အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၁ဝ) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 1378 / wefaqmifrkef;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

jrefrmouU&mZf 1378 / wefaqmifrkef;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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Kyaw Thu Soe

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(Artist - Aung) Fine Arts School (Mandalay) National University of Arts and Culture (Yangon )

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ausmfvif;pmay u|ef;jyef=uD; tbESihf vlcsi;f rawGŒcifuwnf;u ol@a=umif;udk =um;cJ&h zwfc&hJ zl;onf? *sme,f ausmf rrav;a&;aom olvdkvl wGif *sme,fausmf t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,lcJha=umif; zwfc Jh&onf? xdktcsde fu OD;cspfa rmifr Sm *sme,fa usmfwGif tvky frqif;edki fao;? jrefrmtvif;wGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,laecsdef? xm;0,foGm;onfh t'rfrfqif oabmF=uD;teD; AHk;aygufuGJonfh owif;eSifh ywfoufI t*Fvdyftpdk;&u ajz&Sif;csuf xnfhcdkif;&m rxnfhbJ tjzpfrSefudk zHk;uG,o f nfh tvkyfrvkyfedkif[kqdkum t,f'DwmcsKyf tjzpfrS ekwfxGufcJhonf? xdt k cgrS *sme,fausmfwGif tcsdefjynfh OD;pD;aqmif&Guf edik fcJhonf? ociftkef;jrifhvnf; wdk;wufa&; owif;pmwGif 0ifvkyfae&mrS aemufydkif;wGif olŒq&m ESifhtwl *sme,fausmfwGif aqmif&GufcJhyHkrsm;udk “olvdkv”l wGifawGŒ&onf? q&mausmfjrifhvGif a&;onfh “jrefrmvloefaZmf0dwf=uD;” pmtkyfwGif ArmekdifiH vHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;orsm;or*~. ykodrfnDvmcH odkŒ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rsm;jzpf = uonf h ud k a tmif q ef ; (Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; )/ ud k A [d e f ; (ocif A [d e f ; )/ udkvSa&$wdk@ESifhtwl udktkef;jrifhav; (ausmfvif;pmay)vnf; vdkufygcJhonf? nDvmcH usif;yonfhykodrfrS ZD;csdKif&GmzufodkŒ tpdk;&pHkaxmufrsm;udk rsufajcjzwfum OD;aZmf0dwfu um,AvjyjyD; udkatmifqef;wdk@u w&m;yGJusif;ycJhyHk/ vSsdKŒ0SufaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; aqmif&Guf cJh=u&mwGi f tb ociftke f; jrifh yg0ifc Jho nfudk zwfcJh&onf? ociftke f;jrifhonf wdk;wufa&;eSifh jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwdkŒwGif owif;axmuf vkyfaepOfu 37vrf; tv,fbavmufrS wdkucf ef;wGif q&mZ0eeSihf tcef;csi;f uyfvsuaf e&yH/k q&mOD;cspfarmif tdrfaxmifus oGm;onfhtcgwGif q&mZ0etcef;Y aecJh&ykH/ ocifoef;xGef; ae@pOf vmwwfyEkH iS hf ociftodik ;f t0dik ;f rS yk*Kd~ vrf sm;eSit fh wl vufyeG ;f wES;D aecJh=uyHrk sm;udk “Z0e. Z0e” wGifawGŒ&onf? tb ociftkef;jrifhonf 1951 ckeSpfrS 1964 ckESpftxd ausm fvif;pmay udkxlaxmifI vuf0JedkifiHa&; pmtkyftrsm;tjym; xkwfa0 cJhol jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhyif zqyvtpdk;&. rsufrkef;usdK;olrsm;pm&if;wGif yg0ifcJhonf? zqyvxJrS wnfjrJtkyfpku ydkItjiKd ;xm; onf? xdk@a=umifh wnfjrt J yk pf ek iS hf ajyvnfaom Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;tdraf pmift h pd;k & wufaomtcg ajray:&Sdvuf0o J rm;rsm;udk zrf;qD; um udku;kd u|e;f odk@ ydk@ypfavawmhonf? 18

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1958 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 3 &ufaeŒpGJjzifhxkwfa0aom jynfaxmifpkae@pOf owif;pm. rsufESmzHk;owif;wGif “eHeuf 4 em&D tzrf; tqD;rsm;/ yrnw/ &JabmfESifh vli,fhwyfOD;rS yg0if=ujcif;” acgif;pOfjzifh “AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tpd;k &onf atmufwdkbmv 28 &uf a e@ wG i f 0ef = uD ; csKyf a [mif ; OD ; ek v uf r S tm%mv$ J a jymif ; ,l c J h a omf v nf ; ygvD r ef v k y f i ef ; pOf r sm;eSi f h &if q d k i f c J h= uojzif h vky fi ef ; t&yf& yf u dk xda &muf p Gm raqmif&u G ef idk fbJ&dcS h&J mrS ygvDreftpnf;ta0;usi;f yjyD;onfEiS w fh jyid ef uff ukefaps;usqif; a&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&; aomif;usef;rlrsm ;ukd jyif;jyif;xefxef pwifeSdyfuGyfcJhonfudk awGŒ&a=umif;/ xdrk w S zef 'DZifbmv 2 &ufaeŒ eHeuf4em&D tcsed w f iG f jird 0f yfyjd ym;a&;twGuf edkifiHa&;avmu / ausmif;om;avmuESifh owif;pm avmurS yk*~dKvftcsdKŒudk ppfpHkprf; axmufvSr;f a&; Xme/ tif;pdepf akH xmufXme/ txl;owif;axmufvrS ;f a&;XmewdŒk yl;aygi;f jy;D zrf;qD;vdkufonfudk awGŒ&jyefa=umif;/ zrf;qD;jcif; cH&olrsm; rSm vuf0JuGefjrLepf0g' orm;rsm;jzpfonfudk awGŒ&a=umif;”/ qufvufjyD; “tzrf;cH&olrsm;”[k acgif;pOfi,f atmufwGif “ppfbuf&JwdkŒrS zrf; qD;vdkufaomyk*~dKvfrsm;rSm yrwn taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf AdkvfjraoG;/ yrwnobmywd tzGJ@0if jynfolŒ 'Drdkua&pDygwD twGif;a&;rSL; ocifbarmif/ jynfolŒ&JabmfygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; AdkvftHk;wif/ tvif;a&muf &Jabmfrsm; xdef;odrf;a&;tzGJŒ0if twGif;a&;rSL; AdkvfrsdK;jrifh/ vrf;pOf t,f'w D mcsKyf OD;apmvGi/f ausmfvif;yHEk dyS fwu dk yf kid f&Sif OD;tkef;jrifh/ owif;pm q&ma[mif;ESihf vli,fhwyfOD; OuUÏa[mif; OD;udkukad v;/ &Srf;jynfe,fausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkvSrif;/ vli ,fwyfO D;rS udk0if;xGÉf/ vli ,fhwyfOD; taocHwyfr S udkpde fvSeSifh udkjrifha tmif/ rkwWrukr`%DtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; ocifAwifwdk@jzpfa=umif;” azmfjy xm;onfudk awGŒ&onf? ociftkef;jrifhESifhtwl EdkifiHa&;orm; ta,muf 100 ausmf u|ef;ydkŒcH&yHkrsm;udk jrifhausmfa&;onfh “udkudk;u|ef;rS Zmwfvrf;rsm;” / udkukad v;. “bmvJ[Jh udkudk;u|ef;” ponfph mtkyrf sm;wGif zwfczhJ ;l ygonf? rdr, d =kH unf&mudk rpGe@f v$wb f J jynfrESihf a&ajr wquf wnf; r&Sad om/ teD;qH;k urf;ajceSihf rdki&f mcsaD 0;aom yifv,fxrJ S u|e;f wckoŒkd ydŒk cH&onfw h ikd f wdkif;jynftwGuf/ jynfol vlxk tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf qufvuf&yfwnfcJh=uonfh wdkif;cspf jynfcspfyk*~dKvfrsm;udk jynfolw&yfvHk;u rarhekdif=uonfrSm obm0 usygonf? rdrdygwD/ rdr d tzGJŒ tpnf; / rdrd y k* ~dKvfa &;twGuf tm%mud k tvGJo Hk; pm;jyKum t=urf; zuf zdESdyfnSif;yef;ESdyfpufolrsm;udk ordkif;ucGifhv$wfavhr&Sd[k jrifrdygonf? ordkif;twGuf trSefw&m;qdkonfrSm tm%m&Sdolwdk@ wzufowf0g'jzef@csDaerlrsm;twGuf a&SŒae vd ku f a y;onfh t &m r[kw f a y? tzd E S dy fc H a e&aom wdk i f; olj ynf o m;rsm;twGu f pGef@v$wftepfemcH0Hholrsm;. ta=umif;t&m rsm;udkom ordkif;u csD;ajrSmuf*k%fjyK =uayvdrfhrnf[k ,lqrdygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

