အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၁) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&6 / wydk@wGJv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7) trSwf(1)

jrefrmou❯✍✎✏✑ ✒✓✍✔ ✕ ✖✗✘✙✚✖✛✜✢

2006 ckESpf/ {✰✗✣✢ ✖✛✤✑✥✖✤✑✦✙✖✧✑ ★✩✪✑✫ tvif;tdrfr*⑦ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✞✟✠✡ ☎☛☞✆✂✟✌✡

rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;

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olom&Sv d #if atmifqef; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; trSm;ESifhtrSef vGwv f yfaompdwf trSwo f nm tarSmif wdu k f ❄ ❄ ❄ ❄

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wifr;kd &J+ird ;f armif=unfom (awmifwiG ;f ) atmif=unfopf armif,pk ed f (Oya') azwifne$ @f (acsmuf) armifomcsdK [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif q&mawmfO;D aZmwdu armifri_d ;f vGif (tif;0) urmykvJ

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apmrif;a0/ atmifarmf vl}u;D rif;

umwGe;f tifwmeufrS umwGe;f rsm;

Advk cf sKyfatmifqef; ESpf 100 jynfh armfueG ;f pmrsufEmS Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; b0jzpfpOfae@pGrJ sm;

Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;. pmayvuf&mrsm; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; udkatmifqef; armifatmifqef; armifatmifqef; armifatmifqef; ocifatmifqef; ocifatmifqef;

ud, k w f ikd af &;tw u|eyf nmESio hf cifynm ausmif;om;0wW&m; avmu0d[m trsKd ;om;pdw"f gwq f ikd &f m.... EdkifiHa&;trsdK;rsdK; Armhvw G v f yfa&;ta&;awmfykH ❑ ❅ ❇ ❆ ❉ ❈

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urBmppf ESihf Arm oHCmawmfw@kd . wm0ef0wW&m;

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'*kew f m&m armifxif armifqef;=u,f (bmomjyef) armifxif vlxpk ed 0f if;

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0if;xGÉfaZmf a'guw f m&efrsKd ;odr;f bdb k v kd ef;pif &J+ird ;f cif+idrf;opf armifomcsdK

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olwkd ah jymwJh Advk cf sKyfatmifqef; atmifqef; (od@k ) t&dik ;f ArmhEdkifiHa&;okcrdef OD;EkajymwJhAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; Armhatmifqef; pHjyKpmeJ@ pHjyvl

ordik ;f qdik &f m okw/ &o yifvakH e@pGrJ sm;

Edik if aH &; okw/ &o 2008 zG@J pnf;yHjk yifqifa&;wdu k yf J.G ... "g;wef;vef;ESifhoef;ig;q,fausmf.... udik ;f aeqJayguyf if}u;D acwf.... b,fou l +l y;D xlay;Edik rf mS vJ tdr=f uufawGu rcGycf si=f uawmhb;l

acwfpum; ppfwyf[m Edik if &H @J tapcHjzpf&r,f vufyu kd =f unfv h @kd b,f&rvJAsm

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&ke;f xGucf &hJ aom jrefrmjynf

tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;rS xkwaf 0+y;D aompmtkyrf sm;

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tvif;tdrfpum; tm;vH;k r*Fvmyg? 2015 [m t&Sed t f [keaf umif;aumif;jzifh a&$@vsm;aeyg+y?D xdk@twl tvif;tdrfonfvnf; qufvufcsDwufaeqJyg? tvif;tdrf. &yfwnfcsuf raysmuf wnfwchH ikd +f raJ eqJyg? 2015 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D (13) &ufae@[m u|Eykf w f @kd jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf }u;D . vGwv f yfa&;zcif/ Edik if aH &;Adou k m Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;. ESpf 100 jynfh arG;ae@vnf; jzpfonf? OD;atmifqef; (ac: ) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf jynfaxmifpkom; tm;vHk;u todtrSwjf yK ol&aJ umif; tmZmenf acgi;f aqmifjzpfonf? wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsKd ; tusKd ; twGuf Om%ftajrSmftjrif}uD;pGm awG;awm }uHq rdef@=um;cJhr_rsm;onf trSefw&m; rsm;pGmjzifh aus;Zl;}u;D rm;vS.? arwWm/ apwem/ opPm/ &d;k om;r_/ ud, k u f siw hf &m; aumif;rGef r_wdk@. jy,k'fyif jzpfonf? xdkt&mwdk@. pHjyyk*~dKvfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (ac: ) OD;atmifqef; yifjzpfonf? u|Eykf w f @kd Edik if o H nf vlrsKd ;aygi;f pH/k bmomaygi;f pHEk iS hf aexdik /f &yfwnf ae=u&aom jynfaxmifpEk ikd if jH zpfonf? xd@k a=umifh ta&miftaoG;u pHv k . S ? ud, k yf ikd f ,Ofaus;r_jzifh vSy wifw h ,f.? wef;wlnrD # vGwv f yfrr_ sm;jzifh csppf &m toGiaf qmif.? xdt k &mrsm; aysmuf&S ysupf ;D aeonfum; ESpaf ygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGm &Scd +hJ yjD zpfonf? twW/ rme/ &ufpuf &dik ;f pdik ;f r_rsm;u xdt k &mrsm;udk zsuq f ;D cJ+h y;D +yjD zpfonf?

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vlom;wd@k . vGwv f yfr/_ wef;wlrw _ @kd onfum; arG;&myg tcGit hf a&;yif jzpfonf? xdt k &mrsm; ysupf ;D / aysmuf&/S uG,af ysmufc@J &jcif; ta=umif;onfum; tm%m&Sipf epf a=umifyh ifjzpfonf? xdpk epfa=umifyh if zdEydS rf /_ rw&m;r_/ aumufusprf /_ &ufpuf&ikd ;f pdik ;f r_rsm; onf &Sio f ef}u;D xGm; cdik +f rv J mcJ&h onf? vlukd vl[yk if rowfrw S Ef ikd =f uawmhay? xd@k a=umifh wGe;f vSef ykeu f ef tHwrk r_ sm; ay:ayguv f m&onf? qef@usif ay;qyf r_rsm; jzpfvm&onf? Tonfum; vuf&dS jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H jzpfay:cHpm; ae&r_yif jzpfonf? tz Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;. pum;onfum; rSeu f efveG ;f vS.? "wef;wl/ nDwl rjzpfor# umvywfv;kH 'Dwikd ;f jynf}u;D [m vGwv f yfw,fqakd yr,fh [dv k @l jrifwt hJ cgrmS rsuEf mS csKd aoG;&/ 'Dv@l jrifwt hJ cg rsuEf mS csKd aoG;&eJ@ zmonfvkd Edik if rH sKd ; jzpfaerSmyJqw kd m cifAsm;wd@k twdtvif; em;vnfxm;apcsiw f ,f?" tm%m&SifrSefor# usqHk;ap&rnf? tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;

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tEkid rf cH igt h m; zH;k v$r;f xm;aom vuG,o f ef;acgif TtarSmiftwGi;f rSaeI tEkid rf cH t&SKH ;ray;wwfaom ig.pdw"f gwu f kd zefw;D ay;onfh ewfo=d um;wk@d tm; ig aus;Zl;wif.? avmu"Hw&m;wd@k . &ufpuf=urf;=uKwaf om vufcyk w f iG ;f od@k usa&mufae&jim;aomfvnf; igum; rwkev f KS yf ridak =u;G uHw&m;. &ku d yf w k jf cif; 'g%cf suw f @dk a=umifh ig. OD;acgi;f onf aoG;oHw@kd jzifh &J&eJ . D nGwu f m; rnGwf Tavmba'gowd@k }u;D pk;d &mXme. tjcm;rJYh um; aojcif;w&m;onf iHv h ifv h su&f . dS ? od@k aomf igt h m;rwkev f KS yo f nfuakd wGŒ&tH?h aemifuv dk nf; b,fawmhrS ra=umufonfukd awGŒ&tH?h ok*wdo@kd oGm;&mwHcg;0onf rnfrsS usO;f ajrmif;onfjzpfap ,rrif;. acG;a&yk&ydu k Yf igt h jypfw@dk udk rnfrsS yif rsm;pGm rSwo f m;xm;onfjzpfap igum;*&krjyK igomvSsif igu h . H t&Sio f cifjzpfI igomvSsif igph w d . f t}u;D tuJjzpfownf;?

Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; (1936 ckESpf tdk;a0r*~Zif; twGJ 6 trSwf 1) (William Ernest Henley

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. Invictus uAsmudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; bmomjyefonf)

olom&SdvSsif.... olom&SdvSsif.... ol.Edik if H / =urRmuHukd pDrv H rd rhf nf / zefw;D rnf[k jynfow l ikd ;f u / ,H=k unf=u. ? olom&SdvSsif.... ol.jynfzGm; / qif;&Jom;wdkŒ 0wfpm;aer_ / use;f rmr_EiS hf odrw _ ufr_ / ,Ofaus;r_ukd *¶kpu kd rf nf / apmifah ¶Smufrnf[k jynfow l ikd ;f u / ,H=k unf=u. ? olom&SdvSsif.... ol.Om%fprG ;f / ud, k t f pGr;f onf ol0rf;olŒcg; / olŒr,m;ESihf olŒtwGuaf y / r[kwaf vbJ olaexdik o f nf / olwikd ;f jynfwu G f olŒ jynfae&m / olŒurBmwGuf arwWm"gwcf H / tyifoefvsuf tm;rmefxw k rf nf / OD;aqmifrnf[k jynfow l ikd ;f u / ,H=k unf=u. ? olom&SdvSsif.... ol.jynftm; / usL;apmfum;u tom;taoG; / oufpaw;vsuf jynfa&;aqmifrnf / umuG,rf nf[k jynfow l ikd ;f u / ,H=k unf=u. ?

olomvSsif.... ol.jynfwGif; / waoG;csif; ppfcif;onfhyGJ / +yD;jywfpJzdkŒ vufwv JG ufcsw d f / nDaemifpw d jf zifh yGw J w d af prnf / ajz¶Si;f rnf[k jynfow l ikd ;f u ,H=k unf=u. ? t¶k%w f ufwiG f / wdu k yf 0JG ifcu kd f olvsS iu f sq;kH / wpfjynfv;kH u ,lusK;H r& jzpfc&hJ vnf; olu a¶SŒaqmif / rD;wefaqmifonf xGe;f ajymifaebd / vif;wke;f &SI d ol.ud, k pf m; / olŒpdwx f m;u nGe=f um;vdrrhf nf / acgi;f aqmifrnf[k jynfow l ikd ;f u / ,H=k unf=u. ?

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atmifqef; xdefvif;..... armif .... ukd ..... ocif ..... Akv d cf sKyf ..... OD; ..... ................/ +ynfaxmifp+k refrmEkid if aH wmf . tz / tJh'g vl wpfa,muf &J h &Sio f ef cJw h hJ 32 ESpf wm b0 orkid ;f ?

&J+idrf; ( atmifqef; ESpf 100 +ynfh txdrf;trSwf )

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Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; aow,f raobl; &Siw f ,f xyf+y;D &Siw f ,f xyfxyf+y;D &Siw f ,f xyfxyf+y;D awmh &Siw f ,f b,fawmhrS raobl;?

armif=unfom ( awmifwiG ;f ) (pma&;q&m udkatmifqef; pmtkyfrS) tvif;tdrfr* ➭

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Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ol &h ifbwfeJ h vlxu k dk uAsma&;zGJ w h ,f ? vlxu k ol &h ifbwf eJ h Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;ukd uAsma&;zGJ w h ,f ? aemifvm aemifom;u tJ'h D uAsm ukd ykc;Hk xrf; oH+yKd i&f w G q f w dk ,f ?

atmif=unfopf (pma&;q&m udkatmifqef; pmtkyfrS)

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Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef; [m tEkynmqefwhJ Ekid if aH &; okcrdef wpfa,mufyJ ?

armif,pk ed f ( Oya' ) (pma&;q&m udkatmifqef; pmtkyfrS)

tvif;tdrfr* Ó

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Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; +refrm+ynfrmS ( emrnfryg&if ) Akv d cf sKyf uawmh wpfa,mufyJ &Sw d ,f ?

azwifnGef h ( acsmuf ) (pma&;q&m udkatmifqef; pmtkyfrS)

tvif;tdrfr* â

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è å

Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; +ynfwefwhJ ywW+rm; qkw d m ewfarmufom; ukad tmifqef;yg? 'gudk aysmuf&aS tmif vkycf w hJ m aomu Zmwf0ifcef;&J h tpaygh?

armifomcsdK (pma&;q&m udkatmifqef; pmtkyfrS)

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trSm;eJ@trSef trSm; eJ h trSef ukd cG+J cm; Ekid yf gap? trSeb f ufu &yfwnf Ekid yf gap? trSm;ukd wGe;f vSef Ekid =f uygap?

[Hom0wD OD;0if;wif ( 1930 - 2014 )

tvif;tdrfr*⑦ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✞✟✠✡ ☎☛☞✆✂✟✌✡

vGwfvyfaompdwf a=umufaewm&J h [kb d ufrmS vGwv f yfrKS &Sw d ,f? ?

q&mawmfOD;aZmwdu (vGwv f yfaompdwf pmtkyrf )S

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trSwfonm qkyw f @J vufo;D jznf+yD;+yDyJ xm;ygawmh.... urf;vmwJ@vuf ESKwq f ufz@kd &m ol@vufz0g;rSm igh yg;&m}uD;rysufao;?

armifrd_if;vGif(tif;0) (&eH@opf 2013 *sLvdkif)

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tarSmif....wdkuf taz:qdkvdk@ yuwd yde;f ydwf tarSmif....? ud, k &hf ifcek o f eH @J ud, k 0hf ifav xGuaf vr# ,J, h hJ uav;....toH? teH@toufawGu aojcif;w&m;udk o,faqmifvm ydk;r$m;rsm; avmufrsm; ppfacG; zdeyf ajcoHrsm;....? ud, k chf EH ikd &f nfe@J ud, k ef @J ud, k &hf yfwnfcsuef @J ud, k ef @J r&_waf xG;bl;....&d;k &Si;f w,f? b0rSm ud, k , hf =kH unfcsuef @J ud, k w f ikd f vif;vufaezd@k yJ.... tJ'D tvif;eJ@ vl@tjzpfuk.d ... jyefvnfarG;zGm;apcJw h ,f?

urmykvJ 23/ 6/ 2014 (0efcHcsuf? ? q&m *gr%d&J@ ",rrif; O,smOfodk@ tvnfa&mufjcif;" pmtkyfudk cHpm;a&;zGJ@w,f?)

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tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

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tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. b0jzpfpOfae@pGJrsm; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; (1915 - 1947) 1915 - azazmf0g&v D 13 &uf (1276 ckEpS /f waygi;f vqef; 1 &uf) paeae@wGif zGm;jrifonf? olŒuGserf cHvo dk l OD;rif;a&mif . ajr;jzpfonf? ewfarmuf+rKd Œae a&SŒae}u;D tz OD;zm/ trd a':pkwkd@. om;axG; jzpfonf? i,f rnf "xdefvif;" [kac:I tpfukd "atmifoef;" trnfEiS fh vku d &f ef "atmifqef;" [k ac:wGif trnf wyfay;cJo h nf? 1922 - touf 7 ESpw f iG f ewfarmuf+rKd Œ q&mawmf OD;aombdwausmif;wGif aecJh onf?

1928 - touf 13 ESpw f iG f a&eHacsmif;+rKd Œ/ trsK;d om; txufwef;ausmif;ok@d ajymif;I aecJo h nf? 1932 - a&eHacsmif;+rKd Œ / trsK;d om; txuf wef;ausmif;rS 10 wef; pmar;yJG atmif+y;D &efuek f wuUov dk o f @dk a&mufonf? 1935 - 36 - &efuek w f uUov dk f ausmif;om; or*~ tr_aqmif tzJŒG 0ifEiS fh tk;d a0 r*~Zif; t,f'w D m tjzpf aqmif&u G f onf? xko d @dk aqmif&u G af epOf tk;d a0 r*~Zif;wGif yg&adS om The Hell - Hound at Large "acG;o&rf;}u;D vGwaf eonf" aqmif;yg;a&;ol ukd xkwaf zmf rajymI wuUov dk f ausmif;rS xkwyf ,fjcif; cH&onf? 1937 - 0dZm… wef; atmifjrifonf? tvif;tdrfr* ❤

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1937 - &efuek f wuUov dk f yJc;l aqmif o[m,ESipfh mzwftoif; OuUÏtjzpf aqmif &Guo f nf? 1937 - 38 - wuUov dk f or*~ 'kw, d OuUÏ tjzpf aqmif&u G o f nf? ArmEkid if H vk;H qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm; or*~OuUÏ tjzpf aqmif&u G o f nf? 1938 - ukad tmifqef; acgi;f aqmifaom ausmif;om; uk, d pf m;vS,t f zJŒG tdE, dN jynfo@dk oGm;cJo h nf? ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om; rsm;or*~ OuUÏ tjzpf rS Ekwx f u G o f nf? yxrqk;H ausmif;om; uk, d pf m;vS,/f wuUov dk af umifp0D if tjzpf wifajrmS ufjcif; cH&onf? wkd@Arm tpnf;t¶kH; taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpfaqmif&Gufonf? 1300 jynhf ta&;awmfyu Hk dk tm;ay;ulno D nf? 1939 - armfv+rKd i+f rKd Œ Y usi;f yaom wk@d Arm tpnf;t¶k;H nDvmcHwiG f ppftwGi;f Y +Aw d o d sS udk rulpwrf; tqkw d ifonf? 1940 - [oFmw c¶kid 0f ef rpPwmaZAD;,m; u qkawmfaiG ig;usyjf zihf ocif atmifqef;tm; zrf;0&rf; xkwo f nf? 0&rf;qkaiGrmS vlxak cgi;f aqmif wpfO;D ukd apmfum;jcif; jzpfI wpfjynfv;Hk u ¶_wcf sonf? 1940 - 0&rf;ajy;ae &pOf wuUov dk f aumifp0D if vl}u;D tjzpfrS Ekwx f u G o f nf? Armh vGwfvyfa&; twGuf EkdifiHjcm; tultnD &Sm&ef ocifjrwkd@ESihftwl "jynfolŒ ta&;awmfykHygwD" ukd zJGŒpnf;cJhonf? jynfyawmfvSefa&; tzJGŒ acgif;aqmiftjzpf ocifatmifqef; u wm0ef,I l jynfwiG ;f awmf vSeaf &;acgi;f aqmif tjzpf ocifjru wm0ef,o l nf? 1940 - =o*kwv f 8 &ufae@wGif [kid v f D trnf&adS om oabFmjzihf ta&SŒok@d vSsKŒd 0Supf mG xGucf o hJ nf? *syefjynfo@dk a&muf&o dS nf? 1941 - Armhvw G v f yfa&; twGuf pDru H ed ;f wpfck Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef; uk, d w f idk f a&;qJcG o hJ nf? rwfv 3 &ufae@wGif oGm;wk wyfum ¶kyzf suv f suf jrefrmEkid if o H @dk acwW jyefvmonf? rsK;d cspf vli,frsm;ukd pnf;¶k;H pkaqmif;+y;D *syefjynf ok@d ac:aqmifomG ;cJh onf? 1941 - [kid ef efu|e;f Y &Jabmfo;Hk usyd u f dk acgi;f aqmifI ppfynm oif=um;cJo h nf? 1941 - 'DZifbmv 26 &ufae@wGif ,k;d ',m;jynf/ befaumuf +rKd Œ Y &Jabmf ok;H usyd Ef iS t fh wl Armh vGwv f yfa&; wyfrawmf bDtidk af t ukd zJŒG pnf;cJo h nf? &Jabmf ok;H usyd f vufarmif; aoG;azmufI aoG;aomufc=hJ uonf? Armh vGwv f yfa&; wyfrawmf zJŒG pnf; onht f cg Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf Akv d af wZ trnfudk cH,o l nf? 1942 - ESpOf ;D ykid ;f wGif *syefwyf rsm;ESifh yl;aygi;f um Akv d af wZ acgi;f aqmifaom Armh vGwv f yfa&; wyfrawmfonf jrefrmEkid if u H dk csw D ufwu dk cf u dk cf o hJ nf? 1942 - rwfv 8 &ufae@wGif Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef; OD;aqmifaom bDtidk af t 22

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wyfrawmf}u;D onf bDtidk af t tvHudk v$ix fh l um &efuek +f rKd Œu k dk odr;f yku d f onf? 1942 - Zlvidk v f wGif Akv d rf LS ;}u;D &mxl;jzihf Armh umuG,af &; wyfrawmf ppfaoem ywd tjzpf aqmif&u G o f nf? 1942 - pufwifbmv 6 &uf ae@wGif a':cif=unfEiS fh vufxyfco hJ nf? 1943 - rwfv 17 &ufae@wGif a'guw f m barmf/ a'guw f m odr;f armif/ ocifjr wk@d ESifh twl Armhvw G v f yfa&; twGuaf qG;aEG;&ef *syefjynfo@dk oGm;a&mufco hJ nf? 1943 - rwfv 22 &ufae@ wGif *syef bk&if. qkwq H yd f cs;D jriS jfh cif; cH&onf? 1943 - =o*kwv f 1 &ufae@wGif a'guw f mbarmf tpk;d &tzJŒG Y ppf0ef}u;D tjzpf aqmif&u G o f nf? 1943 - tdE, dN jynf&dS r[mrdwf ppfXmecsKyEf iS fh vSsKŒd 0Supf mG qufo, G o f nf? 1944 - =o*kwv f wGif zufqpf wku d zf suf a&; jynfoŒl vGwv f yfa&; tzJŒG csKy}f u;D ukd vSsKŒd 0Supf mG zJŒG pnf;cJo h nf? 1944 - pufwifbmv 4 &ufae@wGif &efuek +f rKd Œ Y *syef bk&if. qkwq H yd f xyfrH cs;D jriS jfh cif; cH&onf? 1945 - rwfv 17 &ufae@wGif &efou l dk wku d cf u dk &f ef twGuf wyfrawmfudk OD;aqmifI ppfajrjyifo@dk xGucf o hJ nf? rwfv 27 &uf ae@wGif zufqpf*syefudk awmfveS o f nf? 1945 - =o*kwv f 19 &ufae@wGif aeol&ed f tpnf;ta0;}u;D Y obmywd tjzpf aqmif&u G I f Armh vGwv f yfa&;ukd awmif;qko d nf? 1946 - Zefe0g&v D wGif a&$w*d t Hk v,f ypP,YH usi;f yaom jynfv;Hk u|wf zqyv nDvmcHudk OD;pD;onf? 1946 - pufwifbmvwGif tpk;d & tr_xrf;rsm;ukd oydwaf rSmufapum +Aw d o d sS tpk;d &tay: tefwo k nf? 1946 - pufwifbmv 26 &ufae@wGif bk&ifc. H tr_aqmifaumifpYD 'kw, d obmywdtjzpf &mxl;vufco H nf? 1947 - Zefe0g&v D wGif jrefrmEkid if . H uk, d pf m;vS,t f zJŒG ukd OD;pD;um t*Fvefjynf vef'ef+rKd Œ Y atmifqef; - tufwvD pmcsKyf csKyq f o dk nf? 1947 - Zlvidk v f 13 &ufae@wGif +rKd Œawmf cef;rY ta&;}u;D qk;H aom rde@f cGe;f jru G f =um;onf? (Trde@f cGe;f rSm Akv d cf sKyaf emufq;Hk jru G =f um;cJah om rde@f cGe;f jzpf onf?) 1947 - Zlvidk v f 19 &uf paeae@ eHeuf 10 em&D 37 rdepfwiG f e,fcsŒJ vufyg;ap vlrorm wkd@. vkyf=uHjcif;ukd cH&onf? ZeD; a':cif=unfESihf om;atmifqef;OD;/ atmifqef;vif; (uG,v f eG )f ESifh orD; atmifqef;pk=unf wk@d usecf o hJ nf? tvif;tdrfr* ❻

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. udk,fwdkifa&; twˆKy`wWd Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;

tcef;( 1 ) Zmwdajrvwf [k ac:aom Armjynf. tylyikd ;f Zkef jzpfaom rauG;pD&ifp/k ,ck a&eHacsmif; c¶dik t f wGi;f ysO;f rem;/ ausmufyef;awmif; &xm;vrf; wpf0ufcef@ wGif tylyikd ;f Zkeu f ek ;f ajrjyifrsm; jzpfaom ESr;f /yEJ iS q fh rD sm; xGuI f ukeaf &mif;uke0f ,f tawmf wGiu f s,f aom +rKd Œuav; wpf+rKd Œ &Sad vonf? rD;&xm; blwm¶Hk teD;tem;wGif rD;&xm; bufrS aqmufxm;aom tdrw f ef;vsm;rsm;ESifh yGpJ m;ukeo f nf qdik rf sm; tenf;i,f &Sad vonf? 24

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blwm. 0J,m ywfvnf wk@d wGif ajryJ ESr;f cif; wd@k &Sad vonf? xk, d mcif;rsm;rS ausmv f eG I f ta&SŒpl;pl;od@k =unhv f sS if a&;a&; xifaom awmifwef;rsm;udk aemufu cHum awm&ausmif; ESifh urRÏmef; xkid o f w l @kd . *lv% kd rf sm;udk awGŒEkid af yonf? xk*d . l taemufajrmuf ,Ge;f udu k af v;&mcef@ ay:Y "aygi;f uke;f "(od@k r[kw)f e-usm;ul; ac:aom tdraf jcwpf&m cef@&Sd &Gmuav; &Sad vonf? ,if;acsmif; [k ac:aom oJacsmif;}u;D . wpfzufurf; (taemuf bufurf;) Yum; ,mcif;/ v,fuGif;jyifrsm;ESihf O,smOf tcsKdŒudk awGŒ&ayonf? xkdrS vGefvSsif awmifuek ;f usus ae&mwGif ta&SŒbufrS wmajrmif; cHxm;aom tdraf jc (200) cef@&Sd &Gm wpf&mG &Sad vonf? &Gm. ajrmufbufwiG f uyfvsuf (a&S; vl}u;D rsm; ajymovd)k avmu"mwf jrefrm txufwef; oifbkef;}uD;ausmif; wpfausmif; &Sdavonf? xdkrS ,mwpfcif; tvGew f iG f (5)&uf wpfaps;zGi&fh m aps;ydik ;f &Sad vonf? xkrd v S eG v f sS if ykvyd f *gww f ef;vsm; rsm; &Sdavonf? xkdteD;wGif pmwdkuf &Sdavonf? xdk pmwdkufudk taemufajrmuf apmif;apmif; rvSr;f rurf; wGif tdraf jc (150)cef@ &Gmwpf&mG &Sjd yefavonf? pmwdu k Ef iS fh a&SŒwnhw f nhf aywpf&m ESifh ajrwvif; ajymifajymif udk ausmv f eG I f udkuf (100) cef@ tuGmwGif bkef;}uD;ausmif; wpfausmif;ESihf uyfI +rdKŒtkyf &Sdonf? xdb k ek ;f }u;D ausmif; ESiq fh ufI axmihrf eS f (Right angle) usum (15) ay cef@jrihaf om tkwfwHwdkif;}uD; av;zuf av;wef +cH&Hvsuf apwDi,frsm; tv,fwGif a&$a&mif wajymifajymif awmuf aeaom apwDawmf}uD; wpfqlESihf oyf&yfcrf;em;aom Z&yf/ wefaqmif;/ ausmufuek ;f rsm; &Sad vonf? xkrd S ajrmufbuf rvSr;f rurf; wGiu f m; tdraf jc (100) ausmf &Gmwpf&mG &Sjd yefavonf? xk&d mG rsm; teuf &Gm}u;D ozG,f tdraf ygi;f trsm;qH;k ESifh qdik u f EMm; tawmftwef &SI d pma&;/ pmcs/D +rKd Œtky/f a&SŒae/ ukeo f nfrsm; ae=uaom &Gmum; qdck +hJ y;D onhf oJacsmif;}u;D taemufbuf urf; awmifuek ;f ay:wGif wnfvsuf &Sad om &Gmyif jzpfavonf? xk&d mG udk ewfarmuf [lI vnf;aumif;/ awmif&mG [lI vnf;aumif; ac:=u avonf? xk&d mG udo k rdik ;f pm t&um; yDV, d uQrif; wnfaxmif oGm;onf[k qdak vonf? od@k aomf u|eaf wmf. ab; rSww f rf; t&um; yk*aH cwf taemf&xmrif;apm tcsed t f cg avmuf wGif xk&d mG udk pwif wnfaxmifco hJ nf [k rSwo f m; zl;onf? xk&d mG . ajrmufbuf pGef;Y wpf&GmvHk;&Sd tdrf0dkif;rsm; teuftus,fqHk; tdrf0dkif;}uD; xJwGif {&mr tdrf}uD; &Sad vonf? rlvu qifwpf&yfcef@ 0ifEidk af tmif jrihI f taqmifaygi;f rsm;pGm &Sad omfvnf; xkt d cgu tawmif (8) awmif cef@rSsom &Sad wmhonf? tdrt f jrihrf mS vnf; (3) aycGcJ ef@om &Sad wmhonf? xkt d rd }f u;D um; a&S;jrefrmrif; vufxufu ewfarmuf+rKd Œ/ +rKd Œol}u;D tdryf if jzpfavonf? ,ckum; tdrf r&Sad wmh+y?D xdt k rd af emuf az;aqmifi,fwiG f u|Eykf t f m; zGm;jrif tvif;tdrfr* ➙

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cJah vonf? u|efawmhfudk arG;zGm;pOf tcgu u|efawmfwdk@ ewfarmufodk@ rD;&xm;vrf; rayguaf o;? od@k aomf &nf&, G cf suu f m; xm;+y;D jzpf avonf? ,cktcg uJo h @kd tenf;i,frsS +rKd Œ rqefbJ awm&Gmpk}u;D wpf&mG rSsom jzpfavonf? eHeuf naecif;rsm;wGif cavmufoH wa'giaf 'gi/f ae@v,f ae@cif;rsm; wGif &ufuef;oH wjciG jf ciG f ESifh =um;&wke;f yif &Sad vonf? tcsed u f m; (1915) ck/ azazmf0g&v D jzpfI yxr urBmppf}u;D . 'kw, d ESpx f J wGif jzpfayonf? xd k t csd e f xd k t cgum; *smreD o nf a&ik w f o abF m rsm;jzih f +Ad w d o S s a&wyf w d k @ tm; t}uD;tus,f 'kuQay;aeonhf tcsdeftcg jzpfavonf? taemuf ppfrsufESmjyif[k ac:aomjyifopfESihf *smreDwdk@ ppfcif;&m rsufESmYum; yxrt}udrf wdkufyGJ}uD;rsm; rSm r+y;D rqH;k Edik af om aomifrwif a&rus a&SŒrwd;k aemufrqkwf tajctaeyif &Sad vonf? ta&SŒrsuEf mS jyif [kac:aom ¶k&mS ;ppfcif;&m rsuEf mS rSmum; rql;&d&mESifh 0gZepfZl ppfy}JG u;D rsm; jzpfymG ;vsuf &S=d uavonf? xkEd pS f azazmf0g&v D (13) &uf/ (1276) ck/ waygi;f vqef; (1) &uf/ paeae@ eHeuf vif;tm;}u;D tcsed w f iG f u|eaf wmfonf vlŒ jynfo@kd yxrqH;k a&muf&dS vmcJ&h ayonf? azazmf0g&v D (13) &ufae@ um; emrnfausmf euQwaf A'if q&m}u;D uD¶. kd ajym=um;csuf t& qdv k sS if wdik ;f jynfwpfjynf . tpd;k &xD;eef; wd@k udk +zKd zsuEf ikd pf rG ;f aom olrsm;udk arG;zGm; wwfaom Zmwm [k a[mxm; avonf? xkad e@wGif arG;zGm;aom u|eaf wmfrmS olyek af vmif; uav; jzpfonfukd xkt d cgu rnforl sS xl;xl;jcm;jcm; xnho f iG ;f pOf;pm;jcif; rjyKc=hJ uacs? u|eaf wmf arG;zGm;onf ESifh ywfoufI u|eaf wmf. ZmwmtrnfrmS (xdev f if;) jzpfavonf? od@k aomf u|eaf wmht f xuf tpfukd udak tmifoef; ESifh emrnfvu kd af tmif atmifqef; [k ac:wGif cJah vonf? arG;zGm;pOfu u|eaf wmf rxl;qef;vS aomfvnf; xdik Ef idk f xEkid af om uav;b0rS pI useG af wmfonf xl;jcm;cJo h nf? *Gusco hJ l jzpfco hJ nf? u|eaf wmf i,fi,fwkef;u awmfawmfESihf pum;rajymwwf &um;? vl}uD;rdbrsm;rSm qGHŒtIyif aeovm;[k pd;k &drf a=umih=f u cJah vonf [k od&avonf? temtzsm; xlonf? tpm;=uL; onf? trJ om;/ig;udk tvGef }uKd uo f nf? u|eaf wmf. rdcif aps;oGm;&m &Hzef&cH g u|eaf wmhu f kd csI D oGm;avonf? wpfcgaomf trJom;pdr;f udk twif;vkI pm;rnfjyKonf[k useG af wmhf rdcifu jyefI ajymjyojzihf od&ayonf? vl¶ikd ;f b0u u|eaf wmfvmovm; rod? ,ae@txd vl¶ikd ;f oabmrsK;d aecsio f nhf pdwx f m;rsm; &So d nf? &Hzef&cH g vl,Ofaus;rsm; ESifh tom;rus cJah cs? rsupf ad emuf jrifjyif;uyf vmonf? xkt d cg vl,Ofaus;rsm; ESifh igv¶l ikd ;f [k Zmwd cGyJ pfcsio f nhf pdwrf sm; &So d nf? vl¶ikd ;f um; =urf;.? cufxef.? od@k aomf jzLajzmih. f ? wnf=unf.? vGwv f yf.? use;f rm.? oefprG ;f .? igjh rif; igph ikd ;f anmifuikd ;f a&mufa&muf qko d nfukd useG af wmf}uKd u. f ? 26

