အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္းအတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၆) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&5 / 0gqdkv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&5 / 0gqdkv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;

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6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 16 17 18 20

armifpdef apmidk

22 23

oef;0if;vd_if A[de;f

24 33

umwGe;f jrefrmhumwGe;f q&m}u;D rsm;. umwGe;f vuf&mrsm; tifwmeufru S mwGe;f rsm;

ordik ;f qdik &f m okw/ &o umwGe;f q&m}u;D OD;b*sr;f *ENpD pfwrf;

8888 aiG&wktxdr;f trSwf armfueG ;f pmrsufEmS 8888 ta&;awmfyjkH zpf&yfrsm; 1987 - 1988

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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&Jabmf oH'w k f a'gif;vli,f urmykvJ zd;k oH (vlx)k udb k YAN MAUNG

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136 139

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170 171

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180

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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&J+idrf; 6/ 7/ 2013

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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rif;udkEdki f

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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urmykvJ 07/ 08/ 2012 8

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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armifpdef0if; (ykw;D ukef;)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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a'gufwm atmifcif 19/ 06/ 2013

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

'*kefwm&m aEGOD;

"aqmif;aESmif;vSsif aEGOD;." ( xl;tdro f if ) aEGrOD;rD ac|c;l oDpkd h "teDxu J =u,fjzLyGi"hf

atmifa0; ar 16 / 2013

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

vdyfjym

vdyjf ymawG... +y;D awmh... vdyjf ymawG... 'gayr,hf vdyjf ym taoawGrsS ...?

cifatmifat; 14/ 'DZifbm/ 2012 acsvfwef*&dkŒAf/ vef'ef 16;44 em&D

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

'Drdk;u a&pD;w,f

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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rif;xifudkudk}uD; 16 {jyD 2011 (Myit

Makha Mediagroup

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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aEGO D; 16

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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udk0dki f0dki fau 9/ 6/ 13 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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xl;wifh 24/ 3/ 2013

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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wckukd aqmfwhJ umwGe;f wck a&;ay;zk@d OD;b*sr;f udk csO;f uyfw,f? ay;aeusumwGe;f c 25 usyt f pm; 50 ay;yg r,fv@kd vJ ajymw,f? tJ'aD wmh OD;b*sr;f u 50 r[kw/f ig;axmif ay;vnf; ra&;bl;? usKyfqDu umwGef;&zkd@vJ rarSsmfvihfeJ@awmhqkd+yD; tJ'Dwkdufudk umwGef;jzwfxm;vkdufw,f? +yD;awmh q&mOD;b*srf;u usaemfwdk@ukd pmrsm;rsm;zwfzdk@ wdu k w f eG ;f avh&w Sd ,f? wzufom; epfemoGm;atmif ra&;bJ [moaESm+y;D cHomatmif a&;zd@k t+raJ jymw,f? "rR"Ïd mefusus a&;zd@k vnf; ajymw,f? olrsm;cdik ;f wdik ;f ra&;yJ uk, d , f rHk S a&;zd@k vnf; qk;H rw,f?"[lI azmufonfcsco hJ nf? ok@d uvkd rdr, d =Hk unfcsuef @J rdrcd , H cl suu f kd twdr;f tapmif;rcH ol@uavmiftjzpf a0bef oiho f nfxifvsS if &J&0J 0Hh hH wifjycJah om umwGe;f q&m}u;D OD;b*sr;f udk 1902 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D 20 &uf =umoyaw;ae@wGif {&m0wDwikd ;f / anmifwek ;f +rKd Œ (9)vrf;Y tz yd;k ukeo f nf OD;azmif/ trd a': jrihw f @kd rS zGm;jrifc+hJ y;D arG;csi;f 6 a,mufteuf yOPrajrmuf jzpfonf? i,fpOfu anmifwek ;f +rKd Œ t*Fvyd f - jrefrm ESpb f mom ausmif;wGif pwif ynm oif=um;+y;D aemuf &efuek +f rKd Œul&iS af usmif;od@k ajymif;a&$Œum owWrwef;rS pI ynmqnf;yl; &m xkad usmif;rSyif 10 wef; atmifco hJ nf? ykq H b JG momudk tydb k momtjzpf ,lum 10 wef; atmifchJ jcif;jzpfonf? c&mZfEpS f 1924 wGif &efuek af umvdyo f @kd a&mufI tdik af t (Oypm0dZm… ) txufwef; txd qufvuf ynmqnf;yl;cJah vonf? OD;b*sr;f onf jrefrmumwGe;f od@k r[kwf &kyaf jymifavmuwGif txl;xif&mS ;aom um wGe;f q&m wOD;jzpfonf? 'kw, d urBmppf rwkid rf D ok;H av;ESpcf ef@rS uG,v f eG o f nf? 1952 ckEpS w f idk af tmif jrefrmEdik if w H iG f tausm=f um;qk;H vl}uKd ut f rsm;qk;H aom umwGe;f tEkynm &Si}f u;D jzpfcahJ v&m "umwGe;f 0dZm… " csD;usL;ac:a0:jcif; cH&ayonf? OD;b*sr;f . yxrqk;H a&;qGaJ om umwGe;f onf 1926 ckEpS x f w k f &efuek f aumvdyf r*~Zif;wGif ygcahJ vonf? &efuek af umvdyrf S xGuaf omtcg u0drsurf eS f r*~Zif;/ &,f&i$ zf , G f tvif;r*~Zif;/ &,f&i$ zf , G *f sme,f/ &efuek af *Zuf t*Fvyd o f wif;pm/ 'D;'kw*f sme,f/ ol&, d / jrefrmhtvif;/Armhacwf/ [Hom0wDponhf owif;pmrsm;ESihf '*kH/ &_r0 r*~Zif;rsm;/ ,k0wD*sme,f wk@d wGif &kyaf jymifumwGe;f rsm; a&;qGcJ o hJ nf? [mo &kyaf jymif umwGe;f rsm;omru a=umfnm umwGe;f rsm;/ ykjH yifumwGe;f &kyfpkHrsm;udk vnf; a&;qGJonf? yJa&mhuf &kyf&SifwGif yxrqkH; jrefrmumwGef; &kyf&Sif "tol&m"ESihf "=uufawmifuG" Zmwfum;rsm;ukd pDpOfa&;om; &dkuful;cJhonf? "bD*sD pwl', D kd" [laom trnfjzihf uavmifwu dk f wnfaxmifco hJ nf? xd@k jyif OD;b*sr;f onf umwGef;omru "okn" [laom uavmiftrnfjzihf 0wˆKwdkrsm; a&;om;cJhonf? OD;b*sr;f onf bavmufwu kd Ef iS fh wGI J "a&$+rKd Œawmf 0wˆKwu kd "f [laom trnfjzihf 0wˆKrsm; 28

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

xkwaf 0cJ&h m olu, dk w f idk f a&;om;aom "nDrav;" 0wห Konf xkw d u kd rf S xGu&f cSd o hJ nf? OD;b*sr;f onf umwGe;f &kyaf jymifrsm; a&;qG&J mwGif ude;f }u;D cef;}u;D r&dyS J tvsm; 5 ay/ teH 4 aycef@&daS om pm;yGaJ [mif;}u;D ay:wGif uwWLjym; cif;um a&;qGcJ o hJ nf? v,f*sm puUL tjymEka&mifudk trsm;qk;H tok;H jyKum a&;qGcJ o Jh nf? w&kwf rifawmihu f v kd nf; aoG;I okH;wwfonf? &kyfykHrsm;udk ta&mifay;aom tcgrsm;;wGif csnfqkd;aq; a&mifpkHwdk@jzihf ay;avh&Sd onf? OD;b*sr;f onf pme,fZif;rsm;wGif rdrt d mabmfjzihf a&;onhf ykjH yifrsm;udk "b*sr;f " [lI vufrw S f tjynht f pkH a&;xk;d +y;D rdrt d mabmf r[kwyf /J tjcm;olrsm;. tmabmfukd o&kyfazmf ay;&aomtcg "bD*s"D (B.G) [lI twkad umuf vufrw S f a&;xk;d avonf? *syefacwfwiG f OD;b*sr;f onf yef;csD OD;b=unfEiS fh twl tpd;k &jyef=um;a&; XmewGif vcpm;yef;csq D &m tjzpf 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd cf o hJ nf? *syef. &kyaf o;tpd;k & jzpf&&Smaom a'guw f m barmf. tpd;k &vufatmufwiG f tr_xrf;&aoma=umihf umwGe;f OD;b*sr;f rSm rvGwv f yfbJ *s yef0g'jzef@ umwGe;f rsm;udo k m a&;qGaJ e&avonf? umwGe;f rsm;rSmvnf; *syefESihfaygif;I vdyfuefudkarmif;xkwf=uyHkESihf *syef. ,dk;',m; jrefrm rD;&xm; azmufvyk af &;tawGuf ac|;wyfxJ 0ifcsiaf tmif v_@H aqmfonhf ydpk wm a=umfjim umwGe;f rsm;udo k m a&;qGaJ y;&.? OD;b*sr;f omr[kw/f OD;b=unfa&m /O;D [depf eG ;f yg a&;qGaJ y;=u&m ,if;wdk@. umwGef;rsm;udk tpdk;&xkwf Armhacwf owif;pmESihf *&dwfwm;at;&Sm; owif;pmwd@k wGif wqihaf zmfjyavonf? vGwv f yfru _ kd vdck siaf om OD;b*sr;f rSm *syefw@kd vufatmufwiG f tvkyv f yk &f onfukd raysmyf u kd I f av;ig;v avmufom vky+f y;D anmif wke;f od@k vpfajy;ayawmhonf? OD;b=unfEiS fh OD;[depf eG ;f wd@k vnf; r=umrD vpfuek =f uonf [kqo kd nf? 'kw, d urBmppf+y;D aemuf ay:xGuv f maom oHawmfqihf owif;pmwGif tcsyyf kd nyfI uav;owif;pm xkwfa0&m/ ,if;owif;pmwGif OD;b*srf;. "ajrGrif;om;" umwGe;f Zmwfvrf; "rkew f ikd ;f " umwGe;f Zmwfvrf;rsm; yg&o dS nf? r=umrDrmS yif [Hom0wDowif;pm/ jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ td;k a0owif;pmrsm; ay:xGuv f m&m OD;b*sr;f . umwGe;f rsm;vnf; owif;pmwdik ;f vdv k w kd iG f yg0ifvmonf? ppfjy;D acwfwiG f wajz;ajz; puULrsm; aygrsm;vm&m pme,fZif;rsm;vnf; yvlyso H uJo h @kd xGufay:vmavonf? pme,fZif;wdkif;vdkvdk OD;b*srf;onf ol. Zmwfaumiftrnf trsL;d rsK;d ESifh toH;k awmfc&H jyefonf? ol.Zmwfaumifrsm;pm&if;rSm ..... 1? udkjyL;/ rjyHK;/ยบuGufuav;/ (ol&d,/ }uD;yGm;a&;) 2? armif=uufawmifEiS fh cifcifjyKH ; (=uufawmifuG umwGe;f &ky&f iS )f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