*sme,fausmfESifh axmifht&om tbociftHk;jrifhu vufyHwef;Zmwdjzpfonf? 1918 ckeSpf {jyDv 28&ufwGif vuf y H wef; jrdK Œ tpd k; &txufwef ;ausmif ;Y wdk @ Arm tpnf; t&Hk ; a=uG ; a=umfo H pm&Gufrsm;jzef@a0jcif;jzifh e,fc sJŒqef@ usifa &;vSKyf&Sm;r_r sm;udk pwifc Jholjzpfonf? *sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif rSm ol.q&mjzpfonf? 1934 ckeSpfrwfvwGif vufyHwef;jrdKŒ tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;atmifcJh&m aq;wuUodkvfodk@ pm&if;oGif;jyD; rwufj zpf a wmh b J &efu ke fo wif ; pmavmuod k @ 0ifa &muf v ky f u dk i fc J ho nf? ol . yxrqH k; owif; pmaqmif ; yg;rS m jrefr mht vif ; wGi f 1936ck e S pf Y azmf j ycJ ha om “rjrefrrmaom aeS;aysmhrsm;” aqmif;yg;jzpfonf? xdt k csdeu f a&ausm&f yf eSif;yef; vrf;wGif *sme,fa usmf OD;cspfarmifeSi fhtwlaexdkifum q,fhESpf&moDjyHK;/ jrifhtke f; uavmif trnfrsm;jzifh tcef;quf0wˆK&Snf/ aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf? 1937 cke Spf {jyDv rEœa v;jrdKŒwG if ausmif; om;acgif; aqmif uk dA [d ef ; OD;pD;usif;yonfh 'kwd,t=udrf ArmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm; uGefz&ifhok@d wufa &mufc Jhonf? 1938 ckeSpf ZGefvwGif wdk;wufa &;owif;pmt,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJh onf? ociftrnfpwifcH,lcJh+yD; OD;cspfarmifESifhtwlk xkwfa0ol emrnfc HI *sme,fa usmf udkx kwf a 0cJhu m *sme,f a usmfwG i f Edki fiH a &; owif;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf? 1939 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif qDrD;cGuf uavmiftrnfeSifha&;om;cJhaom “&eforl sm;udk uvJph m; acs=u avmh” aqmif;yg;a=umifh wdk;wufa&;owif;pmudk tmrcHaiG oHk;axmifusyf awmif;cH&onf? xdkeSpfwGif wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk; XmecsKyf tr_aqmiftjzpf ta&G;cH&onf? 1939 ck e S p f w G i f *sme,f a usmf u “axmif h t &om” qd k o nf h pmtk y f wtkyx f kwzf ;l onf? ocifuu kd akd v;/ ocifpx H eG ;f vS/ ocif {=unf/ ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifoif/ ocifrsKd ;nGefŒ / ocifvSarmifwkŒd . axmiftawGŒt=uKH rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? pmtkyf a&SŒ ydkif;tzGifhwGif *sme,fausmOf ;D cspfarmifu trSma&;I pmtkyaf emufq;Hk wGif ociftkef;jrifhu trSma&;xnfhxm;onf? ociftke;f jrifh trSmpmY“a&SŒtbdkŒwGif vli,faygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm axmifxJodkŒoGm;=u&rnfudkvnf; =udKwifpOf;pm;rdum axmif xJwGif&oifh &xdkufaom tcGit hf a&;twGuf wdu k ef nf;cdu k ef nf;/ axmiftapcHw@kd . y&d,m,fw@kd tm; wdr;f enf;wdŒk udk apmapmpD;pD;odESifh =um;eSifhrS ?wdk@axmifusaomtcg vufeufaumif;ygoGm;edkifrnf[k wxpfcs,Hk=unfrdum &Jabmfocifoef;xGef;wdk@ vlpkawmifrS axmifrS xGufvmonfhtcg ?wdkŒ. axmifrSwfwrf;wapmif xkwfa0&ef oEMdÏmefcsvdkufrday.” [lI jyif;jyaom wdkufyGJ0if pdwf jzifh trSma&;cJhonfudk awGŒ&onf? 1940 ckEpS f rwfv 12&ufaeŒwGif tdE, Nd jynfv;kH qdik &f mtrsKd ;om;uGe*f &uf=u;D . 20

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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Adkvfarmifuav;/ AdkvfpHomausmf/ Adkvfom ausmfwdk@ OD;aqmifcJh=uonf? xkdta=umif;udk ociftek ;f jrifu h “ zufq f pfawmfveS &f ; avxD;orm;” trnfjzifh rd;k *sme,f (1995/ ar)wGif a&;cJhonf? xdktxJwGif AdkvfpHomausmfuJhokd@ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;jyD;aomtcg jynfol@ &JabmfxJ0if / jy;D awmh wyfrawmfxaJ &muf / 1949 ZGev f wGif tpd;k &wyfxJuae awmcdkjy;D 1958rSm Oya'abmifxJjyefa&mufcJh/ xdkŒaemufb,fedkifiHa&;ygwDrSmrS ryg0ifawmhbJ tpdk;&0efxrf;b0jzifh yifpif,lcJholjzpfjyD; t*FvdyfeSifh *syefvufxufwGif t&m&Sdcef@pOfrSm vnf; &mxl;,lcJhol r[kwfbJ awmfvSefa&;rSm udk,fusdK;pGef@ aqmif&GufcJholjzpfa=umif; / awmcdkpOfuta=umif;awGudk ,luKHk;r&jiD;wGm;wmwdkŒ/ tjypfzdkŒwmwdkŒ vHk;0rajymwJhol jzpfa=umif; wifjycJo h nf? aqmif;yg;. aemufq;kH tyd'k w f iG f edik if aH &;avmu"Hukd }urd zf efrsm;pGm &ifqidk cf &Jh onfh Adv k pf Homausm. f ajympum;av;wpfcGef;jzifh tqH;k owfxm;onf? “ tckvkd at;at;csrf;csrf; vdyfjymoef@oef@ae&wm b,favmufaumif;ovJAsm” [kqdkonf? EdkifiHa&;avmu"Hudk =uHh=uHhcdkifedkifjcif;rSm AdkvfpHomausmf. &dk;om;r_/ eSdrfhcsr_/ a&mifh&rJ r_ sm;eSifh omrefjynfolvx l b k 0Yom wquf wnf;aexdik feidk cf rhJ rl sm;u olŒtwGuf at;at;csrf;csrf;eSifh vdyfjymoef@oef@ aeedkifapcJhjcif;jzpfrnf[k awG;xifrdygonf? tbu xdkodkŒ pHjyKxdkufaom awmfvSefa&;orm;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;=uD;rsm; ta=umif;udk wckwfw& a&;avh&Sdonf? ocifApdef/ ocifav;armif/ ocifodef;armif=uD;wdkŒ ta=umif;udk a&;xm;aom “ausmif;om;ESifhwdk@Arm” yefr*~Zif; (1987/ atmuf wdkbmv)? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udak tmifqef;. 1936 'kw, d ausmif;om;oydwftjyD;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; tm;jyefjznfhjy;D a&S Œ eS p f w G i f OuU Ï aqmif & G u f & mY atmif q ef ; aomf v nf ; aumif ; jyKwf & rnf / tvkyaf omfvnf;aumif; atmif&rnf[k ajymqdrk u _ kd azmfjycJo h nfh “vGecf aJh omESpif g;q,fu owif;/ udkatmifqef;&JŒ =uKH ;0g;oH” pHy,fjzL (1988/ rwf)? 1300jynfh ta&;awmfyt kH jy;D rSm vGwfvyfa&;udk awmif;,lvdk@r&/ vufeufukid fwdkuf,rl S &awmhrnf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; aygif;pHk wyfaygif;pk=uD;zGŒJ pnf;jy;D awmfvSefrS jzpfr,fvk@d oHk;oyfqk;H jzwfjyD; uGefjrLepfygwDudk vSs dKŒ0Su fz GJ Œ pnf ;um ocif a tmifq ef ; taxG axGtwGi f ;a&;rS L;tjzpf aqmif& Gu f vSKyf&Sm;cJh=uyHkrsm;udk “ajratmufawmfvSefa&;tp ocifatmifqef;u” qdkjyD; pHy,fjzL (1988/ ar) wGif a&;om;cJhonf? q&m=uD;ocifudk,fawmfrSdKif;wnf;jzwfaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; txky`wdW pmtkyfwGif ociftkef;jrifu h AdkvfcsKyfusqk;H pOfu cHpm;r_ rsm;udk oleSit fh wl jzwfoef;cJhaom Akdvcf sKy. f yH&k yd frsm;eSihf wGq J ufazmfjyxm;yHrk mS pdw0f ifpm;zG,jf zpfonf? “wdrzf ;kH aom vyrm” [k trnfay;xm;onfh xkad qmif;yg;tpwGif ociftek f;jrifhta=umif;udk ,ckvkd n$ef;onf? 22