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u|eaf wmh. f pdww f iG f tifrwef pdjk ynf vwfqwfaom b0 [k ,lqonf? Armjynf&dS vlonf vl¶ikd ;f rsK;d b0 a&mufcsif a&mufomG ;ygap vGwv f yfcsr;f ompGm acgi;f aqmif aeEkid +f yD qdv k sS if rvGwv f yfaom vlŒ,Ofaus; b0xuf u|eaf wmf tqwpf&m }uKd uo f nf? ESpo f ufonf? pdr;f vef; pdjk ynf us,jf yef@aom vGijf yif¶ikd ;f ay:wGif vufyef;ayguf cwfI vGwv f w G f vyfvyf jrL;wl; atmf[pfaevdo k nf? i,fi,fwek ;f u u|eaf wmf twD;tr_w/f tu tckef tawmf 0goemyg.? txl; ojzihf qdik ;f wD; tawmf0goemygonf? pm;yGjJ zpfap/ acgupf &m awGŒvSsif t+rJ acguaf vh&&dS m u|eaf wmf. vufrmS ,ae@wdik f tcsed rf eS rf eS f vufa&uGmus cJah vonf? od@k aomf u|eaf wmf tenf;i,f =u;D jyif; vmonfEiS fh vl}u;D rdbrsm;u useG af wmht f m; twD;tr_wf 0goemudk cGihfrjyK? e*dk0goem r[kwfIvm; rod?,ck TpdwfrsKd; aysmufjy,foavmuf &SdcJh+yD? u|eaf wmfum; i,fi,fuav;u ,ae@wdik f vla&m pdwaf &m aysmah ysmif;onf qdo k nhf tcsuu f kd em;rvnfc?hJ em;vnf&efvnf; r}uKd ;pm;cJ?h }uKd ;vnf; r}uKd ;pm;csi?f u|eaf wmf um; pum; tajymtqdk rzG,f r,Ofaus;? touf (8) ESpx f J a&mufI ausmif;paeonhf tcgYyif bke;f }u;D udk bke;f }u;D pum;jzihf ravSsmufwwf? trlt&mvnf; =urf;.? tvdkufvnf; rod? npfvnf; npfywfonf? ud, k pfh nf;urf; [lIvnf; wpfcrk rS &S?d touf av;ig;ajcmufEpS f wdik af tmif tdy&f mwGif ao;yg.? rD;zdu k kd nn&Scd ;kd I "t&Sipf zdn k / u|eaf wmf rae@"qdck &hJ onfukd trSw&f ao;onf? touf (15) ESpx f J a&mufonhf tcgY yif tjcm;t&yf tdrw f pftrd f wpfn ao;ygz;l onf? xkt d cgum; u|eaf wmfonf a&eHacsmif;+rKd Œ/ trsK;d om; txufwef; ausmif;rS ajcmufwef; atmifI ckepfwef; t0if ausmif;tjyef jzpfonf? u|eaf wmf. tpfukd t}u;D qH;k rSmvnf; 4if;ESpw f iG f bDtufppf D ocsmF *k%x f ;l wef; udk atmifcI hJ a&eHacsmif; u|eaf wmfw@kd ausmif;wGif rdrd ausmif;a[mif; jzpfonht f wdik ;f ausmif;q&m 0ifa&muf vkyu f ikd &f ef u|eaf wmfEiS fh twlyif vku d yf gvmavonf? xdt k cg a&eHacsmif;+rKd Œ od@k ewfarmufrS oGm;onhef nf; rSm awmifwiG ;f }u;D od@k &xm;pD;/ awmifwiG ;f }u;D rS rdausmif;&Jo@kd um;pD;/ rdausmif;&J rS a&eHacsmif; od@k oabFmpD;/ od@k r[kwf vSsif rauG;od@k bwfpum;pD;/ rauG;rS oabFmpD; &avonf? ESpf&uf =umavonf? aemufYum; ausmufyef;awmif; rSwpfqihf rD;&xm; wpfwef/ armfawmfum; wpfwef oGm;I a&eHacsmif;od@k ae@csi;f ayguf avonf? xkEd pS w f iG f u|eaf wmfw@kd rauG; rSwpfqihf oGm;=uonf? rauG;+rKd Œ wGif tysKad ygupf cyfacsmacsm rdef;uav;&Sdaom todtdrfwGifwnf;cdk=uonf? vlysKdaygufp jzpfaom u|eaf wmfrmS olprd ;f wpf&pH m tdrw f iG f raewwf? txl; &Suw f wfonf? rde;f uav;ESifh qdv k sS if omIyif &Suw f wfonf? xk@d a=umihf xkn d tdycf ge;D &Suv f eG ;f I ao;raygurf ?d ntdyo f nhf tvif;tdrfr* ➹

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Ekid if aH &; pdwo f efr_ a=umihf ausmif;pm rsm;udk ravhusuf ojzihf (bD-at) twef; txd atmif¶o kH m atmifco hJ nf? (bD-at) txufwef;ESpf wGif ausmif;om; oydwaf rSmuf acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D jzpfI tvky¶f y_ f ojzihf (bD-at) pmar;yGu J kd wpfEpS f rajzbJ aecJ&h onf? aemuf (bD-t,fv)f twef;udw k ufco hJ nf? twef;vnf; rSerf eS rf wuf/ pmtkyf vnf;r&S/d rSwpf v k nf; rxm;/ pmvnf;r=unh/f rdrpd w d o f ef&m Ekid if aH &;udk omvku d pf m;ojzihf (bDt,fv)f yxrESpf pmar;yGw J iG f us¶;_H avonf? Tum; u|eaf wmhf wpfoufwiG f pmar;yGJ yxrqH;k ESifh aemufq;kH us¶;_H jcif; aywnf;? us¶;_H aomfvnf; Oya' &mZ0if jzpfaom yxr ar;cGe;f wGif u|eaf wmf yxr &cJo h nf? 'kw, d (bDt,fv)f ESpf wGif ESpaf phatmif u|eaf wmf rae&awmhay? Oa&my wdu k w f iG f jrL;epf pmcsKyf rcsKyq f rkd D ppfjzpfrwwf tajctaeESifh ArmjynfwiG f t"du¶k%;f tajctae rsm;udk axmufqI wdik ;f jynf twGuf ud, k x f v d ufa&muf vkyu f ikd &f ef ausmif;rS ESp0f ufwiG f xGuI f ocifb0od@k ajymif;cJo h nf? jrefrmpmoif bke;f }u;D ausmif; ae&pOfu u|eaf wmf txl; raysmyf u kd f onhf tcsuf wpfcsuf &Sdavonf? xdktcsufrSm upm; ckefpm;jcif;/ uav;b0 opfyifwuf a&ul; tvkyrf sK;d udk ydwyf ifjcif;yif jzpfav onf? Ttcsuw f iG f u|eaf wmfw@kd rdbrsm;vnf; wpfo abmwnf; avmuf &So d nf? u|eaf wmfw@kd rSm opfyifwufjcif;/ a&ul;jcif; paom ud, k v f uf use;f rm usiv f nfra_ wGukd avhvmcGifh r&? opfyif wufonfukd jrif&vSsif tqdt k jrnf cH&onf? a&ul;onfukd odvsS if t¶du k cf &H onf? xk@d a=umihf ,ae@txd useG af wmfrmS ^m%fynm bufrS tcGit fh vrf; &cJI h ayguaf jrmuf cJo h avmuf ud, k v f ufuse;f rm usiv f nfa&;wGif tcGit fh vrf; r&cJI h rsm;pGm csKdŒ,Gif; aeayonf? a&eHacsmif; trsKd;om;ausmif; aepOfuvnf; tcGihftvrf; r&cJh? trsK;d om;ausmif; jzpfonhf twdik ;f qif;&J ojzihf upm; ckepf m; avhusi&fh m ae&m/ ud&, d m wefqmyvmrsm; rxm;Edik I f yif jzpfonf? ArmjynfwGif bkef;}uD;rsm;ESihf a&S;vl}uD; rsm;. tcsdKŒ t,ltqrsm;udk acwfESihfavsmfatmif jyKjyifoihfavonf? odk@r[kwfvSsif ArmjynfESihf ArmvlrsKd;wdk@ tajctaeonf wd;k wufoihf oavmuf wd;k wufrnf r[kwaf cs? ynmqdo k nfrmS pmtkyf pmwrf; zwfI pmodr_udk ynm[k rqdkay? ynmonf "twdkif;tq"rxif? tvGef us,af jym eufev J S ayonf? urBm&Sd pmtkyf tm;vH;k yifvsS if ynm tm;vH;k udk avmu jyifus,f wnf;[laom ausmif;}u;D Y u|Eykf w f @kd onf ykcufwiG ;f xJro S nf ajr}u;D xJo@kd a&mufonftxd ynm oifom;rsm; jzpfae=u aponf? xk@d a=umihf ynmoif=um;zl;onhf trSef pifppftm;jzihf ol. wpfoufyefwiG f ukeq f ;kH onf[k rqdEk idk af y? ynmwwfoo l nf avmu&Sd t&m&mudk tcGit fh vrf;tvdu k f qifjcif oH;k oyfEidk f tvif;tdrfr* ✜

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pGr;f aom ^m%fynmudk vnf;aumif;/ rdr^d m%ftjrift& pdwaf e pdwx f m; pdw"f mwfw@kd udk vnf;aumif;/ ( Emotion of the Education ) jyKjyifjyKpk pDrx H m;cJo h l omvSsif jzpfonf? bD-at yif atmifapumrl yg&*l bGŒJ }u;D yif &apumrl yxrausm}f u;D yif jzpfapumrl touft&G,f rnfrsS yif }u;D &ihaf pumrl ynmqdak om obm0 t"dym` ,fukd aumif;pGm oHk;oyfem;vnfjcif; r&SdcJhaomf wu,ft&m ra&muf/ toHk; r0ifEkdifay? ynmonf pmtkyx f YJ om &So d nf r[kw?f pmtkyrf sm;wGif ausmI f jrifprG ;f Edik jf cif;udk aqmifEikd &f ayrnf? ynmonf vl. ^m%fuo kd m jyKjyifw;kd csŒJ ¶Ho k m r[kw?f vl. pdwaf epdwx f m; t,ltqrsm; udv k nf; wd;k wuf ap&rnf? vl.qENtm; vkyt f m;udk El;!Gwaf p&rnf? &mZ0ifo¶d o kH m r[kw?f &mZ0ifukd zefw;D Ekid &f rnf? avmu"mwf ynmudk od¶Hkom r[kwf?avmu"mwf ynmudk wdk;csJŒ Ekdifap&rnf? yxr ynmudk od¶o kH mr[kw?f ajropf/ a&opf/ awmawmifw@kd udk &SmazG pHpk rf; Ekid pf rG ;f ap &rnf? avmu ta=umif;udk em;vnfap¶Ho k m r[kw?f onhx f uf aumif;aomavmuudk zefqif; Edik af p &rnf? Tum; ynm. o¶kyt f usO;f rSsyifwnf;? ynmonf umv/ a'o/ ya,m*ESifh ,SO&f rnf? avmuY vufawGŒ toH;k vnf; us&rnhf ynmwGif onmvnf; ygonf? ^m%fESihfvnf; ,SOf&rnf? ^m%fcsnf;om wdk;wufI "onm"r&Sdygrlvnf; TrSs ydrk q kd ef;=u,f tajymus,f vSaom acwfopf ta=umif;udk em;rvnf Edik af y? avmu"mwf ynmudk rwwfrodbJ avmu"mwf ynm^m%fuo kd m &vSsif avmu"mwf ynm. wefz;kd udk wif;jynhf roH;k Ekid af y? wdik ;f jynf tajctae jy\em/ acwftajctaeESifh r,SOyf grl wdik ;f jynf axmifjcif;/ acwfjyifjcif; rjyKEidk af y? arG;uwnf;u aoonf txd t,l0g' tajymif;tvJ r&So d o l nf ynmwwfonf [k rqdEk idk af y? vlwpfa,muf. oufwrf;wGif b0 yxru odjrifvmaom pdwaf e pdwx f m;0g' wd@k onf trSecf sn;f r[kw?f jyKjyif ajymif;vJ&rnfom wnf;? ,ae@ t,ltq ESifh reufjzef t,ltq wd@k rSm wlcsirf S wlayrnf? trSeu f m; vlwpfO;D . wpfb0wGif tu|Eykf w f @kd onf t,l0g' ajymif;vJjcif;rsm; udk awGŒaomtcg xdv k o l nf orm"d rwnf/ a&SŒaemuf rnD[k xifrw S rf mS ;avonf? orm"d rwnfjcif;rSm ud, k u f siw fh &m; azmufvJG azmufjyefjzpfjcif; yifwnf;? 0g' ajymif;vJrr_ mS ^m%ftjrif. ajymif;vJra_ =umih?f orm"d rwnfjcif; r[kwaf y? wpfenf; wdk;wufjcif; aywnf;? trSeftm;jzihf orm"d qdkaom pum;udk eufeufeeJ J qifjcifvsS if avmu&Sd vltaygi;f wd@k tm; orm"d vufuikd f =uol &Sm;ayonf? orm"d qdo k nfrmS avmu. taumif; tqd;k / tusK;d tjypf/ tysuo f epf pHw k @kd udk ydik ;f jcm; xifxif odjrifI qif;&J vnf; 0rf;renf;/ csrf;omvnf; 0rf;rom/ yuwd pdwfxm; ^m%ftjrif t& vlcs;D rGr;f / vlu&hJ ŒJ r_/ ab;'kuQ tEœ&m,fukd rwdwrf vef@ wpforwf wnf; 34

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wnf+ird pf mG &Sjd cif;udk qdak vonf? bk&m; tp&Sad om olawmfaumif; wd@k . pdww f nfaeyHrk sK;d wnf;? od@k jzpf&m omref ud, k u f sit fh rlt&m tajymtqdk brf;jy wnf+ird rf u _ kd vltaygi;f wd@k u orm"d[k omrn ajymprSwf jyK=uavonf? trSepf ifppf um; xdk brf;jy wnf+ird rf w _ iG f rnfrsS twGi;f azmufvJG azmufjyefrr_ sm; wd;k yGm; rsm;jym;onf udk vltaygi;f wd@k rpOf;pm; rd=uacs? u|eaf wmfonf ÁajE}N u;D I rsuEf mS xm; tvGef wnfol wpfa,muf[k todtrSwjf yK cHc&hJ avonf? u|eaf wmf. ud, k f trlt&m pdwx f m; o¶kyf wd@k onf azmufvaJG zmufjyef oabmudk rjyay? odk@aomf tu,fyif u|efawmfonf orm"d&Sd.? rnfr# orm"dw&m;udk ydik q f ikd af yoenf;? u|eaf wmfomv#if todq;kH jzpfayonf? u|eaf wmf. twGi;f v_w&f mS ;r_ wd@k udk Tpmtkyu f kd zwf&if;zwf&if; awG@jrif=u&ayvdrrhf nf? u|eaf wmf. twGi;f v_w&f mS ;r_rsm;um; orm"dw&m;udk vH;k 0 rydik q f ikd af o;jcif;. trSwv f u%myifwnf;? ,ckvnf; u|eaf wmf orm"dw&m;udk ydik +f yaD vm? vH;k 0rydik q f ikd f ao;ay? xd@k a=umifh vlwikd ;f ydik q f ikd jf cif;r&Sad o;aom orm"dw&m;udk pum;vkyrf qd=k uyge@J OD;? vlwpfa,muf Om%ftjrif v_wf&Sm;ajymif;vJ/ rl0g'ajymif;vJr_udk orm"drwnf[k wHqyd t f &du k f rapmoifah y? Oyrmtm;jzifh vGecf ahJ omESprf sm;u t&Sit f m'dp0P o H qdak om ud, k af wmftm; omoemawmfwiG f bduLeDrrsm; &So d ifo h nf[k pmtkyw f pftyk f a&;om;r_ a=umifh 0dik ;f y,f=u.? oydwaf rSmuf=u.? trSeu f m; ol.ajymif;vJru _ nf rSm;csiv f nf; rSm;ayrnf? od@k aomfvnf; ykxZk Ofw@kd . *wdtvm;jzifh trSm;r&So d rl &S?d trSm;odrS trSejf rif avonf? trSm;wpfcg vkyrf v d #if trSm;ESpcf g vkyrf ad omtcg rSev f mayvdrrhf nf? odk@aomfvnf; rSm;yifrSm;apumrl rdrdOm%ftjriftav#muf ajymif;vJr_rSm &St d yfonfomwnf;? avSe"H g;xpfqakd om tvky/f tajym/ tawG;wd@k rSm ynm. t"dyg` ,f qef@usib f ufaywnf;? Ak ausmu f m &SmazGawG@&Scd ahJ vonf? xdOk m%fawmf&mS azG&ef pdwyf ikd ;f jzwfaomtpY od'x < rif;om;onf rdrdOm%ftjrift& tEkrmersuf&rf;qI ajymif;vJr_ &Sdvmavonf? tvS,v f , S f tajymif;ajymif;/ taomif;ruaom armif;rrd\/H ac|&yH &dowf wd@k ESiw hf uG/ eef;oH;k aqmif0,f rif;pnf;pdru f kd pGe@f y,fI aomifrjrif/ urf;rjrif &aoh &[ef;toGif av#maf wouFe;f wd@k 0wfqifI "bduLeD oDavmwd,m peoDavmwD bduL" [lonfEiS hf tnD/ olawmif;pm;b0rsKd ;od@k ajymif;vJro _ nf omref yuwdrsupf t d m;jzifh =unfv h #if &l;onf/ rdu k o f nf[k qd&k ayrnf? rdr. d rif;pdw/f rif;0g'udk qef;us,af om avmuDpw d /f avmu0g'tm; Tod@k ajymif;v$cJ ahJ vonf? ■ ❑ ❏ ▲ ▼ ◆ ❖ P ◗ ❘

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; rSwfcsuf? ? rl&if;owfyHktwdkif;

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u|efynm ESifh ocifynm udak tmifqef; vl}uD;ESihf vli,f wdik ;f jynfxal xmifa&; vk y f i ef ; wG i f vl } uD ; ES i f h vli,f[lI tvkyform; ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; &Sdavonf? vl}u;D wd@k tzd@k rSm aumif; rGefaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk n$ejf yEdik o f nfh pGr;f &nfowWd &Sdap&rnf? vli,fwdk@rSm vnf; xdkodk@ n$efjyonfh vrf;udk wef;wef; ajzmifh ajzmifh a=umuf&$H@jcif; uif; bdv#uf vdu k &f &J ayrnf? ,ck jref r mjynf wGiu f m; vl}u;D rsm;rSmvnf; pGr;f &nfowWrd &S/d Avmcsn;f jzpfaeonfukd awG@&onf? vl i ,f w d k @ tm; aumif ; rG e f a om erl e mjy&rnf jzpf a om vl } uD ; rsm;pG m wdk@onf? uvyfwufjcif;/ zJ&u kd jf cif;/ trsKd ;rsKd ; uvdrf aph jirf;qifonfh tr_rsdK; omawG@&.? odk@jzpf&um; tu,f I aqmif & G u f csif a om vl i ,f r sm;rS m n$efjyonfh tvif;a&mif rJv h #uf trdu k af rSmifxw J iG f ajcprf;/ vufprf; jzifo h m 36

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tcsdefukef&avonf? tcsKd @aom olw@kd u vl}u;D rsm;udk qJonf[k vli,fw@kd tm; tjypfwif=uavonf? od@k aonfvnf; TudprP mS vli,fEiS v hf }l u;D ESpOf ;D ESpzf ufpvH;k tjypfruif;=uay? vl}u;D wd@k rSm az:jycJo h nft h wdik ;f aumif;rGeaf om vrf;n$ejf yjcif;r&S?d vli,fw@kd rSm vl}u;D wd@k . tjypfujkd y&Hk rSwpfyg; tjcm; tvkyjf yjcif; r&Sad o;? k v D mae&l;/ wdvwf u|Eykf w f @kd tzd@k rSmum; tdE, d jynfrmS r[wWr*ED/ pDtmzwf/ rdw tp&So d w l @kd uJ@od@k vnf;aumif;/ tdik , f mvef 'DAvm&m/ tDwvDjynf *&Dabmv'D/ rpfZeD wd@k uJo h @kd vnf;aumif;/ ususee acgi;f aqmifEikd I f acgi;f aqmifrnfh rnfonfv h }l u;D udrk qdk aemufvu kd t f jzpf vdu k yf gaqmif&u G &f ef toifyh if &Sad vonf? xdo k @kd acgi;f aqmifEikd rf nf/h xdo k @kd acgi;f aqmif&rJ nfh yk*Kd~ vw f pfO;D xGuyf gav? apmifv h #uf u|Eykf w f @kd ar#mrf nf? emrnf}u;D onfh TwuUov kd Yf vrf;n$erf nfh vl}u;D &Sv d #if vli,fw@kd onf a&S@od@k wdk;wufI vkyfief;udk xGifEdkifrnf jzpfonfhtjyif rdrdwdk@ tvSnfhusa&mufaomtcg acgif;aqmifonfh vkyfief;udk ryifryef;bJ xrf;aqmifEdkifayvdrfhrnf? u|Efkyfwdk@ vli,fw@kd uvnf; xdt k csed f xdt k cgtwGuf ,ckuyif toifjh yifqifxm;&ayrnf? }uKd ;pm; tm;xkw&f ayrnf? txl;ojzifh u|Eykf w f @kd wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;onf Tta&;wGif tcsuftcsmjzpfavonf? od@k jzpfvifu h pm; ,ckvuf&dS wuUov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;rSm emrnf[;D oavmuf tqHr&Sd jzpfaeonfudk awG@&ayonf? u|Efkyfwdk@ wuUodkvfausmif;om;wdk@onf ,ck&&Sdaeaom u|efynmudk t[kwf}uD;rSwfxifae=uI exifaoG;a&muf+yD;v#if jrefrmwdk@jyKor#udk &H_@csuJ@&J@vdkaompdwf/ vGwfvyfaom ociftvkyfudk *k%fedrfhonf xifaom pdww f @kd udk arG;jrLxm;ESio hf jzifh txufra&muf/ atmufrus cGorm;rsm; jzpfae=u avonf? u|Efkyfwdk@ wuUodkvfausmif;om;wdk@onf [D&d=owWy`w&m; uif;rJ@v#uf 4if;w&m;udkyif em;rvnfEdkif &Sdaeayao;onf? ra=umuf&rnfh ae&mwGif a=umufI/ r&Su&f rnfah e&mwGif &Suaf eonfukd awG@&ayonf? Edik if jH cm;om;wd@k udjk rifv#if 'l;wkecf sio f nfh pdwrf aysmufao;? abmvH;k yGw J iG f qJcsi/f qdck si/f aomif;use;f csio f nfh pdw"f gwrf mS vnf; txl;&Supf &maumif;avonf? vGwv f yfaom tvkyu f rkd cifrif/ vGwv f yfaom b0. wefz;kd udrk od/ xd@k a=umifh vGwv f yfaomb0udk rawmifw h / r}uq H &atmif r}uKd ;pm;=ubJ a&$&nfreG ;f rHxm;aom avSicf sKd ix hf w J iG f taysm}f u;D aysmaf e=uayonf? u|Eykf w f @kd wuUov kd af usmif;om;wd@k wGif tvGr;f emorm;wd@k um; rsm;vSpmG .? od@k aomf wvGv J rG ;f aeonfukd awG@&ayonf? oem;wwfaom olrsm;udv k nf; awG@&yg.? odk@aomf wvGJ oem;ae=uayonf? cspfa,mifaqmifI aoatmifowfwwfaom tvif;tdrfr* ✈

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trsdK;om;qkdif&mta=umif; trsKd ;om;a&;pdwo f nf rdrt d rsKd ;udo k modI tjcm;trsKd ;rsm;udk !Si;f yef;wdu k cf u kd f vkad ompdwjf zpfonf [k abpD[wfqo kd l yk*Kd vu f qd. k ? udv k b H , D m wuUov kd f ygarmuQa[; t&um; trsKd ;om;pdwo f nf wdik ;f jynfcspcf ifjcif; jzpfonfvnf; rSeyf g.? odk &h mwGif xdt k wdik ;f jynf cspjf cif;tjyif tjcm;&Sad o;.? trsdK;om;pdwfonf tjcm;trsdK;rsm;udk &ef+idK;xm;umEdSyfpufuvljyKcsifonfh rdrdwdkif;jynfta=umif;udk 0if0g=uGm;v$m;wwfaom pdwf0oDrsdK;jzpfavonf [lonfyif jzpfay.? &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;wGif ygaruQvt l jzpfrS xGuo f mG ;aom a'guw f ma[m w&Ha&mtcgwiG f a[majymcsuw f iG v f nf; rZPKd racwftcgu trsKd ;om;pdwf Ed;k =um;jcif;rSm tbdZmpdwrf S jzpfay:vmcJo h nf[k qd. k ? tDwvDjynf rsKd ;cspyf *k Kd vw f OD;jzpfcahJ omv_x d uf[uf. ZeD;urlum; trsKd ;om; pdwfonf rdrdtrsdK;twGuf }udK;pm;&mwGif urBmw0Srf;vHk;. tusdK;ygxifatmif jyKjcif; jzpfonf[k qdak y.? jyifopfjynf temwdzk &ef h [laom Edb k ,fq&k zl;ol yk*Kd v}f u;D u rlum; uGsefkyfwdk honf uGsefkyfwdk h. trsdK;udk cspfcif=uEdkifyg.? okd h&mwGif tjcm;trsdK;wkd@udk tjypfrwifbJ tcspf0if&m.? Tokd htrsdK;om;a&;pdwf. obm0rsm;udkazmfjy=uay.? tvif;tdrfr* ✯

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TwGif trsKd ;om;pdw. f oabmw&m;rsm;udo k m az:jyjcif;jzpfI trsKd ;om;pdwf rnfuo hJ @kd jzpfay:vmonf [lonfukd azmfjyjcif; r[kwaf y? okd@&mwGif trsdK;pdwfjzpfay:&m trSDo[JjyK&m (Nationality) (oD;jcm;vlrsdK; txdr;f trSw)f ta=umif;udk pdppf=updk ?h y&dzk ufqm *pfxc&ku d . f (Priciples Of Political Seience) pmtkyw f iG f (Nation) trsKd ;[laom pum;rSm Ekid if aH &; OypmvH;k vH;k jzpfI (Nationality) (vl r sd K ;oD ; jcm;0g') [l o nf r S m Ek d i f i H a &; Oypmed r d w f & S d a omf v nf ; tajccHZmwdrsKd ;&d;k ESihf qufE, G &f m ta=umif;rsm;rS jzpfay:vma=umif; rsm;aomtm;jzifh vl r sd K ;wl bmompmayjcif ; twl w l / t,l 0 g'jcif ; twl w l / xH k ; pH w H w G m &mZ0ifpum;jcif;twlw/l ae&mt&yfvnf;twlw/l tusKd ;pD;yGm;jcif;vnf; twlwjl zpfI ausmom;&if o m;rjcm;/ omemnD r S s Ek d i f i H t k y f c sKyf a &;toif ; (0g) tpd k ; &&S d I Ekid if pH nf;vH;k nDnw G af &; &Sv d m&ef qENpw d u f ;l rsm;rS trsKd ;om;pdwf jzpfay:vmonf[k qdak y.? odk@&mwGif Taz: jycsuft*Fgtm;vHk;wdk hrSvnf;aumif;/ tcsdK@rSvnf;aumif;/ wckwnf;rS aomfvnf;aumif;/ trsKd ;om;pdwjf zpfay:csirf S jzpfay:vdrrhf nf? ta=umif;rlum; trsdK;om;pdwfonf 0dOmOfpdwf"gwfESihfom qkdifIudk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&; wenf;enf;udkudk t+r&J mS azGaeaom pdwjf zpfavonf? odk &h mwGif rnfonfh oD;jcm;vlrsKd ;wGif rqdak zmf+y;D cJah om t*Fgrsm;xJrS tcsdK@udkawG hjrif&aya=umif; ponfjzifhvnf; y&dkzufqm*pfxc&dkufu qkx d m;ay.? tD;tufzfbdk;rif;. An Introduction to Political seience [laom pmtkyw f iG u f m; trsKd ;om;pdwo f nf wjznf;jznf;tm;,lvmI tusyt f wnf; ta&;ay: vmaom tcgxu G af y:vmwwfI vly*k Kd~ vw f iG f awG Eh idk af om 0if0h gyv$m;jcif; pdwq f wfjcif;/ oabmajymif; vGJwwfjcif;&SdI trsdK;rsdK;aom XmewGif xx=uG=uG jzpfapEdkifaom owW&d adS vonf[k qdx k m;ay.? y&d k z uf q m Zimmern Zif ; ref ; . Nationality and Government [l a ompmtk y f w G i f u m; tjrif u s,f a omrsuf p d E S i f h axmuf q =unf h & _ I ajymygrl vlpw k pkonf(trsKd ;) [laom pdwq f EN&ydS gu trsKd ;jzpfvmayonf[k rnforl qdk ajymEkid af y.? Todk ah z: jyxm;ay.? y&dkzufqm ruftdkifAma&;aom Modern State [laomusrf;wGifum; trsdK;om;pdwf [lonfrSm aygif;pkaeaom vlpkpdwfjzpfI &mZ0iftcsdef w&yf&yfwGif wdkif;EdkifiHESifh tpkd;&. nD!Gwfa&;udk jzpfcJhapI ,ckvnf;jzpfaeapaompdwfudk ac:avonf[k qdkxm;jyef.? Todk hvSsif o&kyftrsdK;rsdK;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;q&mrsm; ay;=uonfrsm;udk qef;ppf=unfI trsKd ;om;pdwo f nf tpkvu dk af eaom vltaygi;f wkd w h iG f twlwpl w d u f ;l qEN&I dS pdwjf cif; "gwjf cif;twl&+dS y;D vSsif twlaevdo k nfh pdwjf zpfonf[al om 50

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o&kyu f kd &&Sad vonf? 'dvpfqvbef;a&;aom Political Ideas pmtkyfwGif aoG;wljcif;xuf pdwu f ;l wljcif; a&S;a[mif; aESmif;acwfwiG f 'd;k wlaygizf ufjyKczhJ ;l onfrsm;udk rSwrf jd cif;wdk u h trsKd ;om;pdwu f kd ydrk zkd efw;D avonf? A Common Memory And A Common Idea These, More Than A Common Bloodmuck A Nation.