3? OD;azsmufqw d f (ol&, d / Armhacwf) &aoh}u;D OD;azsmufqw d Ef iS fh ol@acwf 4? bacG;/ rat; (owif;pH*k sme,f) 5? wufy/k indK (&kyaf jymifpmapmif) 6? armifajrZmESifh tb ([Hom0wD) 7? *Guaf xmf (,k0wD*sme,f) 8? rkew f ikd ;f (oHawmfqih)f wk@d jzpfonf? OD;b*srf;onf ay:xGufvmaom r*~Zif;rsm;Y 0wˆKo&kyfazmf yHkrsm;udkvnf; a&;qGJay;cJhonf? xd@k aemuf ¶_r0r*~Zif; ay:xGuv f m&m ¶_r0OD;ausmu f OD;b*sr;f . qENtwdik ;f vkyfudkifcGihfay;cJhonf? OD;b*srf;uvnf; umwGef;rsm;udk a&mifpHkjc,foum tpGrf;jy avawmh.? uav;rsm;tzd@k aq;a&mifpu kH mwGe;f Zmwfvrf;rsm; jzpfonhf vdyu f rBmr}u;D / ESrrke@f axmi;f/ armif rke@f a&mif;/ ae=umeef;&Sif wk@rd mS uav;a&mvl}u;D yg pGrJ ufapcJo h nf? ¶_r0. yifwdkifpma&;q&m aomfwmaqG. [mo0wˆKrsm;udk OD;b*srf;u umwGe;f jzihf o&kyaf zmfa&;qJaG y;cJo h nf? 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 4 &ufae@wGif jrefrmvGwv f yfa&; &&Scd &hJ m OD;b*sr;f onf vGwv f yfa&;udk olEiS t fh wl ol.Zmwfaumifrsm;uvnf; vdu _ v f pJS mG }uKd qckd ahJ vonf? vGwv f yfa&; ylyal EG;aEG; &csed w f iG f jrefrmEdik if w H iG f aomif;use;f r_ trsK;d rsK;d ESifh &ifqikd &f m OD;b*sr;f vnf; raeomawmhbJ aomif;use;f olrsm;tm; cyf=urf;=urf; ESuaf vawmhonf? ajratmufa&mifpHk aomif;usef;olrsm;udkom ESufcJhonfr[kwf/ ajray:&Sdvufeufudkif/ vJA;D wyf/ jyLapmxD; paom tpd;k &cg;ydu k af qmif wyfrsm;udv k nf; tkycf ahJ o;onf? xd@k jyif Edik if aH &;orm;rsm; vkyu f ikd yf u kH =kd unhI f TuJo h @kd aqmfcahJ o;onf? "Armjynf vGwfvyfcsdefrSpI ,ae@txd tcsKdŒaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; &&Scd ahJ om*k%x f ;l rsm;rSm azmfjyygtwdik ;f jzpfyga=umif;" [k tpcsu D m ..... 1? avmufaumif 2? pm;zm; 3? tacsmiform; 4? aoGznfa&;orm; 5? vufuikd w f w k f 6? cGww k f 7? azmfvzH m; 8? qdwcf avmuf 9? rEk\[ D 10? jzKw/f .....aemif&qJ &vwW@H aom*k%f xl;rsm;udk tcGio fh ihw f ikd ;f qufvufazmfjyrnf jzpfa=umif; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om a=unmtyfygownf;" [lI tqH;k owfxm;avonf? tEkynm&Sif wa,muftaejzihf OD;b*sr;f . txl;jcm;qH;k *k%t f *FgrmS aiGrruf jcif;jzpfonf? OD;b*sr;f onf aiG&&eftwGuf umwGe;f qGo J nfr[kw/f olonf wdik ;f jynf twGuu f m wGe;f qGaJ eonf [laom ,H=k unfcsujf zihf a&;qGaJ ejcif;jzpfonf? Edik if jH cm;Y ynmqnf;yl;&ef tpd;k &u apv$wrf nfqakd omfvnf; vdv k ckd sicf sirf &S/d jiif;qefcahJ vonf? OD;b*sr;f wGif ud, k yf ikd Zf mwfaumifrsm; &Scd o hJ nf? Armhacwf owif;pmwGif 30

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

OD;b*srf;onf yk*~dKvfa&;t& oa&mf+yD; a&;om;jcif;rjyKcJhay? acwfEiS hfp&dkufobm0udk tcguxm; oa&mfcohJ nf? ae@pOfxwk of wif;pmrsm;udk zwfum wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f jzpfysufaeaom ta&;ta=umif;wdkŒudk avhvmtuJjzwf+yD;rS yHak &;avh&odS nf? q&m}uD;onf pmzwf 0goemxkIH pmvnf; tvGezf wfojl zpfonf? Av&Si af q;jym;t+rJiaHk vh&oSd nf? ud,k wf idk f "mwfykH&dkufwwf&Hkru zvifaq;jcif;/ul;jcif; vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; Edki ef if;pGm vkyfudki Ef ikd of nf? pme,fZif;rsm;Y tcgtcGiofh ihvf sS if aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;avh&odS nf? ...... OD;azsmufqw d /f [Hom0wDowif;pmwGif" csm&mumoDarmifarmif/f ajrZm" ponfw@kd jzpf onf? ZmwfaumifO;D azsmufqw d u f kd 'kw, d urBmppfrwdik rf u D ol&, d owif;pmwGif a&;+y;D / ppfjy;D aomtcg ol&, d owif;pmwdu k u f r,lI Armhacwf owif;pmwdu k o f @kd ajymif;ay; cJo h nf? OD;b*srf;onf yk*~dKvfa&;t& oa&mf+yD; a&;om;jcif;rjyKcJhay? acwfESihfp&dkuf obm0udk tcguxm; oa&mfco hJ nf? ae@pOfxw k o f wif;pmrsm;udk zwfum wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f jzpfysuaf eaom ta&;ta=umif;wdŒk udk avhvmtuJjzwf+y;D rS yHak &;avh&o dS nf? " OD;b*sr;f pum;ajymvSsif ovdyu f yfoH ygwwfonf? pum;ajymvSsif avoH wk;d wd;k jzihf ajymwwfonf? &,f&i$ zf , G &f mrsm;udk t+raJ jymavh&o Sd nf? &kyaf jymifumwGe;f rsm; a&;qGv J sS iq f /JG rqGv J sS if pmzwfaewwfonf;" [lI q&m}u;D ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf aexdik cf ahJ om OD;[de;f pGe;f (1902- 1987) u ajymjyonf? q&m}uD;onf pmzwf 0goemxkHI pmvnf; tvGefzwfoljzpfonf? Av&Sif aq;jym;t+riJ aHk vh&o Sd nf? ud, k w f idk f "mwfy&Hk u kd w f wf&rkH u zvifaq;jcif;/u;l jcif; vkyif ef;rsm; udv k nf; Edik ef if;pGm vkyu f ikd Ef ikd o f nf? pme,fZif;rsm;Y tcgtcGio fh ihv f sS if aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;avh&o Sd nf? 1936 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif yJcl;+rdKŒol a':cif=unfESihf vufxyfcJhonf? q&m}u;D . vufxyfr*FvmyGu J kd &efuek +f rKd Œ uGew f ifeifw,f taqmuftODY usi;f ycJo h nf? q&mOD;b*sr;f . a&S;OD;pGm &efuek +f rKd Œ 14 vrf; trSwf 48 aetdrw f iG f aexdik +f y;D xkrd w S qihf 13 vrf;/ trSwf 37 aetdro f @kd ajymif;a&$@aexkid o f nf? 1948 ckEpS w f iG f ZeD; a':cif=unfonf om;?; a,musmf ;av; armifausmn f eG @f zGm;jrif+yD; aemuf r=umrD uG,fvGef&m OD;b*srf;;onf tvGef pdwfxdckdufoGm;&Smonf? xk@d a=umihf OD;b *sr;f . Zmwfvu dk af usmf OD;azsmufqw d o f nf &aoh0wf ajymif;um ;" &aoh}u;D OD;azsmufqw d f" jzpfvm&onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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A[def; '*kefr*~Zif; trSwf 239 (Zlvdkif 1940) (khit maung favebook

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

&S&Sppfafav;vH v;vHk;k;ta&;awmf ta&;awmfyyHk jzpf Hk jzpf&&yfyfrrsm;sm;1987 1987 -- 1988 1988 1987 ckEpS f? =o*kwv f 10 &uf? OD;ae0if;u a&'D,Ekd iS hf ¶kyjf rif oH=um;rS rdrd 25 ESp=f um tkycf sKyf cJph Of umvtwGi;f trSm;rsm; jyKvyk cf ahJ =umif;/ tcsed t f cgEiS hf avsmn f pD mG jyKjyif ajymif;vJrr_ sm; jyKvyk &f rnf jzpfa=umif; 9 rdepfc=JG um ajym=um;aom rdeŒf cGe;f wGif 0efcH vdu k o f nf? pufwifbmv 1 &uf? 1966 ckEpS f uwnf;u tpd;k & csKyu f ikd f cJo h nfh qef/ ajymif;ESihf yJ trsK;d rsK;d a&mif;0,f azmufum;r_rsm; tay: uif;vGwcf iG hf jyKvu dk o f nf? pufwifbmv 5 &uf? usyaf iG 25/ 35 ESihf 75 usyw f ef rsm;udk oH;k pG&J ef w&m; r0ifawmha=umif; EdkifiHawmf aumifpD twGif;a&;rSL; OD;pdefvGif vufrSwf a&;xdk; cJo h nft h rdeŒf udk xkwjf yefonf? wdik ;f jynf. aiGa=u; vnfywfr_ 89 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f rSm aysmufu, G f oGm;+y;D jynforl sm;tm; oH;k pGcJ iG hf &yfpJ vdu k o f nfh aiGpuULrsm; twGuf avsmaf =u; ray;ay? pufwifbmv 6 &uf? tpd;k &u wuUov dk Ef iS hf aumvdyf tm;vH;k udk ydwv f u kd f onf? jrefrmEdik if H txufyikd ;f rS &efuek w f iG f vma&muf ynm oif=um; aeaom ausmif;om; rsm;udk ae&yfoŒkd jyefyŒkd vdu k o f nf? pufwifbmv 7 &uf? tcGeaf umuf Oya' trsm;tjym;udk jyefvnf jyifqif vdu k o f nf? v,form;rsm; aiGtpm; ukeyf pPn;f rsm;jzifh tcGef ay;&ef Oya'udk csrw S cf &hJ m aus;vuf a'orsm;wGif rauseyfrr_ sm; ay:ayguf vmonf? atmufwb kd mv 9 &uf? OD;ae0if;u xdak eŒ rqv ygwD tpnf;ta0; w&yfwiG f "u|eaf wmfwŒkd taeeJŒ Edik if o H m;wdik ;f b,forl qdk yk*v ~ u d vkyif ef;rsm;udk rSwyf w kH if+y;D vkyu f ikd Ef ikd w f hJ ta=umif; yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; a=unmcJ+h y;D jzpfygw,f" [lI ajym=um;onf? atmufwb kd mv 14 &uf? jynfoŒl v$waf wmfu pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeŒwGif aiGpuUL wefz;kd cscrhJ u _ kd oabmwla=umif; twnf jyKvu kd o f nf? toH;k rjyK Edik af wmhonfh 25/ 35 ESihf 75 usyw f ef aiGpuULrsm; tpm; 45 usyw f efEiS hf 90 usyw f ef aiGpuUL rsm;jzifh tpm; xd;k vdu k o f nf? atmufwb kd mv 28 &uf? eHeuf 4 em&D cGcJ efŒwGif &efuek f +rKd Œv,f&dS orRw ¶ky&f iS ¶f YkH AH;k ayguu f rJG _ jzpfymG ;onf? wpHw k a,mufrS xdcu kd rf _ r&Sad y? atmufwdkbmv 29 &uf? ukvor*~ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&; aumifpDu jrefrmjynfonf zGŒH +zKd ;wd;k wufr_ tenf;qH;k Edik if t H qift h wef;wGif yg0ifa=umif; vufcH vdu k o f nf? Ed0k ifbmv 2-3 &uf? &cdik jf ynfe,f ppfawG a'o aumvdyrf S ausmif;om;rsm; tpd;k & qefŒusiaf &; aºuG;a=umfoH rsm;jzifh qEN jy=uonf? 40

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

Ed0k ifbmv 7 &uf? rEWav;wdik ;f a&qif; pdu k yf sKd ;a&; wuUov dk Ef iS hf ysO;f rem; wd&pm>ef arG;jrLa&;ESihf aq;ukoa&; wuUov dk rf S ausmif;om;rsm;u OD;ae0if; ¶kyyf rkH sm;udk rD;¶dŒ_ I qEN jy=uonf? 'DZifbmv 11 &uf? ukv or*~ taxGaxG nDvmcHu jrefrmEdik if o H nf zG+H zKd ; wd;k wufr_ tenf;qH;k Edik if rH sm; pm&if;wGif yg0ifa=umif; oabmwl twnf jyKvu kd o f nf? urBmh aiGa=u; &HyakH iG tzGŒJ tpnf; ude;f *%ef;t& jrefrmh Edik if jH cm; aiGonf tar&duef a':vm 28 oef; txd usqif; oGm;onf? 'DZifbmv? &efuek f pufr_ wuUov dk rf S }uKd ;=um; }uKd ;=um; owif;rsm; =um;&onf? rEWav;&Sd &JtzGŒJ odŒk ajratmuf ausmif;om; tzGŒJ u +crd af csmuf pmrsm; ay;ydŒk onf?

