အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၈) by derric maw

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jrefrmouU&mZf 13&5 / wefaqmifrkef;v

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

qifyu JG odyef mrnf}u;D qdk ud}k u;D ausmef @J ol. om;ajr;jrpfrsm;yGq J w kd m rodb;l ? 24 em&D vSsypf pfr;D qdk rmaewJh iaweJ@ ol@ OwmumeOPywf0ef;usiyf q J w kd m rodb;l ? 'Djyifh +rKd ŒawGxufawmh omygw,fumG +rKd Œao;ao;av;xJrmS t¶l; (12) ESpaf ,muf [k[ d m "zd" vd&k wJh "bd" u (5) ae&m ac:&if&mac: tawmfyq J w kd hJ nOfih u S u f av;awGu tenf;qH;k (10) a,muf bd;k bGm;&dyo f mxJ r0ifEikd b f J a&SŒtkwcf akH y:rSm idu k jf rnf;arwWmyd@k aewJh awmif;&rf;ouf}u;D &G,t f kd r&Edik f 'Djyifh +rKd ŒawGxuf omwmayg?h tcGihfxl;cH+rdKŒqdk v_yv f y_ v f y_ v f y_ q f kd n (10) em&D tjyifrxGu&f / ¶kw¶f w k ¶f w k ¶f w k q f kd rouFm yg;ac:¶du k /f v,fuiG ;f uae 0ke;f ceJw;kd wuf a*guu f iG ;f jzpfomG ;wJ+h rKd ŒrSm aumufpu kd o f rav;u a*gu¶f u kd u f ,f&D na=u;eJ@ ocifr}u;D a':jr&D ausmufqnfou l G udo k cH J ausmufqnfom;uG udu k ;kd u|e;f tpmiwfcq H ENjyyGrJ mS usq;kH cJw h hJ udv k wf (c) armifarmifp;kd ausmufqnfom;uG 'ge@J rsm; rif;wd@k ausmufqnf²²² ausmufqnfqakd wmhvnf; tm%m&Siaf cwfukd jzwfc&hJ wmyJ r[kwv f m;?

vif;cg; 2013/ atmufwkdbm/ &eH@opf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

vuf

vuf0wf&wemawGeŒJ bmrSrqkid w f v hJ uf vuQ%mynm&Siaf wGeŒJ b,fvrdk S rywfoufwv hJ uf ckcsed x f b d mukrd S rdr&d &rqkyu f idk rf ad o;wJv h uf vufa&;vSvS a&;wwfayr,fh vufnKdS ;n$e&f ma&rjzpfcw hJ v hJ uf tom;rmwufaeayr,fh vufcarmif;rcwfEidk af o;wJv h uf oJtw d x f ;dk &rSm 0efav;cJw h v hJ uf d cf siaf ewJv h uf a¹rGwiG ;f ukrd S E_u tJ'v D ufu tJ'v Dh ufudk vufwŒdk +y;D owday;w,f tJ'v D ufu tJ'v hD ufudk vufzsm;cgvu dk w f ,f wpfaeŒvufcsn;f yJjyef&r,fqw dk m aocsmaewJv h uf tJ'v D ufu tJ'h v D ufudk vufqEJG w _ q f ufcyhJ gw,f? ?

=unfarmifoef;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

trSwfonm qkyw f @J vufo;D jznf+yD;+yDyJ xm;ygawmh .... urf;vmwJ@vuf E_wq f ufz@kd &m ol@vufz0g;rSm igh yg;&m}uD;rysufao;?

armifrd_i f;vGi f(tif;0) &eH@opf 2013 *sLvdkif

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

vlwa,muf/ arsmufwaumif pnf;eJ@aAsmuf c|i.f ... awmuf arsmufum; rif;om;....? aw;[pfa=umf vrf;ay:oGm; vlum; olawmif;pm;....?

=unfatmif 1978 'DZbFm 9

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

jyifvdkufjutHk; zGJ hpnf;yHk ( 2008 ) wacwf wcsdef ppfwyfu tomvdrfzdk h }udrfwdk h a&;qGJ? igrygv#if ig o h m;u bk&if....wJ?h wrifzGJ hOya' jynfolawG r}udKufqHk; jyifvdkuf=utHk;?

rdjrefrm (wdkusdK )

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

qHkvnfEGm; v,fxGefay;whJ EGm; ,mxGefay;wJh EGm; xrif;&Sifqdk+yD; &mZ0ifrSm pmwifrcH&&if aeygapawmh +cHckefoGm;wJh EGm; usm;qGJcHoGm;wJh EGm; ezm;xdk;cHoGm;wJh EGm; avsmhoGm;wJh tiftm;awGjznfhzdk h usm;oem;awmhhrcH EGm;rSef&iftcsdefwef tdrfjyefcsnfwdkifa&muf+rJrdk h [Jh ... qdkum}udrfwHajrSmufp&mrvdkyJ tdr+f caH yguf nDaemifawGeJ h qHkvnfrSm &kef;csifaewkef;?

rdk;Edki f

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

xrif;qdkifxJu uAsm 0ufom; yef;uef =uufom; yef;uef ta=umf yef;uef tavSmf yef;uef tokwf yef;uef csOf&nf yef;uef [if;yef;uef tcsyfcsyf xrif;yef;uef txyfxyf ol hywfvnfrSm awmifyHk ,myHk waeukef olaq;? tlxJrSm wjuKwfjuKwf v_yfvdkufwdkif; &ifxJ[m AdkufxJ b,fvdkqmvJ crsmrSm a&waygufawmifjzifh xvdk yh if b,fraomufEikd b f ;l tatmf taiguo f H emcH,if;eJ h qdik o f rd ;f csed f vl&iS ;f rS xrif;wyef;uef weyfudkv [if;tusef wzwfeJ@avG;?

aZmfaemif

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm; 2015 rwdkifrD zGJ hpnf;yHkudk rjyifEdkifv#if jy\emrsm; &SdvmEdkif

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

tar vlxka':trm *g&0jyKarmfuGef;pmrsufESm

(1915 - 2008)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

axmif ESihf rdcif vlxak ':trm

Ed0k ifbm 13/ 1976 1338 wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf (8) &uf

(29 =o*kwf 1976) om;oGm;wJah e@ ud, k ahf rG;ae@u 1277 ck wefaqmifrek ;f vqkwf (8) &uf? OD;vSe@J vufxyfwmu 1939 ck Ed0k ifbmv (13) &uf? 'ga=umifh 'DEpS f arG;&ufe@J vufxyf&ufe@J xyfw,f? touf (61) ESpjf ynfw h ahJ e@? vufxyfwm (37) ESpf jynfw h ahJ e@[m 'DE0kd ifbm (13) &ufyv J @kd vGecf w hJ hJ (4-5) &ufuwnf;u }uKd wifocd w hJ ,f? jrefrm&ufe@J t*Fvyd &f ufe@J uvnf; tuGmom;? arG;ae@ t*Fvdyf&ufu 1915 Edk0ifbm (29)/ vufxyfwJh jrefrm&ufu 1301 ck wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; (3) &uf? 'ga=umifh wpfcek @J wpfck qHpk nf;wdu k q f ikd rf u _ enf;w,f? tJ'v D kd enf;wmxJu 'DEpS q f pkH nf;aew,fqakd wmh OD;vSu "rifah rG;ae@/w@kd vufxyfwahJ e@ bmvkyfrvJ/ wpfckckvkyfzdk@ pOf;pm;xm;av" wJh? olowday;vdk@ pOf;pm;=unfhyg&JŒ? bmvkycf siv f u kd w f mvd@k rS pdwx f aJ y:rvmbl;? rwufºuGb;l ? vH;k vH;k rwufºuGb;l ? Edik if aH &;/ bmoma&; bufpykH gy?J bmjzpfv@kd rwufºuw G mvJv@kd jyefpOf;pm;=unfah wmh " ESpyf wfvnfae@" qdw k m&JŒ t"dy`m,fr&Sdr_a=umifhyJ xifyg&JŒ? 'Duae@[m rae@ueJ@ bmjcm;vdk@vJ? eufjzefeJ@aum bmjcm;rSmvJ? bmrSrjcm;ygb;l ? tJ - wpfcck v k yk &f ifawmh tJ'g[m jcm;em;wJt h jzpfv@kd qd&k rSmayg?h tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