TqHk;jzwfcsuf rSefrrSefppfaq;&ayrnf? To&kyft&qdkaomf vlrsdK;wljcif;/ bmomwljcif;/ t,l0g'wljcif;/ tp&Sdaom t*Fg&yfrsm;rSmtrsdK;wdkif;wGifvnf;aumif; od@k r[kwf vlrsKd ;oD;jcm;wkid ;f wGif vnf;aumif; r&Srd jzpf[al om tajcodk ah &mufavmufatmif vdt k yfaom t&mrsm; r[kwaf y? xdo k @kd r[kwo f nfrmS tb,fta=umif;t&m &mZ0if taxmuftxm;rsm;=unfI h od&onf?

armifatmifqef; ('D;'kwfowif;pm {u'orwGJ eHygwf 41/ Zlvkdif/ 27/ 1935) pm 56 (jynfol hacwf/ twGJ 1/trSwf 11/ 2010)

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Edik if aH &; trsKd ;rsKd ; ocifatmifqef;

(1) Taqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;&rnfqv kd sS if Edik if aH &;qdak om pum;udk yxroH;k oyf&efvkd onf? " jynfxJ ta&; aygufEiS ahf us;/ =uufO ta&mifwrd af wmifozG,f rif;a&;us,f" ponfjzifh a&S;Armpmrsm;wGif zwf&./ rSw&f .? Tpum;rsm;um; aumif;vnf;aumif; ./ qd;k vnf;qd;k .? aumif;yHu k m; Edik if aH &;. cufceJ ufeaJ om t"dyg` ,/f us,0f ef;aom 52

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t"dyg` ,/f odraf rG@aom t"dyg` ,w f @kd udk aqmif.? qd;k yHu k m; =um;&olrsm;tm; vrf;p&Sm rawG@ apbJ vlrsm;rsm; qdkif;wGifwD;vdkufwdkif; jrnfonfhpnfuJ@odk@ ynm&Sd=uD;ozG,f vlrsm; txif=u;D atmif ajymaumif;ajymvd@k &onfh pum;vnf;jzpf.? xd@k a=umifh u|eaf wmhtzd@k rSm Edik if aH &; trsKd ;rsKd ta=umif;udk ra&;cif Edik if aH &;qdo k nfh t"dyg` ,f tus,t f 0ef; twdik ;f twmudk pOf;pm;rd.? Armjynf. Edik if aH &;&mZ0ifukd jyefajymif;I =unfv h sS if Edik if aH &;qdo k nfrmS b,fvkd [mrsdK;[k wwfwwftyftyf r&Sdonfudk awG@&.? trsdK;/ bmom/ omoem/ ynm? Armjynfonf Armrsm;tzdk@/ [krR&l;/ tif'Dyif;'ifh/ bHk0g'/ 0HomEk/ qif;&Jom; pojzifh rD;cdk; rqHk;rdk;rqHk;yif? awm&Gm a'orsm;&Sd Arm trsdK;om;wdk@ twGufrSmum;/ wabmifpef; ba0gawG ESihf rif;avmif; wcgay:vdu k /f vdu k v f u kd /f &H;_ vdu k /f at;at; aevdu k f wcgxyfay:/ wcgxyfvdkuf/ wcgxyf&H_;/ bk&m;vufopfawG/ arSmfq&mawG/ yxrHq&mawG ESifh olw@kd Edik if aH &;rSmvnf; vH;k vdu k jf ym;vdu k f jzpfae.? vli,fv&l , G /f pdwjf refjref ud, k jf refjrefawG uawmhvnf; acwf=u;D twif;ajymif; csipf w d af wG r$ejf y;D b*Fvm; olyek af wGv/kd tdik , f mvefu enf;awGv/kd 'gawGEiS hf vGr;f olvrG ;f aqG;ol aqG;ae=u.? OD;bab=u;D uawmh Edik if aH &;qdw k m tvGen f pfywf wJ@ tvky[ f q k kd .? OD;ode;f armif=u;D uawmh ukov kd u f wyJom;/ i&Ju wyd\mrd@k Edik if aH &;udk rvkycf sif awmhb;l ? OD;apm uawmh 0g;&if;wkwf ESihf vlru kd t f m;ud;k pcef;oGm;.? a'guw f m barmf uvnf;wrsKd ;? pwmvifw@kd [pfwvmwd@k tm;usonfq. kd ? b,foif; b,fvkd [kwo f nf rSeo f nfukd pOf;pm;=upd@k ? u|eaf wmfh t,ltqwGiu f m; Edik if aH &;udk avmu"gwf a=umif;t& jrifrS xifrS [kwo f nf[x k if.? avmu"gwaf =umif;pOf;pm;rS jzpfrnf[k awG;xifonfEiS hf ywfoufI avmu"gwq f w kd m bmudq k v kd o kd nf/ b,fvkd t"dyg` ,rf sKd ;ESihf a&;onf udv k nf;em;vnf apvd. k ? t*Fvyd v f t kd m;jzifh (qdik ;f ,ifph )f / Armvdt k m;jzifh avmu"gw[ f k vlw@kd ac: =uonfrmS bmudq k v kd o kd enf;? avmu&Sd "gwt f pkta0;tm;vH;k udk o&kycf I JG jyonfh avmu"gw/f ydik ;f jcm;jyonfh avmu"gwu f m; tb,fu ay:vmoenf;? ta=umif; tusKd ;wnf;[laom w&m;ESpyf g;rS ay:.? tusKd ;&Sv d sS if ta=umif; &S&d rnf? ta=umif;&Sv d sS if tusKd ;ay:&rnf? Tum; avmu"gw. f tajccHw&m;rsm; jzpf.? Tum; bk&m;w&m;. tajccHrsm;jzpf.? pl;prf;qifjcifwwfonfhOm%f/ xGif;azmufEdkif onfOh m%f/ xufjrufaomOm%f/ eufeaJ om Om%f/ tp&Sad om Om%f trsKd ;rsKd ;wd@k jzifh urBm=uD;. tvHk;pHkudk/ tEkvHk/ y vHk &_qifjcifonfhtcg/ ta=umif;tusdK; t&if;cH w&m;ESpyf g;om xGuv f mav.? xdkta=umif;tusdK;ESpfyg;udk tajcjyKI bk&m;ocifonf urBmol urBmom; tvif;tdrfr* ❢

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wdk@tm;w&m;jycJ@.? xdkta=umif; tusdK;w&m; ESpfyg;t& avmu"gwf q&m=uD;rsm;/ ya&m[dwf rsm;/ okcrdef taygif;wdk@onf urBmhynmt&yf&yf wdk@udk jzef@cJ@=uonf r[kww f akH vm? oif.a&S@arSmufY&Sad om pm;yG/J ukvm;xdik /f em&D/ rift;kd / uavmifw/H armfawmfum;/ av,mOfys/H "gwrf ;D a&'D,kd tp&So d nf wd@k rSm onfavmu"gwf ynm. tpGr;f a=umifh yifjzpfc@J jyD r[kwaf vm? od@k Edik if aH &;wGiv f nf; ta=umif;tusKd ; ESpyf g;udk trSjD yKI awG;rS/ =urH /S vkyrf /S udik rf /S ajymrS/ qdrk S jzpfayrnf? atmifayrnf? Tum; u|eaf wmf ,lyq kH yHjk zpf.? t*Fvyd v f kd tm;jzifh (ay:vpfwpf) qdak om pum;onf t*Fvyd pf um; tppfr[kw/f (ay:vpfwpf) qdak om pum;rSm Oa&my wwdu k v f ;kH udo k . d ? (ay:vpfwpf) qdak om pum;rSm acgrwdik ;f ac: *&djynfrS pwifay:ayguv f m.? acgrpum; (ydv k pfw)D qdak om pum;rS qif;oufvm.? t"dyg` ,u f m; vltrsm;pkaygi;f tkycf sKyrf y_ ifq. kd ? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;qdkonfrSm vl@t0ef;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqH tkyfcsKyf&aom udpyP ifjzpf.? xd@k a=umifh Edik if aH &;udk (qd&k , S f qdik ;f ,ifph )f aygi;f oif;qufqrH _ avmu"gwf ynm[k ,lq&ayrnf? xdv k v l cl si;f aygi;f oif;qufqrH r_ S ay:ayguaf om jy\em t&yf&yf udk ta=umif;ESihf tusKd ;w&m;udk trSx D m;I &SmazG pHpk rf; ppfaq; ar;jref;/ a0zef cGjJ cm; pDrt H yk cf sKyrf _ yifjzpf.?TudpP udk tusO;f tm;jzifh Edik if aH &;0g'/wikd ;f wEdik if v H ;kH ta&;[k ,l=u.? od@k aomf ,cktcg Edik if aH &;. t"dyg` ,rf mS wEdik if /H wwdik ;f jynfavmuf udpo P m r[kwaf wmh/ wurBmvH;k udpjP zpfvm.? Edik if aH &;ay: cgp acgra&mrwdik ;f ? xdt k cgrsm;Yum; Edik if aH &;onf (pDwD pwdw)f ac:aom jrKd @=u;D wpfjrKd @pmom&S. d ? xd@k aemuf us,I f us,I f vm&m tcktcgum; urBm ESifh t0ef; txdodk@yifjzpfavjyD? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;qdkI rdrEd ikd if u H av;wGicf sn;f xifovdv k yk I f rjzpfEikd af wmhacs? O'g[&k%af wG/ jy,k*f awG jyaezd@k rvdk &Si+f jy[ D k ,lq.? G f txufYaz: jycJ@aom Edik if aH &;. oabmudk tus,f um zGi&hf vSsif ukeEf ikd zf , r&S?d od@k &mwGif ydrk x kd ifjrif oabmayguaf pjcif;iSm o&kyx f yfI aqmifjyOD;tH?h Edik if aH &;onf vlro _ rl u _ pd P tm;vH;k yifjzpf.? vl[I l urBmwGif jzpfvmonfh tcgrS pI vl.twef;tpm;tavsmuf vlvakd e vlv0kd wf vlvpkd m; vlvakd omuf vlvv kd yk v f m.? vlvv kd yk cf siv f m.? vlvv kd yk &f ef=uKd ;pm;vm.? txajrmufvm.? ydrk u kd s,af jymvm.? vlEiS w hf &d p>mef uGjJ ym;r_rmS vlu xGiw f wfonft h pGr;f / jrifwwfonfh t&nf&jdS cif; yifjzpf.? xdt k &nftpGr;f rSm todOm%f yifjzpf.? xdv k . l todOm%fjzifh vl.vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mY ydkrdkrsm;jym;&SKyfaxG;vmaomtcg EdkifiHa&;wnf;[laom vl@yifrw&m; ay:ayguv f m.? 54

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✁✂✄☎✆✝✞ ✁✟✠✂⑦ ✆✡✞

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'kw, d enf;? ? qefŒusib f ufusonfh &kyef mrf 0wœKw@kd a&maESmum yl;aygi;f pyf,u S =f ujcif; oabmudk jyqd&k mY wOD;ESiw hf OD; qef@usib f ufusonfh tzdEk iS t hf r/ uvv tEkjrLuvyfw@kd aygi;f pyfxm;tyfonfh ADZ y oaE< udq k v kd o kd nf? Oyrm wrsKd ;jy&vSsif vSsypf pf"gw=f uKd ;wGif tzd"k gwf tr"gwf ESprf sKd ;&S. d ? xdEk pS cf ak ygi;f I vSsypf pf jzpfavonf? xdk@a=umifh"gwfwdkifrsm;wGif "gwf=udK; ESpf=udK; &Sdwwfonf? xdk"gwf=udK; ESpf=udK;teuf w=uKd ;udo k m udik rf v d sS if raoEdik /f ESp=f uKd ;vH;k udik rf v d sS iu f m; aoEdik . f ? wwd,enf;? ? y yuQ eda&m" enf;udk jy&m Y (rlv) wnf;[laom uvv a&=unftEkjrLpkukd uav;wnf;[laom &kyef mrfpu k y,fzsuv f u kd . f ? uav;b0 (0g) y yuQoabmonf wjznf;jznf; =uD;jyif;vmonfhtcg vl[laom a0g[m& emrfyk'f udak qmifvmjyefojzifh uav;wnf;[laom a0g[m& emrfy'k o f nf aysmuf uG,jf yef.? xdk@a=umifhyxr uvv a&=unfudk y yuQjyKcJ@aom uav;onf rdrd. b0udk csKyjf ird ;f aprnfv h l (0g) y yuQead &m" wnf;[laom a0g[m& emrfy'k o f nf wbefay:vm& f rSsaygu&f ef jyef.?Tum; tEky avmr w&m;udk o&kyaf z:jyjcif; jzpf.? oabmayguEf ikd o tbefbefo;kH oyfav? urBm avmu"gwf wckv;kH jrifjriforSs &kyef mrf cE<m ajymif;vJrw _ @kd rSm Tw&m;rS rvGwEf ikd ?f txufygw@kd um; ²²²² avmukw&œ m pum;rsm;ESihf avmukw&œ mudk OyrmrSI D jyqdx k m;ojzifh rd;k nSi;f w&m; a[maeonf[k rrSwt f yf? &mZ0iftajymif;tvG/J Ed k i f i H a &;tajymif ; tvG J / acwf t ajymif ; tvG J w d k @ rS m vnf ; Tenf ; oabmtwd k i f ; &mZ0ifa=umif;wavSsmuf &kyef mrfcE<m tjyeftvSef pyf,u S rf /_ abmufjyef r_aygi;f pyfr_ wd@k t& jzpf&ayonf? Edik if aH &; tbd"rRm q&m=u;D (um;vf rwf) onfT &kyv f uQ%m tajccHaom tEky avmu w&m;t& &mZ0ifudk =unfh&_onfh tcgtrsdK;av;yg; (0g) vlwef;pm; tcsif;csif; y yuQ jzpfymG ; =uonfukd &mZifwavsmH xifjrif&ayrnf [kq. kd ? TuJ@od@k vlwef;pm; tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef y yuQ jzpfjcif;rSmwqifx h ufwqifh wrsKd ;jy;D wrsKd ; ajymif;vGv J mayonf? Oyrm yxracwfwiG f rif;rsKd ;=u;D pd;k vSsif olaX;rsKd ;onf y yuQ jyKI 'kw, d acwf wGif =u;D pd;k vm.?xdt k cg olaX;rsKd ;. =u;D pd;k r_ t&m rcHEikd af om qif;&Jom; trsKd ;onf xdo k al X;rsKd ;udk jyefI y yuQ jyKI (0g) y yuQ eda,m"jzpfapI wwd,acwfwiG f =u;D pd;k vm.? ponfjzifh toGif trsKd ;tpm;ajymif; aomfvnf; tajccHoabmrSm ,ckvuf&dS vl@ pHepf=u;D wGif rif;ESio hf al X;? olaX;ESihf qif;&Jom; tp&So d jzifh tcsi;f rsm;vmonfuo kd m &mZ0if a=umif; wavsmufukd =unfv h sS if awG@&ayonf? xdu k @J od@k jzpfonfrmS tb,fah =umifeh nf;? rlvw&m;wnf;[laom pD;yGm;a&; pHepf tajccH a=umifhjzpf.? pD;yGm;jzpfonfh enf;ajymif;vSsif pD;yGm;a&; pHepfvnf; ajymif;.? pD;yGm;a&; pHepfajymif;vSsif vlrq _ ufqaH &;/ Edik if aH &;/ &mZ0iftqift h wef;yg ajymif;vmay.? tvif;tdrfr* ✚

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Tod@k vSsif wckEiS w hf ck tnrn ypPn;f qufo, G af e.? Tod@k Edik if aH &; tbd"rRm q&m=u;D (um;vfrwf) u jrif.?xif.? [ö ...... xdpk um;oifph ?G ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap?

ocifatmifqef; ('*Hkr*~Zif;/ azazmf0g&D/ 1940)

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ArmhvGwfvyfa&; ta&;awmfyHk ocifatmifqef;

1938 ck atmufwb kd mvwGif wd@k Armtpnf;t&H;k od@k ociftjzpf pm&if;oGi;f cJ@.? Oya'wef;Y pcef; ukefoif&ef udpP udkvnf;aumif;/ u|Efkyf. a&SŒtvm;tvmrsm;udk vnf;aumif;/ wpfygwnf; tjy;D owf pGe@f v$wf vdu k u f m u|eykf o f nf =o*kwv f twGi;f tvif;tdrfr* ✽

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ESp0f uf ausmif;ydw&f uf &onft h cgrS pI wuUov kd f ausmif;awmf}u;D rS xGucf @J .? Oa&mywdkufwGif jrL;epfta&; ay:aygufvmjcif;onfyif 'kwd, urBmppf}uD; rvGJjzpf&rnfh ta&;udk u|efkyf. todOm%ftwGif; vif;ceJ ay:apawmh. ? xdk@xuf apmpGmuyif 1939 - 40 ck avmufY urBmppf jzpfrnfh ta&;udk u|Eyfk w f @kd wpfpk wGuq f jy;D jzpf.? xdt k csed af vmufwiG f vufeuf jznfw h if;a&;udprP sm; onf edik if }H u;D rsm;Y vH;k 0 jy;D pD;rnf jzpfaoma}umifhvnf; urBm ESifh tr# ppfrD;avmifu|rf;csdefwGif wdkŒArmrsm; rnfodk@ ajcvSr;f vSr;f }urnfukd u|eykf w f @kd vlpk rawG;bJ rajymbJ raeedik jf y?D ajymqdk aqG;aEG;}u. ? odk@aomf xdktcgu urBmppf}uD; jzpfawmhrnfudk wGufqrd&Hkom wGufqrdI {ueftwdtusum; ajymqdk Edik cf @J onf r[kwaf omfvnf; jrL;epfjrKd Œ Y t*Fvdyf eef;&if;0ef csed b f mvdeo f nf rdrEd ikd if aH wmf}u;D . *k%o f u d mQ udrk sS riJ@raxmuf Edik &f mS awmhbJ [m&f[pfwvm ausat; ESpo f rd ahf &; twGuf OD;ESrd o hf nfh tcgwiG u f m; urBmppf}u;D wHcg;rY qdu k af &mufaejyD jzpfa}umif;udk onf;xdw&f ifzkd od&&dS avawmh.? urBmppf trSef jzpfacsawmhrnf? Armhtajcum; tod@k enf;? ArmawG bmvky}f u rnfenf;/? Tjy\emrsm;um; u|eyfk af &SŒwGif tvsKd vsKd woD}u;D ay:vmavawmh. ? wpfcw k nf;aom t"dÏmefukd &kwjf cnf; u|eykf jf yKvu kd . f ? "igt h wGuf jzpfv&kd m jzpfapawmh? Edik if aH &; *,uf0t J wGi;f od@k ajcpHyk pfI ZGwq f if;um ig. Edik if H vGwv f yfa&; twGuf raerem; pGe@f pm; vH;k yrf;awmhthH" ? Tt"dÏmefukd oefoef}u;D jyKvu kd rf ad wmh.? rnfoo l nf Tod@k tcgaumif;/ tcGifhxl; a&$vrf;}uD; jzL;aeonfh tcdkufrsdK;wGif udk,fhEdkifiHtwGuf pGef@pm;a&;udk vufvw G cf EH ikd cf srd rhf nf enf;? [d opPH xkpd um; rSe. f ? u|eyfk t f wGuf rSev f . S ? u|eyfk f vufvGwf rcH? pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmuf udk,fhvlrsdK; }uHKawGŒae&aom }urRmqdk;udk uajymif;ujyef arSmufveS x f ak wG/ tjrpfyg EkwI f acsawmht?hH ocif tpnf;t&H;k rS wpfqifh Edik if H vGwv f yfa&; wdu k &f ef wdu k yf w JG iG ;f od@k u|eyfk f pwif oufqif;rd cJ@avonf? u|ekfyf ocifb0 twGif; qif;rdonf ESifh wjydKifeuf oydwfarSmufr_/ pDwef; vrf;avsmuf tiftm;jyr_/ awmfvSefa&; 'Dvd_if; wHydk;wdk@onf wpfEdkifiHvHk; zHk;v$rf; oGm;cJ@avonf? jAw d o d sS tpd;k &uvnf; x}urG r_ sm;udk iJ@nmjcif; r&S/d jyif;xefpmG wefjyef wdu k af vawmh.? u|eyfk f ESiw hf uG }u&H myg azmfwpfoif;onf ( u|eyfk w f @kd udk zrf;csKyv f u kd o f nfh t*Fvyd f ykvyd rf if;}u;D pum;twdik ;f oH;k &u ) "tpd;k & tzGŒJ udk tifEiS hf tm;ESihf awmfveS f vkyf}uHr_" jzifh tppftaq; r&Sd/ &efukefaxmifwGif; twef}umrsS tusOf;csxm;jcif; cHvu kd }f u&.? trSerf mS vnf; xdak wmfveS rf r_ sm;wGif u|eyfk . f tenf;i,frsaS om vuf&monf ygonf rSe. f ? ajymjyavmufaom vuf&mum; r[kwv f yS g? Tta&;rsm;onf t&Sed , f al ejyD 68

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jzpfaom urBmppf}u;D udk ta}umif;jyKI ay:vm&rnfh ra0;vSawmhaom Armh vGwv f yfa&; ta&;awmfy}kH u;D r[m tcg}u;D rsm; twGuf ed'ge;f uav;r#om jzpfa}umif;udk aumif;aumif; }u;D xifjrifrad wmh.?

Oa&myppf u|ekfyf xifouJ@odk@yif trSefyif ppfjzpf&awmh.? 1939 ck / pufwifbm 3 &ufae@wGif Oa&myppf pwif wdkufavonf ? ( u|efkyf. trSwftom; rrSm;ygu ) ppfra}unmrD ( 2 ) &ufuyif wd@k Arm tpnf;t&H;k jynfv;kH qdik &f m tvkyt f r_aqmif tzGŒJ . txl; tpnf;ta0;udk usi;f yum ygwrD a&G; Armhvw G v f yfa&;udk cspo f l tm;vH;k yg0ifI wd@k Arm tpnf;t&H;k ESihf a'guw f m barmf. qif;&Jom; tpnf;t&H;k udk tajcxm;vsuf Armhvw G v f yfa&; *d% k ;f wpfck wnfaxmif&efukd qH;k jzwfc@J }uavonf? trSef ay:ayguv f mawmhrnf jzpfaom urBmppfukd }uKd wifI qH;k jzwfcsuf csrw S f vdkuf}ujcif; jzpf.? TqHk;jzwfcsuf twdkif;yif Armh xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD;udkvnf; zGJ@pnf; rdavonf? xd*k % kd ;f }u;D jyef@yGm;r_twGuf tenf;i,frsS om pDr&H pOfrmS yif jAw d o d sS tpk;d & onf Edik if H teSŒH zrf;qD; csKyaf ESmifrr_ sm;udk pwifjyKvyk v f u kd &f um; tzrf;cH&ol rsm;xJwiG f t&ma&mufaom xGu&f yf*% kd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm; tm;vH;k avmuf yg0ifomG ;avawmhonf? u|ekfyfum; wpfa,mufwnf; vGwfusef&pfonf? u|ekfyftm; trSef zrf;rnfh ta&;rSmvnf; vsKd Œ0Sux f m;csuyf if qdak omf vnf; trsm;odjy;D jzpfavjy?D u|eyfk f rSmvnf; xdt k cgu tdE, dN Edik if w H iG f &rf*g uGe*f &uf tpnf;ta0; wufa&mufI *EN/D *s0g[mvfvm ae&l;/ qlbwfpf bk@d pf tp&Sad om uGe*f &uf acgi;f aqmif rsm;ESihf awGŒqHjk y;D ArmEdik if o H @kd jyefa&mufp jzpf.? tdENd, edkifiHwGif u|ekfyfwdk@ oGm;vm&mwdk@Y aemufu tpdk;& pHkaxmufrsm; ZGaJ umif;aumif;ESihf vdu k af ea}umif; odc@J .? ArmEdik if o H @kd u|eykf f jyefa&mufonf qdv k siyf if u|eyfk f wd@k tdE, dN wGif vkyu f ikd cf @J orsS udprP sm; ESihf ywfoufaom tpD&ifcpH m wd@k udk pD&ifpk wdik ;f &Sd t&m&S}d u;D rsm; xH a0iS ay;yd@k xm;a}umif; od&&dS .? ocif tpnf;t&H;k udk rw&m; tpnf;t&H;k tjzpf a}unmvdrrhf nf [laom owif;rSmvnf; jyef@vsuf &Sad vonf? ay:ayguv f suf &Sad om tajctae tm;vH;k udk jcKH I xifjrifatmif qifjcif}unfh jy;D aemuf ay:ay: xifxif raebJ cyfvsKd ;vsKd ;aejcif;om aumif;rnf[k awG;awmrdonfh tavsmuf }uKH vm&rnfh ta&; [loa&GŒ udk &ifqikd &f ef toifh pDpOf &avonf? od@k aomf pDpOf oifo h a&GŒudk tjy;D tpD; rpDpOf&ao;rD u|eykf . f &Jabmf tm;vH;k avmufyif axmifwiG ;f a&mufuek }f uavjy?D ajc&maysmufvsdK;I ae&efudk avmavmq,f u|ekfyf pDrH&awmh.? ajc&m azsmufrdjyD; r}umrDyif u|ekfyftm; zrf;qD;&ef 0&rf;xGufI vmavawmhonf? qHjcnf tvif;tdrfr* ❱

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wpfvHk;}um; vGwfajrmufoGm;&jcif;wnf;? Todk@om rvGwfajrmufygu urBmppf}uD; wm&Sno f avmufrso S m rurlbJ urBmt h a&SŒydik ;f wGif t*Fvyd t f ajc aocsm wnfjro J nfh tcsed x f d u|eyfk . f b0udk tusO;f axmifwiG f jrKyEf jHS cif; jyK&awmhrnf jzpf&um; tvkyrf &Sd tcsdeftm;onf ESifhtrsS ta&;rygonfh a'goudk rsdKodyfumom bmudkrsS vkyfEdkifrnf r[kwaf om b0od@k a&muf&awmhrnf trSe?f Tae&mwGif }um;jzwfI pdw0f ifpm;zG,f tjzpftysuu f av;udk csKyI f }um;jzwf ajym&OD;rnf jzpf.? u|eyfk f awmfveS af &; orm; wpfa,muf tjzpf a&Smifwrd ;f rae&cif &efuek f wuUov kd f or*~rS wuUov kd f tkycf sKyaf &; tzG@J 0if vl}u;D wpfO;D tjzpf a&G;aumuf wifajrSmufcJ@.? tpnf;ta0; wpf}udrfrsSom wufa&muf EdkifcJ@.? xdktcsdefrSmyif jyifopfEikd if }H u;D rvGJ jyKd tuf ysujf ym;rnfh t&dyef rd w d w f @kd onf xif&mS ; vmavonf? jyifopf orRw OuUÏ trfa&e'f onf &kpbJvx f o H @kd aemufq;kH toem;cHvu kd af om tcgwnf;? xdktcg ArmEdkifiH ynmrif;}uD; jzpfaom at/ uif;bJvfonf wuUodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJŒ0if yk*~dKvf wpfOD; jzpfcJ@.? tkyfcsKyfa&; tzJGŒ. tpnf;ta0; tjyD;wGif uif;bJvo f nf u|Eyfk t f m; ol@um;ESihf wifac:cJ@. ? t*Fvyd f t&ef pm&if;0if Adv k rf LS ;av; ( ar*sm ) wpfa,muf jzpf&o kH mru tvGex f ufvo S nf [k xif&mS ;aom uif;bJvv f kd vlrsKd ;wpfa,muf u u|eykf t f m; Tod@k um;ESihf wifac: jcif;rS tvGef xl;jcm;vmavonf? u|eyfk f uJ@od@k aom oHr%d jAw d o d sS qef@usiaf &; orm; wpfa,mufukd ,ck ppf}u;D wGif t*Fvyd t f m; ulnyD grnfh ta}umif; oem;pzG,f wke&f aD om toHjzifh awmif;yefjcif;yif jzpfavonf? u|eykf u f olawmif;yefouJ@od@k rvkyEf ikd o f jzifh 0rf;enf;a}umif; ESihf pum;csu D m t*Fvyd f "e&Sipf epfukd jzKd zsu&f efom u|eyfk f vky&f vdrrhf nfh ta}umif;udk jyefajymvdu k &f .?

ta&SŒodk@ ta&;awmfyu kH kd quf&rnf qdak omf u|Eykf w f Œkd axmif tjyifbufwiG f use&f pfol wpfprk mS pka0; pnf;&H;k I vufeufpu JG ikd f um awmfveS af &; jy\emudk aqG;aEG;rd}uawmhonf? u|eyfk w f @kd wGif vufeufvnf; r&S?d b,fo@kd vufeuf&atmif &Sm&rnfenf;? T jy\emonf ay:ayguv f m&awmh.? aemufwpfv/ eSpfv tcgu u|ekfyfwdk@onf 0if&dk;wef; olvsdKwpfa,mufESifh awGŒqHkrdojzifh EdkifiHwGif;rS aeI tkyfcsKyfa&; zsufqD;r_rsm;udk tESHŒtjym; jyKvkyf}u&ef pDpOfcJ@}uao;.? odk@aomf xdktpDtpOfrsm; twkdif; aqmif&Guf Edkifjcif; r&SdcJ@acs? xdktwGif;rSmyif u|efkyfwdk@. tquftoG,frSm aeSmifh,Sufr_rsm;a}umifh ysufjym; oGm; &avonf? aemufwpfzef tquftoG,f &atmif }u}H uygao;. ? qufo, G af &; wm0ef usaom &JabmftcsdKŒ tzrf;cH&jyefojzifh aemufxyf wpfzef tquftoG,f&&ef ta&;onfvnf; ysujf ym; &jyefavonf? 70

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Arm - a&mf*sm au;pf wpfa,muf ay:ayguv f mrS jzpfrnf[k u|eykf w f @kd tm;vH;k oabmudu k n f }D u.? useG ykf . f ud, k Ef iS hf toufuykd if Arm - a&mf*smau;pf tjzpf ,l&ef Edik if t H wGuf pGe@f vSL vdu k . f ? xd@k a}umifh 1940 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 8 &ufae@/ *smreD avwyf}u;D u &mZ0ifwiG f r}uKH z;l aom ava}umif; ppfy}JG u;D qifEu JG m vef'efjrKd Œ }u;D udk wdu k af omae@/ xdak e@wGiyf if u|eykf o f nf Arm Edik if aH wmfukd w&kwf oabmFom; rsm; pDrcH ef@cGJ armif;ESio f nfh aemfa0ydik f oabmFay:wGif wdww f qdwf yke;f atmif; xGucf mG vdu k yf g oGm;&avawmhonf? ,cktcg wyfaygi;f Adv k w f pfO;D jzpfaejyD jzpfaom &Jabmf wpfO;D vnf; u|eykf w f @kd ESihf twl ulnaD zmf tjzpf ygc@J .? u|Eykf . f c&D;qH;k XmerSm trdKG ijf rKd Œ jzpfI xdjk rKd ŒrS aeI u|Eyfk . f vkyaf qmifp&m &So d nfh udpt P rsm;udk cef@cGJ pDrH &rnf jzpf.? u|Eyfk f tjzpfum; oef;acgif vuG,f awmtkyf tv,fY a&mufoyl rm &Sad eawmhonf? u|Eyfk f oGm;&rnfh ae&mESihf ywfoufI u|Eykf f bmwpfcrk sS rod? aqGvnf; r&S/d rsKd ;vnf; r&S/d ? urBmh ta&SŒydik ;f om; onf ta&SŒydik ;f ta}umif; twkta,mifrsS avmufom od.? odorsv S nf; ra&&mvS/ qd;k &Gm;avpG ? wuUodkvf ausmif;wdkufY wuUodkvf or*~ tdk;a0 r*~Zif; pmwnf; tjzpf vkyu f ikd af epOf OD;OwWr ud, k af wmf}u;D . a[majymcsurf sm;udk em}um;&.? xdt k cg todOm%f wpfckonf u|Efkyf OD;aESmufwGif yGifhvif;vm. ? xdk@a}umifh or*~ a}unmcsuf wGif vnf;aumif;/ tdk;a0 r*~Zif; wGif vnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHawmf ynmoifrsm; tm; taemufEdkifiHodk@ v$wf&dk; v$wfpOf twdkif; rvGwfbJ ta&SŒtm&S *syef EdkifiHodk@ om vGwo f ifah }umif; / ta&SŒudk a&S;&SK oif}h ujyD jzpfa}umif; a&;om;cJ@zl;. ? ArmEdik if v H ;kH tESŒH oydwaf rSmufrr_ sm; ay:ayguv f mjy;D aemuf xdt k cg 0ef}u;D csKyt f zGŒJ u ynmawmfoifrsm;udk *syefo@kd v$wpf jyKc@J avonf? u|efkyf ocifjzpfvmonfh tcgwGif u|Efkyfwdk@ ,ae@wdkif vrf;vGJvdkufvsuf &S}d uonfukd xifjrifvm.? tm&S Edik if aH &; oabmrsm;udk ESŒH pyfacsmufcsm;atmif &SmazG qnf;yl;oifh ygvsuf u|Ekfyfwdk@. tzdk;xdkufvSaom tcsdefrsm;udk rqDrqdkifvSaom taemufEikd if H ta&;rsm;udk avhvm&jcif;jzifh jzKe;f cJ@}urdonhf trSm;um; }u;D vS.? u|Eyfk f wuUodkvfwGif ynmqnf;yl;pOfu EdkifiHordkif;udk bmomwpf&yf tjzpf ,lcJ@rd.? xdo k rdik ;f rSmvnf; taemufyikd ;f ordik ;f omwnf;? u|Eykf w f @kd . ud, k yf idk f tarG jzpfaom tvGeaf &S;usc@J onfh ,Ofaus;r_}u;D rsm; aygufzGm; wnfxGef;&m w&kwfEdkifiH}uD;ESifh acwfopfEdkifiH}uD; jzpfaom *syefpaom ta&SŒEdik if rH sm;. ta}umif; udu k m; 0d;k 0g; raorcsm rso S m odc@J &.? r[m ta&SŒtm&S ta}umif; txl;ojzifh edyGef ordkif;udk avhvm&ef pdwfydkif;jzwfrdcsufrSm txl; aESmif; tvif;tdrfr* t

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oGm;avonf? pmtkyfqdkifrsm; &Sd pmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; t*Fvdyf - tar&duef 0g'jzef@ pmtkyrf sm;om jzpf. ? *syefonf t*Fvyd t f m; wdu k &f rnf [laom pmtkyw f pftyk o f mvsif u|Eyfk f pdw}f uKd uEf iS hf wdu k q f ikd f rdonf? xdk pmtkyf zwfjy;D onfu pI Armh vGwv f yfa&;onf ta&SŒbufwiG o f m &S. d ? ta&SŒ&Sd edyeG f wd@k ESihf om &S. d [laom tcsuu f kd u|Eyfk f rsm;pGm ,H}k unf ESv;kH oGi;f rdc@J awmh.? wuUov kd w f iG f &Spd Of uvnf; ( acwfopf *syef. wpfp wpfp wd;k wufr_ ) (acwfopf *syef ) ( *syef Edik if jH zpf ) ESihf Edik if jH cm;a&; qdik &f m toif;rS ( 3 ) v wpf}urd f xkwaf 0onfh ( acwfjyKd if *syef )ac: *sme,f paom pmtkyrf sm;avmufuo kd m zwfc@J &. ? xd@k a}umifyh if u|Eyfk f ta&SŒod@k xGuv f monfh ta&;rSm tarSmifwu kd w f iG f oufqif;onfEiS hf wlv. S [k u|Eyfk f qd. k ? vli,fw@kd . w&SL;xd;k ( wH;k wdu k f usm;udu k f ) pdw. f vHŒ_ aqmfr_ a}umifo h m xGucf @J rdjcif; jzpfownf;? tvkyt f pDtpOf [lI twdtus bmrsS &So d nf r[kwaf cs? u|Eykf . f ajrmfjrifwoorsS Om%f jzifhom }uHK&rnfh ta&; [loa&GŒudk pDrHtkyfpD;&ef u|Efkyf. &Jabmfrsm;u tm%mukef vGJtyfvdkufjcif; jzpfavonf? tb,fodk@yif jzpfap igonf tu,fI aooGm;onfhwkdifatmif jrwfaom aojcif;/ EdkifiH twGuf aojcif;om jzpfonf [k ud, k u hf , kd u f , kd f ESpo f rd hf &awmh.? 1940 ckEpS f =o*kwv f ( 24 ) &ufae@wGif trdKG i+f rKd Œod@k a&mufc@J avonf?

edyGef EdkifiHwGif trdKG ijf rKd Œ Y ( 2 ) v}umr# apmifq h ikd ;f jy;D aemuf edyeG f Adv k rf ;_ uav; wpfO;D u|Eyfk w f @kd tm; tac:v$wu f m ArmEdik if &H dS u|Eykf w f @kd . &Jabmfrsm;u yd@k vdu k af om u|Eyfk w f @kd . "gwfyHkrsm;udk jyovsuf wkdif0rfu|ef;&Sd rpPwm rDemrD qdkolESifh awGŒ }uHKvdkpdwf &Sdr&Sd ar;avonf? awGŒ&rnf qdu k txl;0rf;ajrmufonfh ta}umif; ajymjyonfukd ta}umif; jyKI u|Eykf w f @kd wdu k sKd jrKd Œawmf od@k 1940 ck Ed0k ifbmv ( 12 ) &ufae@wGif a&mufomG ; avawmhonf? [ - ae'g av,mOfysu H iG ;f wGif Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ; ( 0g ) rpPwm rDemrDonf u|Eykf w f @kd tm; olŒvufaxmuf wpfO;D ESihf twl vma&muf }uKd qv kd suf &Sad vonf? ume,f plZu l ;D ESihf twl u|Eykf f wd@k onf wdu k sKd jrKd ŒawmfY ( 3 ) v}umrsS tvkyt f pDtpOfrsm;udk vkyu f ikd f pDpOf jy;D aemuf *syef oabmFwpfpif;jzifh ArmEdik if o H @kd jyefc@J I u|Eykf w f @kd . vkypf &m vkyif ef;rsm;udk od&adS pcJ@&. ? &efuek jf rKd Œod@k 1941 ck/ rwfv ( 3 ) &ufwiG f a&mufI rwfv ( 9 ) &ufae@txd ae. ? ppfynm oif}um;&ef twGuf yxr Edik if cH spf vkvif wpfpk udk usEG ykf f ESihf wpfygwnf; ac:aqmifc@J um wdu k sKd jrKd Œod@k oabmFjzifh jyefvmcJ@.? rwfv ( 27 )&ufae@wGif wdu k sKd 72

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jrKd Œod@k a&mufc@J onf? ( 10 ) &ufcef@rsS wdu k sKd wiG f aejy;D aemuf ppftwwf oif}um;&ef [dik ef efu|e;f od@k u|Eykf w f @kd wpfpk xGucf @J }uavonf? Zlvikd v f avmufwiG f ArmEdik if w H iG ;f od@k vufeufrsm; yd@k aqmifa&;udk rpPwm plZu l ;D ESihf twl aqmif&u G &f ef u|Eykf f [dik ef efrS ,dk;',m;odk@ xGufcJ@avonf? odk@aomf tif'dkcsdKif;em;udk twl yl;aygif; umuG,fa&; pmcsKyw f pfck edyeG f ESihf jyifopfw@kd csKyq f jkd y;D onfh tcgwiG u f m; Edik if cH si;f qufo, G af &;onf tawmfyif ysufjym; qdk;&Gm; vmav&um; u|EfkyfrSm aemufydwfqHk; tpDtpOf rsm;udk tjyD;owf pDpOf aqG;aEG; jyKvkyf&ef [dkifeefodk@ jyefcJ@&.? xkdrSwpfzef wdkusdKjrdKŒodkŒ oGm;&jyefavonf? atmufwb kd mv twGi;f Y wpfzef befaumufo@kd xGucf @J &jyef. ? od@k aomf ta&SŒtm&S ppfra}unmrD ( 2 ) &ufavmufwiG f qdik *f eG ;f jrKd ŒodŒk jyefajy;cJ@&. ? ppfa}unmjy;D aemuf ,d;k ',m;ae Armrsm;ESiyhf if Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmf zG@J pnf;&ef twGuf befaumuf od@k jyefomG ;&.?

ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf Armh vGwv f yfa&; wyfrawmfonf ppfa}umif; oH;k a}umif; jzef@um ArmEdik if w H iG ;f od@k 0ifc@J .? ( weomF&D e,frS 0ifonf )? ajrmufbufY rJaqmufjrKd ŒrS vnf;aumif;/ wyfr}uD;onf jrpfomrS vnf;aumif;/ 0dwdk&d, tilrSvnf;aumif; 0ifa&mufcJ@}u.? Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmfonf &efoŒl oHcsyu f m um;rsm;ESiyhf if yJc;l teD;Y wdu k }f u&.? jrw d jf rKd Œudk odrf ;f cJ@. ? xm;0,f odr;f &ef edyeG w f @kd tm; wGzJ uf ulnaD y;cJ@. ? [oFmwwGif vnf;aumif;/ zsmyHw k iG f vnf;aumif; wdu k yf rJG sm;udk EGv J u kd af o;. ? jrpf0u|e;f ay: wpfcv k ;kH udk odr;f &mwGif ykord /f ajrmif;jr wd@k udk odr;f Edik . f ? a';'&JY av,mOfysH ( 2 ) pif;udk ypfcsc@J .? a&$awmif wdu k yf w JG iG u f m; jyif;xef &Gycf spHG mG wdu k cf u kd }f uonf? a&$usirf mS vnf; wdu k cf @J onf? txuf Edik if H odr;f ,l wdu k cf u kd af &;wGif &eforl sm; tm; ppfy&d,m,f qifI 0dik ;f rdatmif edyGef wyfrawmf}uD;tm; ulnD&mY {&m0wD taemufa}umif; csDwuf ulnDay;cJ@. ? edyeG w f Œkd ESihf twl wdu k u f m &cdik u f kd odr;f }u. ? Edik if w H iG ;f jird 0f yfyjd ym;r_ukd wpfzufwpfvrf; ulnD aqmif&u G f vdu k &f jyef. ?

ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmf tjrJwrf; ppfwyf}uD;wpfck. tajcrsdK;a&mufatmif 1942 ck ZlvdkifvwGif "ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf" udk "Armh umuG,fa&; wyfrawmf" [lI ajymif;vJ zG@J pnf;vdu k af vonf? u|Eykf rf mS xdw k yfrawmf. Adv k cf sKy}f u;D jzpfvmcJ@&. ? ArmhumuG,af &; wyfrawmfonf ,cktcg ppfrsuEf mS Y edyeG w f Œkd ESihf twl wGzJ uf wku d cf u kd f aeayjy?D

igwd@k . vkyif ef; ArmEdik if . H }urRmESihf ywfoufI u|Eykf o f nf b,ftcg ursS pdwo f ufomr_ r&cJ@rday? tdyfrufrsm; wGifrSmyif u|Efkyfonf u|Efkyf. rvGwfvyfaom EdkifiHtwGuf tvif;tdrfr* ➇

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a,mif,rf; idck @J . ? a'goxGucf @J rd. ? ,cktcg ArmEdik if aH wmfonf vGwv f yfjyD jzpfojzifh txl; ESpo f rd hf auseyf&awmh. ? odk@aomf ArmEdkifiHawmfonf tEW&m,f xlajymvSaom uEWm&}uD;udk vHk;0 ausmv f eG jf yD r[kwaf o;/ ppf}u;D um; wdu k v f suf &Sad o;. ? ta&;awmfy}kH u;D . onf;xefaom a0'em}uD;udk u|Efkyfwdk@ EdkifiHonf cH&qJ jzpf.? ta&;awmfyHk}uD; atmifjyD [laom a}u;G ausmo f u H kd u|eykf w f @kd atmf}u&ef roifah o; ? Armwdik ;f Armwdik ;f twGuf }u;D av; vSaom wm0efrsm;onf a&SŒwGif trsm;tjym; yif &S}d uuke. f ? xdk wm0efrsm;udk ausyeG f atmif xrf;aqmifEikd rf S ta&;awmfykH vH;k 0 atmifjrifrnf jzpf. ? Tod@k aom tcsut f jcm aoa&; &Siaf & ; tcgrsKd ;wGif tpd;k &. Om%fprG ;f Om%fp wpfcw k nf; tay:rSmom tm;ud;k rnfh tpm; rdrw d @kd . Om%fprG ;f Om%fp/ rdrw d @kd bmom pnf;vH;k r_ / tcsi;f csi;f ulnD &dik ;f yif;r_ rsm; tay:wGif tm;xm;}u&ef Armwdik f ;Armwdik ;f em;vnfoif. h ? Edik if o H l yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf _ r&Sad om tpd;k &onf tcsn;f ES;DS om jzpf.? txl; ojzifh vrf;yef; tquftoG,f ysujf ym;I t&m&m &Sm;yg;vSaom acwfq;kd tcg rsKd ;wGif Edik if o H l Edik if o H m;csi;f uln&D ikd ;f yif;r_ r&Syd gu tpd;k &rSm bmudrk sS wwfEikd rf nf r[kw?f wd@k Armwdik ;f ud, k &hf mG twGuf wm0efuv kd nf;aumif;/ ud, k Ehf ikd if H ESihf qdik &f m wm0ef udk vnf;aumif;/ ud, k b hf mom awG;q xm;ygav? ta&; }uKH vsif ud, k w hf m0ef ud, k f ausyeG f &ef tqifoifh &Syd gap? Tod@k pnf;vH;k r_/ ulnD &dik ;f yif; aqmif&u G rf _ &Sad om vlrsKd ;onf "m;jyab;&ef avmufukd om r[kwf ud, k Ehf ikd if u H kd 0ifa&muf wdu k cf u kd rf nfh &eforl sm;udk aomfrS ckcEH ikd pf rG ;f rnf jzpfa}umif;udk ( e,fwpfe,fukd wdu k cf u dk o f rd ;f ,l&ef vG,u f al omfvnf; vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;udk odrf;oGif;&ef rvG,f ) [laom aoe*Fy&d,m,f usrf; wGif twdtvif; xm;&Sdonfh qd&k ;kd pum; wpfcu k xif&mS ; apavjy?D

ocifatmifqef; 1943 ckeSpf / =o*kwfv ( 1 ) &uf ( jrefrm ouU&mZf 1305 ck/ 0gacgifvqef; ( 1 ) &uf / ) we*F a EG a e@ xk w f Armh a cwf owif ; pmrS m azmf j ycJ @ wJ @ " Armh v G w f v yf a &; ta&;awmf y H k " aqmif;yg;jzpfonf? xdk ae@u a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;&tzGJŒrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wpfjzpfvJ ppf0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf pwifwm0ef xrf;aqmifcJ@wJ@ae@vnf; jzpfygw,f?

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urBmppf ESifh Arm ocifatmifqef;

urBm ppfEiS hf Armjynfta=umif; pma=umif;a& ajcmufq,fxufrrsm;bJ a&;prf; yg[k rdwfaqG wOD;uajymojzifh a&;vdkuf&ayonf? a&;csifwmawG rsm;vGef;I wdkwdk wkwfwkwfom az: jyEdkifonf? ,ckppfjzpfvSsifjzpfjcif; ppf&nf&G,fcsufrsm; xGufvm.? t*Fvyd u f 4if; jyifopfu4if; *smr%Du 4if;/ ol@&nf&, G cf surf sm;udk toD;oD; ausnm=u.? pifppfrmS Tod@k jyKvyk jf cif;wd@k onf urBm&Sd wdik ;f =u;D jynf=u;D wd@k tm; rdrw d @kd bufrS tav;wif; vmatmif ajym&d;k ajympOftwdik ;f ajymjcif;rSsomjzpfavonf? xdŒk a=umifh ppf&nf&, G cf suf rsm;rS ty ppfjzpfjcif;.ta=umif;&if; udpk Of;pm;vSsif vlwOD;u wOD; wwef;pm;u wwef;pm; wEdkifiHu wEdkifiHudk tEdkifusifhaeaom aoG;pkyfaeaom0g' (0g) "e&Sif0g' v$rf;rdk;orSs ppfjzpfjrjJ zpfrnfyif? ,ckjzpfae=uonfh ppfrsm;udk qef;ppfvSsif *syefu w&kyfudk *syef "e&Sifrsm; twGufvdkcsif.? w&kyfjynfwGif t*Fvdyf/ tar&duef/ jyifopf paom taemufEdkifiH tvif;tdrfr* ➧

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pm;zm;=u;D rsm;udk r&_vkd olwOD;wnf; pm;vd0k g;vd. k ? *smr%D ESihf t*Fvyd -f jyifopfw@kd ppfrmS vnf; t=uw H -l &efol jzpfjcif;yif jzpf.? zifvefjynfwiG ;f ppfrmS "e&Sif ESihf qif;&Jom; wdu k yf jJG zpf.? Tum; ,ck wnf&adS eaom tjrwftpGe;f udo k m y"me xm;onfh "e&Sipf epf. jzpfjrJ tpOfomjzpf.? rxl;qef;? igw@kd um; ppfjzpfjcif;udk tvdrk &S/d wOD;uwOD;/ wwef;pm; u wwef;pm;/ wEdik if u H wEdik if H ponfjzifh Edik &f m nSi;f yef;jcif; trsKd ;rsKd ;wd@k udk tenf;i,frsS tvdrk &S/d od@k tvdrk &So d nfh tavsmuf igw@kd Edik if o H El ikd if o H m;rsm;tm; u|ev f yk I f pd;k rd;k aeaom e,fcs@J pHepfukd tvdrk &Sd jzKd zsuv f . kd ? jzKd zsurf nf[k t"dXmef jyKxm;.? igw@kd u e,fcs@J pepfukd jzKd zsuv f o kd nfrmS ta=umif;rJ@oufouf Edik if o H m;rsm;udk rke;f wD;I aomf4if;/ wjcm; vlrsKd ;rsm;udk rke;f wD;I aomf4if; r[kw/f t"rR r_qo kd rSs rvdv k m;I jzpf.? tusKd ;r&Sad om ppfjzpfymG ;r_ukd rvdv k m; Ijzpf.? ,ckurBm wv$m;wGif jzpforSs ppftarGrw _ @kd rSm e,fcs@J pHepf. ya,m* a=umifjh zpf &um;/ ,ckppfEiS hf ywfoufI ArmjynfwiG f jynfojl ynfom;wd@k . vufiif;wm0efrmS urBm wGif &S&d o dS rSsaom tm;rsm;ESihf 0dik ;f 0ef;I "e&Sief ,fcs@J pHepfukd tjrpfraS eI okwo f if&efom jzpf.? tjcm; bmrSs tus,cf s@J aep&mrvd?k ,ckppfESifh ywfoufI Armjynftay: wGif Armjynf EdkifiHa&; *dk%f;rsm;. wm0efonf txl;ta&;=u;D vm.? T udpu P kd wd@k Arm tpnf;t&H;k u av;av;eufeuf *&kwpdu k f aqmif&u G cf @J .? Armhvw G v f yfa&;twGuf pnf;vH;k &ef Armhxu G &f yf *d% k ;f udk xlaxmif&mwGif vnf; wd@k Arm tpnf;t&H;k u ud, k x f v d ufa&muf yg0ifc@J .? rEWav;jrKd @wGif r=umao;rDu usi;f ycJ@aom wd@k Arm tpnf;t&H;k ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m tr_@aqmif tpnf; ta0;u / atmufygtwdik ;f ausnmxm;.?

urBmh ta&;ESihf Armhta&; A[dktr_@aqmiftzGJ@. EdkifiHa&; tpD&ifcHpmudk =um;em &jyD;aemuf T ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mtr_aqmiftzG@J tpnf;ta0;u urBm ESihf Armh ta&;udk atmufygtwdik ;f qH;k jzwfyga=umif;

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ocifatmifqef; tvif;tdrfr* ✡

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (tv,fypP,H nDvmcH rdef@cGef;) tvif;tdrfr* ✭

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atmifqef; (odk hr[kwf) t&dkif; '*kew f m&m (1) ol . atmuf r S vlx}k u;D onf pnf;urf; ao0yf j cif ; twef i ,f uif ; rJ h p G m em;axmif vsuf&Sd.? vlxk}uD;onf pl;pdkufjcif; r&Sd? wcsKdŒu jyKH ;&,fIae.? aemufem;&Sd vlxk tpdwt f ydik ;f wckum; tcsif ; csif ; acgif ; csif ; uyf u m wD ; wd k ; ajymae =u.? od@k aomf ysu&f ,fjyK jcif;um;r&Sd? av;pm;jcif; onf tm;vH k ; Y wnD w!Gww f nf; &S. d ? tpdrf;a&mif uwWyD gum;}u;D onf ol@ukd aemuf u m;cH I xm;.? um;vdyf}uD;rSm bm¶kyfyHk awmawmifrS cs,v f , S x f m;jcif; r&S?d yuwd yde;f ajymifajymifjzpf.? uwWyD gum;onf tjcm; bmt"dym` ,furkd sS xl;xl;axGaxG razmfjy? od@k aomf r_id ;f ndKŒ jcif;wckuo kd m &J0phH mG aqmifI aeonf? olonf pdrf;ndKaomum;}uD;. a&SŒpifjrifh ZmwfcHkay: Y &yfum pum;ajymI aeonf? olonf Arm yx0Dajr}u;D rS Arm 0g*rG ;f jzifh ,ufvyk o f nfh yifezD si=f urf;}u;D udk 0wfxm;.? vHck snrf mS eD&aJ om a&$awmif yd;k vHck snjf zpf.? acgi;f rSm yGa,mif;a,mif;ESihf raooyf? rsuEf mS toGit f jyifrmS tylyikd ;f a'o tDauGwmay:&Sd u|e;f pkrsm;wGif aexdik af om rGe*f v kd , D t H EG,f vl¶ikd ;f rsuEf mS ESihf wl.? od@k r[kwf awmifay: csi;f wa,mufEiS v hf nf; wl.? wuUov kd af usmif;om; vlvwfwef;pm;. vuQ%mjzpfaomxnf0gjcif; ,Ofaus;odraf rG@jcif; 84

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wdk@onf ol@wGif vHk;0 rcdkatmif;? vrf;ay:wGif ae&mwumawG@jrifEdkifaom omref qif;&Jom; wOD;ESihf omwl.? vlxx k rJ S olwOD;. toGit f jyifrsK;d om jzpf.? olonf vufESpfzufudk ab;odk@um;Iv_yfumv_yfum pum;ajym.? ol. pum;vH;k rsm;um; ajyjypfjcif; r&S?d acsmarG@jcif; r&S?d od@k aomf twGi;f Yum; teufyg.? oif yÏrOD;qH;k awG@jrifaomatmifqef;.yHyk ef;udk a&;jyygqv kd sS if useG af wmfonf onfyu kH akd &;jyrnf jzpfayonf? xdt k cgum; 1936 ck/ yÏrqH;k usi;f ytyfaom ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm; nDvmcH}u;D udk &efuek +f rKd Œ *sLAvDa[mcef;rwGif qif,ifaomtcg jzpfayonf? u|eaf wmfonf txufwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoif=um;vsu&f &dS m e,frS ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tjzpf ausmif;om;nDvmcHodk@ wufa&mufpOf atmifqef; pum;ajymonfudk awG@jrif&jcif; jzpfayonf? 1936 ck/ oydwaf rSmufupd P awmufavmifawmhrnfq h q J /J rD;cd;k a&miftal eonfh tcdu k /f "atmifqef;" trnfudk owif;pmrsm;wGif zwf&aomtcg ol@udk odcsiaf ompdwf xufoefco hJ nf? xdt k cg atmifqef;rSm wuUov kd f or*~toif;. a=u;G a=umfojH zpfaom tdk;a0r*~Zif; t,f'Dwm jzpf.? usGefawmfrSm pmay0goemygoljzpf&m atmifqef;udk tdk;a0r*~Zif; t,f'Dwmtjzpf pdwf0ifpm;.? tm;us.? ol@ta=umif;ukd odcsif.? awG@zl;csi. f ? od@k aomf *sLAvDa[m ausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcHwiG f ol. ¶kyo f iG Ef iS hf ol pum; ajymonfukd awG@jrif =um;em&aomtcg txifEiS t hf jrif uGmaeonfukd awG@&.? u|eaf wmf xifxm;onfrmS aumvdyaf usmif;om;/ ¶kyaf jzmif/h *du k u f s/ pum;ajymaumif;[k jzpf.? t,f'Dwmvnf;jzpfojzifh tawmf txif}uD;xm;av.? awG@&aomtcg ¶kyfuvnf; rajzmif?h pum;ajymuvnf; rajyjypf? od@k jzpfI pdwx f u J rauseyf? xdt k cg u|eaf wmfrmS t&G,Ef ek ,fao;I pdwu f ;l ,Of,Ofjzifo h m atmifqef;udk ¶kyaf jzmifah pcsi/f pum;ajym aumif;apcsiaf e.? xd@k a=umifh pdwx f u J rauseyf? (2) aemuf 1 ESpcf ef@ =umaomtcg useG af wmfvnf; wuUov kd o f @kd a&mufIaeonf? usaemf wuUov kd af &mufonfh 1937 - 38 ckEpS u f / udak tmifqef;onf wuUov kd o f r*~wiG f 'kwd,OuUÏ/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~wGif OuUÏjzpf.? xdktcg useG af wmfonf udak tmifqef;ESihf todjzpfvm.? todom jzpf¶jkH zpfonf r&if;ES;D cJah y? olESifhum; &if;ESD;I rjzpf? olonf &if;ESD;I&aomvlpm;rsKd; r[kwf? EdkifiHa&; twlww l zJG ufvyk v f sS io f m olEiS hf &if;ES;D rnfjzpf.? wuUov kd w f iG af epOf u|eaf wmfonf or*~Eikd if aH &;udo k m wbufowf rvdu k ?f pmay/ uAsmvnf; a&;csi. f ? *Dwudv k nf; tvif;tdrfr* ❋

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vufcyk w f ;D um aemufwyk'f wD;ckid ;f jyef.? wcgu *syefacwf 0ef}u;D wOD;. xrif;pm;yGw J iG f olvm.? xrif;pm;yGJ prnfjyK aomtcg ol@udk ppfaoemywd[k tm;vH;k u av;pm;aomtm;jzifh xrif;pm;cef;}u;D xJo@kd ol@udk t&if0ifap.? {nfo h nfrsm;um; t0wGi&f yfI ol@t0ifukd apmifv h suaf e=uonf? olonf ppf0wfppfpm;ESihf 0ifvmum ¶kww f &uf/ pm;yGx J yd f ukvm;xdik w f iG f 0ifxikd v f u kd +f y;D ZwfceJ b,ma=umfwwH;k udk ,lpm;vdu k af v.? ol xrif;pm;aepOf {nfo h nf0ifvmvd@k vnf; Arm{nf0h wfx;kH pHt& xrif;pm; ygt;kH vm; [k ac:csirf aS c:aom vlpm;rsK;d jzpf.? 'gawGa=umifh ol@udk rdwaf qG&if;rsm;u "a=umifonf" [k trSwx f m;=uav.? (5) ol@wGif odraf rG@jcif; r&S?d tvStyudk ol rrufarm? olonf =urf;wrf;onf? ¶dik ;f onf? qufqaH ygi;f oif;a&;wGi&f adS om {nf0h wfx;kH pH/ ,Ofaus;jcif; ponfw@kd udo k o l nf vHk;0 *¶krpdkuf? *Dw/ yef;csD/ obif paom tEkynm&yfrsm;udk rvdkufpm;? ol@udkol twif;,Ofaus;atmif rvkyf? ol. e*dk&ftwdkif; cyf¶dkif;¶dkif;/ cyf=urf;=urf;yif rjyKrjyif bJae.? ol@wGif EdkifiHa&;0d^mOfum; jyif;xefvSacsonf.? olonf EdkifiHa&;wckwnf; uko d m vkyaf omvlwOD;jzpf.? olonf ¶dik ;f .? =urf;.? a=umif.? od@k aomf udprP &S?d olonf {nfch cH ef;aqmifrS *k%o f a&&Sd vl}u;D vlaumif; r[kw?f wckwnf;aom ,H=k unfcsuEf iS hf wckwnf;udo k m rJIvkyaf om Ekid if aH &;owW0g jzpf.? xd@k a=umifh udprP &S?d 1942/ 43 ckEpS w f iG f olEiS hf aemufq;kH awG@.? olonf tEkynmta=umif;ukd ajymjy.? "tEkynmqdw k m &Sw d myJ? vifr,m;b0rSmvJ tEkynmrJ&h if vifr,m;uGrJ mS ayg?h 'DvdkyJ awmfvSefa&;rSmvJ tEkynm&SdwmyJ? tEkynmajrmufrS awmfvSefa&;[mvJ wu,fah wmfveS af &; tppfy?J " q&mra':cif=unfEiS hf aphpyf+y;D p vufrxyfcif 3/ 4 &uftvdu k udAk [de;f udk vm&Sm&if; useG af wmfEiS hf oGm;awG@.? olonf {nfch ef;&Sd tzH;k ydwx f m;aom pEN,m;wGif vufaxmufum "'Dr,f.. tdraf xmifjyKw,fqw kd m odyf pOf;pm;awGa0aevd@k r&bl;? wcgwnf; ZGwv f yk v f u kd &f w,f" [k rar;bJ ol@bmom ol olajymae.? vufxyf+y;D pu u|eaf wmfa&;vsu&f adS om vGwv f yfa&;}uKd ;yrf;r_ pmtkyEf iS yhf wf oufI tif;,m;uefapmif;&Sd ol@tdro f @kd a&mufomG ;.? tvif;tdrfr* ❷

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{nf h c rf ; wG i f acwW a pmif h a e&.? xG u f v maomtcg ol @ E_ w f c rf ; wG i f &Jaeonfuadk wG@&I rjyKH ;rdatmif [efaqmifae&.? onfhaemuf olESifhu|efawmf rawG@awmh? awG@qHkzdk@vnf; ta=umif;r&Sd? ta=umif;r&Sb d J ol@qD oGm;vnfuvnf; azmfazmfa&Ga&G avmuGwyf sLiSm ac:rnfv h pl m;rsK;d vJ r[kw?f wcgu Adv k cf sKyb f 0wGif armfawmfum;}u;D xJY ol.ZeD;/ uav;rsm;ESihf wjyKH }u;D udk jrifvdkuf.? atmf...om;eJ@/ r,m;eJ@rdk@ vlpdwf awmfawmfaygufvm+yD? t&ifuvdk a=umifawmhrnf r[kw?f t=urf;t¶dik ;f rS ,Ofaus;vmawmhrnf[k atmifah rhvu kd . f ? rSe/f rrSeu f m; rajymwwf? z q y v OuUÏ trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif/ OD;atmifqef;udu k m; u|eaf wmf rod? ol. Ekid if aH &;udk a0zefjcif; r[kw?f ol. tjzpfom? u|eaf wmfoo d nft h xd ajymjyjcif; jzpfayonf? wckawmh xifonf? olonf vlxkxJrS vlwOD;jzpfI/ vlxkESifhqufpyfaeI vlxak cgi;f aqmifjzpfvmonf jzpfvrd rhf nf?? ?

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}upH nftm;xkwf cJ=h u.? od@k aomf oDaygacwfY uif;0efrif;}u;D onf rSe;f ajcraygucf ahJ cs? jAw d o d #acwf 1920 jynfEh pS w f 0du k af vmufYvlxk w&yfv;kH ed;k jum;wuf=uIG vlxk pnf;&H;k r_+_ u;D ay:ayguv f mcJyh g.? *spD b D aD t e0r uGezf &ifh onf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;acwfY ay:ayguv f mcJah om zqyv. wdik ;f jynfjyK v$waf wmf y%mr nDvmcHtwGuf a&S@ajy; jzpfonf[k qdkavmufyg.? odk@aomf *sDpDbDat acwfYvnf; EdkifiHa&; okcrdef[lI ray:xGe;f Edik yf J Edik if aH &;udk qufa=u; &a&;twGuaf omf vnf;aumif; ukr% ` aD xmifI tkypf m;a&;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif; &mxl; &a&;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif; rzG,rf &m toH;k csI Edik if aH &; vkypf m;jcif;wd@k om v$r;f rd;k vmcJjh yefaoma=umifh Edik if aH &; okcrdef t&mY wnfoifhaom yk*~dKvfwdk@onfyifv#if wdrfaumI oGm;=u&ukefonf? xdkacwfu ay:aygucf ahJ om tpd;k &ESihf rqufqaH &; 0g'/ tm%mzDqefa&;0g' / tcGef ray;a&; 0g' tkycf sKyaf &; wdu k zf suaf &; 0g' wd@k rSm jrefrmjynfu tdE, dN jynfrS umAGef puUL cHI yHw k u l ;l csaom 0g'omv#if jzpfc. hJ ? jrefrmhtajcaerSeu f kd oH;k oyfI xdt k ajcae rSeaf y: Y wnfaqmufaom oabmw&m;[lI rxGef;um; cJhacs&um; 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;. enf;y&d,m,f wd@k a=umifh 0HomEk *spD b D aD t 21 OD; / vdi_ yf ak usmf *spD b D aD t / OD;pd;k odr;f *spD b D aD t / OD;pk *spD b D aD t / o&mZ ygwD / a&$awmif=um; ygwD / vdi_ jf rwfay: ygw/D armfjrifjh AJ ygwD / jynfol@ygwD / rsdK;cspfygwD / qif;&Jom; 0HomEk ygwD / ponfjzifh wjznf;jznf; tpdwpf w d t f r$mr$m uJu G m vlxo k nf xif;tpnf; ajyouJo h @kd ajyvmcJo h nf? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif &ifhr}uD;wdk@ ,if;uJhodk@ uGJ=ujyJ=uaomtcg vli,frsm; }uD;r_K;onfh 'dk@Armtpnf;t&Hk; [lI ay:vmcJhayonf? odk@aomf xdkvli,frsm;vnf; vl}u;D wd@k . ajc&mudk eif;um tpdypf yd t f r$mr$m jzpfvmjyefonf? Ttcsed w f iG f wuUov kd f or*~rS armifatmifqef;onf Edik if aH &; pcef; xav onf? wuUov kd f or*~rS 'd@k Arm tpnf;t&H;k od@k armifatmifqef; ul;ajymif;vmcJ&h mwGif vli,fw@kd . tiftm;pkonf pnf;&H;k I vmcJo h nf? xdktcsdefum; 1938ck atmufwdkbmv jzpfonf ? jrefrmwrsdK;om;vHk;onf jAdwdo# vufatmufrS vGwfajrmufa&;udk EdkifiHa&;pepfjzifh =udK;yrf;cJh=uonf? ,if;odk@ }uKd ;yrf;cJ=h uonfrmS ig;axmifpm; &mxl;wGif tqH;k owf=uavonf? armifatmifqef;um; ,if;uJhodk@ ig;axmifpm;&mxl;wGif ajcukefaeaom Edik if aH 7;udk vGwv f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;r_[k r,lqacs? Edik if aH &; pepft& }uKd ;yrf;r_onf u|eaf cwfY oH o &m &S n f z d k @ om jzpf r nf [ k t,l &S d c J h o nf ? 1938ck E S p f atmuf w d k b mvY armif a tmif q ef ; u 'd k @ Armtpnf ; t&H k ; od k @ 0if c J h o nf r S m tjcm;a=umif h r [k w f / 'd@k Armtpnf;t&H;k onf trsKd ;om;a&; pdw"f gwf jyif;xefjy;D v#if vuf&;kH &nfukd tm;ud;k um ppfpw d pf pfrmef 0ifaeaom tpnf;t&H;k jzpfonf[k ,lqaoma=umifjh zpfonf? 92

tvif;tdrfr* ➦

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➯ ➲

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➺

T EdkifiHa&;tjrifonf ,ckacwf v,f,majr jynfolydkifjyKvkyfa&;twGuf vrf;cif;ay;aom tjrif[k qdkEdkifyg.? odk@aomf vlrsdK;ESifhEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;twGuf jynfhpHkaomtjrif r[kwfao;? xdk@a=umifh 'dk@Armtpnf;t&Hk; taxGaxGtwGifa&;r_; ocifatmifqef;um; ...... q&mpH olyek [ f I l tb,fah =umifah y:ayguv f m&ygoenf;? ukvm;jrefrm t"du&k%;f jzpfymG ;aom ta=umif;&if;um; tb,fenf; ? jrefrmwd@k . tajccH vlabmif tzG@J tpnf;um; rnfo@kd ygenf;? jrefrmhpnf;yGm;a&;onf rnfo@kd tajccHjyKygoenf; ? tifyikd , f m 0g' orm;wd@k . AsL&dk ua&pD jrefrmwd@k ay: Y rnfo@kd zdp;D aeygoenf;? wrsKd ;om;vH;k ESiq hf ikd af om vlxpk nf;&H;k r_ukd rnfo@kd vH@_ aqmf&ygrnfenf;? pl;tufwl;ajrmif; zGifhonfESifh wjydKifeuf cspfwD;rsm;udk zdwfac:vmaom ajr,mpepfukd rnfo@kd awmfveS rf nfenf; [laom tcsuw f @kd udk qef;ppf =unfv h o kd nf? 1939 ckEpS w f iG f 'd@k Arm tpnf;t&H;k taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r_; ocifatmifqef;onf 'dk@Arm tpnf;t&Hk;. ay:vpD0g'ESifh vkyfief;pOfudk csrSwfcJhonf? xdkay:vpdDESifh vk y f i ef ; cG i f n $ e f = um;csuf w d k @ ud k zwf & _ = ucJ h y gv#if xd k t csd e f u ocif a tmif q ef ; . tawG;tac:wdk@wGif txufyg ar;cGef;rsm; ay:ayguf cJhonf? xdkay:aygufvmaom ar;cGe;f rsm;. tajzudv k nf; &SmazGI awG@ cJo h nf[al om tcsuw f @kd onf ay:vGiv f m ayvdrrhf nf ? ocifatmifqef;. tjrifonf rnfodk@ &SdcJhoenf;? TudpPeJ@ pyfvsif;I Tacwf Y u|Ef k y f w d k @ onf Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; . Ed k i f i H a &; tawG ; tac: rsm;ud k avhvm&eftvdk@iSm AdkvfcsKyfajymqdkcJhaom rdef@cGef;rsm; / AdkvfcsKyfa&;om;cJhaom a=ujimpmwrf;rsm; / tqdk=urf;rsm; vkyfief;pOfrsm; ponfwdk@udk &SmazGpkaqmif;xm;zdk@ vdkayonf? ,ckusaemf wifjy&onfrSm rsm;aom tm;jzifh pdwfrSwfESifhom jzpfonf? pepfwus avhvmzd@k &mrSm pepfwus okawoe jyKz@kd vdak yonf? ,ck Taqmif;ygtzd@k um; usaemf rSwrf adf om 1939 ck 'd@k Armtpnf;t&H;k vkyif ef;pOf a=ujim pmwrf; / 1945ck AdkvfcsKyf. ajymcsufrsm;1946ck AdkvfcsKyf. zqyv vkyfief;pOfESifh tjcm;rdef@cGef;rsm;udk tajcwnfI ajym&ayvdrrhf nf? jrefrmhv@l abmiftzJ@G tpnf;onf oufO;D pHyikd f bk&ifpepfY tajcwnfco hJ nf [lonfwdk@udk AdkvfcsKyfonf todtrSwfjyKcJh.? odk@aomf AdkvfcskKyfu T tajcudk oabmayguo f nfrmS Edik if jH cm;rS t,ltqwd@k udk tajccHco hJ nfr[kw?f rdrEdf ikd if . H tajcudk rdrdavhvmjyD;rS oabmaygufjcif;jzpf.? xdk@a=umifh 1945 ckESpf a[majymyGJwpfckwGif jrefrmhEdkifiH. uHau|; pepf[lonf rSm taemufEdkifiHESifh rwlyJ vlwef;pm;wpf&yfu tvif;tdrfr* ➾