1988 ckEpS f? azazmf0g&Dv 2 &uf? jrefrm toHrS tzGŒJ tpnf; taejzifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ woD; yk*v ~ taejzifh aomfvnf;aumif; qefEiS hf qefuJG rsm;udk Edik if jH cm;odŒk wifyŒkd a&mif;csciG hf ay;rnf jzpfa=umif; a=unmonf? azazmf0g&Dv 12 &uf? qdk&S,fvpf pDyGm;a&; pepf yef;wdkifonf opfvGif+yD; +ird ;f csr;f aom vlr_ tzGŒJ tpnf; wnfaqmuf&ef jzpfonf? Twm0efrsm; xrf;aqmif&ef twGuf ygw/D Edik if aH wmf tkycf sKyaf &; ,EW&m; tm;vH;k ESihf vlxk vlwef;pm; tzGŒJ tpnf; rsm;onf wdkif;&if;om; rsm;. yl;aygif; aqmif¶Gufr_ &&Sdatmif }udK;pm; =u&rnf [lI OD;pef;,ku jynfaxmifpak eŒ rde;f cGe;f wGif ajym=um;onf? rwfv 7 &uf? n 9 em&D cGcJ efŒwGif jynfvrf;ay:&Sd csuo f ¶H ;kH tjyifbufwiG f AHk;aygufuGJr_ jzpfyGm;onf? AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; OD;atmif}uD;u OD;ae0if; xHodkŒ tdyfzGifh ay;pmwGif pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyif ajymif;vJ&efESifh tpdk;opf zGJŒpnf;&ef t=uH jyKvdkufonf? rwfv 12 &uf? &efuek f qifajczH;k }uKd Œuke;f taemufyikd ;f &Sd pENm0if; vufzuf &nfqikd w f iG f pufr_ wuUov dk f ausmif;om; wcsKŒd ESihf t&yfom;rsm; cdu k &f ef jzpfymG ;onf? pufr_ wuUov dk f ausmif;om; wOD; xdcu kd f '%f&m&cJ+h y;D w&m;cH rsm;udk oufqikd &f mu zrf;qD; vdu k o f nf? rwfv 13 7uf? w&m;cHtm; qdik &f mu v$waf y; cJo h jzifh ausmif;om; 200 cefŒ &yfuu G f jynfoŒl aumifp¶D ;kH udk oGm;0dik ;f um uefŒuGuf =uonf? vHx k ed ;f rsm;ESihf ausmif;om; tkypf k t"du¶k%;f jzpfymG ;onf? vHx k ed ;f rsm;. ypfcwfra_ =umifh ausmif;om; armifzek ;f armf aoqH;k &+y;D &uftenf;i,f t=umwGif ausmif;om; 6 a,mufrS 7 a,mufxd aoewf'%f&m jzifh oqH;k oGm;=uonf? rwfv 14 &uf? pufr_wuUokdvf ausmif;om; rsm;onf &efukef&Sd tjcm; wuUov dk rf sm;wGif vufurf;pmapmifrsm; jzefŒa0=uonf? vHx k ed ;f rsm;. &ufpufpmG owfjzwf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

r_EiS hf pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeŒu aiGpuULrsm; zsuo f rd ;f jcif;udk ¶_wcf s xm;aom vufurf; pmapmifrsm; jzpfonf? rwfv 15 &uf? tmtdik w f D ausmif;0if; twGi;f odŒk ppfwyfrS 0ifp;D vdu k o f nf? tpd;k &. xkwjf yef a=unmcsuw f iG f ausmif;om; rsm;udk tjypfykH csxm;+y;D / tmtdik w f D ausmif;om;rsm; tzrf; cH&onf? rwfv 16 &uf? &efuek f wuUov dk f (yifr) rS ausmif;om;rsm; vdi_ af 'o aumvdyf ESihf pufr_ wuUov dk o f Œkd jynfvrf;r twdik ;f csw D uf =uonf? olwŒkd tm; tif;vsm;uef teD; vHx k ed ;f wyfzŒJG ESihf ppfwyfu ydwq f Œkd cJo h nf? ausmif;om; rsm;pGm ypfowf cH&onf? &efuek f wuUov dk f (yifr) 0if;xJoŒkd vHx k ed ;f rsm; 0ifa&muf vmonf? rwfv 17 &uf? armifzek ;f armf tokbodŒk aemufq;kH t}urd f *g0&jyK&ef axmif aygif;rsm;pGmaom vlxku usefawmocsõKif; tjyifbufwGif pka0;=uonf? odkŒaomf armifzek ;f armf ¶kyt f avmif;udk wae&mwGif wdww f qdwf rD;o+*Kõ [f cJ+h y;D jzpfa=umif; odvu kd f &onf? armifzek ;f armf aoqH;k &onfh udpu P kd pHpk rf;&ef pHpk rf; ppfaq;a&; aumifr&Sif w&yf zGJŒpnf; vdkufa=umif; tpdk;&u a=unmonf? odkŒaomfvnf; tjcm; olrsm; xdcdkuf aoqH;k &jcif; twGuf pHpk rf;&ef azmfjyjcif; r&Sad y? yifr wuUov dk f ausmif;0if; twGi;f jyKvyk af om tpnf;ta0; wckwiG f &efuek f wuUov dk f ausmif;om;rsm; or*~ukd zGŒJ pnf; vdu k o f nf? ausmif;om; waxmifcefŒudk zrf;qD;I &efuek +f rKd Œ ajrmufyikd ;f &Sd tif;pdef axmifoŒkd ydŒk vdu k o f nf? rwfv 18 &uf? axmifaygif; rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;rsm; &efukef +rdKŒv,f&Sd ql;av bk&m;odŒk csw D uf vm=u+y;D wjcm; ausmif;om; rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f =uonf? tpd;k &u wyfr 22/ 66ESihf 77 wdŒk udk ac:,l vdu k o f nf? axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom uefŒuGuf qENjyol rsm;udk zrf;qD; =uonf? "aoG;pGe;f aom aom=umaeŒ" tjzpf vlod rsm;aom xdak eŒwGif vHx k ed ;f wdŒk . wyfrLS ; OD;pdev f iG f rSmvnf; "&efuek +f rKd Œ. vlowform;" [k trnf pwGif cJo h nf? ausmif;rsm;ESihf wuUov dk rf sm; ydwv f u kd o f nf? rwfv 27 &uf? OD;ae0if;ESihf tzGŒJ onf taemuf *smr%D ESihf qGpZf mvefoŒkd xGucf mG oGm;onf? {+yDv 9 &uf? tpd;k &u zGŒJ pnf; xm;aom pHpk rf; ppfaq;a&; aumfr&Siu f rwfv t"du¶k%;f wGif ausmif;om; 3 a,muf aoqH;k +y;D / 625 a,muf tzrf; cH&um 141 a,mufukd qufvuf xde;f odr;f xm;onf[k a=unmonf? pmrsuEf mS 40 ygaom tdyzf iG hf ay;pmudk OD;atmif}uD;u OD;ae0if;xH a&;om;ay;ydkŒ cJhonf? xdkpmY pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyif ajymif;vJr_ vdt k yfa=umif; a&;om; xm;onf? arv 10 &uf? tjynfjynf qdik &f m vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGihf tzGŒJ u xkwaf 0 cJah om 42

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

pmrsuEf mS 71 rsuEf mS &So d nfh xkwjf yefcsuw f iG f jrefrmh wyfrawmfonf zrf;qD; owfjzwfrr_ sm;/ e,fpyf a'o rsm;wGif nsOf;yrf;r_/ trsKd;orD; rsm;udk t"rR jyKusifhr_ rsm;ESifh ¶Gmom; rsm;udk aygwm tjzpf twif; apcdik ;f um vlrsK;d pk olyek f rsm;udk wdu k cf u kd &f mwGif "vlom; rdik ;f &Si;f u&d,m" tjzpf wyfzŒJG a&SŒrS oGm;apjcif;wdŒk twGuf wm0ef &Sad =umif; yg&o dS nf? arv 26 &uf? Oa&myodŒk c&D; xGucf o hJ l OD;ae0if; &efuek o f Œkd jyefa&muf vmonf? arv 30 &uf? ausmif;rsm;ESihf wuUov dk rf sm; jyefvnf zGiv hf pS f vdu k af omfvnf; ausmif;jyef wufonfh ausmif;om; OD;a&rSm 30 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f om &So d nf? wuUov dk f ausmif;0if; rsm;Y tpd;k & qefŒusiaf &; pm¶Guf pmwrf;rsm; jyefvnf xGuaf y: vmonf? tif;pdef axmifrS jyefvw $ cf ahJ om ausmif;om;rsm; ESit hf wl axmifwiG ;f tawGŒt=uKH rsm; ygvmonf? 4if;wdŒk rSm nSO;f yrf; ESyd pf uf cH&jcif;/ t¶du k t f ESuf cH&jcif;ESihf vSsypf pf"mwfjzifh wdŒk jcif;wdkŒ jzpfonf? tusO;f us cHae&onfh twGi;f vHx k ed ;f rsm;u ausmif;olrsm;udk t"rR usichf o hJ nfh owif; rsm;vnf; xGuaf y: vmonf? ZGev f 8 &uf? OD;atmif}u;D u OD;ae0if; xHoŒkd tdyzf iG hf ay;pm aemufxyf wapmif a&;om; jyefonf? T w}urd w f iG f pD;yGm;a&;ESihf Edik if aH &; jy\em&yf rsm;udk rD;armif; xd;k jy+y;D rwfvwGif jzpfymG ; cJah om vlŒtcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufr_ udprP sm;udk azmfjy xm;onf? ZGev f 13 &uf? rwfvwGif towf cH&olrsm; twGuf atmif;arhz, G f tcrf;tem; usi;f y&ef pDpOf =uonf? odŒk aomf taumiftxnf ray:cJ?h tcsKŒd ausmif;om;rsm;u rwfv twGi;f jzpf&yfrsm;udk *Gsev f 17 &ufaeŒ aemufq;kH xm;+y;D wdus rSeu f efpmG rxkwjf yef ay;ygu jy\emrsm; ydrk kd }u;D xGm; vmvdrrfh nf[k &mZoH ay;cJo h nf? ZGev f 15 &uf? qENjyyGrJ sm;ESihf pnf;a0;yGrJ sm; t"du tm;jzifh &efuek f wuUov dk f (yifr) Y pwifI ay:vm jyefonf? ZGev f 16 &uf? &efuek &f dS wuUov kd f ausmif;0if; rsm;wGif qENjyr_rsm; xyfrH jzpfymG ;onf? armifarmifausm/f rd;k oD;ZGew f Œkd a[majym =uonf? ZGev f 17 &uf? wuUov dk f ausmif;0if; rsm;wGif qENjyyGrJ sm; qufvuf jzpfymG ;onf? &efuek f wuUov dk f (yifr) rS oifwef; &yfpJ vdu k o f nf? qENjyyGJ rsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; jynfvrf; aq;wuUov dk f (1) odŒk a¶GŒajymif; oGm;onf? ZGev f 20 &uf? &efuek +f rKd ŒwGif ausmif;om; 5000 rS 6000 txdEiS hf tjcm; jynforl sm; +ird ;f csr;f pGm qEN jy=uonf? &efuek f wuUov kd f (yifr) wGif jyKvyk af om vlxk tpnf;ta0;yGJ rsm;odŒk oHCmawmfrsm; wufa&muf onfukd awGŒ&.? awmif;qdck suf rsm;rSm ausmif;xkwf cH&aom ausmif;om; rsm;udk ausmif;jyef wufciG hf ay;&efEiS hf rwfv twGi;f owfjzwfr_ rsm;udk usL;vGef cJo h w l Œkd tm; tjypf ay;&efwŒkd jzpfonf? OD;ae0if;udk xd;k ESuf wdu k cf u kd af om ydpk wmrsm; xGuaf y: vmonf? OD;ae0if;. qGpZf mvef b%fwiG f xm;&Sad om tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

