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;t& usi;f yrnhaf &G;aumufyu JG kd oydwaf rSmuf&ef rde@f cGe;f ajym=um;I ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyaf &; (Home Rule) udk awmif;qdo k nht f qdw k ifukd wifoiG ;f cJo h nf? xdt k csed rf S pI OD;cspv f i_d Of ;D aqmifaom vdi_ yf k ausmf *spD b D aD tonf tpd;k &ESirfh qufqaH om enf;jzpf onhf bl;toif;rsm; ('dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;udk todtrSwrf jyKb;l / tcGerf ay;bl;/ tpd;k &ESifh rqufqHbl;) udk OD;aqmifzGJŒpnf;cJhonf? "bl;" toif;rsm;onf [oFwe,frSpI ay:aygufcJhonf? 1924 ckEpS w f iG f ykord f i0efa&umwmusK;d I a&;ab;'kut Q wGuf *spD b D aD tu tvSLaiGrsm;axmufychH o hJ nf? tvSLaiGrsm;pm &if;&Si;f &m aiGa=u;t¶_yt f axG;rsm; ay:ayguf cJ&h m oHCmtcsKŒd ESifh vl}u;D rsm;u b¾maiGrsm;udik w f , G yf kH nHzh si;f r_a=umihf OD;cspv f i_d f tm; tjypfwifc=hJ uonf? wzef OD;cspv f i_d Ef iS fh om,m0wDO;D ykw@kd onf oHCmh=o0g'udk qef@usif =uaoma=umihf 1925 wGif *spD D bDatOuUXtjzpf a&eHacsmif;+rKd Œ wGi;f pm;rsK;d ¶k;d OD;pd;k odr;f udk oHCmrsm;u a&G;cs,cf o hJ nf? OD;cspv f i_d u f vnf; "tnrn orŠEt < zGŒJ " ac: pif+yKd i*f spD b D aD t tzGJŒudk wnfaxmifcJhonf? OD;cspfvd_if.tzGJŒudk om,m0wDOD;an;,s OD;aqmifaom oHComr*~t D zGŒJ u tm;ay;cJ&h m (11) }urd af jrmuf *spD b D aD tESpyf wfvnfnv D mcHukd 1924 ar 10 rS 13 xd aygi;f wnf+rKd Œ Yusi;f y&m nDvmcHwiG f OD;cspv f i_d t f m; "orRw" bGŒJ jzihf 64

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

*spD b D aD ttoif;csKy}f u;D . OuUXwifajrmufc=hJ uonf? wzef 1925 ZGef 24 rS 26 xd rauG; +rKd ŒwGif *spD b D aD t. Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m 12 }urd af jrmuf ESpyf wfvnfnv D mcHY OD;cspv f i_d t f m; tjrw J rf; *spD b D aD tOuUXtjzpf a&G;cs,cf o hJ nf? b¾maiGrsm;udv k nf; OD;cspv f i_d q f ENtwdik ;f toH;k jyKEikd af om tcGit fh m%mrsm; tyfEiS ;f cJo h nf? OD;cspv f i_d o f nf jrefrmw0Sr;f 0HomEk w&m;yGrJ sm; vSnv fh nfa[majympOf a&muf&m t&yfY trsK;d om;rsm;u a&$x;D rsm;/ xD;jzLrsm;rd;k ay;jcif;/ trsK;d orD;rsm;u qHyifrsm; udjk zef@I vrf;cif;ay;jcif;/ u&0dwaf zmifrsm;jzihf }uKd q=kd ujcif;rsm;udk jyKvyk o f nftxd av;pm;=unfnKd cJ=h uonf? xd@k a=umihf jrefrmjynf. o&zl raqmif;aombk&if[k owfrw S cf &H onf? OD;cspv f i_d f onf 1928 Ed0k ifbmv 2 wGiu f si;f ycJah om 'dik t f mcD bk&iftyk cf sKyaf &;pepft& usi;f ycJah om wwd,t}urd f Oya'jyKvw $ af wmf a&G;aumufyw JG iG f yg0if,OS +f yKd icf o hJ nf? 1929 Zefe0g&v D 29 wGif jrefrmjynfo@kd a&muf&v dS monhf qdik rf eG af umfr&Sit f m; OD;cspv f i_d f *spD b D aD tonf OD;pd;k odr;f *spD b D aD tESifh twl oydwaf rSmufco hJ nf? wGaJ &;cGaJ &;pwifpOfu OD;cspv f i_d o f nf yGpJ m;}u;D OD;jrwfomxGe;f / 0wfvOkH ;D ay:xGe;f wdk@ESihfwGJI (vd_ifjrwfay:tzGJŒ ) wGJa&;bufyg 0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhonf? xdk@a=umihf OD;cspfvd_if *sDpDbDatrSmemrnf&if;aysmuf+yD; vd_ifjrwfausmftzGJŒ[k ac:a0:=uonf? 1931 Edkif0if bmvrS 1932 Zefe0g&v D 12 &uftxd +Aw d ed Ef ikd if H vef'ef+rKd Œ Y txufvw $ af wmfYusi;f y cJah om jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m 'kw, d rsuEf mS pHn k D tpnf;ta0;od@k OD;cspv f i_d o f nf jrefrm ud, k pf m;vS,f 24 OD;ESit fh wl wwfa&mufco hJ nf? 1932 Edik 0f ifbm 9 wGif usi;f yonhf wGaJ &;cGaJ &;a&G;aumufyw JG iG f wGb J ufrS OD;cspv f i_d f *spD b D aD tonf 20 OD; tEdik &f I OD;cspv f i_d o f nf v$waf wmfOuUX jzpfvmonf? 1932 'DZifbm 12 wGif jrefrmEdik if o H nf Oya'jyKvw $ af wmf tpnf;ta0;usi;f yonf? xdt k pnf;ta0;wGif wGaJ &;cGaJ &;ESifh pyfvsO;f I cGaJ &;tqdw k pfcEk iS fh wGaJ &;tqdw k pfck wifoiG ;f onf? cGaJ &;tqdw k &yfrmS ,leAD mpDwt D rwf OD;xGe;f az wifoiG ;f onhf jrefrmjynfukd tdE, dN jynfrS tjrefcGJcGmay;&ef vdkvm;=uI +AdwdoSstpdk;& pDrHay;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufcH vdo k nf[I l jzpfonf? wGaJ &;tqdk 5 &yfteuf tqdw k pf&yfrmS wGaJ &;trwf &rf;+AOJ ;D armif armif wifoiG ;f onhf tdE, dN jynfrS jrefrmjynfukd cG&J efprD jH cif;udk Tv$waf wmfu uef@uGuf onf? xd@k tjyif tEN, d ESifh tjrw J zJG ufxm;jcif;udv k nf; Tv$waf wmfu tvdrk &Sd jrefrmjynf onf cGx J u G v f akd omtcg cGx J u G cf iG &fh &dS rnf[I l jzpfonf? v$waf wmfOuUX OD;cspv f i_d u f OD;xGe;f az. cGaJ &;tqdu k kd vufc+H y;D wGaJ &;tqdk 5 &yfudk y,fvdkufonf? OD;cspfvd_ifu OD;xGef;az. cGJa&;tqdkEdkifvSsif cGJa&;Edkifrnf? cGaJ &;tqd&k v _H sS if wGaJ &;Edik rf nf? Oya'jyKvw $ af wmfwiG f wGaJ &;trwfrsm;u cGaJ &;tqdu k kd uef@ uGuyf ,fcsvu kd v f sS if wGaJ &;tvdt k avsmuf Edik +f yjD zpfonf[k ,lqcJo h nf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

,if;aemuf 1932 'DZifbm 13 wGiu f si;f yaom jrefrmEdik if OH ya'jyKvw $ af wmf tpnf;ta0;wGif qma*satarmif}u;D u v$waf wmf OuUX OD;cspv f i_d t f m; t,Ht k =unfr&Sd tqdw k ifoiG ;f cJ&h m axmufcrH J 70/ uef@uGurf J 25 jzihf tqdt k Edik &f &So d jzihf OD;cspv f i_d o f nf v$waf wmfOuUXtjzpfrS jyKwu f s cJ&h onf? 1936 Edik 0f ifbm 10 rS 14 xd jrefrmEdik if H pD&iftyk cf sKyrf t _ ufOya' (91 Xmetkyf csKyaf &;) t& yxrqH;k atmufvw $ af wmftrwf a&G;aumufyu JG si;f ycJ&h m a&G;aumufyYJG 0wfvOkH ;D ay:xGe;f ESiw fh I JG ,SO+f yKd icf &hJ m OD;cspv f i_d f *spD b D aD trS 12 OD; tEdik &f &Scd o hJ nf? ,if; aemuf a'guw f mbarmfO;D aqmifaom nGe@f aygi;f tpd;k &tzGŒJ wGif OD;cspv f i_d o f nf atmuf v$waf wmfOuUXtjzpf a&G;cs,cf &H onf? OD;cspv f i_d o f nf v$waf wmfOuUXtjzpf aqmif&u G af epOftwGi;f 1937 rwfv 15 wGif ig;yGiq fh ikd f tzGŒJ u a'guw f mbarmf}u;D r_;aom tpd;k &tzGŒJ tay: t,Ht k =unfr&Sd tqdk wifoiG ;f &m uef@uGurf J 56 rJ/ axmufcrH J 56 rJ &ojzihf rJta&twGuw f al e&m v$waf wmf OuUX OD;cspv f i_d u f rdrrd u J kd tpd;k &bufo@kd ay;vdu k o f jzihf tqd¶k ;H_ edru fh m a'guw f mbarmf tpd;k &vnf; jrcJ ahJ vonf? OD;cspv f i_d o f nf 1937 arv 12 &ufae@wGif vef'ef+rKd Œ bufuif[rfeef;awmfY usi;f ycJah om qXrajrmuf a*smb h &k if. &mZbdou d cf , H yl o JG @kd wufa&mufco hJ nf? OD;cspv f i_d f onf 1942 ckEpS w f idk f v$waf wmftwGi;f Y aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? *syefacwfwiG f a'guw f mbarmf OuUXtjzpfaqmif&u G af om Armhvw G v f yfa&; pDpOfra_ umfr&Sif tzGŒJ wGif tzG@J 0ifEiS fh 1943 =o*kwf 5 &ufae@wGif t"dywd a'guw f mbarmf . twdik yf ifcH v$waf wmftrwftjzpf cef@tyfc&H onf? 'kw, d urBmppft+y;D r[mrdww f yfrsm; jrefrmjynfo@kd 0ifa&mufvmcsed w f iG f bk&ifcH a':refprpf. twdik yf ifcH Oya'jyKaumifpt D zGŒJ 0if wpfO;D tjzpf cef@tyfc&H onf? jrefrmjynf vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D aemuf zqyvtpd;k &vufxufwiG f Edik if aH &;qufvufaqmif &Gucf &hJ m 1951 ZGef (12) wGif vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D aemuf yxrqH;k t}urd f usi;f ycJah om ygvrD ef a&G;aumufyw JG iG f armfv+rKd irf q J ENe,frS 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd icf &hJ m tEdik &f cJo h nf? twdu k t f cH trwftjzpf aqmif&u G af epOf rGet f rsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif rGeOf ;D zd;k csKd OD;aqmifaom rGew f ikd ;f &if;om;rsm;u zqyvtpdk;&tm; oD;jcm;rGefjynfe,fawmif;qdkcJh&m OD;cspfvd_ifonf qma*satarmif}u;D "gwak A'0ef (t+ird ;f pm;) OD;cspaf omifw@kd ESit fh wl uef@uGucf o hJ nf? rGepf m ay/ rGe, f Ofaus;r_ raysmufysuaf &;twGuo f m zqyvtpd;k &u aqmif&u G af y;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? 1951 ckESpf wGif OD;bab (b}uD;bab)/ OD;yk (eef;&if;0efa[mif;) wd@k ESiyfh ;l aygi;f I jynf axmifpjk refrmEdik if t H zGŒJ (The Union Of Burma League) udk wnfaxmifco hJ nf? 66

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

1952 ckEpS f rwf 12 wGif Edik if aH wmforRwa&G; aumufyYJG twdu k t f cHtrwfrsm;u OD;cspv f i_d t f m; orRwavmif;tjzpf tqdjk yKcahJ omfvnf; zqyvtpd;k &uy,fcsI w&m;v$wf awmf0ef}u;D csKyf qmbOD;tm ;a&G;cs,cf =hJ uonf? 1952 ckEpS f =o*kwv f wGiu f si;f ycJah om ygvrD efbwf*suf tpnf;ta0;onf OD;cspv f i_d f aemufq;kH wufa&mufcahJ om ygvrD eftpnf; ta0;jzpfonf? xd@k aemuf OD;cspv f i_d o f nf 1952 atmufwb kd mv 31 eHeuf 6 em&D 30 rdepfwiG f &efuek +f rKd Œ "rRapwDvrf; trSwf 185 aetdrYf &kww f &ufu, G v f eG cf o hJ nf? uG,v f eG cf sed Yf ZeD; a':tdESihf orD;ESpf?; a': jrihfjrihf (OD;azoef;)/ a':vSvS (OD;cifarmifarmif)wdk@ usef &pfco hJ nf? OD;cspv f i_d . f yxrZeD;rSm 1920 jynhEf pS u f yif uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJah vonf?

oef;0if;vd_i f Zlvidk f 14/ 2012

uk;d um;

(1) jrefrmh &ufpOfordkif; (ywGJ/'kwGJ) ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme/ y}udrf 2009? (2) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;wGJ (2) pmayAdrRmef/ 1977? (3) armifaZ,sm/ jrefrmvlausmf 100 (yxrtkyf)/ Unity pmay 2010? (4) oef;0if;vd_if/ tESpfcsKyf jrefrmhordkif;tbd"gef (yxrwGJ) y}udrf ynma&$awmif2010? (rdk;rcrD'D,mrS)

.................

xGuf+yD axmifEi S r hf c d if vlxa k ':trm - udk,fawG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - udk,fawG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - zdk;oH (vlxk) trSmpum;ESifhtwl - zdk;oH (vlxk) trSmpum;ESifhtwl - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf? - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

ordkif;wauGŒrS Adkvfvufsm (&JabmfoHk;usdyf)

oef;0if;v_di f &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if Adv k v f ufsm. trnf&if;rSm udv k aS zjzpfonf? ocifu, kd af wmf r_id ;f OD;pD;aom wd@k Armtpnf;t¶k;H 0ifa&mufaomtcg ocifvaS z jzpfvmcJo h nf? *syef ppfynmoifwef;wufpOfu *syeftrnfrmS "wmeDuad ,m¶Sd" (Tani Kiyoshi) jzpfonf? bDtikd af tzGŒJ +y;D aemuf Adv k t f rnfc, H &l mwGif Adv k v f usmf jzpfvmcJo h nf? Adv k v f ufsmudk 1911ckEpS f =o*kwv f 30&ufae@Y ysO;f rem;+rKd ŒwGif tzOD;pdeo f iG /f trda':usi+f rKd iw f @kd rS zGm;jrifch o hJ nfh jrefrmvlrsKd ; Ak'b < momjzpfonf? i,fpOfu &efuek +f rKd Œ +rKd ŒrtrsKd ;om;ausmif;wGif ynmoif=um;cJ+h y;D 10wef;atmifjrifco hJ nf? ,if;aemuf &efuek f wuUov kd o f @kd qufvuf ynmoif=um;cJo h nf? 1936 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D 25 &ufae@wGif jzpfymG ;aom &efuek f wuUov kd 'f w k , d ESpaf usmif;om;oydww f iG f acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D tjzpf yg0ifvy_ ¶f mS ;cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf &efuek w f uUov kd rf S xGucf +hJ y;D aemuf tdE, Nd Edik if H umvuwWm; wuUov kd f wGif ynmqufvufoif=um;cJo h nf? 1300jynfh ta&;awmfyu kH mv 1938 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 16 &ufae@wGif &efuek f wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ toif;wkdufY usif;yaom vSsdKŒ0Suftpnf;t¶kH;odk@ wufa&mufco hJ nf? 1939 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 13 &ufae@wGif &efuek +f rKd Œ a&ausm&f yf wd@k Arm tpnf;t¶k;H wnfae&mY uGejf rLepf (uvmyfpnf;) tzGŒJ tpnf;w&yfukd ocifatmifqef;/ 68

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

udkodef;az (odef;azjrifh)/ udkA[def;/ rpPwm'wWm;wdk@ESifh pwifzGJŒpnf;wnfaxmif&mwGif yg0ifco hJ nf? xd@k aemuf 1939 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 15 &ufae@wGif &efuek +f rKd Œ ta¶SŒydik ;f 49 vrf; tdrt f rSwf 188 wGif uGejf rLepfygwu D kd ocifatmifqef;/ ocifp;kd / *d¶k , S af c: bwif/ udAk [de;f / rpPwmewfw@kd ESihf vSsKd Œ0Suw f nfaxmif&mwGif ocifvaS z (Adv k v f usmf ) onf b¾m a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif¶u G cf o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &tm; qef@usio f nfv h yk if ef;rsm;aqmif¶u G &f ef ajratmuf awmfveS af &;tzGŒJ (Underground Unit) udk 1939 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 18 &ufae@wGif zGŒJ pnf;&m ocifjr (jynfwiG ;f acgi;f aqmif)/ ocifatmifqef; (jynfyacgi;f aqmif) udAk [de;f / udv k aS rmif (Adv k af Z,s)/ udv k aS rmif (rdwv Dˆ m)/ ocifcspf (aemif Auy twGi;f a&;rSL;)/ udAk aqG(aemif0ef}u;D csKy)f udak usmf +ird ;f (tmtD;wD)/ udx k eG ;f a¶$ (e*g;eD)/ udak usm+f ird ;f (aemif 'k0ef}u;D csKy)f wd@k ESit hf wl yg0ifco hJ nf? Adv k v f ufsmonf ppf}uKd acwf ocifEEk iS hf yl;wGI J " *E<mv&mZf Edik if aH &;tbd"mef " pmtkyu f kd a&;om;cJo h nf? wd@k Armtpnf;t¶k;H . wm0efay;csut f & ocifvaS zonf ocifatmifqef;ESihf ocifvS+rdKif (aemifAdkvf&efatmif)wdk@ w¶kwfjynf trGdKif+rdKŒodk@oGm;a&mufa&;twGuf pDpOfay;cJo h nf? wzefocifatmifqef;ESihf ocifv+S rKd iw f @kd trdKG iw f iG af omifwifI aiGjywfvyf aepOftwGi;f &efyakH iGrsm; ¶SmazGaumufcaH y;yd@k cJo h nf? ocifvaS zonf udv k aS rmif (t+ird ;f pm; oHtrwf}uD;)ESifhtwl jynfytultnD &¶Sd&eftwGuf xkdif;EdkifiHodk@oGm;a&mufcJh&m Edik if u H ;l vufrw S rf ygbJ xdik ;f Edik if t H wGi;f 0ifa&mufrj_ zifh zrf;qD;cH&onf? ,if;aemuf 1941 ckEpS f rwfv 3 &ufae@wGif ocifatmifqef; *syefEikd if rH S vSsKd Œ0Suf wdww f qdwaf &muf¶v dS m+y;D rwfv 10 &ufae@ wGif ¶$e;f wifrm¶l; oabFmjzifh *syefEikd if o H @kd tjyefwGif ocifvSazonf udkxGef;¶Sdef (aemifAdkvf&efEdkif)/ ocifA*srf; (Adkvfva&mif)/ ocifat;armif (Adv k rf ;kd ) wd@k ESit hf wl &Jabmfo;kH usyd f yxrtokwt f jzpf vku d yf gomG ;cJo h nf? *syefEidk if H wdu k sKd +rKd Œod@k 1941ckEpS f rwfv 27 &ufae@wGiaf &muf¶+dS y;D 10 &ufcef@t=um 1941ckEpS f {+yv D wGif xdik 0f rfuíef;rS wqifh [dik ef efuíef;od@k oGm;a&mufco hJ nf? [dik ef efuíef; wGif ppfynmoif=um;cJo h nf? Adv k v f ufsmonf ocifatmifqef; (Adv k af wZ)/ ocifatmifoef; (Adv k pf =um) wd@k ESit hf wl wyfzŒJG (3) Y avhusio hf if=um;cJo h nf? olw@kd .avhusiahf &;r_;rSm vufzwifeif (Adv k )f qlZu l ;D jzpfonf? [dik ef efu f íef;Y Adv k v f ufsmESit hf wl ppfynmoifwef;wufcahJ om Adv k af usmaf Zmu ol.ud, k w f ikd af &; twˆKyw ` YdW Adv k v f ufsm. ta=umif;udk Tod@k jyefajymif;a&;om;xm;av onf? "1941ckESpfwGif usaemfwdk@ [dkifeefuíef; *syefppfynmoif&JabmfoHk;usdyfwGif tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

usaemfEiS hf &if;ES;D cifrifq;kH yk*Kd~ vw f OD;rSm Adv k v f usmf jzpfonf? usaemfx h uf touf (4)ESpf rSs yd}k u;D rnfxifygonf? ol.¶kyt f oGirf mS tenf;i,fyed v f +DS y;D oGm;vmv_y¶f mS ;r_tenf;i,f aES;auG;onf? tajymtqdk El;nHo h rd af rGŒonf? toGit f jyifrmS at;aq;aysmah ysmif;aom toGit f jyifjzpfonf? od@k aomf Adv k v f ufsm. pdw"f mwfrmS =uchH ikd af wmifw h if;oljzpfonf? [dik ef efu f íef; *syefppfynm oif,=l u&mwGif *syefacwf ppfavhusichf ef;rsm;rS ajy;&v$m;&/ wku d cf u kd &f ojzifh usaemfw@kd tawmfyifyef;=uonf? 4if;rSm rsuEf mS zH;k acgi;f pGyt f umESihf ud, k t f xufyikd ;f tum t0wftpm;rsm;0wfqif+y;D wOD;ESiw hf OD; ESpb f ufaoewftwk/ wkww f @kd jzifh vHpS yG x f ;kd &jcif;jzpfonf? tvGeaf rmyef;aom ppfavhusichf ef;jzpfonf? tcsKd Œ&Jabmfrsm;armyef;+y;D vJ+yKd arharsmonftxd jzpfonf? usaemfw@kd u Adv k v f ufsmudk olvu dk +f y;D vkyf Edik yf grh vm;[k pdwyf rl o d nf? od@k aomf Adv k v f usmf rSm Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;uJo h @kd yif ppfavhusichf ef;rsm;udk vdu k +f y;D ZGEJ iS rhf eS rf eS v f u kd f vkyEf ikd cf o hJ nf? TwGif olpw d "f mwf=uchH ikd rf u _ kd usaemfw@kd jrif&jcif; jzpfonf? Adv k v f usmf onf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESit hf wlwuG ArmjynfEikd if aH &;udk aqmif¶u G f cJah om ArmjynfEikd if aH &;acgi;f aqmif}u;D wpfO;D vnf;jzpfonf? Armhvw G v f yfa&;vufeufuikd f wdu k yf t JG wGuf w¶kwjf ynf[idk ef efu f íef;wGif ppfynmoif+y;D Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf twl 1941 wGif Armhwyfrawmfukd zGŒJ pnf;wnfaxmifco hJ nfh Armjynf. ppfa&;acgi;f aqmif}u;D vnf;jzpfonf?" [lI a&;om; xm;avonf? Adv k v f usmf onf Adv k v f a&mifEiS t hf wl jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f jynfwiG ;f olyek v f yk if ef;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf? xdkwm0efrsm; aqmif¶GufpOf 1941 ckESpf Ed0k ifbmv 21 &ufae@wGif wufEeG ¶f mG Y xdik ;f &Jrsm;. zrf;qD;jcif;cH&+y;D 1941ckEpS f 'DZif bmv 11 &ufae@rS tcsKyrf v S w G af jrmufco hJ nf? bDtikd af tzGŒJ +y;D aemuf 1942 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 8 &ufae@wGif *syefwyfrawmf 'kw, d Adv k cf sKy}f u;D um0g&rDS m;ESihf Adv k v f usmf }u;D r_; onfh bDtikd af t xm;0,fppfa=umif;onf befaumuf+rKd ŒrS pwifcsw D ufc=hJ uonf? Adv k v f ufsmonf bDtikd af twyfY 'kw, d ppfaoemywdtjzpf wm0efxrf;&Gucf hJ onf? 1942 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f 27 &ufae@wGif bDtikd af t zsuo f rd ;f I ArmhumuG,af &; wyfrawmf (bD'aD t) zGŒJ pnf;xm;aomtcg 'kw, d Adv k rf ;_ }u;D tqifjh zifh bD'aD tppfO;D pD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;&Gucf o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf 1942 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvwGif Adv k v f ufsmonf rcifvES iS hf vufxyfco hJ nf? 1944ckEpS f =o*kwv f 23 &ufae@wGif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;aetdrYf usi;f yaom zufqpfwu dk zf suaf &;tzGŒJ zGŒJ pnf;a&; tpnf;ta0;od@k wufa&mufco hJ nf? 1945ckEpS f rwfv 70

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

1 &ufae@rS 3 &ufae@txd Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; aetdrw f iG f usi;f yaom zwyv tpnf; ta0;od@k wufa&mufco hJ nf? tqdyk gtpnf;ta0;wGif tdE, dN Edik if rH [mrdwf ppfÏmecsKyrf S ay;pmESihf OD;ode;f azjrifx h rH S ay;pmwd@k tay: rl wnfIaqG;aEG;um zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &; ESifhywfoufaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk oabmwlcsrSwfcJh=uonf? zufqpfwkdufzsufa&; jynfo@l tzGŒJ csKyu f kd zufqpfwu dk zf suaf &; jynfo@l vGwv f yfa&;tzGŒJ csKyf (zwyv) [kjyifqif+y;D zwyvOD;pD;tzGŒJ udk wyfrawmf ud, k pf m;vS,/f jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gwED iS hf uGejf rLepfygwD wd@k rS ud, k pf m;vS,o f ;kH OD;pDjzifh jyifqifzŒJG pnf;onf? xd@k aemuf ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf udv k nf; " jynfo@l vGwv f yfa&;wyfrawmf " (twdak umuftm;jzifh jynfo@l wyfrawmf)[k trnfajymif;vJ &efEiS hf zufqpf*syefrsm;udk vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;pwif&ef jrefrmEdik if H tES@H &Sd wyfrawmfwyfzŒJG rsm;ESihf zwyv tzGŒJ cGrJ sm;od@k "ykeu f efxºuaG &; !$e=f um;csuf trSw-f 1" xkwfjyef&ef oabmwlcJhonf? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;qifE$J&ef ppfwdkif;}uD;rsm;cGJjcif;/ ppfe,fajrrsm; owfrw S jf cif;ESihf ppfa&;ESihf Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm; a&G;cs,jf cif; ponfw@kd udk aqG;aEG;qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? Adv k v f ufsmonf zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;umvwGif wkid ;f (2) ([Hom0wD/ zsmyHk ESihf rtlyifc¶dik rf sm;) ESihf wdik ;f (3) (ykord /f [oFmw (taemuf) ESihf ajrmif;jrc¶dik rf sm;) qufo, G af &;wm0efct H jzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? zufqpfawmfveS af &;+y;D aemuf rdwv Dˆ m +Aw d o d sS Av kd cf sKy}f u;D 0DvspH vif;ESihf awGŒqHak qG;aEG;+y;D &efuek +f rKd Œod@k jyefvnfa&muf¶adS om AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf AdkvfrSL;}uD;vufsm/ Adkvfr_;}uD;ae0if;/ ocifpdk;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f / OD;AaqGw@kd ESihf ppfa&;Edik if aH &; tajctaersm;udk wkid yf ifaqG;aEG;I zwyv tzGŒJ csKy}f u;D udk pepfwus jyefvnfzŒJG pnf;&ef qH;k jzwfco hJ nf? ,if;aemuf 1945 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 4 &ufae@wGif +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &ESihf wyfrawmf a&;&maqG;aEG;&ef oD[Vkd u f íef;(oD&d vuFmEdik if )H uEN+D rKd Œod@k oGm;a&mufcahJ om jrefrmud, k pf m; vS,ftzGJŒwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ Adkvfae0if;/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvfarmifarmif/ AdkvfaZmf rif;wd@k ESit hf wl Adv k v f ufsmonf wyfrawmfu, kd pf m;vS,f (7) OD;Y yg0ifco hJ nf? ,if;tzGŒJ Y ajymufusm;ud, k pf m;vS,f 2 OD;rSm udk ndKxeG ;f ESihf ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k jzpf+y;D trsKd ;om;ud, k pf m; vS,Ef pS Of ;D rSm OD;babESihf apmbOD;}u;D wd@k yg0ifc=hJ uonf? xd@k aemuf uENpD mcsKyt f & jyefvnfzŒJG pnf;cJah om ArmhwyfrawmfwiG f Adv k rf LS ;}u;D &mxl;jzifh 'kw, d ppfaq;a&; t&m¶Scd sKyt f jzpf cef@tyfc&H onf? 1946 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D 1 &ufae@wGif tm&Sta&SŒawmifyikd ;f r[mrdwpf pfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h ufwefu +Aw d o d sS ppftyk cf sKyaf &;¶kyo f rd ;f a=umif; a=unmcsut f rSwf (1) udk xkwjf yefco hJ nf? xdak e@rSm jrefrmh rsK;d cspw f yfrawmf 'kw, d ppfaoemywd Adv k rf LS ;}u;D vufsmu jrefrmhwyfrawmf axmufyahH &; tzGŒJ csKyrf S vufc&H &So d nfh tvSL&efyakH iGpm&if;&Si;f wrf;udk xkwjf yefco hJ nf? Adv k rf LS ;}u;D vufsm tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

onf 1947 ckEpS w f iG f Adv k rf ;_ csKy&f mxl; wd;k jriS ahf y;jcif;cH&onf? ,if;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqHk;cJh+yD;aemuf 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 21 &ufae@wGif Adv k v f ufsmonf umuG,af &;0ef}u;D wm0efukd xrf;aqmifco hJ nf? umuG,af &; 0ef}u;D Adv k rf ;_ }u;D vufsmonf 1947 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 29 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEdik if . H wyfrawmf qdik &f mudpEP iS yhf wfoufI jrefrmEdik if t H pd;k &ESihf +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &wd@k . oabmwlcsurf sm;ygaom vufsmz&D;rif;pmcsKyu f kd &efuek +f rKd Œ Y +Aw d o d sS ppfrpf¶iS t f zGŒJ acgi;f aqmif *Gse'f AvsLz&D;rif; (John W.Freeman) ESihf csKyq f ckd o hJ nf? pmcsKyw f iG f tcsuaf ygi;f 10 csuf yg0ifonf? 1947 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 11 &ufae@wGif zqyvtzGŒJ csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r_;OD;AaqGu zqyvtzGŒJ csKyf oef@&Si;f I cdik rf m awmifw h if;a&;twGuf Adv k rf ;_ atmif/ OD;AaqG/ ref;0if;armifw@kd ESit hf wl Adv k v f ufsmonf oef@&Si;f a&;tzGŒJ i,fwiG f yg0ifco hJ nf? ,if;aemuf 1947 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 16 &ufae@wGif Adv k v f ufsmtm; 'kw, d 0ef}u;D csKyf cef@tyfco hJ nf? 1947 ckEpS f atmufwkd bmv 15 &ufae@wGif ocifEak cgi;f aqmifaom jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ +Aw d ed Ef ikd if o H @kd oGm;a&muf&mwGif Adv k v f ufsmonf tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf vdu k yf gomG ;cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D wGif wyfrawmfrS t+ird ;f pm;,lco hJ nf? xdEk pS rf mS yif Edik if aH wmftpd;k &cs;D jriS ahf om r[moD&o d "k rRbŒJG cs;D jriS jhf cif;cH&onf? wyfrawmfrS t+ird ;f pm; ,l+y;D aemuf vufsmukr% ` ED iS hf rkwrW ukr% ` rD sm; wnfaxmifI pD;yGm;a&;vkyu f ikd cf o hJ nf? Adv k v f ufsmonf wyfrawmft+ird ;f pm;r,lru D yif zqyvtzGŒJ csKyo f @kd 0ifa&mufco hJ nf? 1947 ckEpS f ZGev f 2 &ufae@wGif usi;f yaom =um;jzwfa¶G;aumufyYJG uom aus;vuf ta¶SŒydkif;rJqENe,frS v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrSmufcH&onf? wyfrawmft+ird ;f pm;,l+y;D aemuf zqyvtpd;k &tzGŒJ Y 'kw, d 0ef}u;D csKyEf iS hf jynfxaJ &;ESihf umuG,af &;0ef}u;D wm0efukd yl;wGx J rf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1948 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 15 &ufae@wGif tpd;k &tzGŒJ rS E_wx f u G cf o hJ nf? 1956 ckEpS f rwfvwGif Auy tvif;0ifa&mufa&;udpEP iS hf ywfoufI zqyv tpdk;&ESifh Auy A[dkaumfrwDudk,fpm;vS,f &Jabmfcsrf;at; (armifpl;prf;) wdk@t=um; =um;vltjzpf aqG;aEG;aqmif&u G af y;cJo h nf? 1959 ckEpS f rwfv 27 &uf awmfveS af &;ae@wGif k u f sKd ;riJb h J wdik ;f jynfEiS hf Adv k v f ufsmtm; jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;}uKd ;yrf;r_ aemufq;kH u¾Y ud, vlrsKd ; vGwv f yfa&;twGuf oufpeG @f qHzsm; }uKd ;pm;aqmif&u G cf rhJ r_ sm;a=umifh Edik if aH wmfu vGwv f yfa&;armfueG ;f 0if (yxr tqif)h wHqyd f cs;D jriS ahf y;cJo h nf? ,if;aemuf Adv k v f ufsmonf 1969 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 29 &ufae@wGif xkid ;f Edik if YH EkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;EkOD;pD;zGJŒpnf;cJhaom ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwD (Parliament Democracy Party-PDP) wGif 'kwd,OuUXtjzpf aqmif¶GufcJhonf? 1970jynfhESpf 72

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

arv25 &ufae@wGif yD'yD yD gwo D nf u&iftrsKd ;om;tpnf;t¶k;H (KNU)/ rGejf ynfopfygwD wdk@ESifh yl;aygif;I "wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHknD!Gwf a&;ESifh vGwfajrmufa&;wyfaygif;pk (wnv) udk zGŒJ pnf;wnfaxmif&mwGif Adv k v f ufsmonf Edik if aH &;ESihf pnf;¶k;H a&;qyfaumfrwD Y twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1973 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 24 &ufae@wGif OD;Ekonf ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDygwD OuUÏtjzpfrS E_wx f u G o f mG ;+y;D aemuf Adv k v f ufsmonf (People’s Patriotic Party) tjzpf ajymif;vJ zGŒJ pnf;+y;D aemuf OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ nf? Adv k v f ufsmonf jynfcspv f w G af jrmufa&; wyfrawmfukd zGŒJ pnf;&mwGiv f nf; acgi;f aqmiftjzpf yg0ifco hJ nf? 1978 ckEpS f Ek0d ifbmv 27 &ufae@wGif xdik ;f jrefrme,fpyfteD; y&muíwfpcef;wGif autef, al &$Œqkid ;f wyfEiS hf wdu k yf jJG zpfymG ;pOf us qH;k oGm;cJ&h onf? Adv k v f ufsmusq;kH oGm;pOfu Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf [mif; ausmaf Zmu... " Adv k cf sKyv f ufsmonf Armjynf. Adv k af e0if; ppf tm%m &Sipf epfq;kd tkypf ;kd r_ukd olusq;kH onfh 1978 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmtxd wku d cf u kd q f ef@usio f mG ;ol jzpfonf? Adv k cf sKyv f ufsmonf rdru d , kd rf rd d tawmfErdS cf swwfojl zpfonf? usaemfw@kd u Adv k cf sKyv f ufsmudk Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf twlwuG Armjynf Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif/ ppfa&; acgi;f aqmifrsm; vkycf =hJ uolrsm;jzpfv@kd Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf twlwx l m;+y;D av;pm;cJ=h u onf? od@k aomf Adv k cf sKyv f ufsmonf ol@ud, k o f l Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf wwef;wnf; rxm;bJ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;udk ol@acgi;f aqmiftjzpf oabmxm;cJo h nf? Adv k cf sKyaf tmif qef;ESihf um;wpfum;wnf; twlp;D =u&mwGif olu Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESit hf wl aemufwef; wGif rxdik b f J a&SŒcef;wGi;f '¶kid b f m. cHak b;xdik cf w kH iG f xkid w f wfonfuakd wGŒ&I ol@udk usaemf wd@k aav;pm;=u&ygonf? olonf ol@ud, k o f l ESrd chf swwfojl zpfonf? aemuf Adv k cf sKyv f ufsmonf Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwt D ay: rsm;pGm,H=k unfav;pm; tm;xm;ol jzpfonf? bDtdkifatacwf +yD;cgpwGif xifygonf? usaemfwdk@wyfxJwGif xkid ;f Edik if u H 0ifvu kd cf w hJ hJ wyfr;_ wpfO;D u wku d yf w JG pfyu JG ol&vmwJh jrefrmtrsKd ;orD;wpfO;D &JŒ vuf0wf&wem pdeaf ¶$ypPn;f rsm;xnfx h m;wJh oHaowWmav;wpfv;kH vm+y;D ay;tyfygonf? usaemf acwWord ;f xm;+y;D aemuf usaemft h xufwiG f Adv k v f ufsm/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;wd@k ¶S&d m uíefawmf Adv k v f ufsmxHomG ;+y;D xk&d wemaowWmudk b,fo@l tyf&rvJ oGm;ar;ygonf? Adv k v f ufsmu aemiftem*wfrmS ArmjynfrmS vGwv f yfa&;udk qufwu kd o f mG ;rSmu Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwyD jJ zpf w,f? 'ga=umifh uGejf rLepfygwu D kd oGm;+y;D ay;xm;yg[k !$e=f um;ygonf? usaemfrmS rdrq d ENEiS v hf nf;udu k n f +D y;D csucf si;f yif ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD acgi;f aqmif ocif oef;xGe;f xHo@kd xdak owWmi,fukd oGm;Iay;tyfvu kd yf gonf? xd@k a=umifh Adv k cf sKyv f ufsmonf Tod@k ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwt D ay: ,H=k unftm;xm;oljzpfygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

aemif ESpaf ygi;f tawmf=umrS Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwu D kd 1939 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 15 &ufae@wGif pwifzŒJG pnf;&mY Adv k cf sKyv f ufsmonf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;/ ocifA[de;f wd@k ESit hf wl yg0ifco hJ jl zpfa=umif; usaemfo&d ygonf? Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;uvnf; usaemfw@kd tjrift& Adv k cf sKyv f ufsmudk tawmfyif av;pm;cspcf ifonf? &Jabmf&b J ufpw d f omru wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D nDtpfuykd rmuJo h @kd vnf; tjyeftvSecf spcf ifav;pm;=uonf? ol.vufatmuf 'kw, d ae&mwGif t+rx J m;+y;D / b,fo@l udrk S Adv k cf sKyv f ufsm. txufae&mudk ray;cJah cs? Adv k af e0if; Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;atmuf a&mufvmaomtcg tjcm;Edik if aH &;ygwu D jzpfI rsm;pGmae&may; qufqcH ahJ omfvnf; owdxm;+y;D Adv k cf sKyv f ufsm. txufae&mudk b,fawmhrS ray;acs? Adv k af e0if;u 'gukd tawmfrausreyfjzpf+y;D Adv k cf sKyv f ufsmtay: wavSsmufv;kH qef@usicf o hJ nf”[lI ol. ud, k af &;twˆKyw ` YdW a&;om;xm;avonf? *sme,fausmrf rav;uvnf; "olvv kd "l pmtkypf mrsuEf mS 331 Y "Adv k v f ufsm um; vlyakH ysmI h Eke,faomfvnf; Edik if aH &;vky&f mwGif ol@pdwu f m; oHacsmif;wpfacsmif;uJo h @kd rmxufaom olwpfO;D jzpfavonf" [lI cs;D usL;xm;avonf? rnfo@kd qdak p... Adv k v f ufsmum; jrefrmhordik ;f wauGŒ Y vGwv f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;r_ ordik ;f wGif ud, k u f sKd ;riJh tepfemcHum oufpeG @f }uKd ;yrf; aqmif¶u G cf ahJ om Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif/ ppfa&;acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D jzpfonfurkd l rnforl sS jiif;Ir&Edik af cs? r[kwyf gavm?

oef;0if;v_di f &nfne$ ;f 1? Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf usmaf Zm/ ud, k w f idk af &;twˆKyw ` adW ygi;f csKyf (qdik ;f pkro S nfref[ikd ;f qDo@kd ) yxrt}urd f "l0Hpmay/ tar&duefjynf axmifpk/ 2007? 2? ausmf+idrf;/ &JabmfoHk;usdyf yxrt}udrf/ tif;0pmaywkduf/ 1998? 3? wuUodkvfpdef/ &JabmfoHk;usdyfarmfuGef;/ yOPrt}udrf/ tm;rmefopfpmay/ 2010? 4? jrefrmh&ufpOfordkif; (yxrwGJ/ 'kwd,wGJ)/ orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme/ yxrt}udrf/ 2009? (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

ocifudk,fawmfrdSkif;ESihf twlaecJh&aom&ufrsm;

'*kefwm&m

(1) 1967 azazmf0g&Dv 5 &uf/ tif;pdefrSxGufvmaom 'wfqef;um;onf =unhjf rifwikd /f vrf;rawmf ponh&f yf uGurf sm;Y vltcsKŒd udk csc+hJ y;D aemuf bk&m;vrf;od@k auG@vdu k af vonf? opfyif/ wdu k w f m/ tdr, f m/ aps;qdik /f vl rsm;/ um;rsm;onf yef;a&mif jrLrif;vGiaf tmufY ,dr;f xd;k ae=uonf? jymodv k rd@k jrL&dyrf pif/ ESi;f aiG@use/f uwW&m ap; vrf;r}u;D rSm zJ}uKd ;teufcif;xm;I um;auG@vdu k af omtcg wGe@f oGm;.? aumif;uifjymxJrS a¶$0ga&mif =u,fyGihf}uD;rSm }uD;vSyguvm;? aq;¶Hk}uD;0if;xJY aq;okwfxm;aom upm;p&maowWmcG}H u;D b,fwek ;f u a&mufaeygvrd ?fh oHywfay;xm;aom rde;f r¶kyrf sm;onf wawmufawmuf ckwaf rmif;ae=u.? upm;p&m puf¶kH rS yHpk x H w k q f &mrSm ukvm;aoG;yg onfxih/f rSm;,Gi;f I 0gaom/ jzLaom/ rJaom/ uGuaf om Adu k o f m;wd@k udk azmf ay;xm;=u.? zJjym;teuf}u;D onf wGe@f um csKid o fh mG ;.? opfuikd ;f rsm;onf usaemhu f kd vmI xdcwfonf? jcaoF}h u;D 2 aumifonf vnfqaH rG;xvsuf usaemhx f H ajy;vmav+y?D tvdk....? " ajz;ajz;armif;ygAsm " um;armif;ydk@ol ppfAdkvfonf jyHK;jrjrvkyfae.? um;t¶Sdefonf tenf;i,f avsmv h monf? r[ma¶$apwD}u;D rS a¶$a&mifonf jrifuiG ;f udk vmI ¶du k v f u kd o f nf? pdr;f aom opfudkif;rsm;onf iHk@rdk;nGwfudkif;ae&rS tay:odk@ jyef wufoGm;=uav+yD? vrf;. vuf0b J ufrS q&m}u;D r[mocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f .*lukd vSr;f jrifvu kd &f onf? apm apmu aoG;tm;enf;aeojzihf rl;a0aom a0'emonf vGio fh mG ;av+y?D usaemh&f ifonf w'dw'f w d f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

ckev f monf? jzLaom ausmufjzL*l}u;D onf rm;rm;}u;D &yfwnfvsu/f av;a'giw fh ikd }f u;D rsm; onf usaemht f m; ol@vdrk wf&ef tm;pGr;f ul;ay;vdu k o f nf? rsuEf mS pmrS pmtky/f a'gi;f / csK;d jzL/ wlwpH Of txdr;f trSwf o¾mefukd zswcf eJjrif&if;/ zse;f ueJ/ zse;f ueJ ar$;nif;wd@k axmifum/ aoG;wdk@onf ESvHk;onf;yGwfta=umwavSsmuf pD;qif;vmukefonf? &ifw'dwf'dwf ckev f mjyefonf? uAsm/trsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ tvkyo f rm;/ v,form; wd@k . jynfo@l tm%m&a&;? usaemfonf &ifcek o f jH zihf q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f tm; tav;jyK&if;/ um;onf quf armif;ESio f mG ;onf? a¶$w*d akH pwDawmf jyo'fwefaqmifrsm;onf w&dy&f yd f aemufwiG f use&f pfc=Jh u ay+y?D usaemht f m¶Hx k w J iG f tvkyo f rm;/ v,form; vlx}k u;D onf od*w kF &W uke;f ajrod@k csw D uf pka0;ae=uonf? twdwrf S toHrsm; yJw h ifxyf vmonf? 1300 &mjynhf ta&;awmfyrkH S toHrsm;/ e,fcsŒJ tpd;k & usq;kH ygap/ "e¶Sipf epf ysupf ;D ygap/ olyek o f yl ek f xx/ rD;'kwf rD;'kwf ¶dŒ_ ¶dŒ_ / ta&;awmfykH atmifygap/ A[ef;ajrrS opfyifw@kd udk w&dy&f yd f jzwfoef;cJo h nf? uef awmf}u;D a&jyifonf vdi_ ;f wHy;kd wd@k jzihf ¶ke;f &if;qefcwf jzpfaeuke=f uonf? zqyvacwfu jynfaxmifpkuvyf taqmuftODonf &dyfueJ aemufwGifusef&pfonf? bdvd,uf abmvH;k csi;f xdo/H rmausmufzaJ r$o/H t+ird fh rif;orD; nKo/H rl&moH/ ylqmoH/ zefcu G cf si;f xdo/H a&pD;oH/ atmho/H tHo?H um;onf w&dyf&dyfajy;vsuf¶Sdonf? um;onf usKduUpHudk auG@vdkufonf? jrif;ajy;oH/ b&ifav;uG atmfo/H [pfo/H usaemhf em;xJwiG f toHbvH tm;vH;k wd@k onf a&m,Supf n D aH eonf? T&mZ0if um;csyrf sm;onf wck ESiw fh ck aZmufx;kd ajymif;jyefxyfum aemuf upOhu f vsm; jzpfomG ;=uonf? usaemfum; &ifw'dw'f w d cf ek v f suf... q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f . uAsmaw;oHonf &mZ0iftm¶Hk tm;vH;k udk v$r;f rd;k vdu k o f nf? " aumif;usK;d taxGaxG&,fe@J cíefap jrapaom a'gif;tdk;a0&,feJ@ wGeaf p uapaom..." (2) usaemf q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;udk pawG@=uHKum oduírf;&aomtcg ausmif;om;b0 touf (20) t¶G,f u jzpfonf? xdt k cgu q&m}u;D rSm touf (65) t¶G,f jzpfav&m/ usaemhx f ufrsm;pGm }u;D onf?usaemfonf q&m}u;D uAsm/ÉDum/ *¾d paompmayrsm;udk zwfco hJ nfrmS 7-8 wef; uwnf;ujzpfonf? q&m}u;D . pmrsm;udk 76