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➮

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✃

tjcm;vlwef;pm;wpf&yfukd pD;yGm;a&; cs,v f , S jf cif;r&Sad =umif; ya'o&mZf {u&mZfacwfYyif rsKd ;&d;k udk rvdu k b f J ynmt&nf tcsi;f udk vdu k I f &mxl; XmeEW&rsm;udk cef@tyfa=umif; / vlxk pD;yGm;a&;rSm or0g,roabmudk tajccHI jynfwiG ;f zlvrkH _ tay: Y wnf&cdS ahJ =umif; ponfjzifh ywf0ef;usif tajctaerSeu f kd Edik if aH &; okcrdef yDopGm oH;k oyfco hJ nf? T tajcrS e f u d k jrif a oma=umif h o mv#if 1939 ck E S p f u awmifov l ,form;pnf;&H;k r_/ tvkyo f rm; pnf;&H;k r_w@kd udk vH@_ aqmf&ef vdt k yfa=umif;jzifh Adv k cf sKyo f abmaygucf jhJ cif;jzpf.?pnf;&H;k &mYvnf; 91 Xme tkycf sKyaf &;. tjypfw@kd udk ukpm;&eftvd@k iSm wdik ;f jyKjynfjyK v$waf wmf zG@J pnf;&ef awmif;qdck . hJ ? xdk wdik ;f jyK jynfjyK v$wfawmf zGJ@pnf;ygrS jynfolvlxk. qENtavsmuf jzpfay:vmaom tkyfcsKyfa&; tajccHOya'udk twnfjyKEikd rf nf jzpfonfuv kd nf; vlxt k m; em;vnf oabmayguf ap.? Todk@rS wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfudk zGJ@pnf;ray;Edkifygu jAdwdo# tkyfcsKyfa&;udk tjyKww f u kd &f ef ausmif;olausmif;om; trsKd ;orD;/ awmifov l ,form; / tvkyo f rm; vlvwfwef;pm; ponfh vlx. k tpdwt f ydik ;f tm;vH;k u t=u;D tus,f oydwaf rSmuf=uzd@k &m 'd@k Arm tpnf;t&H;k taxG axG twGi;f a&;rSL; ocifatmifqef;u vH@_ aqmfcahJ vonf? ocifatmifqef; tjrifY jAw d o d # tkycf sKyf a&;onf tqifo h ;kH qif&h o dS nf? yxr tqifrh mS AsL&d k u a&pD / 'k w d , tqif h r S m 'd k i f t mcD / wwd , tqif h rS m tjrif a umif ; atmif ydkrdkrGrf;rHjc,fvS,fxm;aom 'dkiftmcD ( 91 XmetkyfcsKyfa&;) [lI jrifavonf? xdt k qifo h ;kH qifu h kd jzKd &ef vlxpk nf;&H;k r_omv#if &So d nfukd 1939ckEpS f 'd@k Armtpnf; t&H;k a=unm pmwrf;Y twdtvif; jyqdck ahJ yonf? xdak cwf tjrifEiS hf =unfv h #if vuf&;kH &nf tm;ud;k jzifh Edik if aH &; =uKd ;yrf; &rnf [lonfrmS pdwv f u kd rf mefyg jyKusiw hf wfaom vli,fw@kd . rdu k &f ;l &J tvkyo f mjzpfonf[k qd=k u&ayrnf? pifppf xdak cwfu vl}u;D rsm;om ru vli,frsm;uyg TuJo h @kd qdck =hJ uonf? od@k aomf Edik if aH &; tawG;tac: tajrmfjrif&o dS l armifatmifqef; tzd@k um; vuf&;kH tm;ud;k jzifh odrf;ydkufxm;aom EdkifiHudk vuf&Hk; tm;udk;jzifhom vGwfvyfatmifaqmif&Guf&rnf[k ydik ;f jzwfxm;onf? T acwfYum; Tod@k armifatmifqef; ydik ;f jzwfxm;aom tawG;tac: wd@k onf tajcaejzifh [yfro d nf[k 0efc=H u&ayjy?D Tr#EiS yhf if armifatmifqef;tm; Edik if aH &; okcrde[ f k bG@J xl; wyf&rnfavm / r[kwyf g? edik if aH 7;okcrdet f &mod@k a&mufapaom tjcm;tawG;tac:rsm; &Syd gao;onf? 'dk@Arm tpnf;t&Hk;Y wESpfr# tvkyfvkyfcJhaomtcg ocifatmifqef;onf jrefrmEdik if aH &; oabmw&m;rsm;udk xyfrH jrifvmjyefonf? xdkacwfu jrefrmEdkifiHa&;orm; vufa[mif;}uD;wdk@onf jrefrmtrsdK;om; }u;D yGm;a&; rl&if;udk csc=hJ uonf ? 94

tvif;tdrfr* ❰

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-jrefrmjynfonf v,f,mudik ;f u|e;f udk tm;xm;&aomjynfjzpfI rScD t kd m;xm;&ef ta&; }uD ; qH k ; aom tcsuf o nf a umuf y J o D ; ES H x G e f ; um;Iaps;aumif ; aumif ; ES i f h a&mif;Edkifjcif;yifjzpf.? -v,form;wd@k . vufY v,fajc ,majc r&So d avmufjzpfI Edik if jH cm;om; cspw f ;D rsm; ESihf "e&Siw f @kd vufxo J @kd v,fajc,majc a&mufuek jf y?D xdak b;rS umuG,&f ef vdak eonf? -,ck tkycf sKyaf &; t& jynfow l @kd wifajrmS ufaom trwfw@kd u ajrodr;f Oya' vkyEf ikd o f nf?ocifatmifqef;. EdkifiHa&; oHk;oyf csufwdk@rSm jAdwdo# e,fcsJ@. t&d_ufudk xdk;vdkufjcif; jzpf. ? jAdwdo#wkd@onf ocifatmifqef;. EdkifiHa&; usm;uGufudk waphwapmif;jrifojzifh rsm;pGm wkefv_yf xdwfvef@=u.? txl;ojzifh vGwfvyfa&;udk vdv k m;=uaom Edik if aH &;ygwt D m;vH;k wd@k . -vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D - Y ocifatmifqef;onf ajconf; vufonf; jzpfvmaomtcg jAw d o d # wd@k onf ocifatmifqef;tm; awG@&mocFsKd i;f "g;rqdik ;f bJ vdu k v f zH rf;qD;avonf?f od k @ aomf ocif a tmif q ef ; . Ed k i f i H a &; tawG ; tac: YvG w f v yf a &;ud k u|Eyfk w f @kd csn;f jynfwiG ;f a&; w&yf taejzifh twGi;f }uw d f wdu k I f r& / Edik if jH cm;Y 0g'jzef@I Edik if jH cm; tultnDjzifh wdu k , f &l rnf / *syefonf jrefrmEdik if u H kd usL;ausmf vmEdik o f nf? odk@aomf *syef. usL;ausmfr_udk rdrdwdk@u OD;atmif vGwfvyfa&; a=ujimjcif;jzifh cHwu kd Ef ikd &f rnf [lI pOf;pm;xm;cJo h nf? a'guw f mbarmfEiS hf a'guw f mode;f armifw@kd u ocifatmifqef;tm; *syeftultnDukd ,l=unfyh g[k ajymonf? ocifatmifqef;um; w&kwaf om ,d;k ',m;aom/ *syefaom/ a&G;cs,&f ef tcsed rf &ajc &&mtultnDukd ,lrnf[k oHEXdM mef csrw S cf o hJ nf? od@k aomf w&kwjf ynfukd ajcOD;vSnI hf w&kwx f rH S tulnaD wmif;&ef ydI k &nfoefco hJ nf? tajcaet& w&kwEf iS hf zl;pm rqH&k bJ *syefEiS hf zl;pm qHck &hJ .? *syef. tultnDukd ,lcahJ pumrl/ *syef. uwdrwnfra_ =umifh u|Eyfk w f @kd onf *syefukd jyefcsrnf [laom oabmw&m;udv k nf; armifatmifqef;onf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; jzpfvmaom tcg wae@wjcm; ydkrdkI jrifvmcJh. / *syefudk cHcs&mYvnf; AdkvfcsKyf. ppfOyg,frSm EdkifiHa&; okcrdef qefvSayonf? *syefudk cs=u&awmhrnf[k ydkif;jzwf vdu k o f nfEiS hf wjyKd ief uf Adv k cf sKyo f nf 13 &mpk ESpu f u|Eykf w f @kd jrefrmtrsKd ;om;vlxk w&yfvHk; tHk=uGum aysmufusm;wdkufcdkuf enf;pepfjzifh usL;ausmfol ulAvdkifcef@ udk jrefrmEdik if rH S ESix f w k cf o hJ nf? enf;y&d,m,fukd awG;rdavonf? xd@k tjyif 17 &mpkEpS u f tavmif;bk&m;onf jrefrmEdik if aH wmf. pnf;&H;k r_ukd &avatmif &efow l @kd tm; ajymufusm; pepfjzifh wdu k cf u kd cf &hJ yHu k v kd nf; Adv k cf sKyo f wd&rdonf aemufq;kH Y tajcaerSeu f kd =unfI h tvif;tdrfr* Ý

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awG ; awmwwf a om tar#mf t jrif a =umif h Ad k v f c sKyf . awmf v S e f a &;onf atmifjrifcJhavonf? *syefawmfveS af &;}u;D atmifjrifcjhJ y;D aomf jrefrmedik if aH wmf tufOya'yk'rf 135udk awmfveS I f vGwv f yfa&;udk }uKd ;yrf;zd@k &m tajctaeay:vmcJjh yefonf? xdt k cg Adv k cf sKyo f nf 1939 ckESpf 'dk@Arm tpnf;t&Hk;. vkyfief;pOf a=ujimcsufudk tpOftvmrysufapyJ qufvufo;kH pJo G mG ; jyefonf ? Tod@k ajym&jcif;rSm tjcm;a=umifrh [kw?f 1946 ck Zefe0g&D 12 &uf a e@ pG J E S i f h zqyv vk y f i ef ; tpD t pOf a=ujimcsuf r S m Ad k v f c sKyf o nf ocif a tmif q ef ; b0u a=ujimcJ h a om vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;eS i f h ed k i f ; ,S O f = unf h v #if oabmxm;csi;f tvm;wl jzpfaoma=umifh aywnf;? txufazmfjycJah om zqyv vkyif ef;pOfY Afv kd cf sKyo f nf ocifatmifqef;b0u Edik if aH &; tawG;tac:wd@k udk vufawG@ toH;k csonf[v k nf; qdEk ikd o f nf? vGwv f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;&mY vGwv f yfa&;udk vdv k m;ESpo f ufaom vlrsKd ;rsm;eSihf ,Ofaus;r_wiG v f nf;aumif; / Edik if aH &;wGif vnf;aumif; ydrk &kd if;ES;D pGm qufo, G Ef ikd af p&ef pDpOf&rnf- [lI vnf;aumif; / -tif'ekd ;D &Sm;ESihf tif'kd csKd i;f em;jynfrsm;&Sd trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfr_ vkyif ef;ESihf urBmvH;k qdik &f m ESrd Ef iS ;f csKycf s,f u|ew f r,f r# jzpfae=u&aom vlrsKd ;taygi;f wd@k . vGwv f yfrv _ yk if ef;}u;D ESihf &if;ES;D pGm qufo, G Ef ikd af tmif pDpOf&rnf ? -[lI vnf;aumif; / zqyv a=ujimcJo h nfrmS ocifatmifqef;b0u ,lqxm;aom Edik if jH cm; tquftoG,, f o l nfh oabmw&m;. tquf jzpfayonf? xdkr#ruao; vlxkwyfaygif;pk jzpfap&ef tvdk@iSm zqyv. EdkifiHa&; vkyif ef;pOfrsm;Y -jrefrmEdik if H jyefvnf wnfaqmufa&; Edik if o H pf pDrzH efw;D a&; udprP sm;udk ygwDoabm EdkifiHa&; oabm roufa&mufaom tzJG@rsm;u aqmif&Guf&rnf ? odk@rSomv#if TudpPrsm;wGif wwfu|rf; em;vnfolrsm;ESifh tpdk;&tr_xrf;rsm;vnf; TtrsdK;om;vkyfief;}uD;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf Edkif=uayvdrfhrnf? [k azmfjyxm;onfTpum;ud k u|ef a wmf tus,f c sJ @ I t"d y ` g ,f azmf j yp&m rvd k a cs / Ed k i f i H a &;Y oabmw&m;rSeu f efro _ nf ta&; }u;D av&m Adv k cf sKy. f oabmw&m;wd@k onf rnfr# rSeu f efaeonfukd Tacwf vlxo k nf vufawG@ od&adS e=ujy;D jzpfvrd hf rnf[k usaemf ,H=k unfonf? xd@k tjyif vGwv f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;r_Y &cdik /f rGe/f u&if paom trsKd ;om;rsm;ESihf wuG awmifwef;om;tm;vH;k wd@k tay:wGif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; xm;&Sad om apwemonf oef@&Si;f rSeu f efonfuv kd nf; rnforl S apm'u rwufEikd =f uacs? zqyv vkyif ef;pOf a=ujimcsufY trsdK;om; vlenf;pkrsm;onf vlrsm;pk tcGifhta&;udk &xdkufonf[k azmfjyxm;onfrSm AdkvfcsKyf. tar#mftjrif}uD;r_udk xif&Sm;aponf? vlenf;pkwdk@onf 96

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ò ï

vlrsm;pkw@kd . tcGit hf a&;udk wef;wl &Edik o f nfah emuf vlenf;pk tcGit hf a&;[k ajymae&ef ta=umif;r&Sad wmhjyD TrSeu f efaom apwem tusKd ;qufa=umifh Adv k cf sKk yu f vGwv f yfa&; wESpt f wGi;f &&rnf [k }uKH ;0g;vdu k af omtcg ajrjyef@om; a&m awmifay:om;yg Adv k cf sKy. f aemufwiG f rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfI wnDwnGww f nf; &Scd ahJ vonf ? jrefrmESihf aoG;eD;aom trsd K ;om;wd k @ ud k rqd k x m;bd O D ; / wpf a cwf u &ef o l j zpf c J h b l ; aom jAd w d o # trsKd ;tEG,w f @kd udyk ifv#if Adv k cf sKyo f nf wajrwnf;ae wa&wnf; aomufonf [laom pd w f " gwf j zif h wd k i f ; &if ; om;csif ; trsd K ;awmf p yf o nf [l a om oabmw&m;ud k csrSwfay;cJhavonf? usaemfu h kd cifAsm;wd@k u vmygqv kd @kd usaemf vmcJ&h wmygyJ trsKd ;bmomra&G; 'Dwikd ;f jynfu vlrsm;&J@ }u;D yGm;csr;f oma&;udk aqmif&u G zf @kd wm0efqw kd m[m usaemf aqmif&u G f &r,fw h m0efygyJ ? usaemf woufwmrSm 'Dwm0efukd tpOfaqmif&u G o f mG ;&zd@k jzpfygw,f? jyD;cJhwJh ppftwGif; arSmiftwdusaeovdkjzpfaewJh tcsdeftcgrsdK;rSm cifAsm;wdk@ (t*Fvyd f ujym;) vlpx k u J jrefrmEdik if rH mS use&f pfcw hJ hJ vlawG[m wcgr# r}uKH cb hJ ;l wJh twd'u k Q udk }uKH c&hJ ygw,f? cifAsm;wd@k 'kuQ jzpf&wmawG od&awmh 0rf;enf;rdygw,f ? pdwv f nf; emusn;f rdygw,f? 'gah =umifh cifAsm;wd@k &J@ 'kuaQ wG ajy&majya=umif;udk usaemfb h mom usaemf wwfEikd w f hJ enf;eJ@ [dw[ f efrxkwyf J aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? usaemf 'D@xuf ydrk vkyEf ikd cf w hJ mudyk J 0rf;enf; ae&ygw,f? udkif; ,ck cifAsm;wdk@u 'DudkvmjyD; rdef@cGef;ay;ygqdkawmh usaemf r S e f w mawG u d k trS e f t wd k i f ; tpD & if cH c J h y gjyD ? usaemf w d k @ wd k i f ; jynf [ m vGwv f yfawmhr,f ? urBm }u;D [m t}u;D tus,f ajymif;vJaeygw,f? 'Dvakd jymif;vJaewJh tajctaerSm cifAsm;wd@k [m todw&m; topfawGukd odvm=ujy;D wefz;kd topfawGukd em;vnfum ek;d =um;vmzd@k vdyk gw,f? vGwv f yfwhJ jrefrmEdik if [ H m a&S@udk tvm;tvm trsm;}u;D &Syd gw,f? usaemfw@kd Edik if o H m;rsm;twGuf ar#mu f ;kd p&mawG trsm;}u;D &Syd gw,f? jrefrmEdik if rH mS vlO;D a& &Sw d mxuf ydjk y;D tvkyt f udik af wGu rsm;vmygvrd rhf ,f? cifAsm;wd@k txJrmS 'Dupd eP @J tvm;wl tjcm;udprP sm;rSm pd;k &draf =umif=h u jzpfae=uw,f qdw k m usaemf odygw,f? cifAsm;wd@k om 'Dwikd ;f jynfrmS &Sw d hJ vlawGe@J waoG;wnf; wom;wnf; jzpfygw,f qdw k mudk jy=u&if 'Dupd eP @J ygwo f ufjy;D awmh cifAsm;wd@k bmr# a=umif=h up&m &Szd @kd rvdb k ;l qdw k mudk usaemf ,ckajymcJyh gw,f?Adv k cf sKyo f nf txufyg pum;&yfw@kd udk 1946 ck 'DZifbmvwGif t*Fvyd jf refrm trsKd ;om;aumifp. D tpnf;ta0;Y ajym=um;cJ. h ? Edik if aH &; okcrdeyf o D pGm tdajE&N &jzifh apwem t&if;cH trSew f @kd udk pdwt f m;xufoefpmG ajym=um;cJah vonf? Adv k cf sKyo f nf u&if/ &cdkif/ &Srf;/ csif;/ u,m; paom trsdK;om;rsm;. tonf;pGJomru t*Fvdyf jrefrm trsKd ;om;wd@k . tonf;pGJ vnf; jzpfcahJ vonf? ,ae@wdik f t*Fvyd jf refrmtrsKd ;om;wd@k onf tvif;tdrfr* û

⑦ ✁✂✄☎✆ ⑦✝✞ ✄✟✆ þ

Adv k cf sKy. f pum;udk em;xJY pGI J ae=uavonf? vGwfvyfa&; &jyD[kqdkv#if jidrf;csrf;a&;udk &&awmhrnf[k AdkvfcsKyfonf ar#mfudk;cJh. ? AdkvfcsKyfawmifhwaom jidrf;csrf;a&;rSm ocsF dkif;xJu jidrf;csrf;a&;r[kwf vGwv f yfa&; wd;k wufa&;ESihf =u;D yGm;csr;f oma&;udk zefw;D rnfh jird ;f csr;f a&;omv#if jzpfb. d ? Adv k cf sKyv f eG cf o hJ nfrmS &SpEf pS &f jdS y?D jrefrmEdik if o H m;wd@k tzd@k um; Adv k cf sKyv f eG cf o hJ nfrmS rae@ wae@uvdv k kd xifr=d u.? Adv k cf sKyu f kd cspcf ifonfh aZmjzifh trsm;yif wrf;w=u.? od@k aomf Adv k cf sKy. f tawG;tac:wd@k udu k m; owd&rS &=uayvdrrhf nf? pifppf Adv k cf sKyo f nf EkysKd aom t&G,Yf Edik if aH &;udk aqmif&u G cf ahJ omfvnf; ol. tawG;tac:wd@k rSm 0g&ifah om Edik if aH &; okcrdew f @kd . tawG;tac:rsKd ; jzpf&um; Adv k cf sKyt f m; wu,fcspyf gonf/ cifygonf/ owd&ygonf[k qdv k #if ynm&Siq f efaom Adv k cf sKy. f tawG;tac:rsm; &ifo h efvmcJo h nfh enf;wl vlx. k pOf;pm;Om%fvnf; &ifo h efvm=uap&ef vlxk w&yfv;kH =uKd ;pm;oifv h S ayonf? Edik if aH &;orm;aygoavmuf Edik if aH &; okcrfed f &Sm;vSaom TEdik if w H iG Ef ikd if aH &; okcrderf sm; ay:ayguv f mygap&ef &nfoefI usaemf rSwrf o d r# Adv k cf sKy. f a[majymcsuf a=ujimcsuf rde@f =um;csuw f @kd udk ,ck wifjyygonf? Adv k cf sKyu f kd 20 &mpkEpS f jrefrmh Edik if aH 7; okcrdef[k usaemf ,lqv#if ,wWdwef./ rwef.udk pm&_olwdk@ *%aocsm ydkif;jcm; a0zefEikd =f uygapownf;?

armifxif

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OD;EkajymwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;Ek (armifqef;=u,f bmomjyefqo kd nf)

(1934-35) ynmoifEpS x f J &efuek f wuUov kd rf mS udak tmifqef; udk useG af wmf yxrqH;k awGŒzl;wm? olu tifwm rD', D w d f ausmif;om;? u|eaf wmf uawmh wuUov kd u f kd wwd, t}udrf jyefa&muf vm+yD; Oya'wef; wufaew,f? ckvef'efrSm AFPEL udk,fpm;vS,f vkyfaewJh udktkef;u ausmif;om; oHk;a,mufeJ@ awGŒzdk@ usGefawmhfudk wku d w f eG ;f w,f? 'Do;kH a,mufu jrefrmhordik ;f rSm {&mr jy,k*}f u;D awG jzpfvmr,f vk@d olu tvif;tdrfr* ✘

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100

awGŒ&Sd xm;w,f? tJ'D oH;k a,mufxrJ mS udak tmifqef;u wpfa,muf tygt0if? usefwJh ESpfa,mufuawmh jynfxJa&; 0ef}uD; udkausmf+idrf;eJ@ wufbkef;}uD; pmtkyaf &;vd@k wufbek ;f }u;D vd@k emrnf ausmv f mwJh udo k ed ;f az? udak tmifqef; &JŒ ud, k &f nf udk,faoG; uawmh +ydKifbufuif;ygyJ?olu pum; enf;w,f? u|efawmfeJ@ pawGŒawGŒ csi;f awmif v_u d v f u d_ v f v JS JS ysLysLiSmiSm ajymqdw k mrsKd ; r&Sb d ;l ? ol@udk u|eaf wmfu vl@cGpm vdk@yJ xifvdkufw,f? udkausmf+idrf;/ udkodef;az/ udktkef;eJ@ u|efawmfwdk@ uawmh &if;ESD; u|r;f 0ifwhJ rdwaf qGawG jzpfvm =uw,f? vrf;awGŒ&if oJvu _d /f tlvu d_ f E_wq f uf=uw,f? udak tmifqef; uawmh tJovdrk sKd ; r[kwb f ;l ? vrf;awGŒvnf; E_wq f ufcsif rS E_wq f ufwm? wpfcgwav u|eaf wmfw@kd qD a&mufvm wwf+y;D ol@udk ajymp&m&S&d if ajymzd@k zdwfw,f?oleJ@ awmfawmf &if;ESD; vmawmhrS ol@ta=umif;ukd em;vnf oabmayguf vmw,f? olu tv[\ tvmyov†myawG ajymwmrsKd ;awG/ vlra_ &;t& tay:,H E_wq f uf ajymwmrsKd ;awGe@J tcsed jf zKe;f aewmawGukd r,H=k unfb;l ? wu,hu f kd &ifbwfe@J aygi;f oif; qufqw H mrS vkt d yfwmudk ulnD vkyu f ikd af y;Edik w f ,f vd@k ,H=k unfxm;wm? rdwaf qGqw kd mtcsi;f csi;f &ifbwfcsi;f tyf+y;D vdt k yfwmudk yGiyfh iG v fh if;vif;&Si;f jyEdik &f r,fv@kd ,H=k unfxm;w,f? olu taygi;f toif; vkyv f @kd r&wJh vlrsKd ; r[kwb f ;l ? uzsuu f ,uf vkyw f v hJ rl sKd ; r[kwb f ;l ? olu wdusw,f? jywfom;w,f? rSew f ,f?tzGŒJ taeeJ@ uawmh (1935-36) ynmoifEpS /f &efuek f wuUov kd f ausmif;om; or*~ tr_aqmif a&G;aumufyJG twGuf u|efawmfwdk@awG wpfOD;eJ@ wpfOD; qufoG,f =u&w,f? udkatmifqef;/ udkausmf+idrf;/ udo k ed ;f az wd@k u t}uaH y;vd@k u|eaf wmfu OuUÏ ae&m uae ta&G;cHw,f? udak tmifqef;/ udkausmf+idrf;/ udkodef;az eJ@ rpPwm &m&Spf wdk@uawmh tzGJŒ0ifawGayhg? u|efawmfwdk@ tEdik &f w,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd awG or*~rmS pvkyw f meJ@ or*~ tvkyf awGukd wufwuf=u=G uG ol@xuf t&if atmifatmifjrifjrif aqmif&u G f =uw,f? tJ'ED pS rf mS yJ ausmif;om; oydw}f u;D ay:ayguf vmw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u a,bk,s tm;eJ@ useG af wmf ,H=k unfxm;wm uawmh u|eaf wmhu f kd ausmif;xkwv f @kd oydw}f u;D jzpfay:vmw,f qdw k mygy?J 'ge@J ywfouf+y;D tjrifcsi;f uawmh rwl=ubl;? u|eaf wmhu f kd ausmif;xkwv f u kd w f hJ ta=umif; wuUodkvf tm%mydkif tzGJŒqDu today;pm u|efawmf vufcH&&Sdawmh pmar;yGeJ ;D ae+yrD @kd cyfrqdwf aer,f vd@k u|eaf wmf uawmh qH;k jzwfxm;w,f? u|eaf wmhf twGuf eJ@ ausmif;om;awG pdwf taESmiht f ,Suf rjzpfapcsib f ;l ? 'gayr,hf vdŒk owif;u ysŒH oGm;+y?D or*~ tzGŒJ 0if u|eaf wmhf oli,fcsi;f awG u|eaf wmhq f aD &mufvm=u+y;D wpfcck ak wmh vkyrf S jzpfr,fv@kd ajym=uw,f? u|eaf wmhf ud, k yf ikd u f pd P jzpfv@kd u|eaf wmfuawmh bmrS ajymp&m rvdb k ;l ? aumfrwDu ajymr,f? ausmif; xkww f ,f qdw k m emrnfavmuf ygy?J 100

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101

ynmoifEpS f +y;D oGm;+y?D igu h kd Oya' pmar;yGJ rajzEdik af tmifvnf; rwm;Edik yf gb;l vd@k ajym+y;D u|eaf wmhf oli,fcsi;f awGukd ESpo f rd zfh @kd }uKd ;pm; ygao;w,f? u|efawmfwdk@ tpnf;ta0; vkyfaewkef; rSmyJ udkatmifqef; vnf; ausmif; xk w f c H v d k u f & +yD qd k w J h owif ; ud k ausmif ; om; wpf a ,muf u o,f v mw,f ? 'Dowif;rSev f m; qdw k m pHpk rf;zk@d wuUov kd f aumfrwD 0ifv}l u;D OD;bvGif qD oli,fcsi;f wpfa,muf udk v$wv f u kd w f ,f? rSew f ,f wJ?h u|eaf wmfw@kd ocifvil ,f Edik if aH &; orm;awG taeeJ@ acsmufcs;D acsmufcsuf avmufyJ jzpfae=uwm? 'gayr,hv f @kd wu,fwrf; =uawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd u wu,fukd yifyifyef;yef; vkyaf e=u&wm? u|eaf wmfw@kd awG odyq f if;&Jw,f? odyyf ifyef;w,f? wcsKd Œae@awG rSmqdk xrif;pm;p&m r&Sv d @kd vufzuf&nf wpfcu G /f ESpcf u G f aomufaomuf+yD; toufquf =u&w,f? ygwD tpnf;t¶Hk; udpPudk u|efawmf pdwrf 0ifpm;bl;? ocif atmifqef;eJ@ ocif oef;xGef;wdk@u e,fvSnhf a[majymaewkef; u|eaf wmfu &efyaHk iG&mS xGu&f wmudk aysmw f ,f? vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufawG useG af wmhq f D c%c% a&mufvm=uw,f? u|efawmfu b maiG &Smol qdkawmh 'DaiGeJ@ xrif;pm;=u&rSm r[kwv f m;? tJuakd tmifqef; uawmh xrif;qm aewmawmif aiGvmawmif;wm/ xrif; 0,fausG;cdkif;wmrsdK; rvkyfbl;? olu wpfaxmihfaxmihfrSm xdkif+yD; pmtkyfxJ tm¶Hk epf0ifaewm? bmrS r+i;D +iLbJ &J&0J 0hH hH &ifqikd w f ,f? olu yHpk H wpfrsKd ;eJ@ avhusifh xm;+y;D ol@pGr;f &nfukd wnfaqmufw,f? ygwD XmecsKyrf mS &Sw d hJ ocifatmifqef; tcef;u ¶_yyf G aewm uawmh emrnf}u;D yJ? bmrS rjyKjyif xm;wJh tdy, f m ay:rSmyJ jzpfovdk tdyw f m? ol@tcef;xJ a&mufvmol awGudk *sydk; awGu wdkufxkwfvdk@ xGufajy; =u&w,f? ocifatmifqef; wpfa,mufyJ tJ'D *sy;kd awG eJ@ aeEdik /f tdyEf ikd w f m? wpfcgawmh e,fu a&mufaewJh ocifawG/ ocifrawG &Sad ew,f? XmecsKyu f aumif a v;awG u tJ ' D e,f u d k , f p m;vS , f awG u d k ocif a tmif q ef ; tcef ; rS m ae&may;=uw,f? bmvd@k vJ qdak wmh olw@kd u p}ueF v f rf;rSm rtdycf si=f ubl;? tJ'w D ek ;f u ocifatmifqef; u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfaewm? {nhfonfawGu taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; tcef;xJ tdyf&vdk@ aysmfae=uw,f? *sydk;awG ppfyGJ rcif;cifawmh aeEdik af o;wmayg?h oef;acgiv f nf; a&mufa&m *sy;kd awG&ŒJ xd;k ppfukd cHppf rvkyEf ikd =f uawmhb;l ? bmajym aumif;rvJ? u|eaf wmfw@kd {nho f nfawmf}u;D awG[m tdy&f mcif;awG/ apmifawGukd uref;uwef; o,f+y;D p}ueF af v;rSmyJ tdy=f u&&Smw,f? Edik if aH &; qdw k m ocifatmifqef;&JŒ b0yJav? xrif;qm wmwdk@/ qif;&Jwmwdk@ qdkwm ol@twGuf bmrS ta&;r}uD;bl;? tao;tr$m; udpyP ?J tck Akv d v f usmf jzpfvmwJh ocifvaS zu wcgwav xrif;[if; aumif;aumif;awG wrf;ww,f? oDcsif; aumif;aumif;av; awGudk em;qmw,f? tvif;tdrfr* ✻

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101

102

ocifatmifqef; uawmh tJ'gawGukd vH;k 0 rwrf;wbl;?² olu vlaysmh r[kwb f ;l ? oHr%dvkd rmausmol/ ol@pGr;f &nfe@J olawmfveS f a&; vkyaf ewm? om,m0wD nDvmcHrSm ocifatmifqef;u u|efawmfwdk@ yef;wdkif jzpfwJh vGwv f yfa&; udk a=unmwJh qH;k jzwfcsuf wpfcu k kd atmifatmifjrifjrif csrw S v f u kd w f ,f/ u|efawmfwdk@ acgif;aqmif awG[m wpfEdkifiHvHk; oGm;=u+yD; jynfolawG&JŒ tqHk;tjzwf cH,=l uw,f? 'Dvy_ &f mS ;r_ a=umihrf @dk vd@k udv k ekd D e,fcsŒJ tpd;k & &JŒ a'gow}u;D wk@H jyefr_ udk cH=u&w,f? ocif atmifqef;u ZvGerf mS Ekid if aH &; w&m;a[mw,f? [oFmw &JrLS ;}u;D u Ekid if aH wmfukd t=unftndK ysuaf tmif vkyw f hJ Oya'eJ@ ocif atmifqef;udk csucf si;f zrf;0&rf; xkwv f u kd w f ,f? u|eaf wmf udv k nf; r=umcifrmS tJonfvrkd sKd ; zrf;0&rf; xkwrf ,hf oabm &Sw d ,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd awG udak usm+f ird ;f tdrrf mS aqG;aEG; =u+y;D awmh wpfcck ak wmh vkyrf S jzpfawmhr,f qdw k mudk qH;k jzwf vdu k =f uw,f? ocif atmifqef; u tnHch w H m rsKd ;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef qe@fusiw f ,f? axmifus oGm;&ifawmh tcsed jf zKe;f aeovdk jzpfomG ;rSmyJ qdw k hJ tjrif &Sw d ,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd awGu pnf;pnf;vH;k vk;H pkppk nf;pnf; &S=d u+y;D wdu k yf JG ta&muf csw D ufoihw f ,f? olu Edik if w H iG ;f u xGu+f y;D ajratmuf oGm;csiw f ,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd tvkyu f kd tultnD ay;zk@d EdkifiHjcm;rSm rdwfaqG &Smcsifw,f? u|efawmfuawmh tJ'Davmuf}uD; &Sn&f n S af 0;a0; rjrifwwfb;l ? u|eaf wmf Oya'udk csKd ;azmuf&if axmifusrmS yJ qdw k hJ tawG;yJ &Sw d m? tJ'D ae@wke;f u u|eaf wmfw@dk awG t=um}u;D aqG;aEG;=uw,f? u|eaf wmhf tjrifukd ocifatmifqef; vufcv H matmif u|eaf wmf rvkyEf ikd cf b hJ ;l ? 'ga=umihrf @kd ol ajratmuf oGm;wmudk ulnzD @kd u|eaf wmf oabmwl vdu k w f ,f? ole@J u|eaf wmf &Jpcef; a&SŒu jynfvrf; ay:rSm &yfaewmudk owd& aeygao;w,f? ol@udk zrf;rSmeJ@ ywfoufwhJ ta=umif;udk ajymqdk aecJ=h uwm vd@k xifw,f? tJ'aD emufawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd cGcJ mG vdu k =f uw,f? u|eaf wmfu tdrfjyef / armifqef;=u,f tzrf;cH+yD; aemufae@rSmyJ axmifxJ toGif;cH vdkuf&w,f? axmifuswhJ ESpEf pS f uawmh tcsed af wG jzKe;f ypf vdu k w f mygy?J axmifusp vawG uawmh odyf rqd;k vSao;bl;? ig axmifus&w J hJ owœ&d w dS hJ aumifyJ qd+k y;D ud, k u fh , kd u f , kd f ESpo f rd fh EdkifcJhw,f? 'gayr,hfvdk@ tcsdefawG =umvmwm eJ@trSs cHjyif;p&mawG ay:vmw,f? pdwyf supf &m awG jzpfvmw,f? udak tmifqef;&JŒ ynm^m%f/ &ihu f surf e_ @J tajrmftjrif }u;D r_ awGukd u|eaf wmf oabmayguf vmygw,f? ESp+f cKd uv f mw,f? atmifEikd af &; twGuf ol tygt0if u|eaf wmfw@kd oli,fcsi;f awG eJ@twl vufw+JG y;D tvkyv f yk f zd@k yJ wrf;w ae&w,f? OD;Ek bmomjyefol - armifqef;=u,f (armfeDwm*sme,frS) rl&if; - Aung San’s Stering Qualities by U Nu 102