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“Taqmif;yg;&Sif OD;tke;f jrifrh mS uG,v f eG o f l Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. t&if;ES;D qH;k rdwaf qGwpfO;D jzpf o nf ? OD ; tke f ;jrifh E S if h ocifw if O D; wdk Œ rSm ocif b0uyif Adk v fc sKyfa tmifq ef ; ruG,v f eG fru D av;u usi;f ycJah om owif;pmq&mrsm; tpnf;ta0;wGif OD;atmifqef;u ociftkef;jrifhtm; E_wfquf&if; usKyfta=umif; usKyfwdk@ ESpfa,mufom aumif;aumif; odw,f”[kajymqdck zJh ;l onf? u|efawmfaxmifu vGwfvmjyD; (2001/ rwf 29) aemufydkif; ukdrkd;0if;ESifh tpfr r'kHwd@k vku d fykd@ojzifh tbociftke;f jrifq h D a&mufjzpf ygonf? tbeSifh r=umc% c&D;twl oGm;jzpfonf? tbvn;f tarvlxka':trmarG;ae@wdkif; rEœav;odkŒ oGm;I q&m '*kefwm&m . arG;ae@wdik f; atmifyef;jrdKŒod@k a&mufonf? tcsKd ŒaomeSprf sm;wGif u|eaf wmfu ra&mufedkifcJhaomfvnf; tbuawmh a&mufjzpf atmifoGm;onf? tarvlxka':trm uG,fvGefpOfuvnf; um;iSm;I rEœav;odk@oGm;&ef OD;pGmaqmf=oolrSm tbyifjzpfonf? u|ef awmfwdk@u “tbusef;rma&; tajc taeu c&D;xGufvdkŒ tqifajyyghrvm;” qkd+yD; ar;jzpfawmh “vrf;rSmyJ aoaoAsm/ oGm;jzpf atmifom jrefjref pDpOf=uprf;yg ” [k qdkonf? tbociftkef;jrifhonf vlxka':trmudk ol@pmrsm;wGifvnf; 1300jynfh ta&;awmf yHkrS oydwfarSmufausmif; oltjzpf/ owif;pm q&mr=uD;tjzpf/ pma&;q&mr=uD;tjzpf tvGefav;pm;onf? vlxk owif;pmudk atmifjrifatmif xkwfa0edkifcJhaom vlxOk D;vSeiS fh a':trmudk owif;pmynmwGifomru EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;t&yg txl;av;pm; onfudk awGŒ&onf? q&mvlxkOD;vStwGuf trSwfw& xkwaf 0cJhaom “vlxkcspo f rSs vlxkOD;vS” pmtkyw f iG f ociftek f;jrifhu “udkvSukd cifrifowd&vd@k ” acgi;f pOfjzifha&;cJah om aqmif;yg;Y Tokd@ awGŒ&onf? 1934 avmufuwnf;u vlxkOD;vSESifh cifrif&if;ESD;cJhyHk / xdkpOfuvlxkOD;vS. vli,frsm;}uD;yGm;a&;toif;wGif =u;D yGm;a&;r*~Zif; xkwaf 0cJhyk/H OD;vSeiS t hf aygi;f toif;rsm;. aus;vufawm&GmjyKjyifa&;ta=umif; / OD;vS/ udkaqmif;/ udkb=uif/ udkcifarmif/ udkZif (aeSmifwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDOuUÏjzpfvmol ocifZif) wdk@eSifh Zmwfobifudk n0ufomuonfh pepftoHk;jyKzdkŒ wDxiG f aqmif &Gucf yJh k/H vlxkOD;vSu aumvdyfausmif;ol rtrmxH &efukefjrdŒ @rS rEœav;jrdKŒokd@ wae@vSsif &nf;pm;pm 2 apmifxnfhI orm"dydk; ydk;yHk rsm;udk tvGefcifrif&if;ESD;pGm a&;xm;onfudk awGŒ&onf? vlxkOD;vS. =uD;yGm;a&; r*~Zif;onfvnf; 1300jynfhta&;awmfyHk ay:ayguv f mjyD;aemufwGif jyKjyifa&;tqifhrS ausmif;om;xkta&;/ vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf 0JG if aqmif;yg;rsm; pwifyg0ifvma=umif; a&;onf? OD;vSonf a':trmeSifh ta=umif;ygI rEœav;odkŒ vdkufygaexdkifum vlxkowif;pm xkwfa0cJhonf? 1950 ckeSpfavmuf u vlxkowif;pm. jidrf;csrf;a&; vkyfief;rsm; tay:tav;xm;aqmif&GufyHkudk ociftkef;jrifhu ,ckvdka&;cJhonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

“1950 ckeSpfydkif;rSm tekjrLAkH;qef@usifwm;qD;a&;/ urBmjidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;udk ausmif;om;vli,f/ tvkyform;/ pmayorm;/ yef;csD yef;yktekynm&Sifrsm; vlwef;pm; tv$mtoD;oD;rSy*k ~dKvfrsm;pkaygif;aqmf=ov_ŒH aqmfaqmif&Gu=f uygw,f? rEœav;tajccHjyD; txuf ArmjynfbufrSm jidrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_=uD;w&yf ay:xGef;vmawmhwmygyJ? 1951 ckeSpfydkif;rSm vlxkowif;pmu xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jidrf;csrf;a&;tmabmfudk txl;jyKtm;ay; v_HŒaqmfa&;om;ay;wJhtwGuf wjynfvk;H jidrf;csrf;a&;jzpfjy;D jynfolvx l ku txl;av;pm; zwf&t _ m;ay;wJh xdyw f ef;owif;pm=u;D wapmiftjzp x f if&mS ;vmygw,f?” [kawG@&onf? vlxkO D; vSa&;om;cJha om wdkif;&if;om;yHkjyifr sm;onfvnf; wdkif;&if; om; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa &;udk taxmuftuljyKedki fzdkŒ &nf&G,f a&;om;cJhwmjzpfa=umif; wifjycJhygao;onf? xdkaqmif;yg;. aemufqHk;tydk'fwGif vlxkOD;vSudkta=umif;jyKI nDnGwfa&;/ jidrf;csrf; a&; wnfaqmuf&mwGif 0dkif;0ef;yg0if=u&ef ed_;aqmfxm;yHkrSm “ud k v S tvG e f v d k v m;awmifh w qEN j yif ; jyvS w Jh wd k i f ; &if ; om;aygif ; pH k jrefrmwrsKd ;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwaf &;udk usGefawmfwŒdk 0dkif;0ef; =uKd ;yr;ftm;xkwjf y;D udv k S tpOfwpdu k f arSsmfreS f;awmifhw =udK;yrf;cJhwhJ jidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;wnfaqmuf&mrSm udk,fwdki f wwfedki fwJhbufu yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uygpdkŒ ” [ka&;om;xm;yga=umif; wifjy&if;ed*Hk;csKyf vdkuf&ygonf?

xGef;0if;jidrf; (8/ 10/ 2013) (True News Journal 12/ 10/ 2013

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vli,fESihf Edkiif Ha&;

a'gufwmausmfpdef EdkifiHa&;[lonf EdkifiHa&; (Politics) [laom pum;vHk;onf EdkifiHwpfckvHk;. ta&;t&m udpPtjzmjzmudk &nfn$ef;aoma=umihf us,fvnf; us,fjyef@I eufvnf; eufeJayonf? *&d'\eduynm&Sif yavwdk;url “vlwdkif;onf obm0tm;jzihf EdkifiHa&; owW0grsm; jzpf=uukef.” [k zGiq hf cdk ho J nf? od@k aomf Edik if Ha&;qdak om a0g[m&udk t"dy`g,af zmf&mwGifrl yk*~dKvfwdk@. &yfwnfcsuftay: rlwnfI taumif;jrif&Sdovdk tqdk;jrifvnf; &Sdayonf? ruf [ ife &D a [mif ; (Mc.Henry Howe) url “oif o nf Ed k i f i H a &;ud k toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_ tjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhygu &kd;om;ol jzpf&ef rvG,fulawmhay” [k qd k c J h . ? oD t d k ' d k & k p bJ h (Theodore Roosevelt) u “tatmif j rif q H k ; aom EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkonfrSm tjcm;olrsm; awG;awmpOf;pm; aeonhf ta=umif;&yfrsm;udk tus,favmifqHk;ESihf t}udrftrsm;qHk; xkwfazmfajymqdkol jzpfonf” [k qdkcJh.? cGorm; pma&;q&m}uD ; bm;ewfa &S m (Bernard Shaw)url “bmwpf c kr S rod y gbJ E S i hf t&m&mwd ki f; ud k od onf [ k xifj rif, l qaeolu m; Ed k if i Ha &;orm;yifw nf; ” [k a&;om;cJhonf? tm&f/ t,f/ pwDAifqef (R.L.Stevenson)url “rnfonhfjyifqifr_rsKd;rS rvd[ k k xifjrif,q l jcif;cH&onhf wpfckwnf;aom tvkyt f udik rf mS Edkiif aH &;orm; tvkyyf if jzpfonf” [k a&;cJh.? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

0ufbpwm; (Webster’s New World Dictionary). urBmopftbd"mefurl “EdkifiHa&; qdkonfrSm EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfonhfta&;ESihf ywfoufaom 0dZ…mESihf ody`Hynmyif jzpfonf” [k us,fjyef@pGm t"dy`m,f zGihfqdkcJh.? TwGif EdkifiHa&;ynmESihf EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wdk@udk cGJjcm;em;vnf oihfayonf? EdkifiHa&;ynm[laom a0g[m&udk jrefrmh pG,fpHkusrf; (twGJ-6)wGif “EdkifiHa&;ynm qdkonfrSm EdkifiH. ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk avhvmaom ody`Hynm&yf jzpfonf” [k t"dy`m,f zGihfqdkxm;.? Edk i f i Ha &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r S m um; Ed ki f i H a wmf E Si h f ywf o uf o nh ft a&;ud pP w d k @ Y Edki fiHom;rsm;u yl;aygif; yg0ifv_yf& Sm ;jcif; jzpfonf? Todk@ v_yf&Sm;&mwGi fvnf; Edki fiHom;tm;vHk; yg0ifv _y f&Sm ;aom trsKd;om;Edkifi Ha &; (National Politics)ESi hf EdkifiHom;tcsKdŒwdk@ tkyfpk toif; tyif;zGJ@um yg0if v_yf&Sm;aom ygwDEdkifiHa&; (Party Politics)[lI ESpr f sKd;cGjJ cm;Edik af yonf? u|Efyk fwk@d jrefrmEdik if Honf t*Fvyd f vufatmufwGif ol@u|eftjzpf EGHepfaepOftcgu vGwfvyfa&;twGuw f pfrsKd;om;vHk; v_yf&Sm;cJhjcif;onf trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;jzpf.? xdkpOfu q&mpH OD;aqmifonhf awmifolv,form;trsm;pk yg0ifaom awmfvSefykefuefr_/ ausmif;olausmif;om; trsm;pk yg0ifaom wuUodkvf tufOya' oydwfarSmufr_/ tvkyform;trsm;pk yg0ifaom a&eHajr oydwfarSmufr_ ponfwdk@um; vlwef;pm; trsKd;rsKd; yg0ifI ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; trsKd;rsKd;wdk@u OD;aqmifr_ ay;aeapumrl wpfc kwnf ;aom &nfr Se f;csuf}uD;rSm u|efb 0rS vGwf ajrmuf a&; jzpfaoma=umihf trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;yifjzpfay.? xdk@twlyif &JabmfoHk;usdyfu OD;aqmifI jynfolvlxk wpfcJeufyg0ifr_jzihf e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyfudk trdajrrS armif;xkwf cJhjcif; / jynfol wdk@ESihftwl Armhwyfrawmfu zufppf*syefudk awmfvSefcJhjcif;ESihf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom jynfolvlxk}uD;u wpnf;wvHk;wnf; vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf JG 0ifcjhJ cif;wd@k um; trsKd;om;Edik if aH &;. o&kyo f uefukd t[kwftrSef azmfjyvsu&f Sday.? odk@&mwGif vGwfvyf+ yD;onhftcgwGifum; tm%mudk vdkc sifaoma=umihf ygwDtrsKd;rsKd; axmif cJh=uonf? ygwDtcsif;csif; qJcJh=u ovdk ygwDtwGif;wGifvnf; uGJcJh=uayonf? Tum; ygwD EdkifiHa&;. oabmobm0jzpf.? ygwDEdkifiHa&;[lonf trsKd;om; vkyfief;rsm;ESihf rqdkifbJ rdrdygwD wefcdk;xGm;a&;/ tm%m&a&;udkom t"du &nf r S e f ; csuf x m;wwf . ? xd k @ a=umih f ygwD a cgif ; aqmif wd k @ . tawG ; tac: t,ltqay:rlwnfI vkyfyHkudkifyHkvnf; trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym; wwf.? [pfwvm(Hitler) uJhodk@aom acgif;aqmifu ol. (Mien Kampt)[laom pmtkyfwGif “oifonf vlxk. pmemaxmuf x m;r_ u d k vd k v m;cJ h a omf trk d u f r J q H k ; ES i h f t=urf ; wrf ; qH k ; aom ta=umif;t&mwdk@udk ajymyg” [k a&;om;cJhonf? “ygwDEdkifiHa&;[lonf b,folaoao/ 26