+yD;awmh - ightouf b,favmufawmif&Sdvm+yD/ igwdk@tdrfaxmifouf b,favmufawmif &Sv d m+y/D wd@k a&SŒae&zd@k odyt f rsm;}u;D userf ,f r[kwaf wmhb;l ? tJ'aD wmh ckvkd ESpaf ,mufpvH;k use;f use;f rmrm &Sad ewke;f tvkyaf wG zdvyk rf ,f? bmawGvyk rf ,f/ b,favmuf+y;D atmifvyk rf ,fqw kd hJ " t"dXmef " wd@k bmwd@k uvnf; qGx J w k v f @kd awmif r&atmif jzpfaevdkufao;w,f? tJ'gu bmha=umifhwJhvJ? tJ'guvnf; tvkyfcGifu rajyvnfra_ wGvnf; ygvrd rhf ,f xifw,f? pma&;wJv h t l zd@k puUL&zd@k cJ,Of;wm/ rif&zd@k cJ,Of;wm[m pdw"f mwfusp&m taumif;qH;k udpyP J xifw,f? ppf+y;D 'DbufacwfrmS 1965 ckEpS af vmuftxd wpfxyk f 10 usyaf vmuf ay;&wJh f kd 300 usyu f owif;pm¶du k pf uUL (News Print 20" ×30") [m uae@arSmifcrkd mS wpfxyk u 310 usyf t xd ay;0,f a e&w,f ? 'gawmif rae@wae@uyH k E S d y f w d k u f a wG u d k puULxyfa&mif;xm;vdk@ 360 usyf/ 370 usyf aps;uae+yD; usoGm;wJh puULaps;aygh? tpd;k &qdik u f yHEk ydS o f rl sm;udk t&ifu pufwpfv;kH / enf;&if puUL (2) xky/f rsm;&if (5) xky/f (10) xkyf vpOf a&mif;aeus[m 'DEpS f ESpq f ef;up+y;D ta&mif;vH;k vH;k &yfomG ;w,f? tck (11) vydik ;f usrS pufwpfv;kH udk puUL (5) xkyef @J rif (2) aygipf D xkwaf &mif;w,f? 'ga=umifh puULarSmifcdkaps;[m wxkyf 380 usyf/ 370 usyfuae+yD; 300 usyf/ 310 usyftxd usomG ;wm? 'gayrJh aemufwcgb,fawmhrS jyefa&mif;r,f qdw k m rajymEdik v f @kd ckuswahJ ps; 300 usy/f 310 usy[ f m =um=umaer,f r[kwyf gb;l ? jyef+y;D ydw k ufO;D rSmyg? }u;D yGm;a&;yHEk ydS w f u kd u f pmtky¶f u kd x f w k zf @kd t&ifuawmh wpfvpmtkyf (2) tkypf mavmuf puULxkwaf y;aeus? yHjk yifu wpftyk /f wjcm;pmtkyu f wpftyk af yg?h ckawmh 'DESpfxJ (11) vydkif;a&mufvm+yD? "q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;"wtkyfpmyJ puUL&ao;w,f? 'gawmif a&mif;aps;u 46 usyyf gw?hJ ukefypPnf;awGtm;vHk; tqrwef aps;awGwuf/ aiGwefzdk;u uscsifwdkif;us/ vlawG&ŒJ 0ifaiGuawmh wufrvdu k w f hJ twGuf vlrsm;pk}u;D 'kuaQ wGŒaewmeJ@ ywfouf+y;D wnnf;xJnnf;ae=uawmh jyufv;kH ;u b,fvadk y:vmovJqakd wmh " 'Dacwf rwufwm bmrSr&Sb d ;l / bmrqdk tukew f ufcsn;f aewmyJ " " [m tukeaf wmhvnf; r[kwb f ;l / uswmwckwavawmh &Sw d ,f " " tHrm bmrsm;uswm &So d wke;f ajymprf; " " pdw"f mwf pdw"f mwf " wJh .......................... " &Sm;vdu k w f muGm/ t&m&mygy[ J " " bmrsm;aygwm &Sdao;wkef; " 26

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

" aygwm 3 - 4 ckawmh &Syd gw,f? tm;vH;k r&Sm;ygb;l " " bmawGrsm; aygwmwke;f " " olawmif;pm;/ jynfw h efqm/ t¶l; " ......................... 'Djyufv;kH awGukd ajym=u/ &,f=uw,fav? bmawG b,favmuf&mS ;&Sm; *syefacwfwek ;f uawmif tvkyjf zpfatmif =uzH ef vkycf /hJ pmtkyaf wG ¶du k x f w k cf ahJ o;wmyJ/ ypPn;f &Sm;vd@k csn;f vlu xHx k ikd ;f xdik ;f jzpfaewmawmh [kw[ f efrwlb;l / wjcm; ta=umif;awGvnf; &Sv d rd Ohf ;D r,f?&Syd gaomfaum/ uae@ Ed0k ifbm (13) &ufqdkawmh om;av; zdk;oHacsmif; tdrfuxGufoGm;wm =o*kwfv (29) &uf/ awmfovif;vqef; (6) &uf we*FaEGae@urd@k uae@qdk ESpv f cG&J o dS mG ;+yaD um? tJ'Dae@u ol@udk MI u vmzrf;=uw,f? olvnf; ac:&mvdkufzdk@ tdrfrSm tdy&f mvdyef @J t0wftpm; aq;0g;eJ@ jyifxm;+y;D toifx h ikd af pmifah ewm/ vku d zf @kd ygy?J Ed@k ayr,fh tzrf;vmwJv h al wGu tdrrf mS &SmwmazGwm (3) em&Dausmf =umaeavawmh t&ifwcg ol (19) ESpo f m;u tzrf;cH&wke;f u MI rSm cH&yHak wG/ rEWav;axmif tif;pdeaf xmifawGrmS wa,mufxJ xnfhcsKyfxm;wmawG/ udkudk;uíef;u raousefvdk@ jyefvGwf&wmawG (Adv k cf sKyu f v$waf y;cdik ;f vd@k vGw&f wm) udk jyefowd&rSmayg?h 'ga=umifx h if&ŒJ olw@kd vpfawmh xGuaf jy;a&m? vlawG trsm;}u;D 0dik ;f xm;wh=J um;u nae (5) em&DomomrSm xGuaf jy;wm jzpfavawmh tarvkyw f u hJ , kd rf mS &ifawGwek f 'l;awGwek f vluarm+y;D use&f pf&w,f? [drk mS rdw,f/ 'DrmS rdw,fqw kd hJ owif;awGa=umifh tara&m tazyg rtdyEf ikd f rpm;Edik cf &hJ wJh &ufawGvnf; enf;a&mhrvm;? pufwifbm (9) &ufae@uawmh tdy&f mu Ed;k cge;D rSm tdyrf ufrufw,f? zd;k oHacsmif; ab;uif;&m a&mufomG ;+yq D +kd y;D q&mawmfu bk&m;cef;udk vif;ceJ vkyjf yvdu k o f wJ?h tdy&f muEd;k awmh a=omf - wu,fyJ jzpfygapawmhv@kd qkawmif;rdw,f? ylvu kd &f wm/ ylvu kd &f wm/ tlwek o f w J ek f jzpfvu kd &f wm/ tcsed u f ukpm;w,f qdak yr,fh awmfawmfe@J 'Dc&H csuf roufombl;? wpfvwdwjd ynhw f ahJ e@usrS enf;enf; oufomovdv k kd &Sw d ,f? Ed@k ayr,fh tar [kwv f m;? 'Daomu 'D'u k aQ wGu pdwx f rJ mS t}u;D tus,f aAmufAufcwfcw hJ m jzpfavawmh pma&;zd@k bmzd@k qdw k hJ wufºurG u _ usuek af wmhwmayg?h ypPnf;&Sm;wmudkawmh *syefacwfwkef;u wzufacsmeJ@ pmtkyfxGufcJhwmrsdK;/ OD;vSu rdkif;udkifpuULeJ@ pmtkyf&dkufzdk@ }udK;pm;aeygw,f? [dku erlem,l=unfh &dkufprf;/ aps;udw k u G =f unfh qdw k mrsKd ; c%c% vkyaf ewmyJ? q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f pmtkyu f kd rdik ;f udik ef @J xkw+f y;D a&mif;wmudu k yJ wdik ;f &if;jzpf vufvyk rf ikd ;f udik pf uULudk yGx J w k =f unfv h u kd w f hJ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

oabmayg?h pm&du k zf @kd puUL tifrwef&mS ;vm&ifawmh rdik ;f udik ef @J pmtkyx f u G =f unfh &rSmyJ? uJ pdwf"mwfvnf; wufvm+yD; puULjy\emvnf; wdkif;&if;jzpfvufvkyfeJ@ ajz&Si;f r,fq&kd ifjzifh tvkyjf zpfa&mayg?h bmvdak o;ovJv@kd awG;vdu k af wmh vdyk gao; aomfaum? a&;p&m ta=umif;t&mav? bmomjyefrvm;? bmomjyefuawmh ckacwf pmaypdppfa&;u q&mawG vkypf m;wJh tvkyw f ?hJ bmomjyefv@kd aumif;r,fh pmtkyrf sKd ; olw@kd yJ &w,f? b,fuae+y;D b,fo@l qDuykd @kd yd@k olw@kd u t&if,/l t&ifzwf=unf/h }uKd u&f if b,frrS ay;awmhbJ ,lxm; vdu k =f ua&mqdu k ;kd ? +y;D awmh olw@kd yJ bmomjyef olw@kd yJppd pf/ olw@kd yJ ¶du k Ef ydS cf iG jhf yKvu kd o f wJ?h udk,fhrSmawmh udk,fjyefcsifwJh pmtkyfrsdK; cGifhjyKcsufr&rSmpdk;vdk@ tvum; tyifyef;cH&wmrsKd ; tjzpfrcHEikd w f meJ@ jyefr=unf0h b hH ;l ? tomyJ aevdu k &f w,f? bmomrjyefbJ ud, k yf ikd af &;zd@k om;zd@k usawmhvnf; awmfawmf&mS &w,f? Ed@k ayr,fh bmyJjzpfjzpf wjcm;[mxuf pma&;wmudk ud, k u f vkyEf ikd w f m jzpfavawmh ta=umif;t&m &SmazG+y;D a&;&rSmyJ? rae@u OD;pH&u D touf (74) ESpjf ynfv h @kd pdeyf ef; r[mpnf&yd o f mrSm qGr;f auí;&if; xrif;auí;vd@k oGm;pm;cJ&h w,f? qGr;f pm;ausmif;0&efwmrSm w&m;udk toufi,fwek ;f &SmrS taocsr;f omrwJ?h touf}u;D awmhrS &Smr,fv@kd atmufarh&if ae0ifcge;D rS pyg;vSr;f ovdk &Sv d rd rhf ,fv@kd owday;a&;xm;wJh pmwyk'f awGŒcJw h ,f? pmvnf; a&;Edik w f ek ;f pdwt f m;^m%ftm; xufao;wke;f a&;&rSmyJ? touf}u;D vmawmh Z&mu raebl;? =umav csKd ŒwJq h w k , f w k v f mav jzpfEikd w f ,f? 'ga=umifh tcuftcJ awG=um;xJuyJ jzpfEikd w f mvkyv f @kd &wmudak wmh vkyaf e&rSmyJayg?h