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

v,f w D y ¾d w OD ; armif } uD ; . 0wˆ K rsm;avmuf rpG J + id c J h ? xd k t cgu tEk t ,Of / tEG@J taysmif;wd@k udo k m wyfruf cJ. h ? usaemhrf mS tdrw f pH uf+rw d rf S rxGucf ?hJ yef;yGirfh sm;om tvS [ k xif v suf ¶ S d o nf aiG v a&mif o nf urB m }uD ; [k atmuf a rh c J h . ? 1936ausmif;om;oydw+f y;D aomtcgrl q&m}u;D . a'gi;f ÉDumudk ¶SmazG&rSe;f odvmay+y?D bdKG i;f D m pmtkyu f v kd u kd ¶f mS vmay+y?D ausmif;om;oydwf tawG@t}uKH onf usaemht f m; aumufÉu q&m}u;D xHyg;od@k yd@k aqmifvu kd af v+y?D " =o...a0;c&D;uayr,hf ta&;}uD;vsifjzihf aoG;eD;&m ygpjrJayrdk@... xDrxif ausmif;awmfom;awG&ŒJ trnftpOfrS acgi;f tay:zsm;rSmv rif;¶d@k q&mudk pm&if;wd@k umomxm;vdu k =f uayawmh " vlxv k y_ ¶f mS ;r_xrJ S xGuv f maom q&m}u;D . aw;oHukd cHpm;&rSe;f odvmay+y?D q&m}u;D onf tcef;wHcg;udk ydwI f uAsma&;olavm/ r[kwaf y? A[ef;aumvdyf (0g) trsK;d om;wuUov kd Yf jrefrmpmay/ &mZ0ifygarmuQ tjzpf e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ ynma&; olykef ygarmuQvkyfaeonf? xdk@a=umihfom rif;¶dkŒq&mudk pm&if;wdk@um xm; vdkufzdk@ rSm=um;cJjh cif; jzpfonf? xdt k cg q&m}u;D pdwu f ;l &nfreS ;f csux f YJ " ajrmS ufvu kd rf uG,fh armufvu kd f r[Jv h @kd aqmufvu kd rf hJ ,leAD mpDwaD wGtrsm;" ponfjzihf ...e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ trsK;d om;wuUov kd rf sm;udk wrf;wcJah yonf? xdt k cgu 1900 ausmf Ak'b < mom uvsm%,k0 toif;rsm; pwifz@JG pnf;um nDnw G pf nf;vH;k vm cJah om trsK;d om;tiftm;}u;D (0HomEk) onf 1920 yxr ausmif;om;oydwYf wHceG pf u kd f cJo h nf? xdt k cge,fcsŒJ orm;u 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;jzihf ig;axmifpm; 0ef}u;D &mxl; rsm;ay;um trsKd ; om;nD n G w f a &;tif t m;ud k jzd K cG J v d k u f a vonf ? *sD p D b D a t ac:aom jrefrmtoif;csKy}f u;D rSm qufvufI &mxl;oydwaf rSmufum udv k ekd q D ef@usiaf omtydik ;f ESifh &mxl;,l+yD; " twGi;f 0ify;l owf&rnf " [kqkd aom aphpyfa&; tydik ;f [lI 2 jcrf;uGo J mG ; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

avawmhonf? (vd_if yk ausmf *dk%f;ESihf 21 OD;) ,if;odk@ nDnGwfa&; +ydKuGJaomtcg A[ef;aumvdyo f nfvnf; ysu&f avawmhonf? xdt k cg q&m}u;D u... " vdi_ -f yk-ausmf oydwo f rm;awG&ŒJ tjyif yÉdu&U m; ESL;umESyo f vdyk ESpu f syd w f yg; rl;vsmrwfawGuvJ yl;umowfr,f aumifp0D ifv@kd rd@k taESmifjynftif uG¶J mS oae@&,fu waumifwaumifxrD xif ZGrJ mrmeJ@a0S@=uavawmh..." [k...nDnw G af &;ysujf ym;r_ukd a'goa0'em cHpm;cJh avonf? 1930-31 Y &mZ0ifajrmuf aom *VKefq&mpH. awmif olv,form; vufeufudkifolykef}uD; ay:aygufavonf? q&m}u;D onf ,if; v,form;olyek }f u;D tm;... " &*Hpk H csppf &mwynhw f @kd rSmjzihf OHK t&[H opPm*wdawGEiS fh *VKef o&%H*p>mrd =uayawmh " [k tav;jyKcJhayonf?v,form;olykef}uD;+yD;aemuf 'dk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk; ay:vm&m/ q&m}uD;onf a&eHacsmif; ocifnDvmcHodk@ wufa&mufum " rpPwmarmifrd_if; " trnfpeG @f I " ocif " trnf cHvu kd af vonf? " 'd@k ArmwcGif ocif xdt k ausmf tarmf*% kd ;f wGijf zihf rSsŒd &wemobif t=uif+A[Rp&kd f aZmfuod% k ;f awGEiS fh yv†iAf [dw k Edi_ ;f ayy ZrŠLordik ;f aysmpf &mtajc tdu k , G f ...ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &,fv@kd vlwikd ;f ac:=uap..." 1300- jynhf ta&;awmfy[ kH k xif¶mS ;aom 1938-1939 taxGaxGoydw}f u;D rSm tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ ausmif;om;/ ynm¶Siw f @kd vufwaJG om jynfo@l tm%macwf od@k OD;wnfaom vlxv k y_ ¶f mS ;r_}u;D jzpf&m 'd@k Arm tpnf;t¶H;k ESifh ausmif;om;or*~onf awmfveS af &;wyfO;D jzpfvmonf? q&m}u;D onf ,if; e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; tiftm; bufrS rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfcahJ yonf? 78

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

" a=omf..txufe*du k ysu+f yKd v@kd uscw hJ hJ ueufA[dyk v†if vufpt=uiG ;f ayxihf wuUov kd o f bif or*~toif;qDu tdu k , G f ..wufr[ twif;a[hv@kd tuGuu f sus eif;eif;+y;D cuforSs¶Sif;ayrnhf owif;a'gif;tdk;a0" usaemfonf q&m}u;D . uAsmrsm;udk cHpm;&rSe;f odp/ 1300 jynhf ta&;awmfykH twGi;f Y q&m}u;D ESifh oduírf;vm cJ&h onf? q&m}u;D rSm usaemfw@kd bufu yguvm; [laom todonf q&m}u;D . uAsmudk cHpm;&rSe;f odap onf? (3) q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f onf tjrw J rf; acwftqufqufwikd ;f awmfveS af &; bufuom aeonf? usaemf wd@k rDaom 'd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k ESpjf crf;uGaJ cwfY q&m}u;D onf awmfveS af om *d% k ;f bufu &yfwnfco hJ nfukd owd&ao;onf? q&m}u;D onf azmufjyef onhb f ufukd uJ&h ŒJ ¶_wcf sI awmfveS af &;bufukd cs;D usL;*k%jf yKonf? Tum; q&m}u;D . tEkynm0g' jzpfonf? 0HomEk v_y¶f mS ;r_ wd;k wufaepOfu... " a=omf...ajytr_ayrd@k aiGc¶ki,fESihf aZ,swyk gu, G fh oajyEkcsed f wif&efyef;awGuvJ rsm;ygbo d ESifh azyk¶edS f t*Fvefeef;ajroGm;wd@k rSmjzihf... " [k..bdvyfomG ;tzG@J udk *k%jf yKco hJ nf? od@k aomf ,if; 0HomEktzG@J yif 'dik t f mcD&mxl;ay;um e,fcso J rm;ESifh aphpyfy;l aygi;f oGm;aomtcg... tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

" acG;¶l;jyef rom. tavmif;vdyk tcgtvSnfh raumif;apbd@k tpm;acsmifp&m=uH r,m;awmifnmcHawGESihf pHonfwum; tdu k , G f..ig;axmifojym pm;rmef&,fEiS fh rmefzDzDyGg; " [lI..azmufjyefonhb f ufukd ¶_wcf scahJ yonf?*syefacwfYum; usaemfonf q&m}u;D ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf aecGihf&cJhonf? 'dk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk; OuUÏa[mif; ocifwifarmifESihftwl oGm;wufaeum wcgw&H q&m}uD;. tdrfrSmyif ntdyf &onf? ae@v,fae@cif;wGif q&m}u;D . vufzuf0ikd ;f Y xdik rf u d m pmaya&;&m/ Edik if aH &;&m a¶S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;udk =um;emcJ&h onf? q&m}u;D rSm toufxif¶mS ;¶Sad eaom trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; &mZ0if *E<0if usr;f }u;D wql jzpfayonf? q&m}u;D onf zufqpfacwf tawG@t}uKH ukd... " =urRma0zef aumufuspw f hJ tusK;d ayxihf r[ma¶$*syef apmufusiq fh ;kd aomfvJ y*dk;i&ref yk*HrSm rSm;ovdky a=omf ..a¶S;&JŒtzd@k rSmawmh bk&if tausmt f armf {u&mZfwyg;ayaygh tdk...t"dywd}u;D &JŒ rat;pzG@J ta&;EG@J ¶SmoeJ@ a=omf...awG;wJv h @kd wifaemfa[umoem;? (0g) wenf;waxGrmS awmh aersK;d aersK;d oa0xd;k av+yw D um; " ponfjzihf..[mo^m%fjzihf o¶kyaf zmfxm;ayonf? vGwv f yfa&; &aomtcg q&m}u;D onf... " avmuorm;yDyD ocifwyJah wGe@J 80

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

twGiv f @JS um awmifajcuqif;+y;D atmifajreif;ygvdk@ tyif;tqdyf pm;ouJo h @kd aom t*Fvyd rf sm;udk a*smif;vuG a*smif;vuGmESifh armif;um xkwv f u kd o f rd@k t[kwyf if wu,fvw G af omfvJ b,f0Éfzefom uH=urRmay;avbd a=omf....t*Fvefu/ ,ciftzefzef wifjyefw,fqw kd hJ aºuG;awG&ŒJ tjyif aiGr¶Sjd yefvsS i/f tar&duefxaH cs;&wJh aºuG;rsKd;pHk ukaÉukÉmjzihf ajy¶GmrSm aowmavmuf raumif;csed rf @kd " ponfjzifh..... Edik if aH &; t& vGwv f yfaomfvnf; pD;yGg;a&;t& rvGwv f yfyu kH kd em;vnfayonf? vGwv f yf a&;&+y;D jynfwiG ;f r+ird ;f rcsr;f jzpfaomtcg q&m}u;D onf +ird ;f csr;f a&;Adou k m jzpfvmawmh onf? jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&; tzG@J tpnf;wd@k Y OD;pDO;D udik f jzpfvmayonf? jynfwiG ;f r+ird ;f rcsr;f jzpfonfEiS yfh wfoufI q&m}u;D u ²² " 'd@k Arm ocifA[d0k ,f 'd@k omvSsif wAdv k u f sr[Jq h w kd hJ tvdrk i,f qd¶k , S v f pfu,fEiS fh wHceG w f vlvl uGejf rLepfu,fw@kd rcspo f m arwWmuif;jyefoeJ@ tcsif;csif;yif wjiif;xJ jiif;jiif;+yD; rif;yGt J wkrmS xrif;yGv J u k m v,frsKcd yJ gv@kd yGcJ si;f +y;D taota=u/ wtltt l oHAvHEiS fh wqlql wnHnu H u kd =f u/ wdu k =f u/ rdu k =f uawmh" ponfjzihf 'd@k Arm ocifacwfu wynhaf usmrf sm;tm; u¶k%ma'gaom jzpf&jyefavonf? (4) 1300- jynhf ta&;awmfyHkrS pI 1963- txd tESpftpdwfavmufaom umvtwGi;f usaemfonf q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f xGe;f nScd ahJ om rD;¶SL;wefaqmif tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

vif;jy&m vrf;rY avSsmufc&hJ ayonf? q&m}u;D . vufzuf 0dik ;f Y pum;emol/ urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&; tzGJ@tpnf;OuUX q&m}uD;. vufaxmuf/ EdkifiHjcm;odk@ tpnf;ta0;wuf/ rdwq f ufcsp=f unfa&;c&D; twlomG ;&ol/ jrpf0uíef;ay:ESifh tnmwcGif +ird ;f csr;f a&; c&D;pOfY twlyg&ol/ ponf tm;jzihf q&m}u;D xHyg;Y aecJ&h onf? xdt k cg q&m}u;D ocifu, kd f awmfri_d ;f [laom yk*Kd~ vu f ekd m;vnfum cifvm ygawmhonf? xdyk *k Kd~ vu f m; jynfo@l acgi;f aqmif jynfo@l uAsm"k&d }f u;D jzpfonf? xdt k cg q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmf rdi_ ;f . uAsmw&m; wd@k udk rifvmygawmhonf? yk*Kd~ vEf iS w fh &m;udk wjcm;pD cGI J r&yg? ¶Si;f ygt?hH usaemfw@kd . trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; v_y¶f mS ;r_Y awmfveS af &;tauG@rsm;udk jzwfausmcf =hJ u&onf? wauG@wauG@wGif acgi;f aqmifry_ ikd ;f Y azmufjyefa&;/ aphpyfa&;tpkEiS fh wd;k wufaom awmfveS af om tpkw@kd vrf;cGaJ om tcgwikd ;f q&m}u;D onf wd;k wufaom awmfveS af ombufu &yfwnfonf? xdt k cg q&m}u;D onf uAsmjzihf azmufjyefonhb f ufukd ¶_wcf su&hJ ŒJ um wd;k wufonhb f ufukd *k%jf yKonf? xdt k auG@Y azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;udk xm;&pfcu hJ m awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ESifh vufwI JG qufvufcsw D ufomG ;onf? xd@k twl aemufwauG@wGiv f nf; ,cifwauG@wke;f u wd;k wufcahJ omacgi;f aqmifro _ nf azmufjyefvmaomt cg olw@kd udv k nf; xm;&pfc&hJ jyefum awmfveS f a&; tiftm;opfbufEiS fh vufwq JG ufvuf csw D ufomG ;jyefonf? xd@k a=umihf q&m}u;D tm; tjrJwrf; wdk;wufonhf buf/ awmfvSefonhfbufwGif jrifae&jcif; jzpfonf? xdk@ a=umihyf ifvsS if q&m}u;D ESifh 0HomEkacwfu vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf touf 80 ausmt f ¶G,f acgif;aqmiftdk}uD;rsm;rSm olwdk@.&mZ0ifcef;ukefI aemufwGifusef&pfcJhpOf q&m}uD;rSm touf 14-5 ESpf wufopfp wdk;wufawmfvSef aom ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ESihf vufwv JG suf ¶Sad eayonf? bma=umihf q&m}u;D onf acwfwikd ;f acwfwikd ;f wd;k wufaom/ awmfveS af om tiftm;opfrsm;. em,u}uD; jzpfae&oenf;? q&m}uD;. vkyfief;pOfrSm ¶Sif;onf? q&m}u;D onf tjrw J rf; tzdEydS cf H jynfo@l bufu aejcif; jzpfonf? zdEydS af omvlwef;pm;buf/ tkypf ;kd aombufu q&m}u;D b,fawmhrS rae? wcsKu d q&m}u;D udk.... " ac:&ifvu kd w f myJ/ acwfrrDawmhb;l / twdu k t f cH Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGu toH;k csaewm " 82

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

[k ,lq=uonf? usaemfu TuJo h @kd rjrif? q&m}u;D onf tH=h obG,&f m aumif;avmuf atmifyif yg;onf? xufjrufonf? tajctaeudk odjrifaeonf? tzdEydS cf b H ufuac:vSsif omvdu k o f nf? wd;k wufaom buf/ awmfveS af ombufY tjrw J rf; wnf¶adS om q&m}u;D xuf rnfou l acwfrOD ;D rnfenf;? q&m}u;D tm; Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;u toH;k csonf[al om xifjrifcsuEf iS fh ywfoufI q&m}u;D . apwemrSm rSwf om;zG,af umif;vS.? wcgu q&m}u;D onf uGr;f pm;&if; " a[h wm&m/ q&mhukd toH;k csw,f bmw,f nm w,f ajym=uwm q&modom;yJ/ 'Dr,f wm&m &/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;twGuq f &kd if q&mhukd toH;k cs=uprf;yg q&mcHygh r,f " usaemhrf mS q&m}u;D . pum;rsm;twGuf &ifxw J iG f a=uuGx J cd u kd f rdvmonf? q&m}u;D onf tajctaeESifh b,fawmhrS ruif;uGm/ tjrw J rf; aemufq;kH tajctaeudk od+y;D jzpfaeonf? q&m}u;D onf ¶_yaf xG;ayGvD aom/ rJeufaom Edik if aH &; 0uFygrsm;udk odonf? q&m}u;D . Edik if aH &; tawG@t=uKH um; usaemfw@kd . trsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&; ordik ;f avmuf oufwrf;&iho f nf r[kwaf vm? q&m}u;D onf wcgw&H..... " a=omf...ouU&mZfu,fEiS fh toufppfvu kd af wmh ouf¶pS q f ,f wck,w k t f wGi;f wGirf S a=omf… wufacwf wufacwfEiS fh wzufzuf npfcsiw f hJ zufqpfozG,f ,ckwokwrf if;wGijf zihf tjyK uíEkyf f ruif;olawGe@J bk&m;xJ w&m;yGo J bif (tdu k , G )f bol@t¶_yt f ¶Si;f udrk S =um;vJ r=um;csi?f a=omf...bk&m;tvkyf w&m;tvkyu f jkd zihf tm;xkwrf ,f =upH nfayr,hf " ponfjzihf nnf;rdonfrmS "rRwmyif jzpfonf? q&m}u;D . b0tawG@t}uKH um; uHv k ºkH u, G 0f vSonf? q&m}u;D . b0 rmwdum pOfum; rsm;axGvSonf? bkef;}uD;ausmif; pmoifom;/ tnmc&D;onf/ pmpDorm;/ pmjyif q&m/ t,f'w D m/ aqmif;yg;¶Si/f &mZ0ifusr;f jyKq&m/ pmayusr;f jyKq&m/ 0wˆKa&;q&m/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

jyZmwfq&m/ jrefrmpmygarmuQ/ owif;pmq&m/ uAsmq&m/ 'd@k Armtpnf;t ¶H;k em,u/ urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&;/ jynfwiG +f ird ;f csr;f a&; tzG@J tpnf;OuUÏ/ pwmvif Edik if w H um +ird ;f csr;f a&; qk&/ tvFumausmpf mG bG@J &/ *smr%DwuUov kd rf S a'guw f mbG@J &? Tq&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;[laom yk*~dKvfudk cif+yD;aemuf bma=umihf q&m}u;D . uAsmw&m;wd@k udk rrifbJ aeEdik rf nfenf;? q&m}u;D onf ola&;onht f wdik ;f vkyo f nf? q&m}u;D . w&m;onf q&m}u;D . tvkyrf S xGuaf y:vmonf? Ttcsurf mS txl;jcm;qHk;jzpf.? EdkifiHa&;avmuY ajymovdk vkyfol ¶Sm;onf? tajym w jcm; tvkyw f jcm;u rsm;onf? yk*Kd~ vEf iS w fh &m; bmrSsrqdik =f u? q&m}u;D onf tcef;xJrS uAsmoufouf a&;ol r[kwaf y? rSew f cH g;twGi;f rS aeI v,fxeG pf ufukd zG@J aom v,form; tvkyo f rm; wHqyd w f yf okcrdef r[kwaf y? q&m}u;D onf jynfo=l um;Y aeum jynfow l @kd . &ifcek f oHukd azmfusL;onf? q&m}u;D . trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; &Jwif;oHa=umihf jynfow l @kd &J&ih&f onf? q&m}u;D . +ird ;f csr;f a&; &Jwif;oHa=umihf jynfow l @kd tm;opfvef;&onf?q&m}u;D . uAsmrsm;udk avhvmjcif;onf jynfo@l pmay. oabmw&m;udk avhvmjcif; rnfayonf? q&m}u;D onf uAsmtwGuf uAsma&;ol r[kwfay? q&m }uD;onf ydÉuwf pum;rsm;udk roHk;E_ef;/ t&yfpum; vlxkpum;udkom oHk;onf? uAsmudk u0d. OpPm[k cuf cJeufeJatmif b,fawmhrS r}uD;us,f/ r0ihf0g? xdka=umihf q&m}uD;onf r[mocifudk,fawmfrd_if;? usaemfonf q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f . &Jwif;oHukd =um;&if; &ifcek v f monf? aoG;opfw;kd vmonf? (5) 'wfqef;um;av;onf 3 ESpaf usmf uGu J mG aecJah om vrf;uav;od@k csK;d 0ifvu kd f onf? pdr;f aomopfyifrsm;onf jr¶Guw f @kd jzihf jrL;uae=uonf? opf&yd af jymufusm;xJrS ae0ef;eDeo D nf usaemhx f aH jy;vm.?

'*kefwm&m pmudk;... aiGwm&Dr*~Zif;/ 1967/ Zlvdkif? '*kefwm&m &JŒ " pmvHk;/ aq;puf apmif;}udK; ESihf uwWDygum;vdyf " 1974{+yDv/yxrt}udrrf u S ;l ,lazmfjyygw,f

(rdkrcrD'D,mrS) 84

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

&GmuvlawGzwfapcsifwJh EdkifiHa&;ta}umif;

aZmfaZmfatmif &GmuvlawGzwfapcsifvdk@EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;aqmif;yg;uav;awGa&;cJhwm ok;H yk'&f adS yg?h u|eaf wmfajymcsiw f mu ( t&ifu }urd zf efrsm;pGm ajymcJzh ;l ygw,f? ) xyfajymcsif wmu u|efawmf[m EdkifiHa&;orm;r[kwfygbl; EdkifiHa&;okcrdefvnf;r[kwfygbl;? omrefpmaya0zefa&;q&myg? od@k ayr,fv h nf; vdt k yfw,fxifv@kd odxm;wmuav;awG ,lqxm;wmuav;awGukd vG,v f , G u f av;jyefa&;zd@k }uKd ;pm;aewmyg? t&ifvawGwkef;u "tpdk;&" "rif;"ta=umif; tawmftoifhajymcJhygw,f/ odyu f s,0f ef; wJu h pd }P u;D qdak wmh ajymp&mawG&OdS ;D rSmyJ/ xyfvnf;ajym&OD;rSmyJ/ tpd;k &qdak wmh wu,fw h &m;udk ppfvu kd af wmh vlx&k @J tapcHjzpfw,fqw kd t hJ csuu f kd tav;teufxm;+y;D wifjycJhygw,f/ vlxk}uD; wpf&yfvkH;u wpfenf;ajym&if wpfwdkif;jynfvkH;u wdk@udpPudk aqmif&Gufay;/ wdk@b0awGom,m0 ajymatmifoufomacsmifcsdatmif tpdk;&tjzpf wpfenf;ajym&&if rif;tjzpf cef@tyfvu kd jf zpfw,f 'Dae&mrSm vGecf w hJ hJ (23) ESpaf vmufu a':atmifqef;pk=unf ajymcJw h hJ pum;wpfceG ;f owd&vd@k ud;k um;yg&ap? tpd;k &qdw k mjynfov l x l q k ENwhJ udu k n f rD ,fh wdik ;f jynftusKd ;udk aqmif&u G zf @kd tcsdefuef@ owfapcdkif;xm;wJh opPmt&SdqkH; jynfol@0efxrf;yJ jzpf&r,f? ( 1/ 11/ 88/ ewfarmuf+rKd @ tzG@J csLyf&;Hk rde@f cGe;f ) a':atmifqef;pk=unfuawmh "tcsdefuef@owfapcdkif;xm;wJh opPmt&SdqkH; jynfo@l 0efxrf;"vd@k ,Ofaus;zG,&f m ajymxm;wmyg/ u|eaf wmfuawmh wnf(h 'J@)ajymcsvu kd f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

wmyg? u|efawmfh pum;enf;enf;em;0if&dkif;ayr,fh oabmuawmh twlwlygyJ/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu " tcsed u f ef@ owfapcdik ;f xm;wJh "vd@k qdyk gw,f/ tpd;k &oufwrf;[m ig;ESpfjzpfap/ ajcmufESpfjzpfap uef@owfay; xm;w,f/ ig ESpftpdwftpdk;&vkyfr,fha[h iguawmh ESpq f ,fEh pS Ef pS af vmuf vkyrf ,fumG vd@k ud, k o hf abmeJ@ud, k f tpd;k &vkyv f @kd r&bl;/ tpdk;&qdkwm vlxku oabmwla&G;cs,fwifajrSmufcef@tyf&wm udk;/ 'Dta=umif;awG u|eaf wmfwifjycJyh gw,f? aemufta&;}uD;wJhtcsufwpfcsufvnf; ajymcJhygao;w,f/ tJ'guawmh tpd;k &udv k x l k ua&G;cs,w f ifajrmS uf&ovdk tJ't D pd;k &u vlxt k usKd ;pD;yGm;udk raqmif&u G f awmhb;l ae&mrus awmhb;l qd&k if vlxu k tJ't D pd;k &udk jzKwcf sEikd w f ,f/ tcsed rf a&G;jzKwcf s Edik w f ,f/ bma=umifv h q J akd wmh 'Dtpd;k &utpuwnf;u vlxu k cef@tyfxm;wmrd@k ygy?J quf+y;D awmh vlxu k tpd;k &udak y;tyfxm; wJh " vkyyf ikd cf iG hf "awGta=umif;ajymygrh ,fv@kd u|eaf wmf 'Daqmif;yg;udk tqk;H owfcyhJ gw,f/ tckquf ygr,f? " vkyyf ikd cf iG hf "qdw k m bmvJ/ +rKd @om;pmwwfaywwf y&dowfawGtwGuu f awmh zGiq hf ckd suf ay;&if trsm;}u;D ay;vd@k &ygvrd rhf ,f? u|eaf wmfyh &dowf &Gmom;awGtwGuf uawmh vd&k if;udw k nfh ('J)h ajymrS ae&musygvrd rhf ,f/ vkyyf ikd cf iG q hf w kd m vd&k if;wnf(h 'J)h ajym&&if tm%mygy/J tm%m&Sd rS tpd&k vkyv f @kd &rSmud;k ? t&ifvawGu aqmif;yg;awGrmS u|eaf wmf'v D akd &;cJyh gw,f/ tpd;k &udk vlxu k wd@k twGuf rif;'gawG 'gawG vkyaf y;&r,f/ 'gawG 'gawG vkyaf y;vd@k "cdik ;f xm;" wm/ tJ't D wGurf if;udk wd@k u (1) vpm/ &dumQ / taqmift,mifawG ay;r,f/ (2) vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf wG ay;r,f/ rif; igwd@k tpd;k & vkyaf yawmhv@kd vlx}k uD;u cef@tyfvu kd w f m? tJ'D vkyyf ikd cf iG q hf w kd m tm%mygy?J tJ'aD wmh vkyyf ikd cf iG q hf w kd m tm%mudk ac:wm [kwyf g+y/D tm%mqdw k m bmvJ/ 'ge@J yJ oyGwt f v l u kd af wmhr,f/ xifw,f/ uJ 'Dvv kd yk &f atmif ausmif;'uma& cifAsm;wd@k u|eaf wmfw@kd eJ@ eD;pyfwhJ Oyrm vG,v f , G af y;+y;D ajym=upd@k / u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpw k pf0ef; wpfvsm;rSm aus;vuf awm&GmawG +rdK@}uD;/ +rdK@vwf/ +rdK@i,fawGrSm &yfuGuftoD;oD; &S=d uw,f/ &yfuu G q f rG ;f }u;D avmif; toif;qdw k m &yfuu G w f ikd ;f vdv k rkd mS &Sw d ,f/ &efuek f +rKd @}u;D rSmawmh vrf;wdik ;f vdv k kd &Sw d ,f/ &yfuu G f "rRm&krH mS yJ &yfuu G &f @J oma&;ema&;udpP t00udk pnf;a0;wdik yf if=uw,f/ usr;f rma&;udpt P wGuf uav;i,fawG ykv d , D akd q;wdu k f r,fqv kd nf; tJ'rD mS yJpw k ,f/ +rKd @}u;D awGrmS qd&k ifawmh &yfuu G "f rR&[ Hk m +rKd @awmfcef;raayg/h tJ'rD mS &yfuu G q f rG ;f }u;D avmif; toif;zG@J =upd@k / ta&;}u;D qk;H eJ@yxrqk;H vky&f r,fh vkyif ef;u t}u;D trSL;OD;pD;OD;udik v f yk rf ,fh vl}u;D wpfa,mufvw kd ,f/ a&G;=u&r,f? &yfuu G x f J rSm oDv/ orm"d&w dS o hJ l ud, k u f siw hf &m;aumif;wJo h /l pdwaf umif;&Sw d hJ 86

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

tpdk;&udk vlxku wdk@twGuf rif;'gawG 'gawG vkyfay;&r,f/ 'gawG 'gawG vkyfay;vdk@ " cdik f;xm;" wm/ tJ'tD wGufrif;udk wd@ku (1) vpm/ &dumQ / taqmift,mifawG ay;r,f/ (2) vkyyf ikd cf iG fhawG ay;r,f/ rif; igwdk@tpdk;& vkyfayawmhvdk@ vlxk}uD;u cef@tyfvdkufwm? tJ'D vkyyf ikd cf iG qhf wkd m tm%mygyJ? ..........

ol/ trsm;tusKd ;aqmif&u G f csipf w d &f w dS o hJ /l qufqaH &;ajyjypfwo hJ /l ponf ponf t&nf tcsif;&Sdoludk a&G;&ayraygh/ t&uf orm;/zJorm;/ aq;orm;wdk@a&G;vdk@b,fjzpfrvJ/ ESpv f ;Hk wpfv;Hk 'dik af wGqv kd nf; b,fjzpfrvJ/ vnfyif;rSm ykw;D eJ@nbufus&if ckEpS t f rd f ausmu f =um;&atmif tus,}f u;D atmf+y;D bk&m;&Spcf ;kd wwfayrJh tdrx f rJ mS ukw}f uw d w f hJ (auyD) orm;qdk&ifvnf; rjzpfao;bl; ( auyDqdkwm cGufykef;udkac:wm) tJ'Dawmh txufuajymcJw h hJ t&nftcsi;f awG&o dS rl jS zpfr,fayg?h ol@udt k rsm;oabmwl OD;pD;OD;udik f vkyzf @kd a&G;cs,w f ifajrmS ufvu kd +f yv D @kd qd=k uygp@kd / qGr;f avmif;toif;&J@ udp0P pd aP wGqw kd m uvnf; 0g wGi;f rd;k vrSm oHCmawmfawG qGr;f uGr;f udpP ryifyef;&atmif&nf&, G f vkyaf qmif =uwmr[kwv f m; 'Dtvkyaf wGukd olwpfa,mufwnf;vkyv f @kd r&Edik b f ;l av/ &yfuu G o f m; &yfuu G o f al wG pkaygi;f nDnm vky=f u&rSmayg/h olu pDru H yG u f &J r,f/ pDpOfneG =f um;&r,f/ tvkyfawG cGJa0ay;&r,f/ vqef;vqkwf vjynfhvuG, f tzdwf Oykofae@wdkif; qGr;f avmif;&r,f/ ta&;}u;D wmwpfcu k &HyaHk iGy?J aiGa&;a=u; a&;udpP xde;f odr;f &r,f/ pm&if;Z,m; jyKpx k m;&r,f/ 'gawGtm;vk;H vkyzf @kd tvkycf aJG 0ay;&r,f/ b,fou l bmvky/f b,fou l bmwm0ef,v l @kd wm0efawGukd cGaJ 0ay;tyfyikd cf iG hf ol@rSm&S&d r,f/ olay;wJh wm0efukd &yfo&l mG om;awG ausyeG af tmifxrf;aqmif&r,f/ tJ'g‘tm%m’yJ? vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%m ygy?J 'DOyrmeJ@ ,SO=f unf&h if &vdrrhf ,fxifygw,f/ &yfuu G q f rG ;f avmif;oif; OuUX vl}u;D udk &yfuu G o f l &yfuu G o f m;awGu a&G;cs,w f ifajrmS ufcef@tyf+y;D ol@udk vkyyf ikd cf iG hf "tm%m" ay;tyfvu kd f =uw,f/ olu'Dtm%mudk tok;H jyK+y;D &yfuu G q f rG ;f avmif; toif; udpu P kd aqmif&u G w f ,f/ 'Doabm yJayg?h vlxu k tpd;k &udk a&G;cs,w f ifajrmS ufvu kd w f ,f/ +y;D awmhtpd;k &udk tm%may;tyfw,f/ tJ 'Dtm%mudk tok;H jyK+y;D wdik ;f jynfut kd yk cf sLyfw,f vlx&k @J aumif;usKd ;csr;f omtwGuf tpd;k &tvkyf udk vky+f y;D " tm%m" eJ@pDrH cef@cGw J ,f/ csr;f omtwGuyf J jzpfw,fqw kd t hJ csuu f kd u|eaf wmfw@kd pGpJ JG jrjJ rJ oabmaygux f m;&r,f? udik ;f ausmif;'uma&/ vlxu k awmh tpd;k &udk "tm%m" awGay;tyfvu kd +f y?D 'Dtm%m vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf wGo;Hk +y;D tkycf sLyfawmhv@kd tyfvykd +f y;D +y/D tJ't D m%mawGu bmawGv/J u|eaf wmf tpD&if cHcw hJ t hJ wdik ;f odyu f s,0f ef;euf&id_ ;f ygw,f/ u|eaf wmf}uKd ;pm;+y;D wifjyae wmyg/ +rKd @om; pmwwfaywwfawG twGuu f awmh zwfp&m avhvmp&m pmtkypf mwrf;awG aygygvrd rhf ,f/ t*Fvyd pf mtky/f jrefrm pmtky/f tckq&kd if w&kwpf mtkyaf wGawmif &Sad ea&mh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

r,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd &Gmu vlawGtwGuu f awmh trsm;pkvx l u k aopm&Sipf mavmufom wwf=uwmqdak wmh olw@kd twGuf b,frmS vG,yf grh vJ/ u|eaf wmf }uKd ;pm;wifjyaewmyg? ae&mrus&if a0zefaxmufjy jyifqif=uyg/ (&Gmom;awG em;vnf zd@k awmh vdw k mayg/h ) tJ'Dawmhvlxku ay;tyfvdkufwJh tm%m[m (okH;ck) &Sdw,f? 'Dtm%m (3) &yf[m vlord sm;w,f/ tac:tajymrsm;w,f/ tJ'gawGu (1)- tkycf sLyfa&; / pDrcH ef@cGaJ &;tm%m (2)- Oya'jyKa&;tm%m (3)- w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m? uJ ..wpfcck si;f =unf&h atmif.....

1/ tkyfcsLyfa&;/ pDrHcef@cGJa&;tm%m tkyfcsLyfa&;qdkwmu pajym=updk@a&S;bk&ifacwfuqdk&if wdkif;jynftkyfcsLyf rif;vkyaf wmfro l nfv@kd &Sw d ,f? ajymp&m&Sv d mwmu u|eaf wmfw@kd pum;rSm tkycf sLyfwm &Sdw,f// tkyfpkd;qdkwm &Sdw,f/ ruGJrjym;okH;pGJae=uayr,fh wu,fawmh tkyfcsLyfeJ@ tkypf ;kd qdw k m rwlb;l / tkycf sLyfqw kd m aumif;wJt h "dym` ,f&w dS ,f? vlxu k kd cspcf if=uifempGmeJ@ vlxt k usKd ; tjrOJ ;D xdyx f m;+y;D w&m;eJ@tnD tkycf sLyfw,f/ aumif;wJh t"dym` ,f&w dS ,f/ tkypf ;kd qdw k mu qd;k wJt h "dym` ,f&w dS ,f? u|eaf wmfo h abm t&tkypf ;kd udk tJovdk uGjJ ym;atmif cGjJ cm;ok;H csiw f ,f/ txufrmS wke;f u u|eaf wmfw@kd a&G;cs,w f if ajrmS ufvu kd w f hJ tpd;k &udk tm%mvkyyf ikd cf iG ahf wG ay;tyfvu kd +f yv D @kd ajymcJw h ,f? tpd;k &u vlxak y;wJh tm%mudk tok;H jyK+y;D wdik ;f jynfut kd yk cf sLyf+yv D @kd em;vnfvu kd =f upd@k ? b,fvt kd yk cf sLyfovJ/ tkycf sLyf w,fqw kd m bmvJ? tkycf sLyfw,fqw kd t hJ xJrmS pDrcH ef@cGw J ,fqw kd hJ oabmu wpfcgwnf;ygomG ;+yD vm;vd@k em;vnftyfygw,f/ vlx&k @J tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf vlx&k @J ta&;udpaP wG( pD;yGm;a&;/ use;f rma&;/ ynma&;/ tjcm;vlral &;awG)udak qmif&u G zf @kd pDrcH ef@cG&J w,f/ u|eaf wmfyh &dwf owf &GmuvlawGe@J teD;pyfq;Hk jzpfwhJ pdu k yf sd K;a&; udpP pOf;pm;=unf=h uygp@kd ? v,f,mpdu k f ysKd ;a&;vkyif ef;[m u|eaf wmfw@kd &Gmom;awG&@J t"du pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;jzpfw,f/ ta&;}uD;qkH; ta&;udpPjzpfw,fvdk@qdk&ygr,f? txufu ajymcJw h mrSwrf rd mS yg/ tpd;k &qdw k m vlx&k @J ta&;udpP awGukd vlxt k usKd ;pD;yGm;jzpfatmif aqmif&u G &f w,f/ qdw k majymcJyh gw,f? uJæ tckvx l &k @J ta&; }u;D qk;H ta&;udpjP zpfwhJ v,f,mpdu k yf sd K;a&;vkyif ef;udk tpd;k &u b,fvakd qmif&u G af y;rvJ/ h pdu k zf @kd ysKd ;zd@k ajr,mawG cGaJ 0owfrw S af y;&r,f? ajr&S, d eHk @J r+y;D ao;bl; rsKd ;uvdak o;w,f/ rsKd ;aphawG yHyh ;kd ay;&r,f/ ajr=oZmqkdwmvnf; vdkao;w,f/ acwfeJ@tnD acwfrDajr=oZmawG yHhydk;ay;&r,f/ ydk;owfaq;awG yHhydk;ay;&r,f/ 'ghtjyif tajccHuswJh ukefxkwfud&d,mac:wmaygh/ 88

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

v,f,mok;H ypPn;f awG u|J EGm;/ xGew f ;Hk / xGew f u H tp v,fxeG pf ufawG/ x,fx;kd pufawG/ ysKd ;uspJ ufawG/ &dyo f rd ;f ac|avS@puf awGukd acwfe@J tnDyyhH ;kd ay;&r,f/ pDraH qmif&u G af y;&r,f/ 'gt h jyif acwfrw D ;kd wufvmwJh enf;pepf awGuv kd nf; acwfe@J tnD oifjyay;&r,f? uJæ pdkuf+yD;+yD/ &dwfodrf;+yD; +yD/ &vmwJhxGufukef oD;ESHawG ra&mif;cif odkavSmif&awmhr,f/ usDawG/ odkavSmif&kHawG/ *dka'gifawG aqmufay;&r,f/ +yD;&if ta&;}u;D qk;H tydik ;f udk a&mufvm +yD a&mif;&awmhr,f/ jynfwiG ;f aps;uGurf mS ud, k Ehf ikd if o H l Edik if o H m;awGpm;zd@k twGuf a&mif;&rSmaygh jynfyyd@k uket f aeeJ@vnf; a&mif;&rSmayg/h ac|;eJ@&if; +y;D pdu k x f w k cf &hJ wJh vkyt f m;twGuf tusKd ;aus; Zl;cHpm;&rSmayg/h 'DrmS ta&;}u;D qk;H tydik ;f udk ajymcJyh gw,f/ olw@kd ac|;eJ@&if;+y;D pdu k cf yhJ sKd ;cJw h hJ tusKd ; tjrwfu=kd um;vl/ ( =um;vlqw kd m aiG&iS /f a=u;&Si/f "e&Sif awGajymwm ) acgi;f ykjH zwfwmrsKd ;udk tpd;k &u tumtuG,af y;&r,f/ acgif;ykHjzwfwJhpepf r&Sdatmif pDrHaqmif&Gufay;&rSm/ bma=umifhvJ/ bma=umifhvJvdk@ ar;aep&mvdak o;vm;/ bmrSrpdu k rf ysKd ; tvkyrf vkyf wJ"h e&Siaf wG rwefwq aps;ESrd v f @kd yJ jzpfjzpf wjcm;vdrv f nf aumufuspw f mrsKd ;eJ@yJjzpfjzpf "acgif;ykHjzwf" oGm;&ifvx l yk J t usKd ;pD;yGm; xdcu kd ef pfemr,f/ rxdcu kd f repfematmif tumtuG,af y;&rSmu tpd;k &wm0efy/J tJ 'Dtxd wm0ef,&l r,f/ tJ't D wGuf trsm;uodae=uwJh 0ef}u;D Xmeqdw k m &Sv d mw,f/ tJ'rD mS 0ef}u;D u wm0ef ,lw,f/ ol@vufatmufrmS Xmeaygi;f rsm;pGm/ vlaygi;f rsm;pGm/ 0efxrf;aygi;f rsm;pGm xm;+y;D tckajym cJw h hJ vlxk (awmifov l ,form;xk )}u;D &J@ ta&;udpaP wGukd pDrcH ef@cGaJ y; &r,f/ tJ'g tm%myJ/ tJ't D m%mudo k ;Hk +y;D tkycf sLyfwm/ pDrcH ef@cGw J mawG tm;vk;H [m vlx&k @J tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuyf jJ zpf& r,f/ 'guvGJ vd@k wjcm;bmrS rjzpf&bl;qdw k mudak wmh &ifxJ tonf;xJrmS pGaJ eatmif rSwx f m;& r,f/ xyfajym&&if tpd;k &uæ tkycf sLyfa&;/ pDrcH ef@cGaJ &; tm%mudkokH;wm[m vlxk&J@tusdK;pD;yGm; twGufomjzpf&r,f/ jyefcsLyf=updk@qdk&ifjzifh tpd;k &[mawmifov l ,form; vlx}k u;D &J@ b0twGuf ayguw f ;l / aygujf ym;/ aumufq/G wHpOfutp yHyh ;kd ay;&r,f/ ajr&Si/f ,m&Si/f "e&Sif trsKd ;rsKd ;&J@ tEW&m,fu umuG,af y;&r,f/ rSwfrdygvdrfhr,f/ xifyg&J@/ cifAsm;wdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ tonf;pGJyg& rD tEkynm&Sif}uD; wG@H aw;ode;f wef&@J axG;ndKocD si;f wpfy'k x f rJ mS æ " 'Dpepfq;kd awGuu kd muG,f ausmrGrJ sm; twGuf wdu k zf suyf pf&r,f " qdw k phJ mom;rSwrf ad eOD;rSmyg/ tpd;k &u tJ't D xd pDrcH ef@cGJ tkycf sLyfz@kd wm0ef&w dS ,f?

(2) Oya'jyKa&;tm%m 'gvnf; ta&;}u;D wJh udpyP gy/J tpd;k &u Oya'jyK&w,f/ Oya'jyKciG t hf m%mudk vlxu k ol@udak y;xm;w,f/ Oya'qdw k m bmvJ/ tifrwef us,0f ef;euf&id_ ;f wJh e,f}u;D yg vm;/ odycf ufw,f/ ody&f y_ w f ,f/ cs@J &ifcs@J ovdk vku d rf qk;H teuft"dyg` ,af wGu us,0f ef; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

a&S;bk&ifacwfuqd&k if wdik f;jynftkyfcsLyf rif;vkyfawmfrlonfvdk@ &Sdw,f? ajymp&m&Sdvmwmu u|efawmfw@kdpum;rSm tkycf sLyfwm &Sdw,f// tkyfpkd;qdkwm &Sdw,f/ ruGJrjym;okH;pGJae=uayr,fh wu,fawmh tkyfcsLyfeJ@ tkyfpdk;qdkwm rwlbl;/ tkyfcsLyfqdkwm aumif;wJth "dym` ,f&wdS ,f? vlxuk kd cspfcif=uifempGmeJ@ vlxktusdK; tjrJO;D xdyfxm;+yD; w&m;eJ@tnD tkyfcsLyfw,f/ aumif;wJh t"dy`m,f&dwS ,f/ tkyfpdk;qdkwmu qdk;wJht"dy`m,f&dwS ,f? u|efawmfoh abm t&tkypf ;kd udk tJovdk uGjJ ym;atmif cGjJ cm;ok;H csifw,f/ .......... wwfw,f/ u|eaf wmf&h mG u vlawGem;vnfatmifawmh }uKd ;pm;,l&vdrrhf ,f/ Oya'oqdw k m vl@avmu&J@ tusKd ;pD;yGm; aumif; usKd ;csr;f om r*Fvm&Sad pzd@k twGuf vlawGvyk af qmif&r,fh udp/P rvkyb f aJ e&r,fh udpaP wGcjJG cm;owf rSwaf y;xm;&w,f/ tJ'D owfrw S cf suaf wG[m Oya'yJ ? tvG , f q k H ; ajym&&if vl a wG " aqmif & ef " eJ @ "a&S m if & ef " ygyJ ? 'gawG 'gawGuv kd yk af qmif=u / vkycf iG &hf w dS ,f/ 'gawG 'gawGukd a&Smif=u / vkycf iG rhf &Sb d ;l ? tJ'v D kd tpkd;&u owfrSwfay;&r,f? ( wjcm;vl@avmu owfrSwfcsufawG/ bmomw&m;u owfrSwfxm;awGvnf;&Sdw,f/ tckawmh tpdk;&u owfrSwfay;xm;wJh Oya'qdkwmyJ ajymygr,f/ a&maxG;ukerf mS pd;k vd@k yg?) bmawGrvky&f bl;/ bmawGa&Smif&r,f/ bmawGawmh vkycf iG &hf w dS ,f/ vkyf aqmifEikd w f ,fv@kd tpd;k &u Oya'tjzpf owfrw S af y;ydik chf iG &hf w dS ,f vl x k u vnf ; vd k u f e musif h o k H ; & r,f / rvd k u f e m&if rusif h o k H ; &if tpd k ; &u "ta&;,ltjypf"ay;Edik w f ,f?(tJ't D ydik ;f udak wmh aemufrS ajymygrh ,f?) tJ'v D kd Oya'jyKciG hf tm%mudk vlxu k tpd;k &udt k yfxm;wm / ay;xm;wm / ta&; }u;D wJt h csuu f x kd yfajym& tke;f r,f/ tpd;k &u owfrw S jf yXmef;vdu k w f hJ Oya'tm;vk;H [m jynfov l l xk&@J tusKd ;pD;yGm;/ aumif;usKd ;csr;f om r*FvmtwGuyf /J jzpfap&r,f/ wjcm;b,fo@l twGurf S rjzpfap&bl;? 'Dtcsufudk u|efawmfwdk@ pl;pl;epfepf oabmaygufxm;zdk@vdkw,f/ Oya'qdkwm vlxk twGufjzpfw,f/ Oya'qdkwm tpdk;&twGuf r[kwfbl;? 'g w&m;udk,ftcsLyfygyJ? uJ Oya'awGukd awmh jyXmef;owfrw S af y;vdu k +f y/D qufajymrSmu ‘w&m;pD&ifa&;udp’P jzpfw,f?