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Armhatmifqef; armifxif u|ef a wmf o nf Ad k v f c sKyf atmifqef; ESifh i,faygif; r[kwf? }uD;azmf jzpfonf? olESifh u|efawmf ES p f O D ; om; wpf O D ; ES i f h wpf O D ; toD;tjcm; }uD;jyif; vmcJh=uonf? ol. a&ajr ESihf u|eaf wmf. a&ajr wd k @ um; wjcm;pD ? Ad k v f c sKyf u ol arG;zGm;&m a'o wpfciG u f kd ajrvwf[k qd k . ? od k @ aomf u|ef a wmf w d k @ atmufom; rsm;tzdk@ ewfarmuf onfvnf; tnm yifjzpf.? tnm a'o. yx0D oGijf yif t& Adv k cf sKyf . awm/ awmif/pdrfh/ prf;/ +rdKif/ vSsKd ponf h ywf 0 ef ; usif =oumo avmurS m xl ; qef ; axG v sm aysmaf rGŒ&m jzpfvrd rhf nf [k u|eaf wmf cef@rSe;f rd.? ta=umif;aomf rlum; u|eaf wmf arG;zGm;&m atmuft&yf jrpf0u|e;f ay: a'o [lonfrmS yifv,f/ jrpf/ acsmif;/ vrkyif/ vwmjyif wd@k ESio hf m ¶_arSsmcf if; udk wefqm qifxm; av&m rnfonfh t&yfukd =unf=h unfh ywf0ef;usif =oumo avmu}u;D onf pdr;f vJah om awmwef;wnf; [laom rsO;f ajzmifh wpfck ay: Y tkyI f aeaom rd;k ukyf puf0ikd ;f wpfcrk sS om jzpfI +i;D aiGŒzG,&f m jzpfaoma=umifw h nf;? od@k aomf aumif;uifrS rd;k ukyf puf0ikd ;f ESihf ajr}u;D rS awmwef; uav;wd@k ESpOf ;D om; qHrk =d uonfh yHyk rmvdk ol. b0 oHo&m ESihf u|eaf wmf. b0 oHo&m wd@k onf (1932) ckEpS f wpf0u kd f qDavmufu wuUov kd f or*~ qHyifnyS q f ikd f Y zl;pm qHpk nf; rd=uavonf? ,if;od@k vSsif olEiS hf u|eaf wmfrS ausmif;om;}u;D t&G,o f @kd a&muf=urSyif taqG cifyeG ;f jzpfavaoma=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd ESpOf ;D om;udk }u;D azmf [lI ac:Edik af yonf? od@k aomf ESpOf ;D om;rSm wpfO;D ESifh wpfO;D cifrif &if;ES;D vmavav wpfO;D ay: wpfO;D +rKH aphaph Ekid af vav jzpfI wpfcgw&H u|eaf wmf ud, k w f ikd u f yifvsS if ol. &if;ES;D aom rdwaf qG [kwyf gavp tvif;tdrfr* ❚

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104

[k oHo, jzpfro d nf? od@k aomf vl&iS ;f aom tcsed w f iG f ESpaf ,mufcsi;f qH=k uaomtcg u|eaf wmf . oHo,wd@k rSm a&S;a[mif; aESmif;jzpf wd@k udk tjrpf tjywf ajymum cifrif &if;ES;D r_ukd jyaom Adv k cf sKy. f pum;rsm; xJwiG f t&nfaysmI f usvmawmhonf? xko d @kd aom tcgrsm;wGif u|eaf wmfh pdwx f w J iG f }u;D rS aygi;f =u&onfh ausmif;aezufcsi;f jzpfapumrl oif; pdwf rajymif; yguvm; [k awG;awmum wdww f w d f cs;D usL;rdonf? ol u|eaf wmfw@kd tay: pdwf rajymif;avav u|eaf wmfw@kd u olŒudk trsK;d om; acgi;f aqmif tjzpfEiS hf ydI k od'd< wif&av jzpfonf? u|eaf wmfonf ae@&uf twdtus wd@k udk aumif;pGmrrSwrf ?d a&S;aESmif; tpDtpOf wd@k udv k nf; owdr&? od@k aomf jzpfysucf ahJ om ta=umif;csi;f wd@k um; rae@urS jzpfchJ ovdv k ?kd twdwf umvonf u|eaf wmfh a&SŒwGif txift&Sm; ZmwfpckH if;vsuf jyaeonf? (193132) wpfck avmufu atmifqef; qdo k l ausmif;om; wpfO;D onf &efuek f wuUov kd . f t&dyf tm0goudk cdv k v _H monf [k u|eaf wmf =um;&onf? od@k aomf olŒudk u|eaf wmf rawGŒzl;ao;? atmifqef; zdo k D zwfoD Edik yf kH owif;um; ar$;p jyKvm+y?D od@k aomf u|eaf wmfh tzd@k xku d pd P onf rxl;qef;? atmifqef;xuf zdo k D zwfoD Edik af om wufxG ESihf u|eaf wmf zufro d nfah emuf atmifqef; qdo k nfrmS wufxG xuf "cG"rus [k u|eaf wmf wpfxpfcs ,H=k unfonf? od@k aomf wpfae@aomtcg wufxG xufyif wpfrsK;d wpfzkH xl;qef;aom owW0guav; wpfco k nf wuUov kd f ausmif;od@k rv_yrf ,Suf a&mufvmonf? xdo k wW0grmS tjcm;r[kw/f ode;f wif ac: ndKjr jzpfonf? ndKjr. nDtpfukd wpfprk mS u|eaf wmf ESihf todcsn;f vdv k ykd if jzpfonf? ol. tpfukd udpk ;kd wifh rSm bdvyf oGm;cge;D oxHk ausmif;aqmif&dS u|eaf wmfh tcef; xJwiG f u|eaf wmfh abmif;bDEiS hf vnfpnf;udk ausraG tmif 0wfqifI arsmufu ucJo h l jzpf.? ol. tpfukd wufxG qdo k nf rSmvnf; u|eaf wmfh pm;yGu J kd rpde! f eG @f aq;aygv h yd f ESihf aqmifIh xd;k cJo h l jzpf.? olw@kd nDtpfukd wpfpk u|eaf wmfu h kd TrSs nSO;f cJ+h y;D onfah emuf tm;r& ao;aoma=umifh ayvm; rod? tpfukd vkyo f l wd@k u nDi,f armifoed ;f wif udk u|eaf wmfx h H ac:vmjyefonf? xk@d a=umifh u|eaf wmfh tcef;rSm aq;aygv h yd f jymyHk twd jzpfc&hJ avonf? xdrk sS EiS hf r+y;D ao;/ ndKjronf wpfae@aomf ol. oli,fcsif; atmifqef;udk awGŒ&atmif u|efawmfhtm; wuUov kd f or*~ qHyifnyS q f ikd f od@k ac:avonf? ¶_avmh? Tolum; atmifqef; yifwnf;? yg;¶dk; aigaig/ ar;¶dk; cdkifcdkif/ rsufarSmif ukyfukyf/ qHyif pkwfzGm;/ ¶_um; odk;odk;? atmifqef; aeaom tcef;onf wuUov kd f qHyifnyS q f ikd f aemufq, G f tcef; jzpfonf? 104

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105

qHyifnyS q f ikd f ESihf eD;vGe;f tm;}u;D aoma=umifh ol. qHyif&n S af ejcif; jzpf[ef wlonf? olŒ qHyifonf qDEiS hf bD;udk awGŒzl;[ef rwl? roum awGŒzl;onf [k qdOk ;D awmh aemufq;kH awGŒaom t}urd rf mS vGecf ahJ om toacsu F / ESpu f yf oH;k uyf avmufu jzpfwef &m.? ,if;od@k u|eaf wmf qdv k sS if uJajymonf [k tjypfwif cH&zd@k &S. d ? od@k aomf ol. acgi;f ay:&Sd iSuo f u kd u f u|eaf wmf uJI ajymxdu k af =umif; oufao cHvsuf aebdo@kd ? atmifqef; onf &Syt f usô q,fo h ;kH cGJ q,fah v; avmufukd 0wfEidk o f l jzpfonf? od@k aomf olŒud, k f ay:u &Syt f usrô mS tenf;qH;k q,fah jcmuf avmuf &Sv d rd rhf nf? &Sad yrSmy? ol 0wfxm;aom tusu ô olŒtusrô S r[kwb f ?J ol 0wfxm;aom tusrô mS jymESr;f ESr;f ta&mif ",lwDpD" &Syftusô jzpf.? vHkcsnfrSm b,fvdk vHkcsnf[k rrSwfrd? u|efawmf rSwrf o d a&GŒ rSm olŒ vHck sno f nf iSm;0wf xm;aom vHck snf jzpf&rnf [k awG;awm rdonf udo k m rSwrf yd gonf? vHck sno f nf vnf;aumif;/ ,lwpD D &Syo f nf vnf;aumif;/ qHyif iSufodkufonf vnf;aumif;/ u|efawmfhpdwfudk xl;jcm;atmif rqGJaqmif EdkifcJh? vlxl; [lIvnf; rxifjrifr?d "cG"pm [lIvnf; r,lq? ol. r&,f r+yKH ; +rKH ppd d trlt&mESihf ¶_o;kd od;k cspf &awmhrnfh yHv k v kd /kd tjrifuyf &awmhrnfh a,mifa,mif? od@k aomf ol. jzLpifaom raem"mwf a=umifh tjrifuyf p&m [k u|eaf wmf oabm rxm;Edik ?f ndKjrESihf awGŒpu ndKjrudk cifrifrd ovdk atmifqef;tm; cifrifro d nf? xk@d aemufum; u|eaf wmf onf wuUov kd rf S vGihf cJ&h ayonf? od@k &mwGif wufxG /ndKjr/ udk0ef ponf wdk@ESifhum; ausmif;aepOfu uJhodk@yif qufoG,fvsuf &Sad yonf? T tawm twGi;f atmifqef;ESihf ar;ac:/ ajymxl;/ trSwrf xif cJo h nf u rsm;ayonf? odk@aomf tdk;a0r*~Zif;/ wuUodkvf r*~Zif; /*EWavmu r*~Zif; wdk@wGif ta&;tom; csi;f qHrk =d uonf? xkpd Ofu ndKjr onf yk'rf ig;&m wpfzuf wpfcsuf +c&H aH om aqmif;yg; rsm;udk a&;wwfonf? xk@d a=umifh wpfae@aomf atmifqef;onf ndKjr. '%fukd r+iKd rjiif cH,&l &Smavonf? u|eaf wmf onf wuUov kd f rS te,fe,fo@kd &Gurf ygaom avSuo hJ @kd vGiahf epOf wpfenf; tm;jzifh t&m&Sd avmuwGif tuefc&H aom abmvH;k uJo h @kd vdrahf epOf ndKjru ol. aqmif;yg;a=umifh atmifqef;onf acgi;f aqmif yDyD '%f cH,v l u kd af =umif; pma&;om; ta=umif;=um; avonf? acgi;f aqmif tppf[o l nf aemufvu kd . f wm0efukd ,l&&J onf jzpf.? Ttcsuf wpfcsuf ESiyhf if atmifqef;onf u|ef awmf wd@k . vli,f v_y&f mS ;r_ udk acgi;f aqmif Edik &f rnfrmS xif&mS ; ayonf? od@k aomf xdpk Ofu u|eaf wmf wd@k onf tem*wfukd vSrf;I rjrif Edkif=uao;? atmifqef;u vli,f rsm;udk acgif;aqmif Edkif+yD qdkygawmh? acgi;f aqmif+y;D bmvkyrf vJ? tvif;tdrfr* r

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105

106

atmifqef;ESihf u|eaf wmf awGŒrdonfh tcgwikd ;f "bmvky=f urvJ"[k u|eaf wmf ar;=unfrh o d nf? olu +yKH ;jyonf? xdt k +yKH ;onf ol. tajzyif jzpf[ef wlonf? od@k aomf u|eaf wmf tuif;ryg;? r&dyrf cd ?hJ u|eaf wmfw@kd pmayorm; wpfprk mS tawG;tac: tm;jzifh awmfveS f ae=uolrsm; jzpf.? od@k aomf vufawGŒ oabmudk bmrSs em;rvnf? Edik if aH &; v_yf&Sm;r_ wpf&yf taejzifh vufcH.? odk@aomf taqmufttHk cdkif+rJaeaom +AdwdoSs tkyfcsKyfa&; "uGeu f &pf" tkwcf kH udk tb,fykH tjrpfu vSe=f u& rnfenf;? wuU o d k v f ausmif ; wG i f aepOf u xd k jy\emud k rajzwwf ? avmu vlŒabmifwnf; [laom wuUov kd f 0,f usiv f nf &aomtcgrS tajzudk a&;aw;aw; jrifr. d ? u|eaf wmft h zd@k tkycf sKyaf &; qdik &f m t&m&Sd wpfO;D taejzifh jrefrmEdik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_ wd@k udk ud, k af wGŒ qnf;yl;cGihf &&Scd ahJ yonf? A[kow k udk vufawGŒ &Sm=unfo h nf wGirf S +Aw d o d sS tkycf sKyaf &; tajccH wd@k udk jynfol vlx. k xifjrifcsuf ESihf qENt& wdu k zf suf Edik af =umif; awGŒcJ&h ayonf? xd k e nf ; t&rS m atmif q ef ; / armif E k / A[d e f ; / oef ; xG e f ; paom vl i ,f acgi;f aqmifw@kd u Ekid if aH &; t& }uKd ;yrf;pOf u|eaf wmfw@kd uJo h @kd aom jynft h apcH rsm;u pnf;vH;k nD!w G pf mG jzifh AsL¶du k a&pD tajccH wd@k udk 'Dru kd a&pD tajccHrsm;jzifh ES@J ay;&ef enf;vrf; jzpfavonf? txl;ojzifh xkpd Ofu [oFmw ta&;ydik f OD;umpd onf ol}u;D vufpu JG sr;f wpftyk jf zifh jrefrmEkid if H tkycf sKyaf &; wd;k wuf aumif;rGev f matmif vkyaf om enf;vrf; rsm;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd uJo h @kd vli,f t&m&Srd sm;tm; vrf;!$ef cJah yonf? te,fe,fo@kd a&mufcahJ pumrl u|eaf wmfw@kd acwfEiS hf wpfacwfwnf; ay:ayguf vmaom vGwv f yfa&; Adou k mwd@k . owif;udk warSsmaf rSsmf aecJI h ocif baomif;/ ocifE/k ocif Apde/f ocif xGef;tkyf/ ocif oef;xGef;/ ocif A[def;/ ocif odef;az/ ocif odef;armif/ ocif pdk;/ ocif AaqG paom trd jrefrmjynf . tzl;tanSmifh rsm;onf &Jabmf yDyD nDnD !Gw! f w G f cspcf spf cifcif pcef; oGm;=urnfh ae@udk u|eaf wmf onf vifr& bl;ao;aom tysK}d u;D . pdwu f ;l jzifh pdwu f ;l cJah vonf? od@k aomf pdwu f ;l onf pdwu f ;l wnf;? vufawGŒ vkyif ef;onf pdwu f ;l ESihf wjcm;pD jzpf.? od@k ygvsuEf iS hf pdw. f qGaJ qmif&m od@k yg+y;D vSsif wpfae@ aomtcgwiG f tkypf o k }l u;D pnf;a0;yGJ wpfcYk ol}u;D acwf ukeI f wdik ;f ol jynfom;wd@k u a&G;aumuf wifajrmS ufaom aus;&Gm acgi;f aqmif acwfo@kd a&muf&rnfrmS rvGw J nf; [k Ekid if aH &; qefqef w&m;udk a[mrdygonf? u|eaf wmf ,ck jyefajymif;I awG;vdu k o f nfh tcg unifi/l tifyif/ xl (tif;)/ uyfc/kd oufu,fwef;/ anmifusK;d / aemufr;D / a&vJ/ wayukvm;/ uwkurU / rJZvD/ zuf&/J wef;vG&J mG r/ uif;awmif}h u;D / azmif;um;/ y'if;u|e;f / iarmufacsmif; paom +rKd Œe,f toD;oD; wd@k . aus;&Gm tkypf k toD;oD; wd@k wGif u|eaf wmfEiS hf zl;pmqHk cJ&h onfh ol}u;D rif; wd@k udk 106

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107

vmrnfh acwfajymif; acwfvrJG sm; twGuf toifjh yif&ef tcsed w f ef+yD jzpfa=umif;/ &Gmol}u;D vufpJG usr;f u !$e;f qdk xm;aom aus;&Gm jyKjyifa&; vkyif ef;ESihf wm0efrsm;udk vnf; ausjyGefatmifaqmif&GufI wdkif;oljynfom; wdk@. acgif;aqmif jzpfatmif }udK;pm; oifah =umif; a[m=um; rdonfukd owd&rd ygao;onf? Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; jyif;xef vmavav u|eaf wmfvnf; tem*wfukd woD}u;D ajrSmfI =unfhrd avav? odk@aomf xdkpOfu u|efawmfhudk u|efawmf oem;rd cJhao;.? ta=umif;aomf wpfrlum; u|efawmf ajymorSsudk ol}uD;rif;rsm; oabmrayguf =uaoma=umifh wnf;? od@k aomf ,ae@ tzd@k um; ?wd@k onf oabmayguf onfh wrvGef [db k 0od@k a&mufuek =f u+yD jzpfwef&monf? xkad cwfru l m; olw@kd oabm rayguw f ikd ;f u|eaf wmfrh mS pdwyf ifyef; &ayonf? wpfae@aomf pdwf cyfysufysuf ESifhrdk@ Xmeqdkif&m pmar;yGJ atmifvdkvnf; atmifap/ ratmif vdv k nf; usap/ pmar;yGJ ajz&if; &efuek +f rKd Œ Yvnf; vnfywf&if; qdo k vdk u|efawmfonf &efukef+rdKŒodk@ xGufvm cJhavonf? &efukefodk@ a&mufvSsif wuUodkvf ausmif;om; b0u aomufcJhzl;aom vufzuf&nfqdkif odk@ t&if 0ifrdonf? xdk vufzuf&nfqdkifum; paumhaps;wGif &Sdonf? xkdqdkifwGif u|efawmf vufzuf&nf aomufaepOf atmifqef; onf rvSr;f rurf; rS 0ifvmonf? Tta=umif;udk u|eaf wmf wpfcgu a&;om;cJzh ;l +y?D ,ck 'kw, d rRd xyfrH a&;om;aomtcg atmifqef;onf uwH;k qHawmuf ruswus qHyif wdw k kd nSyx f m;onf udk awGŒ&I tawmfyif oyfoyf&yf&yf &Sad yonf [k cs;D rGr;f rdawmhonf? u|eaf wmfonf olŒtm; &$e;f &$e;f pm;pm; =unfrh o d nf? olu rwkerf v_y?f pum;udk av;vH;k jynfah tmif ajymvdo k nfh vuQ%m r&S?d u|eaf wmfh &ifwiG ;f Yum; xkad cwf vli,fpk wd@k . v_y&f mS ;r_ wd@k udk ca&aph wGi;f us ar;=unfh vd. k ? od@k aomf xdak e&monf ar;oifah om ae&m r[kw?f atmifqef;um; }u;D us,f eufeaJ om t}uH wpfcu k kd awG;awm aeonfh yrm &S. d ? xk@d a=umifh rar;xdu k o f nf udyk if ar;rdjyef.? atmifqef;um; +yKH ;+z+J zEJ iS ?hf c¶krmS tqH/ vlrmS t}uH [laom aqmify'k u f kd u|eaf wmft h m; ay;.? u|eaf wmfonf ae@&uf rsm;udk rrSwrf /d a&S;aESmif; tpDtpOf wd@k udv k nf; rrSwrf ?d od@k aomf ta=umif;csi;f w tjzpftysuf wd@k onf twdwf umvwnf; [laom wif;wdrf t=um; xJrS u|eaf wmft h m; ,ae@wdik f ud, k x f if jyvsuf &So d nf? u|eaf wmfonf &efuek rf S tjyef [oFmwudk 0if.? xkt d csed w f iG f [oFmw+rKd Œ &yfuu G f wpfcYk rD;avmif+y;D p jzpf.? useG af wmf a&mufcsed w f iG f ta&;ydik f OD;umpdEiS hf [oFmwod@k ajymif;vm ump &mZ0wf0ef rpPwm aZAD;,m; wd@k onf rD;avmifajrudk oGm;a&muf =unf¶h a_ ecsed f jzpf.? u|eaf wmfum; OD;umpdukd 0ifI E_wq f uf&ef rD;avmifajr od@k oGm;cJ. h ? OD;umpdEiS hf tvif;tdrfr* ➅

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awGŒ&.? OD;umpdu u|eaf wmft h m; rpPwm aZAD;,m;ESihf rdwq f uf ay;.? xdrk S wpfzef rdrd ¶H;k xdik &f m a'ood@k xGucf jhJ yefonf? rsm;r=umrDyif [oFmw &mZ0wf0ef rpPwm aZAD;,m; qdo k rl mS atmifqef;tm; qkaiG ig;usyf xkwcf zhJ ;l ol jzpfonf[k =um;&avonf? qkaiG ig;usyf qdkonfrSm &,fp&m? odk@aomf usGefawmf r&,fEkdifyg? tb,fha=umifh rod? "aeao;oy +cKH xu J " [laom pdwrf sK;d ay:vmygonf? rpPwm aZAD;,m; tay: pdwcf ak om pdwrf sK;d r[kwyf g? od@k aomf tkycf sKyo f l vlrsK;d }u;D u tkycf sKycf &H ol vlrsK;d uav; wpfrsK;d udk apmfum;jcif; jzpfonf [lIum; pdwx f w J iG f "aw;" rdonfukd 0efcv H ykd gonf? rcHcsiaf om pdw/f t¶H;_ ray;vdak om pdw/f rSeo f nf [k ,lq rdonfEiS hf wpf+yKd ief uf ZGwx f ;dk vkyv f akd om pdw/f ig rSm;vSsif igah qmf/ ol rSm;vSsif olŒ aqmfrnf [laom pdw?f xdpk w d f wd@k a=umifh u|eaf wmfonf &cdik jf ynfo@kd vGihf cJjh yefygonf? xk@d a=umifh atmifqef; ESihf u|eaf wmfrmS r,fwpf&mG armif wpf+rKd Œ rSsru olu ajrmuf 0if¶;kd pGe;f a&mufaecsed 0f ,f u|eaf wmfu awmif 0if¶;kd pGe;f od@k a&mufaebd ouJo h @kd &Sjd yefygonf? od@k ygaomf jim;vnf; olŒ owif;udk em;pGirhf o d nf? xdpk Ofu ykvyd Xf merS jrefrm wpfjynfv;kH twGuf Ekid if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_ tpD&ifcpH m rsm;udk t+rKd Œ+rKd Œod@k vSsKŒd 0Supf m taejzifh ay;yd@k avh&o dS nf? xdk vSsKŒd 0Suf tpD&ifcpH m rsm;wGif a&eHajr ocifw@kd . v_y&f mS ;r_ukd zwf&onf? od@k aomf &efuek +f rKd Œ&Sd 'd@k Arm tpnf;t¶H;k owif;rsm;rSm +ird o f ufaeonf? &efuek Yf +ird o f uf onfEiS hf trSs t&yf&yf Yum; txl; x=uG v_y&f mS ;aeonf? od@k yg vsuEf iS hf atmifqef;. v_y&f mS ;r_ukd tpD&ifcpH m xJY rawGŒ&acs? ,if;od@k rawGŒ&jcif; rSm rqef;yg? ta=umif; rlum; atmifqef; azmrdq k m od@k a&mufae+yD [laom yg;pyf owif; onf &cdkifjynf Y acsmifus vSaom awmifukwf+rdKŒ odk@ a&mufvm aoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdt k csed Yf taemufEikd if H ppfowif; wd@k onf xdwv f ef@zG,f yif jzpfawmhonf? xk@d a=umifh a&SŒa&; aemufa&; udk =unfI h useG af wmf cGi, hf o l nf? (1941) ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae@ yg;vf[mbm udk AH;k usI (12) em&D cef@rSs t=um wGif u|eaf wmfvnf; cGi&hf aoma=umifh tvkyu f kd tjcm;ol wpfO;D tm; 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;ompGm ESihf v$aJ y; cJah vonf? (1941) ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (20) &ufae@ rS (26) &ufae@ txd u|eaf wmf wd@k om;trd om;tz wpfawG awmifuw k f rS yef;awmif; od@k ajcvsif avSsmuf cJ=h uygonf? wpfnwGif a&ay:}u;D Y pcef; csonf? xkpd cef; a&mufvsS iyf if tdy&f m ay:od@k ypfvJS vdu k yf gonf? u|eaf wmf wpfiu kd af vmuf tdyaf rmus oGm;pOf tdyrf uf xJwiG f ocif xGe;f tky. f toHukd =um;&ygonf? ol. toHrmS &cdik f ¶d;k r awmifwef; wpfcv k ;kH [de;f oGm; ygonf? tcsed rf mS n (9) em&D ausmaf usmyf if &SOd ;D rnf? awm}u;D rsurf nf; xJwiG f xH;k pH 108

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twdik ;f qdv k sS if orifu a[mufI acs (*s)D u awmufoH =um;&zd@k &So d nf? od@k wnf; r[kwf qiftyk rf sm; 0g;yd;k 0g; udk pm;onfh toH =um;&zd@k &So d nf? od@k wnf; r[kwf usm;[de;f oH udk =um;&zdk@ &Sdonf? odk@aomf "&Jabmfw@kd "[laom toHonf yJw h ifoH xyfomG ;onf? =uufoD; arG;nif;udk xaponf? u|efawmf onf tdyf&mrS aigufueJ xvdkufonf? bmoHygvrd ?hf cs,&f yD ef; yGi&hf m a'orS jzpfaom wdu k sK+d rKd ŒrS toHvi$ hf vdu k o f nfh ocif xGe;f tky. f toH x=uavmh =u=G u avmh cs=uavmh? awm}u;D rsurf nf; xJY a&'D,kd udk tpGr;f ukef toHziG hf xm;onf? a&'D,kd zGio hf l rSm yD'AvsL'D Xme [k ac:aom jynfoŒl vkyif ef; XmerS tdAk mqD,m wpfO;D jzpfonf? awm}u;D awmif}u;D xJwiG f +Aw d o d sS Oa&my pufuiG ;f rSm w'*F rSs vGwaf om ae&mudk ususee a&G;cs,f I awmfveS af &; w&m; wd@k udk tm;& yg;& emol rSm +Aw d o d sS tkycf sKyaf &; puf ,Eœ&m; xJrS ao;i,faom 0uftl wpfacsmif; jzpfayonf? ao;i,faom 0uftrl @kd ravmufav; ravmufpm; [k rxif ygEiS ?hf ol. pdw"f mwfukd =unfyh g? trSefrSm u|efawmf onf xdk tdkAmqD,m udk aumif;pGm rodyg? olŒudk awmifuw k +f rKd Œ Y awGŒ&onf qd¶k rkH sS awGŒvdu k &f onf xif.? od@k aomf jyefI awGŒqHk &onf wdik af tmif oluvnf; u|eaf wmfu h kd rSwrf d csirf S rSwrf rd nf? u|eaf wmf uvnf; olŒudk rSwrf cd sif rS rSwrf rd nf? xkn d u a&ay:}u;D Y pcef;cs csed rf mS ntcsed f jzpfI arSmifEiS hf rnf;rnf; awmpcef; xJwiG f olEiS v hf nf; vlcsi;f rqHk Edik yf g? od@k ygvsuf ESihf olŒ pdw"f mwfukd rnfo@kd =unf&h rnfenf;? Todk@ apm'u wufvdkol &SdvSsif wufxdkuf ayonf? u|efawmfum; xdk tdAk mqD,m u awm}u;D rsurf nf; xJY a&'D,kd tpGr;f ukef zGiI hf em;axmifjcif; t"dym` ,f udk ud, k cf si;f pm =unfrh d aoma=umifh ,if;od@k ajymrdjcif; jzpfyg.? ,cktcg t&m&Su d kd Ekid if aH &; orm; tcsKŒd wd@k u rsK;d cspf yk*Kd~ vf r[kwf ovdv k kd qufqH avh&o dS nf? u|Eykf w f @kd uvnf; Edik if aH &; orm; wdik ;f trsK;d udk cspo f nf [k r,lq? od@k aomf xkd tdAk mqD,m . tjzpfY ol. &ifwiG ;f od@k 0if=unfh vSsif jrefrm Edik if aH wmf vGwaf jrmufa&; twGuf ocif atmifqef; udk rnfrsS pdwaf pm aea=umif; txift&Sm; awGŒ& ayvdrrhf nf? xkpd Ofu rsK;d cspf jynfcspf om;&wem wd@k onf ocif atmifqef; . ya,m* a=umifh xkdrSsavmuf pdwf rmefzDvsuf &Sd=u+yD? u|efawmfonf ocif xGef;tkyf . toHvi$ chf suf udk tptqH;k em;axmif =unfo h nf? vGwv f yfa&; Armh wyfrawmf xJwiG f ocif atmifqef; yg0ifvsuf &So d nf udk od&av+y?D u|eaf wmf. idu k jf rnf; aom OD;aESmuf xJwiG f +Aw d o d sS ppfonfawmfw@kd atmifjrifpmG qkwcf mG oGm;aom ajcoHrsm; ¶_y, f u S cf wf vm+y;D vSsif u|eaf wmf vnf; ESp+f cKd upf mG tdyaf ysmo f mG ; ygonf? u|eaf wmf. ae&if; Xmeudk jyefI a&mufomG ; tcsed f Yum; vGwv f yfa&; Armh tvif;tdrfr* ➥

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wyfrawmf owif;/ atmifqef; owif;/ oH;k a&mifjc,f tvH owif;/ Adv k v f aS z (Adv k v f usmf ) udk }uKd ;rde@f ay;aom owif; ponf wd@k onf a&'D,kd rS wpfqifh t&yf xJwiG f ysŒH ES@H I aecJah vonf? xk@d aemufYum; u|eaf wmf. ae&yfonf bDtikd af t . a&SŒajy; jzpfaom bDtikd af t a&mifjcnfawmf ESihf a&m v$waf om oH;k a&mifjc,f vufywf0wf ta&;ay: ocif topf pufpuf jzpfaom bDtikd af t twk wd@k u ae@cif; a=umifawmif tdraf &SŒayguf rS wufI rk'rd ;f usijhf cif; udk cHvu kd f &ygonf? u|eaf wmf onf pdww f iG f usw d I f Adv k cf sKyf udak tmifqef; wrf;w rdygonf? od@k aomf Adv k cf sKyo f nf bd;k bd;k atmif uJo h @kd ay:rvmyg? bDtikd af t wyf tppf rS ud, k pf m;vS,f jzpfaom jrpf0u|e;f ay: wm0efcH wd@k vma&muf onfh tcgrS &yf&mG tenf;i,f at;oGm; cJyh gonf? u|eaf wmf ESihf atmifqef; jyefI awGŒ&ef vrf;um; rsm;pGm r&Sad cs? awGŒ jyef ygvsS iu f m; Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef; jzpfaeacs+y?D xdt k cg rsuEf mS xm;rSm ,cif uxuf ¶_o;kd od;k jzpfaumif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf? odk@&mwGif Armh wyfrawmf ppfom; pkaqmif;a&; twGuf Adv k o f rd ;f aqG ,lvmaom pm&Gupf mwrf; wd@k Y Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef; . ¶kyyf v kH m$ rSm ¶_o;kd od;k r[kwaf cs? atmifqef;onf Adv k cf sKyf tjzpfEiS hf tawmfyif oyfoyf&yf&yf &Sv d mav+yD [k xifro d nf? ol@yHu k kd =unf&h aomtcg ppfom;¶kyf ayguaf e+yD udk awGŒ&onf? igv h u l *syefawGe@J ,SO+f yKd if awmhvnf; t+rw J rf; wpfru kd f avmufawmh jrifah erSm ygyJ [k u|efawmfu oabmusus ESifh awG;rd.? odk@&mwGif ol@ rsufESmay; udk aoaocsmcsm =unfjh yefaomf xl;jcm;csuf wpfcu k kd awGŒrd ovdv k kd &S. d ? xdk tcsuu f m; tjcm;r[kw/f atmifqef;onf Armh vGwv f yfa&; wdu k yf w JG iG f ppfO;D rS ygvmapumrl olonf ol. ywf0ef;usif tajctae udk tauseyf}u;D auseyfaeol r[kwf [laom tcsuf jzpfonf? *syefacwf Adv k cf sKyf b0Y u|eaf wmf awGŒcJo h rSs rSm Adv k cf sKy. f rsuEf mS xm; onf tvdk rjynfo h nfh rsuEf mS xm; omvSsi jf zpfbo d nf? ol. t=unfrh mS ta0;od@k iHv h ifah om t=unfh jzpfonf? olu rdwaf qG. rsuEf mS udk pl;pdu k I f =unfo h nf qdyk gawmh? xkt d cg rdwaf qGu olonf rdwaf qGukd =unfah eonf [k xifEikd rf nf r[kw/f rdwaf qG . rsuEf mS udk azmufxGif;I a0;vHaom t&yfodk@ arSsmfrSef; a,mif,rf;um =unfhaeonf [k xifrd ayvdrrhf nf? Tt=unfrh mS pdwf xJwiG f [maeaom t=unfh jzpfonf? Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef;onf trSeyf if pdw[ f m aeay vdrrhf nf? tb,fa=umifh enf;? olonf tajccH oabm tm;jzifh pdwful;,Of orm; jzpf.? atmifqef;udk EdkifiHa&; }uKd ;yrf;ol tjzpfjzifh yufyif;yg awGŒvdu k f olrsm; tzd@k olonf t¶dik ;f yuwdEiS hf wlaumif; wlayvdrrhf nf? Oyrm '*kew f m&m . atmifqef; t¶dik ;f ....ud=k unf?h ¶dik ;f onfrmS rSeaf y vdrrhf nf? wdu k jf cif; cdu k jf cif;onf t¶dik ;f b0. vkyif ef;jzpf.? rvGwv f yfaom b0Y u|Eykf w f @kd 110