vlxka':trm 15 / 12 / 76 (tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0jzef@csdaom vlxka':trm. axmifESifhrdcif pmtkyfrS xkwfE_wfaz: jyygonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

axmif ESihf rdcif vlxak ':trm

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

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"om;&,f rif;[m 'gavmuft=um}u;D tcsKyt f aESmif tESyd t f pufcv H m&wm a=umif rifph w d [ f m bmrSxcd u kd cf íwf,iG ;f r_ r&Sb d ;l ? wcsKd ŒvlawGrsm; pdwrf rSeaf wmhb;l " vd@k ajymawmh " olw@kd u Edik if aH &; ,H=k unfcsurf S r&Sb d J tar&,f " wJ?h [kwrf mS yJ - [kwrf mS yJ? ,H=k unfcsuef @J wdu k yf aJG wG=um;u xGuv f mwJv h rl @kd vle@J vnf; wom;wnf; ajreJ@vnf; wom;wnf;? om;uav;&JŒ }uHhŒcdkifyHkawGudk jrif&awmh tm;&vdkufwm/ *k%f,lvdkufwm/ 0rf;ajrmufvu kd w f m rajymyge@J awmh? tJ'aD e@u &efuek +f rKd ŒxJ jyefvmawmh jynfvrf;u OD;oef;wif/h pkpw k @kd tdr0f if+y;D a&aomuf=uw,f? pkpek @J om;orD;awGukd awGŒw,f? 'g olw@kd rawGŒbl;ao;wJh tpfukd udo k aH csmif;yJv@kd jyawmh apmrGeq f ifeh @J vkvu k " 'Duu kd rkd mS tjypfr&Syd gb;l / 'Dv¶kd yk rf sKd ;u &mZ0wfr_ rusL;vGeyf gb;l "wJah v? +y;D awmh a&cJe@J oHy&m&Smvywf&nf wdu k w f ,f? tJ'rD mS yJ rdwaf qGwcsKd Œudk zke;f qufajymw,f? OD;at;armifwdk@ tdrfudkawmh orD;oef;,Ofrm pmajz+yD;vdk@ xGufvm&ifajym vdu k yf g? ol@armifvw G v f m+yv D @kd tajymcdik ;f w,f? +y;D awmh OD;at;=unfw@kd tdru f kd wef;jyef vm=uw,f? tJ'o D m;uav; vGww f ahJ e@[m orD;oef;,Ofrm M.D. oifwef;wufz@kd twGuf pmar;yGaJ jz&wJah e@yJ? OD;at;=unftrd f a&mufawmh &efuek +f rKd Œay:u &if;csmwJh rdwaf qGawGuv kd nf; zke;f qufajymw,f? rEWav;udv k nf;zke;f qufajymw,f? om;bdn k Kd ukd tdraf pmifx h m;cJ&h wmrd@k " om;a& wd@k rdwaf qGawGukd zke;f eJ@qufajymvd@k &orSs ajymESi/hf owif;ay;ESiyhf gv@kd rSm&w,f"? om;zd;k oHukd Adv k cf sKyu f v$waf y;r,fv@kd ajymw,fqw kd mudk 1971 pufwifbm vuwnf;u ol@tazu ajymoifhwJhvlawGudk ajymjyxm;awmh 'Dowif;u rdwfaqG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;tjyif tcsKyt f aESmifcaH e&whJ vlawG&@J avmurSm awmfawmfys@H ES@H ae+y?D 'gayrJh 1972 ck azazmf0g&Dv (23) &ufae@u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; (200) ausmf yxrtokwf v$w&f mrSmvnf; olrygvm/ rwfv (4) &ufae@rSm Edik if aH &;orm; (30) ausmf v$wfwJh 'kwd,tokwfrSmvnf; olrygvmawmh rdwfaqGawGu EdkifiHa&;orm;awG v$wfw,fqdkwdkif;/ zdk;oHav; ygyvm;vdk@ pmeJ@a&;ar;=u/ vludk,fwdkif ar;=u&wmu c%c%? 'ga=umifh 'Dwcg wu,fvw G af wmh rdwaf qGawG od&atmif om;vGw+f yq D w kd mudk owif;pmrSm owif;ygapcsifw,f? Edk@ayr,fh 'gu MIS u v$wfay;wJhtvGwfrsdK; r[kwaf wmh owif;pmawGu owif;xnfrh ay;Edik =f ubl;? 'ga=umifh zd;k oHvw G w f o hJ wif; owif;pmrSm rygb;l ? 'Dowif; rygayr,fh rdwaf qG owif;pmorm;awGu "mwfyo kH wif;vky+f y;D awmh xnfah y;ao;w,f? jynfvrf; vdycf ;kH BOC aumvdyrf mS atmifww d w f @kd u (5 - 5 - 72) 34

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

ae@u rd;k OD;yef;csjD yyGJ zGiw hf ,f? tJ'u D v kd mygv@kd zdwv f @kd om;zd;k oH&,f/ orD;oef;,OfrmeJ@ rwif0if;&,f/ rpde&f ,f/ tareJ@taz&,f oGm;=uw,f? tJ'rD mS jyyG=J unfah ewJh yHw k yHk zd;k oHukd t"duxm; ¶du k +f y;D owif;pmrSm azmfjy=uw,f? a=u;rHu k azmfjywJyh u kH taumif;qH;k txifay:qHk;yJ? 'DyHkudkjrifawmh zdk;oHudk odorSsvlu zdk;oHvGwf+yDvdk@ od=uwmaygh? owif;"mwfy[ kH m (8 - 5 - 72) ae@rSm ygvmawmh odwhJ rdwaf qGawGu wnf;ae=utdref @J tygwifarmifq h u D kd zke;f qufqufar;vdu k =f uwmwJ?h tJ'aD wmh ud, k o f m;trdom;tazu av,mOfe@J rEWav;udk jyefc+hJ yaD v? (6 - 5 - 72) ae@rSmyJ rEWav;u aqGrsKd ;awG ar#maf erSm pd;k vd@k jyefc=hJ uw,f?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

tdref ;D csi;f awGuvnf; vm=uar;=uyJ? tJ'v D kd {nfah wGvmaevdu k w f m wvavmuftxd ta0;teD;u rpJEikd b f ;l ? om;uav;ajymjyvd@k olccH &hJ wJh (5) ESpef @J (10) v/ vaygi;f (70)/ &ufaygi;f (2129) &ufrmS wdu k ef @J uíef;tawGŒt}uKH awGujzifh &ifemp&m/ a'gojzpfp&m/ em=unf;p&m twdy?J cHEidk &f nf/ ZG/J owWed @J ,H=k unfcsuu f jzifh ajymifygayhom;&,f? tarhacgi;f rmr_ igo h m;u tarGqufcx H m;wm rSeaf yr,fh tarud, k w f ikd f igo h m;avmuf ajymifajrmufatmif cHEikd f &nf&ydS grh vm;/ ,H=k unfrj_ yif;ygrh vm;/ oHr%d[m rD;xJcsrS odomowJ?h

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vlxk a':trm xGufjyD - udk,fawG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - zdk;oH (vlxk) trSmpum;ESifhtwl - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

trsdK;om; ynm0ef OD;zdk;usm;

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trsKd ;om;v_y&f mS ;r_wpf&yfjzpfaom c&pf 1920 ESpjf ynhf ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D u pwifco hJ nhf trsKd ;om;ynma&;avmuwGif OD;zd;k usm;onf ausm=f um;aom acgi;f aqmif}u;D wpfOD; jzpfonf? xdk@jyif rsdK;cspfpdwft&if;cHjzihf jrefrmtrsdK;om;rsm;. tqihftwef; wd;k jriS afh &;twGuf acwf+yKd iaf qmif;yg;/ pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;udk a&;om;cJo h jzihf ausmif;om; oydwaf cwfrS 'kw, d urBmppfrwdik rf pD pf}uKd acwftwGi;f jrefrmpmayavmuY xif&mS ;aom yk*Kd~ vw f pfO;D vnf; jzpfonf? xd@k a=umihf trsKd ;om; ynm0ef OD;zd;k usm; [laom trnfEiS fh Edik if t H 0ef; ysŒH ES@H ausm=f um;cJah vonf? OD;zd;k usm;onf jrefrmouU&mZf 1252 ckEpS /f aESmif;wefc;l vjynhaf e@ (c&pf 1891 ckEpS /f rwfv 23 &uf) wevFmae@wGif [oFmwc&dik f edAmŠ ef¶mG wGif zGm;jrifonf? rdbrsm;onf y&du&Q mukeo f nf OD;azESifh a':a'gi;f wd@k jzpf=uonf? OD;azonf v,form;wpfO;D vnf; jzpfonf? ¶GmteD; bk&m;ukef;wGif ESpfwkH;xGefv,fvkyfol jzpfonf? ol@wGif om;orD; av;a,muf xGe;f um;cJ&h m armifz;kd usm;onf wwd,ajrmuf jzpfonf? od@k aomf i,fpOf uwnf;uyif armifz;kd usm;onf ol@tpfu/kd tpfrrsm;ESirfh wl ynm¶Smvdk / pl;prf;em;vnf vdkaom t&dyfa,mifrsm; jycJhonf? ajcmufESpfom;t¶G,fwGif edAŠmef¶Gm OD;omoe. ausmif;wGif pwifynmoif=um;onf? xdk@aemuf udk;ESpft¶G,fwGif av;rsufESm+rdKŒe,f uHuek ;f ¶Gmq&mawmfausmif;wGif ynmqufvuf qnf;yl;onf? armifzdk;usm; ig;wef;atmifjrifaomtcg ajcmufwef;Y ausmif;wuf&if; q&mwpfyikd ;f vky&f jyefonf? xdt k pDtrHrsKd ;udv k nf; ynma&;Xmeu tm;ay;aecsed f jzpfonf? q&mwpfyikd ;f qufvyk &f efrmS pepfwus oifwef;wufxm;zd@k aumif;onf[k ausmif;xdik f 38