(3) w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m Oya'awG/ pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;awG owfrw S af y;vdu k af yrJh ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ 'DOya' awGukd rvdu k ef m=ubl;/ csKd ;azmuf=uw,fq&kd if bmvkyrf vJ? ta&;,l tjypfay; &awmhr,f/ yxr tqifh aysmah jymif;nifompGm aqG;aEG;ajymqdv k @kd &wJu h pd q P &kd if t&ifnESd i_d ;f &OD;r,f? r&avmufwhJ udpq P &kd ifawmh ta&;,l&awmhr,f/ zrf;& qD;&awmhr,f/w&m;&k;H w&m;cGiw f if&awmhr,f/ tjypf &Sd r&Sd ppfaq;&awmhr,f? &S&d if tjypfay;? r&S&d ifvw $ af yg?h tJ't D wGuf vdrmR u|r;f usiw f hJ yk*Kd~ vf rsm;(a&S@ae a&S@&yf/ cko H rmrdw&m;ol}u;D ponfjzif)h 90

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

tqifq h ifu h qk;H jzwfp&D if=uvdrrhf ,f? tJ'v D kd tjypf&/dS r&Sd qk;H jzwfp&D ifwm[m w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%meJ@vky&f wJh tvkyjf zpfw,f? Oya'csKd ;azmuf olukd "ta&;,ltjypfay;wm"ygy?J 'Dtm%mudkvnf; vlxku olwdk@oabmwl a&G;cs,fwifajrSmuf xm;wJh tpd;k &vufxJ xnfv h u kd w f myJ jzpfygw,f? tJ'v D kd Oya'udk rvdu k ef m csKd ;azmufwm wpfck wnf;yJ r[kwfao;bl;/ wjcm;pOf;pm;&r,fh udpPawGvnf; &Sdvmw,f/ qdkygawmh &yfuGufxJrSm t&ufrl;+yD; qJqdk&rf;um;wm/ udk,fxdvufa&mufusL;vGefwmrsdK; vlowfv, k uf "m;jywdu k w f mrsKd ; &Sw d wfw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd t&yftac:rSm &mZ0wfrv _ @kd ac:w,f/ &mZ0wfrq _ kd vl+yed ;f awG em;vnf w,f/ w&m;rr_ w&m;ra=umif;qdw k mvnf; &Sad o;w,f/ qdyk gawmh tarGrr_ mS ol&oifw h ,f/ ig&oifw h ,f tcsi;f rsm;=uw,f/ tarGv=k u w,f? tJ't D cg ouf qdik &f myk*Kd~ v/f w&m;&k;H u a0zefo;Hk oyf+y;D Oya'pnf;rOf; pnf;urf;awGe@J tnD b,f o l , l a pqd k + yD ; w&m;pD & if qk H ; jzwf a y;vd k u f w ,f / tJ ' gud k ouf q d k i f & m w&m;rr_jzpfoal wGu vdu k ef m&w,f? 'grsKd ;[m &efjzpf+y;D wpfzufv&l @J acgi;f udk &du k f cGv J u kd f wmrsKd ;eJ@ rwlb;l ? 'g[m tr_tcif;awmh tr_tcif;yJ/ vl@ta&;udpw P pfcq k &kd if oabm&vdrhf r,f x if w ,f ? vl @ ta&;ud p P u d k aqmif & G u f a y;&w,f v d k @ t&if a qmif ; yg;awG r S m u|eaf wmfa&;cJzh ;l yg w,f/ 'g[mvnf; vl@ta&;udpu P kd tpd;k &u 0ifa&mufaqmif&u G af y; wmyJv@kd em;vnftyfygw,f? t&ifaqmif;yg;awGwek ;f u vl@ta&;udpaP wG 0ifa&muf aqmif&Gufay;&w,fvdk@ }udrfzefrsm;pGm azmfjycJhwmudk jyefvnfowdjyKrdapcsifygw,f? tJ'Dawmh wpfa=umhjyefcsLyf&&if tpdk;&u ol@udka&G; cs,fwifajrSmufxm;wJh vlxku ay;tyfvdkufwJh tm%mokH;&yfudkokH;+yD; vlxktusdK;pD;yGm; aumif;usdK;csrf;omr*Fvmudk rvGrJ aoG aqmif&u G af y;&w,fv@kd csLyfcyhJ gw,f? quf+y;D awmh odyt f a&;}u;D wJt h csuw f pfcsuf wifjycJyh gO;D r,f/ odyq f w kd phJ um;udk owd jyKapcsiyf gw,f/ odyt f a&;}u;D vd@k odyq f w kd phJ um;ok;H &wmyg? wjcm;ta&;}u;D wmawG xuf ydt k a&; }u;D w,fqw kd hJ oabm&apcsiyf gw,f? 'Dta=umif;ajym&if tqdw k pfcu k kd pajym&rSmyg/ tJ't D qdu k ...... tm%mqdw k m b,fo@l vufxrJ mS yJxm;xm; b,foyl o J ;Hk ok;H tEW&m,f&w dS ,f? tm%mqdw k m yifu, kd u f raumif;qd;k 0g; wpfaumife@J ww l ,f? odyt f a&;}u;D wJph um;ygy?J tm%mqdw k m vlxu k yJ ok;H ok;H vlwpfpt k pd;k &uyJ ok;H ok;H tEW&m,f&w dS wfw,f/ tqd;k bufukd a&mufomG ;wwfw,f/ tvGo J ;Hk pm;vkyrf w d wf w,f? xdef;r& odrf;r&jzpf+yD; vl@avmueJ@ vlxk&J@ tusdL;pD;yGm; zsufqD;wwfw,f? vlwpfa,muf&@J vufxrJ mS xm;&if ( tm%m&Siw f pfa,mufukd qdv k w kd m) tqd;k qk;H yJ/ tJ'D awmh tm%mqdw k m vlwpfa,muf &J@ vufxrJ mS yJ xm;xm; vlwpfp&k @J vufxrJ mS yJxm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

xm;? vltrsm;pk vlx&k @J vufxrJ mS yJxm;xm; tEW&m,f&w dS ,f/ wdr;f apmif;rSm;,Gi;f Edik w f ,f/ 'ga=umifh tm%mudk udkifwG,fxdef;odrf;zdk@ pepfwus tokH;jyKzdk@ odyfvdktyfw,f? bma=umifv h J tm%mqdw k hJ vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf wG&@J cGet f m;owW[ d m}u;D vGe;f vd@k yJ? 'ga=umifh tajrmftjrif}u;D }u;D eJ@ tm%mudx k ed ;f odr;f xde;f rwfwhJ pepfawG/ tpDtpOfawGukd e*du k wnf/ u vkyx f m;&r,f? oabmuawmh vG,af tmifajym&&ifæ tpd;k &udk tm%mtyfEiS ;f xm;&keH @J r+yD;bl;/ t+rJrjywf apmif=h uyf=unf&h a_ e&r,f/ xde;f odr;f wnfrh wfay;=u&r,f? tJ'g[m vlx&k @J wm0efy?J u|eaf wmf tJovdk ,lqygw,f? qufygO;D r,f?

aZmfaZmfatmif Edk0ifbm/ 2011 aemufqufwæ JG u|eaf wmf[m &GmuvlawGtwGuf &nf&, G +f y;D awmif+rKd @ r[mE<m&kq H &mawmf}u;D &SiZf e umbd0o H &J@ tqdt k rde@f udk cH,v l @kd æ pmawGukd vG,af tmifa&;zd@k }uKd ;pm;aeygw,f/ od@k aomfvnf; wcsKd @udpaP wGrmS &GmuvlawGe@J enf;enf;a0;ayr,fh ynmvdu k pf m;wJh vli,f/ ynmwwfuav;awG twGuf ud;k um;azmfjy&wmawGvnf; &Sv d mwwfygw,f? tm%meJ@ ywfoufwhJ pum;pkukd aumufEw _ af zmfjyyg&ap? cGiv hf w G yf g? Power is evil in itself,no matter who exercises it.

tm%mqdk yifu, kd u f raumif;qd;k 0g; ( tEW&m,faumif)yJ? b,foo l ;Hk ok;H ? Jacob Ourclhart (1818-1897)

( ,muGwfbkcf[m qGpfvlrsdK;/ yef;csDordkif;ynm&SifeJ@ yef;csDa0zefa&;q&m jzpfygw,f?)

(cs,f&Dr*~Zif;/ arv/ 2012 rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

aumifpDZmwfvrf; pvmygjyD

&Jabmfzkd;oHacsmif; tckwavm t+ird ;f pm;Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ?;ode;f pdew f @kd &JŒtpd;k &u trde@f a=umfjimpmawGe@J Oya'awGwck+y;D wckxw k /f ol rsm;wifwmawGuakd wmh wck+y;D wcky,fcs vkyaf eygw,f? 'Dvv kd jl rifomwJh zdEydS rf a_ wGuakd jymifvyk f vmwmudk =unh&f if olw@kd wawG ArmjynfEikd if aH &;rSm tay:pD;udk&ae+yDqdkwJhoabmvdk@ qdkEdkifrvdkvdkygyJ? tay:pD;&atmif b,folawGu ykc;kH eJ@xrf;wifcw hJ ,fqw kd muawmh aemifrmS ordik ;f a&;olawG&ŒJ tvkyf jzpfygw,f? tJ't D xJrmS vlajymtrsm;qH;k eJ@ csujf cif;yJ qef@usirf auseyfoaH wG xGuv f mwm uawmh " jrefrmEdik if H tjrKawpm e,fZif;aumifpD "qdw k mygy?J tJ't D xJrmS pm&if;ygaeol wcsKŒd uawmif tJ'pD m&if;rSmxnhv f u kd w f hJ ta=umif; ol wd@k udt k a=umif;r=um;/ olw@kd rod vdu k yf gb;l vd@k jiif;cJ=h uwJh 'Daumifpq D w kd m}u;D [m ArmjynfpmayeJ@ Edik if aH &;avm urSm AHk;wvHk;cGJvdkufovdk jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm 'Dwavmav;wifyJ *sme,fwcsKdŒudk ydwyf ifvu kd w f m/ wcsKŒd udw k &m;pGq J v kd u fkd w f mawGe@J quf+y;D pOf;pm;=unho f ihw f ,f xifygw,f? OD;ode;f pdepf pftpd;k &&JŒ 'Dvyk &f yf[m pma&;q&mor*~awGz@JG zd@k pdik ;f jyif;=u/ zG@J pnf; =uvkyaf e=ucsed rf mS ay:ayguv f m wmrd@k tm;vH;k udk ¶So J mG ;atmif wrifcv JG u kd w f hJ AH;k wvH;k vd@k ac:&if&r,fxifygw,f? tzG@J tpnf;t&JŒ tac:ta0: toH;k tE_e;f udu k tjrKawjzpf ygw,f? vli,fajym ajym&&if tifrwef&ihyf gw,f? aemifrmS vnf; pme,fZif; avmueJ@ ywfouf&ifow l @kd zmomyJ xifovdv k yk o f mG ;r,fv@kd a=unmxm;wm jzpfygw,f? aemuf+y;D olwdk@&JŒ aumifpDqdkwJh toHk;tE_ef;uvnf; rqvacwfu pmayvkyfom;aumifpD/ bmaumifp/D nmaumifpD qdw k mawG udk owd&p&mygy?J tJ'w D ek ;f u[mawGe@J rwlwmu awmh tJ'w D ek ;f u pmayvkyo f m;aumifpq D w kd mu bmvkyf ydik cf iG rfh S r¶So d avmufjzpf+y;D tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

'Dvkyf&yf[m pma&;q&mor*~awGzGJ@zdk@ pdki;f jyif;=u/ zGJ@pnf; =uvkyaf e=ucsderf mS ay:aygufvm wmrd@k tm;vH;k udk ¶SoJ mG ;atmif wrifcGJvdkufwJh AHk;wvHk; vd@kac:&if&r,fxifygw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;t&JŒ tac:ta0: toHk;tE_ef;udku tjrKawjzpf ygw,f? vli,fajym ajym&&if tifrwef&ihyf gw,f? aemifrmS vnf; pme,fZif; avmueJ@ ywfouf&ifowl @kdzmomyJ xifovdkvkyfoGm;r,fvdk@ a=unmxm;wm jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; olwdk@&JŒ aumifpqD wkd hJ toH;k tE_e;f uvnf; rqvacwfu pmayvkyof m;aumifp/D bmaumifp/D nmaumifpD qdwk mawG udk owd&p&mygyJ? tJ'wD kef;u[mawGeJ@ rwlwmu awmh tJ'wD ek ;f u pmayvkyof m;aumifpqD dkwmu bmvkyf ydki cf iG rfh S r¶Sod avmufjzpf+yD; 'Dpme,fZif;aumifpD qdwk muawmh pmayorm;awG/ pme,fZif;orm;awGudk tjywf csKyfudki fzdk@ tcGihftm%mawGtyfEiS f;xm;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfaewm[m xl;jcm;vSygw,f? ........ 'Dpme,fZif;aumifpD qdkwmuawmh pmayorm;awG/ pme,fZif;orm;awGudk tjywf csKyu f ikd zf @kd tcGit fh m%mawGtyfEiS ;f xm;wJh tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfaewm[m xl;jcm;vSygw,f? olw@kd [m pmayo rm;awG a[majymyGaJ wGrmS a[majymwmutp Edik if jH cm;upmtkyaf wG wifoiG ;f wmtxd csKyu f ikd rf ,fqakd wmh &J tm%mydik rf e_ ,fy,f/ 0ef}u;D Xmewck&ŒJ vkyyf ikd cf iG fh e,fy,fpwmawGxufawmif us,jf yef@aeygw,f? " }uD;=uyfaqmif¶Guf&ef"/ "ajz¶Sif;aqmif¶Guf&ef "/ " pdppfaqmif¶Guf&ef "/ "ac:,laqG;aEG;nSEd i_d ;f jcif;"/ " ta&;,l aqmif¶u G jf cif;"pwJh pum;vH;k awGe@J tqH;k owfxm; wJh vkyyf ikd cf iG q fh w kd mawGu=kd unh&f if 'Daumifp[ D m pmaypm e,fZif;eJ@ywfoufv@kd vlawGa&m/ vkyif ef;awGuakd &myg }u;D =uyf/ csKyu f ikd /f ta&;,lz@kd qdw k m ¶Si;f aeygw,f? rqvacwf/ e0wetzacwfrmS awmifrS r¶Sb d ;l wJt h zG@J tpnf;rsK;d jzpfygw,f? vuf¶dS pmaypdppfa&;tzG@J &JŒ tcGifh tm%mavmufuawmh ysi;f awmifysi;f ao;vd@k qdrk ,fxifygw,f? 'D t xJ u jyÏmef ; csuf w ck u qd k & if 'D a umif p D t aeeJ @ "ouf a ocH O ya'"/ "jypfrq _ ikd &f musix fh ;kH Oya'"/ " w&m;rusifh xH;k Oya'"ESifh "w&m;repfemr_Oya'" (tort) wd@k yg jyÏmef;csurf sm;eJ@tnDusio fh ;kH aqmif¶u G jf cif;qdw k hJ {&mrtm%m }u;D udak y;xm;+y;D olw@kd vkyw f mawGuakd wmh " jypfra_ =umif;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;r a=umif; t&aomf vnf;aumif; w&m;pGq J jkd cif;r¶Sad p&" vd@k owfrw S x f m;ygw,f? 'dxuf vkyaf ysmw f hJ tcGifh ta&;rsK;d wjcm;b,frmS rsm; ¶SEd ikd yf gao;ovJ? aocsmwmuawmh t+idrf;pm;AdkvfcsKyf}uD;OD;odef;pdefwdk@&JŒtpdk;&[m pwif ay:aygupf jyKae+yjD zpfwhJ Arm Edik if u H or*~trsK;d rsK;d udk ay:wif}u;D +crd ;f ajcmufvu kd w f mjzpf ygw,f? txl;ojzihf olw@kd udrk auseyfa0zefwhJ tjrifawG tus,jf yef@qH;k (jynfwiG ;f jynfy)eJ@ 94

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

tvsijf refq;kH vnf;jzpf/ tvG,u f q l ;kH vnf;ay;yd@k Edik w f hJ rD', D m awGukd OD;qH;k (axmiftoH;k tE_e;f av;oH;k cGijfh yKyg) yHpk jH ywmygy?J 'Daumifp&D ŒJ wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; 11csuq f w kd t hJ xJu aemufq;kH jzpfwhJ eHywf(10)eJ@ eHywf(11)wd@k udzk wf vdu k &f if olw@kd &JŒtpDtpOfwckv;kH udak wG@-&ygw,f? eHywf(11)t&qd&k if pmayeJ@pme,fZif;avmu u vlawGwif ajrmS uf vdu k w f v hJ l wa,mufrrS ygwhJ 'DaumifpD uae " yHEk ydS rf 'D , D mOya'"eJ@ " pme,fZif;Oya'=urf;"wd@k udk a&;qGw J ifjy rSmyg? wcgt'J OD ya' qdw k m}u;D eJ@tnD " jrefrmEdik if pH me,fZif;aumifpD "qdw k mudk zG@J pnf;OD;rSmjzpf ygw,f? 1948 ckEpS u f pvd@k +y;D cJw h t hJ ESpaf jcmufq,fausmo f rdik ;f rSm or*~-toif;qdw k meJ@ aumifpq D w kd m awG[m odoo d momyJ ud, k pf m;jyKru _ jJG ym;=uwmudk tm;vH;k rSwrf =d urSmyg? Armjynfukd ppftm%m¶Sipf epf vufatmuf q,fpEk pS af ygi;f rsm;pGm a&mufomG ;atmif vkycf w hJ hJ 1962 ckEpS w f ek ;f u tpd;k &&JŒemrnfuu kd " awmfveS af &;aumifpD " qdw k mjzpfyg w,f? tckvnf; tjrKawpme,fZif;aumifpw D /hJ jrefrmEdik if pH me,fZif;aumifpw D ?hJ 'Dt&yf0wfppftpd;k &&JŒ 'Dvyk &f yf[m ArmjynfrmS toif;tyif;awG wnfaxmifz@kd pOf;pm;ae/ jyifqifae olawG tm;vH;k udk owday;vdu k w f mjzpfw,fqw kd mudk b,forl S tjiif;yGm;r,frxifygb;l ? wqufwnf;rSm 'gukd qef@ usiaf =umif;/ vufrcHa=umif;azmfjy csuaf wGvnf; 24 em&DtwGi;f rSmyJ jyefay:xGuv f mygw,f? tJ'v D kd wke@f jyef wmawGrsm;vm w,fqdk&if t&yf0wfppftpdk;&u bmvkyfvmrvJ qdkwmapmihf=unhfcsifp&mygyJ? 'if;wd@k wawG 'D vdt k yGe;f t¶S/ txdtcdu k af wGrsm;vm&if olw@kd &JŒuwWyD gvuftw d af tmufu oHvufo;D udyk +kd y;D xifxif¶mS ;¶Sm; jrif&vmrSmuawmh taotcsmygy?J

&Jabmfzkd;oHacsmif;

.......................

0J}oCrSm aw;oHjydKifvdk h A[kvGifjyif

(88) rsdK;quf ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifwpfOD;. axmifwiG ;f jzpf vufawG bh 0 Edik if aH &;aemufcH 0wˆKopf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

EdkifiHom;wdk h ycHk;xufu ewfqdk;rsm;

aZmfoufaxG; usGefawmfwdk@ wkdif;jynfonf ta&SŒawmiftm&SwGif tcsrf;omqHk;ESihf yHk&dyf taumif;qH;k tajctaerS edru fh sonhf pdwt f ajctaersm;a=umihf jynfwiG ;f ppf trsKd ;rsKd ;udk &ifqidk u f m qif;&JwiG ;f xJo@kd oufqif;cJ&h +y;D jzpfonf? ,cktcg 'Dru kd a&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJ a&;rsm;ud k t&S d e f t [k e f j zih f jyKvk y f a eaomf v nf ; wk d i f ; jynf t ay: raxmuf x m; rnSmwmonhf ewfq;kd rsm;udv k nf; awGŒ jrifae&ygonf? ,if;ewfq;kd rsm;onf rnfonhf acwf rnfonhf tajctaeudk a&mufaeonfjzpfap twW A[djk yK0g'udk udik pf u JG m b0udk wefz;kd rJh jzwfoef; ae=uolrsm; jzpfygonf? Ekid if o H m;awG. ycH;k xufwiG f wufxikd af e=u aom ewfq;kd rsm;ta=umif;udk azmfjycsiyf gonf?

1? qlyl&ef tifwmeuftay:rSm v_@Haqmfolrsm; &cdkifjynfe,fwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom yÉdyuQrsm;udk ta=umif;jyKI tifwmeuf/ Facebook pmrsufESmrsm;ay:wGif a&;om; azmfjyonhf owif;tajrmuftjrm;udk zwf¶c_ &hJ ygonf? ,if;owif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI rSwcf surf sm; a&;om;=u&mwGif jy\em csKy+f ird ;f aponhf tajzudk &SmazGonhf tm;xkwrf r_ sKd ; tenf;i,fom awGŒ&+y;D trsm;pku vufw@k jH yef vufpm;acs&efom zdtm;ay; a&;om;onfudk awGŒ&ygonf? Facebook pmrsuE f mS wGif }urd ;f armif;oH/ +crd ;f ajcmuforH sm; rd;k r$eaf eygonf? zwf¶_olrsm; a'goxGuf aoG;=uGvmap&ef ,cifESpfrsm;pGmu vlaotavmif;yHkawGudk wifwJh olu wifygonf? owif;rSm;awGudk ay;wJholu ay;ygonf? olwkd@ bmudk &nf&G,fygovJ? olwdk@ bmudk jzpfcsifygovJ? trsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pD tzGJŒcsKyfOuUÏ a':atmifqef;pk=unf. oabmxm;udv k nf; awmif;cHaeonf? xif&mS ;onhf e,fy,f toD;oD;rS yk*Kd~ vrf sm;vnf; rae&? atmfyu D s,af wmif bmrSrajymI jypfwif }urd ;f armif; 96

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

cH&onf? oabmxm;udk vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdI k oabmrawGŒvSsiv f nf; 0dik ;f 0ef; tjypfwif wm cH&rnf? wpfrsdK;om;vHk;twGuf tEW&m,fusa&mufawmhrnf tajctaeqkdvSsifvnf; u|eaf wmfw@dk pepfwus wk@jH yefwwfz@kd awmh vdyk gonf? 'kuo Q nf pcef;awGu om;onf rdcifawGqD ta&mufomG ;+y;D ulnjD cif;u vufawGŒyd+k y;D usygonf? vufpm;acs r_awG/ aoG;xGuo f , H rkd a_ wG/ qlyl t=urf;zufra_ wGukd vdv k m;aeygovm;? jrifawGŒcsiaf eygovm;? Tod@k jzpfaevSsif rdrpd w d f tajctaeudk jyefvnf qef;ppf tajz&Smoih+f yD jzpfygonf?

2? taemufav wkud cf wfaeaom rD',D mrsm; &cdik jf ynfe,fwiG f vlaetdrrf sm; rD;¶dŒ_ cH&onhf owif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI jynfy rD', D mwcsKd Œonf vlenf;pk ¶d[ k if*smrsm;tay: vlrsm;pku tEkid u f sifh vk,uf owfjzwf aea=umif; urBmudk azmfjycJo h nf? wcsKd Œu ¶d[ k if*sm jynfe,f[yk if a&;vm=uonf? a'ocH ¶d[ k if*sm vlrsKd ;rsm;udk wpfzufEidk if &H dS vlrsm;rS wdu k cf u kd [ f k a&;=uonf? trSew f u,f rodbJ owif;awGukd a&;om;ae=u ygovm;? od@k r[kwv f sS if Edik if w H umrS rnfonhf Zmwfne$ ;f rsKd ;udk a&;om; vdyk govJ? Ekid if o H m; tm;vH;k owdxm;=u&awmhrnf jzpfygonf? vlwpfpk odk@r[kwf 'kuQa&mufaeaom rnfoludkrqkd usGefawmfwkd@ pmem Ekid =f uygonf? od@k aomf Ekid if w H pfEidk if w H iG f vku d ef m&rnhf pnf;urf;rsm;/ Oya'rsm; &Syd gonf? Oya'rsm;u EdkifiHom;jzpfcGihf r&Sd[kqdkvSsif Oya'twdkif; vufcH&rnf? EkdifiHom;jzpfcGihf &SdvSsifvnf; TtcGihfta&;udk av;pm;&rnf? odk@aomf ta0; wpfae&mrS Zmwfn$ef; a&;om;jcif;rsKd ;udk vufrcHEidk yf g? vlenf;pkukd vlrsm;pku tEdik u f sifh t=urf;zufonf[q k v kd sS if ajrmufO;D / rif;jym;/ trf;+rKd Œrsm;wGif bma=umihf t=urf;zufr_ rjzpfygovJ? vlom;csi;f pmemr_EiS fh ulnaD z;rr_ukd ay;Ekid yf gonf?od@k aomf trdEidk if . H tcsKyt f jcmESifh e,fajrudak wmh ray;Ekid yf g? Tod@k om wpfpwpfpay;&vSsif aemifEpS af ygi;f 50 twGi;f jrefrmEkid if H ajrmufyikd ;f ESifh taemufyikd ;f rsm; aysmufu, G o f mG ;ygvrd rfh nf? jy\emaygi;f pHk =um;xJwiG f rD', D mrsm;ESifh csed u f u kd f aqmif&u G af eaom NGO rsuEf mS zH;k wyf ,l*srD sm;udv k nf; txl;owdxm;&ygvrd rfh nf? NGO rsm;onf vlr_ 'kuQ a&mufaeaom ae&mrsm;wGif v_y&f mS ;oGm;vmcGi&fh aeI tav;xm; ajym&jcif; jzpfygonf? NGO ppfppfrsm;u vlom;csif;pmemonhf tultnDrsm; ay;=uaomf vnf; NGO umAmwif+yD; Organization Land wnfaqmufrnfqydk gu vufyu kd =f unhaf eIrjzpf? umuG,w f m;qD;=u&rnf jzpfygonf? Ttcsuaf wGukd jynfy rD', D mwcsKd Œu odo}d u;D jzpfygvsuf tcsut f vuf trSerf sm;udk vspv f sL¶_um rdrv d o kd vdk aumufcsuq f JG a&;om; aejcif;rsm;uawmh roihfawmfyg? Todk@qkdvSsif urBmu jrefrmEdkifiHtm; vlenf;pkudk tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

vlwpfpk od@kr[kwf 'kuaQ &mufaeaom rnfoul rkd qkd usGeaf wmfw@dk pmem Ekid =f uygonf? od@kaomf Ekifd fiHwpfEkdi if wH iG f vkud ef m&rnhf pnf;urf;rsm;/ Oya'rsm; &Syd gonf? Oya'rsm;u Edik if oH m;jzpfciG fh r&S[d qk vkd sS if Oya'twdik f; vufc&H rnf? Ekid fiHom;jzpfcGihf &SdvsS ifvnf; TtcGihfta&;udk av;pm;&rnf? .......... t=urf;zuf zdEydS t f yk cf sKyaf eaom Ekid if w H pfEidk if t H jzpf txif a&mufomG ;Ekid yf gonf? xd@k a=umihf owif;tcsut f vuf trSerf sm;udk urBmjh ynforl sm; tm;vH;k od&ef us,u f s,f jyef@jyef@ azmfjy&ef u|eaf wmfw@dk jynfyrD', D mrsm;udk tm;rud;k bJ ud, k w f idk f }uKd ;pm;=u&ygawmhrnf? 3? &Da0a0 tol&m ukr% ` rD sm; vuf&dS jrefrmEkid if &H dS vlvwfyikd ;f rsm;wGif tonf;a&m*g jzpfymG ;r_Ee_ ;f jrihw f ufae+y;D t&G,frwdkifcif aoqHk;r_rsm;vnf; rsm;jym;a=umif; jrefrmEkdifiH q&m0efrsm;toif;rS twdtvif; owif;xkwjf yefay;xm;+y;D jzpfygonf? jrefrmEkid if &H dS use;f rma&;apmihaf &Smufr_ bwf*suf yrm%udkvnf; trsm;odxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? T tajctaersm;=um;xJrS *sme,fpmrsuEf mS tawmf rsm;rsm;wGif vufwpfv;kH jcm; a=umfjimaeaom t&ufa=umfjim rsm;udk awGŒ jrifae=u&ygonf? od@k aomf t&ufqakd om pum;vH;k vH;k 0 ryg&b dS J xkwjf yefxm; onhf Oya'udk vSnpfh m;um a=umfjimae=ujcif; jzpfygonf? wcsKd Œ ukr% ` rD sm;u [efaqmif yefaqmif a&oef@[lI xnh=f uonf? wcsKd Œu awmh &Jwif;vGef;ygonf? rnfonhf Product xkwfonf qkdwmukdyg razmfjyawmhbJ uHprf;rJay;onhf armfawmfum;yHrk sm;/ a&$qjJG ym;rsm;/ *st D ufpt f rfzek ;f rsm;ukd rufarmzG,f azmfjyxm;onf? uHprf;rJygonhf t&ufyv k if;tzH;k rsm;udv k nf; cyfwnfwnfyif azmfjyxm; onf? uíefawmfw@kd odxm;onhf Oya'u pmapmifrsm;wGif t&ufa=umfjim rxnho f iG ;f & [lI jzpfonf? od@k aomf a=umfjim xnho f nhf ukr% R rD sm;a&m/ *sme,frsm;a&m/ zwf¶o _ rl sm; a&m Oya'udk todtrSwrf jyKonhf oabmoufa&mufaeygonf? od@k r[kwyf gu ¹ciG ;f csuf rsm;pGm&Sad om vl@tzGŒJ tpnf;tjzpf wkid ;f jynftm; vufnKSd ;xd;k cH&Edik yf gonf? vuf&Sd jynfwGif; t&ufukrR%Drsm;onf t&ufcsufvkyf&mwGif pepfwus enf;rSev f rf;rSef csuv f yk jf cif;udk ,ckxufy+kd y;D =uyfrwfpmG ppfaq;oihyf gonf? xd@k tjyif t&ufukrR%Drsm;rS pGef@xkwfypfvkdufonhf a&qdk;rsm;uvnf; obm0 ywf0ef;usifudk tvGex f cd u kd v f su&f ydS gonf? od@k aomf ¶ke;f uef xlaxmifcgp jrefrmjynfwiG f ,if;t&uf ukrR%Drsm;u obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; udpP&yfrsm;wGif wufwuf=uG=uG yg0ifjcif;r&So d nfukd awGŒ&ygonf? yg0ifjcif; r&S¶d o kH mru vspv f sLyif ¶_xm;vdu k yf gao;onf? rdru d rk % R ED iS fh jy\em wpfpw kH pf&m wufcahJ omf aiGukd vrf;cif;I ajz&Si;f &ef 98

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

oabmydkufxm;yHk&ygonf? tm;vHk; wkdif;jynfudk cspfwwfrnf qdkygvSsif {&m0wDjrpf use;f rmoefprG ;f a&;udp/P a&rsm; npfErG ;f vmr_ umuG,af &;udp/P opfyifpu kd yf sKd ;a&; udprP sm;wGif ,if;ukr% R rD sm;taejzihf azmifa';&Si;f rsm; wnfaxmifum Ekid if o H m;rsm;twGuf wpfzufwpf vrf;rS ulnD aqmif&u G o f ihyf gonf?

4? rD;yGdKihfpdrf;vSsif a&SŒqHk;rS xGucf sifonhf armfawmfum;rsm; &efuek +f rKd Œawmf vrf;qHv k rf;cGwikd ;f wGif ,mOftoGm;tvm xde;f csKy&f eftwGuf rD;yGdKihfrsm;udk xm;&Sdxm;ygonf? um;rsm; pepfwus oGm;vmEkdifa&;twGufvnf; ol@vdik ;f ESio fh l owfrw S x f m;+y;D jzpfygonf? vuf&dS ajymif;vJvmaom rl0g't& um;opfrsm; pGm 0ifa&mufvmI ,mOftoGm;tvmrsm; ydrk u kd syv f monfuv kd nf; jrifawGŒae&ygonf? od@k aomf wcsKd Œum;rsm;onf rD;eDI tpOfvu kd f wef;pDxm;aom um;wef;udk ab;buf&dS wpfzufvrf;rS yef;I ausmw f ufomG ;+y;D rD;yGKd it fh eD;a&mufrS teD;pyfq;kH um;udk vufwpf acsmif; axmifjy+y;D 0ifae&m ,lvu kd yf gonf? cGiafh wmif;cH&aom um;uvnf; ae&mray; Irjzpf? ZGww f ;kd 0ifvmI wku d rf rd mS udk a=umuf+y;D ae&may;vdu k &f jcif; jzpfonf? ae&mrsm;pGm ausmw f ufI rD;ydKG ipfh rd ;f vSsif a&SŒqH;k rS xGucf mG csiaf om um;trsm;pkrmS ,ckEpS rf S wifomG ;vmaom armf',fjrihf um;aumif;um;oef@rsm; trsm;pkjzpfaeonfudk vnf; avhvm awGŒ&S&d ygonf? ,if;um; trsKd ;tpm; rsm;udk pD;Ekid af om vlwef;pm;onf aiGa=u;OpPm"ea&m/ todynmrsm;yg jynfov l x l k trsm;pkxuf a&SŒwef;a&mufae=uolrsm; jzpfygonf? ,if;uJhodk@ vlpm;rsdK;u pnf;urf;wus wef;rpDbJ rD;pdrf;vSsif a&SŒqHk;u xGucf siaf om tcGit fh a&;udk "m;jywdu k &f ,lvo kd nfrmS avSmifajymifcsif p&m aumif;vSyg onf? TtcGit fh a&; tao;av;udk ,ckavmuf tonf;toef vdck siv f sS if tcGit fh a&; }u;D }u;D rm;rm; qdv k sS iaf wmh qdzk , G f r&S+d y?D xdkuJhodk@ vlpm;rsdK;tm; jrefrmvlrsdK;yg[k trsm;u n$ef;qkd=urnf qdkygvSsif useG af wmf tvGe&f u S &f ŒHG ae rdawmhrnf jzpfygonf? pdwfaepdwfxm; jrihfrm;&ihfusufa&;twGuf u|efawmfwkd@ vl@tzGJŒtpnf;udk tEW&m,f tcsuaf y;acgi;f avmif; pwif wD;cwfae+yD [kom qkv d u kd cf siyf gawmhonf?

aZmfoufaxG; (jynfol@acwf*sme,f/ twGJ-2/ trSwf-100/ 2012 ckESpf/ ZGef 2 rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

100

vl hpnf;urf;ESihf vrf;pnfurf;

a'gufwm "rRyd, ajymif;jyD jyifjyDvm; acwfawGajymif;vm+yq D akd wmh.....? jrefrmEdik if aH wmf}u;D udk acwfrw D ;kd wufwhJ toGiEf iS fh awG@csi/f jrifcsio f al wG wpfae@wjcm; rsm;jym;vmaejcif;yg? t&dyw f =unh=f unhef @J apmih=f unh&f wm =umvmawmh pdwrf &Snw f [ hJ efe@J wd;k wufrr_ sm; aES;auG;&aumif;vm;vd@k tm;rvd/k tm;r& jzpfaeolawGuvnf; 'ke@J a';yg? "bmrSvJ jzpfrvmao;ygvm;/ ajymawmh rd;k vm; uJvm;" ponfjzihf [efe@J yefe@J a0zefjypfwif aeolawGuvJ rsm;rSrsm;? " 'Dru kd a&pDpepfuvJ xifoavmufr[kwaf o;ygb;l uGm "vd@k ajymoluajym? 'ge@J ywfouf+y;D jynfo/l jynfom;awGukd wpfcak wmhajymvku d pf rf;csio f m;? ta=umif;wpfpw Hk pf&mudk a0zefaqG;aEG;csi&f if t&nftcsi;f &S&d dS a0zefaqG;aEG; Edik zf @kd pmrsm;rsm;zwf=uzd@k yg? ta=umif;tcsuf tvufrsm;udk }uKd wifavhvmxm;=uzd@k yg? Oyrm/ 'Dru kd a&pDpepfukd a0zefaqG;aEG;csi&f if pepfwus a0zefaqG;aEG;Edik zf @kd pepf&rhJ 0l g'rsm; udk }uKd wifavhvmxm;zd@k yg? bma=umihv f q J &kd if rSsrsS ww =unhw f wf/ jrifwwfjcif;[m jynfol aumif;wd@k &Jh tavhtusiw fh pfcjk zpfaevd@k yg? 'Dru kd a&pDpepfq f w dk m vlawGxifxm;ovdk jzpfcsi&f mawGukd wifjy&if 'ke;f 'ke;f 'dik ;f 'kid ;f csnf; jzpfapEdkifwJh oufOD;qdkifydkif bk&ifpepfrsKd;vJr[kwfyg? trdef@tm%mxkwf+yD;&if ?a&Al;ayguw f mrvdk csib f ;l / a&ygz@kd ut"du?qdw k hJ csucf si;f csn;f taumiftxnfaz:ay; &wJh tm%m&SifpepfrsKd;vJ r[kwfyg? jzpfcsifawGudk (jzpfay:vmEdkifwJh tusKd;eJ@tjypfudk 100

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

101

rpOf;pm;yJ) csufcsif;csnf; jzpfcsifwJhpdwfeJ@ xif&mpdkif;cJhwJh pepf}uD;udk r}udKufEdkifvdk@ (pepfwpfcu k kd ajymif;ay;zd@k jynfoal wGuyJ toJtoef awmif;qdv k @kd ) 'Dru kd a&pDpepfqw kd m jzpfay:vmwmyJr[kwv f m;? rSwrf ad eqJyg? ra0;vSao;wJh wpfcsed u f aqmufvyk af &;&k;H csKyrf mS a&;xm;wJph mwrf;av; wpfck yg? " vkyEf ikd &f ifvyk f rvkyEf ikd &f if xGuf "wJ?h wu,fawmh b,fpepfrsdK;rqdk tm;enf;csuf/ tm;omcsufqdkwm &Sdp+rJyg? b,fpepfrS taumif;csn;f qdw k m r&SEd ikd yf g? 'Dru kd a&pDpepf[m taumif;rsm;wJph epfjzpfv@kd jynfoal wG awmif;qdck hJ =uwm r[kwyf gvm;? owdrEl ikd zf @kd yg? wu,fawmh pepfwpfcu k kd =um&SnfpGm tokH;jyKvm&if tm;enf; csufawGqdkwm " a&ay:rSm a&Al;ay: " ovkd ay:vm=uwmyg? 'guv kd J jynfoal wG odxm;zd@k yg? pepfwpfcrk S wpfco k @dk ajymif;zd@k qdw k m jynfo/l jynfom;wpfO;D wpfa,mufwnf;&J@ qENe@J ajymif;vd@k r&yg? pepfwpfc&k t hJ m;enf;rSak =umihf wdik ;f jynf}u;D udk 'Dru kd a&pDpepfjzihf ajymif;vJtkyfcsKyf apcsifvdk@ qENawGpkaygif;+yD; ajymif;vJcJh=uwmyg? ajymif;vGJ&jcif;&Jh t"duta=umif;&if;wpfcu k jynfol awG&hJ qENawGukd jznhq f nf;ay;Ekifd zf @kd yg? Oyrm/ vGwv f yf pGm ajymqdck iG w fh @kd / vGwv f yfpmG a&;om;cGiw fh @kd / vGwv f yfpmG ,k=H unfciG w fh @kd / vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,w f ifajrmS ufEikd cf iG w fh @kd tjyif vk+H cKw H b hJ 0rsK;d ESifh aeEkid cf iG w fh @kd / 'DtcGiv fh rf; awGukd jznhq f nf;ay;Ekid zf @kd yg?

ajymif;zdk@ tcsdef jznhfqnf;ay;Ekdifzdk@qdkayrJh 'Drdkua&pDoabmt& (tjcm;pepfawGeJ@ rwlyJ) toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; umvrSm =uef@=umaewwfjcif;yg? aES;auG;aewwfjcif;yg? aES;auG;ae& wJt h a=umif;&if;u ?yavmif awmifwufaES;wm[m vzufaumif;aumif; pm;Ekid zf @kd yg?qdw k hJ pum;ykHrsKd;yg? qdv k w kd mu w&m;Oya' ESit fh nD tkycf sKyEf ikd zf @kd Oya'a&;&mrsm;rSm trSm;enf;Edik f orSsenf;atmif a&;qGaJ y;&I Oya'a&;qG&J mrSm yJjzpfjzpf/ pDru H ed ;f rsm; csrw S &f mrSmyJjzpfjzpf aES;auG;aejcif;yg? Oyrm/ pDru H ed ;f wpfct k wGuf Oya'jyKay; Edik zf @kd tcgcgtxyfxyf aqG;aEG; nSdESkdif;ae&jcif;/ trsm;&JhoabmwlnDrSkudk &&SdEdkifatmif tqihfqihf aqmif&Gufae&jcif; ponhf tajctaersm;yg0ifaeI 'Dru kd a&pDpepfukd usio fh ;Hk vdw k hJ jynfo/l jynfom; rsm; pdw&f n S &f n S x f m;Edik =f uzd@k yg? wpfcsdefwpfcgu pDrHudef;wpfckudk tm%meJ@ tvsifpvdk jyKvkyfcJh=uvdk@ jyKvyk af qmif&u G f csuaf wG[m (rsm;aomtm;jzih)f trSm;awGrsm;aewmudk jynfo/l jynfom; rsm; odjrifvmwJah e@rSm tjypfawmfwifv@dk rqk;H Edik af tmif &Sad e=uqJyg? pma&;oloabmuawmh xdt k rSm;awGukd xyfwvJvJ jypfwifa0zefaerJt h pm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

101

102

taumif;awGrsm;vmEdik zf @kd twGuf wdik ;f jynf&o hJ m;aumif;wpfa,muftoGi/f orD;aumif; wpfa,muftoGief @J trdjrefrmEdik if aH wmf}u;D udk cGet f m;&So d rSs/ pGr;f tm;&So d rSs/ ^m%ftm;&Sd orSs 0dik ;f 0ef;ulnaD qmif&u G Ef idk =f uzd@k yg? rdbqdkwm b,fom;orD;udkrS epfemapcsifwJhqENrsKd; &SdrSm r[kwfyg? 'gayrJh Edik if w H umtawG@t}uKu H vnf;enf;/ tem;ae oufawmf&n S af wGuvnf; bmyJ ajymajym/ bmyJrdef@rdef@ " bkef;awmfa=umihf oihfjrwfawmfrlvSa=umif;ygbk&m; " vkyfaeawmh trSm;awGu rsm;vGe;f oGm;wmyg? 'DtrSm;awGukd jynfo/l jynfom;awG ^m%fe@J em;vnf oabmaygux f m; =ur,fq&kd if a&S@quf+y;D 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wmf}u;D twGuf "Edi_ ;f Edi_ ;f csed cf sed f okcrdef " qdw k hJ pdwx f m;rsK;d eJ@ tvkyv f yk Ef ikd f =uzd@k yg? t&m&mud^k m%fe@J a0zefqef;ppfEikd f =uzd@k yg? 'Dru kd a&pDpepfqw kd m wifjyjcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif;/ wdik yf ifjcif;/ nSEd i_d ;f ;jcif;-wd@k udjk yK+y;D rS taumif;qkH; enf;vrf; (odk@r[kwf) toihfawmfqkH;enf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,ftwnfjyK/ jyÏmef;ay;&wJhpepfrsKd;jzpfvdk@ wpfrdef@wpftm%meJ@ tkyfcsKyfwJhpepfawGvdk tvsifpvkd jyKvkyfay;vdk@ r&Edkifyg? Oya'ESihftnD pDrHudef; wpfckudk csrSwf+yD;wJhtcg jynfolawGudk xdck srw S x f m;wJph rD u H ed ;f ESiyfh wfouf+y;D vku d ef musio fh ;Hk Edik zf @kd ynmay;awGukd t&ifjyKvyk af y; =u&rSmyg? jynfoal wGtwlwuG yg0ifvmEdik af tmif pnf;&k;H vH@_ aqmfra_ wGukd }uKd wifjyKay; =u&rSmyg? w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;twGuf jypfrEkS iS fh jypf'%fukd usyu f syrf wfrwf taumiftxnf az:Edik =f uzd@k yg? Oyrm/ vmbfay;/ vmbf,rl u kS pd ?P vmbfay;/ vmbf,l uif;&Si;f wJh Edik if aH wmf opf}u;D udk wnfaxmifEikd zf @kd udp/P 'Dupd rP sK;d awGyg? acgu&f ;dk }uKd ;ae+yjD zpfwhJ 'Dupd rP sK;d jzpfv@kd udik w f , G af jz&Si;f &mrSm toGiu f ;l ajymif;qJumvrd@k nifompGm udik w f , G =f uzd@k yg?

ajymif;zdk@ta&; rsm;vdkufwJh pnf;urf; EdkifiHawmfucsrSwfwJh rl0g'a&;&mrsm;udk jynfolawG pdwfoef@oef@&Sif;&Sif;eJ@ vku d ef mEdik zf @kd pnf;rsO;f / pnf;urf;rsm;udk rl0g'tjzpf rcsrw S cf if (od@k r[kw)f rl0g'udck srw S +f y;D wJt h cg 'Dr0l g'&Jh &nf&, G f csuaf wG/ jzpfay:vmrJt h usK;d w&m;awG/ 'gawGukd jynfo/l jynfom; rsm;tm; (tcsKd@udpPrsm;Y) }udKwif today;oihfjcif;yg? Oyrm/ tcGeaf umufrnhu f pd rP sK;d / ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrnhu f pd rP sK;d awGyg? }uKd wif odxm;rS }uKd wifjyifqifEikd rf mS yg? tpd;k &ESifh jynfoal wGt=um;rSm b,fupd rP sK;d ukrd S yke;f &S;dk / 0Su&f ;dkS (Edik if w H umESipfh yfwhJ oHuif;/ wrefuif;udprP sK;d uvG&J if) jyKvyk af ep&m ta=umif; r&Syd g? pepfqw kd m jynfo/l jynfom;rsm;uyg yg0ifvu kd ef musio fh ;Hk Edik yf grS pnf;urf;jynh0f wJh vlrsK;d qdw k m jzpfvmEdik rf mS yg? pnf;urf;&Sw d hJ jynfoal wGrsm;vmygrS pnf;urf;&Sw d hJ Edik if q H w kd m jzpfvmrSmyg? qdv k ckd siw f muawmh tqih&f &dS dS urBmESiq fh ufqcH si&f if tqih&f &dS dS aewwf/ xdik w f wf=uzd@k yg? uGr;f ukd pnf;rJu h rf;rJh axG; wmwd@k / aq;vdyu f kd pnf;rJu h rf;rJh aomufwmwd@k / 102

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

103

trSu dk w f @kd / aq;vdyw f w kd @kd udk pnf;rJu h rf;rJh jypfwmwd@k qdw k m tqih&f w dS hJ vlrsK;d wd@k &Jh trltusifh r[kwyf g?

trsm;ajymavhajymx&SdwJh pum;wpfcGef;u " jrefrmvlrsKd;awG pnf;urf;r&Sdbl;”wJh? vufrcHEkdifyg? jrefrmEdkifiHavmuf pnf;urf;rsm;wJEh ikd if H urBmay:rSm &Srd mS r[kwyf g? [dek m;rSmvnf;pnf;urf;/ 'Dem;rSmvnf;pnf; urf;/ pnf;urf;awGrsm;vGef;aejcif;yg? wu,fawmh pnf;urf;u r&Sdwmr[kwfyg? rvdkufemwmyg? pnf;urf;a&;qGJ&w,fqdkwm zwf&efrSsomr[kwfyJ vkdufemEdkifzdk@yg? pnf;urf;rsm;wJh Ekid if v H @kd ajym&jcif;rSm pmoifausmif;wpfausmif; (od@k r[kw)f &k;H wpf &k;H &Jh t0ef;t0dik ;f xJukd (od@k r[kw)f &k;H cef;xJukd 0if=unhyf g? pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;awGu rsm;rSrsm;? &So d rSs pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;awGuo kd m tuket f pOfzwf&r,fq&kd if acgi;f rl;+y;D jyefxu G v f m&rJh ude;f rsK;d yg? rsm;jym;vSwhJ pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;awGukd jynfo/l jynfom;awGtm; vdu k ef mapcsi&f if Edik if aH wmfrS vkyo f ihv f yk x f u kd w f mudk vkyaf y;Ekid zf @kd yg? 0kid ;f 0ef;pOf;pm;=uzd@k yg? pnf;rsO;f / pnf;urf;awGukd jynfo/l jynfom;awGudk wajy;nD vdu k ef mapcsi&f if eHywfwpfu ausmom;/ &ifom;rcGjJ cm;yJ qufqaH y;zd@k yg? &mxl;&So d /l &mxl;rJo h /l csr;f omol/ qif;&Jol/ ay;urf;Edkifol/ ray;urf;Edkifol&,fvdk@ cGJjcm;qufqHr_rjyKyJ tjypf&Sdoludk tjypfEiS w fh efatmif ta&;,l+y;D / tjypfuif;pGm aexdik o f rl sm;udv k nf; +ird ;f csr;f pGm aeEdik zf @kd Oya'abmifwiG ;f rS umuG,af pmihaf &Smufay;Edik zf @kd yg? trsm; arSsmv f ihx f m;wJh Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; qdw k m 'DtajccHoabmw&m;awGukd taumiftxnfaz:ay;jcif;yg?

bufrvduk wf hJ pnf;urf; Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;qdw k phJ um;udk jrefrmjynfo/l jynfom;trsm;pk em;vnfxm;=uonf awmh r[kwyf g? Oyrm/ ud, k t fh rd af &S@udk tjcm;olwpfO;D wpfa,mufu trdu _ v f mypf&if r}uKd uEf ikd af yrJh olrsm;tdraf &S@udk ud, k w f ikd u f trdu _ yf pfz@kd 0efrav;wJv h rl sK;d yg? ud, k rfh o d m;pk&hJ raumif;a=umif;udk tjcm;olwpfOD; wpfa,mufu ajymvm&if r}udKufEdkifaomfvnf; olrsm;rdom;pk raumif;a=umif;udrk l uk, d u f , dk w f ikd u f qufvufajymaejcif;yg? pnf;urf; f m;+y;D usio fh ;Hk ae&if vlrsK;d &J@ jynh0f wJh vlrsK;d qdw k m 'grsK;d r[kwyf g? pnf;urf;rSm cíif;csux pm&dw/W vlrsK;d &Jt h usipfh &ku d af wG b,fawmhrS aumif;vm Edik rf nfr[kwyf g? 'Jah jym&ifawmh tqih&f &dS dS aecsi&f if tqihq f ih&f &dS dS aewwfz@kd yg? Edik if w H um pHEe_ ;f eJ@aecsi&f if Edik if w H umu usio fh ;Hk wJh pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;twdik ;f usio fh ;Hk aexdik w f wfz@kd yg? " pnf;urf;qdw k m vl. wefz;kd "wJ?h pnf;urf;&Srd S vlrsK;d vnf; wefz;kd &dv S mrSmyg? pnf;urf;&Sw d v hJ rl sK;d jzpfz@kd pnf;urf; awGukd vku d ef m=uyg? wpfcsdefwpfcgu pnf;urf;&SdwJhjrefrmvlrsKd;awG aemufqkH;rSmawmh bma=umihf pnf;urf;awG ysucf =hJ u&ovJ? pnf;urf;udk rjrwfE;kd wwfv@kd vm;? pnf;urf;udk rvku d ef m tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