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iawygwD rm&if+y;D a&m oabmxm; wwf=u&m r[kwrf rSef vky}f uaH jymqdzk @kd vnf; 0efrav; wwf=uay? xdk@a=umihf tcsKdŒygwDrsm;onf rdrdwdk@ 0g'jzef @aom rkom0g'rsm;udk rdrdwdk@ rsKdrdojzihf aoausysufp;D wwf=uonf” [k a'gufwm tmbkoaemh (Dr.Arbuthnot)u a&;cJ. h ? ygwDE dki fi Ha &;ES i hf ywfoufI csD; rG r f; ajcausmufo abmrsKd;ESi hf a&;om; xm;jcif;vnf; &Sdao;.? [ife&Da*sm h(Hennry George)u “u|Ekfyfwdk@onf EdkifiHa&;udk EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; vufxJodk@ yHkrtyfEdkfifouJhodk@ EdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;&m udpPrsm;udkvnf; aumvdyf/ ygarmuQrsm; vufxJodk@ pdwfcsvufcs tyfESHjcif; rjyKEdkifyg” [k a&;cJh.? tm&f/ bD/ a[;(R.B.Haye)u “EdkifiHawmfudk taumif;qHk; tvkyftau|;jyKjcif;onf ygwDudk taumif;qHk; tvkyftau|; jyKjcif; rnf.” [k rdef@qdkcJhayonf? (2²6²1989)ae@xkwf vkyfom;jynfol@ae@pOf owif;pmwGif aqmif;yg;&Sif okcdatmifu “ausmif;om;ESihf EdkifiHa&;” [k acgif;pOfwyfum Todk@ a&;cJh.? “xdkuJhokd@ wpfrsK;d om;vH;k aumif;pm;a&;/ wpfrsK;d om;vH;k vGwv f yfa&;twGuf }uKd ;yrf; v_y&f mS ; r_}u;D wGif rsKd;cspfocif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ awmifolv,form;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ ausmif;om;or*~rsm;/ wyfrawmfom;rsm; / jynfol@ &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;/ ukefonfyGJpm;rsm;/ oHCmawmfrsm;/ tpdk;& 0efxrf; rsm;utp wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vH;k yg0ifqifEJc$ h=J ujcif;udk trsKd;om;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D (0g) trsKd;om; EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[k ac:ygonf? xdk@a=umihf trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;twGuf (0g) wdkif;jynfaumif;pm;a&; twGuf ausmif;om;rsm; tygt0if wdkif;jynfwpfjynfvHk; pnf;vH;k v_y&f Sm;Edkifygonf? v_yf&mS ;oihf ygonf? EdkifiHa&;ygww D pfck tm%m&&Sad &;twGuf pnf;&H;k v_yf&mS ;rnfqkad omf ,if;ygwu D om pnf;&H;k v_y&f mS ;&rnf jzpfygonf? ,cktcg rdrw d @kd EdkifiHa&;ygwD tEdkif&a&;twGuf vlwpfpk tm%m&a&;twGuf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; zGJ@+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ0if&ef wm plae=u onfrSm ygwED dkifiHa&; jzpfygonf? trsKd;om; EdkifiHa&; r[kwfyg”? ,if ; uJ h o d k @ trsKd ; om;Ed k i f i H a &;ES i h f ygwD E d k i f i H a &;[l I ES p f r sKd ; uG J c J h & m trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;[lonf wpfrsK;d om;vH;k ta&;jzpfI rGejf rwf oef@pif.? ygwED ikd if aH &;rSmum; oufqidk &f mygww D pfck. ta&;jzpfaoma=umihf (rl0g'ESifh &nfrSef;csurf sm; aumif;apumrl) tjcm;ygww D @kd ESifh ,SO+f yKd iaf &;wGif atmifjrifr_ (0g) rdryd gwD tm%m&r_ukd OD;xdyx f m;onfjzpfI twWqefaom oabm &Sday.? odk@jzpfjcif;a=umihf u|Ekfyfwdk@tm;vHk;onf rGefjrwfoef@pif &dk;om;aom vli,fb0wGif trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_Yom yg0ifoihfI ygwDEdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wGifum; t&dk;&ihfI t&G,af &mufvmonhftcgwGifrSom 0goem jyif;jycJhaomf yg0ifv_yf&Sm; aqmif&Guo f ihfayownf;? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

vlr_a&;ESihf y&[dw vkyfief;rsm; vli,fb0wGif ygwED fikd if aH &;udk a&Smif&mS ;I trsK;d om;Edik fiaH &;udkom vkyaf qmif =u&ef txufu vrf;n$efcJh+yD? odk@aomf trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; rnfodk@vkyf&rnfenf;? wpfrsKd;om;vHk;ESihf qdkifaom vlr_a&;ESihf y&[dwvkyfief;rsm;wGif wuf=uGpGm yg0if vkyftm;ay;jcif;yifvSsif trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; vkyfonfrnfay. EdkifiHawmf. vGwfvyfa&;ESihf tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk wdkif;wpfyg;om;wdk@u +cdrf;ajcmufvm aomtcg ,if;tEW&m,fudk &ifqdkif wGef;vSef&rnfrSm wpfrsKd;om;vHk;. wm0efomjzpfonf? tu,fI &efolu ykef;vSsKd;uG,fvSsKd; vkyfaeygu ur?muodatmif ukvor*~rSwpfqihf v_H@aqmf&rnf? &efoludk tiftm;}uD;wpfEdkifiHu taxmuftul jyKaeyguvnf; ,if;taxmuftuljyK onhf EdkifiH}uD;tm; rauseyfa=umif; jynfvHk;u|wf wpfcJeuf qENjy&efrSm wpfrsKd;om;vHk;. wm0efjzpfonf? aemufqHk;wGif &efolu vufeufudkifI usL;ausmf&efpvmyguvnf; vGwfvyfa&;ESihf tcsKyftjcmtm%m ydik fpdk;a&;udk umuG,fzdk@ twGuf w&m;aomppfyGJ qifE$J&efrmS wpfrsK;d om;vHk;. wm0efom jzpfayonf? xdk@tjyif tcsdefumvESihf ae&ma'otay: rlwnfI wpfjynfvHk;wGif tcgtm; avsmfpGm usa&mufjzpfay: wwfaom a&ab; / avab;/ rD;ab; tEW&m,fwdk@ESihf &ifqdkif&onhftcg wGifvnf; ,if;tEW&m,frS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;=u&rnfrSm trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;. vkyfief;wm0efwpf&yf jzpfayonf? avab;/ a&ab;/ rD;ab; 'kuQonfrsm;rSm rdrdwdk@ trsKd;om;rsm;yif jzpf.? xdkolwdk@onf rdrdwdk@ESihf wpfjynfwnf;ae wpfa&wnf;aomuf=uaom &yfaqG&yfr sKd;rsm;yif jzpf.? 0HomEk &uQdw trsKd;udk apmihfa&Smufonhfw&m; vufudkifxm;I 4if;wdk@tm; ulnD&efrSm tm;vHk;ESihfqdkifaom wm0efjzpfonf? xd@k a=umihf vli,f wdk@onf =uufajceDtoGi/f rD;owfwyfz@JG 0if toGiw f @kd jzihf yg0iful nD E dki fo uJho dk @ ausmif; om;tky fpk0 if r sm; tjzpfv nf ; us&mtcef; u¾rS yg0iftusKd;aqmifEdkifayonf? wdkif;tvdkuf/ +rdKŒe,ftvdkuf/ &yfuGuftvdkuf vkyfaqmif&rnhf vlr_a&;ESihf y&[d w vky fi ef; rsm;wG i f yg0if q mif & Gu f a ejcif ; onfv nf ; trsKd; om;Ed k i f i H a &;udk aqmif&u G fjcif; jzpf.? aus;vufa'owGif rd;k rusrD qif;&JErG ;f yg;ol/ tm;udk;tm;xm; r&So d /l om;axmuforD;cH r&So d w l k@d .tdru f kd wpf&mG vH;k u 0dik ;f 0ef;ulnI D acgirf k;d rd;k ay;jcif;/ rkq;kd r. v,f/ tr,ft. dk ,mwdk@udk wpf&GmvH;k u 0dik f;0ef;xGe, f ufay;jcif;/ &dwfodrf;csed fwGiv f nf; ulnD &dwo f rd ;f ay;jcif;onf csppf &m jrefrmh"avh trsK;d om;Edkid fiaH &;. tajccH o&kyjf yrsm;yif jzpfayonf? odk@aomf vlr_a&;ESihf y&[dwvkyfief;wdk@udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif OD;aqmifr_ 28