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

q&mu oabm&avonf? xd@k a=umihf [oFmw A&Jacsmifwu kd rf S OD;0do'k u < zGiv fh pS I f xm;aom q&m jzpfoifwef;wGif uav;rsm;udk pmoifenf;/ ausmif;tkycf sKyef nf;wd@k udk tazmfwpfO;D ESit fh wl wufa&mufoif=um;avonf? TwGif armifz;kd usm;onf edAmŠ ef¶mG ausmif;Y ckEpS w f ef;pmar;yGu J kd +y;D qk;H atmif rajzvdkuf&ay? ausmif;ppfvmaom ynmtkyfESihf tqifrajyjzpfcJhI ol@rSm ausmif;rS xGu&f avonf? od@k aomf armifz;kd usm;tzd@k ynm¶Sm&ef vrf;rydwyf g? ol pmoifaumif; a=umif;owif;onf teD;tem;¶Gmrsm;od@k ysŒH ES@H cJah vonf? tokw¶f mG av;xyfausmif;rS OD;okEN&onf ausmif;wGif q&mtjzpf vkyfudkif&ef ol@udkvmac:aoma=umihf av;xyf ausmif;odk@ a&muf&jyefonf? xdkausmif;Yyifausmif;q&mvkyf&if; jrefrm ckESpfwef; ESihf tv,fwef;q&mjzpfoifwef;udk ajzqdkatmifjrifcJhonf? xdk@jyif ausmif;ydwf&ufY tem;raebJ ewfarmuf¶Gmbufodk@oGm;I ewfarmufbkef;}uD;xHrS aA'ifynmukdvnf; oifcahJ vonf? ausmif;q&mtjzpf aqmif¶Guf&if;rS ynmudk qufvufqnf;yl;vdkojzihf ausmif;q&mtvkyfrS xGuf+yD;aomf ykodrf+rdKŒ wdkifwpf&mydk;u&ifausmif;wGif ynm qufvufoif=um;&m 1916 ckESpfwGif xdkausmif;rS t*FvdyfESihf jrefrm udk;wef;udk ajzqdak tmifjrifavonf? ud;k wef;atmif+y;D aemufwiG f qefpufwpfcYk wmvDpma&; 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd o f nf? odk@aomf ynma&;bufwGif pdwfoefaeaom udkzdk;usm;onf wdkifw&mausmif;rSmyif ynmqufoifjyef&m touf (27) ESpt f ¶G,f c&pf 1917 ckEpS w f iG f xdak usmif;uyif t*Fvyd f jrefrm q,fwef; atmifjrifco hJ nf? udzk ;kd usm;onf pmayynmudk ydI k om vdv k m;vmonf? xd@k a=umihf c&pf 1918 ckEpS w f iG f *syq f ifaumvdyYf ynmqufvufoif=um;onf? xdt k csed w f iG f udzk ;kd usm;wGif jrefrmpmay A[kokw tcHenf;yg;ao;onf? c&pf,mef "rRa[mif; /"rRopfwdk@udkrl E_wfwuf¶G¶Gyif qkdjyEdkifonf? odk@aomf pum;tokH;tE_ef;udk eabum&efyif pyf[yf ajymqdk&ef 0goemygonf? *syffqifaumvdyfodk@ a&mufvm+yD;aemufwGif aemifwGif ,Ofaus;r_Xme twGi;f 0ef OD;zd;k vwf / ae¶Sief ,f OD;jrihw f @kd jzpfvmrnhf udzk ;kd vwf/ udjk rihw f @kd ESifh cifrif&if;ESD;vmaomtcg jrefrmpmay/ jrefrmhordkif;wdk@udk pdwfyg0ifpm;vmonf? avhvmrSwfom;vmonf? jrefrmr_/ jrefrm"avh xkH;wrf;qdkif&mrsm;udk vdkvdkvm;vm; jzpfvmaom OD;zdk;usm;onf udkzdk;vwf/ udkjrihfwdk@. n$ef=um;csuft& ygVdq&mapm/ kd af wmfri_d ;f ) wd@k xH wynhcf I H v,fwyD ¾dw OD;armif}u;D / q&mvGe;f (q&m}u;D ocifu, qnf;yl;avonf? xdq k &m}u;D rsm; .oif=um;rSKa=umihjf refrmpmay/ jrefrmhordik ;f wd@k bufwiG f xGe;f xGe;f ayguaf yguf jzpfvmonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

udzk ;kd usm;onf aumvdyw f iG v f nf; jrefrmpmay/ jrefrmhordik ;f wd@k udk txl;avhvm vdkufpm;onf? jrefrmr_wdk@udk txl;ta&;w,l jyKvmonf? xdk@a=umihf udkzdk;vwf/ udjk rihw f @kd ESit fh wl *syq f ifaumvdyw f iG f Ak'b < momtoif;udk wnfaxmifcahJ vonf? bDat (0dZ…m) atmufwef;odk@ a&mufaomtcg jrefrmpmaybufwGif ydkrdkESH@pyf wwfod u|rf;usifvmonf? okd@wdkifatmif wif;wdrftm;&jcif; r¶Sdao;ojzihf A[ef;"rRokc ausmif;wdkuf a=umifvdrfausmif;q&mawmf OD;u\yxHrS avmuD/ avmukwW&m pmayrsm;udkvnf; qnf;yl;oif=um;jyefonf? xdkq&mawmfxHrS jrefrmpmayqdkif&m yk&ydu k rf sm;udv k nf; &¶Scd o hJ nf? ,if;od@k jzihf 1920 jynhEf pS o f @kd a&mufaomtcg &efuek w f uUov kd f Oya'udpEP iS fh pyfvsO;f I ausmif;om;rsm; v_yv f y_ ¶f mS ;¶Sm; jzpfvmonf *syq f ifaumvdyrf S ausmif;om;}u;D rsm;onf oydwrf arSmuf&ef uef@uGucf ahJ omfvnf; trsm;qENt& oydwaf rSmuf=uaomtcg xdak usmif;om;}u;D rsm;yif acgi;f aqmifc=hJ uonf? xdak usmif;om;}u;D rsm;wGif udzk ;kd vwf/ udjk rih/f udzk ;kd usm;wd@k yg0ifcahJ vonf? udzk ;kd usm;onf pum;t&m vdrmR usrG ;f usiI f tajymta[m aumif;olwpfOD;vnf; jzpfaoma=umihf jrefrmjynf e,ft&yf&yfodk@ vSnhfvnfI oydww f &m;a[m&m Edik if yH ikd f tpd;k &rif;rsm;. Oya'ESifh +ipd eG ;f onfqu kd m '%faiGwpf&musyf wyfjcif;cH&onf? xdkpOfu ausmif;om;oydwfta&;um; wpfEdkifiHvkH; odrhfodrhfwkefcJhonf? jynfov l x l . k tultnDuv kd nf; &uf&ufa&ma&m &¶Scd o hJ nf? xdak =umihf +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &. ynma&;ESihf pif+ydKiftrsdK;om;wuUodkvf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf? xdt k rsKd ;om; ynma&;avmuwGif udzk ;kd usm;onf wuf=upG mG ygaqmif¶u G cf o hJ nf? 1921 ckwGif trsdK;om; ynma&;aumifpD (C.N.E) Y OD;pdk;0if;/ rpPwmtdkif;,m;wdk@ESihftwl trsdK;om;ynma&;udk tm;}udK;rmefwuf aqmif¶GufI trsdK;om; ynm0eftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1920 jynhf ausmif;om; oydwt f a&;tay:rDu t*Fvyd -f jrefrm ESpb f momoif ausmif;rsm;Y jrefrmpm/ jrefrmhordkif; oifonfqdkonfrSm rnfumrwWrSsom jzpfonf? trsKd ;om;ausmif;rsm; ay:ayguv f maomtcg jrefrmpm/ jrefrmhordik ;f wd@k udk tav;*&kjyKI oif=um;vmonf? xdt k a&;wd@k wGif OD;zd;k usm;wd@k . aqmif¶u G rf r_ sm;pGm yg0ifavonf? OD;zdk;usm;onf ausmif;om;}uD;b0uyif pmayta&;tom;udk tpjyKcJhonf? trsKd ;om;ausmif;rsm; ay:ayguv f maomtcg xdak usmif;rsm;Y jrefrmpmay/ jrefrmhorkid ;f wd@k udk tav;xm;I oif=um;=u&onf? xkt d cg OD;zd;k usm;onf jrefrmhordik ;f / jrefrmh&mZ0ifukd ausmif;rsm;Y oif=um;avhvmEdkifap&ef vG,fulaom pum;ajyta&;tom;jzihf "jrefrmh*% k &f nf" [laom trnfjzihf &mZ0ifpmtkyw f pftyk f a&;om;jyKpck o hJ nf? 40