103

104

wwfvdk@vm;? pnf;urf;udk wefzdk;rxm;wwfvdk@vm;? wrifoufouf pnf;rJhurf;rJhyJ aecsiv f @kd vm;? pOf;pm;p&mawGu trsm;}u;D yg? pnf;urf;rSm cíif;csux f m;+y;D usio fh ;Hk vd@k r&yg? 'gukd csiG ;f csux f m;+y;D usio fh ;Hk ae=u&ifawmh pnf;azguv f @kd vlrsK;d aysmufomG ;cJ&h wJh om"uawG ordik ;f rSm xifuseaf eqJyg? pnf;urf;qdw k m b,fta=umif;eJ@yJ vdu k ef mvdu k ef m/ b,fpw d "f mwfe@J yJ vdu k ef m vdu k ef m/ vku d ef mEdik &f if aumif;wmygy?J 'Dvrkd rS [kwyf J cíif;csu}f u;D awGxm;+y;D usio fh ;Hk aer,f qd&k ifawmh wdik ;f jynf}u;D wd;k wufatmifjyKjyifz@kd cuf+rcJ ufae?;rSmyg? Oyrm/ wpfcsed w f pfcgu vl}u;D rsm;&Jh um;ESijfh zpfap/ vl}u;D om;orD;rsm;&Ju h m;ESifh jzpf a p rD ; eD u d k j zwf u l ; vd k @ yk v d y f u xk d u m;ud k wm;qD ; &if tJ ' D w m;qD ; wJ h y k v d y f tvkyjf yKwo f mG ;&jcif;yg? 'ga=umihf tJ't D csed t f cgu vrf;apmihyf v k yd rf sm;[m vl}u;D rsm;ESifh vl&}hJ u;D aqGrsK;d rsm;&Jh um;eHywfrsm;/ tm%mydik rf sm;ESifh tm%mydik af qGrsKd ;rsm;&Jh um;eHywfrsm; udk tvGwu f surf w S x f m;&jcif;yg? ykvyd w f @kd zufuae =unhaf y;r,fq&kd ifvnf; olw@kd &Jt h ae txm;udk em;vnfay;Edik zf @kd yg? olw@kd tvkyaf v;+rzJ @kd zmax;&rJph &dwq f w kd m &Sad eao;wm? xdkp&dyfudk umAmjzpfzdk@ (acsrd/ axrdzdk@) jynfolawGxHrS enf;enf;yg;yg;av;yJjzpfjzpf/ rsm;rsm;xlxl }u;D yJjzpfjzpf vmbfay;/ vmbfay;,lra_ wGukd jyKae&jcif;yg - wJ?h tJ'aD cwf/ tJ't D csed t f cgtwGuaf wmh vufc&H rSmyg? od@k aomf 'Dacwf/ 'Dtcsed rf mS awmh vk;H 0rjzpfoihf awmhyg? wu,fawmh 'Dvmbfay;/ vmbf,u l pd [ P m Xmeqdik &f mwdik ;f rSm ,ae@tcsed t f xd &SdaeqJyg? ol@enf;ol@[efeJ@ vSkyf&Sm;ae=uqJyg? 'Dvdkjzpf&wJh ta=umif;t&if;tm;vkH;udk +cKiH =kH unhaf wmh pepfwpfc&k hJ csK@d ,Gi;f csu[ f m jynfoal wG&hJ pdw"f mwfawGukd b,favmufxd ysujf ym;oGm;apcJw h ,fqw kd m ordik ;f rSww f rf;rsm; jyKpx k m;Edik =f uzd@k yg? 'Dae@ 'Dtcsed t f cgrmS jrefrmEdik if &H hJ acwfpepfawGukd ajymif;vJEikd zf @kd Edik if aH wmftpd;k & ESifh wm0efod jynforl sm; pkaygi;f +y;D Edik if aH wmf}u;D wd;k wufatmif aqmif&u G af ewJt h csed f tcgyg? vmbfay;/ vmbf,l pepfawGukd yaysmufatmif aqmif&u G af ewJt h csed t f cgyg? 0efxrf;rsm;[m pm;0wfaea&;udk vmbfay; vmbf,rl jyKyeJ @J pm;0wfaea&;awG ajyvnfEikd f apa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS pOf;pm;+yD; tvsOf;oihfovdk aqmif&Gufay;aewJh tcsdeftcgrsKd;yg? tcsdeftcgudk vspfvsL&_vsuf ta=umif; trsKd;rsKd; jy+yD; vmbfay;/ vmbf,lrSkawGudk qufvuf jyKvkyfae=uOD;rnfqdkvSsif 'Drdkua&pDpepfrS csrSwfxm;wJh Oya'rsm;ESihf+idpGef;+yD;/ wnfqJOya'udk usL;vGefwJh jynfol@w&m;cHrsm; jzpfoGm;Edkifwmrdk@ ^m%f&dS a,musmf ;rsm; trSm;udjk yif+y;D / trSeu f kd tcsed rf D jrifEikd =f uzd@k yg? Edik if aH wmfrcS srw S x f m;wJh w&m;Oya'rsm;udk jynforl sm; pnf;urf;&Spd mG vku d ef mjcif; [m wdik ;f jynf ESiv fh rl sK;d twGuyf g? jynfoal wG +ird ;f csr;f pGm aexdik w f wfrS wdik ;f jynfvnf; 104

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

105

+ird ;f csr;f rSmyg? vl@tcGiafh &;rsm; tjynht f 0 &&SEd ikd zf @kd qdw k m Oya'udk tjynht f 0vku d ef mEdik f =uzd@k yg? w&m;Oya'qdw k m jynfoal umif;wd@k twGuf tumtuG,af y;Edik w f hJ avmuygv w&m;rsKd;yg? vl@usihf0wfrsm;udk csKd;azgufolrsm;twGuf xdkufwefwJh tjypf'%frsm;udk ay;Edik zf @kd qdw k m Oya'&Srd S jzpfEikd w f m? trSm;jyKou l kd cGiv fh w G jf cif;qdw k m u&k%musix fh ;Hk t& jzpfEf ikd af omfvnf; Oya'usix fh ;Hk t& rjzpfoihyf g?

vlawGxJu pnf;urf;/ vrf;ay:u pnf;urf; trSm;qdkwm odvdk@rSm;wmyJjzpfjzpf/ rodvdk@rSm;wmyJjzpfjzpf b,ftrSm;rsKd;rS raumif;yg? pnf;urf; qdw k m vdu k ef mzd@k yg? cGiv fh w G zf @kd r[kwyf g? wkid ;f jynfwiG ;f rSm jynfo/l jynfom;wdik ;f +ird ;f csr;f pGm twl,OS w f JG aeEdik zf @kd qdw k m pnf;urf;&Srd jS zpfrmS yg? pnf;urf;jynh0f wJh Ekid if aH wmfopfwpfcu k kd wnfaqmufEikd zf @kd twGuf tvdt k yfq;Hk t&mu vlawGpnf;urf;&Szd @kd yg? 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usihfokH;awmhr,fqdkvSsif vlawGrSmom pnf;urf;&Sd&rSmr[kwfyg/ vrf;awGrmS vnf; vlawGvu kd ef m&rJh pnf;urf;rsK;d awG &Sx d m;&rSmyg? Oyrm/ tajzmih, f mOf ausmtwGuf tajzmihfjrSm;/ tauG@ausmtwGuf tauG@jrSm; ponfwdk@udk a&;qGJxm; ay;&rSmyg? vrf;pnf;ur;fukd vlucsK;d azgu&f if vlukd w&m;Oya't& ta&;,lEikd zf @kd yg? tar&duefEdkifiHuJhodk@ 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk yDjyifpGmusihfokH;EdkifwJh EdkifiHrsdK;awGrSm vrf;qkrH sm;wGif rD;eDaecdu k rf mS vlu um;vrf;rudjk zpfu;l vSsif (ykvyd af wG@&Scd v hJ sS i)f jzwfu;l wJh vlukd wduuf (Ticket) (jypf'%faqmif&ef vufrw S jf zwfyikd ;f ay;cH&) ay;+y;D / rD;eDaecdu k rf mS um;ujzwfu;l vSsif um;ukd (um;armif; olu)kd wduuf (Ticket)ay;cH&jcif;yg? rD;yGKid q fh w kd m vrf;qkrH sm;rSm&So d ihw f hJ vrf;pnf;urf;yg? xd@k a=umihf um;rsm; vrf;pnf;urf;udk rvdu k ef mvSsif um;armif;olrmS wm0ef&o dS vd/k vrf;rSm vrf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk a&;qGrJ xm;cJv h sS if Ekid if aH wmf tpd;k &rSmvnf; wm0efruif;yg? Oyrm/ vrf;qkrH mS rD;yGKd irfh xm;Edik v f @kd um;wdu k rf j_ zpfvsS if tpd;k & (Xmeqdik &f m) rSmvnf; wm0efruif;yg? vrf;qkrH sm;rSm auG@ausmtwGuf tauG@jrmS ;udk xm;ay;&jcif;/ ajzmihfausmtwGuf tajzmihfjrSm;udk xm;ay;&jcif;/ um;armif;olrsm;/ ,mOfpD;olrsm; (,Ofarmif;aepOf) cg;ywfwwfxm;&jcif;/ qdik u f ,frsm; OD;xkyrf ygbJ oGm;vmcGirfh jyKjcif; ponfrsK;d yg? vrf;pnf;urf;udk taxmuftuljzpfapEkid w f hJ rD;yGKd irfh sm;/ ,mOfausm twGuf &So d ihw f hJ (t0gvikd ;f / tjzLvkid ;f / teDvidk ;f paom) rsO;f rsm;/ tajzmihjf rmS ;/ tauG@jrmS ;ponf rsm;udk &So d ihaf omae&mrsm;Y &Sad eapzd@k yg? r&Scd v hJ sS if tpd;k & (Xmeqdik &f m)rSm wm0ef&adS ejcif; yg? rD;yGdKihfrsm; wyfqifxm;ygvSsuf/ rsOf;rsm; a&;qGJxm;ygvSsuf n$ef=um;csuftwdkif; rvdu k ef mvSsif ,mOfarmif;olrsm;/ vrf;jzwfu;l ol jynforl sm;rSm vk;H 0wm0ef&adS ejcif;yg? ,mOfpnf;urf;ta=umif;udk ajymvSsif vrf;pnf;urf;ta=umif;udv k nf; ajymrS oihrf mS yg? Oyrm/ vrf;pnf;urf;rsm; ryDjyifI [ku d af 0;rsm;Y um;wdu k rf r_ sm; r=umc%qdo k vdk tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

105

106

jzpfyGm;vSsuf&Sdaejcif;yg? xdktrSm;udk rjyKjyifEdkif=uwJhtwGuf jynfolrsm; (txl;ojzihf um;armif;olrsm;) tcuf}uKaH wG@ ae&jcif;yg? toufaygi;f rsm;pGm aepOfEiS t fh rSs qk;H &S;Hk ae &jcif;yg? um;armif;olrsm; trSwrf mS ;aewJu h pd yP g? [ku d af 0;rSm um;armif;wJt h cg a&S@rSm arSmif;ESiaf ewJu h m;u nmzufr;D 0gjyvSsif aemufrS uyfygvmwJh um;udk a&S@rSmum;awG qufwu kd v f maew,f? aemufrmS yJ tomuyf vku d x f m;qdw k t hJ "dyg` ,yf g? a&S@um;u b,fbufr;D 0gjyvSsif a&S@rsuEf mS csi;f qdik Yf um;&Si;f ae w,f? ausmfvdku ausmufwufygqdkwJh t"dy`g,fyg? 'DtrSwfom;[m vrf;pnf;urf;/ ,mOfpnf;urf;ESirfh nDyJ vk;H 0rSm;aejcif;yg? trSm;=umawmh trSejf zpf? qdw k mrsK;d vdk [ku d af 0;um;armif;olrsm; 'DtrSm;udk qufvufusio fh ;Hk ae=uI um;wdu k rf rkS sm; r=umc%jzpfymG ;ae&jcif;yg? Edik if jH cm;om;rsm; twGuf tawmfp;kd &drpf &myg? trSm;wpfcu k kd ry,fazsmufEikd =f uwJt h wGuf aoqk;H olawG &maxmifcsI D &Sad e jcif;yg? wpfcgu rD;0gtrSwt f om; rSm;r_a=umihf um;armif;ola&m 0ef}u;D wpfO;D . om; orD;rsm;yif aoqk;H cJ&h zl;a=umif; =um;od&jcif;yg? b,fnmrD;0gjy trSwt f om;ESifh ywf oufI ,mOfpnf;urf;ESifh vnf;aumif;/ vrf;pnf;urf;ESifh vnf;aumif; rnDnw G w f hJ twGuaf =umihf oufqikd &f mrS jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,lay;oihyf ga=umif; wdu k w f eG ;f &jcif;yg? xdu k o hJ @kd jzpfaejcif;udk oufqikd &f mrS aemufxyf ,mOftEW&m,frsm; qufvuf rjzpfymG ;& atmif ta&;w}u;D aqmif&u G Ef ikd &f ef wifjyay;&jcif;yg? jynfoal wG&hJ touft;kd tdrrf sm;udk vk+H cKaH tmif umuG,af y;zd@k ESifh vl@tcGit fh a&; rsm; rqk;H &S;Hk &atmif apmihaf &Smufay;zd@k qdw k m tpd;k &rS OD;aqmif+y;D aqmif&u G af y;rS jzpfEikd f wmyg? wpfcsKd @udprP sm;Y wm0ef&o dS u l wm0efukd a&SmifaevSsif ,mOfpnf;urf;rsm;[m ykI d qd;k vmrnfjzpfjcif;yg? qdv k w kd mu vl@pnf;urf;/ vrf;pnf;urf;awGukd Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u a&;qGjJ yÏmef;ay;xm;wmjzpfv@kd vl@pnf;urf;/ vrf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk rvdu k ef molawGtm; Edik if aH wmftpd;k uyJ ta&;,laqmif&u G rf r_ sm; jyKvyk af y;zd@k yg? pnf;urf;&S+d y;D / pnf;urf;udk vdu k ef mwJv h rl sK;d awG Edik if w H iG ;f rSm trsm;}u;D vkt d yfaeqJyg? csr;f ompGm tdypf ufEikd =f uygap?

a'gufwm "rRyd, Zlvikd f 13/ 2012 (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

106

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

107

qdkuUm;orm;eJ hEdSkif; / jrdKŒawmf0efeJ h rESkdif;eJ h

zkd;xuf usKyw f @kd vli,fawG =um;xJrmS wpfa,mufe@J wpfa,muf EdrS cf svu kd cf siv f @dk bJ jzpfjzpf/ EdyS u f yG f vdu k cf siv f @kd bJjzpfjzpf cdik ;f E_id ;f +y;D ajym wwfwhJ pum;av;awG&w Sd wfw,fr@dk vm;? Oyrmtm;jzif@ " ¶kyu f u kd qdu k mU ;orm;¶kyef @J " "t&uform; ¶kyef @J " qdw k hJ pum;ESpcf eG ;f u awm@ vlo;kH enf;enf; rsm;avrvm;vd@k ? qdu k mU ;orm;eJ@ t&uform;udk wefz;kd r&dw S hJ vl@ tE<v@kd owfrw S cf siw f hJ oabmyg aeygw,f? ajymcH&wJholu ol@udk qdkuUm;orm;eJ@ E_dif;cHvdkuf&vkd@ emwwf=uonf? t&uform;eJ@ ,SO+f y;D owfrw S cf v H u kd &f vd@k pdwq f ;kd wwf=uygw,f? 'gayod aoaocsmcsm w csuaf vmuf pdwu f &kd yf+y;D awG;=unf@r,fq&kd if usKyu f qdu k mU ;orm;awGbufu emcsif w,f? qdu k mU ;orm;awGqw kd m vrf;ab;rSm *dwx f ;kd / usm;uGuaf &$Œupm;/ yg;pyfpnf;urf;r&d/S tkypf ek @J enf;enf;Zmus,cf siw f wf=uayr,fh &nf&nfreG rf eG f qdu k mU ;orm;awG trsm;=u;D usKyaf wG@zl;ygw,f? usKyf i,fi,fuqdk&if rEWav;rSm qdkuUm;eif;+yD; aq;ausmif;wufaewJh aq;ausmif;om;wa,muf awG@bl;w,f? acwfvyk +f y;D xif&mS ;ay:vGiaf tmif qdu k mU ;eif; aewm r[kwyf gb;l ? wu,fub kd J ausmif;p&dwu f mrdatmif}uKd ;pm;wJh tpfu}kd u;D wpfa,muf yg? tJ'v D v kd rl sK;d udrk suu f , G jf yK+y;D qdu k mU ;orm;udEk rSd cf siw f ,fq&kd if odyaf wmhr[kwv f aS o; bl;av? aemufAsm qdu k mU ;eif;wm vG,w f ,frxife@J As? qdu k mU ;ay:wufc+G y;D eif;=unf&h if qdkuUm;eif;jcif; tEkynmudk cifAsm;oabmayguf vmr,f? pufbD;wpfpD;pD;&wmeJ@ wpfjcm;pDyg? wpfzufzufudkqGJqGJcsoGm;vdk@ owdxm;+yD; xdef;ausmif;&w,f? c&D;onf/ 0efwif+y;D awm@ qdu k mU ;wpfp;D udk rwdr;f rarSmuf&bJ vd&k mc&D;a&mufatmif qdu k mU ;eif;&wm tav@tusi@f &&ifom vG,w f ,fv@dk xif&wm? wu,fusawmh tawmfav;tm;pdu k +f y;D tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

107

108

cufcufcJcJeif;&ygw,fav? csdKif@cGufawG/ ukef;twufawG=um;xJrSm a&Smif&if;&Sm;&if; qdkuUm;wpfpD;udk vrf;ab;qGcJ sroGm;atmif cifAsm;pdwu f ;l eJ@ eif;=unfh prf;yg? pdwaf ZmacGs;rxGuv f m&if cifAsm; usKyfudkajymcsifovdk ajymprf;ygavh? c&D;onfudk qdkuUm;ay:u rqif;ap&bJ qif;wGef; p&m&dSwmwGef;/ qGJp&m&dSwm qGJ/ ajcovHk;=uGuf om;awG awmif@aeatmif tm;pdu k &f w,f? ud, k q hf u kd mU ;udk pD;ae=uazmufonfq&dk if ydv k @kd awmif *¶kpu kd &f ygao;w,f? xm;awm@ 'guqdu k mU ;eif;jcif;qdw k m vG,yf gw,fv@kd xifaewmudk usKyf u acszsucf siw f m? aemufwpfcsuu f rdru d , dk u f m,udk tm;jyK/ oifw h if@avsmufywfwhJ tca=u;aiG ,l+y;D c&D;onf oGm;vd&k mudk yd@k aqmifay;&wJh qdu k mU ;orm;udk usKyu f awm@ rEdrS cf sib f ;l As? vlawGu armfawmfum; iSm;pD;&ifom odyf aps;rqpfcsi=f uwm? qdu k mU ;orm; ajymwJh aps;qd&k if qpfvu kd cf si=f uao;wm? qdu k mU ;qdw k mrsKd ;u Taxi awGvkd rDwmeJ@oGm;vk@d &wmvJ r[kwfbl;? vrf;ay:u tcuftcJaygif; rsm;pGmudk udk,fhrSm&dSwJh cGeftm;udkpdkufxkwf+yD; tnifomqHk;jzpfatmif jzwfausmf&wmrdk@vm;? 'Dawmh qdkuUm;orm;ajymwJh ul;wdk@ tca=u;aiG tenf;i,frsm;ae&ifawmif ay;oif@ygw,fv@kd usKyu f awmhxifrw d ,f? usKyif ,fi,fu tdrpf mrvky&f ifbJ jzpfjzpf/ vl}u;D rdbpum;em;raxmif&ifbJ jzpfjzpf taru qdu k mU ;orm;jzpfr,fah umifv@kd qJwwfw,f? taru usKyu f edk matmifajym ovdk usKyu f vJemw,f? usKyu f rkd sm; qdu k mU ;orm;eJ@Edi_ ;f p&mvm;ayg@? 'gayod touf enf;enf;}u;D vmawm@ usKyef mwwfwmu bufajymif;vmw,f? usKyu f kd oli,fcsi;f rdwaf qG awGu qdkuUm;orm;eJ@ cdkif;E_dif;+yD; ql vdkuf/ qJvdkuf&if qdkuUm;orm;awGbufu emwwfvmw,f? ud, k u f m,udt k m;jyK+y;D vkyu f ikd pf m;aomuf&wJh vlwef;pm;w&yf vH;k udk apmfum;w,fv@dk usKyf cHpm;vm&w,f? qdu k mU ;orm;awGrb S J vlawGu EdrS cf scsiaf ewJh pdwu f kd usKyu f awmh wwfEikd o f avmuf qef@usiw f ,f? wpf0rf;wpfcg; pm;0wfaea&;twGuf um,tm;jyK+y;D vkyu f ikd pf m;aomufae&wJh qdkuUm;orm;qdkwJh vlwef;pm;xuf qdk;&Gm;wJh vlawG r&dSawm@bl;vm;? qdkuUm;orm; yg;pyfusaewmbJv@kd ajym+y;D vrf;ab;u jzwfomG ;jzwfvm aumifrav;awG/ rr=u;D / tef wD}u;D awGqkd paemufcsiw f hJ qdu k mU ;orm;awGe@J ,SOaf jymwmudk vufcyH gw,f? qdu k mU ;orm; rSbJ yg;pyfpnf;urf;r&dw S mvm;? qdu k mU ;orm;awG t&dyrf mS *dwx f ;kd &if; jzwfomG ; jzwfvm vlawGukd paemufaumif; paemufygvrd @f r,f? tjyifavmu}u;D rSm qdk uUm;orm;r[kww f hJ vlawG=um;xJrmS yg;pyfpnf;urf;r&dS ajymcsi&f majym/ ud, k af jymwJph um; b,fa&mufv@kd a&mufreS ;f rodwhJ vl awG r&daS wm@bl;vm;? trsm;}u;D rS trsm;}u;D yg? Oyrmtm;jzif@ +rdKŒawmf0efjyKwf}uD;wa,mufqdkygawm@? yg;pyfpnf;urf;r&dS aygufvGwfyJpm;ajymwJh ol@pum;awGudkzwfrd+yD; "¶kyfudku qdkuUm;orm;¶kyfeJ@" vdk@ 108

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

109

oli,fcsi;f urSwcf sujf yKawm@ usKyu f toJxad tmif emw,fAs? qdu k mU ;orm;awGbufu emom&,f? qdu k mU ;orm;qdw k m c&D;onfomG ;vd&k mudk ryifryef; acsacsmarG@arG@a&mufz@kd eJ@ ud, k @f &JŒud, k u f m,/ uGsr;f usirf u _ kd vJpm;&SmwmAs? 'Dv}l u;D u ryifryef; cd;k 0Suf csr;f omvm+y;D avmuc&D;onf vlawGukd tqif@twef;r&dS pum;awGe@J apmfum;wm=uawm@ usKyu f qdu k mU ;orm;rjzpfvu kd &f wmawmif aemifw&csiw f ,f? vl@wefz;kd udk vlawGu tjyifyef;=unf+h y;D owfrw S =f uw,fxifyg&ŒJ ? tjypfv@kd ajymvd@k r&ayr,fh trSev f @kd awmhjzifh wxpfcs owf rSwv f @kd r&ygb;l ? 'gq&kd if usKyq f w dk hJ vlowW0gwpfaumif&ŒJ wefz;kd udk b,fvkd owfrw S =f urSmwH;k ? rke;f wJo h al wGu EdrS cf sr,f? t jypftemtqm&Smr,f? wdkufcdkufr,f? EdSkif;,SOf+yD; ajymr,f? pdwfoabmtwdkif; &dS=u/ ajym=uygapayg@? 'gayr,fh usKyt f arvdk usKyu f w kd ;kd wufapcsiv f @kd qdu k mU ;orm;eJ@ E_id ;f +y;D qJwwfwmudak wmh vufc&H rSmygb?J tcktouft&G,x f u d kd usKyu f rG ;f awG0g;+y;D yg;pyf=u;D eD&aJ e&if taru eif@¶kyf " eifjyef=unf@prf;? vrf;ab;u qdu k mU ;orm;¶kyef @J " vd@k qlwwf/ qJwwfwek ;f ? b,fvb kd jJ zpfjzpf 'Dwpfacguf tarr}uKd uw f mvkyrf v d @kd taru usKyu f kd qdu k mU ;orm;eJ@E_id ;f ,SO+f y;D qJvmr,fq&kd if jyefawmhajym&r,fAs? touf awG=u;D aumif}u;D rm;eJ@ om;trdEpS af ,muf pum;rrsm;csiaf yr,f@ tar@udk jyefawmhajym&tH;k r,f? " tar usaemf@udk qdkuUm;orm;eJ@ E_dif;csifE_dif;/ +rdKŒawmf0efeJ@ rE_dif;eJ@" vdk@ jyefajym&r,f? usKyfjyefajym&if vHk;0r}udKufwJhtar pdwf qdk;umrS qdk;aya&m@? "usaemfqdkuUm;orm;vkyfr,f +rdKŒawmf0efrvkyfcsifbl;" vdk@ txGef@wuf&tHk;r,f? awG@u&meJ@ aumufayguu f m rS aumufayguaf &mhb?J b,fAsm qdu k mU ;orm;bJvyk rf ,fAs? &GŒH tHcsipf &m vl@tE< +rKd Œawmf0efawm@ rvkyb f ;l As?

zkd;xuf Zlvidk f 22/ 2012 (Mizzima

rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

109

110

b*FgvD/ 0g[mbD ESihf wHcg;zsuf0ifolrsm;

*gr%d vwfwavm &cdkifjynfrSmjzpfcJhwJh jy\emawGudk cdk;0ifvmwJh b*FgvDawGeJ@ k u kd owfrw S x f m;ayrJh cd;k 0ifvmol &cdik w f idk ;f &if;om;awG=um; yÉdyuQ tjzpf tm;vH;k vdv awG[m b*Fgvt D ppfr[kwb f J b*FgvrD sK;d EG,0f if ppfw aumif;om;awG jzpfygw,f? b*Fgvv D rl sK;d awG[m tdE, dN Edik if H taemufb*Fvm;jynfe,fe@J b*Fvm;a'h&EfS ikd if H wd@k rSm t"duae=uygw,f? t*Fvyd f udv k ekd aD cwfrmS 'DEpS ef ,fukd waygi;f wnf; b*Fvm;jynf e,ftjzpf owfrw S cf +hJ y;D 1947 ck tdE, dN vGwv f yf a&;a=unmawmhrS [dELN bmom0if b*FgvrD sm;wJh taemufb*Fvm;eJ@ }wyd &l wd@k [m tdE, dN bufjcrf;u jynfe,f ESpcf k jzpfomG ;+y;D tpPvrfbmom0ifrsm;wJh ta&SŒb*Fvm;u ta&SŒygupPwefjzpfomG ;ygw,f? ta&SŒygupP wef [m 1971 ckrmS vGwv f yfwhJ b*Fvm;a'h&EfS ikd if H jzpfvmygw,f? wurBmvH;k rSm b*Fgvv D rl sK;d ?;a& oef; 300 &S+d y;D b*Fvm;a'h&EfS ikd if rH mS 156 oef;/ tdE, dN Edik if rH mS oef; 70/ ygupP wef/ +Aw d ed /f rav;&Sm;eJ@ tm&yfEikd if aH wGrmS vJ tawmfrsm; rsm;&S=d uygw,f? [efw¶kwv f rl sK;d +y;D &if b*FgvD vlrsK;d [m urBmrSm 'kw, d vlO;D a&trsm; qH;k vlrsK;d jzpfygw,f? b*Fgvv D rl sK;d tm;vH;k &JŒ 50µ [m rGwq f vifawG jzpf+y;D 48µ uawmh [dELN awG jzpfygw,f? Ak'b < &k m;&Siv f ufxufe@J taomurif;}u;D vufxufrmS b*Fvm; a'o[m r*"wdik ;f xJ ygcyhJ gw,f? b*FgvDvlrsKd;awGxJu xif&Sm;wJh EdkifiHa&;orm;awG/ pmaytEkynm&SifawG/ odyyH` nm&Siaf wG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; xGucf +hJ y;D t"dutm;jzihf [dELN bmom0ifb*FgvaD wG jzpf=uygw,f? tm&Swu kd u f yxrqH;k Edb k ,fq&k wJh uAsm q&m}u;D &mbifj'mewfow f *d;k / urBmausmf ¶ky&f iS 'f g¶u kd w f m qwW,m*spaf &;/ tdE, dN vGwv f yfa&; awmfveS af &; acgi;f aqmif 110

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

111

qlbwfpfcsEN&mbdk@pf/ urBmausmfody`Hynm&Sif qmw,ifj'mewfofbdk@pf/ Edkb,fqk& pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif trm&fw, D mqif;/ pma&;q&mr t&Ge'f gw¶d KG id ;f / bD;wJvpf *f w D opftzG@J &JŒ q&m *Dwynm&Si}f u;D &mAD&eS u f m wd@k [m b*Fgv[ D Ed LN awGjzpf+y;D tao;pm;aiGacs;vkyif ef; wDxiG cf w hJ hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;Edb k ,fq&k iS f rd[ k mruf,El w G pf f uawmh b*FgvrD w G q f vif jzpfygw,f? jrefrmjynf vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf eJG @J vGwv f yfa&;acwf Edik if aH &;ordik ;f rSmyg0ifcw hJ hJ b*FgvaD wGvJ xifxif&mS ;&Sm;&Sd ygw,f? tdE, dN vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf rJG mS yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJv h @kd Armjynfukd e,fEiS 'f %fay;cH&wJh rpPwm&m&Sp[ f m Adv k f csKyaf tmifqef;wd@k eJ@ wacwfxJ &efuek w f uUov kd u f akd &mufvm+y;D 1936 ckrmS ausmif;om;or*~ OuUÏ/ ausmif; om;oydwf OuUÏ jzpfczhJ ;l ygw,f? b*FgvD Edik if aH &;orm;awGjzpfwhJ rpPwm&m&Spef @J OD;cifarmifvwfw@kd [m vGwf vyfa&;&+y;D aemufrmS vJ zqyvtpd;k &xJrmS 0ef}u;D awGtjzpf a&G;aumufccH &hJ ygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiH twdkuftcHbufrSmvJ b*FgvDawG ta&;}uD;ae&mawGu ygcJhzl;ygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D &Jabmf*&kd , S /f a'guw f mewf/ q&m&m*sew f @kd [mvJ t*Fvyd u f e,fEiS 'f %fay;vd@k Armjynfa&mufvmwJh b*FgvD awmfveS af &;orm;awG jzpfygw,f? Armjynfukd a&mufvm=uwJh tJ'D b*FgvaD wG[m e,fpyfu ul;0ifvmwmawG r[kwb f J udv k ekd aD cwfrmS oabFmeJ@ a&mufvmwJh b*Fgv[ D Ed LN awG/ b*FgvrD w G q f vifawG jzpfygw,f? q&m}u;D OD;&mZwf/ q&marmifaomfuwd@k u awmh tJ'x D ufapm+y;D rsK;d ¶d;k pOfquf ArmjynfrmS aecJw h hJ rGwq f vifawG jzpfygw,f? ppfwaumif;pum;[m b*FgvpD um;&JŒ a'od,pum; dialect jzpf+y;D bmomaA' rSwfwrf; Ethnologue rSm oD; oef@oauFw cit vdk@ay;cJhygw,f? &Gif*sm tygt0if ppfwaumif;pum;ajymol 14 oef;ausmf&Sdygw,f? ppfwaumif;udk b*FgvDawGu acsmah wmfuvrf; od@k r[kwf acgah wmfuvrf; chottogram vd@k ac:&muae ppfwaumif; om;b*FgvDawGudk acghwf odk@r[kwf acghawmukvm; vdk@ emr,fwGifoGm;ygw,f? ppfwaumif; a'o[m jrefrmEdik if H &cdik jf ynfe,fe@J ewfjrpfyJ jcm;wJt h wGuf e,fpyfausmf cd;k 0ifoal wG[m t"dutm;jzihf ppfwaumif; om; b*FgvD (acgw h )f awG jzpfaeygw,f? 'Duae@ &Gi*f smvd@k cH,al eolawGukd bmomaA'rSww f rf; Ethnologue rSm 2007 ckESpftxd ppfwaumif;om; awmifydkif;av,lavodrf;vdk@yJ owfrSwfcJhygw,f? 2007 'DbufrmS awmh ppfwaumif;om;bmompum;udk ctg / &Gi*f smudk rhg vd@k cGaJ y;vdu k +f y;D &Gi*f sm eJ@ ppfwaumif;om; rwlovdv k kd vkyjf yay;cJ&h ygw,f? bmomaA' rSww f rf; Ethnologue rSm b*Fgvb D mompum;udk ben vd@k oauFwowfrw S x f m;ygw,f? ppfwaumif; pum;eJ@ b*FgvDpum;[m 43µ uae 64µ txdyJ wlnDw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? awm&GmawGu ppfwaumif;olrawG[m +rKd Œay:u b*FgvpD um;udk em;rvnfbJ &Gi*f smqko d al wGe@J awmh &mE_e;f jynhf qufqaH jymqdv k @kd &ygw,f? oabm uawmh ppfwaumif;pum;eJ@ &Gi*f smpum;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

111

112

ppfwaumif;om;eJ@ &Gi*f sm vH;k 0wxyfwnf; jzpfygw,f? 1824 ck t*Fvdyf-jrefrm yxrppfyGJ+yD;wJhtcsdefupcJhwJh 'De,fajrcsJŒxGifr_[m tma&AsuseG ;f qG,rf mS 18 &mpk t wGi;f ay:aygucf w hJ hJ 0g[mbDtajccH0g'eJ@ aygi;f pyfomG ;&if bmoma&;tpGef;a&muf0g'tjzpf ydk+yD;qkwf,kwf azmufjyefoGm;r,hf tvm;tvm &Sad eygw,f? Oa&mywdu k rf mS c&pf,eftajccH0g'aD wGvr$ ;f rd;k vd@k tarSmifacwfjzpfaewJt h csed rf mS tpPvrfEikd if aH wGrmS awmh odyyH` nmawG tEkynmawG xGe;f um;yGiv fh ef;cJ+h y;D tpPvrfa&$acwf tjzpf urBm@vlom;awGukd {&mrtusK;d jyKcyhJ gw,f? tJ'u D mvrSm rGwq f vifoyd yH` nm&Sif awG[m tuQ&mocsmF eJ@ }w*d Ekd rkd ufx&Dukd wDxiG Ef ikd cf yhJ gw,f? e,lwefacwf rwdik cf ifrmS uJvu f v k ocsmF &JŒ tajccHawGukd csay;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? aq;ynme,fy,frmS cGpJ w d u f k ynmudk wd;k wufatmifvyk cf +hJ y;D arhaq;oH;k wmvJ pvkycf yhJ gw,f? vl@ud, k cf E<m&JŒ aoG;vnfywfr_ pepfuv kd J yxrqH;k azmfxw k Ef ikd cf o hJ vdk temawGrmS yd;k owfaq;oH;k wmudv k J pvkycf yhJ gw,f? 'DacwftwGi;f uAsmq&m }u;D tkrd mc,rf xGuaf y:cJo h vdk waxmihw f nyHjk yifvkd }u;D us,w f hJ tEkynmvuf&mawGvJ rGwq f vif urBmrSm ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? 'DbufacwfrmS vJ 20 &mpkxrJ mS ay:aygucf w hJ hJ wl&uDEikd if u H uDrv J t f wm;wmhuf vdk trsK;d om;a&; acwfraD &; acgi;f aqmifukd Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ud, k w f ikd f tm;ustwk,cl hJ &ygw,f? tD*spEf ikd if u H emqmudv k J e,fcsŒJ pepf vufatmufu vGwaf jrmufz@kd ¶ke;f uefae &wJh udv k ekd ED ikd if aH wGu tzdEydS cf jH ynfoal wG twk,cl &hJ ygw,f? tJ'D wke;f u aqmf't D ma&Ase@J wcsKdŒtm&yfya'o&mZfEdkifiHi,f tenf;pkuvGJ&if 0g[mbD0g' b,fvdkrSacgif;raxmif EdkifcJhygbl;? 'gayrJ h tck a wmh 0g[mbD 0 g'upvd k u f w J h tpP v rf t pG e f ; a&muf 0 g'[m tpPvrfurBmudka&m/ wjcm;bmom0if EdkifiHawGudkyg tarSmifacwf}uD;xJqGJoGif;zdk@ +crd ;f ajcmufaeyg+y?D twm;wmhuf eJ@ emqm wd@k &JŒ acwfopf tpPvrf 0g'a=umihf taemufEikd if H awG&ŒJ tajccHtusK;d pD;yGm;awG txdemcJv h @kd vufpm;acswt hJ aeeJ@ tpPvrf tajccH0g'D awGukd tuef@towfe@J ajrmS ufay;aeovdrk sK;d awG@ae&ygw,f? 'gayrJh 0g[mbDr&l if;pGJ 0g'[m vrf;r,lb;l qdk wmudk 9§11 rSm jycJ+h y;D jzpfygw,f? b*FgvaD wG&ŒJ ausmef if;r_uaum b,fvrf;udo k mG ;ae+y;D b,foal wGu tm;ay; tm;ajrmS ufvyk af eovJ? vufp vufeawGuawmh wpwpay:vmyg+y?D 0g[mbDawGu yHyh ;kd r_rsK;d pHek @J wGe;f / rGwq f vifr[kww f hJ taemufwikd ;f uvJ trsK;d rsK;d aom tusK;d pD;yGm; arSsmrf eS ;f +y;D tzufzufutm;ay;? b,fvb kd jJ zpfjzpf jynfwiG ;f tm%mydik rf yg&ifvJ ausmef if; olawG a&SŒwd;k vd@k r&Edik w f m xif&mS ;aeyg+y?D (ae@opf rD'D,mrS) 112

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

*gr%d

113

vlxkpdef0if; (okd hr[kwf) ol&Jaumif; owif;pmq&m

armifpGrf;&nf rdwaf qGrsm; cifAsm;.... usaemf 'Dae@ ajymcsiw f muawmh ZGef 17 u uG,v f eG o f mG ;wJh owif;pmq&m}u;D vlxpk ed 0f if;twGuf E_wq f uf*% k jf yKpum; jzpf ygw,f? vlxpk ed 0f if;[m rEWav;vlxo k wif;pm aemufq;kH rsK;d qufrmS xGe;f cGsex f if&mS ;wJh owif;pmq&mwOD; jzpfygw,f? (ole@J twlvyk cf =hJ uwJh vlxak rmifopfviG ef @J ewfarmuf xGe;f &Sed w f @kd vJ rEWav;rSm ouf&x dS if&mS ; &S=d uygao;w,f) ol[m q&m}u;D a&$Oa'gi;f &Jh r usn;f wH&k mG rsK;d qufjzpfygw,f? arG;zGm;awmh rEWav;rSmarG;+y;D rEWav; c&pf,efomoemjyK ausmif;jzpfwJh zm;om; vzHk;ausmif;u q,fwef;atmifygw,f? rEWav;wuUodkvfeJ@ &efuek w f uUov kd w f @kd rSm qufvufwufc+hJ y;D ausmif;om;b0rSmyJowif;pm avm uxJukd 0ifcyhJ gw,f? &efuek v f x l k owif;pmwdu k cf rJG mS t,f'w D mvkycf v hJ @kd &efuek rf EWav; owif;pm avmueSpcf pk vH;k rSm usiv f nf0ifqchH o hJ l jzpfyg w,f? ud, k yf ikd 0f xˆKrsm;eJ@ tawG;tac: pmayrsm;/ owif;pmynmqdik &f mpmayrsm;vJ a&;om;cJyh gw,f? (tcsi;f csi;f b,fol b,f ESpw f ef;atmifovJ rod=uyg) vlxk owif;pm[m jynfo@l bufu t+r&J yfwnfc+hJ y;D q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f &Jh urBm+ird ;f csr;f a&; vrf;pOfe@J jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; vrf;pOfw@kd udk axmufcv H ŒH_ aqmfcw hJ hJ twGuf tpd;k &tqufquf&hJ t+iKd tjiifc&H wJh owif;pmwapmifvJ jzpfygw,f? 'gh a=umifh vlxo k wif;pmwdu k u f q&m}u;D a&$Oa'gi;f vdk ouf}u;D 0g}u;D pma&;q&m}u;D eJ@ tpxkwaf 0ol wm0efcH t,f'w D m}u;D rsm;jzpf=uwJh vlxOk ;D vS/ vlxak ':trmwd@k tv,f armifae0if;wd@k tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

113

114

vlxpk ed 0f if;wd@k vdk vli,fowif;pmq&mrsm;ygrusef t}urd }f urd f zrf;qD;axmifcs ESyd pf ufwm awGuv kd J cHc=hJ u&ygw,f? &efukef vlxkowif;pmwdkufcGJ t,f'Dwm vlxkpdef0if;omru vlxkOD;vS&Jh om;i,f zd;k oHacsmif;udyk g zrf;qD;+y;D udu k ;kd uGse;f udk yd@k qmifwm cHc&hJ zl;ygao;w,f? tJo h vdk zrf;qD;pOfrmS vJ &du k Ef u S u f efausmuf xd;k usw d w f mawG t}urd }f urd cf &H vd@k cg;&d;k qpf=um;rSm tm&kaH =umnSy+f y;D woufv;kH roefrpGr;f eJ@ vlpOfrrD aeoGm;cJ&h &Smygw,f? avjzwfomG ;wJt h cg vrf;ravSsmufEikd af wmhwt hJ jyif nmvufroefrpGr;f jzpfomG ; vd@k b,fvufe@J pma&;usi+hf y;D qufvufpma&;cJah yrJh aemufawmh b,fvufe@J yg odyrf a&;edik f awmhv@kd E_wef @J yJajym+y;D olrsm;udak &;cdik ;f &wmawG &Scd yhJ gw,f? aemufq;kH rSm tqkwef @J wuG touf¶t _ *Fgprk sm;yg cGsw, f iG ;f ysupf ;D vmcJv h @kd atmufp*D sib f ;l eJ@ toufqufc&hJ &Smygw,f? vlxpk ed 0f if;[m rusr;f rrm roefrpGr;f jzpfaewJ=h um;u vli,fowif;pmorm; av;awGeJ@ vli,fpmay;orm;av;awGudk t*Fvdyf pmoifay;&if; trSefw&m;zufu owWd&Sd&Sd&yfwnfzdk@ pdwf"gwfawGudkvJ oGif;ay;oGm;cJhygw,f? olbmomjyefwJhtcgeJ@ pmtkyaf wG a&;om;jyKpw k t hJ cgw@kd rSmvJ vli,fawGtrSew f &m;twGuf ,H=k unfcsupf +JG r+J y;D ZGJowWd&Sdzdk@ t+rJwrf; enf;ay;vrf;jyvkyfcJhygw,f? “tvHrvSJpwrf;” qdkwJhpmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwaf 0+y;D olu, kd w f ikd v f J " avScu G cf sn;f rusef awmhoavmuf " b0wdu k yf aJG wG }uKH &ayrJh tEdik rf cH t&_;H ray;bJ tm%m&Sipf pftpd;k & tqufqufukd woufv;kH tmcH tefwo k mG ;cJyh gw,f? Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;wd@k &Jh ocifvil ,facwfuae usaemfw@kd acwftxd vli,frsm;&Jh xH;k pHtwdik ;f vlxpk ed 0f if;vJyJ &k&mS ; w&kwf uGejf rLepfpmayrsm;udk txl;avhvmzwf&@_ cJyh g w,f? e,fcsŒJ t&if;&Si0f g'eJ@ acgi;f yHjk zwfpepfrsm;udk cg;oD;pufqyk rf _ pG+J rcJ yhJ gw,f? pepfq;kd 0g'qd;k rsm;ta=umif;udk jynfwiG ;f rSmvH;k 0a&;om;ajymqdck iG rhf & wJh acwf}u;D wavSsmufv;kH rSm jynfytoHvi$ Xhf meawGu ar;vmorSs Edik if aH &;jy\emawGukd vlxak ':trm [Hom0wD OD;0if;wifwdk@eJ@twl owWdajymifajymifeJ@ jynfolbufu&yfwnf+yD; usef&Sd orSstoHeJ@ toHukefatmf[pf+yD; t&J&ifhqHk; [pfa=uG;oGm;cJhwJh ol&Jaumif; owif;pmq&mwOD; jzpfygw,f? aemufwacwfrmS Armjynfoal wG[m olw@kd &Jh tvHrvSw J u kd yf 0JG ifo&l aJ umif; owif;pmq&m}u;D udk ausmuf&yk f a=u;&kyaf wG xk qpfoeG ;f vky+f y;D *k%jf yKomG ;=uygvrd rhf ,f? usaemfw@kd &Jh &Jabmfoil ,fcsi;f vlxpk ed 0f if; aumif;&mok*wdo@kd a&mufygapownf;?

armifpGrf;&nf (AGDtkdat ouf}uD;pum;tpDtpOf) (rdk;rcrD'D,mrS) 114

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

Zlvidk f 10/ 2012

115

'Duae hArmawG Armpm a}uapzdk h

O\mq&mtdk (jrefrmhpmayavmuod@k taotcsm 0ifa&mufavhvm=unfrh yd gu usaemfw@kd omrefvrl sm;rod / r=um;zl;cJah oma0g[m&rsm;udk rsm;pGmyif awG@&&dS ayonf? tcsKd @aom a0g[m&rsm;url wdraf um&mrSaysmufu, G o f mG ;=uojZifyh I kd ydI k yifo&d EdS ikd &f ef cJ,Of;oGm;=u ayvd r f h r nf ? "pG r f ; pG r f ; wrH" qd k a om a0g[m&ud k a wmh j zif h usaemf w d k @ trsm;pk od&SdtoHk;csae=uaomfvnf; " pGef@vGef;wrm " qdkaom a0g[m&udkrlum; rod&Sd / =um;rd=u[efrwlay? od@k ygI usaemft h aejzifh O\mq&mtd. k a0g[m& ? ayg&m%ESihf o'Ng aqmif;yg; aygif;csKyfrS avhvmrdor#ukd trsm;olig twGuf avhvmod&EdS ikd &f ef qifyh mG ; wifjyvdu k yf gonf?)

pGef@vGef;wrm ESi fh pGrf;pGrf;wrH jrefrmpmayavmuwGif tcsdK@tcsdK@aom a0g[m&rsm;onf wdrf&mrSaum/ aum&mrSaysmuf/ aysmuf&mrSu, G I f oGm;&ayawmhonf? Oyrm " awmfe@J usKyf b,fawmhnm;=uOD;rSmvJ " [laom pum;udk vHrk ysKd wpfO;D u ajym=um;cJyh gv#if =um;&olvv k ifysKd rmS acgi;f eyef; }u;D I oGm;ayvdrrhf nf? vHrk ysKd . tmabmfukd wdwu d sus xdxrd rd rd odcyhJ gv#if b,fv[ kd mygvrd [ hf k td;k wd@k trf;wrf;ESihf rsuEf mS tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

115

116

yl&mS ayvdrrhf nf? od@k aomf ol.qdv k &kd if; tmabm*udk odygu &Srd ;f p&mrvdk zde;f p&mrvdyk g? ol.qdkvdk&if;rSm " &SifeJ@uíefr b,ftcsdeftcgrSm jyefvnfawG@qHk=uOD;rSmvJ "[k ar;jcif;jzpfayonf? " nm ". t"dym` ,frmS " awG@ - }uKH - }uKd uf - qHk - pnf; "[laomteufrsm; &Sad yonf? ygXf wpfcsut f euf q,faxGjzpfayonf? TtoH;k tE_e;f um; ,cku, G af ysmuf csKy+f ird ;f cJah v+y?D t&m&mwGif ocFg&ygwum;? xd@k emnf;twl " pGe@f vGe;f wrm "[laoma0g[m&onfvnf; acwfpmaye,fy,f wGif rwGiu f s,Ef ikd af wmhay? jrefrmpmtzG@J jrefrmtbd"mef tusO;f csKyw f iG pf wif uG,af ysmuf cJah v+y?D ol@tpm; aemufraS y:onfh a&$=umyifjzpfaom " pGr;f pGr;f wrH " u ae&m,lvu kd af y+y?D od@k aomf pmayvdu k pf m;olrsm;twGuf Taqmif;yg;jzifh xGe;f jyvdu k yf g&ap? " pGe@f vGe;f wrm " qdak om a0g[m&wGif "pGe@f " / "vGe;f " ESihf "wrm" [laom a0g[m& oH;k vH;k yg&ydS gygonf? " pGe@f " u pGe@f pm;jcif;/ toufuykd ify"merxm;yJ &Gy&f yG cf íHcíH jyKvyk af qmif&u G jf cif;/ " vGef; " u tvGepf al omt"dym` ,f/ " wrm " uvnf; tvGe[ f al om t"dym` ,fyif &Sad vonf? "vGef;" ESifh " wrm " ESpfckaygif;. t"dy`m,frSm " tvGef@tvGef "[lI jzpfvmygonf? xd@k a=umifh " pGe@f vGe;f wrm " udt k "dym` ,fziG q hf ykd gu " tvGe@f tvGef pGe@f pm; " onf [k em;vnfoabmaygu&f ayrnf? TwGif "wrm" .teufukd &Si;f jyzd@k vdak yao;onf? " rvdw k rm " [laompum;/ " t,kww f rm " [laom pum;rsm;onf " tvGerf vdv k m; " " tvGe, f w k rf m" [lI teufxu G &f adS yonf? xd@k a=umifh "wrm" .t"dym` ,frmS "tvGef" [laom teufjzpfvm ayonf? trwf}u;D Anm;'v. " &mZ"&mZf ta&;awmfyu kH sr;f " wGif &mZ"d&mZfu om;awmf aAmavmuse;f awmtm; r,H=k unfI uGyrf su&f ef tJa*giyf ed f udk tm%may; a=umif; / tJa*giyf ed *f x l w G rf S yJc;l od@k vmI aAmavmuse;f awmtm; trde@f awmfjyefaom pum;rsm;wGif atmufygpum;rsm; yg0ifcahJ yonf? ' igrh ,fawmf " rvSwr " ao&+yD " / igvnf; " rvSwr" ao&jyefawmhrnf ' TwGif " rvSwr" . t"dym` ,frmS tvGerf vS tvGet f &kyq f ;kd [k teufxu G &f adS yonf? rD;Zmukeq f cD ef; aocsed w f efI ao&aomaojcif;r[kw/f Oyap>'uHjzifh taoqd;k ao&OD; rnf[k qdv k &kd if;jzpfayonf? TwGif " wr " ESihf " wrm " rSm oHayg@ESihf oHav;omuGm.? t"dym` ,fum; twlwyl if? 116

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

117

,if;usr;f wGiyf if Adv k rf if;jAwfZu vuGe;f tdrf udk olaocge;D wGif rSm=um;oGm; aom pum;rsm;wGif ' rif;&Jausmpf mG vnf; rif;ysKd rif;xuf 0Hph m;ool xyfIvdu k rf nfrcíwf . ,if;aomtcg rif;wd@k ol&aJ umif; jzpfool tcgwyg;uJo h @kd " pGe;f vGe;f wrm" rjyKygEiS ?hf TwGif " pGe;f " ESifh " pGe@f " onf oHaysmEh iS hf oHav;omuGm.? t"dym` ,f twlwlyif? Od;wifhaqGjyKpkaom ayg&m%uxm tbd"mefwGif " pGef@vGef;wrm " oefoefjrefjref " pGe@f vGe;f wrHr[kwf " [lI azmfjyxm;onf? oD&yd scH sD Od;omjrwf jyKpak om jrefrmpm a&;xH;k wGif " pGe@f vGe;f wrm " [lI azmfjyxm;onf? q&m,k'oef. jrefrmESihf t*Fvyd t f bd"mefwiG f pGef@vGef;wrm ? ? adv. too adventurously, or moe adventurously than other.