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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}udK;pm;pkaqmif;xm; oihfayonf? ,if;wdk@rSm(1) A[kokawm- tjrift=um;rsm;jcif;/ (2) oDv0aEWm- oDwif;oDv&Sdjcif;/ (3) ola&m- &JpGrf;owWd&Sd&jcif;/ (4) r[koa[m- vH@k v x=uG&&Sd jcif;/ (5) tuQ&da"m- r_cif;udpP +yD;ajrmufa&;udk ppfaq;avhvm&jcif;/ (6) Av"&Da&m- udk,ftm; Om%ftm; AvESpfyg;&Sd&jcif;/ (7) rDwdrm- t*wdw&m;av;yg; rvkdufpm;&/ rrSm;&jcif;/ (8) 0Êk0dvmaom- cef@nm;&dkaozG,af om &kyfqif;t*Fg&djS cif; [lI jzpfayonf? rif;wd k@ usih f& maom o*F [w&m;av;yg;ESi hf ywf oufI vuQ% ok wf tÏuxmwdk@udk udk;um;aom q&mawmf t&Sif=obmombd0Hou Tod@k azmfjycJh.? (1) o\ar0" wdkif;jynfEdkifi Hay: Y usa&mufjzpfxGef;orSsaom pD;yGm ; csrf;omwdk@rS rSL;rwfjynfolwdk@ nSdE_dif;wdkifyif pnf;a0;=u+yD;vSsif rnfa&GŒrnfrSs aumufcH awmif;,l&rnf [laom jyÏmef;csuf Oya'twdkif; tydktrdkr&S/d rem=unf; rxdcku d f&atmif aumufcH cGJ,laom v,fcGefawmfESihf tjcm;tcGefawmfrsm;/ (2) yk&o d ar" rif;/ rSL;rwf/ &Jruf/ vufeufuikd fppfom;ponhf Edik if u H kd apmihaf &Smuf xde f; odrf;aom olwdk@udk }uD;pOfi ,fvdkuf txdkuftavsmuf aumufcHI &aom tcGefawmfaiGukd pm;oHk;avmufatmif vc/ &duQm pm;eyfawmfrsm; ay;urf;csD;jrSihf&jcif;/ (3) orRmygo ukeo f nfv,fvyk w f @dk udk tydwt f yif twm;tqD; tcsKyt f jc,fr&Sd zGihfay;&jcif;/ apmifr oihforSs apmifr =unhf¶_jcif;/ xdkxuftvGefvnf; }uD;us,fzGH@+zdK; Edkifap&ef twdk;tyGm; r&Sd/ t&if;tESD; trawmfaiGudk ay;urf; r-p &jcif;/ (4) 0gpmay, +yHK;&$ifjcif;vSsif a&SŒoGm;&Sdaom cspfzG,fcsKdjraompum;wdk@udk om,macsiHpGm ajymqdkjcif; [lI jzpfayonf? wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmif EdkifiHt}uD;tuJ vkyfvdkolwdk@onf pnf;pdrfcsrf;om rqkwf,kwf wdk;wufyGm;rsm;a=umif;w&m; ckESpfyg;[k qdktyfaom ty&d[med,w&m; ckESpfyg;udkvnf; odxm;oihf.? bk&m;&Sifonf Tw&m;ckESpyf g;udk a[m=um;&mY omrefvw l @kd twGuf wpfrsKd;ESifh wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyf rif;vkyfvdkolwdk@twGuf wpfrsKd;[lI ESpfrsKd;cGJjcm; a[m=um;awmfrlcJh.? omrefvw l @kd twGuu f m;(1) owWK*g&0wm- bk&m;Y &dkaojcif; / (2) "rR*g&0wm- w&m;awmfY &dkaojcif; / (3) oHC*g&0wm- oHCmawmfY &dkaojcif; / 34

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

(4) oduQm*g&0wm- udk,fusihfoduQmY &dkaojcif;/ usihfoHk;jcif; / (5) orm"d*g&0wm- wnf=unfjcif;/ orm"dudk &dkaojcif; / (6) uvsm%rdwWwm- aumif;aomrdwfaqG&Sdjcif; / (7) aom0powm- ynm&Sd ola wmf a umif;wdk@ qdkqH k;raom pum;udk em,lv, G fjcif;[lI jzpfayonf? wdik f;jynftyk cf sKyf rif;vkyo f lwk@d usif&h rnhf ty&d[med,w&m;ckEpS fyg;aomfum;(1) nDnGwfpGm rjywfpnf;a0; wdkifyifjcif; / (2) tpnf;ta0;odk@ wpkw&Hk;wnf;tnD wufa&mufI rif;wdk@jyKzG,u f pd Pudk tnDjyKukefvsuf wpkw&Hk;wnf; nDnGwfpGm xjyefwwfjcif; / (3) a&S;a&S;rif;wdk@. ynwfcsuf"rRwdk@udk tpOfvdkufemjcif;/ rzsufqD;jcif; / (4) touf}uD;ukefaom rif;wdk@udk &dkaoav;jrwfpGm ylaZmfjcif;/ 4if;wdk@. qdkqHk;rcsufwdk@udk em,ljcif; / (5) trsKd;orD; }uD;i,fwdk@udk Edkifxufuvl qGJ,lI tdrfaxmifrjyKjcif; / (6) +rdKŒwGif;+rdKŒ jyif&Sd a&S;rif;wdk@ t&dktaojyK ylaZmf=uukefaom ewfuGef;/ apwDwdk@udk a&S;xHk;enf;twdkif; Avdewfpmay;jcif; / (7) rdrw d ikd ;f jynfo@kd rvmukeaf o;aom &[EWmwd@k =uv G mapjcif;iSm/ =uv G m+y;D aom &[EWmwd@k csr;f ompGmaejcif;iSm &[EWmwd@k tm; w&m;ESiafh vsmpf mG apmihaf &SmufjyKpk vH+k cKH apjcif; [lI jzpfayonf? ,ckacwfum; ya'o&mZf/ {u&mZf/ rif;acwf/ bk&ifacwf r[kwfawmh[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf; a&S;tcgu wdkif;jynft}uD;tuJ wdk@ xm;&SdcJhaom tusihfoduQmwdk@udk ,ckacwftac: orRw/ 0ef}u;D csKypf onhf Edkiif aH cgi;f aqmifrsm; od&edS m;vnf xm;xdu k &f rHk u acwfrDaeao;aom tjyKtrltcsKdŒudkvnf; twk,l vdkufemusihfoHk;oihfvSayonf? wdkif;EdkifiHukd tkyfcsKyfI rif;vkyfrnhfolwdk@&Sdxm;&rnhf Avig;yg;um;(1) Am[kAv- vuf&Hk;vufeuf ppfonftiftm; / (2) abm*Av- pm;eyf&duQm a&$aiG&wem qifjrif; OpPmtm; / (3) trpPAv- trwf tiftm; / (4) tbdZpPAv- trsKd;jrwf oef@&Sif;jcif;tm; / (5) ynmAv- Om%fynm&Sdjcif; tiftm; [lI jzpfayonf? wdkif;jynf. &wemudk;yg;udk rESdyfpuf rnSOf;yef;&m[k umr¾uDusrf;wGif qdkxm;&m ,if;udk;yg;rSm(1) jynhfOD;uif;- wdkif;a&;jynfr_ukd aqmif&Gupf DrHay;Edkifaom rSL;}uD;rwf&mrsm;/ (2) jynhfwHcGef- oDv0E W/ ynm0E W/ &[ef;awmfrsm; / tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

(3) jynhfrsufpd- vdrRmu|rf;usifukefaom aq;q&m/ [l;&m;aA'ifq&m/ puf,EW&m;q&mrsm;? (4) jynf.em;- opPm&SdaomolvSsKdrsm; / (5) jynhftpG,f- ol&owWd&Sd=uonhf rif;nDrif;om; rif;aqGrsKd;rsm; / (6) jynf}uD;rsufESm- &kyf&nfacsmonhf trsKd;aumif;orD;rsm; / (7) jynf. 0rf;Adkuf- pm;eyf&duQmESihf OpPmaygrsm;aom olaX;ol=uG,frsm; / (8) jynf.ajc- ppfonfAdkvfygtaygif;ESihf ,mOfrsKd;pHk /

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axmifESi fh rdcif vlxk a':trm xGufjyD - udk,af wG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - zdk;oH (vlx)k trSmpum;ESifhtwl - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf? 36

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

jidrf;csrf;a&;qkdif&m Edkiif Hwum tqkdtrdef hrsm;

aZmf+idrf;vwf(74) oJuEœm&wGif;vSnfhvnfvsuf&Sdaom c&D;oGm;wpfckonf "a&" jywfvyfonf &Sdaomtcg "tkdatppf"ac: a&&Sd&mt&yfudk tjyif;txef &SmazGouJhodk@vnf;aumif;/ aotHhrl;rl; rde f;armvsuf&Sdaom vlrrmonf q&mZD0uuJhodk@aom orm;awmfu dk ar#mv f ifah wmifhwonfh enf;wlpmG vnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf twGif; rSw D if; aexkdif=uukefaom wkdif;&if;om;taygif;wdk@onf "+idrf;csrf;a&;udk" ar#m frSef;wrf;w vsuf&Sd=uavonf? jynfolvlx k.qif;&Jjcif;taygif; rSuif; a0;&m trSe fjzpfa om +idrf;csrf;a&;t+rdKufokcudkESpfouf=unfEl; pGmcHpm;vkdpdwf tmoDojyif;jy=uojzifhvnf; vwWHŒ jzpfaom 21 &mpk yifvHk+idrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcHudk enf;[eftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh }uKd qkdiHhvifh=u onfvnf; xif&Sm;av+yD? "+idrf;csrf;a&;[lonfum; tb,fenf;"? Taqmif;yg;wGif EkdifiHwumyk*~dKvfausmftoD;oD;/ bmoma&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. "+idrf;csrf;a&;"tqkdtrdef@udk pkpnf;wifjytyfygonf? (2) "Peace comes from within.Do not seek it without.'' (Gautama Buddha)