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

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tEkynm=u,fyiG hf jzpfco hJ nf? 1991 ckEpS f jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D Xme pmayAdrmŠ efu }u;D rSL;usi;f y onfh *Eœ0ifpmaypmwrf;zwfyw JG iG f q&mausmaf tmif u "acwfay: jrefrmh *Eœ0ifpmay" pmwrf;Y q&m a&;om;cJo h nfh "bke;f armifwa,mufx&J ,f" (1947)/ "a'guw f ma&csr;f " (1950)/ "olyek ef ,f}u;D " (1952)/ "jynfawmfomcifcifO;D " (1957)/ "+rKd if" (1958)/ "i=o" (1961) wd@k udk acwfay:*Eœ0if0wˆKrsm;tjzpf ud;k um; zwf=um;wifjyoGm;onf? q&monf acwfay:*Eœ0if0wˆKrsm;a&;cJhovdk "jrefrmEkdifiHawmfordkif;"/ "udv k ekd aD cwfjrefrmEkid if o H rdik ;f " uJhodk@ ordkif; pmtkyfrsm;/ "obm00wKˆ (1)"/ "¶kyu f rBm" uJo h @kd '\eusr;f rsm;/ "tEkp=u0VmESihf r[mp=u0Vm"/ "obm0odyH` waphwapmif; avhvmjcif;"/ "tkid ;f pwdik ;f ESihf ol."rRw&m;"/ "vl’"uJo h @kd odyu H` sr;f rsm;/ "qd&k , S v f pfÉu D m"/ "qdk&S,fvpftbd"mef"/ "'kwd,urBmppfeSifh bmvifta&;awmfykH"/ "w¶kwfqdkAD,uf ta&;awmf y k H " / "avmjy\em"/ "urB m @Ek d i f i H r sm;ES i f h wwd , urB m " ponf h Edik if aH &;pmayrsm;udv k nf; a&;om;cJo h l jzpfonf? xd@k jyif qDr;D cGu/f wifO;D / armifwifatmif/ xGe;f vif;/ r[matmif/ armifarmifvwf/ armifa&csr;f / vif;,ke/f armifat;oGif ponfh uavmifurJG sm;jzifh pme,fZif;rsK;d pkw H iG f aqmif;yg;rsm;/ 0wˆKwrkd sm; a&;om;cJo h nf? od@k aomf ol@obm0wavSsmuf tjyifavmuwGif ae&onfxuf tusO;f axmif xJwiG af e&onfh umvu rsm;aeayonf? olonf ppf+y;D acwfumvwGif pmayta&; tom;a=umifh tzrf;cH&aom yxrqk;H pma&;q&mwOD;jzpfonf? q&mAef;armfwifatmifonf "vl" ESifh "pm" xyfwlusatmifaecJholvnf; jzpfonf? trsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJpOfwavSsmufY uavmifpGrf;tm;jzifh wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;tay: wm0efausyGefcJhaom pma&;q&mwOD; jzpfonf? olonf jynfol@bufrS cdkifrmpGm&yfwnfI rdrd,kH=unfcsuftay: raoGzDbJ &J&ifhjywfom;pGm uavmifjzifh wdu k yf 0JG ifco hJ jl zpfonf? ol@b0Y "usaemfb h 0rSm twWqv kd @kd rcifO;D udck spw f hJ tcspw f ckxyJ J &Syd gw,fAsm" [kajymcJo h vd/k ud, k u f sK;d pGe@f tepfemcHco hJ jl zpfonf? ol@b0wavSsmuf tcsdefjynfh pmayESifh EkdifiHa&; ESpfckudkom ol@b0udk tyfeiS ;f jrKS yEf x HS m;&m/ ol@rdom;pk tay: wm0efysucf o hJ vdk jzpfc&hJ onf? xd@k a=umifh rdom;pk. em;vnfru _ kd r&cJah cs? aemufq;Hk rdom;pku em;vnfcsed w f iG f q&monf odEidk pf rG ;f r&Sad wmhay? q&m.aemufq;Hk c&D;psmyeY q&mhZeD; a':cifO;D u.... "usr ol@udak pmapmydik ;f u tawmfav; txifao;cJw h ,f? ol@udk yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; vnf; a0zefcw hJ ,f? ol[m ol@om; r,m;/ ol@tdraf xmifukd *¶krpdu k b f ;l ? ol@Ekid if aH &;/ ol@pmayeJ@om aysmaf rG@aecJw h ,f? pD;yGm;a&;wd@k / bmwd@k qdw k mudk vk;H 0 xnfrh wGub f ;l ? usr ol@tay: tawmfrausreyfjzpfcJhw,f? tckawmh usr rSm;rSef;od&yg+yD? ol@udk tckvdk jynfov l x l u k av;pm;=unfnKd ru _ kd usrt&ifu txif}u;D cJw h hJ aiGa=u;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ 46

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0,fvdkr&bl;qdkwm usrtck oabmaygufyg+yD? ol@tay:vnf; tjrifrSef&yg+yD" [k xkwaf zmfajym=um;cJyh gonf? }u;D rm;pGmay;qyfrr_ sm;ESihf &if;+y;D &cJo h nfh ZeD;.em;vnfru _ kd q&mom=um;cJrh nf qdv k sS if tb,frsS 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfaernf rod? od@k uvdyk if pmayESiEhf idk if aH &;udo k m jrKS yEf x HS m;aom q&m Aef;armfwifatmiftm; 1920 jynfhESpf ZGefv 9 &ufae@wGif yJcl;+rdKŒ Y tzausmif;q&m/ w&m;a[mq&m csi;f trsK;d om; OD;armifaeESihf trd armfwifved ;f *suq f ifausmif;xGuf a':apm+rKd if (yJc;l +rKd Œol) wd@k rS zGm;jrifco hJ nf? arG;csi;f ok;H OD;wGif t}u;D qk;H jzpfI/ ?atmufwiG f nDr a':cif=unfrm ESihf nD OD;ndK wd@k &Sad vonf? q&m Aef;armfwiftmif. i,frnfrmS armifwifO;D jzpfonf? zcifonf ESpcf si;f toif;awmf. w&m;a[mq&mjzpfaoma=umifh w+rKd Œ+y;D w+rKd Œ ajymif;a&$Œaexdik cf &hJ m olonf rdrZd mwd+rKd Œtjyif tjcm;+rKd Œrsm;wGif ynmoif,cl ahJ vonf? i,fpOfu ZmwdycJ ;l +rKd Œ atbDtrfausmif; wGif oli,fwef;rS 'kw, d wef; 1926 - 1929 txd ynmqnf;yl;cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf awmifil atbDtrf ausmif;wGif 1929 rS 1931 txd ynmoif,lcJh+yD; pwkwˆwef; atmifjrifcJhonf? 1931 rS 1932 txd Aef;armf atbDtrfausmif;rS tpdk;&ppf owœrwef; atmifjrifcJhonf? olynm qnf;yl;cJhaom Aef;armf atbDtrf ausmif;onf atbDtrftoif;awmfrS 1892 ckEpS rf S pwifziG v hf pS cf ahJ om t*Fvdyf-jrefrm tv,fwef;ausmif; jzpfonf? 1934-35 pmoifESpfwGif aemufqkH; zGiv hf pS cf +hJ y;D aemufyikd ;f toif;awmfrS axmufyjhH cif;r&Sad wmhojzifh ausmif;ydwv f u kd &f onf? xd@k aemuf ,if;ausmif;Yyif +rKd Œrd+rKd Œzrsm;. awmif;qdrk a_ =umifh tpd;k &[ku d pf ul; ausmif;udk zGiv hf pS af y;cJ&h onf? Aef;armfwifatmifonf tv,fwef;atmifjrif+yD;aemuf &efukef+rdKŒ tpdk;& [dkufpul;ausmif;wGif ynm qufvufqnf;yl;onf? ,if;odk@ ynmqnf;yl;&if; jrefrmh¶yk &f iS pf mapmif/ bm;rm;*sme,f/ jrefrmhwm0ef r*~Zif;rsm;wGif armifwifatmif (tpd;k & [dkufpul;ausmif; &efukef) uavmiftrnfjzifh 0wˆKwdkrsm; a&;om;cJhavonf? ,if;umvrwdkifrD Aef;armfatbDtrfausmif;wGif tv,fwef;ynm oif,lpOfuyif 0wˆKwrkd sm; ta&;avhusichf o hJ nf[k od&onf? xdk@aemuf 1938 wGif "r[matmif" uavmiftrnfjzifh "rkef;arh&ufbl;" trnfjzifh wrl;wef vkH;csif; 0wˆKudk a&;om;cJhayonf? xdktcsdefu jrefrmEkdifiHausmf pma&;q&m}u;D "r[maqG" udt k m;usI r[matmif uavmiftrnfukd ,lcjhJ cif;jzpfonf[k od&onf? Aef;armfwifatmifonf 1937-38 wGif &efuek f [du k pf ul;ausmif;rS t*Fvyd -f jrefrm 9 wef;pmar;yGJ atmifjrif+yD;aemuf Aef;armfodk@jyefvmum ucsifwdkif;&if;jrefrm txufwef;ausmif;wGif qufvuf ynmoif=um;onf? xdak usmif;.ausmif;tky}f u;D rSm tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