aiGpm&if;rsm; ta=umif; udv k nf; azmfjy =uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;udk pmemI &efuek f wuUov dk f (vdi_ ef ,fajr) teD;&Sd txnftvdyf puf¶Hk tvkyo f rm;rsm; qENjy=uonf? wuUov dk f e,fajrudk &JEiS hf ppfwyfu nae 6 em&DwiG f 0dik ;f &H ydwq f Œkd vdu k . f ? ZGev f 21 &uf? jynfvrf;&Sd aq;wuUov dk f (1) rS axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om; rsm;onf &efuek f +rKd Œv,foŒkd a@u;a=umfoH rsm;jzifh csw D uf qEN jy=uonf? [Hom0wD vrf;qHw k iG f ausmif;om; rsm;udk vHx k rd ;f rsm;u wm;qD;um rsu&f nf,kd AH;k rsm;/ ¶dik zf ,f aoewf rsm;jzifh ypfcwf =uonf? ausmif;om; tkypf u k *si*f vd rsm;jzifh jyefvnf ypfcwf =uI vHx k ed ;f rsm; xGuaf jy; oGm;=u.? &JEiS hf jynforl sm; t"du¶k%;f waeŒvH;k qufjzpf yGm;onf? jynfol 80 ESihf vHx k ed ;f 20 cefŒ aoqH;k oGm;onf? tm%mydik f rsm;u vlpk a0;jcif;udk &ufaygi;f 60 rSs rjyK vky&f ef a=unm cJo h nf? &efuek +f rKd Œ Y *Gsev f 21 &ufrS =o*kwv f 19 &ufaeŒ txd nae 6 em&DrS eHeuf 6 em&D twGi;f tjyif rxGu&f trdeŒf udk tm%mydik f rsm;u xkwjf yefonf? aq;wuUov dk f (1) ESihf oGm;bufqikd &f m aq;wuUov dk f rsm;rS oifwef; tm;vH;k &yfpJ vdu k o f nf? ZGefv 22 &uf? aq;wuUokdvf (2) rS oifwef; tm;vkH; &yfpJ vdkufonf? ausmif;om; rsm;pGm wdŒk onf ordik ;f 0if a¶$w*d kH bk&m;odŒk ae&m a¶$Œajymif; vdu k =f uonf? ZGefv 23 &uf? ausmif;om; rsm;onf vlpka0;jcif; rjyK& [laom ydwfyif wm;jrpfr_udk qefŒusifI a¶$wd*Hk apwDawmfY oydwfpcef; zGifhvdkufonf? vlxk r+idrf oufro _ nf &efuek Ef iS hf uDvrkd w D m 50 uGma0;aom yJc;l txd jyefŒESŒH oGm;onf? yJc;l Y tenf;qHk; vl 70 ypfowf cH&onf? armfv+rdKifESifh jynf+rdKŒ wGifvnf; qENjyr_rsm; jzpfymG ;onf? rEWav; aq;wuUov dk f oifwef; tm;vH;k &yfypf vdu k o f nf? Zlvikd v f 1 &uf? tjyif rxGu&f trdeŒf udk n 8 em&DrS eHeuf 4 em&DoŒkd avsmah ygh ay;vdu k o f nf? xdu k efŒowfcsed Yf tjyifbuf xGucf o hJ l tawmf rsm;rsm;udk &JEiS hf ppfwyfu ypfowf cJo h nf? Zlvdkifv 3 &uf? ukefonf rsm;udk ukefaps;E_ef; rupm;&ef tpdk;&u owd ay;vdu k o f nf? tjyifrxGu&f trdeŒf a=umifh vnf;aumif;/ aiGpuULrsm; w&m; r0ifawmh a=umif; aemufxyf a=unmOD;rnf [laom aumvm[v rsm;a=umifh vnf;aumif; ukeaf ps;E_e;f }u;D jrifh vmonf? Zlvikd v f 7 &uf? rqv ygwu D ta&;ay: nDvmcHukd Zlvikd v f 23 &ufaeŒwGif jyKvyk rf nf[k a=unm cJo h nf? jrefrmh toHrS rwfv twGi;f zrf;qD; cJah om ausmif;om; tm;vH;k udk jyefvw $ f ay;rnf[k a=unmonf? Zlvikd v f 9 &uf? nrxGu&f trdeŒf udk &efuek w f iG f jyefvnf ¶kyo f rd ;f vdu k o f nf? yJc;l / jynfEiS hf armfv+rKd if wdŒk wGiv f nf; tvm;wl ydwyf if wm;jrpfcsuf rsm;udk jyefvnf ¶kyo f rd ;f 44

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

ay;onf? ausmif;xkwf cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm; taeESihf olwŒkd . wuUov dk f rsm;wGif ausmif;jyef wufciG hf jyefvnf avSsmufxm; Edik af =umif; a=unm cJo h nf? Zlvikd v f 12 &uf? Ak'b < momESihf rlqvif bmom0ifrsm; vlrsK;d a&; yÉdyuQ jzpfymG ; cJ+h y;D aemuf &Sr;f jynfe,f awmif}u;D +rKd ŒwGif ta&;ay: trdeŒf xkwjf yef vdu k o f nf? yÉdyuQ rsm;rSm vuf&dS awGŒ=uKH ae&aom jy\em rsm;udk tm¶Hk ajymif;ypf&ef tm%mydik rf sm;u v_HŒaqmf zefwD;cJhjcif; jzpfa=umif; ausmif;om;rsm;u qdkonf? Zlvikd v f 16 &uf? tvm;wl yÉdyuQ rsKd ; jynf+rKd ŒwGif jzpfymG ;+y;D aemufwaeŒwGif vlol pka0;jcif; udv k nf; ydwyf if wm;jrpf vdu k o f nf? Zlvikd v f 18 &uf? jynfxaJ &;ESihf omoema&; 0ef}u;D OD;rif;a*git f m; E_wx f u G cf iG hf jyKvu kd o f nf? rwfv twGi;f tif;pdeaf xmif tjyif bufY zrf;qD; cH&ol qENjyol 41 OD; axmifum;ay: Y touf¶_ =uyfum aoqHk;cJhr_wGif olwm0ef &Sda=umif; 0efcHonf? tm%mydik f rsm;u rwfvtwGi;f vlEpS Of ;D xuf ydI k aoqH;k cJah =umif; 0efco H nfrmS yxrqH;k t}urd f jzpfonf? Zlvikd v f 19 - 20 &uf? jynf+rKd Œ ta&SŒbuf&dS OD;ae0if;. Zmwd aygi;f wvnf +rKd ŒwGiv f nf; t"du¶k%;f rsm; jzpfay: onf[k owif;rsm; xGuv f monf? Zlvikd v f 21 &uf? &efuek f jynfoŒl &JwyfzŒJG rS !$e=f um;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;ode;f atmifukd t+idrf;pm; ,lcGifh jyKcJh+yD; jynfolŒ &JwyfzGJŒ &JcsKyf OD;az=unfudk &mxl;rS csum ppfwyfodkŒ ajymif;a¶$Œ wm0ef xrf;aqmif aponf? Zlvikd v f 22 &uf? jynf+rdKŒwGif ta&;ay: tajctae a=unm+yD; tkyfcsKyfa&; wm0ef tm;vH;k udk wyfrawmfoŒkd v$t J yf ay;vdu k o f nf? Zlvikd v f 23 &uf? rqv ygwD ta&;ay: nDvmcH pwif jyKvyk o f nf? OD;ae0if;u rdeŒf cGe;f ajym=um;um olEiS hf twl rqv ygwD 'kOuUÏ OD;pef;,k/ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;at;ud/k wGzJ uf taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;pdev f iG /f A[kd aumfrwD tvkyt f r_aqmif tzGŒJ 0ifrsm; jzpf=uonfh OD;ausmx f ifEiS hf OD;xGe;f wifwŒkd tem; ,lawmh rnf[k ajym=um;onf? pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyif ajymif;vJrr_ sm; jyKvyk &f efEiS hf wygwD pepfEiS hf odŒk r[kwf ygwpD kH pepf usio hf ;kH &ef udpP twGuf jynfoŒl qEN cH,yl JG usi;f y&ef tqdk wifoiG ;f vdu k o f nf? Zlvikd v f 24 &uf? ud, k pf m;vnf rsm;u OD;ae0if;tm; &mxl;Y qufvuf ae&ef wdu k w f eG ;f =u+y;D pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyif ajymif;vJr_ tpDtpOfukd xdcu kd f Edik o f nf [laom ta=umif; jycsujf zifh ygwpD kH pepf usio hf ;kH a&; twGuf jynfoŒl qEN cH,&l ef tqdu k kd uefŒuGuf =uonf? Zlvikd v f 25 &uf? pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyif ajymif;vJru _ kd t&Sed t f [kef jrsi&hf efEiS hf nDvmcHu jynfoŒl qEN cH,yl u JG kd oabm rwla=umif; OD;at;udu k tqdk wifoiG ;f onf? nDvmcHu aemufq;kH wGif OD;ae0if;tm; ygwD OuUÏ tjzpfrS tem;,lr_ udo k m cGijhf yKcu hJ m jynfoŒl qEN tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