"+idrf;csrf;a&;onf ud, k w f Gif; tZPswWrS vmaomw&m;jzpf.? ud, k fwiG ;f rStywGif r&SmazGygESifh" tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

Ttqkt d rdef@um; a*gwrAk'b < k&m;&Si. f tqdt k rde@f jzpfygonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh +ird ;f csr;f a&;udw k nf aqmufrnf[k a=u;G a=umfot l aygif;wd@k onf OD;pGmyxr ud, k w f idk +f ird ;f csr;f =uzdk@vkdtyfygvdrfhrnf? twWpGJ/ a'go rmef/ arm[w&m;/ avmbw&m;wdk@jzifh +yGrf;aom vly*k K~d vw f @dk onf ud, k fwdik fr+ird ;f csr;f ojzifh +idr;f csrf;a&;udk wnfaqmufEikd v f drrhf nfr[kwf[k rSw, f rl dygonf? (3) ''Better than a thousand useless words is one word that gives peace'' (Gautama Buddha)

a*gwrAk'<bk&m;&Sifu tESprf yg/ odrfzsif;aompum;vHk;aygif;wpfaxmifxuf +idrf;csrf;r_udkay;aom pum;wpfvHk;u ydkIjrwfonf(aumif;onf)[k a[m=um;cJhygonf? &efvkdaomaqG;aEG;r_rsm ;/ Edkifvkdrif;xuf aqG;aEG;ajymqkdr_rsm ;/ rdrdt,ltq rdrd0g' omv#ifrSeo f nf[al ompum;rsm;rSm pifppftESprf yg odrzf si;f aom pum;rsm;omjzpfygonf? "+idrf;csrf;a&;"udak zmfaqmifEidk faompum;rsm;udo k m jynfow l dk@ =um;vkv d S+yDjzpfygonf? (4) ''If you want peace, work for justice.'' (Pope Paul VL)

qXrajrmufykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;aygvfu "tu,fI oifonf +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tvkd&Sdv#if w&m;r#wa&; twGuf vkyfaqmifavmh"[lI rdef@=um;cJhygonf? w&m;r#wr_ r&SdbJ +idrf;csrf;a&;razmfaqmifEkdifovkd w&m;r#w r_r&Sdaom t"rR&,lonfh +idrf;csrf;a&; onfvnf; xm0&rwnfwef@Edkifa=umif;/ ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;u axmufjy vrf;n$ef cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? (5) ''if you want to make peace with your enemy, you have to work with your enemy. Then the becomes your partner.'' (Nelson Mandela)

awmiftmz&duEkdifiH. vlxkacgif;aqmif awmiftmz&duorRwa[mif;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;EkdA,fqk&Sif/ uG,fvGefonf "e,fqifrif;'Jvm;"u "tu,fI oifonf oifh&efolESifh +idr f; csrf;a&;&,lvkdv#if xkd&efolESifh twlwGJI tvky fvky f&vdrfhrnf/ xkd@aemufwGif xkd&efolonf oif.vkyfazmfudkifzufjzpfvmvdrfhrnf"[k rdef@=um; cJhonf? e,fqifrif'v J m;onf txufyg +ird f;csr;f a&;t,ltqudk aowyefoufwpfq;Hk vufawGÅ&#x2019; usifhoHk; oGm;cJhavonf? (6)

''Peace cannot be kept by force, it can only be actived by 42

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

understanding.'' (Albert Einstein)

"+ird ;f csr;f a&;udk tiftm;ESih&f ,lIr&Ekid /f em;vnfr"_ ESio hf m wnfaqmufEikd o f nf? urBmhody`Htausmftarmf ¶lyaA'ynmqkdif&m EkdA,fvfqk&Sif tJvbwftkdif;pwkdif;u +idrf;csrf;a&;wnf aqmufr_tay: txufygtwkdif; t"dy`m,fzGifhqkdcJhonf? a&S;*&dacwf '\eynm&Sif (Aristotle) t&pPww dk ,f. We make war that we may live in peace. +idrf;csrf;pGmaexkdifEdkifzkd@ u|Efkyfwdk@ppfwkduf=uonf [laomt,ltqESifhrl qef@usifbuf jzpfavonf? acwfopforkdif;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf[kta=umif;jyum qifE$J=uaom "ppf"rSefor# "ppfEG"H xJu xGufr&atmif u|HusepfjrKyfvsuf&Sdonf? (7) ''We seek peace, Knowing that peace is the Climate of freedom.'' (D unght D.Eisenhower)

'kwd,urBmppft+yD;wGif tar&duefEdkifiH.orRw}uD;jzpfvmol AkdvfcsKyf}uD; tkdufpifa[mif;0g;u "u|E fkyfwdk@onf +idrf;csrf;a&;rSm vGwfvyfjcif;. txGwftxdyf rSef;od=uaoma=umifh +idrf;csrf;a&;udk&SmazGonf"[k ajym=um;cJhonf? vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkorRwjrefrmEdkifiHwGif vGwfvyfjcif;. tESpfom&jzpfaom +idrf;csrf;a&;udk wnfaqmuf&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJhonfyif q,fpkEpS f(7)pkeD;yg;&SdcJh+yD? ,ae@umvum; +idr;f csrf;a&; rkcfOD;udk ta0;wGif r_ef0g;0g;jrif&qJjyK+yD[k rSwf,liHhvifhvkdygonf? ''If we have no peace, it is because we have forgetten that we belong to each other.''

+idrf;csrf;a&;EdkA,fqk&Sif urBmhvlom;wd@k .arwœm&Sif rmomx&DZm. tqdt k rdef@ jzpfygonf? rsKd;qufopf vli,frsm;udk,w f kdif jrefrmr_jyKI cHpm;em;vnf=uygukef?

aZmf+idrf;vwf(74)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

a':pk ukvrSm bmawGajymcJhovJ

a'gufwmwifhaqG tar&duefjynfaxmifpk rm&D,efwuUodkvfuzdwfvdk@ pum;oGm;ajym&w,f? tar;-tajz wckrSm a':pk ukvor*~rSm rdef@cGef;ajymwJt h csuu f dkyg xnfhajymbdk@vdkwmeJ@ ajymcJhygw,f? a=ufmjim0ifovdkaygh? u|efawmfu a':atmifqef;pk=unfowif;wdkif;udk vdkufra&;yg? ol@yHkudkvnf; tvGefvdktyfrSom oHk;ygw,f? udk,hfacgif;aqmifjzpfvdk@ qifjcif&wmawG &Sdw,f? twdkuftcHjzpfoludkvnf; qifjcif+yD;om a0zef wdkufcu dk foifhwJh pmav; a&;yg&ap? a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ 21 OD;ajrmuf Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D jzpfygw,f? ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; tpdk;&wdki;f &JŒ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;awG ukvor*~rSm rdef@cGef;ajymcJh=uygw,f? jrefrmjynfu vlOD;a&trsm;pktwGufawmh ppftpdk;&eJ@ jynfcdkif+zdK;tpdk;&wdk@&JŒ EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}u;D awG ajymqdck w hJ mudo k m =um;zl;=urSmyg? tJ'gawGu aocsmem;axmifv@kd =um;od&wm r[kwfbJ/ owif;xJrmS oGm;&if;[efvGJ =um;rdwmomjzpfrSmyg? pdwf0ifwpm; r&Sd=uwmudk jiif;qdrk ,fhol r&Sad vmufyg? u|efawmfw@dk uawmh vGefcw hJ hJ ESpfaygi;f ESpq f ,fausmftwGi;f rSm tJ'D EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;awG ajymwmudk tptqkH;zwfcJh=u&ygw,f? vltcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_udk b,fvdkckcHovJ/ xrif;a&yl vSsmv$JvkyfovJ =unfh=u&wmyg? EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;wdkif;[m ol@tpkd;&udkckcHumuG,f=uwmuawmh xHk;pHyg? jr efrmjynfrSm awmh tJwmrsdK;vkyfwm wcsufa vmufvdkoGm;&if e,l;a,mufuae 44