awmifiZl mwdjzpfI OD;av;rdom;pkEiS t hf wl Aef;armfo@kd vdu k yf gvmjcif;jzpfonf? udw k ifatmifonf *syefacwftwGi;f 1942 rS 45 xd jynf+rKd Œod@k jyefomG ;um opfawmXmewGif opfjzwf 0efaxmuf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf? xd@k aemuf Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmf/ ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfwdk@wGif yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhonf? zufqpf*syef awmfveS af &;+y;D onft h cg Aef;armfwifatmifonf pwD;b&m;om;ukr% ` w D iG f t0,fawmf/ opfuek o f nftjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? Aef;armfwifatmifonf ppf+y;D acwf yxrqk;H vk;H csi;f 0wˆKjzpfonfh "bke;f armif wa,muf x J & ,f " 0wˆ K ud k 1947 ck E S p f w G i f xk w f a 0cJ h o nf ? uavmif t rnf u d k Aef;armfwifatmif [k ,lco hJ nf? tqdyk g0wˆKukd wd;k wufaom wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;u }uKd qv kd ufccH =hJ uonf? ,if;0wˆKxJrS "bkef;Ekdif" udk pGJvrf; ESpf+cKdufcJhonf? &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om; udck ifarmifwifo h nf "wuUov kd b f ek ;f Edik f" uavmiftrnfu, kd I l ¶_r0r*~Zif;wGif uAsmrsm; a&;om;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf wuUodkvfbkef;Ekdif uavmif trnfjzifh 0wˆKrsm;a&;cJhaom wuU o d k v f a usmif ; q&m ud k c if a rmif w if h o nf "rk e f ; &pf a vOD ; "/ "ol i ,f c sif ; vd k @ qufIac:rnfcikd f"/ "wjynforl a&$xm;"/ "nDrav;&,f pk;d &drrf w d ,f" ponfh 0wˆKrsm;jzifh atmifjrif ausm=f um;cJo h nfh pma&;q&m jzpfvmcJo h nf? q&m Aef;armfwifatmif. "bkef;armifwa,mufwnf;&,f" 0wˆK}uD;ESifh ywfowfI a0zefa&; q&mwOD;u ,if;0wˆKxJwGif bGJ@pmvkH;aygif; waxmifausmf yg0ifonf[k a0zefco hJ nf? q&m'*kew f m&murl "pdwu f ;l ,Ofbufo@kd ,dr;f onfh 0wˆK" [k rSwfcsufay;cJhonf? Aef;armfwifatmifonf '*kew f m&mtm; cspcf if,=kH unfojzifh wm&mr*~Zif;wGif tokH;jyK&ef aiGxkyf}uD;udk ykHtyfonf? q&m'*kefwm&mu tqdkygaiGrsm;udk tokH;jyK&ef rvd k t yf I vuf r cH c J h a cs? Aef ; armf w if a tmif o nf w&mr*~ Z if ; wG i f vpmr,l b J pmay,k=H unfcsujf zifh aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? Tod@k jzifh r*~Zif;xkwaf 0a&; twwfynmrsm;udk avhvm&if; wm&mr*~Zif; vufaxmuft,f'w D m jzpfvmcJo h nf? Aef;armfwifatmifonf pmayxkwaf 0a&; vkyif ef;tawG@t=uK&H vmaomtcg 1952 jynf h E S p f w G i f yxrt}ud r f vif ; ,k e f * sme,f u d k x k w f a 0I t,f ' D w mtjzpf aqmif&u G o f nf? ,if;od@k vif;,ke*f sme,f xkwaf 0&if; a'guw f ma&csr;f (1950)/ rkew f ikd ;f xJuvl (1950)/ aiGEiS ;f r_erf e_ f ponfh 0wˆKrsm; a&;om;cJo h nf? xdk@aemuf Aef;armfwifatmifonf 1951 wGif "vif;,kef" owif;pmudk yxrt}urd f xkwaf 0cJo h nf? ol. vif;,ke*f sme,fEiS hf vif;,keo f wif;pmwGif Edik if aH &; a0zefcsuf jyif;jyif;xefxef a&;om;ojzifh xdpk Ofu zqyv. rsurf ek ;f usK;d jcif;udck cH &hJ onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

wzufrv S nf; 0wˆKrsm; tqufrjywfa&;om;cJ&m cifrr=uL (1951)/ a&ajrqk;H apawmhu, G f (1952)/ olykef}uD; (1952)/ jynfawmfomcifcifOD; (1952)/ armifharwœm (1952)/ qef@usib f uf. orD;ysKd (1952)/ tar (1952)/ tnw& (1953)wd@k onf xif&mS ;cJh avonf? ol@0wˆKrsm;wGif vuf&t dS pd;k &tm; Ekid if aH &;xd;k ESucf surf sm; yg&adS oma=umifh 1952 ckEpS x f w k f olyek }f u;D / jynfawmfom cifcifO;D ESit hf ar ponfh vk;H csi;f 0wˆKrsm;a=umifh zqyv tpd;k &u Aef;armfwifatmiftm; yk'rf (5) jzifh 1952 =o*kwv f 27 wGizf rf;qD;I axmif 7 ESpf jypf'%fcsrw S cf o hJ nf? pma&;q&m/ t,f'DwmESifh xkwfa0ol Aef;armfwifatmif xdef;odrf;cH& aoma=umifh yxrt}urd f vif;,ke*f sme,fEiS hf vif;,keo f wif;pmwd@k vnf; &yfqikd ;f oGm; cJh&onf? ol. vif;,kef*sme,fESifh owif;pmwdk@rS vif;,kefopfvGif/ vif;,kefeD/ vif;,kefarmifarmif/ armifvif;,kef (&Srf;jynf) ponfh vif;,keftrnfwyf owif;pm q&mrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;udk arG;xkwEf idk cf ahJ vonf? cifyeG ;f onf xde;f odr;f cH&onft h cg yg&rDjznfzh uf q&mhZeD;a':cifO;D onf uav; 3 a,mufEiS hf =uK&H musyef;vkyu f m b0udk ¶ke;f uefc&hJ avawmhonf? Aef;armfwifatmiftm; zqyv tpdk;&u yk'fr (5) jzifhaxmif (7) ESpfcscJh aomfvnf; qXr t}urd af jrmuf o*Fg,emwif txdr;f trSwt f jzpf tusO;f om;rsm;udk vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGijhf zifh jyefvnf v$waf y;cJ&h m 1957 Zefe0g&v D 4 &ufae@ wGijf yefvnf vGwaf jrmufvmonf? xd@k aemuf Aef;armfwifatmifonf 1957 wGif vif;,ke*f sme,fuv kd nf;aumif;/ 1958 wGif vif;,kef owif;pmudk vnf;aumif; 'kw, d t}urd f jyefvnfxw k af 0cJo h nf? xdk@jyif axmifrSvGwfajrmuf+yD;aemuf axmifwGif;Ya&;om;cJhaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrm EkdifiHawmfordkif;/ arSmifrdkufaomae@rsm;/ rkefwdkif;uxefESifh +rdKif0wˆK&Snf}uD;wdk@udk xkwaf 0cJo h nf? +rKd i0f wˆKukd 1957 Zlvikd v f rS 1958 ck/ azazmf0g&v D txd 8 v=umatmif ¶_r0 r*~Zif;wGif tcef;qufxnfh oGi;f azmfjycJ+h y;D rS vk;H csi;f pmtkyt f jzpf xkwaf 0cJjh cif;jzpfonf? "+rdKi"f onf ynmwfvil ,frsm;/ txl;ojzifh wd;k wufaom t,l0g'&So d nfh wuUov kd f ynmwwfvli,frsm; tvGefESpf+cdKufaom0wˆKjzpfI rmhuQpf0g'udk ,kH=unfvufcHaom wdk;wufonfh owif;pmq&m vli,fwa,mufESifh a&$awmif=um;vrf;ae ynmwwf txufwef;pm; trsKd;orD;i,fwa,mufwkd@. tcspfa&;/ tdrfaxmifa&;Zmwfvrf;udk aemufc+H y;D ol@ t,l0g'ESihf ol@,k=H unfcsuu f kd ajymifajrmufpmG azmfusL;cJah om 0wˆK}u;D jzpfonf? ynmwwftodik ;f 0dik ;f u "+rKd if"onf Aef;armfwifatmif. taumif;qk;H vuf&m/ 50

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

tEkynmtajrmufq;Hk 0wˆKjzpfonf[k owfrw S =f uavonf? Aef;armfwifatmifonf 1958 Ek0d ifbmvxkwf vif;,ke*f sme,fyg ta&;tom; a=umifh 1959 ckEpS rf mS Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om; jzpfc&hJ jyefonf? ,if;aemuf olonf pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mtjzpf aqmif&u G af epOf twGi;f ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d a=umifh 'kw, d t}urd f xkwfa0onfh vif;,kefowif;pmonf wESpftwGif; &yfqdkif;oGm;cJh&jyefonf? xdk@twl 'kw, d t}urd x f w k af 0onfh vif;,ke*f sme,f (1957-59) onfvnf; 3 ESpf xkwaf 0+y;D qufrxkwEf idk af wmhacs? xd@k aemuf 0wˆKw/kd 0wˆK&n S rf sm;udk ykrH eS t f wdik ;f qufvufa&;om; aeayonf? ,if;aemuf 1960 "rr}u;D " 0wˆKukd a&;om;xkwaf 0&m ,if;0wˆKukd 1960 jynfEh pS f pmayAdrmŠ ef 0wˆK&n S q f u k kd atmifvif;. "t¶kid ;f py,f" 0wˆKEiS hf yl;wGI J qkcs;D jriS chf o hJ nf? odk@aomf q&mAef;armfwifatmifu 0wˆK&Snfqkudk ESpfOD;yl;wGJcsD;jrSifhaomrludk r}udKuf ESpfoufojzifh tqdkygqkudk vufrcHbJ jiif;y,fcJhonf? atmifvif;url qkudkvufcH wuf,cl o hJ nf? 1962 ckEpS f urBmat;uke;f ajrwGiu f si;f yaom pmaynDvmcHo@kd pmayvkyo f m; wOD;taejzifh Aef;armfwifatmifonf wuf=upG mG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJo h nf? aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;wGif Aef;armfwifatmifonf '*kew f m&mbufr&S yfwnfc&hJ m ol@tm; tcsKŒd u '*kew f &mtm; yk * ~ K d v f a &;t& ud k ; uG , f r _ & S d a eonf [ k a0zef c H c J h & onf ? Aef ; armf w if a tmif o nf urm?@+ird ;f csr;f a&;uGeu f &uf jrefrmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f maumfrwD0if/ jynfwiG ;f +ird cf sr;f a&;tzGŒJ twGif;a&;rSL;/ w¶kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; trsKd;om;aumfrwD OuUÏ tjzpfvnf; aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? Aef;armfwifatmifonf 1963 ckEdkif0ifbmvwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDESifh awmwG i f ; vuf e uf u d k i f tif t m;pk r sm; +id r f ; csrf ; a&;aqG ; aEG ; yG J ysuf j ym;+yD ; aemuf jyeftzrf;cH&onf? ol@tm; udu k ;kd u|e;f ESihf tif;pdef tusO;f axmifwiG f 7 ESpcf ef@ tusO;f cs cJo h nf? od@k aomf 1972 ckEpS f rwfvwGif jyefvnfvw $ af y;cJo h nf? udkudk;u|ef;rSjyefvGwfvm+yD;aemuf olonf ¶_r0r*~Zif;wGif a[0efyef;+rdKif 0wˆ K &S n f } uD ; ud k tcef ; quf a&;onf ? xd k @ aemuf rd a t; (1972)/ jref r mh r sKd ; cspf ajymufusm;acgi;f aqmif}u;D ijrwfxeG ;f ESihf 0wˆK&n S Ef pS yf 'k f (1972)/ a&$jynfawmf arSsmw f ikd ;f a0; (1972)/ tbrd;k ausmf (1973)/ jrpf{&may:wGif (1973)/ jr&ifr (1973)/ a'guw f mvGr;f a0 (1973)/ yk*aH &$jynf (1974)/ arcif (1974)/ rif;jypfrif;'%f (1974)/ a=u;pm; (1975)/ yef;a0a0 (1975)/ ol@Zmwfaumif/ ol@0wˆKESifh ol@pma&;q&m (1977) a&;om; xkwaf 0cJo h nf? ,if;0wˆKrsm; teuf rif;jypfrif;'%fpmtkyu f kd pmaypdppfa&;rS ydwyf ifco hJ nf? ,if;aemufrdk;a0r*~Zif; "*suv f ef'ef. b0c&D;" twˆKyw ` }dˆ u;D udk tcef;quf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