OD;[kwpf ed . f trsm;oH;k jrefrm / t*Fvyd f / ygVt d bd"mefwiG f " pGe@f vGe;f wrm " ? ? steadily, adventurosly. " rvdw k r/ rvdw k rm " ? ? with ill- will " rvSwr " ? ? frightfully " t,kww f rmr " ? ? a woman of lowcaste [lI az:jyxm;ygonf? txufaz: jyyg om"ursm;udk axmufaomf " pGef@vGef;wrm " [laom a0g[m&onf t"dym` ,fvnf; av;euf.? teufaz:&efvnf; vG,u f . l ? ynm&St d qufqufvnf; oH;k pGcJ . hJ ? xd@k a=umifh wdraf umaysmufu, G I f roGm;&ef rsuaf rSmufacwfynm&Siw f @kd onf qufvufxed ;f xm; oif. h ? wGiw f iG u f s,u f s,f oH;k pGo J if. h ? od@k rSom jrefrmha0g[m& e,fy,frS tzd;k wefpum; wpfv;kH av#myh g;qH;k &H;_ jcif;ab;rS vGwaf jrmufayvdrrhf nf[k owday;Ed;_ aqmf wdu k w f eG ;f vdu k &f ygawmhownf;?

O\mq&mtdk ( jrefrmwdkif; (pf) twGJ (1) trSwf (18) wGifaz: jy+yD; ?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

117

118

tufaq; u|efawmfhrSm O,smOfwpfck &Sdwkef;u.....

opPmeD (1) u|eaf wmfrh mS O,smOfwpfck &Sw d ek ;f u æ u|efawmhfrSm *sif;abmifbD wpfxnf&SdcJhonf? u|efawmfhrSm aumifrav; wpfa,muf&dS cJo h nf? u|eaf wmfrh mS *pfwmwpfvuf &Scd o hJ nf? u|eaf wmfrh mS oDcsi;f wpfy'k f &Scd o hJ nf? u|eaf wmfh rSm ausmyd;k tdww f pfv;kH &Scd o hJ nf? u|eaf wmfrh mS a=umifeufwpfaumif &Scd o hJ nf? u|eaf wmfrh mS tdyrf ufwpfck &Scd o hJ nf? u|eaf wmfrh mS yifv,fwpfck &Scd o hJ nf? u|eaf wmfrh mS O,smOfwpfck &Sw d ek ;f u æ w¶kwaf jy;rif;Y O,smOfwpfck r&S?d t*Fg+*Kd vaf y:wG if O,smOfwpfck r&S?d caygi;f pD;u&uf rD;cd;k xJY O,smOfwpfck r&S?d 74 tajccHOya'rSm O,smOfwpfck r&S?d at'ifO,smOfrmS O,smOfwpfck r&S?d ql;r&Sad om ESi;f qDyef;rsm;rSm O,smOfwpfck r&S?d Edik v f rkd if;xuf 0g'rSm O,smOfwpfck r&S?d epfa&S;. yifv,frmS O,smOfwpfck r&S?d od;k ausmif;acG; wpfaumifrmS O,smOfwpfck r&S?d ESpcf sKd @0dik f wpfyv k if;rSm O,smOfwpfck r&S?d oef;aumifxuf nOfrh eufrmS O,smOfwpfck r&S?d rd;k om;rygaom rd;k +crd ;f oHrsm;rSm O,smOfwpfck r&S?d yef;Eka&mif azsmah zsmrh mS O,smOfwpfck r&S?d rolawmf(7)yg; ud, k f eH@rSm O,smOfwpfck r&S?d ae@pOfxw k f owif;pmrsm;rSm O,smOfwpfck r&S?d (2) u|eaf wmfrh mS O,smOfwpfck &Sw d ek ;f u æ u|efawmfonf a&nSdrwufaom ausmufwHk; jzpfaecJhonf? u|efawmfh 118

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

119

u|efawmfrh mS O,smOfwpfck &Swd ek ;f u.... u|efawmfh O,smOfxYJ raxrJjh rifyef;rsm; yGivhf ef;ae=uonf? jzwfoef;jcif; rjyK& [laom jrufcif;rsm; r&S?d trSnvhf eG af eaom " id@kb0g'"opfo;D rsm; wjzKwfjzKwf aºuusoGm;=uonf? vdyjf ymrsm;onf O,smOfxwJ iG f vSnvhf nf ysHoef;&if; "vGwvf yfjcif;" oDcsif;udk oDqakd eonf? xdOk ,smOfxoJ @kd ajracG;rsm; tm%m&Sif pepfEiS hf O,smOftwkrsm;udk 0ifa&mufciG hf rjyK? O,smOfxYJ tdyrf ufwikd ;f onf wu,fjzpf=uonf? O,smOfxYJ aygufaom tyifrsm;onf b,faomtcgrS opf&uG f raºu? O,smOf. tus,ft0ef;um; wpfa,muf &ifbwfrS wpfa,muf &ifbwfxd jzpfonf? O,smOfx&J dS Zmwf¶YkH "wdr=f um;rifacgif usqH;k cef;"jyZmwfukd tcrJh jyoaeonf?(=unfh ¶_ol wpfa,mufrS r&S?d ) ...... aumifrav; onf tvkyt f udik f twnfwus &Sad omolEiS hf vufxyfI oGm;onf? rmhupf 0f g' pmtkyrf sm;udk tr_u d yf ;kH xJ u|eaf wmf ypfxnfch o hJ nf? uAsmpmrlEiS hf tdrt f jyef acguq f aJG =umf wpfxyk u f (rdb aus;Zl;qyfz@kd ) 0,fomG ;zl;onf? t&ufEiS hf aq;vdyu f kd jzwfvu kd o f nf? qHyifrjywf? 'Dru kd a&pD onf vrf;ray:wGif ud, k 0f efysuo f nf? uGr;f ,mqdik rf sm;ESihf or*~rsm; b,f[m ydrk sm;rSe;f rod? 88. tvHawmf t&dyo f nf yHak y:wGif v_ycf gaeonf? avbm¶H;k wGif tvkyo f rm;rsm; pk+yKH ae=u onf? Edik if aH jr qefwpfjynf 7usycf JG jzpfomG ;av+y?D vli,fw@kd cE<mud, k x f YJ aoG;rsm;onf ajymif; jyef pD;qif;ae=uonf? u|eaf wmfrh mS O,smOfwpfck &Sw d ek ;f u æ u|eaf wmfh O,smOfxYJ raxrJjh rifyef;rsm; yGiv hf ef;ae=uonf? jzwfoef;jcif; rjyK& [laom jrufcif;rsm; r&Sd? trSnfhvGefaeaom "idk@b0g'"opfoD;rsm; wjzKwfjzKwf aºuusomG ;=uonf? vdyf jymrsm;onf O,smOfxw J iG f vSnv hf nf yso H ef;&if; "vGwv f yfjcif;" oDcsi;f udk oDqakd eonf? xdOk ,smOfxo J @kd ajracG;rsm; tm%m&Sif pepfEiS hf O,smOftwkrsm;udk 0ifa&mufciG hf rjyK? O,smOfxYJ tdyrf ufwikd ;f onf wu,fjzpf=uonf? O,smOfxYJ ayguaf om tyifrsm;onf b,faomtcgrS opf&u G f raºu? O,smOf. tus,t f 0ef;um; wpfa,muf &ifbwfrS wpfa,muf &ifbwfxd jzpfonf? O,smOfxJ&Sd Zmwf¶HkY "wdrf=um;rif;acgif usq;kH cef;"jyZmwfukd tcrJh jyoaeonf?(=unfh ¶_ol wpfa,mufrS r&S?d ) (3) u|eaf wmfrh mS O,smOfwpfck &Sw d ek ;f u æ vli,fwikd ;f pDwiG f O,smOfwpfcpk D &So d nf? tcgrhJ &Gmaomrd;k Y O,smOfwpfck &So d nf? a': atmifqef;pk=unf xHY O,smOfwpfck &So d nf? &Sio f efaeaom ar#mv f ifch suYf O,smOfwpfck &Sd onf? awmfveS af &;=u,fY O,smOfwpfck &So d nf? r[wWr*END xHY O,smOfwpfck &So d nf? reufjzef xGufrnfhaeY O,smOfwpfck &Sdonf? rd_if;ysaeaom aumif;uifatmufY tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

119

120

O,smOfwpfck &So d nf? u|eaf wmfrh mS O,smOfwpfck &Sw d ek ;f u æ u|efawmfESifh O,smOfonf "yJ&pfuGefjrL;"udk avhvm&ef jyifopfudk twlwl oGm;=uonf? vlcsi;f Ed;k ApfueG w f . D ¶ky&f iS u f m;rsm;ESihf 'decf sOu f kd }uKd u&f mY olEiS u hf |eaf wmf wlonf? ta&+cKH xm;aom ol&aJ umif;rsm;ESihf ºuufpw k u f kd rke;f wD;jcif;Y olEiS u hf |eaf wmf olonf? olonf a=umifeuf wpfaumif/ *pfwm wpfvuf/ yifv,f wpfpif; wdk@ESifh rdom;pk0ifjzpf&jcif;udk *k%, f al e onf? ola&m u|eaf wmfyg ,lw;l tmbdEk . kd oDcsi;f rsm;udk wpfae@q,f}urd f em;axmifum/ vufzuf&nfukd wpfae@q,f}urd f aomuf=uonf? u|eaf wmfrh mS O,smOfwpfck &Sw d ek ;f u æ 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ rusif;y&ao;yg? ESpfodef;wef zkef;rsm; ra&mif;ao;yg? urBm}u;D ,ckvkd rylaEG;ao;yg? OD;ode;f pdef Edik if aH wmf orRw rjzpfao;yg? rD&v JS , f kd The Lady Zmwfum; r¶du k u f ;l &ao;yg? owif;*sme,frsm; a&mif;raumif; ao;yg? uAsmq&m or*~ rxlaxmif &ao;yg? ucsijf ynfe,f ppfajy;'kuo Q nf r&Sad o;yg? rif;udEk ikd w f @kd oHcsyf rwdu k af o;yg? u|eaf wmfrh mS O,smOfwpfck &Sw d ek ;f u æ (cs,f&Dr*~Zif;/ arv/ 2012 rS)

opPmeD

...............

vlxEk iS hf Edik if aH &; armifpGrf;&nf (Edi k i f a H &;okw aqmif;yg;rsm;)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0onf?

120

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

121

bmomjyefaqmif;yg; ql'eftrsdK;orD; wpfOD;odk hay;pm (*k%foduQm&Sdjcif;ESifh qdk;,kwfjcif;)

ol&def0if; ql'eftrsKd ;orD; wpfO;D od@k vGefcJhwJh wpfv/ ESpfvwkef;u &Sifhudk tjypfay;pD&ifaewJh AD'D,dkrSwfwrf;udk u|erf =unfjh zpfw,f? Oya'eJ@tnD vlyt kH v,frmS }urd 'f %f tjypfay;wm[m &Siw f @kd Edik if rH mS txl;qef; r[kwf bl;vd@k awmh u|erf em;vnfxm;w,f? vlawG&@J &ufpufykH &ufpufenf; trsKd ;rsLd ;awGukd u|erf jrifz;l ygw,f? 'gayrJh &Siu hf kd tjypfay;wJh jrifuiG ;f udk jrif&wm &ifxrJ mS xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rcsrd qHh jzpf vGe;f vd@k yg&iS ?f u|erf tJ'D jrifuiG ;f udk =unf+h y;D pufqyk &f &HG mS aewJh =um;uyJ tawG;wcsKd @ay:xGuf vmw,f? trsKd ;orD; wpfa,mufukd jyif;jyif;xefxef ¶du k Ef u S zf @kd owWb d ,favmuf rsm;rsm; vdt k yf ovJv@kd u|erf odcsiv f w S ,f? (acgi;f jzwfpufu okwo f ifa&;orm; awGawmif olw@kd &J@t&Suu f kd zke;f uG,zf @dk twGuf acgi;f awGjzwf&wJt h cg rsuEf mS zH;k pGy=f uao;w,f?) &Siu hf kd }urd w f w k ef @J ¶du k Ef u S f wJh vluawmh ol@u|r;f usirf t _ wGuf *k%, f al eyH&k w,f? wpfcsurf rS vGJ ol&@J }urd w f w k ef @J &Si&hf @J tom;xJtxd epf0ifomG ;atmif t+rx J x d ad ewJh ¶du k cf sut f ay:rSm trJzsuo f vdk ¶du k Ef u S af e& wmudk b,favmufrsm; auseyfaevdu k =f uovJ? b,favmuf rsm; vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf wG &Sad evdu k =f u ovJ? b,favmufrsm; a,musmF ; yDovdu k =f uovJ? &Si&hf @J t&Suw f uGJ tusKd ;enf; jzpf&yfukd =unf+h y;D &,farmae=uwJh ab;u &yf=unfah e=uwJh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

121

122

tJ'D a,muFsm;awGukd =unf&h wmvnf; vuf r&G@H yg;uGuo f m;udk =unf&h jrif& ovdyk J u|erf pdwq f if;&JveG ;f ygw,f? u|efr 'Dvdk em;vnfxm;wm&Sdw,f? ordkif;a=umif; t& trsdK;orD;awGudk xde;f csKyrf _ (olw@kd &J@ v_y&f mS ;r_/ ajymqdrk _ omv#irf uygb;l / txl;ojzifh olw@kd &J@om;tdr/f rsKd ;OeJ@ud, k 0f efaqmifra_ wG udpt P xd tygt0if) [m tcsKyt f jcm tm%mydik f Edik if aH wG t"du tajccH tkwfjrpfwpfckygyJ? wcsdK@acwfopf EdkifiHawG[m tJ'Dacwfa[mif;&J@ vdt k yfcsuu f kd wjznf;jznf; pGe@f v$waf e+yD qdak yrJv h nf; &Siw f @kd &J@ Edik if v H rkd sKd ; wcsKd @Edik if aH wG (aqmf'Dtma&AseJ@ tjcm;EdkifiHawG tygt0if) [m zdkowW0g umuG,fa&; Oya'udk tm%myg0g&@J +yKd ipf u H if;vuQ%m&yf wpfct k jzpf vufrv$wEf ikd f jzpfae=uqJygy?J olw@kd twGuf trsdK;orD;&J@ vkyf&yfu EdkifiHu ta&;,l&r,fh udpPjzpfaew,f? a,musFm;&J@ vky&f yfu Edik if u H ta&;,l&r,fh udprP [kwyf g? t"rR jyKusichf &H ol trsKd ;orD;[m wdu k cf u kd rf _ twGuf wm0ef&w dS ,f? t"rR jyKusio hf l a,musmF ;twGuaf wmh wm0efr&Sb d ;l ? tJ'Dvdk tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfwJh EdkifiHawG[m b,favmufrsm; a=umufp&m aumif;vdkufovJ? olwdk@&J@ tm%myg0gvdk@ ajymqdkaewmawG[m b,favmufrsm; oli,fEyS pf m; qefvu kd =f uovJ? &S i f h t aeeJ @ b,f "Oya'"ud k csd K ;azmuf w ,f q d k w m u|ef r rod y gbl ; ? odvnf;rodcsifygbl;? &Sifhvdk trsdK;orD;awG tjypf&Sd=uwJh Oya' csdK;azmufr_qdkwm olw@kd a,musmF ;awGu vH}uKd ;eJ@ xde;f uGyx f m;wmeJ@ oufqikd w f ,fqw kd m u|erf aoao csmcsm odw,f? +y;D awmh &Siw f @kd &J@ Edik if rH sKd ;awG rSm(y&rf;ywm zdEydS w f myJ jzpfjzpf/ wdww f qdwf zdEydS w f myJ jzpfjzpf) rcHr&yfEikd f yGit hf x H u G v f mol awG[m ¶du k Ef u S cf &H w,f? vlyt kH vnfrmS wpfO;D wnf;&Sad ejcif;twGu/f aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f rawmf pyfoal wGe@J a&maxG;aexdik rf t _ wGu/f qJvzf ek ;f udik af qmifrt _ wGu/f um;armif;rdwhJ twGu/f abmif;bD&n S f 0wfqifr_ twGuf ¶dkufESufcHae&w,f? tvkyf&Sif rk'drf;aumif&J@ uav;udk udk,f 0efaqmifwJhtwGuf tultnDrJh/ cdkudk;&mrJh trsdK;orD;awG[m xk¶dkufcHae&w,f? +yD;awmh touf t&G,f tydkif;tjcm; udkvnf; xnfhrpOf;pm;=ubl;? em;vnf vufcHEdkifp&m r&SdwJh Oya'awG/ t"dyg` ,af wmif &Smr&/ ayga=umifa=umifEikd w f hJ Oya'awGukd roifah vsmaf =umif; axmufjy ajymqdw k t hJ wGu/f arhavsmah ejcif; twGu/f 'grrS [kwf vspv f sL¶_jcif; twGuf axmifoiG ;f tusO;f cs+y;D aoG;xGuo f , H kd jzpfatmif ESyd pf ufcaH e=u&w,f? 'gayrJh trsKd ;orD; tajrmuftrsm; aexdik =f u&wJh rw&m;EdyS pf ufc/H wd&pd m>eb f 0 [m pdef ac:r_eJ@ &ifqdkifae&yg+yD? u|efr tJ'DAD'D,dkudk =unfhaewkef; pdwfxJpGJusef&pfwJh wHk@jyefr_u pdefac:r_ xJrSm ta&;t}uD;qHk;ygyJ? &Sif[m iHk@udkif;raebl;/ 'l;raxmufbl;/ 'l;wkyaf uG;yHpk eH @J raebl;? &Si[ f m emusif [pfatmfw,f? &Siv f u J somG ;w,f? 'gayrJh &Sijf yefx 122

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

123

&Si wf @kd&@J Edik if rH sdK;awG rSm(y&rf;ywm zdEdyS fwmyJ jzpfjzpf/ wdwfwqdwf zdEdyS fwmyJ jzpfjzpf) rcHr&yfEdkif yGi thf xH uG vf mol awG[m ¶duk Ef uS cf &H w,f? vlytkH vnfrmS wpfO ;D wnf;&Sdaejcif;twGu/f aqGrsdK;om;csif; rawmf pyfolawGeJ@ a&maxG;aexdki rf t_ wGu/f qJvzf ek ;f udik af qmifrt_ wGu/f um;armif;rdwhJ twGu/f abmif;bD&nS f 0wfqifr_ twGuf ¶dkufEuS fcHae&w,f? tvkyf&iS f rk'rd ;f aumif&@J uav;udk ud,k f 0efaqmifwthJ wGuf tultnDrJh/ cdkudk;&mrJh trsdK;orD;awG[m xk¶dkufcHae&w,f? +yD;awmh touf t&G,f tydki ;f tjcm; udvk nf; xnfrh pOf;pm;=ubl;? em;vnf vufcEH ikd pf &m r&Swd hJ Oya'awG/ t"dyg` ,fawmif &Smr&/ ayga=umifa=umifEikd wf hJ Oya'awGukd roifah vsmfa=umif; axmufjy ajymqdwk thJ wGu/f arhavsmhaejcif; twGu/f 'grSr[kwf vspfvsL¶_jcif; twGuf axmifoiG ;f tusOf;cs+yD; aoG;xGuof ,H kd jzpfatmif ESdyfpufcHae=u&w,f? ...... vm+ryJ gy?J &Si&hf @J tom;xJukd }urd w f w k f ¶du k cf suf epf0ifomG ;+y;D wJh t}urd w f ikd ;f rSm &Sijf yefxzd@k }uKd ;pm;w,f? }urd w f w k u f kd wefjyef taet xm;eJ@ &Sijf yefxvmw,f? &Si&hf @J wk@H jyefra_ wGukd =unfh&wm u|efr&ifrSm rcsdrqHh ygyJ&Sif? &Sifh&J@wHk@ jyefr_awGudk "a&;a&;jrifvdkuf&wJh ar#mv f ifch suaf &mifjcnfrsm;"vd@k u|erf u twdwef rd w d f ,lvu kd yf gw,f? "jrifjh rwfwhJ zDqefr&_ @J tpOD;a&mifjcnfrsm;"vd@k t"dyg` ,f ,lvu kd yf gw,f? &Si&hf @J ausmjyifukd qkw+f yo J mG ;apwJh ¶du k cf suw f ikd ;f [m urBmwpf0rS ;f u trsKd ;orD; awGukd emusiaf pygw,f? &Sirhf mS &vdu k w f hJ tem'%f&m[m u|erf wd@k trsKd ;orD; tm;vH;k &J@ '%f&mygy?J &Siu hf kd ay;rJh t=u^H m%f u|erf rSm r&Syd gb;l ? b,ft=u^H m%frv S nf; ray;0Hyh gb;l ? 'gayrJh ae&mwdik ;f rSm &Sad ewJh trsKd ;orD; axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmvdk 0rf;enf;a=uuGrJ /_ aemufqw k f ae&r_awGukd ar#mv f ifch suf ysuo f ek ;f &wJh tajctaetxd a&mufatmif tnHch H t¶_;H ray; Edik yf gb;l ? trsKd ;orD;awG[mvH;k 0 ajymqdck iG rhf &wJh ta=umif;t&mawGukd us,u f s,af vmif avmif ajymqdv k m=uyg+y?D olw@kd [m pka0;awmif;qdk ae=uyg+y?D 'ga=umifh &ufpuf,w k rf mr_&@J a&S@arSmufrmS jyefvnfrwfrwf &yf Edik w f hJ &Si&hf @J tm;xkwrf a_ wG[m tcsn;f tES;D rjzpfygb;l ? tppftrSe&f iS &hf @J ... wdek aD rmf&pfqef (wdek aD rmf&pfqef (Toni Morrison) [m EdAk ,fq/k ylvpfZm qk& pma&;q&mr wpfa,mufjzpfyg w,f? vl@tcGifhta&; jrSifhwifa&;tzGJ@ (AHR) &J@ bkwftzGJ@0if wpfa,mufvnf; jzpfygw,f?)

ol&def0if; (cs,f&Dr*~Zif; / arv / 2012 rS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

123

124

tcef;quf 0wˆK 'kuQ tydkif;tprsm;

t'D; (AOP) (1) olremrnfu aemfazma*? azma*qdo k nfrmS jrefrmvdt k m;jzifyh ef;vS? od@k qdv k sS if olr.emrnf onf aemfazma*wjzpfvJ ryef;vS/ ryef;vSwjzpfvJ aemfazma*? emrnfuom vSyjcif;udt k oGiaf qmifayrJh olr.twdwaf umufa=umif;onf vSyjcif;r&Sad y? cufc=J urf; wrf;r_rsm;/ ylaqG;aomursm;/ a=uuG0J rf;enf;r_rsm;/ em=unf;r_rsm;ESijhf ynfEh u S v f sS u&f adS v.? ypPKyg` ew f iG af &m vSyIaeoavm/ rvSyay? qmavmifrw G o f yd rf /_ =uyfwnf;rGe;f =uyfr/_ vdv k m; awmifw h r_/ ylyifaomur_ ponfh twd'u k aQ 0'emtylr;D rsm;onf &ifwiG ;f Y w+rKd u+f rKd uf avmifuírf;+rJyif...? tem*wfaum tb,fodk@jzpfvmOD;rnfenf; [lIawG;rdavwdkif; aemfazma*t+rJ pdwyf ef;ud, k Ef rG ;f jzpf&avwnf;....? (2) aemfazma*.rdbrsm;onf a&$usi+f rKd @e,fawmifay:a'oY a&=unf&mjrufE&k m qdo k uJo h @kd ajrqDajrESpaf umif;&m ae&mrsm;qDo@kd eD;pyf&m aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f rsm;ESit hf wl tkypf ik ,fz@JG I vSnv hf nfawmif,mckwo f nfh awmifay:,morm;rsm;jzpf.? ,mvkyIf tem; &aom&ufrsm;Y taronf aemfazma*wd@k armifEpS rf 0wfqif&eftwGuf &d;k &m u&ifoif wdik ;f tusrô sm;udk w'kw'f w k Ef iS hf *sycf w k af ewwfcsed w f iG f tazonf 'nif;wuf+y;D atmuf a'o&Sd &Gmrsm;od@k 'nif;yd;k I vSnv hf nfa&mif;csum tjyefwiG f qm;/ tcsKd rek @f ponfh tdro f ;kH ypPn;f rsm; 0,fvmwwf ovd/k &Hzef&cH gY aemfazma*wd@k armifEpS rf twGuf rke@f yJomG ;&nf pmrsm;vnf; ygvmwwf.? xdt k cgrsKd ;wGif aemfazma*wd@k armifEpS rf wd@k rsm; aysmv f u kd &f onfjh zpfjcif;..? awmifay:a'owGif aexdik v f monfu h mvwpf avSsmufY rke@f yJomG ;&nf 124

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

125

pmqdo k nfrmS aemfazma*wd@k twGuf jrifawmif/h jrifcaJ om ypPa,m r[kwaf yavm? awmif atmufbuf&mG rsm;wGif rke@f yJomG ;&nfpmrsm;ESit hf rd o f ;kH ypPn;f rsm;/ t0wftpm;rsm; vSnhf vnf xrf;yd;k a&mif;csonfo h rl sm; &Sad yaomfvnf; wpfawmifwuf/ wpfawmifqif;ESio hf mG ; a&;/ vma&; cufcaJ om aemfazma*wd@k aexdik &f mawmifay:&Gmrsm;qDo@kd a&mufvmavhr&S?d xd@k a=umifh rke@f yJomG ;&nfpm wnf;&onft h cgrsKd ;wGif aemfazma*wd@k twGuf r[myGaJ wmf}u;D wnf&ovdrk sKd ;yif +red v f aS vpG...? taronf aemfazma*wd@k armifEpS rf (4)OD;udk ar$;xkwcf o hJ nfqakd yrJh nDraxG; ESit hf udik ,fw@kd ESpOf ;D rSm tapmwvSsif c&pPw;l .ajcawmf&if;Y xm0&vJavSsmif;tdypf uf oGm;=u+y?D nDraxG;onf tcgvnfom;cef@wGif qH;k yg;oGm;.? nDraxG;qH;k +y;D aemuf oH;k ESpcf ef@ t=umwGif tudik ,fxyfI qH;k oGm;jyefonf? nDraxG;qH;k oGm;csed w f iG f i,fao;I aumif; aumif; rrSwrf ad omfvnf; tudik ,fq;kH oGm;csed Yf aemfazma*onfig;ESpaf usmI f ajcmufEpS f xJ0ifae+yrD @kd aumif;aumif;rSwrf o d &d adS e+y?D tudik ,fq;kH awmh taronf t&l;wpfa,muf yrm atmf[pfiakd =u;G aeonfukd =unfI h aemfazma*ESihf ud}k u;D wk@d yg vdu k +f y;D idak ยบu;G cJrh =d u.? hf +yKd if rd;k ewfrif;}u;D onf w+crd ;f xdak e@nwGif aemfazma*wd@k rdom;pk. ylaqG;idak ยบuG;oHEiS t +crd ;f ESiahf tmfI oJ}u;D rJ}u;D idak ยบu;G av.? =uuf&;kd xd;k aA'if wGucf surf t _ & nDraxG;qH;k oGm;& onfrmS uav;pm;bDv;l r}u;D zrf;pm;onf [lI?/ tudik ,fonf awmifapmifeh wftm; jypfrSm;rdIjzpf&onf[lI? a[mq&mrsm;u qdk=uonf? trSefwu,f [kwf/ r[kwf aemfazma*rajymwwf? awmifay:a'orsm;Y vlaoqH;k oGm;ygu Tod@k yif jzpf&a=umif; a[m=u/ ajym=up+ryJ if? TonfrmS rd&;kd zvm t,ltqjzpf.? (3) aemfazma*onf awmifay:olyyD D awm/ awmifobm0tm; ESpo f ufjrwfE;kd .? avwdkufavwdkif; wufnDvufnDESifh ,drf;EGJ@uckefwwfaom awmifurf;yg;,HxufrS a&mifpkH awm&dik ;f yef;rsm;. tvSonf &_r+i;D Edik af vmufatmif ai;arm&.? wpfawmifay: wpfawmifxyfum wpfa=umudk wpfa=umqufxm;aom pdr;f !k@d !d@k awmifp, G f awmifwef; }u;D rsm;onf tvGeyf if om,mvGe;f ay.? yljyif;aom aEGcsed cf gYyif +rKd i, f w H iG ;f od@k wd;k 0if&jHk zifh vlukd at;jr&$iv f ef;ap.? aus;iSurf sm;. usL;&ifah w;oGm;tm; ysm;ydwek ;f rsm; u oHpOfvu kd f I w0D0ED iS w hf ;D cwfum }u;D i,farmifr,f a&mifpkH vdyjf ympHw k rJG sm;u aw;oGm;tvdu k f ,dr;f u yso H ef;ae=uonfrmS [mrdek u D sI om,m+ird ahf nmif;vSay.? xdo k @kd aom +rKd i, f o H bifyaJG wmf tv,fo@kd a&mufomG ;avwdik ;f aemfazma*onf =unfE;l jrL;ยบuGvsS u&f . dS ? &Gupf rd ;f awG=um; wdk;a0S@wdkufcwfvmonfh avonf vludkwufยบuG veff;qef;ap.? yef;aygif;pHk.&eH@udk o,faqmifvmonfh aEGavajynif;onf xHo k if;/ ar$;}uKd iv f aS y.? TrSs om,mvSyaom awmifay:tvS/ awmifay:b0onf tzsuq f ;D cH&vdrrhf nf[k b,fawmh tcgr# aemfazma* tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

125

126

awG;xifrxm;cJrh ad y? 1997 ckEpS /f aqmif;tukeaf EGtul;/ pyfu;l rwfu;l umv...? aemfazma*wdk@ aexdik &f m awmifay: a'orsm;qDo@kd etz ppfwyfrsm; tvH;k t&if;ESihf xd;k ppfqifvmae+yD [kqo kd nfh owif;rsm;onf w&Gmpum;/ w&Gmem;od@k t[kejf yif;pGm ul;pufjyef@ES@H oGm;.? xdkaemuf vufeuf}uD;oHrsm; oJhoJhav;=um;&.? xdkaemuf wjznf;jznf;us,fvm.? xdak emuf t}u;D oHrsm;omru vufeufi,forH sm;yg twdik ;f om; =um;&av.? rdrw d @kd .vlrsKd ;tm; wwfprG ;f or# ckcu H muG,af y;aeaom aumfo;l av&Jabmfrsm; ESifh awmifay: vlxkb0udk ar$aESmufzsufqD;&ef csDvmaom etzppfwyfwdk@t=um; jzpfymG ;aeonfh wdu k yf rJG sm;onf wjznf;jznf;ESihf aemfazma*wd@k . ywf0ef;usit f eD;tem;od@k yif a&muf&v dS macs+y?D aemfazma*wd@k . wJp&k v dS rl sm;onf r&Srd jzpfvt kd yfaom ypPn;f rsm;ESihf qef/ &dumQ rsm;udk wEdik u f , kd f pDo,fI etz wyfrsm; ra&mufEikd [ f k ,lq&aom vSsKw d pfae&mod@k tajy;tv$m; a&Smifwrd ;f yke;f atmif; vdu k &f avawmhonf? tvGe;f qH;k oH;k / av;&ufcef@om yke;f atmif;& ayvdrrhf nf[x k ifI ydyk v kd v kd t kd aejzifh q,f&ufpmqefrsm;udk vG,Ef ikd o f t l m; wEdik o f ,fap.? uysmu,mESirhf @kd tdraf rG;wd&pd m> efrsm;udk r=unft h m;/ onftwdik ;f yif ypfxm;&.? aemfazma*wd@k yke;f atmif;&m ae&mY tdraf xmifpk (7) pk&+dS y;D vom;t&G,f uav;ESihf touf&pS q f ,f/ ud;k q,fausmt f bd;k td/k tbGm;tdrk sm;tygt0if pkpak ygi;f vl (38)OD;&S. d ? ,if;tcsed w f iG f aemfazma*. toufrmS (12)ESpjf ynfah wmhrnf? tar.vufxyf oif=um;r_a=umifh aemfazma*onf ,mvkyif ef;rsm; tygt0if trsKd ;orD;wd@k . wwftyf&m vkyif ef;aqmifwm t00udk vHrk ysKd wpfO;D uJo h @kd yif wwfuírf;ae+y?D yxr&ufrsm; yke;f atmif;ae&pOftwGi;f vl}u;D rsm;onf pd;k &drx f w d v f ef@ a=umuf&@H$ I wOD;udw k OD; pum;rajymEdik b f J E_wq f w d +f ird o f ufae&csed w f iG f (5)ESpaf tmufuav;rsm;rSm bmrSsrod&mS bJ qlnpH mG ajy;v$m;aqmhupm;ae=u.? raqmhEiS hf wdww f w d af e=u&efajym aomfvnf; c%wm+ird . f ? +y;D ...wzef qlnH aqmhupm;jyef.? ajymr&I qly&l u kd Ef u S af omf id, k akd tmf[pfojzifh omIyifq;kd av.? xd@k a=umuf vH+k cKrH t _ & uav;rsm; tkypf u k o JG mG ;ap&ef &nf&, G I f tpk(3)pkcu JG m wae&mpDxyfraH &$@ajymif;yke;f atmif; vdu k &f avonf? rD;cd;k xGuo f nfujkd rifI etzwyfrsm;rS vufeuf}u;D rsm;jzifv h rS ;f +y;D ypfcwfrnfukd pd;k &drI f rd;k rvif;cif ae@vnfpmtwGuyf g t+y;D csux f m;&.? arSmif&yd +f cKH ro S m npmtwGuf jzpfovdpk rD &H av.? wdu k yf o JG H eD;vmvdu k f a0;&mod@k a&$@ajymif;yke;f atmif;vdu k jf zifh (10)&ufajrmuf ae@wGif qefuek I f oGm;av.? qefr&Sv d sS if rnfo@kd qufvuf &yfwnfyek ;f atmif;Edik af wmh 126

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

127

rnfenf;? aemfazma*wd@k wJtrd pf k w0du k Yf vnf; &ufjcm;/ &ufjcm;qdo k vdk wdu k yf jJG zpforH sm; =um;ae&qJ...? rnfo@kd yif jzpfapumrl qefr&Sv d sS irf jzpfawmhojzifh wJtrd pf o k @kd rjzpfrae qefjyef,l &ayvdrrhf nf? teD;w0du k Yf vnf; tjcm;&Gmr&S?d qefjyefvnf o,f,al &;twGuf E_wrf rJ sm; .a&G;cs,rf t _ & tazESihf OD;}u;D wd@k ESpOf ;D onf "m;rwpfvuf/ ykvikd ;f wpfv;kH ESihf ykq;kd pvG,f odik ;f I ,rf;axmif;wlr;D aoewf ud, k pf D vG,u f m wJtrd pf &k &dS mod@k csw D ufomG ;avonf? tazwd@k xGucf mG oGm;+y;D aemuf uGr;f wiHck ef@t=umwGif wJtrd pf b k ufqrD S aoewf oHrsm; (3)rdepf cef@ tqufrjywf=um;&avojzifh tazwd@k twGu0f ikd ;f I pd;k &drrf =d uonf? qmavmifra_ =umifh w*D;G *DEG iS hf atmf[pfqENjyaeonfh 0rf;wGi;f wdu k yf o JG nfvnf; tazwd@k twGuf awG;ylonfph w d af =umifh &kwjf cnf;qdo k vdk qdw+f ird o f mG ;uke. f ? od@k aomf c%wm om&.? xdak emuf 0rf;wGi;f wdu k yf rJG sm;ESihf ylyefaomursm; a&maxG;ukeaf v.? aoewfopH I J wpfem&Dcef@t=umwGif OD;}u;D wpfO;D om tarmwa[mESif jh yefvnf a&muf&v dS m.? wpfu, kd v f ;kH yGe;f yJ'h %f&mrsm;ESihf jynfEh u S af e.? ací;oD;/ ací;aygurf sm;ESihf yGe;f yJ'h %f&mrsm;rS xGuv f maom aoG;rsm;a&m+y;D wvdrv hf rd phf ;D usav.? tusKd ;ta=umif; tm; 0dik ;f 0ef;ar;jref;=uaomfvnf; tarmqd@k aeI avmrod/ awmfawmfEiS hf pum;jyefr&? watmifah vmuf=umrS OD;}u;D onf oufjyif;&Snrf sm; qifI h ...qifI h ...csum vufusef tarmudk r_wx f w k v f u kd +f y;D 0rf;enf;a=uuGaJ om avoHjzifh jzpfpOfwpfcv k ;kH udk jyefvnfajymjy avonf? OD;}u;D ESihf tazwd@k onf ,mcif;a[mif;od@k a&mufomG ;onfh tcsed x f d wpHw k &m xl;jcm;r_ rawG@&ao;ay? ,mcif;a[mif;rS wJtrd pf q k o D @kd vSr;f ItuJcwf=unf. h ? aus;iSuf rsm;onf tkypf v k u kd f qlnpH mG atmf [pfum [krd o S nfo@kd ul;vl;yso H ef;vSsu&f . dS ? eHucf if; bufwiG f tpmpm;&if;/ aeylpmvH&k if;/ aoG;ylavhusichf ef; jyKvyk &f if;aomf/ naebuf aea&mifaysmch sed rf S tdyw f ef;wufcg eD;csed x f ad omf?/ atmif[pfjrL;wl;um [krd o S nfo@kd ul;vl;ysHoef;wwf=uayrJh ,ckvdkyljyif;onfh ae@vnfcsdefcgY Todk@jyKavhr&Sd? &Sdaomf wpfaumifp/ ESpaf umifpom? TonfrmS xl;jcm;r_vuQ%m wpf&yfjzpfonf? od@k aomf aemufa=umif;jyef vSnI hf rjzpf? qefr&Sv d sS if tm;vH;k 'kuaQ &mufuek v f rd rhf nf? xd@k a=umifh qufomG ;&efrw S pfyg; tjcm;a&G;cs,f p&mr&Sad wmh+y?D ,mcif;a[mif;wGif c%wmtarmajz&if; tajctaeudo k ;kH oyfpOf tazonf "igph w d af wG av;aew,f/ wckcrk sm;jzpfavrvm;rodb;l / Ed@k ayrJq h ufroGm;vd@k vnf;rjzpf jyefb;l / qefuakd wmh&atmif jyef,rl jS zpfr,f/ uJ..ajymaewm=umw,f/ wd@k ...qufomG ; =uwmayg/h owd0&d , d awmh xm;uGm" qd+k y;D a&S@rS qufxu G o f mG ;.? OD;}u;D onf ,mvrf; a[mif;twdik ;f owd}u;D pGm taz.aemufrS vdu k q f if;oGm;av onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

127

128

&ifwxdwx f w d Ef iS hf avSsmufvm&m wJtrd pf Ek iS hf ,mcif;c&D;w0du k f ausmv f monf txd xl;jcm;r_r&Sad o;? od@k aomf &Gmra&mufcif prf;acsmif;tvGef uke;f twuf wae&mod@k ta&mufY ¶kww f &ufaoewforH sm; a&S@rSxu G af y:vm.? ¶kwjf cnf;rd@k OD;}u;D a=umifomG ;.? usnq f rH sm;onf vlEiS ehf ;D uyfpmG w&S;D &S;D ESihf atmfIaomf?/ waAmufaAmufEiS hf tyifrsm;udk azmufIaomf? tvkt,uf wd;k a0S@=uav.? xdpk Ofa&S@ av;/ ig;vHcef@tuGmrSomG ;ESiahf e aom tazonf vrf;ab;od@k vnf+y;D yHv k suo f m;vJusomG ;onfukd awG@vdu k &f av.? xdt k cgrS OD;}u;D onf rdrw d @kd onf etz ppfwyfEiS hf wd;k rd+y;D typfc&H +yjD zpfa=umif; odvu kd f &onfEiS hf w+yKd ief ufwnf; aemufo@kd w[kex f ;kd awmwd;k jyefajy;cJ&h av.? tazonf aoewfxrd eS I f vJusomG ;onfrmS aocsmonf? od@k aomf aooavm/ &Sio f avm rod&/ raoaomf tzrf;cH&rnfrmS aocsmonf[k OD;}u;D uqd. k ? '%f&mjzifh tzrf;cH&rnfqykd gu touf&iS &f m vrf;rjrifawmh? aoG;vGeI f aomf/ ¶du k Ef u S f xd;k }uw d f uefa=umuf ppfaq;ar;jref;Iaomf/ toufxu G o f mG ;ayvdrrhf nf? OD;}u;D . pum;tqH;k wGif taronf csKe;f yGcJ s idak ºu;avawmhonf? tud}k u;D rSm um; tazhtvmif;udk oGm;+y;D jyefvnf o,f,&l efajymav.? roGm;&ef OD;}u;D uwm;.? oGm;vsiv f nf; xl;vmrnf r[kw/f ckaecsed o f mG ;vsif oGm;rnfo h o l nfom 'kuaQ wG@vdrrhf nf/ avmavq,f vdkufroGm;onfu taumif;qHk;jzpfrnf/ ,ckcsdefwGif ta&;}uD;qHk;rSm vH+k cKH pw d cf s&aom ae&mopfwpfco k @kd tjrefa&$@&ef vdt k yfonf/ r[kwyf gu tm;vH;k 'kuQ a&mufuek v f rd rhf nf[k OD;}u;D u ta&;w}u;D qdak v.? tm;vH;k twGuf ta&;w}u;D jzpfae+yrD @kd tazhupd P c%xm;um ae&mopfo@kd ajymif;a&$@a&; tpDtrHukd tavmoH;k q,f wdik yf if=u& av.? tm;vH;k .ta&;udk ta&;w}u;D OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&onfh tcgrsKd ;wGif wpfO;D wpf a,muf.ta&;onf wpfcef;&yf csev f yS x f m;&p+ryJ ifjzpf.? ae&mopfo@kd a&muf&adS e&mcs +y;D onft h csed x f d taronf cE<mud, k w f odro hf rd w hf ek cf gum tazhukd wdik w f nfvsuf w¶_wf ¶_wEf iS ihf n kd nf;aeqJyif? OD;}u;D tygt0iftm;vH;k u w&m;ESiahf jz&ef ajzmif;zs=u aomfvnf; taronf rsu&f nfrsm; ukecf rf;oGm;onftxd qufvufiakd ºu;rnfh oabm&S. d ? tud}k u;D onf awmifapmif;Yrv_yrf ,Suf yufvufveS v f suf aumif;uif}u;D udk awGI=unfah eav.? tdik x f eG ;f aeaom rsu&f nfrsm;=um; tud}k u;D idak eoavmqdo k nfrmS aemfazma*roJuJG awmh? qmavmifrw G o f yd I f yifyef;EGr;f ES,af e&onft h jyif 0rf;enf;ylaqG;r_rsm;uyg xd;k ESuf avawmh tdkifxGef;Iaeaomrsuf&nfrsm;onf rsuf0ef;tdrfi,frSwqifh tvkt,uf ckeaf yguaf jy;xGu=f u ukeaf v.? awmifusprf;a&rsm;yrm 'va[m ckeaf ygupf ;D qif;av onfh rsuf&nfrsm;a=umifh aemfazma*. tjriftm¶kHrsm;onfvnf; a00g;ukefav.? tazonf aemfazma*wd@k vlpt k wGuf qefjyef,&l ef xGucf mG oGm;aomfvnf; ,ckqefygrvm 128