cH,yl JG rjyKvyk &f ef oabmwl qH;k jzwf cJo h nf? Zlvikd v f 26 &uf? rqv ygwD A[kd aumfrwD tpnf;ta0; usi;f yI OD;pdev f iG u f kd ygwD OuUÏopf tjzpf a¶G;cs,f cJo h nf? OD;pef;,ktm; E_wx f u G cf iG hf jyKaomfvnf; ODausmx f if/ OD;at;udEk iS hf OD;xGe;f wif wdŒk udk jyefvnf a¶G;aumuf wifajrmS uf =uonf? Edik if aH wmf jynfoŒl Oya' tusK;d aqmif tzGŒJ OuUÏ OD;jrifah rmifEiS hf twl 0ef}u;D csKyf OD;armifarmifc wdŒk udk &mxl;rS xkwyf ,f vdu k o f nf? Zlvikd v f 27 &uf? jynfoŒl v$waf wmf tpnf;ta0; usi;f yonf? OD;pdev f iG u f kd EdkifiHawmfaumifpD OuUÏ (EdkifiHawmf orRw) tjzpf a¶G;cs,fwifajrSmuf vdkufonf? OD;ausmx f iftm; Edik if aH wmf aumifpD twGi;f a&;rSL;/ OD;xGe;f wiftm; 0ef}u;D csKyEf iS hf a'guw f m armifarmiftm; Edik if aH wmf jynfoŒl Oya' tusK;d aqmiftzGŒJ OuUÏtjzpf toD;oD;a&G;aumuf wifajrmS ufvu kd =f uonf? Zlvikd v f 28 &uf (0gqdv k jynfah eŒ )? t"du¶k%;f jzpfay: cJ+h y;D aemuf &efuek +f rKd ŒESihf 354 uDvrkd w D m tuGm&Sd ajrxJ+rKd Œ (tvH+rKd Œ ) wGif nrxGu&f trdeŒf xkwjf yefonf? a¶$w*d kH bk&m;wGif ausmif;om;ESihf tpd;k & qefŒusif qENjyolrsm; pk¶;kH =uonf? *sLvdik f 29 &uf? a¶$w*d kH tjyifbufwiG f ausmif;om;rsm; qEN jy=uonf? xdak eŒ naESmif;ydik ;f tcsed Yf OD;atmif}u;D / atyD owif;axmuf OD;pde0f if;ESihf wjcm; t+ird ;f pm; ppfbuf t&m&Sd 9 OD; tzrf; cH&onf? =o*kwv f 1 &uf? jrefrm EdkifiHvHk; qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or*~ tzGJŒcsKyfu =o*kwv f 8 &ufaeŒwGif wjynfv;kH tESŒH taxGaxG oydw}f u;D qifE&J$ ef aqmf=oonfh pm¶Guf pmwrf;rsm; jzefŒa0 =uonf? =o*kwv f 2 &uf? OD;pdev f iG Ef iS hf wjcm; ygwD acgi;f aqmifrsm;u ysuo f ek ;f oGm;onfh pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnf &Sio f ef&ef tpDtpOf rsm;udk aqG;aEG; =uonf? a¶$w*d b kH &k m; tjyif bufY ausmif;om;rsm; tpnf;ta0; usi;f yum a[majym =uonf? =o*kwv f 3 &uf? nae 6 em&DwiG f &efuek +f rKd Œ Y ppfOya' trdeŒf xkwjf yefonf? qENjyol waomif;u trdeŒf udk zDqefI +rKd ŒwGi;f odŒk vSnv hf nf qEN jy=uonf? =o*kwv f 5 &uf? ppfOya'udk zDqefrj_ zifh &maygi;f rsm;pGmaom jynfol wdŒk udk zrf;qD; vdu k o f nf? odŒk aomf qEN jyyGrJ sm; qufvuf jzpfymG ;vsuf &So d nf? =o*kwv f 6 &uf? w&m;0if e,fpyf ukeo f , G af &; zGiv hf pS &f ef oabm wlnrD u _ kd w¶kwjf ynf ,leefe,f&dS xkwu f ek f oGi;f ukef aumfyakd &;&Si;f ESihf jrefrmh ukeo f , G af &; 0ef}u;D Xme wdŒk u vufrw S f a&;xd;k =uonf? txuf jrefrmEdik if w H iG f qENjyr_rsm; qufvuf jzpfymG ;um a&eHacsmif;/ oey`iEf iS hf yJc;l +rKd Œ wdŒk wGif nrxGu&f trdeŒf xkwjf yef vdu k o f nf? =o*kwv f 8 &uf? &efuek +f rKd Œ vrf;ay:wGif qENjyyGrJ sm; trsm;tjym; jyKvyk jf cif;jzifh 46

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

taxGaxG oydw}f u;D udk pwif=uonf? axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom qENjy vlxu k 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf vlŒtcGit hf a&; &&S&d ef/ rqv ygwD E_wx f u G f ay;&efEiS hf qd&k , S v f pf pD;yGm;a&; pepf tqH;k owf&ef awmif;qdk =uonf? wEdik if v H ;kH &Sd t"du +rKd Œrsm;ESihf tjcm; +rKd Œ¶Gm rsm;wGif tvm;wl qENjyyGrJ sm; w+yKd ief uf usi;f y jyKvyk f =uonf? tpwGif ppfwyfu aemufu, G Yf ae+y;D n 11 em&D 45 rdepfwiG f wyfom;rsm;u +rKd Œawmfcef;r tjyifbuf&dS qENjy ae=uol vltyk f xJoŒkd armif;jyef aoewfrsm;jzifh ypfcwf =uonf? =o*kwv f 9 &uf? vlxk qENjyyGrJ sm; wEdik if H vH;k &Sd ae&maygi;f 40 txd jyefŒESŒH oGm;onf? &efuek +f rKd ŒwGif wyfr 22 rS wyfzŒJG rsm;u qEN jyolrsm;udk ypfcwf =uonf? tpd;k &u 5 OD;om aoqH;k cJo h nf[k ajymqdk aomfvnf; wjcm; owif; &yfuu G rf sm; tqdt k & &maygi;f rsm;pGm aoqH;k cJ&h onf[k od&dS &onf? axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm tzrf; cH&onf? odŒk aomf qENjyr_rsm; qufvuf jzpfymG ; aeonf? ausmif;rsm; tm;vH;k ydwv f u kd o f nf? ppfuikd ;f +rKd ŒwGif &JEiS hf ppfwyfu qEN jyaeaom vlxu k kd ypfcwf cJo h jzifh &maygi;f rsm;pGm aoqH;k =u&onf? =o*kwfv 10 &uf? &efukef+rdKŒ Y b&if; u,f&D,mrsm; ay:rS ppfom;rsm;. ypfcwfra_ =umifh qENjyol tajrmuftrsm; aoqH;k oGm;=u&onf? qEN jyolrsm;u ppfom; rsm;tm; "mwfqAD ;kH / *si*f vd/ "m;&SnEf iS hf vSrH sm; toH;k jyKum jyefvnf wdu k cf u kd f =uonf? &efuek f aq;¶H}k u;D Y ppfwyfu aq;¶Hk tr_xrf; rsm;udk ypfcwfonf? ajrmufOuUvmywGif a'go xGuaf eaom vltyk }f u;D u &Jwyfom; wcsKŒd tm; yxrqH;k t}urd f acgi;f jzwf owfvu kd f =uonf? =o*kwfv 11 &uf? taxGaxG oydwfa=umifh tpdk;& ,EW&m;rsm; &yfqdkif; oGm;onf? ppfwyfzŒJG rsm; oGm;vmr_ukd [efŒwm;&ef wm;qD; ydwq f Œkd r_rsm; csxm; =uonf? &efukef w+rdKŒ wnf;Y aoqHk; cJhaom qEN jyolrsm; tenf;qHk; waxmif &Sdrnf[k taemufwikd ;f oHwref rsm;u cefŒrSe;f =uonf? ppfuikd ;f +rKd Œ ajrmufbufwiG f &Jwyfom;ESihf ppfom; rsm;u qEN jyolrsm;udk ypfcwf=u&m tenf;qH;k vl 100 aoqH;k &onf? tar&duef qD;edwf v$waf wmfu rqv tpd;k &ESihf jrefrmjynfrS vlowfr_ rsm;tm; ¶_wcf sonfh tqdu k kd wnD w!Gww f nf; twnf jyKvu kd o f nf? =o*kwv f 12 &uf? oufwrf; 18 &ufom cHonfh OD;pdev f iG o f nf orRw &mxl;rS qif;ay; &onf? &efuek f +rKd Œv,f vrf;rsm; ay: Y jynforl sm;u aysm¶f i$ pf mG uckef =uonf? &efukef aq;¶Hk}uD;Y aoewf '%f&m &xm;onfh vlem rsm;jzifh jynfh=uyfvsuf &Sd.? jynforl sm;u aysm¶f i$ f jrL;aeonfh wdik af tmif pdwo f ufom p&m r[kwaf om +ird o f ufjcif;u v$r;f rd;k vsuf &So d nf? =o*kwfv 15 &uf? =o*kwfv 9 &ufaeŒrS pI &efukef/ ppfudkif;ESifh tjcm; +rdKŒrsm;wGif vHkjcHKa&; wyfzGJŒu uav;rsm;/ ausmif;om; rsm;ESifh jynfol rsm;udk aoewfjzifh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

ypfcwfjcif;ESihf vSpH yG jf zifh xd;k owfjcif; wdŒk rSm zGŒJ pnf; tkycf sKyyf kH tajccH Oya'ESihf Edik if w H um vlŒtcGit hf a&; Oya' rsm;udk vH;k 0 qefŒusi&f m a&mufa=umif; &efuek f a&SŒaersm; aumifpu D xkwjf yef a=unmonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ausmif;om;ESihf tpd;k & =um;wGif 0ifa&muf aphpyfay;Edik &f eftwGuf jynfoŒl twdik yf ifcH aumfrwDw&yf zGŒJ pnf;ay;&ef tqdk jyKvu kd o f nf? OD;Ek/ OD;0if;armif tjyif 1962 ckEpS f rwdik rf u D Edik if H acgi;f aqmif wcsKŒd rSmvnf; olrtqdu k kd axmufcH =uonf? =o*kwv f 16 &uf? jrefrmEdik if H q&m0ef toif;u &efuek +f rKd ŒwGif tpkvu kd f tjyKH vu kd f owfjzwfjcif;udk uefŒuGuf vdu k o f nf? xdu k efŒuGuf cJo h nfh a=unmcsurf mS tppftrSef r[kwaf =umif; tm%mydik f rsm;u ajymqdo k nf? =opa=w;vs/ *syefEiS hf puFmylrS ukr% ` D rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f I urBmvSnhf c&D;onfrsm; twGuf &efuek /f rEWav;ESihf yk*H wdŒk wGif [dw k ,frsm; wnfaqmuf rnf[k tpd;k &u a=unmonf? =o*kwv f 17 &uf? &efuek f aq;¶H}k u;D tjyifbufY vl 3000 cefŒ pk¶;kH rd=uonf? b&if; u,f&, D m rsm;ESihf wyfzŒJG rsm;u qEN jyolrsm;udk 0ef;&H xm;vdu k o f nf? rEWav; wcGif qENjyyGrJ sm; xyfrH jzpfymG ; cJah =umif; owif;rsm; ay:vmonf? &efuek f aq;¶H}k u;D rS q&m0efEiS hf olemjyK rsm;u owfjzwfr_ rsm;udk xyfrH uefŒuGuf =uonf? =o*kwv f 19 &uf? rqv ygwD OuUÏopf tjzpf a'guw f m armifarmiftm; cefŒxm; vdu k o f nf? jynfoŒl w&m;ol}u;D tzGŒJ OuUÏ OD;wifatmif[ed ;f OD;aqmifonfh jynfoŒl qEN avhvma&; aumfr&Siu f kd jynfoŒl v$waf wmfu zGŒJ pnf; ay;vdu k o f nf? =o*kwv f 20 &uf? qEN jyolrsm;u a'guw f m armifarmif &mxl;rS E_wx f u G f ay;&efEiS hf taxGaxG a¶G;aumufyJG rsm;udk jyifqif&ef twGuf =um;jzwf tpd;k & zGŒJ ay;&ef awmif;qdk =uonf? =o*kwfv 22 &uf? jynfolaygif; rsm;pGm vrf;ay: xGufI qEN jy=uonf? taxGaxG oydw}f u;D u tpd;k & E_wx f u G f ay;&ef awmif;qdo k nf? rEWav;/ [oFmw/ rauG;/ rH¶k mG / a&OD;ESihf txuf jrefrmjynf +rKd Œrsm;wGif aeŒpOf qENjyyGrJ sm; jzpfay: cJo h nf? =o*kwv f 23 &uf? qEN jyyGrJ sm;wGif vlxk ajcmufoed ;f yg0if qEN jy=uonf[k cefŒrSe;f &onf? at'D vrf;&Sd OD;ae0if; tdrw f iG f ta&;ay: tpnf;ta0; wck jyKvyk f cJah =umif; owif; xGuaf y: vmonf? xdk tpnf;ta0;wGif vlxk r+ird o f ufru _ kd +zKd ciG ;f &ef aoe*FAsL[m topf a&;qGJ =uonf? =o*kwv f 24 &uf? rm&S,af vm (ppfOya') ¶kyo f rd ;f vdu k o f nf? &efuek rf S wyfrsm; jyefvnf ¶kyo f rd ;f oGm;onf? a'guw f m armifarmifu wygwD pepf odŒk r[kwf ygwpD kH pepf usio hf ;kH &ef udpP twGuf jynfoŒl qENc, H yl JG jyKvyk af y;&ef uwd jyKvu kd o f nf? =o*kwfv 25 &uf? Zlvdkifv 29 &ufaeŒu zrf;qD; cJhonfh OD;atmif}uD;/ 48