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pdrf;jrifh (rEœav;) (Same Myint Facebook rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

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r&daS o;awmh wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttHk qdw k m jzpfrvmEdik yf gb;l ? 'ga=umifrh @kd wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~taqmufttHk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef twGuf jyifqifaewJh wpfcsd ex f rJ mS wuUov kd af usmif;om;or*~ w&m;0if jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;cGihf &&daS &;udyk g aqmif&u G &f ef ta&;}u;D ygw,f? udkrif;udkEdkifu ausmif;om;&dS&if ausmif;om;or*~&dS&r,fvdk@ c%c%ajym ygw,f? 'g[m a,bl,staejzifhawmh rSefygw,f? tJ'gudk ajymif;jyef jyefpOf;pm;&if ausmif;om;r&daS o;yJ ausmif;om;or*~ zJ@G pnf;cGiahf y;w,f qd&k ifvJ bmrSt"dyg` ,rf &dyS gb;l ? Oyrm taeeJ@ajym&&if ,ck vuf&t Sd cdserf mS &efuek f wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ zJ@G pnf;cGihf &&ifawmif b,fausmif;om;awGe@J ausmif;om;or*~z@GJ rSmvJ? xd@k twlygyJ ausmif;om;or*~ r&daS o;&if ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuftOD; aqmufvyk f cGijhf yKw,f qdw k m[mvJ bmt"dyg` ,rf S r&dyS gb;l ? tJ'v D kd aqmufciG jhf yKw,f qd&k ifvnf; u|eaf wmhf pdwx f rJ mS &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ y&0%fukd em;vSnyhf g;&du k v f yk jf y;D vdrn f m,lcsiw f hJ t}uv H @kd yJ xifae ygw,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd &efuek w f uUov kd ef ,fajrrSm wuUov kd af usmif;om;/ ausmif;olawG ausmif;jyefwufciG &hf jy;D / wuUov kd ef ,fajr pdpk akd jyajy jzpfvmatmif aqmif&u G w f v hJ yk if ef;/ wuUov kd ef ,fajrrSm wuUov kd af usmif;om;/ ausmif;olawG jyefvnfa&muf&Sd vm&if wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ w&m;0ifz@GJ pnf;cGi&hf a&;vkyif ef;? wwd,taeeJ@ ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttHk jyefvnf wnfaqmufa&; vkyif ef; ponfh vkyif ef;oH;k ckukd tav;xm;aqmif&u G &f ef vdyk gw,f? tdv k yH pf trSww f q H yd u f uGi;f (5)uGi;f wpfcek @J wpfck qufaeovdk txufu azmfjycJw h hJ vkyif ef;oH;k ck[mvnf; wpfcek @J wpfcq k ufaerSm jzpfygw,f? "&efuek w f uUov kd f &Sio f efz@GH +zKd ;a&;ESihf wuo taqmufttHk jyefvnfwnf aqmufa&;tzJ@G " &J@ trnfukd =unf&h wm/ txufu u|eaf wmf&iS ;f jycJw h hJ uGi;f qufo;kH ckrmS tv,fuiG ;f qufwpfck jywfaeovdk cHpm;&ygw,f? tJ'D uGif;qufoHk;qufrSm tv,fuGif;quf[m bma=umifhjywfaeovJ qdw k mudak wmh u|eaf wmf pOf;pm;vd@k r&ygb;l ? trSww f rJh useaf ewmvm;/ wrifcsex f m;cJo h vm; qdw k mudak wmh tJ'D aumfrwD udk OD;aqmifz@GJ pnf;wJh yk*Kd~ vaf wGyJ odrmS yg? wpfcsd K@uvnf; ausmif;om;or*~ zJ@G pnf;cGiq hf w kd m b,fo@l qDu tcGiahf wmif; ae&rvJ? ud, k [ hf m ud, k zf @GJ &if &wmyJqw kd hJ oabmxm;&dcS sif &daS erSmyg? u|efawmfwdk@awG taeeJ@vnf; 1962 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (7)&uf aemufydkif;rSm 94

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

ud, k [ hf mudzk @GJ +y;D v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uwmyJ? 'gayrJh ausmif;om;or*~ w&m;0ifz@GJ pnf;cGihf &Edik w f hJ tajctae&daS e&ifawmh ausmif;om;or*~ w&m;0ifz@GJ pnf;cGiu hf kd awmif;&rSmyg? ud, k [ hf mud, k f zJ@G pnf;wJh ausmif;om;or*~e@J w&m;0ifz@GJ pnf;cGi&hf wJh ausmif;om; or*~awG&@J tcef;u他awG[m trsm;}u;D uGmjcm;ygw,f? w&m;0if ausmif;om;or*~ zJ@G pnf;cGi&hf wmeJ@ ausmif;om;or*~ a&G;aumufyGJ awGjyKvyk +f y;D wu,fah usmif;om;xk&hJ ud, k pf m;vS,af wG a&G;cs,w f ifajrmS ufv@kd &ygw,f? ausmif;om; ausmif;olawG&hJ w&m;0if a&G;cs,w f ifajrmS ufcx H m;&wJ/h ausmif;om;or*~ tr_aqmiftzG@J jzpf&ifausmif;om; ausmif;olawG&@J w&m;0if ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpfe@J ajymEdik f qdEk ikd /f ajymcGiq hf ckd iG hf ydrk akd v;eufygw,f? wuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~ w&m;0ifzJG@pnf;cGifh &&dS&if ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttHk r&dSayrJh? ,m,D taqmufttHkaqmuf+yD; ausmif;om;or*~vkyfief; awGukd aqmif&u G v f @kd &ygr,f? 1963 ckEpS f {jyv D (1)&ufae@rSm taxGaxG vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGihf trde@f a=unm+y;D wJhtcdsef aemufydkif; wuUodkvf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; wuUodkvfe,fajrrSm jyefvnfajccsEikd w f hJ tcdseu f pjy;D / 1963 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv (14) &ufae@ awmfveS af &; aumifpu D / jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; aqGaEG;yJaG wG zsuo f rd ;f a=umif; ajujimwJt h xd wuo 0ef;xJrSmyJ x&Hum/ "edrdk;/ wuo,m,D taqmuf ttHkav;wpfck aqmufvkyf+yD;/ &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~&@J vkyif ef;wm0efrsm; aqmif&u G f Edik cf yhJ gw,f? wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttHo k pf}u;D jyefvnfwnfaqmufciG hf &aomfvnf; w&m;0if ausmif;om;or*~ zJ@G pnf;cGirhf &&d&S if tJ'aD usmif;om;or*~ trnfcH taqmufttHo k pf}u;D [m/ ausmif;om; or*~vyk if ef;twGuf toH;k 0ifonfh taqmuf ttH}k u;D jzpfrvmEdik yf gb;l ? 'ga=umifrh @kd ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttH}k u;D jyefvnf topf wnfaqmuf a&;twGuf ta&;}u;D ovdk wuUov kd af usmif;om;or*~ w&m;0ifjyefvnf zJ@G pnf;cGi&hf &daS &; uvnf; ta&;}u;D ygw,f? wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ w&m;0if jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;wJh tcdserf mS vnf; 1962 ckEpS f Zlvikd f (7)&uf ausmif;om;ta&;tcif; jzpfymG ;+y;D aemufyikd ;f wuUov kd rf mS toif; tzJ@G awG zJ@G ovdk ausmif;om;or*~ trnfc&H o kH ufouf wuUov kd f tm%mydik rf sm;u/ b,fausmif;q&mu OuUXvky/f b,fausmif;om;u twGi;f a&;r_;vkypf ojzifh A[dOk ;D pD; pepfe@J zJ@G pnf;ay;wJh trnfcH ausmif;om;or*~rsd K;udak wmh ausmif;om;xku vH;k 0vufcrH mS r[kwyf gb;l ? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;wJh tcgrmS Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;wd@k acwfu a&;qJG twnfjyKxm;cJ+h y;D 1962 ckepS f txdvufuikd x f m; toH;k jyKcw hJ hJ " &efuek f wuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~ zJG@pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;" twdkif;w&m;rSsw+yD; vGwfvyfwJh rJay;pepfe@J ausmif;om;xku rJay;a&G;cs,f wifajrmufvu kd w f hJ ausmif;om;xk ud, k pf m; kd af usmif;om;or*~" jzpf&ef vdt k yfygw,f? vS,af wGe@J zJ@G pnf;xm;wJh "wuUov aemuf ta&;}u;D wJh tcsuu f wuUov kd af usmif;om;or*~ taqmufttHu k kd topfjyefvnf wnfaqmuf+y;D &if tJ'D taqmufttHu k kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ausmif;om;or*~ tr_aqmiftzJ@G rSm wm0ef,cl phJ Ofuvdk &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ tr_aqmif tzJ@G u pDrcH ef@cJt G yk cf sKycf iG hf &&d&S ef vdt k yf ygw,f? wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttH[ k m/ wuUov kd ef ,fajrrSm tcrJh ajriSm; aqmufxm;wJh oabmomjzpf+y;D &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~tr_aqmif tzJ@G u wm0ef,&l ygw,f? wuUov kd f tm%mydik af wGtaeeJ@ vH;k 0 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufciG hf r&dyS gb;l ? u|eaf wmf 'gawGuakd jymaewmu u|eaf wmhpw d x f rJ mS pd;k &drpf w d af wG &daS evd@k yg? wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttHu k kd aqmufciG jhf yKw,f/ tkwjf rpfcs w,f/ taqmufttHk aqmuf=u/ zGiyhf v GJ yk =f u/ aemuf taqmufttH}k u;D +y;D awmh wuUov kd f tm%mydik af wGu vJa$ jymif;vufcH ,lomG ;&if/ u|eaf wmfw@kd &J@ ausmif;om;or*~ ajruGu}f u;D qH;k &H;_ oGm;wJh oabma&mufomG ;ygr,f? em;vSnhf yg;&du k cf &H jy;D / ajruGuf qH;k &H;_ oGm;&wJh oabmjzpfomG ;Edik yf gw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efawmf txufuajymcJhwJh uGif;qufoHk;qufudk tjywfrcHbdk@ wdu k w f eG ;f wmyg? aemuf wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttHek @J ywfouf+y;D ajymp&mwpfck &dyS gao;w,f? orRwOD;odef;pdefxH ay;ydk@wJh OD;jrifh&J@ tdyfzGifhay;pmxJrSm ygwJhpdwful;eJ@ wnfaqmufxm;wJh ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttH;k rSm" {nfyh nm&Siaf wG&@J tcef;awG vnf;&d&S r,f" vd@k azmfjyxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? u|efawmhoabmudk ajym&&if topfjyefvnfwnfaqmufrnfh wuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttHo k pfrmS "{nfyh nm&Siaf wGtwGut f cef;"awGukd xnfo h iG ;f wnfaqmuf&ef rvdyk gb;l ? {nfyh nm&Siaf wG&@J tcef;udk wuUov kd t f m%mydik af wGu oDjcm;pDpOfay;&rnfh wm0ef&ySd gw,f? 'Dupd aP wG[m ausmif;om;or*~e@J roufqikd yf gb;l ? ausmif;om;or*~u taqmufttHrk mS {nfyh nm&Siaf wGtwGuf tcef;awGyg 96