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

129

onft h jyif vla&mtoufyg csex f m;cJ&h av+y?D qefr&So d nfah emufyikd ;f aemfazma*wd@k vlpo k nf awmiSuaf ysmyifuo kd m &Sio f ef a&;twGuf rS0D &J av.? tpYuav;rsm;onf iSuaf ysmtljyKyaf ºu;&mwGif cg;onf[q k +kd y;D rpm;bJ idk,kdjiif;qefav.? odk@aomfqmavmifr_'%fudk rcHEdkifonfhtqkH; idk&if;rsdK&if;/ rsKd ;&if;id&k if; cg;oufouft&omudk usio hf m;&oGm;av.? Tod@k aom awmiSuaf ysmtljyKyf onfomvsif aemfazma*wd@k vlpt k wGuf toufquf&ef aq;cg;wpfvuf jzpfc&hJ avonf? awmiSuaf ysmtljyKyEf iS hf ESpyf g;oGm;um wdu k yf o JG EH iS hf a0;&m...a0;&mod@k wa&G@a&G@ajymif; a&Smifwrd ;f &if; yOPrajrmuf&ufY aemfazma*wd@k vlpo k nf aumfo;l av &JabmfwpfpEk iS q hf rkH d .? aumfo;l av &Jabmfrsm;onf 4if;wd@k xHrS ygvmaomqefrsm; r#Iay;.? bmrSsta&m waemr&Sd iSuaf ysmtljyKyf ppfppfro S nf qefEiS ahf &mI jyKyx f m;aom iSuaf ysmtl qefjyKyf tqifo h @kd wd;k jriS rhf 0DS J oH;k aqmifvu kd &f ojzifh aemfazm a*wd@k vlpo k nf aovkajrmyg;b0rS wzef jyefvnf&iS o f efvmcJ&h ygawmhonf? tjcm;aom &Gmrsm;rS &Gmom;rsm;ESit hf wl aemfazma*wd@k vlpo k nf aumfo;l av &Jabmfrsm;.tul tnDjzifh wawmifwufwawmifqif;/ acsmif;jzwfjrpfu;l um usnv f w $ f &majrod@k wqif+h y;D wqifh a&G@ajymif;yke;f atmif;&if; tqH;k Y xdik ;f / jrefrme,fpyf oHviG jf rpfurf; eHab;wGi&f adS om ppfajy;'kuo Q nfrsm; ,m,Dxed ;f odr;f xm;&m pcef;wpfco k @kd a&muf&o dS mG ; avonf? tpaomf aemfazma*onf rdrw d @kd vlpt k enf;i,fonfom 'kuaQ &mufIxGuaf jy; vmcJ&h onf [kxifro d nf? od@k aomf e,fpyfo@kd a&mufvmonft h cgY rdrw d @kd enf;wl 'kuQ t00udk &if0,fydkufI xGufajy;vmcJh&aomol axmifESifhcsD+yD;&SdaeonfudkawG@&awmh aemfazma* wtHw h =ojzpfr. d ? TrSonfo@kd vdu k v f aH &G@ajymif; a&Smifwrd ;f yke;f atmif;cJ&h pOf }uKH awG@cHpm;cJ&h aom twd'u k aQ 0'emrsm;udk onfwpfouf aemfazma* arhaysmufEikd v f rd rhf nfr[kwf...? e,fpyf 'kuo Q nfpcef;wGif ,m,Dcv kd &_H pOf umvtwGi;f &if;eifzh , G o f wif;rsm;onf ae@pOfEiS t hf rSs 0ifvmrpJ woJoyJ if? aemfazma*wdk@. wJtdrfpktygt0if &Gmaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmudk etzppfwyfrS rD;¶d@_ zsuq f ;D ypfvu kd af =umif;/ pyg;ust D awmfrsm;rsm; rD;¶d@_ zsuq f ;D cHc&hJ ojzifh pyg;wif;axmif ESifhcsDI ysufpD;qHk;¶H_;cJh&a=umif;/ vom;t&G,f uav;i,frsm;ESifh ouf}uD;&G,ftdk tbd;k tbGm;rsm;ygrusef &Gmol/ &Gmom;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf etz ppfwyf. ypfcwfzrfq;D / ESyd pf ufowfjzwfjcif;rsm; cHc&hJ a=umif;/ orD;i,ft&G,f ysKd azmf0ifp vHrk i,frsm;ESihf ta':/ tart&G,yf grusef trsKd ;orD;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf etzppfwyf. tkypf v k u kd f t"rRjyKusihf apmfum;owfjzwfjcif;rsm; cHc&hJ a=umif; ponfo h wif;rsm;onf ppfajy;'kuo Q nfrsm;qDo@kd tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

129

130

cg;oD;pGm ysH@ESH@ oGm;av.? wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;&m a'orsm;wGif wpfOD;p/ ESpfOD;paomf4if;/ rdom;pkvu kd /f tkypf v k u kd af omf4if; trsm;tjym; aysmufq;kH aeqJyif? aemfazma*wdk@wJpk&Sdtpk (3) pkonf aemfazma*wdk@tpktyg tpkESpfpkom ,m,D'u k o Q nfpcef;od@k a&muf&v dS m+y;D wpfprk mS a&muf&v dS mjcif;r&Sad y? wdu k yf jJG zpfymG ;&m a'ow0du k Yf qufvufa&Smifwrd ;f yke;f atmif;aeqJayavm? etzppfwyfrS ypfcwfzrf;qD;/ !Si;f yef;ESyd pf uf owfjzwfc+hJ yaD vmqdo k nfrmS bk&m;ocifuom odayvdrrhf nf? 'dk@wm0efta&;oHk;yg;wGif "wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_r+ydKuGJa&;"ESifh EdkifiHawmfOD;wnfcsuf (4)&yfwGif "EdkifiHawmfwnf+idrfa&;/ &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;/ w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;" ponfjzifh t+rrJ jywf a=u;G a=umfaeonfh etzonf vufawG@wGirf l wdik ;f &if;om;a'orsm;Y TrSstxd Oya'rJh urf;ukeaf tmif &ufpuf,w k rf m &rf;um;vS ayonfwum;? aemfazma*wd@k . awmifay:e,fajra'orsm;od@k vma&mufar$aESmuf zsuq f ;D oGm; onfo h o l nf yJc;l tajcpdu k f wyfr (77)j zpfonf[k aemufqufwo JG wif;t& od&avonf? TrSsq;kd oGr;f aom Oya'rJv h yk &f yfrsm;udk wm0efc&H rnfo h o l nf ud, k x f v d ufa&muf usL;vGef ol t=uyfwyfom;avm/ wyfAv kd w f yfr;_ avm? wyfrr_;avm/ Adv k cf sKyrf ;_ }u;D oef;a&$avm qdo k nfrmS wae@usvsS if trSew f u,ftajzay:ayvdrrhf nf? (4) e,fpyf&dS ,m,D'u k o Q nfpcef;wGif ESpyf wfcef@cdv k &_H +y;D onfah emuf aemfazma*wd@k ppfajy;'kuo Q nf rsm;onf xdik ;f Edik if /H rJa[mifaqmif c¶dik t f wGi;f &Sd ppfajy;'kuo Q nfrsm; twGuf zGiv hf pS x f m;aom 'kuo Q nf pcef;wpfco k @kd qufvufy@kd aqmifjcif;cH&jyefav.? xdik ;f zufurf;od@k rul;cifwnY tud}k u;D onftarhtm; rdro d nf' u k o Q nfpcef; od@k qufrvdu k f vdak wmha=umif;/ tarwd@k om;trdom oGm;apvdak =umif;/ rdrw d @kd onf }u;D pGm aom'kuaQ 0'emrsm;udk aovkrwwf cHpm;cJ&h +yrD @kd rdrw d @kd e,fajra'o&Sd tjcm;/ tjcm;aom &Gmol/ &Gmom;rsm;tm; tvm;wl'u k rQ sKd ;udk rcHpm;apvdak wmha=umif;? rdrw d @kd vlrsKd ;/ rdrw d @kd e,fajra'orsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&eftwGuf rdrw d @kd vlrsKd ;rSmom wm0ef&adS =umif;/ vufeuftm;ud;k I rdrw d @kd e,fajra'orsm;od@k vma&muf+y;D rdrw d @kd vlrsKd ;/ touft;kd tdrf pnf;pdrrf sm;udk ar$aESmufzsuq f ;D rnfo h l vl@t,kww f rm/ vl@&rf;um;rsm;udk vufeufjzifh om jyefvnfcck aH wmfveS &f efrw S yg; tjcm;enf;vrf; r&Sad wmha=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh rdro d nf aumfo;l av tzG@J tpnf;od@k 0ifa&muf tr_xrf;awmhrnfjzpfa=umif; ponfjzifh &Snv f sS m;pGm &Si;f jy+y;D aumfo;l avod@k 0if&ef cGiahf wmif;avonf? taron f tud}k u;D .rsuEf mS udk twef=umatmif ai;=unfah v.? tud}k u;D . rsu0f ef;xJ wpfpw kH pf&mudk &Smaz$av[efwo l nf? taronf tud}k u;D . ta=umif;udk 130

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

131

aumif;aumif;od.? vdrRma&;jcm;&Sd+yD; tvGeftm;udk;&aom om;}uD;jzpf.? ¶dk;ajzmifhI olwyg;udk ulnw D wfaompdw/f tepfemcHaompdw&f . dS ? csichf sichf sed cf sed Ef iS hf cdik rf mjywfom;.? xd@k a=umifh tud}k u;D .a&G;cs,rf o _ nf vli,fwpfO;D . rcHcsipf w d Ef iS hf ud, k u f sKd ;pGe@f tepfemcH onfph w d rf sm; aygi;f pyfI ayguu f yJG iG x hf u G v f maom a&G;cs,rf r_ sKd ;jzpf.? tvGerf eG jf rwfao mvkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&ef awmif;qdv k monfh tud}k u;D udk tar rnfo@kd wm;&ufrnfenf;? *k%af wmif,&l OD;rnf? od@k aomf &ifaoG;av; wpfa,mufonf rdrd.&ifcGifxJrS wu,fwrf;cGJxGufoGm;rnfqdkavaomtcgwGifrl taronf tawmfwek v f y_ o f mG ;yH&k onf? tar.vufzsm;rsm; wqwfqwfwek v f m.? xd@k aemufar;od@k ul;qufomG ;.? pum;ajym&ef zsp! f pS t f m;,laejcif;ayavm? wpfzufuom;/ wpfzufuvlrsKd ;twGuf..? bufEpS zf ufveG q f aJG eav+y?D ta&;}u;D aomqH;k jzwfcsuw f pfck tarcs&ayawmhrnf? oufr}u;D rsm;udk t}urd }f urd cf sI taronf tud}k u;D tm; "om;}u;D &J@a&G;cs,rf u _ kd tarrwm; &ufb;l / wm;vJrwm;oifb h ;l tarxifw,f/ om;}u;D rSew f ,fxif&ifv f yk yf g/ tarbmrS rajymvdak wmh ygb;l ? tarhrmS 'Dxufy+kd y;D ajymp&mpum; bmrSr&Sad wmhygb;l uG,f...om;}u;D &,f"[ w k ek &f u D t JG ufaom toHjzifah jym+y;D wJjyifo@kd jznf;av;pGm xoGm; avonf? taronf wJeaH b; ausmufw;kH ay:Y ikww f w k x f ikd u f m v[mjyifukd ai;=unfh av.? qefzw G af eaom tbd;k tdo k nf tartm; tjcm;aomolw@dk tdyaf rmusaecsed Yf toifonf tb,fo@kd aom ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh rtdyb f x J ikd af e&oenf;[k }urd zf efrsm;pGm atmfI ar;ayaomfjim; tarum; r=um;& avoavm/ wkww f w k rf sS yifrv_y?f xdt k cgwiG f aumif;uif,x H ufY [kw d p/ 'Dwp vGiahf rsmae=uaom wdrrf sS iu f av;rsm;ESi hf rSw d w f w k f rSw d w f w k f =u,fuav;rsm;onf tarhu=kd unfu h m 0dik ;f I oem;=uukeaf v.? zd;k vrif;}u;D udk wdik af eoavm/ ylaqG;idn k nf;aeoavm rod/ tarhxrH n S nf;oH oJoaJ v; wpfcsuw f pfcsuf vGijhf yef@vm.? cE<mud, k v f y_ v f u kd af vwdik ;f wcGsucf sG uEf iS hf xatmfwwfaom rajcmufw ajcmufopf&u G af r$@,mrsm;onf tud}k u;D rtdyaf =umif; yHrk eS f tcsuaf y;aeonfyh rm? aocsmonfum; xdn k onf aemfazma*wd@k om;trd oH;k OD;pvH;k twGuf tdyrf &aom nwpfn jzpfc&hJ av.? &ufyikd ;f twGi;f xGucf mG oGm;&awmhrnfh vufusef aqmif;ESi;f yGijhf zLuav;rsm; onf 'kuo Q nfrsm;. ,m,Dopf&u G w f J tdrif ,fuav;rsm;ay:od@k wazsmufazsmufEiS hf jzef;yufE_wfqufav.? odk@aomf 'kuQonfrsm;. &if;wGif;Y awmufavmifaeaom rD;awmuf rD;vSsrH sm;udak wmh r+ird ;f at;apEdik af y? aemufwae@wGif pGe@f cGmjcif;cH&awmhrnfh opf&u G rf ;kd / opf&u G u f m/ opf&u G cf if;rsm;jzpfaom 'kuo Q nfrsm;. ajrpdu k f opf&u G w f t J rd f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

131

132

i,fuav;rsm;onf va&mifazG;azG;atmufY +ird o f ufpmG vJavSsmif;vSsuf...? xdik ;f zufurf;ul;cge;D pufavSay:rwufcifY tud}k u;D onf aemfazma*.ycH;k ESpzf ufukd wif;wif;qkyu f ikd u f m "nDrav;...tarhujkd yKpak pmifah &Smufygaemf/ tud}k u;D twGuf bmrSrpd;k &dref @J / tud}k u;D 'Dvakd &G;cs,v f u kd w f m[m tazhukd aus;Zl;wke@f jyef&m a&mufovd/k ud, k v hf rl sKd ;twGuf ay;qyf&mvnf; a&mufw,f/ tud}k u;D rrSm;ygb;l aemf.../ uHrukef&ifwpfae@awmhjyefqkH&rSmaygh/ pufavSxGufawmhr,f...? uJ...nDrav;a& oGm;awmh "[kq+kd y;D aemufq;kH taejzifh E_wq f ufav.? tudk}uD;rrSm;ay? tudk}uD;.a&G;cs,fr_onf tvGefw&mrS rSefuefvSonf[k aemfazma* xif.? rdrw d @kd vlrsKd ;/ touft;kd tdrf pnf;pdrrf sm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smufz@kd twGuf tud}k u;D wd@k vdk vli,frsm; trSew f u,f vdt k yfayvdrrhf nf? tud}k u;D enf;wl cH,cl suf rsm;rsm;&Syd grS rdrw d @kd . e,fajra'orsm;od@k vm+y;D rdrw d @kd .vlrsKd ;/ touft;kd tdrf pnf;pdrrf sm;udk ar$aESmuf zsuq f ;D rnfo h rl sm;udk jyefvnfcck w H eG ;f vSeEf ikd rf nf r[kwaf yavm? tud}k u;D udk E_wq f ufaepOf aemfazma*onf qG@H tolwpfa,mufyrm awGawG }u;D &yfvsS uf..? bmrsm;aum ajymp&mawG&adS wmhrnfenf;? rdom;pkxrJ S aemufxyfwpfO;D xyfrH cGx J u G o f mG ;awmhrnfjzpfI 0rf;enf;r_rsm;onf &ifEiS t hf rSsjzpf&av.? xGucf mG &ef toifjh zpfae=uaom pufavSrsm;. "w+A;D +A;D "ESihf qlnpH mG atmf[pf aeaom pufoHrsm;=um; aemfazma*. ¶d_ufoHrsm;udk tudk}uD;rSty tjcm;rnfolrSs =um;Edkifayvdrfhrnfrxif? &ifwGif;Y y&da'0rD;rsm; udk,fpDawmufavmifae=uayojzifh aemfazma*wd@k armifEpS rf . vGr;f cef;udk rnforl sS tav;rxm;Edik =f uay? jrefrmjynfbufurf;/ oHviG jf rpfurf;ezl; oJaomifjyifY ili}l u;D &yfvsuf aemfazma* wd@k . om;trdukd ai;=unfah eaom tud}k u;D tm; aemufq;kH taejzifh vufjyE_wq f uf vdu k pf Of aemfazma*. oGe;f rsu&f nfr;kd rsm;onf wzefoeG ;f +zKd ;jyef.? rsuf&nfrsm;udk cyf=urf;=urf; cgxkwfvdkuf+yD; "tudk}uD;&J@ &nf&G,fcsufawG tjrefq;kH atmifjrif Edik yf gap" [k zGzaG v; toHxu G af &&Gwu f m aemfazma*onf rdr. d txkyu f kd aumufv, G I f csmceJ@vSn+hf y;D tud}k u;D tm; ausmcdik ;f xGucf mG oGm;av.? txkyt f yd;k rsm;udk yd;k oluyd;k / vG,o f u l vG,/f xrf;oluxrf;Iaomf?/ om;i,f/ orD;i,frsm;udk yd;k oluyd;k / vG,o f u l vG,/f ausmyd;k xm;aomtxkyaf y:od@k uav;i,fukd wifI ukvm;tkyu f o hJ @kd xrf;oluxrf;I aemfazma*wd@k ppfajy;'kuo Q nf vlwef;}u;D onf f axmif;axmif;ESihf e,fpyfov H iG jf rpfurf;ezl;rS jyif;pa ea&mifatmufY ací;wvlv/l zkew oH;k em&Dausmcf ef@ avSsmuf&aom 'kuo Q nfpcef; wpfco k @kd a&G@a&G@ESihf xGucf mG oGm;av ownf;? t'D; (AOP) qufvufaz: jyygrnf?

132

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

133

0wˆKwdk xdktcspf xdktvGrf; xdktrkef;

armifpdk;csdef (1) cdik x f eG ;f . ar;cGe;f a=umifh &efot l ay: xm;&So d nfh jywfom;+y;D om; oabmxm; onf ydI k jywfom;oGm;cJo h nf? ydI k yif cdik u f snaf v;euf oGm;cJo h nf? xd@k jyif cspo f w l @kd udk vGr;f onfh t vGr;f / rdrd pGe@f cGmxm;&pfco hJ nfh wG,w f mrdcahJ om t&m0wˆKrsm;udk vGr;f onfh tvGr;f yd;k }uKd ;r#irf sm;onf ydI k ydI k yif cdik u f snv f mcJo h nf? "tudk b,fawmh jyefrvJ" cdik x f eG ;f . arcGe;f ? xdak r;cGe;f u &ufaygi;f vaygi;f rsm;pGm pdwx f w J iG f ¶du k cf wfaecJh onf? &efoludk emusnf; emusifpdwfonf ydkI jyif;xefvmcJhonf? cE<mudk,fxJwGif vnfywfaeaom ESv;kH aoG;wd@k onf pufqw k rf ek ;f wD;r_ qm;cg;&nfrsm; tjzpf ajymif;vJ vnfywf vmcJo h nftxd? wzef xdak r;cGe;f u b0xJ/ pdwx f w J iG f jzpfwnfay:xGe;f aeaom yÉdyuQukd ydI k yif xif&mS ;odom apcJo h nf? trke;f ESihf tcsp/f tvGr;f ESihf pufqw k rf w _ @kd . yÉdyuQonf ydI k av;euf xif&mS ;vm jzpfonf? &efou l kd ¶G&H mS pufqw k jf cif;ESihf wG,w f m csprf ufow l @kd tm; vGr;f qGwf wrf;wjcif;onf pdwx f w J iG f xd;k ESuw f u kd cf u kd f ae=uavawmh onf? (2) xdkae@reufcif;? tefaxmfeDvrf;ay:u aq;cef;wGif rar#mfvifhyJ cdkifxGef;ESifh awG&pOfcu kd f "tudk b,fawmh Armjynf jyefrvJ"ar;cGe;f udk tar;cH&jcif; jzpfonf? xdak r;cGe;f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

133

134

wcGe;f wnf; omru/ aemufqufwJG pdwrf csr;f ajr@p&mawGyg yl;wGyJ gvmcJo h nf? &Jabmftjzpf/ vkyaf zmfuikd f zuftjzpf olonf &if;ES;D u|r;f 0ifol r[kw?f ar;ajym ac:xl; todtu|r;f wa,mufr#om? ppftkyfpk. ppfv$wfawmfudk ppftkyfpkuyJ yGJxkwfvmonfhumv? t&yfom; tpd;k &[k yHrk mS ;¶du k u f m ppftyk pf u k kd aemufxyf trnfwrsKd ;jzifh yGx J w k v f monfu h mv? xdt k ajctaeu apmifq h ikd ;f aeaom ppftyk pf k ud, k yf gG ;rsm;/ tvdak wmf&rd sm;/ axmufvrS ;f a&; tvkyf vkyaf eonfh owif;ay;rsm;/ ud, k u f sKd ;orm;rsm;onf 0wfusi;f xJwiG f [efaqmif ykef;cdkae&mrS xGufay:vm cJh=u+yD; pnf;¶kH;odrf;oGif;onfh umv? jynfawmfjyefzdk@ tazmfno Sd nfxuf &efou l kd vufeufcs t¶_;H ay;&ef aoG;aqmif jzm;a,mif;onfu h mv? todtu|r;f wa,mufr#om jzpfonfh cdik x f eG ;f onf yke;f cdu k si;f xJrS xGuv f mcJo h v l m;? "usaemfawmh jyefawmhr,f tud&k m? ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynf ud, k jf yef+y;D aq;cef;wcef; zGirhf ,f at;at;aq;aq; pD;yGg;&Smr,fAsm? rjzpfveG ;f vd@k 'DrmS ae&wm? ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynfe@J ud, k v hf rl sKd ;eJ@ at;at;csr;f csr;f vkypf m;vd@k &wmyJ" "æ æ æ æ æ æ æ" usaemf bmwckrS jyefrajym? +ird o f ufjcif;u wke@f jyefajym=um;&ef taumif;qH;k bmom pum; jzpfaecJo h nf? " jynfya&mufvmwJh vlawG/ EdkifiHa&;orm;/ awmfvSefa&;orm;awGuvJ b,frmS nDnw G f vd@k vJ/ bmrSvyk v f @kd r&bl;? ppfAv kd cf sKyaf wGu aemufqw k rf mS r[kwb f ;l ? a&S@quf+y;D tcdik t f rm tm%m ,lxm;rSm? [dv k u l wrsKd ;awmif;qd/k 'Dvu l wrsKd ;awmif;qd/k tJ'aD wmif;qdk aewmawG udk olw@kd u vH;k 0 vufcw H m r[kwb f ;l ? wrde@f w=oZm wtm%m ppfrdef@eJ@ zdEdSyftkyfcsKyfrS jzpf r,fqdkwm AdkvfcifnGef@u ajymcJhbl;w,f? aemufwcku 'DppfAv kd af wGu bufpkH jyifqifxm;wm tawG@t}uKH u &ifah e+y;D ? 'Dbufa&mufvmwJh pD;yGg;a&;orm;awGu tp tm;vH;k udk pnf;¶H;k odr;f oGi;f xm;wm? odyt f uGujf rifwm? 'Dawmh 'DtajctaersKd ;rSm tdrjf yefwm taumif;qH;k yJ? olw@kd eJ@ yl;aygi;f vky&f if tusKd ;tjrwf jzpfxeG ;f rSm aocsmw,fAsm? usaemfawmh jyefawmhr,f? tudk a&m rjyefao;bl;vm;" ol@ta=umif; wpGe;f wp odxm;cJo h nfrmS odyrf =umvSao;? &Spaf v;vH;k ta&; awmfykH }u;D aemufyikd ;f wGif awmcdv k mol[k qdo k nf? wd&p>mef aq;ukq&m0ef? e,fpyfwiG f =um=um aecJyh rkH &? befaumufo@kd a&mufvmcJo h ?l aemufawmh tar&duefo@kd a&mufvm cJo h nf? umvDz;kd eD;,m;wGif pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef; vkyaf eqJrmS yJ Armwdik ;f &if;om;rsm; axmifcs+D y;D aexdik &f m zd@k wf0ed ;f od@k pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef;ESit hf wl ajymif;a¶G@vmcJo h nf? uAsmq&m OD;wifr;kd (wifr;kd ) rdwq f ufay;+y;D txyfxyf wdu k w f eG ;f ojzifh ol@tdro f @kd wacguf a&mufcb hJ ;l onf? Armjynfo@kd txyfxyfjyefchJ we,fxJ w+rKd @xJom;csi;f jzpfonfh zufqpfaxmufveS ;f a&; 134

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

135

AdkvfcifnGef@xH r=umc% vrf;azmufcJhol? cifnGef@tm; qnf;uyfusdK;EGHcJhol tjzpf ol@udo k x d m;onf? olyek af wmxJo@kd cdik x f eG ;f a&muf vmcJo h nf qdv k #if b,ftwGuaf =umifh a&mufvmcJo h enf;? ar;p&m &Sv d mcJo h nf? pdw0f ifpm;p &m aumif;onfawmh r[kw?f vaygi;f rsm;pGm rawG@qHck =hJ u? ,ckjyefawG@aomtcg usaemfh pdwo f abmxm;ukd wD;acguf =unfhaecJhonf? ol. pl;prf;r_udk wkef@jyef&ayvdrfhrnf? &ifwGif;rSmvnf; ayguu f rJG w _ ck &Sv d mcJo h nf? rD;wdu k cf &H onfh rke@f avayGuo hJ @kd pdwo f nf u|wIf ºu&Gvmonf? ud, k Ahf rmjynf jyefa&mufvJ tareJ@twl at;at; aq;aq; ae&rSm r[kwyf gb;l ? axmifxJrSmyJ ae&rSmyg udk,fhvl&m? vGyfvyfwnf+idrf at;csrf;wJh trsdK;om;wdkif;jynf wjynfjzpf vmzd@k trsm;}u;D yJ vdak o;w,f? trsm;}u;D vJ ¶ke;f ueftm;xkwf =u&vdrOhf ;D r,f? ckxd 2012xd 'D rdu k a&pD qdv k @kd tyfzsm; wzsm;pmawmif r&Sad o;bl;? rw&m;r_awG/ tEdik u f sihf zdEySd rf a_ wG/ &rf;um; apmfum;r_awG/ nSi;f yef;ESyd u f w G rf _ awG[m Armjynfajr wvufrwdik ;f rSm xlajymaewke;f yJ r[kwf vm;? b,frmS vJ vlxak wmif;qdak ewJh vGyv f yfr/_ w&m;r#wr_/ +ird ;f csr;f r_e@J 'Dru kd a&pD? b,frmS vJ? jyEdik &f if ud, k n hf D jyprf;yg? b,frmS vJ wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;pkawG awmif;qdak ewJh wef;wlnrD #r/_ ud, k =hf urRm ud, k zf ef;wD;cGi?hf qif;&JwiG ;f xJu vlxal wG[m ppfu|eb f 0/ wd&p>mef b0u rvGwf ajrmufao;bl;? 'Dzufqpf ppftyk pf [ k m vlxv k w G af jrmufatmif vH;k 0 rpGr;f aqmifEikd b f ;l ? tkypf ;kd olawG[m tcGit hf a&; rSeo f r# t&,l+y;D olw@kd bmom vGwv f yfa&; &aewm r[kwb f ;l vm;? Armjynfukd jyefa&muf&if uavmifeJ@ wdkufrdrSmyJ? vlxkwdkufyGJawGxJrSm jrSyfESHxm;rdrSmyJ? r[kwf rcHwJh pdwfu tnGe@f rusKd ;avawmh ppftyk pf u k tnGe@f usKd ;zd@k twGuf axmifxJ xnfx h m;rSmyJ? ,ckxv d J awmfveS ;f a&;orm;/ Edik if aH &;orm;awG[m tusO;f axmifawGxrJ mS tnGe@f csKd ;cHae& wH;k / tEdyS u f w G f cHae&wH;k yJ r[kwv f m; ud, k n hf ?D " aq;cef;xJwiG f tjcm;vlemrsm; &Sad eojzifh olw@kd udk aESmuft,Suf rjzpfapzd@k avoHukd EdyS I f ajym&onf? wd;k wd;k oufouf qdak omfvnf; wcgw&H rma=uma=um? "Armjynfqw kd m tusO;f axmify?J tJ'D tusO;f axmif}u;D xJu tusO;f aqmif awG[m i&Jcef; acG;oGm;pdwaf wGy?J 'D,EW,m;udk armif;ESiaf eolu ppftyk pf ?k 'DaxmifxrJ mS trsKd ;rsKd ;aom ESyd pf uf nSi;f yef;r_awG cHae=u&w,f? Edik if aH &; acgi;f aqmifawG[m i&Jcef; acG;oGm;pdwaf wGxrJ mS usq;kH cJ=h u&w,f? 'Dawmh Armjynf tusO;f axmifxJ r0ifawmhb;l ? a&mufwahJ e&muae uavmif eJ@ wdu k rf ,f? ppftyk &f @J ppfzed yfe@J uefrmS udk rcHvakd wmhb;l ? ppftyk pf &k @J rsuEf mS ud/k t¶_u d w f w hJ u hJ kd i,fxyd u f kd a[m'D uavmifzed yfe@J aqmifah qmifu h efv@kd &w,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&; wdu k yf x JG rJ mS uavmif[m vufeufy?J xufjrufwhJ vufeufjzpfaeatmif vkyaf evd@k &w,f? axmifxrJ mS yg;¶du k w f m rcHb;l ? ud, k u hf avmife@J ppftyk pf k wckv;kH udk yg;¶du k v f @kd &w,f ign h aD &@/ Armjynf jynfyuae wnDwnGww f nf; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

135

136

vkyv f @kd &w,f? trsm;}u;D vkyaf e=uwmyJ? ud, k o hf m;orD; rsKd ;qufawGuv kd J rSmxm;cJw h ,f? igaooGm;ayrJh ppftyk pf &k @J ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&; wdik ;f jynf vGwaf jrmufa&; twGuf qufvkyf=u/ qufwdkuf=u? vGwfajrmufwJh txd vlxkeJ@twl yg0if acsr_ef;=uqdkwm rSmxm;cJ+h y;D om;? aowrf;pm a&;cJ+h y;D om;?" ESpaf ,mufom; ykc;kH jcif;,SOIf xdik af e&mrS usaemfu h kd wcgw&H apmif;iJ=h unf¶h rHk v S IJG [dt k a0;od@k om vSr;f =unfah ecJo h nf? wvH;k wyg'rS rwke@f jyefawmh? qufI ajymrnfqv kd #if rd;k }uKd ; ypfoH ayguu f o JG rH sm; &ifacgi;f xJrS xGuaf y:vmrSm jzpfonf? cdik x f eG ;f u yg;eyfonf? a&S@rqufyJ pum;vrf;a=umif; v$u J m E_wq f ufxu G o f mG ;cJo h nf? (3) aq;cef;xJrmS yif xdik v f ufp xdik cf w kH iG f usaemf usecf o hJ nf? pdr;f vJrh id_ ;f !d@k aom opfyif awmtkyrf sm;/ a&G@vsm;arsmygaeaom wdrw f u kd cf o J m;rsm;udk aq;cef;. rSejf ywif;rS vSrf;ai;=unfh armum wajr@ajr@ vGrf;vmonf? tdrfvGrf; a0'emu v_dif;=uufcGyf uav;rsm;ES,f vl;vGe@f vm cJo h nf? wdik ;f jynfEiS hf a0;uGmvmcho J nfrmS ESpaf ygi;f ESpq f ,fo h ;kH ESpf =umcJh+yDaum? tES,fxdkif aevdkuf/ [efaqmifyefaqmif arhxm;vdkufESifh &ifwGif;wGif emusipf ;l eifah om tdrv f rG ;f a0'emonf wdu k q f ikd v f monfh tcsed w f iG f te,fxvmcJo h nfy?J twdwu f kd atmufarh wrf;w owd&jcif; tvGr;f onf wcgw&H qGwyf s@H =unfarm/ wcgw&H emusifvGrf;arm/ wcgw&H a=uuGJvGrf;qGwf/ wcgw&H ESvHk;aoG;pufwdk@jzifh jyefvnfpeG ;f xif; um tvGr;f wd@k onf a=uuGJ a0'emrsm; jzpfaewwfavonf? xdt k cdu k f twef@wGif twdwYf usef &pfcahJ om tjzpftysuf ¶kyyf u kH m;csyrf sm;onf tvGr;f wd@k ESit hf wl pdwaf =u;rHk zefom;jyifay:wGif w&dy&f yd f wzsyzf syf ul;ajymif; ay:xGuv f m p+ryJ if? &Gufpdrf;qHr#ifrsm; zm;,m;csum pdrf;jra0qmaom opfawmtkyfrsm;. rdi_ ;f !d@k jrifuiG ;f rsm;/ iSuw f @kd jrnfaºu;vdu k o f nfh *DwoHpOfrsm;u yJc;l ¶d;k ray:u"qifpcef;"od@k yd@k aqmifay;cJah v onf? &GmtoD;oD;rS opfcw k 0f g;ckwzf @kd a&mufvmcJ=h uonfh &Gm;om;rsm;. wJ c d k & m vS n f ; pcef ; jzpf onf h " qif p cef ; "? onf v S n f ; pcef ; uk d aejcnf w ayguf rusa&mufaponfh pdr;f vef;aom opfawm }u;D u tkyrf ;kd ydwq f ;D xm;onf? aEGacgiaf cgif rSmyif awm&dyo f pf&yd u f at;csr;f apcJo h nf? iSuu f av;. &ifu h sL;oHonf rJraJ rSmifaom n.ESv;kH aoG;ckeo f H em&Dpnf;csuf jzpfaecJo h nfukd jyefvnf qef;ppf=unfrh o d nf? rm;rm;pGiphf iG hf jrifrh wfaom opfyif}u;D wd@k . avwd;k oHrsm;onf n. touf&¶_ u d_ o f rH sm; jzpfaecJo h nf? vSn;f 0dik ;f }u;D tv,fww hJ w hJ iG f awmufavmifaeonfh rD;zd}k u;D xJrS xif;acsmif; ta=umrsm; jywfawmuforH sm;onfvnf; xdek nf;ES,Ef , S f n. touf¶¶_ u d_ o f H rsm;avavm? aEG;aEG;aiG@&mrS at;pufvmonfh ajrv$may:0,f *keef t D w d u f kd cif;I tdy&f onfh txd tawG@onf arhIr&? a[mif;EGr;f EGr;f apmifyg;yg;uav;udk ud, k jf zifh &pfywfum 136

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

137

tdyfaysmfzdk@ }udK; pm;aomfvnf; tdyfraysmfEdkifavmufatmif niSufuav;. wGefusL; jrnfaºu;oH *Dwu v_yfEd_; aecJhonf? vSnf;om;rsm;rSm tdyfpufoGm;=uyHk&onf? b,ftcsdefwGif tdyfaysmfoGm;onfvnf; rodEdkifawmh? Edk;vmaom tcgwGifvnf; xdik u S u f av;u wGeu f sL;aeqJ? ol@toH *Dwu vSav onf? qGq J iJG ifiif r#irf #iw f @JG wG@J ? xdak w;oHu &if. teuf¶id_ ;f qH;k ae&mwGif oHrE_d u S jf cif; cHxm;& onfh aw;oH jzpfaecJo h nf? toufu q,fausmo f uf? rdbudk axmufucl &hJ mrS yJc;l ¶d;k ra=um uke;f ay:a&muf vm cJo h nf? bma=umifh opfawm}u;D xJ r=umc% a&mufc&hJ ovJ? rd;k umv v,fvyk cf o hJ r# wifchJ onfh aºu;+r;D u wm0efauspyg;a&mif;csco hJ jzifh ra=uEdik af wmh? jyifyayguaf ps;jzifh a&mif;csciG hf r &&Scd ?hJ wESp+f y;D wESpf wif&cdS o hJ nfh aºu;uvnf; vufcw k w f azmif ausmv f mcJ+h y?D taºu;rD; 0dik ;f cH &onfh v,form;rsm;onf yJc;l ¶d;k ray:od@k a&mufvmcJ=h uum xif;ckwaf &mif;/ 0g;ckwaf &mif;jcif; jzifh ae@pOf touf&iS o f efa&;twGuf ¶ke;f uefajz&Si;f =u&onf? aEGO;D iSuu f av; waumif. wGeu f sL;&ifu h sL;oHonf ¶d;k ray:rS iSuaf w;oHukd trSw&f apcJo h nf? vGr;f wapcJo h nf? wu,fu ac|;pD;acsmif; a=umrGb J 0onf yifv#if vGrf;p&mb0 jzpf aecJhonf? ¶dk;ray:rSm tem;,lonfh "qifpcef;"/ iSufaw;oH/ ajrtdy, f mcif;/ opfawmavwd;k oH ESihf b0.teH@touf/ ta&miftqif; toHAvHrsm; onf xdt k vGr;f b0. tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;yif jzpfaecJo h nf? twdwu f kd owd&wdik ;f &wdik ;f xdb k 0udk vGr;f waecJrh o d nf? (4) &ifxu J tvGr;f tm;vH;k xJwiG f oEWmausmufwef; ausmufq, G o f zG,f pl;pl;aigaig xdk; xGufaeonfh tvGrf;rSm tarhudk vGrf;onfh tvGrf;jzpfonf? wr#ifr#if wiifiif vGr;f &vGe;f ojzifh vnf; vGr;f &aom tonf;ESv;kH onf wjcrf;avmifu|r;f aºuusomG ;cJh +yv D m;rod? 'DacG;om;awG vkyx f m;wJh pepfq;kd acwfq;kd a=umifh b0tm;vH;k usKd ;a=uysupf ;D oGm;=u+y?D rdom;pkawG t+yKd +yKd tuGu J JG z¶dzk &J jzpfuek o f nf? aZmufx;kd rd;k ar#mf v_ycf g=urf;&rf; aeonfh ZaumxJrS ZD;jzLoD;awG vdk cGx J u G f ajy;v$m;uke=f u&? wnf+ird af t;csr;f r_ uif;rJah om b0xJwiG f toufw+kd y;D aoolawG vnf; toacs?F 'kuQ okurQ sKd ;pHk taoqd;k ESiahf ocJh cGcJ gG omG ;cJo h al wGrmS vnf; teE ?W 2005wGif tazqH;k cJo h nf? a=uuGq J ekd ifh ivsi'f %fa=umifh odro hf rd hf emusif wkecf gchJ onf? b,fvkd azmfjy&rvJ? b,fvrkd S azmfjyEdik pf rG ;f r&S?d ajzodrhf Edik pf rG ;f vnf; r&S?d " igw@kd acwfynm rwwfayrJh =uufvkd ,ufpm;&ygap/ qif;&Jygap om;orD;awG ukd ausmif;xm;r,f/ wuUov kd f ynmwwfawG jzpf&apr,f " v,fuefoif;qHw k iG f O'ge;f =uL;&ifu h m qif;&JErG ;f ygaom b0xJwiG f om;awGukd ysdK; axmifay;cJhonfh v,form; tazESifhtar? tazu qHk;&Sm+yD? tazhukd xm0& tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

137

138

awG@&awmhrmS r[kw?f awmcdk olyek jf zpfc+hJ y;D 16ESpt f =umwGif taz aoqH;k cJ+h y?D a[m taru ,ckxd touf&iS o f efq?J touf 87ESp?f om;udk awG@csiaf eonfh rdcif? om;ta=umif;udk rsu&f nfpufvufjzifh ajym&if; vGr;f w apmifah r#maf e&Smonfh rdcif? wdik ;f jynf vGwaf jrmuf+y/D +ird ;f csr;f +yD qdv k #if od@k r[kwf 'Dru kd a&pDtwGuf ¶ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;aeol wd@k tm; owf jzwfnSi;f yef; tEdik u f sirhf w _ @kd twGuf Oya'u tmrcHcsuf ay;xm;Edik +f yD qdv k #if wdik ;f jynfo@kd jyef zd@k toif?h tarhukd vGr;f ae&onfh usaemfonfvnf; jynfawmf jyef+yaD yg?h tarh&ifciG x f J acgi;f xd;k odr;f ayG@um woo wjrjr pum;azmifz@JG ae+yaD yg?h twd;k cs+y;D tarhukd jyKpak e+yaD yg?h ,ckrl tarhukd vGr;f onfh tvGr;f / rdom;pkukd vGr;f onfh tvGr;f onf wajr@ajr@ u|r;f avmifaecJo h nfrS vGI J a&$jynfawmf ar#mw f ikd ;f a0; a0;ae&qJjzpfonf? tvGr;f wd@k onf rukeq f ;kH Edik o f nfh c&D;vrf; wckuo hJ @kd jzpfonf? tvGr;f wd@k onf rukeq f ;kH Edik af om yifv,fa& uJo h @kd yif jzpfonf? tvGr;f wd@k onf tpd@k tanSmifh tyifi,f uav;rS pdr;f pdr;f vef;aom {&mr tvGr;f yif}u;D jzpfvmonf? ¶kyaf o r[kw?f wzswzf swf ul;ajymif; &Sio f efae onfh tvGr;f yif? tvGr;f yifpnfrS jzmxGuv f monfh udik ;f wef;rsm;onf ausmif;q&mb0/ pma&; q&m uAsmq&mb0/ t,f'w D m b0awmxJ a&mufvmcJyh gonfh awmfveS af &;orm; olyek b f 0 xdk b0rsm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKco hJ nfh udik ;f wef; udik ;f cufrsm; jzpfaecJo h nf? xdu k ikd ;f wef;rsm; pka0;qHk pnf;&m tvGr;f yif}u;D ? Armjynfukd jyefa&mufv#if jrpf}u;D em; 'D*&Daumvdyu f kd oGm;vnfrnf? xm;0,f aumvdyfudk oGm;vnfrnf? vkyfom;aumvdyf ausmif;om;wynfhrsm;udk vdkuf&Smrnf? ,cifuvdk AH'g yifatmufrmS vBu&f nfaomuf=urnf? OD;cspq f ikd f &Sad etH;k rSmvm;? vBu&f nf *si;f okyf rSmpm;+y;D pum;0dik ;f zG@J rnf? olw@kd toufawGu av;q,fausm?f ud, k hf toufu ajcmufq,fausm?f i,frjl yef=u &vdrrhf nf? armavmufatmif &,forG ;f ypfrnf? ESpaf ygi;f ESpq f ,fo h ;kH ESpv f ;kH vH;k tvGr;f yif pdu k cf /hJ tvGr;f yif }u;D &ifch o hJ r# twd;k cs+y;D tvGr;f awGukd ajzodrhf ypfrnf? aqG;ajr@aom tvGr;f awGukd +ird ;f at;jzLpifaom &,farm qGwyf s@H r_rsm;jzifh zsuo f rd ;f ypfrnf? bmudrk S vGr;f p&m r&Sad wmhavmufatmif tvGr;f awGukd +yKH ;&$i=f unfvef;r_ prf;acsmif;xJ ar#mypfrnf? ta&;awmfyrkH sm;/ vlxw k u kd yf x JG w J iG f 'Dru kd a&pD vGwv f yfrt _ wGuf toufaoG;ay;qyf ud, k u f sKd ;pGe@f cJo h l tmZmenftaygi;f . txdr;f trSwf ausmufwidk f tkw*f rl sm;wGif vGr;f olyef;acGcs OD;n$w, f if; [pfI idyk pfrnf? a=uuGJ tvGr;f awGukd rsu&f nfp;D acsmif;xJ ar#mcsypfrnf? (5) txl;ojzifh uav;b0u pm;cJh aecJh usiv f nfco hJ nfh b0udk ydI k yif vGr;f aeao; awmh tvGr;f qdw k m b0xJu pGv J ef; pGe;f xif;cJo h nfh trSww f & tjzpftysuf tjcif;t&m 138

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

139

rsm;udk w vdu _ v f u _d f wo owd&jcif;yJ jzpf&rnf? ¶d;k ¶d;k owd&jcif;xuf ydo k nf[k qd&k rnf? wvSyv f yS f &if ckecf pH m;r_jzifh owd&jcif;rsKd ; jzpfonf[k qd&k rvm;yJ? usaemfh Zmwd&mG rS tdr. f ab;wzufwiG f +c}H u;D w+c&H o dS nf? avtEG@J wGif w&S&J JS aw; oDaewwfonfh 0g;¶Hkyifrsm;/ o&ufyif/ iSufaysmawmESifh pdrf;ndK@rd_if;tHkaom+cH? +caH xmifw h iG f us cwf0g;¶kaH wm}u;D &So d nf? wGv J sm;usaeaom 0g;¶Hu k ikd ;f cuf qHE, G rf #irf sm;udk ab;z,fw;kd a0S@0if oGm;cJo h nf? 0g;udik ;f 0g;cufrsm; jzm,Sut f yk rf ;kd xm;onfh uscwf¶akH tmuf&dS ajruGuv f yfwiG f zsmpkww f csyu f kd cif;onf? xdzk smcsyaf y:wGif em&Daygi;f rsm;pGm pmar;yGJ twGuf pmusufcJh zwfcJhbl;onf? xdkifvdkuf avsmif;tdyfvdkuf? usaemfESpfoufonfh wdwq f w d +f ird o f ufro _ nf xdu k scwf¶kH }u;D atmufwiG f &Sad ecJo h nf? wcgw&H a&=uufru ¶kww f &uf wGeu f sL;jrnfaºu;um usaemfu h kd ESix f w k w f wf onf? ol@ydkufeufxJodk@ usaemfu usL;ausmf0ifa&muf vmcJhrdonfudk;? a&=uufru jrnfweG v f #if ywf0ef;usiu f =um;oGm;ygu 'Duscwf¶x kH w J iG f vlwa,muf a&muf&adS eonf [k odomG ;Edik rf vm;? xdpk ;kd &drrf u _ vGI J tjcm;aomu r&Scd ?hJ 7wef; 8wef; 9wef;wGif uscwf0g;¶HkatmufY pmusufcJhonf? Armjynf jyefa&mufv#if xdkpGJvef;rdcJhonfh xdu k scwf0g;¶Hak wmudk oGm;vnf&rnf? a&=uuf ra&m &Sad o;&J@vm;? wcgw&H xdw k w d q f w d f +c0H ef;}u;D ESihf rvSr;f rurf;&Sd vufyyH if}u;D . opfc=G um;wGif pm zwf pmusufcJhonf? wa,mufa,muf odoGm;v#if usaemfhudk tla=umifa=umif Edik o f nf[k ajym vdrrhf nf/ &,fvrd rhf nf? xd@k a=umifh b,fo@l udrk S rajymjzpfcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? v,f=um;¶dk; uav;udk ab;wzufwcsuf +cHKEG,fawmwef;rsm;u 0dkif;zGJ@ iHkxm;onf? xdak wmwef; v,f=um;¶d;k uav;. xdy¶f dS {&mr vufyyH if}u;D udk ukwjf cpfwufvrS ;f oGm;+y;D udkif;qHkcGay:wGif xdkifum pmusufcJh onf? vGrf;wjcif; tvGrf;yef;uHk;xJwGif xdkae&m xdo k pfyifonf tvGr;f yGihf wyGijhf zpfaecJo h nf? tvGr;f oD}uKd ;xJrS tvGr;f yGi?hf b,fo@l udk vSr;f +y;D ar;jref;&rvJ? &GmeHab;u xdv k ufyyH if}u;D &Sad o;&J@vm;? Z&uftyk f awGu wtky+f y;D wtkyf &efyzJG @JG / aysmyf zJG @JG um atmfjrnfweG u f sL; =uao;&J@vm;? av¶l;okepf ae jcnfaxG;p eHeufcif;Y xdo k pfc=G um;wGif avc|ecf hJ [pfI aw;qdck b hJ ;l onf? bmeJ@rS rvJv, S Ef ikd o f nfh vGwv f yfr_ t&om? tarhtrd rf S cyfa0;a0; awmpyf&dS xdv k ufyyH if }u;D udv k nf; oGm;a&muf E_wq f uf&vdrrhf nf? rd;k v,f rd;k aESmif;umvrsm;wGif xdv k ufyyH if}u;D atmuf&dS v,f=um;¶d;k uav; xJwiG f armifErS awG ig;yufc=hJ ubl;onf? ig;cl/ ig;&H@/ ig;cH;k r/ ig;Zif¶ikd ;f awG awmif;uav;ESihf tarmuf tv#H &wwfonf? tarmwacg ig;yufco hJ r# a&pyfpyfwiG f acguw f ek @f ul;vl; aeaom ig;clawG udk zrf;&onfukd rarhEikd af wmh? aysmv f u kd w f m? wcgw&H ausmifaebufrsm; jzpfonfh apm*vdw k @kd apme,f0if;wd@k ESihf ig;yufcb hJ ;l onf? xdak ysm&f i$ rf o _ nf ,cktcg vGr;f p&m tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