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

OD;pdef0if;ESifh tjcm; olrsm;udk jyefv$wf ay;vdkufonf? &efukef+rdKŒ prf;acsmif; +rdKŒe,fY OD;atmif}uD; rdefŒcGef; ajym&m y&dowf 30˜000 ausmf wufa&mufonf? wEdkifiHvHk;Y qENjyyGEJ iS hf vlxk pnf;a0;yGrJ sm; aeŒpOf jyKvyk o f nf? nbufwiG f vufeufuikd f ppfom;rsm;u jrefrm Edik if jH cm; ukeo f , G rf _ b%frS usyo f ed ;f 600 o,f,l oGm;onf? &efuek w f iG f wyfpJG xm;aom wyfzŒJG tm;vH;k udk }uKd wifI vpmaiG ajcmufvpm xkwaf y; vdu k o f nf? xdu k pd u P kd topf zGŒJ pnf;vdu k af om b%f tvkyo f rm; or*~u uefŒuGuf vdu k o f nf? =o*kwfv 26 &uf? taxGaxGoydwfu ava=umif;ESifh rD;&xm; o,f,l ydŒk aqmifa&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk &yfqikd ;f vdu k o f nf? a¶$w*d kH apwD tjyifbufY axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom vlxt k m; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu rdeŒf cGe;f ajym=um;onf? =o*kwfv 26 - 28 &uf? tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; t"du¶k%f; pwifjzpfay: vmonf? Edik if t H 0ef;&Sd +rKd Œaygi;f 9 +rKd ŒrS axmifrsm; wGiv f nf; t"du¶k%;f rsm; w+yKd uef uf jzpfay: vmonf? tusOf;om; 9000 eD;yg; xGufajy; =uonf (odkŒr[kwf) v$wfay; vdu k o f nf? =o*kwv f 27 &uf? umuG,af &; 0ef}u;D ESihf ppfO;D pD;csKyaf [mif; OD;wifO;D &efuek f aq;¶H}k u;D a&SŒwGif rdeŒf cGe;f ajym=um;onf? =o*kwv f 28 &uf? &efuek +f rKd ŒwGif ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om; or*~rsm; tzGŒJ csKyf (Auo) udk zGŒJ pnf; wnfaxmif vdu k o f nf? rif;udEk ikd t f m; OuUÏ tjzpf a&G;cs,f wifajrsmuf =uonf? OD;Eku 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf +ird cf sr;f a&; tzGŒJ csKyf (,m,D) udk wnfaxmifonf? ,if; tzGŒJ wGif OD;wifO;D u taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfvmonf? =o*kwfv 29 &uf? a&SŒaersm;/ pma&; q&mrsm;/ ¶kyf&Sif o¶kyfaqmifESifh tqdak wmfrsm; qEN jyyGrJ sm;wGif yg0if vm=uonf? =o*kwfv 30 &uf? vlxk qENjyyGJ trsm;tjym; jzpfvm+yD; rqv ygwD0if axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm ygwrD S E_wx f u G f cJ=h uonf? =o*kwv f 31 &uf? tpd;k &u vrf;ay:odŒk xGuI f qENjyjcif;ESihf pnf;a0;yGrJ sm; jyKvyk cf iG hf ay;cJo h nf? taemuf *smr%Du &efuek rf S owfjzwfr_ rsm;udk oabm rwla=umif; jyo&ef 'dKG ucf srf mcf (DM) aiG 65 oef; axmufyhH ulnrD u _ kd &yfpJ vdu k o f nf? pufwifbmv 2 &uf? jrefrm a&SŒaersm;u 1974 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf; tkycf sKyyf kH tajccH Oya'udk zsuo f rd ;f ay;&ef awmif;qdk =uonf? 1962 ckEpS f tm%modr;f r_rmS 1947 ckEpS f zGJŒpnf; tkyfcsKyfyHk Oya'udk csKd;azmufcJhjcif; jzpfa=umif; ajym=um; vdkufonf? qEN jyyGJrsm; qufvuf jzpfymG ;qJ jzpfonf? +rKd Œ }u;D +rKd Œi,f pkpak ygi;f 50 cefŒrSm qEN jyolrsm; vufxJ usa&muf oGm;onf? Ak'b < mom bke;f }u;D rsm;u t"du +rKd Œrsm;Y w&m;¶H;k rsm; zGiv hf pS u f m aeŒpOf jy\em rsm;udk ajz&Sif; ay;=uonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

pufwifbmv 3 - 4 &uf? tar&duef v$waf wmf trwf pwDAif a*s qdv k mZf (Stephen J Solarz) &efue k +f rKd ŒodŒk a&muf&dS aeonf? pufwifbmv 5 &uf? twdu k t f cH rsm;. awmif;qdrk u _ kd vdu k af vsm&ef/ odŒk r[kwf ygu tqH;k rowf Edik o f nfh uefŒuGuf qENjyyGJ rsm;udk &ifqikd &f ef jynforl sm;u tpd;k &tm; &mZoH ay;vdu k o f nf? tvkyo f rm; rsm;ESihf tpd;k & 0efxrf;rsm;u vGwv f yfaom tvkyo f rm; or*~rsm;udk zGŒJ pnf; =uonf? pufwifbmv 6 &uf? &Jabmf oH;k usyd 0f if 9 OD;u vlxk tH@k ur_ukd axmufc&H ef ppfwyftm; awmif;qdk vdu k o f nf? csuu f pkd vdAk ufu;D ,m; oH¶;kH tjyif bufwiG f qENjyol rsm;u a'guw f m armifarmif tpd;k &xH o0%fvm$ ay;ydŒk r_ukd uefŒuGuf qEN jy=uonf? pufwifbmv 7 &uf? tpd;k & tzGŒJ E_wx f u G v f sS if E_wx f u G f odŒk r[kwyf gu qENjyr_ rsm;udk &ifqikd &f ef qENjy olrsm;. &mZoHukd tpd;k &u vpfvsL ¶_vu kd o f nf? pufwifbm 9 &uf? OD;Eku rdrd 0ef}u;D csKyf tjzpfEiS hf OD;wifO;D umuG,af &; 0ef}u;D tjzpf yg0ifaom pif+yKd if tpd;k & zGŒJ pnf; vdu k af =umif; a=unmonf? wyfrawmf (av) rS ppfonf pkpak ygi;f 200 cefŒ vlxk qENjyyGJ rsm;wGif yl;aygi;f yg0if vm=uonf? pufwifbmv 10 &uf? rqv ygwD 'kw, d t}urd f ta&;ay: nDvmcH usi;f y+y;D ygwpD kH pepf atmufwiG f taxGaxG a¶G;aumufyrJG sm; jyKvyk &f ef tqdk wifoiG ;f cJ+h y;D t=uH jyKcahJ om jynfoŒl qENc, H yl JG tqdu k kd y,fzsuf vdu k o f nf? wyfrLS ;a[mif; 3 OD; jzpf=uonfh OD;wifO;D / OD;atmifa¶$EiS hf OD;apmjrifw h Œkd 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf +ird cf sr;f a&; ygwD (,m,D) rS E_wx f u G f =uonf? pufwifbmv 11 &uf? jynfoŒl v$waf wmf ta&;ay: tpnf;ta0;u taxGaxG a¶G;aumufyrJG sm; jyKvyk &f ef qH;k jzwfcsuf csvu kd o f nf? &efuek +f rKd Œ qENjyyGJ rsm;wGif jynfoŒl &JwyfzŒJG 0ifrsm; yg0if vm=uonf? jynfol vlxk axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm yg0ifonfh vlxk tH@k ur_}u;D rsm;ESihf tpmiwfcH qENjyyGJ rsm;u/ 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf =um;jzwf tpd;k & awmifqrkd _ tay: zdtm; ay;=uonf? jynfow l Œkd u tpd;k &. tqdjk yKcsuu f kd y,fcs vdu k o f nf? pufwifbmv 12 &uf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifOD;ESifh OD;atmif}uD;wdkŒ yl;wGI J =um;jzwf tpd;k & zGŒJ pnf;&ef axmufcaH =umif; a=unmcsuf xkwjf yefonf? pufwifbmv 13 &uf? *syefu jrefrmjynfoŒkd rdrd ulnD axmufyhH aer_ukd wdik ;f jynf tajctae rat;rcsi;f &yfpJ xm;rnf[k a=unm vdu k o f nf? qEN jyyGrJ sm; qufvuf jzpfymG ;onf? pufwifbmv 16 &uf? pkpak ygi;f tiftm; wode;f &Spaf omif; &Sad om ppfwyfukd rqv ygwrD S E_wx f u G cf iG hf jyKa=umif; tpd;k &u a=unmonf? umuG,af &; 0ef}u;D Xme tjyif bufwiG f qEN jyolrsm;ESihf ppfom;rsm; xdyw f u kd f &ifqikd rf _ jzpfymG ;onf? OD;atmif}u;D ESihf 50