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

ta&;}uD;wJh tcsufu wuUovkd af usmif;om;or*~ taqmufttHkudk topfjyefvnf wnfaqmuf+yD;&if tJ'D taqmufttHuk kd u|efawmfw@kd ausmif;om;or*~ tr_aqmiftzJG@rSm wm0ef,cl phJ Ofuvdk &efuek wf uUovkd af usmif;om;or*~ tr_aqmif tzJG@u pDrHcef@cJGtkyfcsKyfcGi fh &&d&S ef vdktyf ygw,f? wuUovkd f ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttH[k m/ wuUovkd ef ,fajrrSm tcrJh ajriSm; aqmufxm;wJh oabmomjzpf+yD; &efuek wf uUovkd f ausmif;om;or*~tr_aqmif tzJG@u wm0ef,l&ygw,f? wuUodkvf tm%mydkifawGtaeeJ@ vHk;0 0ifa&mufpuG zf ufciG fh r&dyS gbl;? ......... xnfo h iG ;f wnf aqmufxm;cJ&h if {nfyh nm&Siaf wG rvma&mufwt hJ cdserf mS wuUov kd q f &m rdom;pkawGukd acwœaexdik f cGijhf yKwhJ tajctaeawG jzpfvmEdik yf gw,f? aemufwjznf;jznf;eJ@/ ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttHk[m wuUodkvf q&mrsm;aexdkif&m taqmufttHk wpfydkif;/ ausmif;om;or*~wpfydkif; jzpfvmEdkifygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ {nfhynm&SifawG twGut f cef;udk wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~taqmufttHrk mS xnfo h iG ;f aqmufvyk &f ef rvdt k yfygb;l ? wuUov kd af usmif;om; or*~taqmufttHk jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;. tajccH OD;wnfcsuo f nf ausmif;om;rsm;twGuo f m jzpf&ygr,f? ed*;kH csKyt f aeeJ@ajym&&if "wuUov kd af usmif;om;or*~ taqmufttHk jyefvnf wnfaqmufciG &hf a&; v_y&f mS ;r_"onf "wuUov kd af usmif;om;or*~ w&m;0if jyefvnf zJphG nf;cGi&hf a&; awmif;qdv k y_ &f mS ;r_" eJ@ wJzG uf v_y&f mS ;rSom t"dyg` ,jf ynf0h aom v_y&f mS ;r_ wpfck jzpfvmrnfjzpfa=umif; wifjytyfygonf?

bdk;odrf; (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(8)

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100

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101

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101

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armifpGrf;&nf atmufwkdbm 26/ 2013/ e,l;a,muf (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

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110

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111

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111

112

aygufvmcJhwmu rD'D,m orm;rsm;u az: jyaom owif;rSm;rsm;onf (odk@r[kwf) bmoma&;acgif ; aqmif r sm;. rS m ;,G i f ; pG m ajymqd k c J h = uaom owif ; rS m ;rsm;onf urBmhvlom;rsm;tm; jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;tay:rSm em;vnfr_rsm; vGJrSm;ap cJw h ,fqw kd m oabmaygurf jd cif;yg? vlrsm;pkjzpfwhJ jrefrmAk'b < mom0ifrsm;u vlenf;pkjzpfwhJ tpPvrfbmom0ifrsm;udk wku d cf u kd af ejcif;[m w&m;rSswrSrk &S?d t=urf;zufvyk &f yf jzpfw,f? vlrsm;pku vlenf;pkukd tEkid u f siw hf u kd cf u kd w f mudk urBmvlom;rsm;u 0kid ;f 0ef;&Sw k cf soifh w,fqdkwJh t"dy`g,fudk oufa&mufapcJhjcif;yg? xdkuJhodk@aom owif;rSm;rsm;a=umifh a'gorD;awmuf rsm;onf rav;&Sm;EdkifiH/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ ul;pufysH@ESH@oGm;+yD; rlpviftpGe;f a&mufrsm;u xdEk ikd if rH sm;Ytvkyv f yk af e=uaom jrefrmAk'b < mom0ifrsm;udk wpfa,muf+y;D wpfa,muf ae@wdik ;f eD;eD; (*vJph m;acswt hJ aeESi)hf owfjzwf aecJ=h uw,f? (,ae@xd r+y;D qk;H Edik af o;yg)? u|Eyfk af vhvmrdorSs ajym&r,fq&kd if [pfpf [k;d vD;eufpf (His holiness) vdk@ vlodrsm;vSwJh wdbufbmoma&;acgif;aqmif}uD; 'vdkif;vm;rm;vdk yk*~KdvfrsKd;onfyif 'Dvo kd wif;rSm;awGukd ,k=H unfvsS uf jrefrmAk'b < mom &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf jrefrmAk'b < mom 0ifrsm;tay: em;vnfrSkvGJrSm;um wpfzufouf a0zefajymqdkrSkawG &Sdvmjcif;yg? olajymvmwmu "Ak'b < mom jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm; onf rlpvifrsm;jzpf=uwJh nDawmf/ aemifawmfrsm;tay:rSm a'goawGjzpfay:vmwJt h cg jrwfA'k < a[m=um;cJw h hJ jA[Rp&kd w f &m; awmftwkid ;f arwWmw&m;rsm; (owW0grsm;tay:rSm tusK;d pD;yGm; vdv k m;wJh arwWmpdwrf sm;)/ u&k%mw&m;rsm; (oem;=uifempdwfrsm;)udk arG;jrLEkdifatmif }udKpm;oifhyga=umif; vGecf w hJ w hJ pfvcef@u ajym=um;oGm;cJjh cif;yg? wzef vGecf w hJ hJ ESpyf wfcef@u 'vdik ;f vm;rm;u urBmodatmif wzefajymjyefw,f? olajymcJw h mu vlrsm;pkjzpfwhJ jrefrmAk'b < mom0ifrsm;u vlenf;pk jzpfwhJ tpPvrfbmom0ifrsm;udk t=urf;zufowfjzwfra_ wGukd &yfwef@=uygv@kd ajymcJjh yefw,f? ol@vdk xifay:ausm=f um;olu ajymvdu k w f pJ um;[m b,fvt kd "dyg` ,rf sKd ; oufa&mufomG ;Edik w f ,fqw kd mudk ajymolu, kd w f ikd f owdxm;rd[efrwlyg? (jrefrmwd@k &J@ uH=urRmyJv@kd ajym&awmhrmS yg)? wu,fawmh trSefw&m;udk trSeftwdkif; rod&SmwJh wdbuf&[ef;awmf 'vdik ;f vm;rm;}u;D u wpfzufowf [ku d v f u kd v f yk +f y;D Ak'b < mom jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf Ak ' < b mom0if jref r mrsm;ud k o m wpf z uf o wf } uD ; jypf w if & _ w f c sajymqd k j cif ; [m wpfzufom;twGuf (tajymcH&oltwGu)f rnfIrnfrsS tEW&m,f}u;D rm;a=umif; ajymolu olodcsifrSodrSmyg? urBm@vlxk}uD;u em;vnfrSkrsm; b,fvdkvGJrSm; oGm;Edkifw,fqdkwm ajymolu, kd w f ikd f owdrEl ikd rf nfr[kwyf g? wu,fawmh "tusK;d w&m;rsm; jzpfay: vmwdik ;f ta=umif;w&m;wpfcw k nf;a=umifh jzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwyf /J ta=umif;aygi;f rsm;pGm aygi;f qkH 112

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