139

140

jzpfc+hJ y?D tJ'iD g;eJ@ csuo f nfh tarhcsOaf ygi[ f if;ESihf iyd&nfcu G u f kd rsupf x d J jrifa&mifvm rdonf? xdpk Ofu &&Scd b hJ ;l onfh ar$;=uL [if;&eH@udk rSwOf m%fO;D aESmuf tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;rS wqifh jyefvnf &&Sad ecJo h nf? tar&,f tJ'cD sO[ f if;rsKd ; jyefcsuaf ºu;ygO;D vm; taræ vd@k tartzGm;tdu k kd acgi;f ESihf wd;k a0S@+y;D awmif;yef&rnf? tar raoyge@J OD;aemf? tar rao& ao;bl;? usaemfvnf; rao &ao;bl;? tar&duefrmS usaemfh ocFsKid ;f r&Sb d ;l ? tareJ@ tazwd@k vJavsmif;tdypf uf tem;,l&m ocFsKid ;f [m usaemf&h @J ocFsKid ;f yJ? tJ'v D kd rSw, f x l m; w,f? t"dÏmefjyK xm;w,f? 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vGwf vyfa&;&vd@k wdik ;f jynfukd jyefwt hJ cg tJ'D v,f=um;¶d;k uav;u &wJh v,fig;awGe@J vwfvwfqwfqwf csOaf ygi&f u G ef @J csOaf ygi[ f if; csufcdkif;r,f? tJ'Dtcgus ukef;+yD;udkif;aeonfh cg;udk }udK;pm;qef@wef;&if; araru [if;csurf ,f? om;u iyd&nfusKd r,faemfæ tar? tckawmhvnf; b0awG[m tpdwpf w d f tr$mr$m uGaJ =uoGm;/ tydik ;f ydik ;f tjcm;jcm; a0; uGmoGm;ae =uqJy?J 'ga=umifh pGv J ef;rSwo f m;cJo h nfh tjzpftysurf sm;/ tvGet f rif; &if;ES;D cspcf if aom ausmif;aebufrsm;/ &Jabmfrsm;/ a&;azmfa&;zufrsm;udk rSe;f qwrf;w ae&qJyJ r[kwv f m;? pHjy&Gmxdyu f v,fxw J t J rd u f av;udyk g vGr;f &pfaeqJ jzpfonf? v,fxw J t J rd u f kd 0dik ;f &Hxm;onfh ae=umcif;/ ajryJcif;/ c&rf;csOcf if;/ uefpeG ;f Ocif;/ udik ;f yef;cif;ESihf c&rf;cif; wd@k udyk g vGr;f aeqJ? xdu k ikd ;f cif;/ pyg;v,fuiG ;f xJrS ¶ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;cJ&h onfh uav;vli,f b0. ¶kyfyHkv$m rsm;udk touf&_wdkif;/ ESvHk;aoG; ckefwdkif;rSmyif jyefvnfjrifa&mifcJh vGr;f qGwcf &hJ onf? (6) pdwyf nm&Sif rsm;. pl;prf;avhvmcsuf t& i,fpOfuav;b0u awG@=uKH c&hJ onfh t jzpftysuf/ tavhtx/ trSwftom;rsm;udk trSwfrdqHk;/ }uD;&ifhvmpOf twrf;w tpGv J ef;qH;k jzpfwwfonf[k qdo k nf? ysKd rspf Eke,fonfh uav;b0wGif OD;aESmuf tpdwf tydik ;f rsm; ESv;kH om; wd@k onf pGx J if+iw d , G af p&ef vwfqwf pif=u,f aecJo h nf? pGv J ef;onfh trSwt f om;rsm;onf vnf; cdik u f snf jrjJ rpH mG tjrpfw, G af e+y;D arr&Edik yf J jzpfaeonf? 1953-54? usaemf av;ES p f - ig;ES p f o m; t&G , f c ef @ wG i f aoewf o H u d k pwif=um;cJ&h onf? xdak oewfoH rsm;onf ppf. trSwt f om;rsm; tjzpf tjrpfw, G cf yhJ Hk &onf? wdu k yf x JG rJ S aoewf oH? olyek rf sm;. ckcaH &; aoewfoEH iS hf tkypf ;kd olw@kd . aoewfo?H wenf;tm;jzifh ppfwyf. zdEySd v f r$ ;f rd;k a&; aoewfo?H i,fpOfu xdak oewfou H kd o¶kycf &GJ aumif;rSe;f rod? ntarSmif oef;ptcsed w f iG f wdu k yf JG aoewfou H kd =um;&onf? tazu " rD;cGuu f kd 140

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

141

+idrf; vdkufa[h"[k owday;&if; tudk}uD;ESifh t0wfxkyfudk qGJv#uf wJtdrfuav;. tqifah y:rS ajr od@k ckeq f if;um jcpH nf;¶d;k qDo@kd ajy;onf? jcKH yw k rf sm;xJo@kd wd;k a0S@yke;f uG,f cJo h nf? usaemfu " tarh tD;ygcsiw f ,f tD;ygr,f tD;ygr,f "[k atmf&if; idak vonf? taru wzspaf wmufawmuf }uw d I f qJq&kd if; tarSmifxx k w J iG f rjrifrprf;ESihf tcif;pGe@f aponf? ,dt k rd o f m [lIr&S?d a¹rayg aom a¹rcdak om jcKH yw k u f ikd ;f awmrsm;onf &Gmom;wd@k . ,dt k rd o f myJ? acsmif;urf;ezl;onf tdrf omyJ? tcif;+y;D onfEiS hf tarESit hf wl jcKH yw k x f J 0ifw;kd &avonf? &Gmpnf;¶d;k teD;rS ywfcwf vdkufonfh aoewfoHonf nOfhv$m¶Hkudk ayguf+yJ uGJtufapcJhonf? nonf tpdwpf w d f tr$mr$m uGaJ =uoGm;onf? oef@pifonfh rJarSmifaom nonf idkaºu;&avawmhonf? aoewfoHonf n.idak ºu;oH? nppfy. JG }urd ;f 0g;oH? tarvnf; idak vawmhonf? tarh ido k rH mS a'gooifh aecJhavonf? " 'DaoewfoH awGu b,fawmhrS r+y;D qH;k Edik af wmh bl;vm;? qif;&J'u k Q a&muf&wJh txJ xyf+y;D 'kuaQ &mufae =u&w,f? aumif;aumif; rtdy&f / rpm;& rae&eJ@? jcKH xu J a¹rudu k &f ifao tH;k r,f? toufukd zufe@J xkwx f m;&wJh 'ku?Q }u;D vdu k w f hJ 'kuQ" tarh idak ºu;oHonf ppf. idak ºu;oHyif jzpfaejyefonf? aoewforH sm;. tquf? aemufae@ reufwiG v f nf; aoewforH sm;. tqufjzpfonfh rdcifwOD;. ido k ?H ZeD;onf. ido k /H om;orD; wd@k . ido k rH sm;udyk g =um;&avawmhonf? wdu k yf x JG w J iG f aoqH;k oGm;ol rdom;pk . idak ºu;oHrsm;yif jzpfonf? xdk jynfwiG ;f ppf. idak ºu;oHrsm;onf tarawmifw h ylaqG;cJo h nfh twdik ;f ,ckwikd f r+y;D qH;k Edik af o;ygvm;? qif;&JraJG wr_onfvnf; uifqma&m*gE, S f r+y;D qH;k Edik af wmh? tEdik u f sihf aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fr_onfvnf; r+yD;qHk;Edkifao;? Adkvfus v$rf;rdk;r_/ vl@oduQm cseif;cH&r_ onfvnf; r+yD;qHk;Edkifawmh? ppf. idkaºu;oHrsm;onfvnf; b,faom umvwGif +y;D qH;k Edik yf grnfenf;? ppfukd t &if;cH ta=umif;jyKonfh ppftm%m&Sif pepfq;kd wnf&adS eor# ,if;t&m wd@k onf b,faomt cgrS +y;D qH;k Edik rf mS r[kw?f tarhcsOfaygif[if;ESifh iyd&nfudk vGrf;aomtcg &$if=unf qGwfysH@&avonf? uscwf0g; ¶H/k zsmpkwu f av;ESihf vufyyH ifw@kd udk owd& vGr;f waom tcg n$wEf ;l nHo h uf &avonf? yJc;l ¶d;k ra=umay:rS "qifpcef;"ESihf nOfih u S af w;oHukd vGr;f aomtcg xdt k csed Ef iS hf ae&mudk jyefvnf&&Sd csicf o hJ nf? wu,fh vGr;f armqGw=f uif &onfh csKd jr&o? ppf. idak ºu;oHrsm;udk vGr;f Ir[kw?f emusief musn;f pGm owd&¶Hyk ?J uav;b0 xJu pl;eifph jJG rcJ o hJ nfh zdEySd pf pf. idak ºu;oHrsm;rSm csOpf ;l cg;ouf aecJo h nf? tonf;ESv;kH wd@k ykwyf o hJ mG ;ap cJo h nhf txd ppf. id¶k u _d o f rH sm;u cg;tH cJah vonf? wyfrufp&m vH;k 0 r&Scd ?hJ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

141

142

" 'DaoewfoH awGu b,fawmhrS r+yD;qH;k Edik af wmh bl;vm;? qif;&J'uk Q a&muf&wJh txJ xyf+yD; 'kuaQ &mufae =u&w,f? aumif;aumif; rtdy&f / rpm;& rae&eJ@? jcHKxJu a¹ruduk &f ifao tH;k r,f? toufukd zufe@J xkwxf m;&wJh 'ku?Q }uD;vduk wf hJ 'kuQ " tarh idak ºu;oHonf ppf. idak ºu;oHyif jzpfaejyefonf? aoewforH sm;. tquf?aemuf ae@ reufwiG vf nf; aoewforH sm;. tqufjzpfonfh rdcifwOD;. idok ?H ZeD;onf. idok /H om;orD; wd@k. idok rH sm;udyk g =um;&avawmhonf? ...... rdrdtwGuf xdkcg;oD;r_ESifh cspfrufzG,f&m tvGrf;wdk@onf vGwfajrmufa&; wdu k yf t JG wGuf tiftm;udk jzpfapcJo h nf? 'Dru kd a&pDopf twGuf tiftm;opfukd jzpfapcJh onfy?J tarhukd vGr;f w vGr;f qGwo f nfh tcgwikd ;f xdt k vGr;f u tiftm;opfawGukd wzef jyefvnf arG;zGm;ay;cJah vonf? jynfawmf rjyef&ao;rSD umvY xdt k vGr;f awGukd ayG@zuf odr;f qnf;xm;ae&OD;rSm jzpfonf? EkE@JG nHo h ufaom tvGr;f onf t¶_yt f axG; tr_u d o f ¶du k rf sm;udk vSu J si;f oef@pif&ef twGuf rkew f ikd ;f rsm; jzpfvmaerSm jzpfonf? cdik x f eG ;f u "tudk b,fawmhjyefrvJ"[k ar;oGm;cJo h nf? Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_/ pmay v_y&f mS ;r_ rsm;wGif yg0ifaeor# zufqpfw@kd . tusO;f axmifwiG f aoG;yGuyf u G f tHonf txd ppfzed yfjzifh tuefc&H rSm jzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&; r&rcsi;f b,fvm jyefygrh vJ? xdt k usO;f axmifwiG f i&JcaH e&rnft h pm; xdt k cspf xdt k vGr;f xdt k rke;f wd@k udk odr;f ayG@um ¶du k cf sujf yif; aom rkew f ikd ;f rsm; udk zefw;D aerSm jzpfonf? " xl;wifah tmif 'gaemufq;kH ac:jcif; jzpfw,f? xl;wifah tmif " v#ypf pfusipf ufjzifh twd@k cHvu kd &f ovdk wkev f y_ o f mG ;onf? " 'DrmS &Syd gw,fæ &Sdygw,f " [k uokwfu&uf xxGufcJh&onf? tcef;0wGif &yfv#uf wHcg;zGifhv#uf olemjyKq&mronf +yKH ;v#uf apmif}h uKd aeavonf?

armifp;kd csdef Zlvikd 2f 2/ 2012

142

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

143

bmomjyef tcef;quf Tpmtkyfonf pma&;q&mr karen connelly . rl&if;pmtkyw f tkyjf zpf+yD; pmzwfolrsm; tm; tvGeftrif; zwfapcsifaom qENa=umifh }uKd;pm; wifjyvkdufygonf? Tpmtkyftm; zwfapjcif;jzifh jref rmEkdifiHtwGif; tkyfcsKyfrif;rlaeaom ppftpkd;&. vuf xufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkd@ rnfa&G@ rnfr#xdvl@tcGifh ta&; qkH;&_H;ae+yD; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;&Sd tusOf;axmif rsm;twGif; rnfuJhokd hzdpD;ESdyfpuf rnfuJhokd qif;&J'kuQcH&I ppftpkd;&. vlrqefr_rsm;ukd uGufuGufuGif;uGif; odjrif&rnf jzpfygonf? tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyoGm;ygrnf?

tvif ; td r f r **~~ Z if ; ,cifvrStquf

tdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrf tcef; ( 53)

udpk ed , f [ kH m Ak'b < &k m;&J@ rsuEf mS awmf zl;ajrmS af ew,f? yg;jyifay:udk usaewJh qHyif awGudkoyf+yD; acgif;ay:wifvkduf&if; axmif0g'g udkwifodef;udk apmifhar#mfaeygw,f? udw k ifoed ;f [m udpk ed , f rkH mS xm;wJh iSuzf sm;usaq; uGeD KdG if ud, k +l y;D taqmif(3)rS Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;rsm;udk ay;zd@k jzpfygw,f? wcsKd @aomtaqmif(3) Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;[m iSuzf sm; a&m*gt}u;D tus,f xae=uygw,f? udw k ifoed ;f [m tawmfu h kd toH;k 0ifwo hJ jl zpfygw,f? udpk ed , f t kH wGuf qD;csKd aoG;csKd usaq;yg o,fvmw,f ? udpk ed , f [ kH m uGr;f wHawG;udk axG;xkwv f u kd &f if; axmifxrJ mS usio hf ;kH =uwJh 0g'gawG vkyx f ;kH awGukd pOf;pm;aeygw,f? 0g'gawG[m axmifxu J kd b,fvakd q;rsKd ;rqdk oGi;f vmEdik f =uw,f? 0g'gtcsi;f csi;f &SmazGa&;rvky=f ubl;? 'Dae@qd&k if uGED KdG ief @J aq;xd;k tyf,v l mvdrrhf ,f? reufzefq&kd if rl;,pfaq;awG tpm;tpmaumif;awG ,lvmay;r,f? 'Dvekd @J bJ axmifxrJ mS usiv f nfae=uw,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

143

144

rae@u axmifrLS ;vlacsm pde,f ukH kd pmay;vduk wf ,f? pmxJrmS pde,f kH eHrnfe@J pde,f tkH areHrnfygwJh =urf;wrf;wJqh qJ rkd a_ wG a&;xm;w,f? udpk ed ,f [kH m axmifus&ufav#mh atmifvyk vf ukd wf m rav#mhbJ tjypfwifc&H wmbJ jzpfvmw,f? pde,f kH pdwxf rJ mS abmvfyif [m 'Daumifav;qDrmS &Sad ew,fq+kd yD; cHpm;xm;w,f? 'DavmufaA'ife@JvuQ%m ajymwwfwohJ [l m 'Dwcg 12 ESptf &G,f aumifav;udk b,fvrkd S rEdik Ef ikd af o;bl; ? axmifxrJ mS wm;jrpfxm;wJh ypPn;f [m aocsm aumifav;qDrmS &S&d r,f? axmifyikd }f uD;vnf; vdck sifwm awG&+yD; axmifxrJ mS wm;jrpfxm;wJyh pPn;f awGukd w&m;&H;k rSmjy+yD; taqmif(3) uEdik if aH &;orm;awG ESpyf +kd yD;=umatmif vkyEf ikd wf ,f?tckq&kd if udpk ed ,f eG f ,kwrf mr_e@J taqmif(3) u Edik if aH &;tusOf;om;awG acG;avSmiftrd xf rJ mS acG;awGe@Jtwl tdyaf e=u+yD? aemufq;kH w&m;&H;k qH;k jzwfcsufe@J axmifyikd }f uD;[m Edik if aH &; taqmif(3) uvlawGukd axmifxrJ mS aemufxyf (8)ESpqf uf+yD; xdr;f xm;Edik cf whJ ,f? ........ wESp+f y;D wESpf yd+k y;D =umvmw,f? axmifxrJ mS b,favmuf=um xyfae=u&tH;k rvJ rodyg? vuQ%mq&mvkyw f hJ udpk ed , f [ kH m ol@twGuf aemufbmjzpfvmEdik o f vJqw kd mudk rwGuw f wfb;l jzpfaew,f? olrsm;awGuo kd m aA'ifa[mEdik af yr,fh ol@[molrwwfEikd b f ;l / vGefcJhwJhESpfvavmuftcsdefrSm udkpdef,HkaxmifxJrSm axmifrSL;vlacsmudk rsufESmvkyf+yD; tvkyt f rsm;}u;D vkyaf y;cJw h ,f? taqmif(3)uEdik if aH &;orm;awGuv kd nf; Edik if aH &;pmawG a&;cdik ;f +y;D tjyifux kd w k af y;r,fq+kd y;D udv k al csmudk ay;vdu k Ef ikd w f ,f? wckbJ udpk ed , f akH 'guefwm[m awZudk axmifzrf;zd@k olu, kd w f ikd f tydik o f &kyf aqmifay;xm;awmh tJ'aD bmvfyif[m aysmufaecJw h ,f? b,fvrkd S oufaorjyEdik b f ;l jzpfomG ;+y;D axmifrLS ;vlacsmyg 'kuaQ &mufomG ;w,f ? rae@u axmifrSL;vlacsm pdef,Hkudk pmay;vdkufw,f? pmxJrSmpdef,Hk eHrnfeJ@ pde, f t kH areHrnfygwhJ =urf;wrf;wJq h q J rkd a_ wG a&;xm;w,f? udpk ed , f [ kH m axmifus&ufav#mh atmifvyk v f u kd w f m rav#mb h J tjypfwifc&H wmbJ jzpfvmw,f? pde, f kH pdwx f rJ mS abmvfyif [m 'Daumifav;qDrSm&Sdaew,fqdk+yD; cHpm;xm;w,f? 'DavmufaA'ifeJ@vuQ%m ajymwwfwo hJ [ l m 'Dwcg 12 ESpt f &G,f aumifav;udk b,fvrkd S rEdik Ef ikd af o;bl; ? axmifxJ rSmwm;jrpfxm;wJh ypPn;f [m aocsm aumifav;qDrmS &S&d r,f? axmifyikd }f u;D vnf; vdck siw f m awG & +yD ; axmif x J r S m wm;jrpf x m;wJ h y pP n f ; awG u d k w&m;&H k ; rS m jy+yD ; taqmif ( 3) uEdkifiHa&;orm;awG ESpfydk+yD;=umatmif vkyfEdkifw,f?tckqdk&if udkpdef,Hk ,kwfrmr_eJ@ taqmif(3) u Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG acG;avSmiftrd x f rJ mS acG;awGe@J twl tdyaf e=u+y?D aemufq;kH w&m;&H;k qH;k jzwfcsuef @J axmifyikd }f u;D [m Edik if aH &; taqmif(3) uvlawGukd axmifxrJ mS aemufxyf (8)ESpq f uf+y;D xde;f xm;Edik cf w hJ ,f? 144

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

145

awZ ud p P [ m aocsmpD p Of x m;+yD ; rS ouf a otaxmuf t xm;r&S d v d k @ ol@udkyg'kuQjyefa&mufoGm;w,f? oGufvufwJhaumifav; wckckvkyfxm;w,fqdkwm pde, f ckH pH m;vd@k &w,f? pde, f kH pdwx f rJ mS a&jrif;vd@k trnfay;xm;wJh axmif}u;D zdrk mS t}u;D qH;k csuf}uD; udk jrifvmw,f? a&jrif;}uD;[m atmufE_wfcrf;uGJ+yD; wGJavmif;usaew,f? tvGe0f +y;D &kyq f ;kd w,f? tusiv hf nf;odyq f ;kd w,f? ol@udak ygi;f +y;D aumifav;udk wckcv k yk f &r,f?csu}f u;D &J@ oGm;}u;D awG[m a&jrif;vdb k J t}u;D }u;D eJ@ 0g0gxed x f ed }f u;D jzpfaew,f? udpk ed , f kH t}uaH wG aumif;aumif; xkwaf e&if;/ aumifav;ac: ukvm;av;udk 'kuv Q v S aS y;zd@k tpDpOfawG qGaJ ew,f? =uu G o f wform;av;udk 'Dae@reuf ausmif;vHck snt f pdr;f eJ@ awG@vdu k f w,f? 'DavmufawmifvlvnfusEdkifwJh ukvm;av;.... udkpdef,Hkaxmifacsmufudk vGwEf ikd yf grh vm; ....? tdraf jrSmifavSmiftrd f - tcef; (54) awZ xdik af e&if;eJ@ toufurkd eS rf eS &f v _ u kd w f ,f? pdwx f rJ mS ajcwHvufw&H n S w f hJ yd;k ESaH umifukd jrifa,mifvmw,f? awZ [m odyyf ed af ewJh ol@&J@cE<mudk jyefprf;ppfaew,f? wu,fv@kd rsm; ol@&J@ t&d;k ay:u ta&jym;[m ydev f eG ;f vd@k aysmufu, G o f mG ;&if wae@rSm olrsm;tdy, f muxwJt h cgrmS ol@&J@t&d;k awGbJ xvdu k rf ,fv@kd pdwu f ;l ,Ofrw d ,f? t&d;k ay: ta&wifb&J adS ewJh ol@cE<m[m odrv f eG ;f w,f? 'Dae@vnf;xH;k pHtwdik ;f w&m;xdik af vhusiw hf ,f? cE<mud, k &f @J jzpfjcif;ysujf cif;awGukd w&m;usiw hf ,f? tJ't D csed rf sKd ;a&mufvm&if ud, k af &mpdwyf g ayg@yg;oGm;w,fv@kd cHpm;&w,f? ESpef m&Davmuf w&m;xdik w f musiw hf ,f? pdwx f rJ mS vnf; aysmv f mw,f? ayg@yg;vGwv f yfae w,f? emusiw f phJ w d [ f m tvdv k kd aysmufu, G o f mG ;w,f? wu,f=unfch siw f t hJ &m[m ol@&J@rsuEf mS udk rSex f rJ mS =unfch siw f ,f? usKd ;yJah ewJh ae&mawG/ zl;a&mifaewJah e&mawGukd rSerf &Sad wmh vufe@J prf;+y;D pdwx f rJ mS idck siv f mw,f? wu,fawmh 'DvEkd ydS pf ufc&H wmawGukd arhypfEikd b f @kd [m rvG,yf g? wqufwnf;rSmyJ awZ[m ol@&J@b0xJu t+y;D tydik x f u G cf mG oGm;wJh tazhukd owd& wrf;wrdw,f? taz[mvnf; awZvdb k J ajcwHvufwH &Snw f o hJ jl zpfygw,f? vufuo kd wd,&if; vufacsmif;av;awGqD a&mufomG ;w,f? tJ'v D ufacsmif;av;awGe@J *Dwmudk wD;cwfcw hJ ,f? 'Dvufacsmif;av;awGe@J *Dwm&J@ vufoH[m tuGufususESdyf+yD; oli,fcsif;awGtwGuf aw;oDcsif;rsm;pGmudk wD;cwfcw hJ ,f? ol@oDcsi;f awGe@J vlawGukd Ed;_ aqmf wuf=uG Edik cf w hJ ,f? ywf0ef;usiu f kd vSn=hf unfrh ad wmh tusO;f cef;&,f/ oHwikd af wG&,f/ tusO;f cef; tjyifbufrmS cdik cf ikd rf mrm&yfaewJh tkwef &H }H u;D udjk rifvmw,f ? &maygi;f rsm;pGmaom vlawG [m 'Daxmif}u;D udk wnfaqmufcw hJ ,f? vlawGukd tusO;f csxm;Edik w f hJ }u;D rm;wJah xmif}u;D udk tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

145

146

aqmufcw hJ hJ &maygi;f rsm;pGmaomvlawG[m tJ'v D ufe@J bJ apwDawGukd wnfaqmufcrhJ mS bJ? Ak'j< rwfpmG bk&m; &kyyf akH wmfawGuv kd nf;bJ wnfaqmufcrhJ mS bJ vd@k awG;rdw,f? wcgjyef+y;D w&m;rSww f ,f? 0ifoufxu G o f ufukd jyefusiw hf ,f? ESpef m&Davmuf xyfusi&hf if; pdwx f rJ mS 0rf;Adu k }f u;D udk aps;0,fwhJ aps;jcif;awmif;vd@k jrifvmw,f? ESv;kH &J@ckeo f H [m zm;awGcek o f vdk iSuaf wGyso H ef;oGm;ovdk cHpm;vmw,f? tdraf jrmS ifav;wpfaumifvkd axmifacsmufxu J ae vGwaf jrmufz@kd apmifq h ikd ;f ae&ovdk cHpm;&w,f? wckx;l jcm;wm[m awZpdwx f rJ mS abmvfyife@J v,f*smpm&Guaf wGupd u P kd ylyifr_ rjzpfvmwm[m tHh=op&mjzpfw,f? wu,fqdk&if awZ[m tJ'Dpm&GufawGay:rSm udkpdef,Hkvm&if ay;zdk@ EdkifiHa&;pmawG a&;xm;+yD;om;jzpfw,f? bmbJjzpfjzpfqkyf+zJ+yD; yg;pyfxu J 0rf;Adu k x f J a&mufatmif +rKd csEikd cf w hJ ,f? oufaoawGr&Sad wmhb;l / tJ'v D kd puULudk 0g;+y;D +rKd csvu kd w f mudk pOf;pm;ae&if;eJ@ vBu&f nfteH@udk cHpm;&w,f? vBu&f nf teH@}uKd i}f uKd ief @J vBu&f nfqikd rf mS oli,fcsi;f awGe@J xdik +f y;D wdik yf if=u wmawG owd,vmw,f ? qdik x f rJ mS r[kwb f J vrf;ay:rSm acG;ajcuav;awGe@J vGwv f w G v f yfvyfxikd +f y;D vBu&f nfaomuf&wmudk awZyd+k y;D oabmusw,f? aumifav;jyefvmay;wJh v,f*sm pmtkyaf v;xJrmS awZa&;cJw h [ hJ mudk wa,mufa,mufu aumfyq D x JG m;&if aumif;rSmbJ vd@k pOf;pm;rdw,f? wu,fawmhaumfyrD qGb J J Adu k x f u J +kd rKd cs+y;D odr;f xm;wm olbrJ [kwyf gvm;....? tJ'D v,f*smpmtkyfav;udkwcgjyef+yD;vufxJrSm qkyfudkifxm;wmudk odyfaysmfrdw,f? pmtkyaf v;udzk iG +hf y;D pm&Guaf v;awGukd ESmacgi;f em;rSmawh+y;D erf;&du _ v f u kd &f wm odyaf ysmf w,f? xyf+y;D owd&wmuawmh vBu&f nf aomuf&wmbJ ? abmvfyiftjzLav;udk aemufwpf}urd u f ikd &f wmvnf; odypf w d cf sr;f omw,f? tvGe&f if;ES;D +y;D om; abmvfyifav;jzpfw,f? axmifu h t0wfyx kH u J abmvfyifav;udk xkwv f u kd &f if; vuf0g;ay:rSm av#mufjcpf a&;om;vdu k w f ,f? tckvakd wZ abmvfyifav;udk vufrmS a&;+y;D +yKH ;aysmaf ewmudk udpk ed , f kH wpfa,mufrsm;odc&hJ if b,favmufa'go xGuaf e rvJqdkwm awG;&if; awZ+yHK;rdw,f? tvGefa'go}uD;wJh axmifrSL;udkvlacsmudkvnf; awG;rdw,f? &Dcsiv f mw,f/tusO;f xJrmS awZbmvkyaf eovJqw kd m axmifrLS ;vlacsmod&if awZudk owfypfrmS bJ? awZtcktcsdefudk t&rf;oabmusw,f? abmvfyifav;[m rSifxlw,f? awZvufreJ@ vufz0g;ay: abmvfyift&mawGukd yGwo f yf+y;D azsmufzsuv f u kd w f ,f? awZ[mabmvfyifav;ud=k unf&h if;...."rif; wpfcgjyefvmw,faemf? ig@udo k wd& vd@k jyefvmwmvm; ....? awmfawmf+*Kd vaf r$whJ aumifav;/ bmbJjzpfjzpf 'Dwcg igrif;udk 146

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

147

wu,ftoH;k uswahJ e&mudk yd@k ay;r,f? [dt k &ifvkd rypfawmhb;l ?" awZ tusO;f cef;eH&u H kd aemufausmay; xdik v f u kd &f if; tusO;f ud0k ifww hJ cH g; ayguu f kd ai;=unfah ew,f? pdwx f rJ mS owdvufvw G rf jzpfz@kd owdjyefay;ae&w,f? tck tcsdefrSm trSwfrxif 0g'gwa,muf wHcg;aygufzGifh+yD;0ifvm&if awZvufxJrSm abmvfyife@J pmtkyu f kd awG@oGm;&if awZ oufomrSmr[kwb f ;l ?awZb0 awmfawmf qd;k 0g; oGm;Edik w f ,f? owd&rdS jS zpfr,f? taetxdik yf &d rd jS zpfr,f? awZpdwx f rJ mS wkev f y_ af jcmufjcm; wmrsKd ;rjzpfyg? axmifouf&ifv h mvd@k 0g&ifh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;wpfa,mufjzpfvm+yD r[kwf ygvm;? bmbJjzpfjzpf w&m;xdkifwJhtusdK;[m }uD;rm;ygw,f? jzpfcJhor# awZ&Sdb0/ tazaocJw h ,f? rsu&f nfawGvnf;uscw hJ ,f? 0rf;enf;cJw h ,f?cspo f u l o kd wd, / wrf;wrd w,f? 'gayr,f htJ'gawGudk cHEdkif&nf&Sdvmw,f? rjzpfEdkifwmwck pdwful;,Ofrdw,f? tcktcsed rf mS axmifrLS ;vlacsm ol@tcef;udk a&mufvmw,f? awZ[m +yKH ;+yKH ;av;eJ@ v,f*sm pmtkyaf y:rSm axmif0ifpmeJ@ywfoufwhJ vdck siw f mawGukd abmvfyiftjzL av;eJ@ pma=umif; awGtrsm;}u;D a&;+y;D pm&if;jyKaew,f? rpm;&wm=um+yjD zpfwhJ pm;p&mawGukd a&;+y;D rSmae w,f? pdwu f ;l ,OfxrJ mS awmh awmfawmf aysmpf &m jzpfygw,f? pdwx f rJ mS oDcsi;f pmaom;awG ay:vmw,f? &ifacgi;f xJu oDcsi;f qdck siv f mw,f? pdwx f rJ mS *Dwmudk udik x f m;&if; wD;cwfaerdw,f? uD;awGuv kd u kd Ef ydS af e&if; *Dwmvufw&H @J aEG;axG;r_ukd cHpm;&w,f? axmifus Edik if aH &;orm;wa,muf cHpm;csuaf wGukd oDcsi;f a&;ae w,f? bma&;rvJ / i,fi,fwek ;f u oli,fwef;b0ta=umif;a&;rSmvm;/ cspcf w hJ hJ oZif ta=umif; a&;rSmvm;/ odyfcspf&wJh avmu}uD;udk E_wfqufwJh oDcsif;a&;rSmvm;...? }urd ;f aowmuawmh 'l;axmufum v,f*smpmtkyu f kd zGiv hf u kd &f if; abmvfyifav;u pwifvy_ &f mS ;aeyg+y?D pdwx f u J pum;vH;k rsm; a&&Gwaf e&if; axmifusorm;wa,muf&@J oDcsi;f wyk'u f kd pwifa&;csaeyg+y?D ... aemufq;kH oDcsi;f ... nDav;a& rif;eJ@ig odwaf 0;uGmvGe;f vSw,f rsuv f ;kH wpHyk w d x f m;rSbJ rif;udik gjrif&w,f ig@ocD si;f awGe@J bJ rif;eJ@ig[m a0;uGmcJw h ,f ,H=k unfwhJ vGwv f yfa&;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifr,f nDtudw k a,mufvkd wa,mufoyd cf sp=f uwmudk vrif;}uD;vnf;odw,f axmife&H eH @J tdraf jrSmifav;vnf;odw,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

147

148

igwd@k EpS af ,muf ajryHu k kd aoaocsmcsm a&;qG+J yD; azaz&Sw d hJ vBu&f nfqikd b f ufukd oGm;=ur,f *Hek pD uf&akH emufu vBu&f nfqikd rf mS aq;vdyx f ikd af omufr,f igwd@k nt D udEk pS af ,muf rke@f [if;cg;yk*aH jymifatmifpm;=ur,f? ighn&D ,f ig@pw d u f ;l [m wu,fwrf;av twl&w dS ,f igwd@k EpS af ,muf va&mifatmufrmS igwd@k &@J trd &f w dS hJ vrf;ay:rSm twlvrf;av#muf&if; opfcaG wGukd vSvyS y pdu k yf sKd ;&if; va&mifatmufrmS tvGev f yS wJh trsKd ;orD;}uD; w,mufqu D akd ygh? nDav;a& jzpfEikd &f if rif;&J@iakd ewJrh suv f ;kH udk ig@vufe@J ow k af y;csiw f ,f em;awGxrJ mS t+rJ=um;aew,f vrf;ay:rSm vlawG&@J atmf[pf idak =uG;aewJt h oHawG&,f aoG;awGpeG ;f xif;aewJh vrf;ay: ido k w H w d rf S yke;f uG,=f uum wdww f w d x f u G v f m&if; aysmufq;kH aewJh ud, k zhf ed yfawG ud, k &f mS =uw,f? pum;vH;k awG&mS azGae&if; ydwaf ewJyh g;pyfawG zGiv hf u kd =f upd@k igwd@k [m aoqH;k oGm;wJh trsKd ;orD;awG&@J toH / aoqH;k oGm;wJh a,muFsm; awG&@J idak =uG;oH / ESarsmp&m aumif;avmufatmif i,fi,f&, G &f , G f aoqH;k oGm;wJh cav;awG&@J idak =uG;oHe@J twl igwd@k &@J idak =uG;oHawGukd jyef=um;a,mif=upd@k ? nDav;a& ig@ocD si;f xJu pmom;awGukd rif;odygw,f rif;rSm av;cG&adS o;vm;...? awmxJawmifxrJ mS zH;k &So d vm;...? opfcaG wGpu kd w f t hJ rsKd ;orD;}uD;qD zke;f qufao;vm;...? &nf&, G cf sut f wGuf wdu k yf kH 0wfaewJo h al wG awmifuek ;f awGay:rSm ig@&@J ocD si;f udk aomufo;kH =uayg@ tpmiwfaewJh ydev f ed af ewJh cE<mud, k af wG &Darm=uayg@ 148

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

149

ig rif;aemufrmS &Sw d ,f / rif;t&dyaf tmufrmS ig[m aoewfrudik f *Dwmudik +f yD;&yfaew,f/ wcgwav zd;k zd;k ac:oH =um;ae&w,f/ 'gayr,fh tdrrf jyefjzpfao;wJh ig@w@kd b0[m tvkyaf wGrsm;rsm; vky&f r,f? Adv k cf sKyfawG[m bm;rm;udk jrefrm vkyv f u kd =f u&if; ig@wikd ;f jynf tjzpftysuaf wGukd arhypfvu kd =f uw,f/ igwd@k rvkycf w hJ hJ tjypfawGe@J tusO;f csc&H w,f eH&aH wGta=umif; jcawGow d ,f/ yifu h t l rd v f kd wjznf;jznf; }uD;rm;vmw,f/ 'gayr,fh vlawGrsupf ed @J rjrifEikd b f ;l ? nDav;a& ig@taoG;tom;[m wdu k yf aJG c:oHjzpf&r,f igwd@k EpS af ,muf b,fawmhrS rcGb J ;l rif;udik g pd;k &drw f ,f/ ,H=k unfjcif;eJ@ wdu k yf 0JG if&if; vlowf&r,fh rif;udk oem;w,f/ rif;[maoewfuikd af yr,fh ig[m *Dwmudik rf ,f 'gayr,fh ig@&@J *DweJ@ig@toHe@J wu kd yf aJG wG trsm;}uD;atmif&r,f aemufq;kH oDcsi;f udk xdik af &;&if;eJ@ ig@&@J vufrmS uavmifw&H w dS ,f ig a&;or#xrJ mS ig qdo k r#xrJ mS &Sad ewm wck&w dS ,f tJ'g[m ...arwWmbJ ?

armifarmifvwf ( Roland Hardy ) qufvufaz: jyygrnf?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

149

150

bmomjyef tcef;quf a'gufwmbarmf .

&kef;xGufcJh&aomjrefrmjynf Ba Maw BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA Memoirs Of a Revolution 1939 - 1946

oef;0if;vSkdif (jyefqdkonf) rl&if;pma&;q&m a'gufwmbarmf. (Breakthrough in Burma) vuf&mjzpfonf?a'gufwmbarmfonf udkvdkeD acwfynmwwf 0wfvHka&S@aewpfOD;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH.udkvdkeDacwf 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;wpfOD;/ zufqpf*syefacwf t"dywdtm%m&SifwpfOD;/ twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD; jzpfcJhbl;olwa,mufjzpfum/ oljzwfoef;}uHKawG@cJh&aom jrefrmjynf. EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfudk tajccHI a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf? pma&;q&m oef;0if;v_difrS bmomjyefI a&;om;xm;onfudk tvif;tdrfrStcef;quftjzpf az:jyvdkufygonf? acwfwpfacwf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;ordkif; jzpfpOfudk acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf jzpfcJhol. a&;om;csufudk avhvmod&SdEdkif&ef wifjyvdkufygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;

tcef; (2) 'kw, d urBmppf}uD; p+yD? urBmppf}u;D . tapmydik ;f ESpu f mvrsm;twGi;f a&;om;cJo h !fh 'dik , f m&D rSww f rf;um; ,ckwikd f u|Eyfk Ef iS hf &Sad eqJ jzpfonf? toH;k rjyKawmho!fh ypPnf;rsm;/ arharhavsmah vsmh ypfxm;o!fh wdv k rD v kd D ypPn;f rsm; t=um;rS 'dik , f m&Dw@kd udk jyefawG@cJjh cif; jzpfonf? ESp}f urd w f ikd w f ikd f jzwfoef;cJ&h aom rif;rJu h mvrsm;twGi;f / raysmufrysuf use&f pfaeaom 'dik , f m&Drsm;rSm/ ,cktcg jcpm;I qefumayguf jzpfaeay+y?D od@k ayr,hf uHaumif;axmufrpGmyif zwfIum; &ao;onf? tdrk if;&ifah &mfI t0gusiu fh sihf v$r;f ae+y;D jzpfaom/ 'dik , f m&D pmtkyaf v;rsm;rSm/ u|Eyfk b f 0twGuf aESmif;twdw. f tydik ;f tprsm; jzpfovdk/ b,fawmhrS rarhEdkifo!fh trSwfonmrsm;vnf; jzpfaeonf? ,ck pmrsufESmrsm;udk u|Ekfyfa&;om;aeo!fh nwdkif;/ 'dkif,m&Drsm;u u|Efkyfudk t+rJ 150

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

151

pum;ajymaeawmhonf? 'dkif,m&DwGif OD;qHk; a&;oGif;xm;o!fh ta=umif;t&mrSm/ urBmppf}u;D jzpfymG ;vmo!fh tajctaersm; jzpfonf? xd@k aemuf &uftenf;t=um/ "aemufwpfcg jrLepfvm;" [laom 0gusukd awG@&onf? aemuf &uftenf;i,ftxd wdusa&&mjcif; r&S?d aemufq;kH Y ydv k efEikd if u H kd wdu k cf u kd af eo!fh ta=umif; t&mudk awG@&onf? wpfae&mY Tod@k a&;rSwx f m;onf? " ydkvefusqHk;oGm;+yD? ,cktxd bmr# jzpfrvmao;? [pfwvmtwGuf olwdk@ vkcd siw f m&+yq D akd wmh/ ppf}u;D +y;D oGm;+yD qdv k #iv f nf; tH=h op&m r[kw?f " vGwv f yfa&; twGuf tvkyv f yk af eolrsm; enf;wl/ u|Eyfk o f nfvnf; jzpfvmawmhr!fh urBmppf}u;D ta=umif;/ tawmftcsed , f l pOf;pm;vmcJo h vd/k ppfa=umifh u|Eyfk w f @kd vGwv f yfa&;twGuf tcGit hf vrf;&vmEdik af =umif; / u|Eyfk f ,H=k unfru _ kd r=umc% a=unmxkwjf yefczhJ ;l onf? od@k wdik f ar#mv f ifx h m;ovd/k wu,fjzpfvmcsed rf mS awmh tjcm;vlrsm; enf;wl/ u|Eyfk u f , kd f wdik v f nf; =uufao aoae awmhonf/ xkpd Ofu a0cGrJ &jzpfaeo!fh u|Eyfk . f tajctae ud;k [lI/ 'kid , f m&DwiG f a&;oGi;f xm;onf? t"dyg` ,f ra&r&mESifh y&rf;ywm pum;vH;k wd@k u azmfjyaeygonf? rnfo@kd &Sad p ar#mv f ifx h m;o!fh tvS!t hf ajymif; jzpf&yfrsm;ud/k u|Eyfk t f aeESihf csucf si;f rwH@k jyefEikd yf J &S&d onfrmS vnf;/ ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ; &So d !ft h wGu[ f k qd&k ygrnf? trSet f m;jzihf xdt k csed Yf wpfcck u k kd tjywfajymI r&ao;o!ft h csed v f nf; jzpfonf? ppf}u;D +y;D qH;k oGm;o!feh nf;wl/ t&m&monf jzpfEikd o f nf? 0if&;kd pGe;f yg0grsm; ( *smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syef) . atmifyrJG mS vnf; oHo, jzpfp&mrvd/k awmufav#muf twufjyae onf? wpfzuf&yfo. l tokwrf mS vnf;/ tusyt f wnf; yÉdyuQwikd ;f wGif yHrk eS f vkyaf e=u tvkyv f kd jzpfae&m/ tjcm;olrsm;vdyk if ydv k efwiG v f nf;/ Tod@k jzpfvrd rhf nf[k ar#mv f ifh xm;onf? tqdyk gumvtwGi;f jrefrmjynf. t&yf&yf tajctaewd@k udk em;vnfz@kd vdyk gonf? xdu k mv u [pfwvmESihf 0if&;kd pGe;f Edik if rH sm;u t&SEikd if rH sm;tay: rd;k xm;o!fh t&Sed t f 0grmS }u;D rm;o!fh tavsmuf u|Eykf w f @kd b,fvrkd S arhypfv@kd &Edik rf nf r[kwyf g? ,if;wd@k . v$r;f rd;k r_um; pdw! f KSd @xm; ovm;yif xifrw S &f onf? 0if&;kd pGe;f acgi;f aqmifawG ajymor#/ vkyfor#tm;vHk; vufcHaeonf? urBmopf}uD;wpfckudk zefwD;rnf[k qd k x m;o!f h t wd k i f ; / vuf a wG @ vnf ; ol w d k @ aqmif & G u f a eonf ? tm&S w d k u f wpfcv k ;kH taeESiv hf nf;/ olw@kd ajymo!fh urBmtpDtrHopfrsKd ;udk awmif;waeonfrmS =um+y?D Edik if w H uma&;&mESihf ywfoufI/ [pfwvmu &d;k &d;k &Si;f &Si;f yif wufaxmif armif;wif ajymcJo h !fh tavsmuf ydv k efukd odr;f +y;D aemuf / u|Eyfk w f @kd ar#mv f ifch =hJ uonf? oabmw&m;t&jzpfap/ ay:vpDt& jzpfap ydv k efEiS hf tjcm;Edik if iH ,fav; wpf'gZif0ufr# tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

151

152

paw;cHvu kd &f o!ft h wGu/f bmr# jy\emr&S[ d k u|Eyfk w f @kd u vufcx H m;onf? tiftm; }u;D Edik if w H @kd twGuf a&$jynfat; ay:vpDEiS hf uGuw f d jzpfonf? od@k wdik f u|Eyfk w f @kd twGuf oHo,yGm;p&m jzpfvmonfrmS / [pfwvm. a=unm csujf zpfonf +Aw d o d # tifyg,m}u;D tpdwpf w d f tr$mr$m +yKd uo JG mG ;onfukd ol@taeESihf rawG@vdak =umif;/ r=umc% xkwaf zmfco hJ vdk tdE, Nd ESihf tjcm;udv k ekd w D @kd udyk if/ ol. hJ nf? *smrefvrl sKd ;}u;D 0g'twGuf r&Srd jzpf vkt d yfonf[l I qufvuf todtrSwfjyKco tvm;wl csuu f pkd vdk Aufu;D ,m;/ =opa=w;vs/ tDo, D ydk , D m;/ refcsL;&D;,m; wd@k . uH=urRm uvnf; u|Eyfk w f @kd twGuf pOf;pm;p&m jzpfvmovk/d t*Fvyd w f @kd . t"du &nf&, G cf surf mS 4if;wd@k tifyg,mudk umuG,zf @kd jzpf+y;D / *smref. +crd ;f ajcmufru _ kd wGe;f z,fz@kd jzpfonf? xd@k twGuf qdAk , D uf ,le, D EH iS hf r[mrdwzf @JG cJ&h onf[/k u|Eyfk w f @kd ,H=k unfvm=uonf? yÉdyuQopfw@kd udk xkpd Ofu csucf si;f tuJrjzwfEikd cf o hJ nfrmS vnf;/ txufyg ta=umif;a=umifh jzpfonf? ppf}udKumvu tiftm;}uD; EdkifiHwdk@ t=um; yÉdyuQw@kd udk ajz&Si;f &mwGi/f Tod@k aomenf;rSm Edik if w H um tay;t,l oabm jzpfae o!ft h wGuf rnfo@kd tqH;k owfrnfuv kd nf; rod=uay? yxr&uf owWywftwGi;f tajctae t&yf&yfrSm ppfjzpfr!fhyHk ray:? ydkvefudpPESifh +yD;oGm;vdrfhrnf[kom ar#mv f ifx h m;=uonf? TtajctaerSm [pfwvm. ppfwyfrsm; Oa&mywpf0ufwiG /f ppfa&;jyaeo!ft h csed x f d jzpfonf? Edik if w H um tajctaersm; w&pyf t&Sed jf rifv h m+y;D / u|Eyfk w f @kd twGuf aoa&;&Siaf &; jzpfvmo!ft h cgro S m/ u|Eyfk t f ygt0if tjcm;awmf awmfrsm;rsm;vnf; xJx0J if0if pwif pOf;pm;&awmhonf? u|Eyfk t f aeESihf csw D ckH swkH jzpfaeo!fh tjcm; ta=umif;wpfcrk mS 'G[ d tajc taeESihf &ifqikd f ae&o!ft h wGuf jzpfonf? tifyg,m e,fcs@J 0g' (od@k ) udv k ekd 0D g'rSm vlrsKd ;a&; u|efjyKo!fh yHpk w H pfck tjzpfom u|Eyfk ef m;vnfxm;onf? odt k wGuf ,ck ppf}u;D udv k nf; tqdyk g tjrifEiS yfh if u|Eyfk f =u!fh onf? u|Eykf t f jrift& Tppf}u;D rSm vlrsKd ;a&; t,l0g'ESihf ay:vpDw@kd &kww f &uf 0ifaqmifrh o d !fh oabmom jzpfonf? wpfzufu tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf olwdk@uom }uD;us,fonf[k ZGwfajymaeovdk wpfzufu oG,0f u kd I f ,Ofaus;pGm ajymaeonf? od@k ayr,fh ESpOf ;D vH;k . ADZwd@k um; twlwl jzpfonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd tm&SEiS fh tmz&du Edik if rH sm;twGuf ay:vpDw@kd rSm jcm;em;r_r&S/d twlwl jzpfonf? vljzLwd@k }u;D pd;k v$r;f rd;k a&;om jzpfonf? tajctaewpfckvHk;rSm ar#mfvifhcsufrhJaeovdk ra&r&m jzpfaeonf? u|Eyfk t f aeESiv hf nf; bufEpS b f uf=um; a&G;cs,&f cufae? trSet f m;jzifh bufEpS b f uf vH;k udk rke;f wD;&G@H &Sm rdaeo!fw h ikd f wpfzuf zufukd a&G@&rnfqo kd !f/h u|Eyfk w f @kd . uH=urRmudk ydI k rke;f wD;rdaeawmhonf? r=umrDYyif jrefrmwd@k wpfzuf zufukd a&G;cs,&f awmhrnf 152