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

&efukeftjyefrSm jzKwfpmuapmifhaer,f? a':pk&ŒJ rde@f cGe;f tyd'k f 2 rSm Ek0d ifbmva&G;aumufyw JG ek ;f u usrwk@d jynfolawG[m trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfukd wcJeufrJay;cJh=uygw,f? tJ'g[m EkdifiHa&;ygwDwckukd axmufcw H ,fqw dk m jyojcif;omru/ olw@dk &JŒ tcGit hf a&;/ pGr;f &nfe@J olw@dk arSsmrf eS ;f xm;wJh wkdif;jynf&ŒJ tem*wfyHpk H pwJh Ekid if aH &;ysK;d axmifra_ wGtwGuf rJay;cJ=h uwmvnf; jzpfygw,f? tJ'g[m ukvor*~ukd pwifxlaxmifcJhwJhyk*~KdvfawG&JŒ t,ltqeJ@vnf; xyfwlxyfrSs jzpfygw,fv@dk qufpyf+yD;ajymygw,f? tJ'g jrif;xde;f iwmvdk csD;usL;wm r[kwyf g? a':pk r=umr=umajymwJt h csuw f ckjzpfwhJ uae@}uKd ;yrf;vkyaf qmifaewmawG[m vkyfaqmifae=uolawG&JŒ tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf r[kwfbJ/ tem*wfxJrSmae=ur,fholawG/ wenf; tm;jzif h uae@vl i ,fa wG/ uav;awG twGu f jzpf w ,f qdk w J h tcsufu dk y g ukvrdef@cGef;xJrSm xnfhajymoGm;ygw,f? omref pOf;pm;olawGuawm ¶dk;pif;wJhpum;vdk@ xif=urSmyg? vGefcJhwJh ESpfig;q,favmuftwGif;rSm udk,faumif;pm;a&;/ udk,fhygwD toif;tzGJ@wckwnf; aumif;pm;a&;om vkyfcJholawGudk rarhoifh=uyg? wenf;tm;jzifh uae@ vl}uD;awG[m tepfemcH=uzd@k jzpfw,f? tJ't D csuu f kd r=umcifuvnf; wdik ;f &if;om; vl}uD;awG/ acgif;aqmifawGudkyg &nfn$ef;ajymcJhygao;w,f? t&ifacgif;aqmifawGrSm tJvdktem*wftwGuf wm0efodpdwfom &Sdc=Jh ur,fqk&d if uae@ jrefrmhrsdK;quf[m 'Dxuf trsm;}uD;aumif;rGefaerSm rvGJyg? +idrf;csrf;a&;vnf; 'Dxufru eD;pyfaeavmufyg+yD? a':pka&G;cs,foGm;wJh aemufxyfta&;ygwJhta&;t&mwcku +idrf;csrf; a&; jzpfpOfjzpf? +idrf;csr;f vk+H cHKpGm aexkdifciG hv f @dk wdwu d susajymoGm;wmudk owdjyKoifh=uygw,f? wcsdKŒu vHk+cHKa&;vdk@qdkvdkuw f meJ@ ppfwyfeJ@ &JwyfeJ@omqdkifr,f xif=uw,f? ppfwyf ausmaxmufaemufcHxm;rS vHk+cHKovdk wvGJaumuf,l=uw,f? tJ'geJ@ +cdrf;ajcmufw,f? tJ'geJ@ rJqG,fw,f? rJ0,fw,f? tckvnf; onftwdkif; ajymae/ vkyfae/ aemufvdkuf ae=uwke;f yJ? aemufwcsufuawmh &ckdiftajctaejzpfygw,f? 'Dta&;[m xdvG,f&SvG,f wmxufydk+y;D tuJqwfygw,f? ya,m*ygvk@d yd+k yD; um;+yJoGm;&wmjzpfw,f? +idrf;csr;f a&; vk y f v k y f / zG H@ +zd K ;a&;vky fv k y f/ yËd y uQ a jz&Si f ; a&; }ud K ;pm;}udK ;pm; tjypf c snf ; om ajymae=uolawGu 'Dta&;rSm tzsufqufvkyfae=uw,f? 2015 a&G;aumufyGJrSm r¶_rvS¶H_;oGm ;=uwJh Edki fi Ha&;ygwDa wGu t=uHa y;aumfr&Sifudk uef@ uGufjcif;[m omref j zpf w wf w J h t,l t q rwl n D r _ r sd K ; r[k w f y g? uk v or*~ t axG a xG twGi;f a&;rª;csKyaf [mif;wOD;trnfudk OD;wnf+yD;wdkufcdkufwmudk ukvrSm a':pkajymwmu ukvudk ol@zufygatmifajymcJhwm r[kwfyg? ukvrSm tpG,fr&Sdyg? ukvtwGif;a&;rª; a[mif;rSm toGm;r&Syd g? tJwmudk (tpf&SL;) vkyfae=uw,f? tzsm;yJ&SL;oGm;rSmyg? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

&cdik af 'orSm tajcjyKwh'J t D a&;[m jynfwiG ;f rSmxuf jynfyrSmyd+k y;D ajymqd=k uw,f? zdtm;aygif;pHkay;ae=uygw,f? wdkif;jynftcsKyftjcmudk xdyg;vmEdkifwJhtxd qdk;0g; oGm ;cJhw,f? tcsufvufrSefyg? yHk}uD;csJŒajymwmr[kwfyg? 2015 a&G;aumufyGJom tajzwrsKd ;jzpfc&hJ if awG;&Jp&mr&Syd g? Edik if jH cm;uae ESpw f &mavmuf uGsejf zpfc&hJ vd@k Edik if jH cm;eJ@ ywfouf&rSma=umufw,fvdk@ajymwJhygwD[m jrefrmEdkifiHudk 26 ESpf=um EdkifiHwumeJ@ wHcg;ydwf+yD;}uD;pdk;cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfae0if;&JŒygwDudk emrnfajymif;xm;wJhygwD jzpfygw,f? olw@dk aemufwufwJh ppftpd;k &eJ@ ppf,el aD zgif;csw G f tpdk;&vufxufrSmawmh jrefrmEdkifiH[m urBm wjcrf ;ausmf ausmf uae wH cg;ydw fw mcH c Jh&ygw,f? yGi fhv mawmh ol wd k@ uyJ vlyg[pfaew,f? pum;ajymwmwdik ;f rSm y&dowf=unh&f w,f? 'Dta&;udprP mS Edik if w H umy&dwo f wf jzpfw,f? a':pku 196 Edik if H a&SŒrSm oGm;ajymwmjzpfygw,f? tESpEf pS q f ,fausmf r&Syd gb;l vd@k bl;cHcJhwJh vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_awG/ EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awG/ uav;ppfom;/ t"rRapcdkif;r_/ vlukeful;r_ pwmawG uae@tajctaerSm bl;cH¶HkeJ@ r&awmhwmudk olwdk@ud, k fwkid f odvm=uw,f? &cdkifrSmjzpfwJhta&;udk ckuwnf;u odoifh=uygw,f? wu,fudk a=umufp&maumif;vSwhJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifr_ xdyg;+crd f;ajcmuf aewJh ta&;udk wm0ef,rl &_ w dS hJ tpd;k &ud, k pf m; a':pku udik w f , G af jz&Si;f &rSmudk ra=umufygv@kd ajymoGm; w,f? a=umufp&maumif;avmufatmif &JpGrf;owœd &Sdygayw,f? apmapmu ajymolawGuawmh a=umufae=uygowJh? em;vnfr _e J@ ,kH=unfr _&&Sda &;udk OD;wnfwJh a&wkd/ a&&SnftpDtpOfawG zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufatmif bufaygif;pkHu csOf;uyfaeygw,fvdk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu urBmhpifjrifhrSm wufajymoGm;ygw,f? wuGufuav;om uGu=f unfholawG owdjyK=uyg cifAsm;? a&wkd/ a&&SnfwuGufqdkwmu tm%mjyef&a&;eJ@ rJ&&Sda&;rjzpfoifhyg? wufvmwJhtpdk;&rSm ay:vpDr&Sdbl;vdk@ rD'D,mrSm q&m}uD;vkyfae=uolawG tawmfudk rsm;vSw,f? ukvrdef@cGef;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfu jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ 2016 trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;a&;rl0g'[m tajccH taqmuftODqkdif&m &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;/ yk*~vduu¾/ tao;pm;eJ@tvwfpm; pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;awG/ txl;ojzifh qif;&JErG f;yg;r_ wkdufzsuaf &; pwmawGyg0ifwhJ a&&Snw f nfwHhwhJ zG@H +zKd ;r_yef;wkdif taumiftxnfazmfa&;eJ@ ukdufnDatmifa&;qGJxm;wm jzpfygw,fvdk@ ajymvdkufyg+yD? tao;pdwfrodao;vdk@qdk+yD; qufa&;r,fholawG &Sdy gOD;r,f? ajym&wm tifrwef vG,fwmudk;? vkyfae=uolawGudk tm;emoifhygw,f? a':pku vkyfrSmudk }udKajymavhr&Sd? rvkyw f mvnf; xnfah jymavhr&Sdyg? aemufw csuf u awmh jref r mjynf o m; 3-4-5 oef ; &S d w J h a&$ Œ ajymif ; 46

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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oufaqG (7 Day News

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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u|efr&JŒ Zmwfvkdufausmf

jzLESi f;xdkuf u|erf wdk@tdrfrmS reufajcmufem&Dxd;k +yq D dw k meJ@ om;xrif;bl;twGuf csufjyKwf jyifqif&+y?D ausmif;om; &Sw d hJtrd w f kdi;f edp"P 0l vkyfaqmifae=u&wJt h avhtusihw f pfcv k ykd gy?J ajcmufem&DcGJ+yDqkd&ifjzifh om;a&m/ azaza&mudkE_d;&w,f? ol@azu tdyf&mxrsufESmopf oGm;wku d +f y;D wmeJ@ om;av;&JŒwpfu, kd af &oef@&Si;f a&;eJ@ reufpmau|;zk@d udpu P kd wm0ef,al y; ygw,f? oltqifoifjh zpf+yq D &kd if umwGe;f um;av;zGiv hf @dk om;awmfarmifukd jcifaxmifxu J csDxkwf+yD; umwGef;um;a&SŒac:oGm;w,f? q,frdepf avmuf azazh&ifcGifxJarS;puf+yD;cgrS rsufESmopf/ oGm;wkduf/ a&csKd;avh&Sdwwfw,f? "om;a& jrefjrefvkyfaemf²²²'Dae@ apmoGm;csifao;wmvm;" "apmoGm;rSm²²²oli,fcsif;awGeJ@aqmhOD;rSm²²²q&mrudkyef;ay;OD;rSm" "'gqkd jrefjrefvyk faemf²²²awmf=umaemufusaeOD;r,f" tdyf&mxcgp 15 rdepfavmufuawmh tdycf sifrl;wl;eJ@ ajymor#acgif;omndw+f yD; vdkufrvkyfwmvnf;&Sd/ vkduv f kyfwmvnf;&Sdwwfwmayg?h a&rkd;csKd;+yD;vkd@ t0wftpm;vJ+yD qdkwmeJ@udk ...... "azaz odkif;q,fcgcsr,faemf" "[m - r&bl;²²²ig;cg" "r&bl; azaz&m²²²q,fc gyJ² ²²arara&Œ azazu odki f;q,fc gcsygr,fqkd rcsbl;wJh" "vkyfay;vkdufyg azaz&,f²²²&SifuvJ²²²om;u 'Davmufajymaewmud"k tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