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

tjcm; yk*~dKvfrsm;u tajctaeudk xdef;I vlpkcGJ ay;vdkufonf? ppfom;rsm; jyef¶kyf oGm;=uonf? pufwifbmv 17 &uf? ukeo f , G af &; 0ef}u;D Xme tay:rS aoewfjzifh ypfcwf cJah om ppfom; ESpq f ,fah v;OD; pvH;k rSm aemufq;kH wGif vufeuf csvu kd o f nf? tpd;k &u E_wx f u G f ay;&efEiS hf =um;jzwf tpd;k & zGŒJ pnf; ay;&ef jiif;qef cJo h jzifh qENjyr_rsm; ydI k jyif;xef vmonf? ausmif;om; tcsKd ŒrSm vlrsK;d pk olyek rf sm; xHrS ppfoifwef;rsm; wufa&muf Edik &f efEiS hf vufeufrsm; &&S&d ef twGuf xdik ;f e,fpyf a'o rsm;odŒk pwifI xGucf mG oGm;=uonf? pufwifbmv 18 &uf? qENjyyGrJ sm; qufvuf jzpfymG ;onf? nae 4 em&DwiG f Adv k cf sKy}f u;D apmarmifu ppfwyfrS tm%mudk v$aJ jymif; ,lvu kd +f y;D Edik if aH wmf +ird 0f yf ydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ udk zGŒJ pnf;vdu k af =umif; a&'D,rkd S a=unmonf? nbufwiG f jynfol rsm;u wm;qD; ydwq f Œkd r_rsm; csxm; vdu k +f y;D vSsypf pf 0g,m }uKd ;rsm;udk jzwfawmufum vrf;rD;arSmif csxm;jcif;jzifh tjyifrxGuf& trdefŒudk qefŒusif=uonf? ppfwyfu qEN jyolrsm;tm; ypfcwfonf? vl 4 OD;xuf ydIk pka0;jcif; rjyK&ef trdeŒf xkwf wm;jrpf vdu k o f nf? pufwifbmv 19 &uf? vrf;rsm;ay:wGif ppfwyfEiS hf qENjyolrsm;. wdu k cf u kd yf rJG sm; qufvuf jzpfymG ;vsuf &So d nf? &maygi;f rsm;pGmaom jynforl sm; vHjk cKH a&; wyfzŒJG 0if rsm;. ypfcwfjcif; cH&onf? +rKd Œay:ajymufusm; rsm;u &efuek f +rKd Œv,f&dS rdu k u f ¶dak 0hAf (microwave antenna) a=u;eef; wdi ku f kd 'H;k usnjf zifh ypfcwfonf? Edik if aH wmf +ird §f ydu jynfoŒl v$waf wmf/ Edik if aH wmf aumifpED iS hf tjcm; tm%mydik f tzGŒJ tpnf; rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f vdu k o f nf? pufwifbmv 20 &uf? Adv k cf sKyf apmarmif. +ird §f yd tzGŒJ u ud, k yf ikd f tpd;k & zGŒJ vdu k o f nf? Adv k cf sKyf apmarmifonf 0ef}u;D csKy/f Edik if jH cm;a&; 0ef}u;D ESihf umuG,af &; 0ef}u;D jzpfvmonf? pufwifbmv 23 &uf? tpkvu kd f tjyKH vu kd f owfjzwfr_ rsm;udk uefŒuGuo f nfh taejzifh tar&duef jynfaxmifpu k ulnD axmufyrhH _ rsm;udk jzwfawmuf vdu k o f nf? xdik ;f e,fpyf teD; KNU olyek pf cef;rsm;wGif ausmif;om; tcsKŒd ppfoifwef; pwif wufa&muf =uonf? pufwifbmv 24 &uf? OD;atmif}u;D / OD;wifO;D ESihf a':atmifqef;pk=unf wdŒk u trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pD tzGŒJ csKyu f kd zGŒJ pnf; vdu k o f nf? 'Dru kd a&pD vkv d m;onfh qENjyol rsm;udk tpkvu kd f zrf;qD;jcif;ESihf vSsKŒd 0Supf mG nSO;f yrf; owfjzwfrr_ sm; Edik if t H ESŒH jyKvyk f vmonf? xdik ;f ava=umif; ukr% ` rD S &efuek o f Œkd yso H ef;r_ukd jyefvnf pwif vdu k o f nf? uGejf rLepf olyek rf sm;u w¶kwf e,fpyf teD;&Sd rdik ;f ,ef;+rKd Œudk odr;f ydu k f vdu k +f y;D &uftenf;i,f=um xde;f xm; Edik cf o hJ nf? jyif;xefaom wdu k yf rJG sm; tqdyk g ae&m w0du k Yf &ufowœywfaygi;f rsm;pGm jzpfymG ;cJo h nf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

pufwifbmv 26 &uf? rqv ygwo D nf wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &; ygwD jzpfvmonf? Oa&mybHak ps;tzGŒJ (European Community) u owfjzwfrr_ sm; &yfwefŒ um 'Dru kd a&pD wnfaqmuf&ef jrefrm tpd;k &tm; awmif;qdk vdu k o f nf? pufwifbmv 27 &uf? trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pD tzGŒJ csKyu f Edik if aH &; ygwD tjzpf rSwyf kH wifvu kd o f nf? pufwifbmv 28 &uf? +AdwdoSs EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD; qm*sufz&D a[mif; (Sir Geoffrey Howe) u ukv or*~wi G f rdeŒf cGe;f ajym=um;cJ&h mY jrefrmjynfrS vlrqefpmG owfjzwfrr_ sm; tay: pd;k &drrf ad =umif; jyif;xefaom pum;vk;H rsm; oH;k I ajym=um;onf? atmufwdkbmv 1 &uf? ,leDquf (UNICEF) ESifh EdkifiHwum =uufajceD tzGŒJ }u;D u jrefrmjynfoŒkd ava=umif;jzifh aq;0g;rsm; wifyŒkd ay;onf? ausmif;om; waomif; cefŒESihf tjcm; 'Dru kd a&pD vdv k m;aom qEN jyolrsm;onf xdik ;f / w¶kw/f tEd, N ESihf b*Fvm;a'h&fS e,fpyf a'o rsm;odŒk xGuaf jy; vm=uonf? atmufwb kd mv 3 &uf? taxGaxG oydwf +yKd uJG oGm;onf? tpd;k &u 0efxrf;rsm; tvkycf iG o f Œkd 0ifa&muf&efEiS hf rvdu k ef mygu tvkyrf S xkwyf ,frnf (odŒk r[kw)f tjcm; tjypf ay;rnf[k +crd ;f ajcmufI tvkycf iG o f Œkd jyefvnf 0ifa&muf aponf? atmufwb kd mv 6 &uf? ppfwyf twGuf vufeuf cJ,rf;rsm; oabmFjzifh puFmylrS a&mufvmonf? ppfwyfu &efukef+rdKŒrS jynfolrsm;tm; vlrsKd;pkolykefrsm;udk wdu k cf u kd &f mwGif ay:wm tjzpf twif;t=uyf apcdik ;f r_ pwif jyKvyk o f nf? tm%modr;f t+y;D Y e,fpyfoŒkd xGuaf jy; oGm;cJo h rl sm; tnHch I H jyefvnf 0ifa&muf vmEdik &f ef e,fpyf a'orsm;wGif }uKd qakd &; pcef; 27 ckukd zGiv hf pS f vdu k o f nf? ppfwyfu ausmif;om;rsm; Ed0k ifbmv 18 &ufaeŒ aemufq;kH xm;I }uKd qakd &;pcef; rsm;odŒk a&mufrvm =uvSsif ?wdŒk tm; olyek f tjzpf owfrw S rf nf[k ajym=um; vdu k o f nf? atmufwb kd mv 7 &uf? *syefu ,leq D ufrS wqifh jrefrmjynfoŒkd ta&;ay: ulnD axmufyrhH u _ kd ay;tyf oGm;rnf[k a=unmonf? jrefrmEdik if H ukvor*~ t+rw J rf; ud, k pf m;vS,f armifarmif}u;D u vGwv f yf+y;D w&m;rSswaom a¶G;aumufyJG jyKvyk f ay;rnf[k uwd jyKco hJ nf? 'Dru kd a&pD vdv k m;aom qENjyol rsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif;ESihf wdww f qdwf nSO;f yrf; owfjzwfrr_ sm; qufvuf jzpfymG ;aeonf? ppfwyfu =o*kwv f ESihf pufwifbmv twGi;f u jzpfymG ; cJah om qENjyyGJ rsm;wGif yg0if cJo h nfh &maygi;f rsm;pGmaom 0efxrf; rsm;udk tvkyrf S jzKwyf pf vdu k o f nf? atmufwb kd mv 12 &uf? autef,l olyek rf sm;u 1984 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D wGif ppfwyfu odr;f ydu k f cJah om xdik ;f e,fpyf teD;&Sd olwŒkd . pcef;a[mif; r,foa0gukd jyefvnf odr;f ydu k f vdu k o f nf? 52

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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pdww f iG ;f &So d rSs a[majym=uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;. a[majymcsuf rsm;onf temay: wkwu f sonft h vm; em;rcH Edik o f jzifh a'go trsuf acsmif;acsmif; xGuu f m ppfwyfrS ypfcwf owfjzwf&ef Adv k af e0if;u }uKd ;rJh toHvi$ hf pum;ajymcGujf zifh ud, k w f ikd f trde@f ay;cJo h nf? xdpk Ofu wuUov kd f w0du k w f iG f wyfpx JG m;aom ppfwyfrsm;udk uGyu f aJ eol 'kw, d Adv k rf LS ;}u;D pdev f iG u f wyfom;rsm;tm; tqifq h ifh trde@f ay;ojzifh vufeufrygbJ rdrw d @kd taqmifwiG ;f Y pk¶;kH qENjyaeonfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk tpkvu kd f &ufpufpmG ypfcwfowfjzwf cJo h nf? qENjy&mwGif yg0ifjcif;r&Sd onfh taqmifae ausmif;om;rsm; udyk g awG@&m ocsKõ i;f "m;rqdik ;f bJ ypfcwf owfjzwf =uonf? ppfwyfonf *so D &D; armif;jyef aoewfopfrsm;udk yxrqH;k pwif toH;k jyKum vufwnfph rf; ypfcwf cJ=h uonf? xdak oewfopfrsm;rSm taemuf *smr%DrS ypPn;f ud&, d m rsm;udk &efukef+rdKŒ&Sd ppfvufeufypPnf; xkwfvkyfa&;puf¶HkwGif wyfqifcJhonf? *sDo&D; aoewfopf rsm;udk tm%m odr;f pOfu wyftcsKd Œod@k xkwaf y;cJ&h mY ckcrH r_ &So d jzifh toH;k rjyK cJ&h ay? xdv k ufeuf opfrsm;udk prf;oyf&ef vuf,m; aeol Adv k f ae0if; tzd@k tcGit hf a&; &&So d mG ;awmhonf? Zlvikd f (7) &ufae@ ausmif;om; ta&;tcif;Y ppftm%m&Sif tpd;k &u ausmif;om; (15) OD; aoqH;k +y;D / (27) OD; '%f&m&&So d nf[k a=unmcJah omfvnf; trSew f u,f aoqH;k cJ&h olaygi;f rSm (200) eD;yg;cef@&SI d (400) cef@'%f&m &&Scd ahJ vonf? od@k uvdk ausmif;0if; twGi;f od@k ypfcwf wdu k cf u kd +f y;D aemuf &efuek f wuUov kd f ausmif;om;rsm; or*~ (wuo) . taqmuf tODukd ppfwyfu 0dik ;f xm;jyef.? wuUov kd o f r*~ taqmuftOD}u;D onf &efuek f wuUov kd . f *k%x f ;l aqmif taqmuftODjzpfonf omru jrefrmh Edik if aH &; ordik ;f wGif e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;cHwyf}u;D tjzpf vlxu k trGet f jrwf todt rSwjf yKxm;onfh Adrmefjzpfonf? 1920 ck/ 'DZifbm (5) &ufae@ wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;. oydwfrS pwifum Edk;=um;vmonfh jrefrmvlxkudk ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;wdu k yf JG rsm;qDo@kd acgi;f aqmifco hJ nf? wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) udk 1927 ckEpS u f pwifz@JG pnf;cJo h nf? or*~. ¶H;k taqmuftODukd 0HomEk jrefrmolaX;}u;D OD;ndKu wnfaqmufvLS 'ge;f cJo h nf? taqmuf tODukd ausmif;om; rsm;. ynma&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf use;f rma&; udprP sm;udk toH;k jyK&ef &nf¶, G f cJo h jzifh t*Fvyd f wuUov kd f tm%mydik f rsm;uyif tm;ay; cJ=h uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;u pum;&nfvyk JG rsm; usi;f yavh&&dS mwGif jrefrmEdik if t H zd@k tdE, Nd jynfEiS hf cGaJ &;/ wGaJ &; jy\em ay:vmaomtcg or*~ cef;raqmifrSm EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. pum;ppfxdk;&m AdrmefjzpfvmcJah yonf? OD;bapm/ a'guf wmbarmf paom acgi;f aqmif rsm;onf wuo cef;rrSm a[majym=u&if; pnf;¶H;k a&;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyaf qmif cJ=h uonf? aemufyikd ;f wuo toif;udk ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmif tjzpf udEk /k udak tmif 64