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wdu k &f cdu k &f OD;rnfom jzpf.? xdk wdu k cf u kd f aeaom tcdu k t f wef@ Y u|eaf wmft h m; vl,Ofaus; [k axmrem jyKvsS if u|eaf wmf onf qJonfxuf emrnf jzpf.? u|eaf wmf xifonf? atmifqef; wdu k yf JG qifaepOf olŒtm; vl,Ofaus; [k usEG ykf w f @kd ac:a0:vSsif olvnf; trSef"a'gazmif;"rnf jzpf.? od@k aomf ol. yifu, kd f y oaE< pdwf udk tuJcwf =unfv h sS if tEkynmY arGŒavsmf vdak om pdwu f ;l ,Of orm; wpfa,muf jzpfa=umif; awGŒ&S=d u &ayvdrrhf nf? od@k aomf Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef; taejzifh vufawGŒ vkyif ef;Y tb,fa=umifh vufprG ;f xufyg oenf;? Ttcsuu f kd u|eaf wmf aemufyikd ;f a&mufrS xif&Sm; ay:vGifatmif jyyg&ap? ,ck pum; tvsOf;oifh orSs ajym&aomf atmifqef;onf pdwu f ;l ,Of orm; yDyD jrefrmjynfo@kd ol. Armh wyfrawmfom; rsm;ESihf twl csw D uf&mY ol pdwu f ;l ,Of xm;ovdk jzpf&rnf [k rSe;f q xm;[ef wl.? od@k aomf pdwful;onf pdwful;om wnf;? vufawGŒ Y tiwf ocifESifh wrwf ocif wdk@onf bDtikd af t [laom ta&+cKH I pyg;yHu k kd wufI vk=u uke. f ? ukvm;udk ¶du k =f u uke. f ? w¶kwu f kd Edu _ =f u uke. f ? u&ifukd wdu k =f u uke. f ? a&csed f wufvm aomtcg Arm Armcsi;f udv k nf; ¶du k Ef u _d f wdu k cf u kd f =ujyef.? xkt d cg *syefw@kd u Armwd@k . yg;udk ¶du k =f u avuke. f ? Adv k cf sKyo f nf ,if;od@k vufawGŒ tjzpftysuf rsK;d udk pdwu f ;l xJY xnfI h =unfch v hJ rd rhf nf r[kw?f od@k aomf ol. a&SŒarSmufY yifvsS if wdik ;f &if;om; tcsi;f csi;f zaemifph m au|;ae =uonfukd *syefu tay:rSm cGp;D I vufonf;cGH cGmaeav+y?D Adv k cf sKyf ud, k w f ikd f yifvsS if rDemrD (Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ;) . t}urd ;f tarmif; udk cH,l cJ&h onf r[kwaf vm? jrefrmjynf wGi;f od@k Adv k cf sKyf ESiw hf uG *syef {u&mZf bk&if rif;jrwf . wyfrawmf onf 0ifa&muf vmav+y?D &Jabmf oH;k usyd f [k *k%f [dwf awZm xGe;f ajymif pGmaom Armh &ifEpS f om;&wem wd@k 0ifa&muf vmav+y?D od@k &mwGif Adv k af Z,s wd@k cs=uuke. f ? *syef ESihf Adv k f vusmf wd@k ESu=f u uke. f ? *syef ESihf Adv k f ausmaf Zm wd@k aqmf=u uke. f ? Armh vGwv f yfa&; wyfrawmfom; wd@k um; =um;xJu tacsmif twD; cH&onfh t}urd f aygi;f rSm ra& rwGuf Edik af wmh+y?D xd@k a=umifh Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef; u *syef ppfO;D pD; XmecsKyf tm; awmif;qd. k ? xkd awmif;qdck suf rSm Armh vGwv f yfa&; wyfrawmf udk Adv k cf sKyf wd@k u OD;pD; acgi;f aqmif jyK I Armjynf wGif aus;&Gm e,fy,f od@k odr;f ydu k af &; udk pDr&H ef jzpf.? ,if;od@k awmif;qdk vdu k o f nf ESihf wpf+yKd ief uf *syef todu k f t0ef; rSm &mZrmef &S avawmhonf? wpfae@aomf Adv k cf sKyEf iS hf Adv k v f usmf wd@k udk OD;wnfI wm0efcH wd@k tm; Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ; u qifah c:.? Adv k cf sKyf ESihf Adv k v f usmf wd@k vlou kd f onf Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ; pHjref;&m tdraf wmfo@kd tzl; tarSsmf nDvmcH 0if =uav.? xdt k rd rf mS ,ck +Aw d o d sS oH¶;kH wnf&m aetdrf jzpfonf xif.? tdrx f &J dS {nfch ef;od@k Adv k cf sKyw f @kd wpfou kd f 0ifomG ; =uaom tcg tapmifh wd@k u tvif;tdrfr* ❮

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tcef; wHcg;udk vHak tmif ydwf avonf? "tJ'D tcsed u f usKyf wd@k awmh 'DwpfcsD rSm;oGm;+yD vd@k wGuf rdwmyJ"[k Adv k v f usmf onf u|eaf wmfh tm; jyefajym zl;.? Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ; onf us,af vmifpmG }urd ;f armif;I tay:xyfr Adv k cf sKyf wd@k tm; aiguif rf;um *syef "m;vGwf ESihf Adv k cf sKyt f m; xd;k rnf[ h ef jyK.? *syef [lonfrmS a=umufwwfol udk +zaJ jcmuf aom vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d wnf;? Tae&m rsK;d Y Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ; omvSsif rd;k }uKd ; tppf jzpfcv hJ sS if xdpk Ofu yifvsS if Adv k cf sKyo f nf u|Eykf w f @kd tm; rsuEf mS v$J cJrh nf trSef jzpf.? od@k aomf Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ;. "m;vGw}f u;D [d&k rf; onf&rf; &rf; aecdu k w f iG f Adv k cf sKyf onfvnf; ol. "m;vGwf udk qGu J ikd f vdu k af vonf? ,ae@ u|Eykf w f @kd vGwv f yfa&; &cJo h nfrmS xdpk Ofu Adv k cf sKyf "m;vGwu f kd qGu J ikd f vdu k jf cif; a=umifyh if jzpfonf [k qdEk ikd yf g.? od@k aomf Adv k cf sKyo f nf }urd zf ef rsm;pGm "m;vGwu f kd qG&J zd@k uH=urRm }uKH vmcJo h nf? tb,fha=umifh qdkaomf bDtdkifat a&mausmf wdk@. 'kuQ/ *syef nSOf;yef; ESdyfpufr_ 'kuw Q @kd a=umifh vGwv f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;r_ wnf; [laom oJaomifjyif 0,f ol. pdwu f ;l ,Of oJyakH pwD udk vufawGŒ ed,mr w&m;wnf; [laom vdi_ ;f wd@k onf ykwcf wf zsuq f ;D vdu k af oma=umifh jzpfownf;? xd@k a=umifh Adv k cf sKyo f nf bDtikd af t ac: Armh vGwv f yfa&; wyfrawmfukd bD'aD t [k ac:aom Armh umuG,af &; wyfrawmf tjzpfo@kd topf jyefvnf yHo k iG ;f &jyefavonf? u|eaf wmfonf Adv k cf sKyf udk cif.? xk@d a=umifh vnf; Adv k cf sKy. f om; &Jabmfrsm; udk cifr. d ? u|eaf wmfu Adv k cf sKyu f kd cifrif onfEiS hf ol. om; &Jabmfrsm; uvnf; olŒudk cifrif vdrrhf nf[k ,Hrk w S f rd.? od@k aomf om; [lIyif qd&k jim;vnf; om;qd;k om;rdu k f [lI &Sw d wf ao;onfukd rawG;rd? tb,fa=umifh qdak omf u|eaf wmfvnf; wpfcgu pdwu f ;l ,Of orm; r[kwcf hJ ygavoavm? xd@k a=umifh bDtikd af t udk bD'aD t [k ajymif;vdu k f aomtcg t&dyt f jcnfukd em;rvnf &Smaom om;qd;k om;rdu k f vufwpfqyk f avmufu Adv k cf sKyf tm; "m;}urd ;f }urd ;f onf udk em;ESihf qwfqwf =um;cJ&h .? bk&m; bk&m; ig em;=um; vGaJ vovm;? rvGyJ g? "iyef@udk raqmf&&if ird;k udk aqmf &vdrrhf ,fa[h" xdpk um;udk ajymaom xdo k il ,f udk u|eaf wmf jyefrawGŒ &onfrmS &SpEf pS af usmf &S+d y?D ol. owif; tpte vnf; r=um;& awmhyg? pdwv f u kd f rmefyg ajymqdI k pdwv f u kd f rmefyg wyfxrJ S xGuo f mG ; ygonf? wu,fwrf; rSmrl ol bmrSs vkyu f ikd f }upH nfonf [k rawGŒ&yg? wyfxu J xGuo f nfah e@ rSpI rdb vufiw k f ukeo f nf vkyv f suf &So d nf udo k m u|eaf wmf awGŒcJ&h ygonf? od@k aomf xkpd Ofu xGuv f maom xdpk um;udk u|eaf wmf arhypfI r&yg? xdo k il ,f ESihf u|eaf wmf vrf;rcGJ =urD u|eaf wmfu olŒtm; E_wq f uf pum; ajymvdu k f ygao;onf? 112

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“&Jabmf rif;u *syefukd aqmfz@kd wpfcw k nf; om pdwx f rJ mS r$eaf ew,f? a&SŒaemuf 0J,m r=unfh wwfao;bl;? bD'aD t zGŒJ wm ta=umif; wpfck &Srd ,fu?G 'Dawmh rif; 'Dpum;rsK;d udk rod rvdrmR wJh aumifav;awG a&SŒrSm rajymeJ@"olonf u|eaf wmft h m; bmrSs jyef rajymbJ rdi_ af wGI aeygonf? u|eaf wmf. =o0g'udk oabmayguf avoavm/ rayguaf v oavm u|eG af wmf ra0cGJ Edik yf g? *syef awmfveS af &; Yrl olEiS hf ol. nDtpfuakd wmf rsm; tm;vH;k yg0ifum bD'aD t wnf axmifonfh ae@rS pI pDvm; &du k rf a_ =umifh taygi;f tazmf wpfO;D udk *syef wd@k u vufzs¶H ;kd tqpf vGo J nfh wdik af tmif ¶du k Ef u S f ppfonf udv k nf; u|eaf wmf owd& vsuyf if &Syd gonf? *syefukd awmfveS &f zd@k ude;f uvnf; }uKH aeonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd +rKd Œay:&Sd ykvyd f t&m&Sd wpfpk uvnf; *syef ppfbuf qdik &f m wd@k udk ac:I 'd@k Arm tpnf;t¶H;k ESihf tm&S vli,f acgif;aqmif ocif wdk@tm; tdrfaygufaph vdkufjyum vufnSdK; xdk;I aeaom udpv P nf; ay:vm+y?D rdr. d +rKd Œa&; &Gma&; twGuf pdww f xifx h ifh jzpfaeonfh txJrmS &efuek +f rKd Œod@k ac:,laom oH}uKd ;pm trde@f pm twefwef wd@k a=umifh 'd@k Arm tpnf;t¶H;k acgi;f aqmif u|eaf wmf. OD;av; ESihf tm&Svil ,f u|eaf wmf. nD (ESpOf ;D pvH;k *syef towfcH &olrsm;) tm; owd 0D&, d ESihf aexkid &f ef rSm=um;+y;D &efuek o f @kd xGuv f m cJyh gonf? xkt d csed u f m; Adv k cf sKyo f nf ajrmif;jrol a':cif=unf ESihf vufxyf+y;D p tcsed t f cg jzpfonf? Adv k cf sKy. f a,mufz armifoed ;f vS vnf; ajcmufp axmifaeaom tcsed t f cg jzpfonf? armifoed ;f vSEiS hf u|eaf wmfrmS i,foil ,fcsi;f jzpfI olŒ"mwfa=um udk u|eaf wmf em;vnf oif h o avmuf em;vnf ygonf ? ol aysmf w wf o nf / &$ i f w wf o nf ? aemufwwfonf? ajymifwwfonf/ xd@k a=umifh ol tb,frsyS if ajcmufpaxmif axmif u|eaf wmf wd@k oli,fcsi;f wpfawG uawmh &,f=uygonf? u|eaf wmfum; armifoed ;f vSukd =unfhI &,frd&if; u aemifa&;udk warSsmf wac:}uD; awG;=unfh rdygonf? aemifa&; qdo k nfrmS Adv k cf sKy. f ta&;csn;f r[kwyf g? Adv k cf sKyEf iS hf qufpyf yl;uyfaeaom vGwv f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;r_ jzpfygonf? Adv k cf sKyf tdraf xmifus onfEiS hf wpfrsK;d om;vH;k ta&;[m I oGm;avrvm;? armifoed ;f vS ajcmufp axmif ovdk a':cif=unf ajcmufp axmif avrvm;? pdwq f ;kd vdo k w l @kd qd;k =uygawmh? u|eaf wmfh rSmrl onfvo kd m awG;rdonf? bGi;f bGi;f ajym&vSsif useG af wmfh &ifwiG ;f 0,f onfvkd oHo, rsK;d ay:aygucf o hJ nf? od@k aomf Adv k cf sKy. f ta0;od@k iHv h ifah om rsupf u d =kd unf?h a':cif=unf. odraf rGŒaom rsupf u d kd =unf/h onfEpS cf u k kd ,SO=f unfh vdkufjyefaomf u|efawmf. rzG,f&m aom oHo, wdk@onf t&nfaysmfI usoGm; jyefavonf? trSerf mS Adv k cf sKy. f &ifwiG ;f Y pdwq f mI aeonf? ol.om; &Jabmfrsm; twGuf pdwq f m aeonfh tcsuw f pfcsu/f *syef nSO;f yrf;r_ a=umifh pdwq f m aeonfh tcsuw f pfcsu/f tvif;tdrfr* ë

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onfEpS cf suf tay:wGif pdwt f m¶Hk pl;pdu k f aecsed Yf twGi;f rD; tjyifrxkw/f tjyifr;D twGi;f roGi;f ol yg&rD jznfah zmf jznfzh uf a':cif=unf [lIrSs r&Sv d sS if Adv k cf sKyo f nf aemufxyf "m;vGwu f kd qG&J zd@k &Sad eonf? onfwpfcg "m;vGwf qGv J sS if Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ; a&SŒ Y qG&J awmhrnfh r[kwf *sief &,fu 0gb. D a&SŒwGif qG&J csrd rhf nf? xdt k cg rD;yGihf vdrrhf nf? xdt k cg u|eaf wmf qufI rSsyif rawG;0Hah wmhyg? Adv k cf sKyw f @kd ZeD; armifEHS onf tdraf xmif a&; okcudk cspcf if =uifempGm &S=d ujcif; onfyifvsS if vGwv f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;r_ twGuf taxmuf tyHh jzpfaponf udk ZeD; armifEEHS pS f OD;tm; awGŒvdu k f &onfh c%Y yifvsS if u|eaf wmf tuJjzwf rdygonf? a':cif=unfonf rD;zdak csmifukd ydik o f nf? Adv k cf sKyo f nf vGwv f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;r_ tvkycf iG f udk ydik o f nf? od@k aomf a':cif=unf onf Adv k cf sKy. f tvkycf iG Ef iS hf qdik o f nf? Adv k cf sKyv f nf; a':cif=unf. rD;zdak csmifEiS hf qdik o f nf? od@k &mwGif olw@kd ZeD; armifEu HS m; rdrw d @kd qdik o f m qdik af omfvnf; rydik af om ta&;wGif 0ifI rpGu=f uacs? acgi;f aqmifaumif; jzpfxu kd af om t*Fg&yfwiG f Ttcsuo f nf omrn jzpfvsuEf iS hf ta&; t}u;D qH;k aom tcsuf jzpfonf? Ttcsuu f kd rydik af om acgi;f aqmif wd@k onf wpfO;D +y;D wpfO;D usq;kH vsuf &So d nfukd rsuaf rSmuf &mZ0ifu oufao cHaeonf? &efuek o f @kd u|eaf wmf a&mufpwGif Adv k cf sKyw f @kd ZeD;armifEHS owif;udk axmuf=unfh onf? olwdk@ESpfOD; tuJudk cwf=unfh+yD; auseyfaom tajz xGufvmonf wGifrS u|eaf wmfvnf; ESpo f uf vmonf? od@k ESihf armifoed ;f vSukd &efuek Yf watmifah vmuf awGŒ&aomtcg "a[h a':cif = unf uawmh rif ; vd k r[k w f b l ; "[k u|efawmfu ajymrdonf?"a[h oluol igu iguG"[k qdkum armifodef;vS onf olwpfyg; xHrS tEdik u f siIhf pD;vmaom armfawmfum;jzifh Adv k cf sKyw f @kd tdrb f ufo@kd xGuo f mG ; avawmhonf? u|efawmfonf &efukef a&mufvm onfrS oHk;vrSs ruawmh+yD? odk@&mwGif tvkyu f yljyif; vSaoma=umifh Adv k cf sKyEf iS hf rqHpk nf; Edik yf g? qHpk nf;&ef ta=umif;vnf; bmrSs r&Sad o;yg? qHpk nf;rnfh qHpk nf; jyefawmh Adv k cf sKyo f nf u|eaf wmft h m; E_wq f uf awmhrnfhyHk uJhodk@ watmifhavmuf awGI &yf=unfh+yD;aemuf ¶_odk;odk;ESifh vSnfhxGuf oGm;ygonf? "vufwdk*sif trdEdk@ESifh rjcm;" [laom a=umfjim pum; uJhodk@ ocifEk. pGyfus,fonf a': jr&D. Zmabmf'DESifh rjcm;acs? a':jr&D. Zmabmf'D aemufausm0,f wufwif; xk;d xmaom Zmaygurf sm; &So d nf? ocifE. k pGyu f s,t f usô aemufausm Yvnf; wufwif; rxd;k bJEiS hf o,HZmw ayguaf eaom Zmaygurf sm; &Sad vonf? pifppf ocifE. k Zmaygurf sm; onf a':jr&D. Zmaygurf sm;xuf +rKd iyf gayonf? u|eaf wmfonf ukuKdU i;f vrf;&Sd ocifEk aeaom tdraf emufaz;0,f &cdik jf ynf awmfveS af &; acgi;f aqmif OD;ndKxeG ;f (,cifu 114

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jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D ,ck a&'D,jkd yifq&m) . wJukd tarGc, H u l m wpfO;D ESihf wpfO;D obm0csi;f rwlaom OD;^m% ESihf udrk sK;d rif;wd@k udk tazmfjyKum ae@tcsed w f iG f aeI ntcsed w f iG f AH;k cdu k si;f xJY tdycf hJ &ygonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd oH;k OD;om;rSm a': jr&Dtm; rScD u kd m {nfo h nfae {nfo h nfpm; jzpfI rsm;pGm oufaomifh oufom &Sv d aS yonf? tcsed w f ef+yv D m; qdv k sS if a':jr&D. wausmaf usmf ac:oHukd emcHum xrif;pm;cef; xJo@kd oH;k OD;om; pDwef; avSsmufcyhJ gonf? od@k aom af ':jr&D. xrif;pm;yGu J kd wpfcgz;l rSs oydwf rarSmufc?hJ TrSsavmuf aus;Zl;opPm apmifo h d ¶dak o cJh=uygonf?xdkpOfu ocifA[def; ESifh ol. ZeD; rcif}uD; wdk@onf ocifEk wdk@ESifh twlaeygonf? wpfae@ aomtcg OD;nm%/ udrk sK;d rif;ESihf u|eaf wmfw@kd xrif;pm;&ef [efjyif aepOf ocifEkonf oGm;acsmif wdkuf&if; usGefawmfwdk@ESifh pum;ajymygonf? xdktcg ocifA[de;f onf txkyif ,f wpfcu k kd csKid ;f =um;xJ nSyu f m xrif;pm;cef; xJo@kd 0ifvm ygonf? ocifA[de;f Y csK+d yKH ;aom rsuEf mS tpOf &So d nf? xkad e@u ol. rsuEf mS csK+d yKH ;yHrk mS rde;f ra=umifh rmefzaD eaom wmaem bDv;l udyk if t&nfaysmf apEdik . f ? od@k aomfocifE. k rsuEf mS xm; wif;aeonf udk u|eaf wmf owdxm;rdvu kd yf gonf? "ud}k u;D Ek pGyu f s,f tusu ô kd c|wf ygawmhAsm"[k ocif A[de;f u c&D; a&mufrqdu k f qdv k u kd o f nf? rD;zdak csmif bufrS yJjyKwf yef;uefukd udik &f if; 0ifvmol a':jr&Du "trav;awmf &Sw d m 0wfwm bmvkyzf @kd c|w&f rSmwke;f " [k atmfajymygonf? "pGyu f s,f tusaô wG aygveG ;f vd@k Asm"[k ocifA[de;f u +yHK;csKdpGm jyefI ajymygonf? "&Siw f @kd om aygwm ygawmf" [k a': jr&D u awmfoH udk awmoH ESihf a&mI aigh vdu k af vonf? "a=omf rr&D wd@k u 'ga=umifch ufwm? b,fEx S nf vdck sio f vJ""atmifr,f ckrS avmuGwf racsmyf ge@J ? armifw@kd &Sv d suef @J usKyv f ifrmS pGyu f s,f Zmayguyf J 0wfae&w,f"/ "u|eaf wmfw@kd &Sv d @kd a[m'Dvkd pGyu f s,af wG 0wf&wm aygAh sm"[k qdu k m ocifA[de;f u wa,m wHqyd f pGyu f s,f oH;k av;xnfukd txkyx f rJ S ajzI a':jr&D vufxo J @kd xnfyh gonf? Ttcsdef wGif ocifEkum; a&csKd;cef; xJodk@ 0ifav+yD? a': jr&Donf tHhtm; oifhaom auseyfaom/ yDwd a&mif v$r;f aom/ aus;Zl;wifaom rsuEf mS xm;jzifh ocifA[de;f ay;aom pGyu f s,f tusô wd@k udk jzef@um ppfaq; =unf¶h &_ if; "b,fu&wmvJ"[k ocifA[de;f udk ar;avonf? "ud}k u;D Eku Adv k cf sKyu f kd pdwaf umuf+y;D pum; rajymvd@k Adv k cf sKyu f acsmw h ?hJ pGyu f s,f tusô rr&D ,lxm;+y;D ud}k u;D Ekukd qifay;vdu k yf gAsm"/"atmifr,f q&m 'Davmufe@J acsmv h @kd raysmb h ;l ? armifa&/ wpf'gZifrS wpf'gZif rS" Adv k cf sKyEf iS hf ocifEw k @kd b,ftcg/ b,fae&mrSm/ b,fvkd pum;ajym tayguf tvif;tdrfr* ✟

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rwnfo h nf udk useG af wmf rod/ Adv k cf sKyu f ocifEu k kd acsmah om y%mr tcef;rSmtxufyg twdik ;f yif/ tpfu}kd u;D udk nDu jyefacsmh ovd?k xdkae@ reufpm xrif;udk ocif A[def;eSifh u|efawmfwdk@ oHk;OD;om; twl pm;=u&mwGif naebufY Adv k cf sKyu f ocifEx k H tvnf vmrnf[k u|eaf wmf =um;od &avonf? xdak e@ naeu aerif;onf cyfow k o f w k f 0ifonfx h if?h ocifEk. tdrfacgif;&if; buf&Sd jrufcif;ay:wGif aea&mif aumif;pGm rusyg? aqmif;OD; aygurf @kd "rRwmtwdik ;f ae0ifapmonf jzpfwef&m.? od@k &mwGif r[mrdwf wd@k . AHk;usJ av,mOfysH rsm;rSm nae tcsdefwGif rSefrSef}uD; aomif;usef;p jyKae +yDjzpfI useG af wmf.pdwx f w J iG f ae cyfow k o f w k f 0ifonf[k tpGt J vrf; &Srd yd gonf? u|efawmfonf udkndKxGef;. wJxJY wpfOD;wnf; &Sdaeygonf? OD;nm%rSm teD;wGif r&Syd g? udrk sK;d rif;um; A[ef;bufo@kd oGm;aeygonf? xdo k @kd wpfO;D wnf; &Sad epOf tdrfa&SŒrS armfawmfum;oH =um;&onf? OD;pGm yxr ocifjr a&mufvmygonf? aemufr=umrDyif Adv k v f usmf vmygonf? xd@k aemuf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; a&mufvmygonf? jrufcif;ay:wGif ukvm;xdik rf sm; pDxm;ygonf? wpfO;D jy;D wpfO;D ukvm;xkid &f &dS mod@k vmI xdik =f uonf? olw@kd awGŒ=u qk=H u aqG;aEG;=uonfrmS &d;k &d;k udpcP sn;f r[kwyf g? wdik ;f jynfwiG f *syef q ef @ usif a &; pd w f " mwf r sm; jyif ; jyaecsd e f 0 ,f acgif ; aqmif v k y f o l w d k @ rS m wk;d wd;k wdww f w d =f uw d I f aqG;aEG;=u&jcif;jzpfyg onf? xdak qG;aEG;yJYG ocifA[de;f onfyifvsS if cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS aeygonf? xdk@a=umifh ocifA[def;ESifh twlwl wpdwapmifhrSsom tuJcwfvu kd &f ygonf? xd k a e@naeu Ad k v f c sKyf w OD ; wnf ; vd k v d k y if pum;azmif a vmuf a tmif ajymaeygonf? ocifEu k m; Adv k cf sKyaf jymonfukd *&krxm;ouJo h @kd cyfwnfwnf aeonf? od@k aomf Adv k cf sKyu f vuf[efajc[efjzifv h nf;aumif;/ acgi;f iJI h vnf;aumif;/ [J-[J-[J[J [k toHxu G af tmif&,fI vnf;aumif;/ pum;ajymvdu k o f nft h cg/ ocifEo k nf0ifI rajymbJ raeEkid yf g? 4if;wd@k ESpOf ;D om; tcst D csajympOf/ ocifjru 0ifI axmufwwfygonf? Adv k v f usmf u wpkw H ckukd aoG;at;at;ESihf pOf;pm;aom trlt&mjzif/h tif;vdu k af eygonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd tzd@k um; pmwrf;vnf;rxd;k toHvnf;rxGuaf om &ky&f iS u f m;wpfum;udk =unfah e&bdouJo h @kd ? AdkvfcsKyfu w[J[JESifh&,fonf? AkdvfcsKyf&,fwdkif; ocifEku av;eufaom toGiu f akd qmifonf? av;eufaom trlt&may:vmwkid ;f / Adv k v f usmf u pOf;pOf;pm;pm;ESihf "tif;" vdu k o f nf? Adv k v f usmf "tif;" vdu k w f ikd ;f ocifjru jyK;H um t˜xpf/ t˜xpf ESiahf jymonf? 116

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ocifjrrSm u|efawmf. i,fq&mjzpfonf? olpum;ajymvSsif tpOfjyHK;I avoHujkd zwfum/ jzwfum ajymwwfonf? ocifjronf pum;xpforl [kw?f wcGe;f csi;f avat;at;ES i f h ajymwwf o l j zpf & um; tay:,H a =umY xpf o vd k & S d a omf v nf ; / pum;ajym&mwGit f vGeaf jyjypfol jzpfonf? pifppfoo l nf vli,fw@kd . pdwt f m;xufru _ kd vl=u;D wd@k . E_id ;f Edi_ ;f csed cf sed f okcrdeo f abmw&m;wd@k jzifh oratmif e,fay;wwfojl zpfonf? rnfou l vufo;D vufarmif; rnfo@kd wef;apumrl/ ocifjrwcsujf yKH ;vdu k v f sS i/f wk;H qdw k u kd f usm;qdu k u kd [ f I l =uKH ;0g;aeolonf wk;H yifreS af p wdu k o f ifch sed af &mufrS wdu k rf nf[al om todw&m;&um/ jird I f usomG ;wwfonf? Adv k v f usmf . "tif;" vdu k o f ?H Adv fk cf sKy. f "[J" oH/ ocifE. k "wdwv d if;vif;ajymr,f" [laom toHw@kd onf nOf. h v$m&kaH tmuf0,f jird o f ufomG ;jy;D aemuf/ ocifjr. csKad t;aom toHw@kd onf v$r;f rd;k vmygonf? xdt k cgrS vli,foHk;OD;wdk@onf wOD;ESifh wOD;ydkrdkcspfcifav;pm;tm;xm;aomtoGifudk aqmifum/ ocifjr. tem;od@k csO;f uyfonfxuf csO;f uyfomG ;=uygonf? u|efawmf,ae@txd olwdk@bmudk wdkifyif=uonf[k rod&yg? ocifA[def;. jyH K ;peJ @ eJ @ rsuf E S m xm;rS m t"d y ` g ,f x l ; aom toG i f u d k a qmif v suf &S d o nf [ k u|eaf wmf&yd rf yd gonf? od@k &mwGif rodapcsiaf om udpw P ckukd pyfpv k akd om 0oD u|eaf wmfY r&S?d txl;ojzifh *syefacwfY xd0k oDw@kd udk csK;d ESrd x f m;umrS ta&;awmfyHk vSacsrnf? odk@aomf bmha=umifhrod? ocifA[def;wa,muf ocifEktdrfay:rSmae&if;/ =uufaysmuf iSufaysmuf aysmufoGm;aom tcsdefYum;/ AdkvfcsKyf/ Adkvfvusfm/ ocifEk/ ocifjrwd@k pnf;a0;wdik yf if=uaom xdn k aeudk u|eaf wmfajy;I owd&rdonf? vlvkH;raysmufwaysmuftcsdefwGif olwdk@okH;OD;om; ocifEktdrfrSjyef=uonf? ocifjru u|efawmfhtm; olESifh awGŒ&efrSm=um;onf? xdktcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf u|eaf wmft h em;a&mufvmjy;D vSsif r_eu f w k u f w k Ef iS hf =unfo h nf? Tum; Ad k v f c sKyf o nf ES p f & S n f v rsm;uJ G u G m aeaom rd w f a qG w OD ; tm; E_wq f ufjcif;yifjzpfonf? "cifAsm;=u;D 'Da&mufaewmud;k " [k Akv d cf sKyu f rwkerf v_yv f aS om rsuEf mS xm;jzifh ajymonf? "[kwfyAsm;" [k u|efawmfajzvdkufonf? AdkvfcsKyf. armfawmfum;onf =u;D pGmaom rD;cd;k vk;H wd@k udv k w $ I f ukuKdU i;f vrf;ray:od@k wufavonf? xdrk ;D cd;k vk;H rsm;twl/ u|eaf wmf. pdww f @kd onf vGiI hf ...vGiI hf ... xdknwpfnvkH;tdyfraysmf? ,ae@wdkif ocifEkwdk@onf bmudk &nf&G,fI pnf;a0;a=umif; u|eaf wmfrod? wcgrsS vnf; ar;r=unfrh ?d od@k ygaomfvnf; u|eaf wmf. OD;aESmufxw J iG f xdjk rifuiG ;f uav;udk azsmufIr&? wdik ;f a&;jynfa&; ¶_yaf xG;pjyKvmjy?D 1943 tvif;tdrfr* ✫

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ckro S nf 1944 od@k ul;ajymif;vmrnft h csed o f nf usEG yfk w f @kd . awmfveS af &; acgi;f aqmif rsm;tzdk@/ xufvSaom oif"kef;"m;ay:wGif *|rf;ypfI upm;ae&aom tcsdefjzpfonf? t*Fvdyf[lonf tHcGatmif pm;zl;aomzdk;xl;jzpfonf? odk@aomf*syefum; tHcGatmif pm;rnfhzdk;xl;jzpfonf? wOD;um; 0I tDoGm;jyD? tjcm;wOD;um; ,ckrS pm;umpjzpfI/ pm;vd@k aomufv@kd aumif;wke;f jzpfonf? *syefonf t*Fvyd x f uf a=umufp&m aumif;onf? acgif ; aqmif y d k i f ; rsm;u Toabmud k em;rvnf a pumrl / u|Ek f y f w d k @ . omaygif ; nmpm;rsm;um; *syefukd rsuEf mS csKad oG;qJjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;tm; vuf!;_d xd;k I jyrnfo h rl sm;rSm... u|efawmfqufI rawG;0Hhyg? udk,fhtrsKd;om;xJrS avmufaumifrsm;a=umifh awG ; awm&onf r S m jrd e f & nf & S u f & nf r &S d y g? od k @ aomf u|ef a wmf c J G c G m vmcJ h a om e,f u av;twG u f yl y ef r d y gonf ? *syef u d k u¾aumpjyKvmjyD j zpf a om 'd k @ Arm tpnf;t&k;H acgi;f aqmif/ ta&SŒtm&Svil ,frsm; tpnf;t&k;H acgi;f aqmif ponfw@kd twGuf ylyefrdygonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; ocifjrESifhawGŒonfhtcg u|efawmfe,ftajctaeudk ca&aphwiG ;f usajymjy&ygonf? od@k &mwGif awmfveS af &;=u;D xJwiG f awmfveS af &;uav;rsm; ,Zfyal Zmfjcif;omvSsif cH=u&bd@k &Sad yonf? awmfvSefa&;. ,Zfyv†ifY vli,frsm;ESifhwuG vli,frsm;. vkyfief;udk yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf vkyfudkif=uolwdk@onf ?wdk@. taoG;tom;rsm;udk rnfodk@yif awmfveS af &;. ,Zfyv†iYf vli,frsm;ESiw hf uG vli,frsm;. vkyif ef;udk yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G f vkyu f ikd =f uolw@kd onf ?wd@k . taoG;tom;rsm;udk rnfo@kd yif ylaZmf=u&apumrl/ ylaZmfjcif;. tusKd;w&m;a=umifh vGwfvyfa&;&onfum; vdk&if;yif jzpfonf? odk@aomf xdkpOfu usEG yfk w f @kd . &&Sad om vGwv f yfa&;um; jymyl vGwv f yfa&;jzpf&m/ wrsK;d om;vk;H rSm uZGe;f O rD;tk;H ouJo h @kd &Sv d o S nf? wenf;tm;jzifh TtjzpfrsK;d onf u|Eykf w f @dk vlrsK;d twGut f vGeaf umif;onf? jymylxJwGif uZGef;Otpdrf;onf wpdrfhpdrfhESifh usuf&ayonf? xdkenf;wlpGm usEG yfk w f @kd vnf; Eke,faom b0rS wpdrphf rd Ehf iS hf &ifu h sucf &hJ onf? wcgw&HYvnf; Tod@k awG;rdonf? ,ae@u|Eyfk w f @kd . tajctaerSm rusuw f usuf tajcjzpf&um;/ u,fwif&iS f wOD;OD;onff u|Eykf w f @kd tm; jymylwiG x f yfI vdrS Ehf idk cf yhJ gvsS i/f u|Eykf w f @kd onf aemufxyfyI kd &ifu h su&f zd@k &Sad yvdrrhf nf? od@k aomf xdpk Ofu vGwv f yfa&;udk rnfow l @kd cHpm;vsu&f ydS goenf;? Tar;cG e f ; ud k ,ck u |ef a wmf ppf w rf ; xk w f I =unf h a omtcg/ xd k p Of u tjzpftysuw f &yfonf u|eaf wmf. rSwOf m%fxYJ ay:vmjyefygonf? u|ef a wmf o nf ae@&uf t wd t uswd k @ uk d aumif ; pG m rrS w f r d ? a&S ; aES m if ; 118