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

153

jzpfa=umif;/ &Si;f vif;vmonf? Ttcsed Yf ppftwGi;f *syefa&mufrvmao;? twfwvef wpfcsmwm (Atlantic Charter)rSm vljzLwd@k . csmwm jzpfa=umif; xkwjf yefa=unmI/ vlrsKd ;a&; tjrifEiS hf oufqikd o f !fh udpP tawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; ajymqdck =hJ uonf? aemufq;kH vufawG@tjrift& qH;k jzwfz@kd ESihf yxrOD;pm;ay; vky&f r!fh udpw P @kd udk vkyfzdk@ u|Ekfyf qHk;jzwfvdkufawmhonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@ jrefrmjynftaeESifh vufawG@ trSew f u,f &ifqikd af e&onfrmS udv k ekd D e,fcs@J 0g' jzpf+y;D / tjcm; +crd ;f ajcmufrr_ sm;rSm/ a0;a0;u jrif&o!fh t&dyo f zG,f jzpfonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd taeESihf OD;qH;k vky&f r!fh vkyif ef;rSm/ u|Eyfk w f @kd *kwaf y: cGp;D aeo!hf bDv;l udk / t&ifwu kd zf @kd jzpfonf? tjcm; bDv;l rSm rnfr# &ke;f &if;=urf;wrf;onfjzpfap/ 'kw, d +crd ;f ajcmufr_ jzpfonf? trSef tm;jzifh vkt d yfrnf qdv k #i/f u|Eyfk w f @kd *kwaf y:cGp;D xm;o!fh bDv;l udk xd;k owfz@kd twGuf tjcm;bDv;l . tultnD ,l&rnf jzpfonf? xd@k twGuf jrefrmwd@k OD;pm;ay; pOf;pm;&r!ft h vkyrf mS / t*Fvyd f udv k ekd D vufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufz@kd jzpfonf? jzpfEikd v f #if t*Fvyd w f @kd ESihf tciftrif rysuf &,lz@kd vko d nf? od@k r[kwv f #if jzpfonfenf;ESihf &,l&rnf[k u|Eyfk ef *d ;kH csKyv f u kd af wmhonf? 4if;udpPtwGuf tjcm;x!fhoGif; pOf;pm;&r!fh tcsuftvufr&Sdawmh? Tonfukd jrefrmjynf olrsm; taeESiv hf nf; +Aw d o d # udv k ekd D tkycf sKyaf &;Y tawG@t}uKH &+dS y;D jzpfo!ft h wGu/f Edik if jH cm; v$r;f rd;k r_ (od@k ) tkycf sKyrf u _ kd +crd ;f ajcmufr_ wpfct k jzpf jrif=urnf jzpfonf? tqdyk g tjrifEiS fh rke;f wD;r_onfyif/ qifE&J$ r!fh wdu k yf t JG wGuf aemufcH tm;wpfck jzpfEikd o f nf[k ,H=k unfvmonf? tqdyk g ed*;kH wd@k udk acgi;f at;at;ESihf wGux f w k +f y;D csed rf S pI/ u|Eyfk f pdwrf sm; =unfvif jywfom; vmawmhonf? tapmydik ;f ESprf sm;twGi;f csw D kH cswkH jzpfaeo!fh ta=umif;w&m;rsm;wGi/f u|Eyfk . f yk*Kd~ vaf &; udpw P pfcv k nf; &Sad o;onf? xdpk Ofu u|Eyfk w f @kd &Sio f efae&o!fh acwfumvud/k odomapzd@k &m tqdyk g udpEP iS hf ywfoufI u|Eyfk b f ufrS wpfcck k ajymzd@k vdyk gonf? xdpk Ofu jzpfvmawmhr!fh urBmh yÉdyuQw@kd udk wpfcsed v f ;kH vdv k kd u|Eyfk f pOf;pm;aeonf? odk@ayr,hf u|Ekfyf pOf;pm;yHkrSm/ pOf;pm;enf;um; u|Ekfyfjzpfcsifovdk pOf;pm;aejcif; jzpfonf? wu,fh vufawG@ tajctaersm;rS xif[yfjcif;r&S?d tppf trSef tajctaeESihf uif;uGmvsu&f o dS nf? od@k twGuf ppf}u;D jzpfvmo!ft h cg / u|Eyfk w f @kd ajcrudik rf /d vufrudik rf d jzpfc&hJ onf? xdpk Ofu u|Eyfk w f @kd Y vufawG@ tjrif r&S=d uao;? i,f&, G o f rl sm; jzpfo!ft h avsmuf pdwu f ;l ,Oftrd rf ufawGom ydu k aJ eonf? pum;vH;k ESihf tawG; awGxJ epfjrKyaf e onf? tajcESihf tcsed t f cg a&mufvmo!fw h ikd f vkt d yfpmG vkyu f ikd zf @kd twGu/f toift h aetxm; r&Scd hJ =u? u|Eyfk o f nfvnf; }uKd wifawG;awm jyifqifjcif; r&Syd /J aexdik v f mol jzpfonf? Tod@k vufawG@ rqefo!fh tjyKtrlrmS / tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

153

154

udv k ekd D pepfu yHo k iG ;f ay;vdu k o f !f/h tusKd ;oufa&mufr_ wpfck jzpfonf? 'Dru kd a&pD [laom trnfatmufY/ u|Efkyfwdk@twGuf t"du EdkifiHa&; vkyfief;}uD; tjzpf oif=um;ay;cJh onfrmS / r+y;D rpD;Edik o f !fh rde@f cGe;f }u;D rsm; pum;vH;k awGEiS /hf tm;vH;k jzpfEikd f o!fh qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; ta&;,l aqmif&u G cf surf sm;ESihf tumtuG,af y;r_rsm; jzpfonf? od@k wdik f tajccHuso!fh tkycf sKyrf u _ kd um; csev f yS x f m;cJo h nf? od@k twGuf u|Eyfk w f @kd rSm vufawG@ tjyKtrlEiS hf ywfouf+y;D / rnfo!ft h cgr# rpOf;pm;cJ=h u? Tod@k pOf;pm;p&mvnf; ta=umif;r&Scd ?hJ trSet f m;jzifh r#r#ww pOf;pm;rnfqv kd #if Ttr_upd t P wGuf t*Fvyd f awGuckd sn;f tjypfz@kd I r&Edik yf g? tppftrSef avmu}u;D ESihf a0;aeo!fh u|Eyfk w f @kd . trltusi/hf pOf;pm;yHk pOf;pm;enf;rsm;rSm/ udv k ekd aD cwfrwdik rf D tcsed rf sm;uyif tpjyKvmcJh ygonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh u|Eyfk w f @kd vlrsKd ;ESit hf wl ayguzf mG ;vmo!fh trltusihf jzpfygonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh ta&S@wdik ;f ESit hf wl =umcJ+h y[ D k qd&k ygrnf? od@k twGuf udv k ekd D acwfrwdik rf u D yif t&d;k pGcJ o hJ !fh trltusihf jzpfonf? TtajctaerSm wppESihf xif&mS ;vmawmhonf/ u|Eyfk t f ygt0if / u|Eyfk w f @kd rsKd ;qufwpfck vH;k taeESifh vGwv f yfa&; wdu k yf JG twGi;f / pdwcf pH m;r_ wpfcw k nf;ESihf yg0ifcJh=u +yD;/ u|Ekfyfwdk@ twdwfESihf vHk;0jcm;em;aeo!fh/ tajctaewpfcktwGuf pOf;pm;zd@k vdt k yfaeo!fw h ikd /f u|Eyfk w f @kd rSm toiht f aetxm; r&S=d u? ,cktcsed rf S jyef=u!frh nfqv kd #i/f ppf}uKd acwf u|Eyfk w f @kd . Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_ trsm;pkrmS trSeyf if tusKd ;rjzpfxeG ;f o!fh yHpk w H pfco k m jzpfonf? od@k wnf;r[kwf vufawG@ tjyKtrlrS xGuaf jy; wdr;f a&Smifaejcif; jzpfonf? od@k wdik f u|Eyfk w f @kd u tvGew f &m jrnf[ed ;f vSo!f/h pum;vHk;}uD; rsm;ESifh zHk;uG,fzdk@ }uKd ;pm;cJ=h uonf? vGwv f yfa&;ESihf ywfoufo!fh u|Ekfyfwdk@. oabmxm;rSm awmfvSefaom tjrif jzpfo!fhtwGuf/ u|Ekfyfwdk@. tjyKtrlrmS / udv k ekd D zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf akH bmiftwGi;f Yom pOf;pm;cJ=h uonf? zG@J pnf;tkyf csKyyf . kH &nf&, G cf surf mS vnf; awmfveS af jymif;vJvo kd !fh / rnfo!fh tajctaeudrk # cGirhf jyKo!fhtwGuf/ qdkcJhyg tajccH yÉdyuQtwGif;Yom/ u|Ekfyfwdk@. tawG;rsm; ydwrf ad eawmhonf? tqH;k Y tqdyk gtqifu h kd ausmv f eG I f pOf;pm;zd@k rjzpfEikd o f !ft h wGuf / pwif aqmif&u G &f r!fh tqifu h o kd m u|Eyfk jf yifqifxm;vdu k o f nf? Tr#ru aemufxyf qH;k jzwf&OD;r!fh udprP sm;/ tcsed t f cg tajctae/ vly*k Kd~ vf ponfrsm;vnf; &Sad eao;onf? tqdyk g ar;cGe;f rsm;twGuf vdt k yfo!fh tcsut f vufrsm; tjzpf/ u|Eyfk w f @kd &&Sv d u kd o f !fh tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf ppf}u;D tay: u|Eyfk . f tjrifw@kd udk vufco H !fh ygwrD sm;/ vlrsm;udv k nf; tcsed , f I l avhvmcJ&h jyefonf? xd@k aemuf vltrsKd ;rsKd ;ESihf aqG;aEG;um/ vuf&t dS ajctaeESihf ywfoufo!f/h 4if;wd@k . oabmxm;rsm;/ cHpm;csurf sm;udk odz@kd 154

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

155

}uKd ;pm;&onf? &v'ftaeESiu hf m; tawmfyif pdwyf supf &m aumif;onf[k ajymv#i/f rw&m;&m usvrd rhf nf? ta=umif;um; tqdyk g umvY / vltenf;i,frt S y trsm;pkrmS / tm;wuf oa&mf r&So d !fh twGuf jzpfonf? Oyrm/ trsKd ;om;a&; 0g'rD sm; taeESihf wufwuf =uG=uG &So d !fw h ikd /f aumif;pGm atmifjrifjcif; r&So d vd/k tcsKd @uvnf; tajctaeu vHk+cKH ra_ y;or#/ ae+rt J wdik ;f aevd=k uonf? tcsKd @uvnf; ppf}u;D udk uk, d Ef iS rhf qdik o f vdk oabmxm;ae=uonf? xdyyf ikd ;f rS vlrsm;rSmvnf; udv k ekd D urBmtwGi;f Yom aexdik af e+y;D / rdrw d @kd . tppftrSef cHpm;csurf sm;udk rawG@&Sad o;o!fh twGuf od@k wnf;r[kwf zH;k uG,f xm;o!ft h wGu/f tapmydik ;f umvrsm;rS vlw@kd . pdw0f ifpm;r_rsm;rSm ar#mv f ihpf &m r&So d vdk jzpfaeonf? Tod@k &_yaf xG;vSaom tajctaetwGi;f / vuf&dS jzpf&yfw@kd udk ausmI f pOf;pm;cJ=h uonf? jrefrmwd@k ppf}u;D udk wHjk yef@aeo!fh yHpk rH sm;ESihf ywfoufI / OyrmtcsKd @udk u|Eyfk f azmfjyygO;D rnf? yxr yHpk rH mS tpGe;f a&muf yHpk H jzpfonf? od@k aomf wnfqJ Edik if aH wmf tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKonf? Todk@aom cH,lcsufrsm;rSm/ tkyfcsKyfa&; qdkif&m tjyKtrl. tpdwt f ydik ;f vnf; jzpfonf? u|Eyfk f 'dik , f m&D wpfae&mY pdwt f aESmuft,Suf jzpfc&hJ o!fh rSwcf suf wpfcu k kd Tod@k a&;om;xm;onf? "olEiS hf pum;ajymcJo h nf? olonf t&l;wpfa,muf jzpfonf?" 4if;rSwcf suw f @kd udk u|Eykf f &Si;f jyygrnf? u|Eyfk af zmfjyxm;o!fh vlrmS &l;aeol r[kwyf g? xif&Sm;o!fh 0wfvHkwpfOD; jzpfovdk trsm;u av;pm;=uygonf? xdktcsdefu u|Eyfk o f mv#if Oyg'get f pGEJ iS hf tpGe;f a&mufaeol wpfO;D jzpfygvrd rfh nf? olEiS hf u|Eykf f Edik if aH &; udprP sm; r=umc% aqG;aEG;=u&m/ txl;ojzifh ,ckvkd tusyt f wnf; tajctaersm;udk aqG;aEG;&mwGi/f wpfa,mufukd wpfa,muf t&l;[lI vnf;aumif;/ opPm azmuf[I l vnf;aumif; ajymqdI k tqH;k owf=uygonf? t&_H; tEdkif tajzrxGufyJ jzpfaeo!fh ppf}uD;ESifh ywfouf+yD;/ ol. xifjrifcsuu f kd u|Eykf f ar;vdu k o f !ft h cg olu ,ckvkd rqdik ;f rwG tajzay;ygonf? "bmvd@k vJ +y;D cJw h &hJ ufu owif;pmawGukd cifAsm; rzwfrb d ;l vm;? [pfwvmrSm "mwfqD r&Sad wmhb;l ? aemufxyf &ufowWywf tenf;i,fpmyJ &Sad wmhw,f? 'ga=umifh ol@wyfawG a&S@rqufyJ jzpfaew,f? ppf}u;D +y;D awmhrmS yg?" "cifAsm; tJ'gukd wu,f,v kH @kd vm;?" u|Eyhkf u f ol@udk cwfjywfjywf ar;vdu k o f nf? "aocsmwmayg?h +Aw d o d #awG&@J ydwq f @kd r_a=umifh [pfwvm vnfrsKd !Spcf aH e+y?D " olu tcdik t f rm ajymaevdu k o f nf? ol@pum;rsm;u olonf yxrurBmppf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

155

156

umvrsm;Y aexdik af ea=umif; &nf&eG ;f aeonf? yxr urBmppf+y;D cge;D wGi/f +Aw d o d #w@kd u &efow l @kd udk Tod@k atmifjrifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? oluo hJ @kd vlrsm;tzd@k / ordik ;f onf qihu f J jzpfpOft& r[kwyf J / twdwo f @kd om jyefomG ;aeawmhonf? Tod@k w&m;ao t,ltq wd@k udk &Si;f jyEdik o f !fw h ikd f / [pfwvmonf "mwfqD ayyg tenf;i,fEiS hf urBm}u;D wpf0ufukd ppfcif;ae+y;D / 4if;wd@k bufu wdu k yf JG rpEdik rf D +Aw d o d #w@kd u vufO;D r_ &vdu k f onfqakd om pum;udk todOm%f&o dS l wpfO;D taejzifh ,H=k unfvufc&H ef cufaeonfurkd l &Si;f jyI &Edik rf nf r[kwyf g? tqdyk g ta=umif;t&mrSm/ tawmfyif ayga=umifa=umif Edik v f o S !ft h wGu/f +Aw d o d # owif; XmewGif taotcsm pOf;pm;wGucf surf _ r&S[ d k u|Eyfk f ajym&Jygonf? trSeftm;jzifh TudpPrSm ppfowif; a0zefolwcsdK@u/ Tenf;jzifh tEkdif,l&r!fh vltcsKd @twGuf / &nf&, G cf suEf iS hf xkwv f i$ ahf e o!fh ta=umif;t&m jzpfonf? od@k wdik f jrefrmjynf&dS u|Eykf . f &l;oGyaf eaom rdwaf qG}u;D u xyfwvJvJ ajymaeonftxd jzpfvm&onf? olajymvdu k o f !fh ta=umif;t&mud/k olu, kd w f ikd f pOf;pm;jcif; &S/d r&Sd qdo k nfrmS t"du r[kwyf g? ol@Y pOf;pm;Edik pf rG ;f &Syd gonf? od@k aomf umv=um&Snpf mG udv k ekd D pepfu yHo k iG ;f xm;aom/ pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m tajctaewpf&yfukd / tqdyk g tjyKtrlu azmfjyvdu k jf cif; jzpfonf? urBmwpfcu k tjcm; urBmwpfcu k kd t&dyrf ;kd zd@k }uKd ;pm;aeaom/ vH;k 0 rlrrSerf r_ sm;. &v'f tjzpf wnf&adS eaom/ udv k ekd D pdw"f mwfvnf; jzpfonf? Tenf;jzifh a'ocH trsKd ;om;wd@k .pdw"f mwf ESihf *k%o f u d mQ udk cs!ehf @J apawmhonf? u|Eyfk af zmfjycJo h !fh yk*Kd~ vrf mS udv k ekd pD epfu vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; yHo k iG ;f xm;o!fh jy,k*fwpfck jzpfygonf? tvm;wl txufv$m vlwef;pm;rsm;vnf; &Sdonf? vufwpfqyk pf m tpd;k &trsm;wGif vkyu f ikd af eaom 4if;wd@k twGurf /l ,ck ppf}u;D rSm +Aw d o d #w@kd *&kpu kd &f r!fh ppfr[kw[ f k oabmxm; ae=uonf? 4if;wd@k Y tjzpftysuf tm;vH;k udk ausmf=u!fEh ikd o f !fh ud, k yf ikd f tjrifw@kd r&Sd=u? +Aw d o d #w@kd ajymor#uo kd m oHa,mifvu kd af e=uonf? olw@kd twGurf l +Aw d o d #w@kd . atmifyrJG mS aocsmoavmuf &So d nf? ppf}u;D ta=umif;ajymqd=k uo!ft h cgwikd ;f c&pPrwf rwdik rf D (od@k ) o!fx h ufapmI ppf}u;D +y;D awmhrnf[k wGucf suaf e=uonf? +Aw d o d #w@kd 0g' jzef@csaD &;um; Tr#txd pdr0hf ifys@H ES@H I xda&muf vSonf? b,fae&mrqdk Tta=umif;t&mudo k m ajymqdak e =uonf? tpd;k &npmpm;yGJ wpfcw k iG v f nf; u|Eyfk =f um;cJ&h onf? ygwyD JG ponfw@kd Yvnf; ppfta=umif;/ [pfwvm ta=umif;/ r[mrdww f @kd . wdu k &f nfcu kd &f nf ta=umif; ponfjzifh ajym=uawmhonf? tyfa=umif;xyfaeo!fh ta=umif;t&mrsm; ,cif pum;vH;k rsm;om jzpfonf? u|Eyfk f ab;em;wGif xdik af eol wpfO;D udk +Aw d o d # trsKd ;om; w&m;ol}u;D wpfO;D u 156

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

157

ar;vdu k o f nf? "c&pPrwf rwdik rf D ppf}u;D +y;D r,fv@kd cifAsm; xifvm;",ck wpf}urd rf mS u|Eyfk f xifonfxuf ydak umif;aeonf? "tcsed w f w kd t kd wGi;f +y;D zd@k qd&k ifawmh cifAsm;wd@k bufu awmfawmf wdu k , f &l vdrhf r,f?cifAsm; vnf; odom;yJ? *smrefawGukd avsmw h u G v f @kd r&bl;?" r#r#ww pOf;pm;csichf sed w f wfo!fh w&m;ol}u;D u a&S@quf rajymawmhyJ / tjcm;ta=umif; t&mwpfcu k kd vS;D v$J ajymvdu k o f nf? olEiS hf u|Eykf v f nf; pum;awG &Sn&f n S f a0;a0; ajym=uonf? od@k ayrJh ppfEiS yhf wfouf+y;D ESpOf ;D vH;k u owd}u;D }u;D ESihf a&Smifc=hJ uonf? wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D av;pm;r_ &So d !ft h wGuf pdwt f aESmuft,Suf rjzpfapvdk o!ft h wGuf jzpfonf? aemufwpfO;D u tdE, Nd tpd;k & tkycf sKyaf &;XmerS/ +Aw d o d # trsKd ;om;vli,f t&m&Sd wpfO;D jzpfonf? u|Eykf f 0ef}u;D csKyf wm0ef,pl Ofu olEiS o hf u d |r;f cJh onf? olu pum;udk tm;wufoa&m ajymonf? xde;f xde;f odr;f odr;f r&S?d od@k wnf; r[kwf *&kwpdu k f ajymzd@k xuf wufwufuG =u=G uaG jymzd@k ta&;}u;D onf[k ,lqaumif; ,lqyHk &onf? "ppf}uD;udk cifAsm; b,fvdkoabm&vJ"omrefum v#Hum yHkpHESifh olu ar;cGe;f xkwv f u kd o f nf? ol@udrk l u|Eykf f rSe;f q=u!fv h @kd &onf? "cifAsm;u bmudk qdv k w kd mvJ" u|Eyfk af voHu ol@udk aocsmatmif owday;vdu k o f vdk jyefar;vdu k o f nf? olu wpfc% twGi;f jyefajzonf? "[kwo f m;yJ? u|eaf wmfqv kd w kd mu b,favmuf=umrvJqw kd myg?" "usKyu f awmh wpfzufzufu tEdik &f wJt h xd =umvdrrhf ,fv@kd xifw,f? b,fbufu taumif;qH;k vufeufawGe@J b,favmuf =um=um wdu k Ef ikd rf vJqw kd hJ tay:rSm rlwnfaew,f " u|Eyfk f jyef=um;csuw f @kd udk ol@bufu tHt h m;oiho f mG ;yHk &onf? olu tHt h m; oifhoGm;a=umif; u|Ekfyfudk vkyfjyonf? u|Ekfyfuvnf; upm;yGJudk taumif;qHk; upm;jyo!fh taeESihf tHt h m;oihf oa,mif jyovdu k o f nf? " 'gayrJh u|eaf wmfw@kd bufu tEdik &f rSmawmh oHo, r&SEd ikd yf gb;l " olu qufajymonf? u|EkfyfapmifhaeonfrSm TtcGifhta&;jzpfonf? tcrf;tem;twdkif; u|Efkyf ywf0ef;usifwGif awG@jrifae&o!fh vGJacsmfaeo!fh tajctaersm;u +Aw d o d #vrl sKd ; wpfa,muf a,mufukd ajymzd@k qGay;aeonf? +Aw d o d #w@kd ajymor#ukd oHa,mifvu kd af eo!fh tcGix hf ;l cH uyfyg; wd@k xuf jynfow l @kd . ESv;kH om; twGi;f u xGuv f mo!fh pum;awGukd olw@kd xuf u|Eyfk f ydo k o d nf? ,ck olw@kd ajymae o!fh ta=umif;t&mESifh vH;k 0rwlo!fh udpv P nf; jzpfonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

157

158

+y;D cJo h !fh vtenf;i,fuyif trsm;jynfoal &S@Y ajymqdv k u kd &f o!fh tcGihf ta&; wpfck u|Eyfk f &cJo h nf? 1940 jy!fEh pS f azazmf0g&v D twGi;f Oya'jyK v$waf wmfY ppfEiS hf ywfoufo!fh oabmxm; qH;k jzwfcsuw f @kd udk u|Eyfk f ajymqdck &hJ onf? xdpk Ofu u|Eykf af jymcJo h !fh rde@f cGe;f udk ppf}uKd acwf Oya'jyK v$waf wmfrw S w f rf;rsm;wGif awG@Edik f ao;onf? ,ck u|Eykf f azmfjyaeo!fh cHpm;csurf sm;rSmvnf; 4if;rde@f cGe;f xJrS ta=umif;t&m rsm;om jzpfonf? jrefrmjynftES@H pwifaqmf=opk&;kH ae+yD jzpfaom vGwv f yfa&;tkypf k ud, k pf m; u|Eykf af jymqdck jhJ cif; jzpfonf? xdpk Ofu u|Eykf f ajymjzpfo!fh cHpm;csuw f @kd rSm Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f tkypf k (Freedom Bloc) twGi;f Yvnf; ys@H ES@pH rd 0hf ifaeovdk ,ck +Aw d o d #t&m&Sw d @kd udv k nf; Tod@k u|Eyfk f ajymvdu k o f nf? " +Aw d o d #awG Edik rf ,fv@kd cifAsm; qdv k w kd mvm;? u|Eyfk t f aeeJ@awmh b,foEl ikd f r,fqw kd m rodb;l ? 'Dupd u P usKyw f @kd eJ@ awmfawmf tvSr;f a0;ygw,f? b,fbufuyJ Edik o f nfjzpfap/ &_;H onfjzpfap usKyt f wGuf ta&;r}u;D vSygb;l ? usKyjf rifcsiw f muawmh jrefrmawG atmifyyJG ?J tJ'gyJ usKypf w d 0f ifpm; w,f?" o!fah emuf tjcm;ta=umif;t&mwpfcx k d ajymif;vdu k =f uonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd pum;0dik ;f rSm trSwrf xif }uKH }uKd urf y_ if jzpfonf? od@k ayr,fh aemufqufwJG tajctae rsm;um; u|Eyfk t f wGuf ta&;ygvmonf? u|Eyfk af jymcJo h !fh pum;rsm;rSm od;k tky/f EGm;tkyaf wGvkd yl;uyfaeaom udv k ekd D "m;raemufyw d w f @kd qD ys@H ES@H oGm;yH&k onf? xdt k csed rf S pI ppf}u;D ESifh ywfouf+y;D b,ft*Fvyd u f r# u|Eyfk Ef iS fh pum;rajymawmh? od@k jzihf rsm;r=umrDYyif u|Eyfk u f kd &uftuef@toufr&Sd axmifxx J !fx h m; zd@k ta=umif;jycsuf wpfcu k kd olw@kd &&Scd o hJ nf? Tonfum; udv k ekd D Edik if rH sm;wGif vGwv f yfaom urBm}u;D wpfct k wGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifaeonfqakd om +Aw d o d #w@kd . vkyyf u kH ikd yf rkH sm; jzpfawmhonf? Edik if aH &;tcef;u他Y t&yf&yftajctaerSm/ wpfpw d w f pfyikd ;f aumif;ovdk qd;k onfvnf;&S. d ? a,bk,stm;jzifh jrefrmhEikd if aH &; ygwrD sm;taeESihf +Aw d o d # todik ;f t0dik ;f xuf jynfov l x l t k ay: ydI k =oZm t&Sed &f o dS vd/k ppf}u;D udv k nf; Armhenf; Arm[efjzihf avhvm tuJjzwfonf? Tonfyif jynforl sm;=um; tm;aumif;armif;oef &Sad eo!f/h vlrsKd ;a&; ,H=k unfr_ jzpfovdk xdt k &muyif u|Eyfk w f @kd udk armif;ESiaf e.? qdck o hJ vdk wpfpw d w f pfyikd ;f tm;jzifh qd;k 0g;onf[k qdo k nfrmS / txl;ojzifh Oya'jyK v$waf wmf ESihf tpd;k &tzG@J twGi;f jzpfonf? TY trsKd ;om; tusKd ;pD;yGm;wd@k udk pOf;pm;&r!ft h pm; &m;xl;&zd@k twGuo f m q&marG; / wy!fah rG;I owfyw k af e=uonf? bmomESifh &mxl;&zd@k twGuv f nf; Oa&my tkypf . k axmufcrH _ vdt k yfonf? olw@kd axmufcrH r_ &Sv d #if &xl;Y =um=umr+r?J Tta=umif;wd@k udk a&S@wGif u|Eyfk f qufvuf 158

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

159

azmfjyygO;D rnf? ,ck u|Eyfk Ef iS fh pum;ajymqdck o hJ rl mS rdwaf qGa[mif;wpfO;D jzpfovdk Edik if aH &; orm;a[mif;}u;D vnf; jzpfonf? xdt k csed u f olw@kd ygvrD eftyk pf Ek iS fh tjcm;tkypf w k @kd tm%m cGaJ 0,l&o!fu h mv jzpfonf? ol pum;ajymv#if &k;d om;pGm ajymqdw k wfonf? u|Eyfk f 'dik , f m&DwiG f a&;oGi;f xm;o!fh rSwcf surf mS / xdpk Ofu olEiS fh u|Eyfk f ajymqd&k mwGif u|Ekfyf rSwfrdaeo!fh ta=umif; t&m jzpfonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@ ESpfOD;wnf;om&Sdojzifh vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdak e=uonf? r=umcifrmS yif ppfta=umif; a&mufvmonf? "tpd;k &zG@J Edik zf @kd twGuf jrefrmEdik if aH &;ygwaD wG/ wdu k cf u kd af e=uwm wpfenf;enf; eJ@awmh ta&;}uD;ygw,f? 'gayrJh tEdkif&wJhbufu ay;&r,hfwefzdk;u rcsdrqHh }u;D rm;vGe;f w,fv@kd rxifb;l vm;? ud, k v hf nf;yif;vS;D r,hf ud, k u f sKd ;&Sm tcGit hf a&;orm; awGukd tm%mwpf0uf cGaJ y;vdu k &f w,f? Oa&my tkypf u k vnf; wpfcsed v f ;kH aemufuae }urd w f @kd aew,f? rsKd ;csppf w d "f mwf &So d al wGukd wu,f pnf;&H;k pkpnf;Edik w f hJ enf;vrf;awG r&Sad wmhb;l vm;? tJ'v D kd vkyEf ikd rf ,fq&dk if ydt k usKd ;&Srd ,f? vGwv f yfa&; udk &atmif ,lEikd w f ,f? tJ'D tkid 'f , D m &wm r=umao;bl;? cifAsm;wd@k tpd;k &u usKyu f kd vHk+cKH a&; f u G o f mG ;r,f? +crd ;f ajcmufaeol wpfa,mufvkd jrif&if/ Oya'jyK v$waf wmfu usKyf Ekwx 'gayrJh em;vnfrw _ pfcak wmh &S&d vdrrhf ,f?usKyw f @kd &J@ vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf u JG kd cifAsm;wd@k tpd;k &u axmufc&H r,f?" u|Eyfk rf w d af qGukd ajymcJo h !fh pum;rsm;udk tusO;f csKyt f jzpf azmfjyvdu k yf gonf? aemufyikd ;f wGif u|Eyfk q f ufvuf taumiftxnf azmfr!f/h tkid 'f , D mwd@k udk OD;qH;k zGiafh jymcJo h !ft h wGuv f nf; xdpk um; wd@k udk u|Eyfk f aumif;pGm rSwrf ad eao;onf? Oya'jyK v$waf wmfrS Ekwx f u G +f y;D / vGwv f yfa&; wdu k yf JG twGi;f yg0if&r!fh tdik 'f , D mvnf; jzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&; wku d yf u JG om u|Eykf t f m&Hu k kd pd;k rd;k aeawmhonf? u|Eykf f rdwaf qGu csucf si;f rwH@k jyef? u|Eyfk . f ar;cGe;f a=umihf rSiw f ufomG ;[ef wlonf? aumif;+yaD v tawmf=umrS csw D ckH swEkH iS hf pum;jyefonf? "yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; ajym&&if cifAsm; ajymwmawGukd usKyf oabmwlygw,f? 'g[m trsdK;om;a&; tusyftwnf;yJ? cifAsm; ajymovdk trsdK;om; tusdK;pD;yGm;eJ@ vGwv f yfa&;udk usKyw f @kd awG rsuaf jcrjywfoifb h ;l ? 'gayrJh vufawG@ tajctaeudk usKyw f @kd =u!f=h u&atmif? ygww D ikd ;f rSm xufoefwhJ pdw0f ifpm;r_awG trsKd ;rsKd ; &Sad ew,f? olw@kd [m ud, k t hf wGu&f zd@k bmrqdk vkyrf ,fo h al wGvnf; &Sw d ,f? trsm;pku tm%m& aeor# usKyw f @kd vufe@J vGwv f yfa&;udk pOf;pm;vd@k rjzpfEikd b f ;l ? tJ'eD nf;u tm%ma&m/ vGwv f yfa&; udpyP g qH;k &_;H oGm;vdrrhf ,f?" u|Eyfk u f wGe;f wGe;f wdu k w f u kd f qufajymvdu k o f nf? "u|Eyfk w f @kd vdk wdu k yf rJG sKd ;rSm wpfcck u k kd cifAsm; pGe@f v$w&f rSmayg?h " tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

159

160

u|Eyfk rf w d af qGum; oabmwlykH r&? Ttcsi;f t&mu 'G[ d jzpfaeo!fh ol. pdwt f ajc taeudk jyovdu k jf cif; jzpfonf? ol@taeESihf wpfcck u k kd qH;k jzwf&cufaeonf? Tod@k aom tajctaerSm vltrsm; taeESihf ESpzf ufEpS v f rf;udk pOf;pm;ae&o!fh udv k ekd aD cwftcg or,}u;D u xkwv f yk v f u kd o f !fh xkwu f ek f wpfcv k nf; jzpfonf? olw@kd wGif toHEpS o f H &Sad eonf? wpfou H olw@kd vdk vlawGEiS fh ajymo!ft h cg =um;&wwf onf? tjcm;wpfou H m; Oya'jyK v$waf wmfvkd ae&mrsKd ;wGif ajymo!ft h oH jzpfonf? xdo k @kd aom ae&mrsKd ;wGif olw@kd tm%mtwGuf axmufcrH &_ zd@k rnfo!fah e&mrS jzpfap/ olw@kd &SmazGae=u&onf? Tod@k aom y&d,m,f/ rm,ma00k'f wd@k onfum;/ udv k ekd D Edik if aH &;. &Snv f sm; aom tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfaecJo h nf? +Aw d o d # pepfuvnf; olw@kd udk toHEpS o f jH zifh ajzwwfz@kd avhusiahf y;cJo h nf? ydI k aoGznfaom tusKd ;pD;yGm;ESihf awmif;qdrk r_ sm;twGu/f &Sv d #if arS;rSed f aysmufu, G o f mG ;atmif toHrsKd ;pHEk iS hf ajymwwf=uonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd aqG;aEG;aeo!fh jy\em. A[kcd surf mS / vufawG@ tusyt f wnf; wGif Oya'jyK v$waf wmftwGi;f rS jrefrmEdik if aH &;ygww D @kd twGuf ',dr;f ',dik f jzpfc=hJ uo!fh wdik f u|Eyfk w f @kd vGwv f yfa&; tkypf u k tqdyk g uH=urRmrS &ke;f xGuEf ikd cf o hJ nf? Oya'jyK v$waf wmfwiG f vGwv f yfa&;ESihf ywfoufo!fh u|Eyfk w f @kd tqdk &_;H edr+hf y;D aemufwiG f tqdyk g Edik if aH &;ppfwvif;rS u|Eyfk w f @kd pGe@f v$wcf =hJ uonf? Ttydik ;f udk aemufyikd ;f Y azmfjyygrnf? avmavmq,f 'dik , f m&D. tultnDjzihf u|Eyfk af zmfjyzd@k }uKd ;pm;aeonfrmS &ifqikd af e &o!hf tcuftcJrsm; jzpfonf? u|EkfyftwGuf TtcsufrSm ta&;ygaom tcsKd ;tauG@yif jzpfonf? xdpk Ofu u|Eyfk w f @kd &ifqikd &f r!fh OD;qH;k vkyif ef;rSm/ usKypf w d f xJwiG f &Si;f vif;pGm yHak zmfae+yD jzpfo!ft h wGu/f a&S@quf &awmhrnf jzpfonf? ygvrD ef t0if;t0dik ;f tjyif&dS Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;rsm;rSmvnf;/ uaomif;ueif;ESihf tay:,H cHpm;csufrsm;aemuf vdkufae=uonf? tqdkygudpPwdk@udk trsm;qHk; vkyu f ikd af eonfrmS tpGe;f a&muf trsKd ;om;a&;ygwrD sm; jzpfonf? ta=umif;jycsurf mS rnfo@kd &So d nfjzpfap/ 4if;ygwrD sm;rSm xdpk Ofu &mxl;/ tm%mudk pdw0f ifpm;jcif; r&S=d u? xd@k a=umifh ygvrD ef todik ;f t0dik ;f xuf vGwv f yfr_ &So d nf? 4if;wd@k taeESihf tapmydik ;f Y Za0Z0g tajctaeESihf tjcm; &_;H edrrhf r_ sm; &So d !fw h ikd f wpfcck u k kd tpjyK vkyu f ikd af e=u onf? us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ avhvmrnfqv kd #if +rKd @aevlxrk sm;rSm 0ifaiGenf; jynforl sm;/ ukefonf aygufprsm;ESifh tvkyform;aygif;pHk yg0ifonf? 4if;wdk@ESifh trSwfrxif pum;ajymvdu k &f o!ft h cgYyif tcsed t f cgu ajymif;vJr&aom (od@k ) r&Edik [ f k xif&aom tcsut f vufrsm; ay:xGuv f mwwfonf? 160

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

161

,if;wd@k rSm wpfcu k kd azmfjy&v#if t*Fvyd w f @kd ESpw f pf&mru tkypf ;kd oGm;+y;D aemuf 4if;wd@k . v$r;f rd;k r_rmS tay:,Hr#om jzpfa=umif; odom xif&mS ;vSonf? jrefrmtaeESirhf l ,cif olw@kd ud, k rfh if; ud, k chf si;f b0 vufxufvykd if aexdik af e=uqJ jzpfonf? vlxk twGi;f ydI k xd;k azmuf=u!fah vav/ xdt k csurf mS ydI k rSeu f efvmonf? Ttcsuu f kd u|Eyfk f txl;*&kxm;I ajymaeonfrmS ta=umif;&So d nf u|Eyfk w f @kd vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf rJG sm; jzpfymG ;vmonfEiS t hf r# Ttcsuu f u|Eyfk w f @kd . t"du pGr;f tm; tjzpf oufaojyvm onf? u|Eyfk . f Edik if aH &; vkyif ef;trsm;pkrmS +rKd @ae jynforl sm;ESihf 'dp}ww d rf sm;rS awmifol v,form;rsm;=um; aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? xdo k w l @kd um; u|Eyfk f qif;&Jom;ygwrD S qif;&Jom; (od@k ) ypPn;f rJrh sm; jzpf=uonf? t*Fvyd u f v kd edk D pepfu vdt k yfaeo!fh pma&; pmcsED iS hf ulvrD sm;tjzpf ajymif;vJcv H u kd &f aom vlwef;pm; tv$mvnf; jzpfonf? u|Eyfk t f wGuf tusKd ;tjrwftaeESihf olw@kd cHpm;csurf sm;udk aumif;pGm em;vnfco hJ nf? olw@kd . cHpm;csuw f @kd u pl;&S jyif;jyaeo!fw h ikd f olw@kd tvk&d &dS mudk xkwaf zmf rajymEdik o f al wGvnf; jzpfonf? Edik if jH cm; tkycf sKyrf a_ tmufwiG f typfy,fc/H tzdEydS cf H vlwef;pm;rsm; taeESihf tcsed =f umvmonfEiS t hf r# Edik if jH cm;om;wd@k tay: olw@kd . &efvrkd r_ mS }u;D xGm;vmcJo h nf? od@k wdik f us,0f ef;I o,HZmwrsm; ayg=u, G v f o S !fh Edik if w H iG f aexdik af e=u aom/ xdo k w l @kd udk t*Fvyd w f @kd u qif;&Jjcif;. ta=umif;w&m;[kom &_jrifwwf=uonf? vlrsKd ;a&;qdik &f m atmufarhz, G f &mrsm; tH=k urG r_ sm;uvnf; olw@kd . &efvrkd u _ kd ydI k qlyu G af pcJo h nf? vlrsm;pk oabmxm;rSm Edik if jH cm;om;wd@k udk wdu k x f w k v f =dk uonf? 'kw, d urBmppf}u;D ESit hf wl t*Fvyd w f @kd udk t+y;D tydik f wdu k x f w k +f y;D Armhvw G v f yfa&;udk ,lcsi=f uonf? vlx=k um;wGif u|Eyfk f &SmazGawG@&Sv d u kd o f !fh tqdyk g qENrmS / xdt k csed u f u|Ekfyfudk,fwdkif tp ysdK;ae+yD jzpfo!fh tdrfrufudk / taumiftxnf azmfzdk@/ ydkI tm;wufoa&m jzpfaponf? trsKkd ;om;wdu k yf u JG kd azmfaqmifEikd rf !fh &nf&, G cf suEf iS fh cHpm;csuf cGet f m;rsm;/ olw@kd rSm &Sad e+y[ D k u|Eyfk f ,H=k unfco hJ nf? olw@kd udk pnf;&H;k v_@H aqmf+y;D / rSerf eS u f efuef pkpnf;Edik rf nfqv kd #if olw@kd xHrS armif;ESit f m;awG ay;vmvdrrhf nf[k u|Eyfk f oabmayguv f u kd o f nf? ppf}u;D ta=umif; ajymvd=k uo!ft h cg / u|Eyfk f ar#mv f ifx h m;ovdk olw@kd u yufyufpufpuf a0zef=uonf? u|Eyfk f 'dik , f m&DwiG f olw@kd ajymcJo h !fh pum;vH;k rsm;rS rSwrf w S &f & &Sv d o S !fh pum;rsm;udk rSww f rf; wifco hJ nf? olw@kd tjrift& ppfyw JG iG f yg0ifwu kd cf ikd af eo!fh Edik if rH sm;rSm/ o&Jr&J pD;aeo!fh olc;kd / "m;jyrsm;om jzpfonf? wpfzufEiS w hf pfzuf vk,ufz@kd }uKd ;pm;ae=ujcif; jzpfonf? od@k twGuf ppf}u;D ESihf olw@kd rywfoufcsi=f u? olw@kd ppfyJG r[kw?f rdik af ygi;f rsm;pGm ta0;Y jzpfae+y;D / tawG; wpfae&mY +y;D qH;k oGm;vdrrhf nf? wpfzufzufu tEkid &f +y;D tjcm;wpfzufu &_;H edrv hf rd rhf nf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

161

162

+y;D aemuf atmifow l @kd u wdu k &f myg ypPn;f OpPmwd@k udk cGaJ 0=uo!ft h cg / urBm@ ajryHw k iG f tajymif;tvJ tcsKd @ jzpfvmrnf? Tod@k jzihf ,ciftwdik ;f wpfzufapmif;eif; jzpfaeo!fh urBm}u;D rSm wpfc%r# yÉdyuQrsmrsm; uif;ae[ef&+dS y;D / aemufxyf ppfy}JG u;D wpfcq k D OD;wnfaevdrrhf nf? TtawG; wd@k um; u|Eyfk f }uKH awG@ ajymqdck &hJ aom jynfow l @kd =um;rS cHpm;csurf sm; jzpfonf? Tod@k aom yÉdyuQrsm;=um;rS jrefrmjynftwGuf wpfenf; enf;ESifh ar#mv f ifph &m &Sv d mvdrrhf nfqakd om tcsuu f v kd nf; olw@kd awG ,H=k unfxm;onf/ udv k ekd D e,fcs@J orm;rsm; tcsi;f csi;f owfyw k af ecsed w f iG f udv k ekd D jynfol wpf&yfv;kH twGuf tuGuaf umif; jzpfonf[k qd=k uonf? qdck yhJ g t&dy/f vuQ%mrsm;rSm ppfumv yxrv tenf;i,fY jrefrmjynfwiG f wnf&adS e o!fh tajctae t&yf&yf jzpfonf? xdu k mvtwGi;f tcsKd @tkypf rk sm;twGi;f &_yaf xG;r_rsm;ESihf rausrvnf jy\emrsm;vnf; &Scd o hJ nf? awmfveS af &;ESihf ywfoufo!fh oabmxm;uGv J rJG r_ sm;vnf; &So d nf? od@k wdik f tqH;k wGif vlrsLd ;a&; tawG;tac: wpfck wnf;u/ tqdyk g jy\emrsm;tay: atmifEikd cf o hJ nf? Tonfum; tdyaf rmusaeaom Ekid if w H pfEikd if rH S xGuaf y:vmo!fh tajctae jzpfovdk xdrk w S pfqihf jrefrmudk vGwv f yfa&; twGuf aemufq;kH t&_;H udk tpysKd ;ay;vdu k af wmhonf? rsm;r=umrDyif urBmppf}u;D rSm jrefrmwd@k ESihf ywfoufvmonf? jzpf&yf wpfc+k y;D wpfcku jrefrmwdk@ tvdkrwlyJ udkvdkeDwdk@. qENwpfckwnf;ESifh ppf}uD;twGif; qGaJ c:aeonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd ESifh vH;k 0 ywfoufrr_ &So d !hf tm%m /yÉdyuQawGu u|Eyfk w f @kd . t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESihf u|Eyfk w f @kd udk awmif;qdk vmawmhonf? +Aw d o d #yikd f udv k ekd D jzpfo!fh jrefrmEdik if o H nfvnf; +Aw d o d #w@kd . &eforl sm;udk wdu k cf u kd f &rnf[/k olw@kd bmom olw@kd jyXmef;xm;o!fh Oya't& qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? ppfEiS hf ywfoufo!fh ta&;,laqmif&u G f r_rsm;twGuv f nf; udv k ekd D zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf u kH cGihfjyKxm;o!hf bk&ifc. H txl; tcGihf ta&;rsm;t& tuef@towf r&S?d tm%may;xm;onf? od@k jzihf wpfcck u k kd oabmwlnzD @kd rqdx k m;ESi/hf jrefrmwd@k taeESihf bmwpfcrk # rodygbJ udv k ekd pD epf atmifyt JG wGuf ppfwu kd =f u&rnf jzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh rdrw d @kd . udv k ekd D u|eo f ufukd qGq J ef@ay;&r!fh oabmvnf; jzpfonf?

oef;0if;vdSki f qufvufaz: jyygrnf?

162

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

163

tvif;tdrfrSwfpk

ESpf (50) jynfh 7 July trSww f & tcrf;tem; wdu k sKd (*syef) udk *syefEikd if H wdu k sKd +rKd @ Takadanobaba &Sd Chiiki Center wGif 8/ 7/ 2012 ae@u usif;yjyKvkyf&m *syefEdkifiH&Sd tzG J @ tpnf ; toD ; oD ; rS yk * ~ d K vf r sm;/ pmaytzG J @ tpnf ; rsm; ES i f h *syef E d k i f i H a &muf jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm; yl;aygi;f yg0ifwufa&mufc=hJ uygonf? owif; - tvif;tdrf rD'D,m "gwfyHk - at;odkuf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

163

164

tvif;tdrfrSwfpk

(65) ESpaf jrmuf tmZmenfae@ tcrf;tem;udk 22/ 7/ 2012 ae@u *syefEikd if H wdu k sKd +rKd @ Ikebukuro t&yf&dS Minami Hall wGif NLD (L.A) jp rS OD;pD;usi;f y&m *syefEikd if &H dS tzG@J tpnf; toD;oD;rS yk*Kd~ vrf sm;/ pmaytzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf *syefEikd if aH &muf jrefrmEdik if H om;rsm;rS yl;aygi;f yg0if wufa&mufc=hJ uygonf? owif; - tvif;tdrrf 'D , D m "gwfyHk - at;odu k f

164

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

165

tvif;tdrfrSwfpk

&Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D (24) ESpjf ynfh txdr;f trSwf vrf;av#mufcsw D ufyu JG kd *syefEikd if H wdu k sKd +rKd @wGif 8/ 8/ 2012 ae@wGiu f si;f yjyKvyk &f m tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;rS yk*K~ v d rf sm; tygt0if *syefEikd if aH &muf jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm; (1000) ausmf yg0ifc=hJ uygonf? tcrf;tem; udk pk&yftjzpf Minami Gotenda yef;+cw H iG f jyKvyk +f y;D tqdyk gyef;+crH S pwif vrf;av#muf csw D ufc&hJ m wdu k sKd +rKd @&Sd jrefrmEdik if H oH&;kH a&S@udjk zwfum vrf;av#muf csw D ufc=hJ uygonf? owif; - tvif;tdrrf 'D , D m "gwfyHk - at;odu k f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

165

166

tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;tm; ulnDaxmufyHhay;aom (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

bdb k o kd uf &Jrif;0if; ausmx f eG ;f Edik f cdik Of ;D i,f pdik ;f yef;armif ud=k unfpef; &JxÉfGÉaf emif ZifrsKd ;OD;

wdk htm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;rS rSwfwrf;wif *k%fjyKtyfygonf .................................................

zdwfac:tyfygonf EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tawG;tjrifaqmif;yg;rsm; a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; uAsm/ 0wKˆ wd/k umwGe;f / yef;csrD smudk

rnforl qdk vGwv f yfpmG ay;yd@k Eikd yf gonf? pmrlrsm;udk (15) &ufae@ aemufq;kH xm;+yD; ay;yd@k =uyg&ef arwWm&yfct H yfygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; 166

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

167

tvif;tdrf wm0efcH

pmtkyfcsKyfvkyfa&;

&J+idr;f

aX;0if; / at;aZmfjrifh 0if;Edkif (yef;yJwef;)

ta0;&muf t,f'Dwm aZmfaZmfatmif (t*Fvef) ABFSU (88)rsKd;quf

t,f'Dwm rsKd;jrifhatmif / ausmfrkd;Ekdif tHharmf

tr_aqmift,f'Dwm Anm;b&kdif,efuif; / xGef;+idrf; atmifaZ,smndK / rcdik =f unf0if;

yef;csDo&kyfazmf xDvm+idrf; ausmv f if;xGÉaf tmifcif

&H;k tzGJ h cifarmifaZmf / =unfwkd; aeatmifausmf / [efaZmf0if; jrihfudk / r0if;oE Wmatmif rvJhvJh0if;udk / 0if;Edkif(Lin Po Yin)

L-NOORA

pmpDpm&dkuf ausmfxGÉf0if; / pnfoljrifh [def;rif; / jynf+zdK;&J

jynfwGif;jynfy jzef hcsda&; ausmfcdkif0if; / jr0if;pd;k atmif=unf / ausmfjrifhxGef; / wifEdkif / jrihfOD; / wifrif;Edkif tm;opfrGef

b¾ma&; rif;rif;odef; / xGef;xGef;0if; atmifrsdK;rif;

/ owif; ESifh rD'D,m aZmfaZmfEdkif / at;okduf &Jjrifhatmif / rsdK;apm rsdK;ausmfodef; / ausmfrsdK;xGef;

Web Site

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

167

168

tvi tviff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef POST 169-0075 TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10 303,HIGARI BLD TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178 Japan. TEL 080-5070-0080 090-1842-9888 090-6528-9292 090-8486-2161 090-7198-4763 e-mail - aalinneain@yahoo.com web - http://alineain.net/ http://luminarymagazine.wordpress.com/ http://alinneain.blogspot.com/

168

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&4 / oDwif;u|wfv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)