"'gqkd ig;cgcsr,f²²²usefwhJig;cg ta=uG;rSwfxm;²²²ausmif;ujyefvm&if csr,f" "r&bl; r&bl;²²²ckepfcgcsr,f²²²jyefvm&ifvnf; q,fcgcsOD;rSm" "[m; [m; [kwf+yD [kwf+yD² ²²'gqkd jrefjrefa wmh csr,faemf² ²² om;om; Zmwfn$ef;awGu naerSvkyfawmh²²² tck odkif;yJcs" om;u odkif;cswJhtcgrSmvnf; Zmwfn$ef;awGtrsKd;rsKd; zefwD;wwfygw,f? ol@ pdwful;eJ@zefwD;or#Zmwf vrf;awGuvnf; "om;uodkif;rif;om;aygh² ²²azazu vlq;kd ayg"h "om;odik f;u|r;f wmudk azazurodb;l aygh ²²²azazuyJ odki;f u|r;f w,f xifxm; wmaygh²²²azazu tHh=ooGm;wmayg"h eJ@ ol@pdwfxJ&Sdwmudk vkduo f ¶kyf aqmifay;&wmyg? 'DvkdeJ@ a&rkd;csK;d t0wftpm;vJ+y;D &ifawmh om;&JŒcsm*sifu rSev f m+yv D @kd qd&k rSmygy?J tJh'DtcsdefusawmhrS om;av;twGufjyifqifay;xm;wJh EGm;Edk@av;eJ@aygifrkef@axmywf okwaf v;udk Aef;av;wpfcek @J xnf+h y;D olw@kd om;tzem;oGm;xm;ay;&w,f? aqmh&if;pm;&if;/ pm;&if;aqmh&if;uyJ ol@azu cGHŒ&wmaygah v? Aef;av;oGm;xm;wJhtcsdefrSm ol@azu..... "arar pmrlwpfy k'fa wmif; xm;ao;w,fa emf²²²'Dae@jzpfatmifa &;" vk d@ qkdvmw,f? om;awmfarmifuvnf; 0if+yD; ...... "arar pmra&;jzpf w m awmf a wmf = umae+yD a emf ² ²²bmawG vk y f a evJ rodbl;²²²om;om;qkd udk,fhtvkyf udk,fvkyfw,f awGŒvm;²²²ararvnf; udk,fhtvkyf ud, k v f yk Of ;D " vkd@ xyfajymvmw,f? "[if - at;yg om;av;&,f²²²at;yg" &,fusJusJeJ@ u|efrjyefajym&if; tJh'Dvdkpum;av;udkyJ oabmusaerdwm u|efrtusifh? wpftdrfvHk;udk q&m}uD;vkyfaewwfwmvnf; ol@tusifhav;vkdjzpfae+yD? "'Dae@ oli,fcsif;vmr,f²²²reufjzefrSyJ a&;ay;awmhr,f" "b,folvmrSmvJ" "atmf [kwfw,fav azaz&,f²²²ararholi,fcsif; tefwDpHy,fvmr,fav" "b,ftcsdefa&mufrSmvJ" "olxGufvm&if zkef;qufr,fajymw,f²²²om;ausmif;ydk@&if; rkef@av;bmav; 0,fcJhay;OD;" ol@azcGHŒvdu k fwhrJ ek f@udkpm;+yD; yvkwyf avmif;av;eJ@..... "arar rae@u om;0,fvmwJhvufzufESpfbl;rSm wpfbl;u ararh{nfhonf twGufaemf²²²au|;vkdufOD;" "at;yg om;av;&,f²²²ararau|;vkdufrSmaygh²²²[m [if;tdk;wl;awmhr,f" "araruawmh vkyf+yD²²²vm azaz²²²odkif;qufcsr,f" 86

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

"EGm;Ed@k av;enf;enf;aomufvkdufygOD;²²²+yD;&if qufcsr,f" 'Dvekd @J u|erf wdk@&JŒtdru f av;[m reufvif;+yq D w dk meJ@ om;av;&JŒudpaP wGeJ@wif ywfvnf¶kdufaewwf ygawmhw,f? xrif;/ [if;awG tqifoifhjzpf+yDqkdwmeJ@ bk&m;qGrf;awmftwGuf OD;z,f/ ol@azudkqGrf;uyfcikd ;f / om;av;twGuf xrif;bl;xnfh/ vG,ftdwfjyifqifay;+y;D tqifoifh jzpf+yDqkd&if om;tzESpfa,muf arar udkEw _ fqufvd@k ausmif;udkxGufcGmoGm;=uyg+yD? 'DawmhrS tdyf&modrf;/ a&rdk;csKd;+yD; reufpmpm;&w,f? 'Dvkd tdrf&Sifrb0eJ@ ae@pOfvnfywfae&muae u|efr&JŒ0goem &opmay bufuv kd nf; ajcOD;rvSnhf jzpfwm ESpef @J cso D mG ;w,f? om;ajymvnf; ajymcsipf &mygyJ? om;u om;vkyfp&m&Sw d mvkyw f ,f/ ararvnf; ararvkypf &m&Sw d m vky&f rSmyJav? reufjzefawmh pma&;jzpfatmif}udK;pm;=unfhygOD;r,f? 'Dae@awmh oli,fcsif;vmr,fqkdawmh {nfh0wf ausatmif tqifoifhjzpfatmif vkyf&udkif&OD;r,fav? om;azazuvnf; {nfhonfvm+yDqdk&if ol@tartdrfrSm oGm;aewwfw,f? u|erf wdk@vGwfvyfzk@d a&m/ olvw G fvw G v f yfvyfaecsifwma&ma=umifhaygah v? wpfcgwav vnf; u|efr{nfhonf tvmpdyf+yDqkd&if ar;wwfw,f? tckvmr,fqkdwJholi,fcsif;uvnf; tysKd}uD;av? tartdrfay:uqif;+yD; trtdrfrSmaeaewJhol? u|efreJ@u ausmif;aezuf i,faygif;}uD;azmfaygh? oleJ@u|efr awGŒwJhtcg ajymp&mpum;u rukefEkdifbl;&,f? {nfhonfqkdayr,fh {nfhonfvnf; rrnfawmhbl;? tdrfom;wpfydkif;jzpfaeyg+yD? wpfcgwav u|efraeraumif; wJhtcg [if;vmcsuaf u|;wmwd@k / olysi;f &if tdrrf mS vmaewmwd@k eJ@ tm;em&r,fo h l vnf;r[kwb f ;l ? ol@qD uae [kdoli,fcsif;ub,frSmaeaew,f/ igeJ@awGŒao;w,f/ acsmvmw,f/ udk,0f ef}u;D e@J? b,foluawmhjzifh b,frSmbmvkyaf ew,fqdkwmrsK;d awGeJ@ oli,fcsif;awG ta=umif;zvS,f=u&if; wpfcgwavvnf; tjzLtpdr f; ausmif;olb 0 ta=umif; jy efajy mif;ajy m=u&if; u i,frljyefwwf=uwmvnf;&Sdw,fav? oljyefo ifhwJhtcsdef a&mufvkd@jyef+yDqkd& ifa wmif u|efrwdk@ rSm ajymp&mpum;uruke fb l; ? oluvnf; igvmvnfOD;r,fqkdovkd u|efruvnf; aemuf&uf at;at;aq;aq;xyfvmOD;aemfvkd@ rSmwwfw,f? 'Dvekd J@ oli,fcsi;f omjyefomG ;&ifvnf; u|erf rSm vkypf &mwpfykw H pfyife@J usefaecJh ovkd em;csdefudkom wrf;waerdw,f? oli,fcsif;udk=unfh+yD; igvnf;tysKdomqdk&if ol@vkdyJ oGm;csif&moGm;vdk@&aeOD; rSmvdk@awG;rdwmawGvnf; &Sdao;w,f? ckawmh tdrf&SifrvHk;vHk;jzpf+yD; reufrdk;vif; rsufpdESpfvHk;yGifhuwnf;u bmrSef;rodwJhvkyfp&mawG =um;xJ epfjrKyfvmcJhwm q,fpkESpf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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jzLESif;xkduf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

bmawGjrifvkd h b,fvkdawG;

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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rif;ukdEkdif (jynfol@ta&;*sme,f twGJ2/ trSwf 97 aqmif;yg;)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)

bmomjyef tcef;quf a'gufwmbarmf .

&kef;xGufcJh&aomjrefrmjynf Ba Maw BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA Memoirs Of a Revolution 1939 - 1946

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tvif;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef POST 169-0075 TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10 303,HIGARI BLD TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178 Japan. TEL Ye Nyein - 080-5070-0080 Khin Maung Zaw - 080-4797 7462 Kyaw Moe Naing - 090-6528 9292 Ant Maw - 090-8486 2161 Min Min Thein - 090-9954 5070 Banya Brian King - 080-9177 6885 Aung Zay Yar Nyo - 080-3423 3773 Kyaw Khine Win - 080-6608 1246 Tun Nyein - 090-7198 4763

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jrefrmouU&mZf 1378 / wefaqmifrkef;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (10)