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tpDtpOfw@kd udv k nf; aumif;pGmowdr&? od@k aomf jzpfysucf ahJ om ta=umif;csi;f wd@k um; rae@urS jzpfysufcJhovdkvdk? twdwfumvonf u|efawmfa&SŒwGif txift&Sm; ZmwfpcHk if;vsuf jywke;f yif? pdwt f xif*syefu jrefrmudk vGwv f yfa&;ay;I wESpjf ynfah om txdr;f trSwf usi;f yonfah e@[k xifonf? 1944 ck =o*kwv f jzpfwef&m.? xdt k cgu u|eaf wmfonf Ekid if jH cm;a&;XmewGif tvkyv f yk af e&.? txl;ojzifh EkdifiHjcm;a&;twGuf 0g'jzef@csDa&;vkyfief;wdk@wGif/ udkcifarmifvwf (,ckudk,fydkif ausmif;q&m=u;D )/ udw k ifarmif (xif=u;D )/ udb k wkwf (,ck &efuek w f uUov kd f ocsmF ygarmuQ) paom rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh twdktxGm ywfpmcGmzsmodrf; [lorSs vkyfief;tpkHpkHwdk@udk ajcOD;wnf&h mvkyI f ae&onf? xd k t crf ; tem;ud k usif ; y&mY vG w f v yf a om jref r mEk d i f i H a wmf t pd k ; &. acgifol=uD;rsm;ESifh *syeftpdk;&. xdyfoD;rsm;udk ae&mcsxm;a&;rSm u|Efkyfwdk@tzdk@ tvGeaf cgi;f udu k af paom tvkyrf sm;jzpf.? xdkpOfu jrefrmEdkifiH. tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm xD;jydKifeef;jydKiftkyfcsKyfa&;jzpf.? jrefrmwEkid if x H w J iG f pifjyKd it f pd;k & oH;k ck&. dS ? *syeftpd;k &xdyo f ;D tpd;k &jzpf.? vGwv f yfaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpdk;&rSm 'kwd,wef; tpm;vdkufaom tpdk;&jzpf.? aewm*sDbdk@pf acgi;f aqmifaom vGwv f yfaom tdE, dN jynftpk;d &rSm u|Eyfk w f @kd . {nfo h nfawmftpd;k &jzpf.? *syeftpk;d &. ud, k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;jzpfaom *syefot H rwf=u;D &if'q kd m0g'g/ *syefaoemywdcsKyf *sife&,fu0gbD paomyk*~dKvfwdk@rSm vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEdkifiH awmf t pd k ; &u usif ; yonf h rnf o nf h t crf ; tem;Y jrif h j rwf a omae&mjzpf o nf h t"dywdt&Sirf if;=u;D a'guw f mbarmf. vusmf bufrmS omaevd=k uonf? xdak e&m r&vSsi/f &mZtdajEu N rkd sS riJb h /J xdyo f ;D *syefw@kd onf }uu G pf /D }uu G pf D vkyaf vh&. dS ? ,ckusi;f y&rnfh tcrf;tem;udk *sLbDvaD [mY usi;f y&ef pDpOfxm;av&um;/ tcrf;tem; rwdik rf yD if u|Eyfk w f @kd Edik if jH cm;a&;&k;H rS t&m&Srd sm;tm;vk;H onf *sLbDvaD [mwGif pk&;Hk I =uKd wifjyifqif=uukeo f nf? xdktcg jy\emw&yfay:vmonf? xdktcrf;tem;odk@ aewm*sDbdk@pfudkvnf; zd w f x m;onf ? t"d y wd = uD ; . qEN Y aewm*sD b d k @ pf u d k {nf h o nf a wmf t jzpf j zif h OD;pm;ay;vdafk yonf? xk@d a=umifh aewm*sb D @kd pftm; ol.vusmf Y xm;I/ *syefot H rwf &if;'dq k m0g'gtm; ol. vuf0YJ xm;&efu|Eykf w f @kd vlou kd t f m; trde@f ay;vdu k . f ? u|ef a wmf w d k @ tzd k @ tawmf t =uH t d k u f o G m ;ayonf ? usG e f a wmf w d k @ tm; Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; ud k t"d y wd . vusf m buf Y xm;&ef p D p Of x m;onf ? od k @ aomf ,ck y k H v d k q d k & if t"d y wd . vusf m buf Y Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; / aewm*sD b d k @ pf / tvif;tdrfr* ❉

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&if'q kd m0g'g*sief &,fu0gb/D 0ef=u;D csKyo f cifjrpaom yk*Kd~ vt f m;vk;H wd@k ukd ae&mcsxm;&ef &Sad eayonf? xd k p Of u Ek d i f i H j cm;a&;XmewG i f tvk y f v k y f a eaom OD ; armif a rmif = uD ; rS m xdkae&mcsxm;a&; wm0efcHjzpf.? olonf jymavmifcwfvsufaeonf? xdk@a=umifh u|eaf wmfu b,fEh , S v f AJ sKŒd [k ar;vdu k rf . d ? "b,fE, S v f q J &kd if/ u0gbu D kd t"dywd&ŒJ vuf0b J uf ae&mcsxm;wm ppfbufu uef@uGuaf ew,f? cufwmbJAsm?" b,fol b,fbufuaeae/ ta&;=u;D wmuawmh Adv k cf sKyef @J aewm*sD wd@k udk t"dywd&ŒJ vusmf bufrmS ae&mxm;zd@k bJ? tJ'g ud, k v hf =l unhv f yk af yawmh? u|efawmfum; pifjrifhay:&Sd uef@vef@um aemufrSaeI t"dywd. rdef@cGef;/ *syefoHtrwf. rdef@cGef;/ *syefppfaoemywd. rdef@cGef;/ Armhwyfrawmf ppfaoemywd (Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;). rde@f cGe;f ponfw@kd udk rde@f cGe;f }ru G =f um;jy;D onfEiS hf wjyKd uef uf pkaygi;f I owif;ESifh0g'jzef@csDa&;XmerSwqifh owif;pmwdkufrsm; ta&mufydk@ay;&ef 0wW&m; usaeonf? u|eaf wmfvufxw J iG f rde@f cGe;f ay;rnfo h l toD;oD;wd@k . ay;rnfh rde@f cGe;f pmrlukd u|efawmfr&ao;? apmapmwif=udKI &EdkifygrS/ xdkpmrludk t*Fvdyfvdk bmomjyefI owif;pmwdu k Ef iS hf 'dak rowif;jzef@csad &;Xmewd@k udk tcsed rf DS a0Ekid rf nfjzpf.? odk@aomf "c&krSmvnf; tqHESifh/ vlrSmvnf;t=uHESifh" [k u|efawmftm; t&dyt f jru G af jymbl;aom Adv k cf sKyu f m;/ ol. t=uEH iS o hf ?l xd@k a=umifh pmrluakd rSsmaf omfvnf; ta=umif;rxl;acs? od@k ygaomfvnf; *syefo&H ;Hk rS owif;wJGbuf t&m&Sdjzpfol &SDrmEdktkcsdqdkaom csmwdwfuav;rSmum; u|efawmfhtm; *syefot H rwf. a=unmcsuu f kd ay;&if;/ Adv k cf sKy. f rde@f cGe;f udk r&ru awmif;qdak eonf? u|eaf wmfu r&ao;[k ajym.? olu rauseyf? "rif;rauseyfvJ rwwfEikd b f ;l ? olw@kd ppfbufu vlawGukd igw@kd Edik if jH cm;&k;H u v$r;f rd;k Edik w f mr[kwb f ;l ? 'Dawmh Adv k cf sKyv f matmif onf;nnf;cHjy;D apmifyh gu, G ?f " u|efawmfu avaysmhjzifh/ cyfwif;wif;ajymxm;.? odk@aomf &SDrmEdktkcsdY owif;axmuf OmOf&Sdonf? olŒpdwfxJY AdkvfcsKyf. rdef@cGef;udk =udKwifr&Ekdifjcif;onf wae&m&mY wpkw H ckjzpfaeaoma=umifh r&Edik jf cif;jzpf&rnf[k xifah e[efw. l ? xdt k wGi;f uef@vef@um. aemufuG,fY &SDrmEdktkcsdonf ol.q&mjzpfaom *syefoHtrwfESihf pum;ajymaeonf? *syefot H rwf. rsuEf mS xm;onf awmufw/hJ tdraf jrmS if ponfw@kd . rsuEf mS xm;uJo h @kd tjraJ oaeaom rsuEf mS xm;rsK;d jzpfonf? jyKH ;p&m&SI d rjyKH ;? rJph &m&SI kd rrJ?h a'gre\a=umifh rsufESmxm;rwif;? aomre\a=umifh rsufESmxm;r&$if? odk@aomf 120

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tpOfojzifu h m; "igonf jrefrmjynfukd tay:pD;&aeol jzpfonf" [laom rmefwcJo G m;udk rEdik w hf Edik Ef iS hf csyD ifx h m;aom rsuEf mS rsK;d jzpfonf? odk@aomf ,ckolwdk@ q&mwynfhESpfOD;om; wD;wdk;ajymqdkaepOf/ usGefawmf awGŒ&aom &if'dkqm0g'g. rsufESmxm;Y ouFm,eH@ruif;aom t&dyfta,mifoef;I vmavjy?D xd@k aemuf tpDtpOft& *syefot H rwfukd t"dywd. vuf0b J ufY ae&mcsxm; a=umif;udk oHtrwftm;/ &SDrmEdktkcsdrSwqifh u|efawmfwdk@vlpku ta=umif;=um; vdu k af omtcg/ oHtrwf. rsuEf mS ay;rSm toufxu G cf ge;D uif;vdyaf csmonf yk;d aumifukd jrifI rmefzo D uJo h @kd &Sv d aS yonf? odk@aomf &if'dkqm0g'grSm oHtrwftzJGŒyDyD 4if;.a'gorlpdwfwdk@udk rsufESmY ay:xifatmifrjy? *sief &,f u0gbu D m; ?. E_wcf rf;ar$; &Sn&f n S u f w k u f w k u f kd ydE&JM u G 0f g;aom qdwfukvm;. rkwfqdwfuJhodk@ v_yfwkwfv_yfwkwfESifh vkyfonf? wifEkda[um. ppfom;yDyaD 'gazmif;um ae&mvkaeonf? uef@vef@umaemufydkif;wGif xdyfoD;*syeft&m&Sdrsm; yGufavm&dkufaepOf/ =urf;jyifudk 'kef;'kef;ESifh aqmifhI eif;aomtoH=um;vkduf&ygonf? ArmhwyfrawmfrS tapmif h t a&S m uf p pf o m;rsm;onf v_ y f & S m ;oG m ;avonf ? ppf z d e yf p D ; xm;aom b,fajczaemifh/ nmajczaemifhESifh &dkufvdkufaom "cGyf" oHrsm;onf ywWvm;udk wcsuf w nf ; ES i f h vd S r f h w D ; vd k u f a om toH u J h o d k @ ay:vmjyD ; aemuf / ud k , f & H a wmf Adkvfrª;wdk@jcH&Haom AdkvfcsKyfonf *sLbDvDa[m pifjrifhay:odk@ awmifbufavScg;qifhrS wufvmonfukd awGŒ&ygonf? uef@vef@umaemufrS yGuaf vm&du k o f w H @kd rSm jird I f 0yfomG ;ygonf? *syefot H rwfu ol. wynf&h rDS mEdt k ck su d kd rsu&f yd rf suu f J jyonf? &SrD mEkt d ck su d useG af wmf&&dS mbufo@kd ajcvSr;f vSr;f cJo h nf? u|eaf wmfum; &SrD mEdt k ck sd em;ylawmhrnfukd odEiS I hf Adv k cf sKyx f H ajy;Iuyfygonf? "Adv k cf sKyrf ed @f cGe;f udk tqifoifah &;vmovm;" [k u|eaf wmfu wd;k wd;k ar;ygonf? Adv k cf sKyu f olŒumuD tust ô w d u f kd ykwjf yjy;D / pm&Gurf sm;udk qJx G w k v f u kd o f nf? "usKyu f , kd w f ikd f a&;vmw,f? 'gayr,fh cifAsm;udk ray;Edik b f ;l ?" olu Tod@k ajymaomfvnf; useG af wmfu tvdu k rf odao;acs? "'gjzif h 'D r d e f @ cG e f ; ud k ajymjyD ; &if u|ef a wmf u d k ay;yg? u|ef a wmf Akv d cf sKyaf emufem;rSmbJ aeygr,f?h " "bmvkyzf @kd wk;H ?" u|eaf wmfu *syefot H rwfukd ar;aigjh yI "olw@kd u uefawmfu h kd vmylaew,f?” tvif;tdrfr* ❜

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"vufwef;ajymr,fv@kd jyefajymvdu k Af sm?" xdk@aemuf t"dywdonf 0ef=uD;rsm; tajcGt&HESifh pifjrifhay:odk@ wufa&muf vmjyD;vSsif EdkifiHjcm;a&;&kH;rS ykHpHjzifhjyI ae&mcsxm;aom ae&modk@ toD;oD; tou/ tou 0if=uavonf? ykpH w H iG f rnfo@kd ae&mcsxm;onfukd u|eaf wmfrrSwrf ?d od@k aomf/ *sief &,fu0gbrD mS t"dywd. vusmf bufwiG f a&mufIaeonf[k u|eaf wmftrSwx f m;rdonf? Adv k cf sKyEf iS hf reD;ra0;Y&So d nf? tm;vkH;aom yk*~Kdvfwdk@u qdkif&mqdkif&m rdef@=um;csufrsm;udk rdef@qdk=uonf? *sief &,fu0gbt D vSno hf @kd a&mufaomtcgoo l nf *syef"m;vGwu f kd "m;tdrrf rS c|wb f J ol. a&S Œ wnf h w nf h w G i f a xmuf u m/ "m;vG , f v uf u d k i f a y:ud k vuf E S p f z uf w if I rde@f cGe;f pum;ajymqdyk gonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd rSm *syefpum;em;rvnfonfEiS fh olajymonfh pum;xJrS "tew0g" [laompum;oHudkom usufrdaoma=umifh/ t,kwWtewWp um;ajymonf[k tcsi;f csi;f vufw@kd &,farmrd=uonf? odk@aomf *sife&,fu0gbDajymoGm;aom pum;xJY &,fp&mwuGufrSsryg? tm;vk;H aom pum;wd@k onf jrefrmwrsK;d vH;k udk uav;oli,fyrmxm;I =urd ;f armif;qk;H r aom pum;rsK;d jzpfonf? u0gbD u jywf a wmif ; jywf a wmif ; ES i h f ajymaompum;oH x J w G i f a'gooHyga=umif;udk *syefpum;em;rvnfow l @kd yifvsS if &dyrf =d uayonf? u|eaf wmfu *syefo&H ;Hk om;rsm;xHomG ;I/ Adv k cf sKyo f nf tvkyrf sm;aoma=umifh rde@f cGe;f udk tpDtpOfEiS hf a&;rxm;Ekid o f jzif/h vufwef;pum;ajymvdrrhf nf[k owif;yd@k xm;&.? *syefwawGr_efukwfukwfESifh ae=uonf? &SDrmEdktkcsdu AdkvfcsKyfajympum;twdkcsKyfudk t*F v d y f v d k a &;ay;&ef yl q mjyef o nf ? u|ef a wmf u ppf b uf a jymaompum;ud k usGefawmfwdk@Xmewm0ef,lI vkyfay;&efcJ,Of;a=umif;/ ppfrdef@&rS vkyfay;Ekdifa=umif;/ ppfbufqdkif&mwdk@ESifh wdkuf&dkufqufoG,foifha=umif; &SDrmEkdtkcsdtm; pum;ukefydwfI ajymvdu k af oma=umifh u|eaf wmfukd aemufxyfow l @kd em;rylawmhyg? AdkvfcsKyfpI pum;ajym&ef olŒtdwfwGif;rS pm&Gufwpfxyfudk xkwfygonf? pm&Guw f @kd udjk zef@I jywfom;pGmpum;pygonf? *sLbDvDa[mxJY toHrsm;qdwfaeonf? AkdvfcsKyf. toHonf jywfom;pGm ay:xGuv f mygonf? AdkvfcsKyf. rdef@cGef;rSm u0gbD. =udrf;armif;r_wdk@ukd xDrxif&,fjyKaom rde@f cGe;f jzpfonf? jrefrmwrsK;d om;vk;H u *syefwrsK;d om;vH;k udk "usm;ESiq hf if v,fjyifusrS awGŒ&aphra[haemf" [k=urd ;f 0g;vdu k af om rde@f cGe;f jzpfonf? 122

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*sLbDvaD [mwckv;Hk rSm qdwI f aeonf? xkdtcsdefY rawmfwq twGif;0efwOD;OD;. awmif&Snfykqdk;rS cg;ykHpwck jyKwI f rsm;uscv hJ sS if &Su D eJjrnf[;D avmufayonf? Adv k cf sKyo f nf ol. abmif;bDxrJ S puULvdy=f u;D udk xkwu f m w&Gujf y;D w&Guv f eS &f if; olpdwful;xnfh&m a&;om;vmaom pum;wdk@udk ajym=um;avonf? rdef@cGef;xJwGif pdwyf g0ifpm;vmaomtcgwikd ;f ol.OD;acgi;f udk b,fbufo@kd qwfueJcgvu kd f nmbufo@kd qwfueJcgvdkuf/ okH;av;ig;=udrfavmuf qwfueJcgjyD;onfhaemuf u|Efkyfwdk@ tm;vkH; =uufo;D arG;nSi;f xavmufonfh pum;yd'k u f kd ajymavonf? Adv k cf sKyaf jymovdk u|eaf wmf jyefrajymwwfawmhyg? od@k aomf ol.toHonf ,ae@wdkif usGefawmfhem;xJrS rxGufao;? ,ck usGefawmfajymjyaeaom jycef;uav; wuGufudk rSwfrdolrsm;tzdk@vnf; ,ae@wdkifem;rSxGufEkdif=urnf r[kwf[k u|efawmf xifygonf? TacwfESifh wajy;wnf;jzpfay:aeaom tcsif;t&mwdk@ukd armfuGef;wif=u olw@kd wGif u|Eyfk w f @kd vGwv f yfa&;=uKd ;yrf;r_ukd ysuaf csmaf csmaf jym=uol Edik if jH cm;om;trsm;yif &Syd gonf? xdo k w l @kd yif Adv k cf sKyo f nf *syefukd yifah qmifvmjy;D aemuf t*Fvyd t f a&;omrnf xifaomtcg t*Fvyd b f uf0ifonf[k tremypum;ajym=uygonf? u|ef a wmf o nf xd k r S s apmf u m;aompum;ud k jyef a jzEk d i f a vmuf a om &mZ0ifq&mr[kwfyg? u|efawmfxufajymydkifqkdydkif&Sdol avmh'fvl0Darmifhbufwefu ol.rSwfwrf;jzpfaom pmtkyfwtkyfwGif &Sif;jyjyD;jzpfonf? &mZ0ifudk yk*~dKvfpGJtm;jzifh rokH;oyf/ "rR'dÏmefjzifh okH;oyfolwdk@yifvSsif vufcHjyD;jzpfI AdkvfcsKyfbufrS u|efawmf a&SŒaevdkufp&mrvdkyg? odk@aomf u|efawmfwdk@ trsKd;om;tcsif;csif;wdk@onf AdkvfcsKyf. apwemESihf apwoduw f @kd tb,fy&Hk cdS o hJ nfukd ydrk o kd abmaygu&f ef azmfjyvdak yonf? u|Efkyfwdk@onf ESpfaygif; 120 rSs EkdifiHjcm;om;wdk@. pdk;rdk;jcif;udk cHcJh&onf? xdkESpfrsm;twGif;wGif acgif;azmfEkdif&ef w&HwqpfrSstuGufaumif;r&cJh=u? 'kwd, urm?ppf=u;D onfomvSsif vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf tcGiahf umif;jzpfco hJ nf? od@k ygaomfvnf; u|Eyfk w f @kd wrsKd ;om;vk;H rSm ESpv f ufrxufyakd om toGm;&So d nfh armif;cs"m;udk ukid af qmifrv d sS if w&m;pJcG &H wwfygonf? xdkodk@aom vlrsKd;wrsKdf;tm; ESpf&Snfvrsm;v$rf;rdk;aeaom vlrsKd;wrsKd;tm; awmfveS &f mwGif &Ekid o f rSsaom tcGit hf a&;udk ok;H =urnf jzpfayonf? toG m ;ES p f v uf r &S d a om armif ; cs"m;u ²303 rwf p uuf a oewf u d k awmf v S e f E d k i f & ef &Ek d i f o rS s aom tcG i f h a umif ; ud k ,l r nf o mjzpf o nf ? od k @ aomf xkt d cGiahf umif;udk ,l&mY Adv k cf sKyo f nf *syef. opPmcHr[kw/f t*Fvyd . f opPmudrk apmif/h tvif;tdrfr* ⑩

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jrefrmEkid if EH iS hf jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;wd@k . aus;Zl;opPmudk omvSsif apmifo h &d akd ocJo h nf? xd@k a=umifv h nf; Adv k cf sKyo f nf *syefppfwyfw@kd jrefrmjynfukd 0ifvmonfqv dk sS iyf if *syefawmfveS af &;udk ol. OD;aESmufxw J iG f =uq H xm;jcif;jzpfonf? Tt=uH . t&d y f e d r d w f w d k @ onf Ad k v f c sKyf . *sLbD v D a [mrd e f @ cG e f ; wG i f ay:aygufvmcJhonf? "usKyf w d k @ ,ck v G w f v yf a &;&jyD v d k @ qd k w ,f ? 'gayr,f h vG w f v yf a &;ud k b,foal wGcpH m;aeovJ? usKy&f iS ;f &Si;f ajymr,f/ usKyw f @kd eJ@wuG usKyw f @kd &JŒ taygi;f tazmf 0ef=u;D awG/ olw@kd &JŒ om;r,m;awG/ tajct G &HawG/ usKyw f @kd udk uyf,yfpm;vkyaf ewJo h al wG/ tJoavmufyJ vGwv f yfa&;&JŒ t&omudk cHpm;ae=uw,f" Adv k cf sKy. f rde@f cGe;f rSm txufyg tcsuu f kd r ifjyKI rdef@=um;aom rdef@cGef;jzpf onf? vGwfvyfa&;b,frSmwkH;? tay:,Htv$mwxyfYom vGwfvyfa&; wnfonf? pifppfjrefrmhvlxk. vGwfvyfa&;um; tb,frSmenf;? vlxkvufxJodk@ vGwfvyfa&; tyf&OD;rnf? vGwv f yfa&;udk vlxx k o H @kd ta&mufy@kd ray;Ekid o f rSs u|Eykf w f @kd vkyif ef;rjy;D ao;? Ad k v f c sKyf a jymoG m ;aom pum;&yf w d k @ . oabmrS m xd k o d k @ jzpf o nf ? Adv k cf sKyaf jymaepOf t"dywd a'guw f mbarmfu Adv k cf sKyb f ufo@dk acgi;f riJb h J rsupf o d mvSnI hf vdu k af omt=unhrf sK;d udk u|eaf wmfab;u acsmif;=unfch o hJ nf? tcrf;tem;jy;D qk;H aomtcg vltrsm;yif &k;H &H;k / &H;k &H;k ESihf v_y&f mS ;I/ ud, k t hf rd o f @kd udk,fjyef=uonf? pifjrifhay:wGif u|efawmfwdk@ vlpkESifh *syefvlpk &_yf&SufcwfoGm;onf? Adv k cf sKyw f pkw H ck ajymonf? Adv k cf sKyf ajympum;udk y&dowfw@kd rv_yrf &Suf em;axmif=uonf? AdkvfcsKyf.trlt&mrSm wpkHwckudk jyKvkyfawmhrnfuJhodk@ oEMdÏmefcsxm;[ef&dSonf? olajym=um;aom rde@f cGe;f rSm av;eufaom t"dyg` ,&f o dS nf? *syef r sm;. OD ; aES m uf x J w G i f xd k t awG ; rsm;0if o nf h vuQ % m&S d o nf ? "olbmajymovJ/ olbmajymovJ" [k &SDrmEdktkcsdu u|efawmfudk c%c%ar;onf? u|eaf wmfu 0denf;a&SmifI ajymjyonf? od@k aomf &DrS mEdt k ck sEd iS hf olŒq&m &if'q kd m0g'gw@kd onf a,mifwD;a,mifwjzpfae=uonf? u0gbDonf "m;vGwfudk =urf;jyifaxmufum watmifhavmufidkifaeonf? xdk@aemuf pifjrifhay:rS vltrsm;onf tpDtpOftwdkif; qif;oGm;=uonf? u|eaf wmfrw S rf o d rSsrmS xdn k aeydik ;f avmufwiG f y&dowfw@kd udk jrefrmwl&, d m*Dw/ *syefwl&d,m*Dwwdk@jzifh ajzazsmfonf? *syefwl&d,m0dkif;u Song to Burma ac: jrefrmEdik if u H kd &nfne$ ;f pyfqakd om oDcsi;f jzif{h nfch o H nf? a&;pyforl mS *syefuAsmq&m wOD;jzpfonf? olŒuAsmudk oDcsi;f a&;wwfow l OD;u *DwoGi;f xm;onf? xdak w;. pmom;rSm jrefrmEkid if u H dk tajcmufwu kd af jrmS ufyifx h m;aom 124

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pmom;rsm; jzpfonf? pmom;enf;wl *DwoHrmS tajcmufwu kd yf ihaf om toHomjzpfav&m/ xdak e@u xd*k w D oHonf u|Eyfk w f @kd wrsK;d om;vk;H tm; oa&mfaeonf[k u|eaf wmfrw S x f if rdygawmhonf? aemuf w ae@xk w f 'd k a rowif ; wG i f "Ak d v f c sKyf o nf v nf ; rd e f @ cG e f ; pum; jru G =f um;a=umif;" [laom tusO;f csKypf um;wd@k udo k m awGŒ&avawmhonf? od@k aomf jrefrmvlxu k m; ,ck&aomvGwv f yfa&;udk rdrw d @kd vufxaJ &mufatmif rnfo@kd vky&f rnfenf;[laom jy\emonf av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;&rnfjh y\emjzpfjy[ D k pJpG jGJ rjJ rJ awG;awm=uq H p jyKvmavonf? "Adv k cf sKyu f aoqd, k ifao/ &Siq f &kd if&iS "f [laom pdw"f mwfonf vlxYk wuf=uI G vmavjy?D jrefrmwrsKd;om;vkH; pdwfi,fpjyKvmcsdef0,f AdkvfcsKyfonf xdkenf;ESifESif wrsK;d om;vk;H . pdw"f mwfukd pum;wcGe;f jzifh E_;d cJah vownf;?

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use;f rma&;a=umifh pma7;av#mx h m;awmh pmzwfcsed yf &kd vmw,f/ wae@uvJ topf jyefxw k w f hJ q&m}u;D a&$Oa'gi;f &J@ bmomjyefpmtkyf -tdik Af if[-dk udk jyefzwfrw d ,f? t}udrfaygif; rsm;pGm xyfwvJvJ zwfxm;wJh pmtkyfjzpfayrJh pmtkyfqHk;wJhxd vufu rcsEd k i f a tmif pG J a eao;wmyJ jzpf w ,f ? tk d i f A if [ d k ud k ausmif ; om;b0rS m pjyD ; oifc&hJ pOfuwnf;u pGcJ w hJ m ckxv d nf; pGw J ek ;f ygyJ ? pGw J mrS awmf&kH r[kwb f ;l / pmtkyx f u J Zmwfaumif tkid Af if[u kd kd b0wavsmufv;kH pHjyKy*k Kd vf tjzpfukd oabmxm;cJw h m? 126

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pdw"f gwfz@G +H zdK;a&;u tdkifAif[dkudk poif&wm rufx&pfwef;rSmyg usaemfwdk@acwfu tckacwfvdk kd f q,fwef; xd rae&ygb;l &Spw f ef; jy;D wmeJ@ (Matriculation Exam)) vd@k ac:wJ@ wuUov 0ifciG phf mar;yGJ ajz&ygw,f ? 'gah =umifh 8wef; jy;D wmeJ@ ruf'&pfwef;ac: wuUov kd f 0ifwef;udk wuf&ygw,f ?tJh'D ruf'&pfwef;rSm tdkifAif[dkeJ@ =uHK&wmjzpfw,f ? tJh'Dacwfu t*Fvyd pf mrSm pum;ajymu *EW0ifpmtkyw f tkyef @J *EW0if uAsm wtkyf oif&ygw,f? *EW0if pmtkyaf wGu oH;k av;ESpf w}urd f ajymif;avh&w dS ,f? usaemfw@kd ESpu f tdik Af if[ekd @J }uKH whJ ESpfyg /? jrefrmpmrSmvnf; tvm;wlygyJ/ pum;ajyu Zmwf}uD; q,fbJG@eJ@ OD;yknwdk@ OD;=uifOwd@k &J@ jyZmwfwyk'f oif&jy;D uAsm yef;uke;f vdk uAsm wtkyv f nf; oif&ygw,f/ t*Fvyd af &m jrefrmpmrSmyg a&S;*EW0if pm}u;Dd ay}u;D awGe@J *EW0if ajrmuf uAsmawG oifc&hJ vd@k xifyg&J@ a&S;acwfausmif;om;awG[m bmompum; ESpfrsdK;pvHk;udk ydku|rf;usif =uwmawG@&w,f ? tkid Af if[kd / qdik ;f vfrem;/ a'Apfaumfygz;D / &Sw d pf yD;,m; pwJh t*Fvyd f pmawGe@J a0oEW&m / ra[mfo"m / Zeu/ awrd pwJh Zmwfawmf}u;D awGe@J 0dZ, jyZmwf/ a&onfjyZmwf/ ygywdejf yZmwf pwJjh yZmwfawGukd oif}um;=u&wm[m bmompum; oif&kH oufouf r[kwfygbl;? vli,fawGudk pdwf"gwfydkif;qdkif&m zGH@jzdK; wdk;wufapzdk@ qdkwJh &nf&, G cf suv f nf; yg0ifygw,f?

pHyk*~dKvf pHpmtkyf tJ'h D &nf&, G cf su[ f m atmifjrifygw,f? tdik Af if[w kd @kd Zeuwd@k [m vli,fawG&@J b0 wpfoufwm -pHjyyk*Kd vf Ideal tjzpfukd oabmxm;cJ=h u&wmjzpfygw,f? usaemfh tzdk@ qdk&if tEdkifusifh cH tm;enf;olawGbufu &yfwnfjyD; rw&m;r_ jyKolawGudk wdu k cf u kd w f hJ tdik Af if[[ dk m pHjyyk*Kd~ vf tjzpfom ruygb;l ? ewfb&k m; wpfql vdu k kd owfrw S jf y;D ud;k uG,cf w hJ myg? tdkifAif[dk[m Idea r#omru idol vdk@udk oabmxm;cJhwmyg? &efoleJ@ olaoud, k af o "g;csi;f ,SOf wdu k cf u kd af e=uwmawmif &efo@l vufu "g;vGwu f somG ;wJh tcgrmS "g;udk jyefaumuf,l apjy;D rS qufwu kd cf u kd w f hJ pdw"f gwaf c: vl}u;D vlaumif;pdw"f gwu f kd 'Dae@xd uk;d uG,q f nf;uyfqJ jzpfygw,f? tdik Af if[w kd @kd a&mbif['k f wd@k vdk pmtkyrf sKd ;awG[m uav;oli,fawG&@J pdw"f gwrf sK;d udk trsm;}u;D jyKjyifay;Edik w f hJ pmtkyrf sKd ;awG jzpfygw,f? tdik Af if[u kd kd idol tjzpf owfrw S cf o hJ vdyk J b0wpfav#mufv;kH OD;xdyyf efqifcw hJ hJ uAsm wyk'v f nf; &Scd yhJ gw,f? 'DuAsm u vlwikd ;f &if;ES;D aewJu h Asmyg? Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; ESpfoufvGef;vdk@ ausmif;aqmiftcef;eH&HrSmawmif uyfxm;cJhw,fqdkwJh uAsmyg? wuUov kd af usmif;om; udak tmifqef;[m tJ'u D Asmav;udk pGpJ jJG rjJ ru J kd ESp+f cKd ucf =hJ uwma=umifh Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;&,fv@kd jzpfvmcJ&h wm xifygw,f ? uAsmu Henley &J@ Invictus tvif;tdrfr* ➼

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qdw k hJ uAsmjzpfygw,f? * Out of the Night that covers me, black as the pit from pole to pole, i think, whatever Gods may be for my unconquerabel soul. * In the fell clutch of circumatance, I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeorinG of chance My head is bloody , but unbowed. * It matters not how strait the gate, how charged with punishments the scroll. I am the master of my fate. I am the captain of my soul.

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tdrf}uufawGu rcGyfcsif}uawmhbl; armifomcsdK (wpf) oa&acwW&mvd@k wifpm; ac:=uwJh jynf+rKd Œu e0a';wHwm; }uD;eJ@ rvSrf;rurf;wpfae&mrSm =uufom;aomufqrf; qdik u f av; wpfqikd &f ydS gw,f? aomufqrf;qdkwm =uufom; umvom;csufudk tcsKdtpyf ESpfrsKd;cGJcsuf+yD; a&mif;wJ[ h if; vsmwpfrsK;d yg? tJonfq h ikd &f iS f u umwGe;f q&mawGe@J awmf awmhukd &if;ES;D wJh yk*K~d vyf g? 'g a=umifh olŒqdik zf iG yhf t JG rSww f & tjzpfe@J umwGe;f q&mawGu arwWmvufaqmif qGaJ y;xm; wJh umwGe;f awGukd qdik af e&m tES@H tjym;rSm uyfxm;ygw,f? umwGe;f wpfuu G u f udk atmfyu D s,&f ŒJ vuf&myg? jrifomatmif }uKd ;pm;+y;D a&;jyyg& ap? umwGe;f u xrif;qdik w f pf qdik &f ŒJ jrifuiG ;f yg? qdik &f iS u f xrif;td;k }u;D wpft;kd &JŒ zifu tdk;rJawGeJ@ olŒvufudkokwf&if; aumifwmaemufuae qdkifxJ u vlawGudk vSr;f ajymaewJyh kH yg? xrif;pm;zd@k apmifah ewJh vl awGu pm;yGcJ u kH ae ol@udk vSr;f =unfah e =uygw,f? qdkif&Sif&JŒ eHab;rSm jywif;aygufcyf}uD; }uD;wpfayguf&Sdygw,f? jywif; ayguu f wpfqifh vSr;f jrif&wJh ajruGuv f yfwpfae&mrSm =uufEpS af umifcyG af e=uygw,f? rsuEf mS rSm td;k rJawGv;l xm;wJh =uufawGygy?J qdik &f iS u f pm;oH;k zd@k apmifh aewJh vlawGukd vSr;f ajymvdu k f wJh pum;u c%uav; onf;cH +yD; apmifhay;=uygcifAsmwJh? u|efawmf tdrf=uufESpfaumif udk tdk;rJokwf+yD; cGycf ikd ;f xm;yg w,fw?hJ r=umcif [if;&yg awmhr,fw?hJ =uufaomufqrf;pm;zd@k qdik x f u J kd a&mufvmwJv h al wG rSmxm;wJh [if;vsmawG ra&mufcif tJonfu h mwGe;f udk =unfu h m +yKH ;pdped @J ? u|eaf wmfvnf; b,fEcS g =unf=h unfh tJonfu h mwGe;f udk jrifwikd ;f +yKH ;pdpad yg?h wu,f wrf;usawmh 'g[m &,fp&m oufoufr[kwb f ;l As? armp&m? q&m}u;D OD;atmifoif; 158

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160

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tvi tviff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef POST 169-0075 TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10 303,HIGARI BLD TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178 Japan. TEL 080-5070-0080 090-6528-9292 090-8486-2161 090-7198-4763

e-mail

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- aalinneain@yahoo.com

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&6 / wydk@wGJv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7) trSwf(1)