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

qef;/ udak usm+f ird ;f / udo k ed ;f azESihf ud&k m&Spw f @kd wufvm csed rf S pwif+y;D e,fcsŒJ wdu k yf /JG e,fcsŒJ cHwyf taqmuftOD}u;D jzpfvmcJo h nf? 1300 jynfEh pS f ta&;awmfyrkH S t*Fvyd f wd@k tm; vufeufESifh wdkufcdkuf ESifxkwfr_ txd t&Sdeft[kef jyif; xefcJhojzifh vGwfvyfa&; wdu k yf rJG sm;. atmifArd mef}u;D tjzpf jrefrm wrsKd ;om;vH;k u *k%, f cl =hJ uonf? Adv k af e0if; acgi;f aqmifaom ppftm%m&Sif tpd;k &trsm;pkonf wuUov dk f ausmif;om; b0u wuo v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifjcif;r&Scd o hJ vd/k jynfov l x l u k ud;k pm;aom ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif rsm;udk tjrJ remvdk jzpfaecJo h nf? xd@k a=umifh wuo ausmif;om; v_y&f mS ;&m blred ufoef wuo taqmuftOD}u;D udk +zKd zsu&f ef tjrJ qif=uH =u¶H , G v f suf &So d nf? xd@k aemuf Zlvikd v f (7) &ufae@u ausmif;om;rsm;udk ypfcwf owfjzwfpOfu ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmif rsm; aoqH;k jcif; r&S/d tcsKŒd rSm zrf;qD;Iyif rrdao;bJ wuo taqmuftOD rsuEf mS =uufwiG f yke;f atmif;aeonf[k owif;udk Adv k af e0if; od&adS om tcg wuo acgif;aqmif rSeforSsudk owfjzwf&efESifh wuo taqmuftOD}uD;udkyg Zlvdkifv (8) &ufae@wGif t+yD;tjywf zsufqD;&ef trdef@ay;cJhavonf? or*~¶Hk;udk +zKd zsu+f y;D aemuf Adv k af e0if; OuUÏ tjzpf aqmif¶u G f aeaom awmfveS af &; aumifpu D "pnf; rJu h rf;rJb h 0udk jyif&rnfw h m0efonf rdrw d @kd tay:usa&mufaeojzifh wyfrawmf.tm; wpdww f a'o udo k ;kH I ajz&Si;f vdu k &f jcif; jzpfonf " [k a=unmcJ. h ? xdak =unmcsurf mS ppfwyfukd tHwv k sS if ,ckxuf }u;D rm;aom vufeuf tiftm;ESihf ajz&Si;f rnf[k &mZoH ay;onfh oabm ouf0if.? xd@k jyif wuo taqmuftODukd zsuq f ;D +y;D aemuf jynfow l @kd tm; toHvi$ hf rde@f cGe;f ajym&mwGif olu owfjzwf vdu k af om ausmif;om;i,f uav;rsm;onf vufeuf [lI tyfww kd acsmif;rS r&S=d uonfukd odygvsuEf iS hf vufeufuikd f olyek f tzG@J }u;D udk &ifqikd f aeonfh ozG,f yH}k u;D csŒJ I ""m;ud"k m;csi;f / vSu H v kd SH csi;f &ifqikd zf @kd toif&h ydS gw,f" [k a'goykeo f EH iS hf toHvi$ hf ajym=um; cJjh yefonf? Adv k af e0if;ESihf ppfAv kd w f pkonf Zlvikd v f (7) &ufae@u ausmif;om;rsm;udk owfjzwfr}_ u;D ESihf Edik if u H trGet f jrwf xm;onfh wuo taqmuftOD}u;D udk AH;k cGJ zsuq f ;D r_}u;D wd@k udk a'gor$eu f m pdwv f u kd f rmefyf g usL;vGecf jhJ cif;onf ol@tzd@k }u;D av;aom &mZ0wfr}_ u;D jzpfovd/k ppfwyftzd@k vnf; trnf;puf}u;D jzpfaeonf udk pOf;pm;rd avonf? "ESjH ynfpw k f udk tajrmufEiS yhf pf" ovdk &mZ0if¶ikd ;f vkyaf qmifcsuu f kd wae@ae@wGif vlx. k '%fcwfrnfukd a=umufaoG;jzmvm=uonf? rw&m; usL;vGecf ahJ om &mZ0wfr}_ u;D twGuf wpdrphf rd hf a=umuf';l wkev f m=uaom tcg w&m;cHonf rdrdr[kwfyg? wOD;udkwOD;u vufnSdK; xdk;I tjypfzdk@&if; rdrdY tjypfr&Sad =umif; xkacsrr_ sm;udk t}urd }f urd f jyKvyk cf =hJ uonf? awmfveS af &; aumifpD OuUÏ}u;D Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;ESihf 'kw, d OuUÏ Adv k rf LS ;csKyf atmif}u;D wd@k onf wOD;udk wOD; w&m;cH tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

jzpfav[ef azmfaumif vky=f uonfrmS Armh wyfrawmf}u;D . xdyo f ;D ppfom; &ifrh m}u;D rsm; jzpf=uaomfvnf; omref"m;jyvlq;kd *d% k ;f wckrsS avmufyif nD!w G rf _ r&S?d trSm;udk 0efc&H ef owdW r&S/d ol&aJ bma=umiforl sm;om jzpfa=umif;ay:vGiaf eayonf? xdpk Ofu 'kw, d umuG,af &; OD;pD;csKyf jzpfol Adv k af tmif}u;D u "wu,f trde@f ay;wJhpm ,lvm+yD;/ r&rf;ukef;udk ay;vmolu Adkvfoef;pdef jzpfygw,f? or*~+zdKzdk@ 'dik ;f erdu k af wGukd tif*sief , D mwyfcu JG kd rSm,lcyhJ g w,f? tJ'rD mS rvHak vmufv@kd yifr ppfypPn;f odak vSmifa&;rSm oGm;,lcikd ;f ol[m Adv k af usmpf ;kd yg? pDt'dk D wyfrLS ; Adv k 0f if;udk vdu k &f mS +y;D / tif;wdik u f kd oGm;a&muf ,l&wmyg? cGzJ @kd trde@f ay;olawG uawmh jynfxaJ &; 0ef}u;D eJ@ vHjk cKH a&; aumifpD OuUÏ Adv k af usmpf ;kd jzpfygw,f? wu,f 'dik ;f erdu k af wG qif&wJh olu tif*sief , D m wyfu Adv k rf LS ; xGe;f &D jzpfygw,f? tm;vH;k 'dik ;f erdu k af wG qif&wm[m Zlvikd v f (8) &ufae@ eHeufvif; tm;}u;D rS jzpfygw,f? vufrw S f xd;k rnfo h l t&m&Sd }u;D }u;D rm;rm; r&Sv d @kd jy\em wufaewke;f vrf; avSsmuf&if; a&mufvm wmu Adv k rf LS ;}u;D ol& rif;ode;f jzpfygw,f? olu0if+y;D cGzJ @kd trde@f vufrw S af &; xd;k ay;zd@k Adv k x f eG ;f &Du ajymvd@k olu vufrw S f a&;xd;k +y;D 'dik ;f erdu k f cGw J m jzpfygw,f?" "u|eaf wmf[m Adv k rf LS ;}u;D vS[efe@J Adv k cf sKyf (ae0if;) tdrv f u kd f toGm; ygarmuQ q&m}u;D OD;umudk Adv k f vS[efu or*~+zKd z@kd trde@f &w,fv@kd ajymwm xyf=um; &awmh t&JpeG @f +y;D Adv k af usmpf ;kd &S&d m toHvi$ ¶hf u kH kd w,fvzD ek ;f quf+y;D / tJ'u D pd u P kd &yfxm; ay;yg? Adv k cf sKyu f kd uGseaf wmf ajymygrh ,f qd+k y;D / [dak &mufawmh vnf; bmrSrajymbJ rvdrw hf ywf enf;eJ@ xm;cJyh gw,f" vd@k Adv k rf LS ; atmif}u;D onf ol. pmwrf;wGif a0hvnf a=umifywf a&;om; ajz&Si;f xm;avonf? Adv k af e0if; uvnf; wzef t}urd }f urd f xdu k pd u P kd ajz&Si;f jyonf? ol. aemufq;kH ae@ vlxu k vufrcHawmhojzifh rqv OuUÏ}u;D &mxl;rS xGuaf y; &aom 1988 ck/ Zlvikd v f (23) &uf ta&;ay: ygwD nDvm cHwiG f "tck jynfrmS jzpfysucf w hJ hJ ta&;tcif;[m (16) &ufae@u p+yD; (17) &ufae@rSm uGsefawmfwdk@ od& ygw,f? (17) &ufae@ od+yD;wJh aemufrmS &Jw@kd / aumifpD wd@k eJ@yJ xde;f vd@k Edik v f rd rhf ,fv@kd xifw,f? arSsmv f ifch w hJ ,f? apmapmu u|efawmfajymcJhwJh aoG;xGufoH,dkawG rjzpfatmifqdkwJh txJrSm wyfrawmfudk [dk tao;tzGu J av;vnf;oH;k / 'Dtao;tzGu J av;vnf;oH;k qdw k mrsK;d rjzpf&atmif wu,f vdkwJh tcgrSm oHk;qdk+yD;awmh u|efawmfrodbJeJ@ wyfrawmfudkroHk;ygeJ@/ u|efawmf ajymxm;w,f/ tJ'ga=umifrh @kd vd@k jynf +rKd Œudp[ P m at;roGm;bJe@J a&mifw h ufvm=uw,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd vd@k rae@uawmh udik ;f ppfwyf0ifayawmhq+kd y;D awmh u|eaf wmf cGijhf yK vdu k w f ,f? tJ'Dawmh apmapmu u|efawmf ajymxm;wm &Sdw,f? u|efawmf EdkifiHa&;u tem; ,lawmhr,f? tem;,lawmhr,f qdkayr,fhvdk@ aemiftzGJ@tpnf;awG wm0eftjynfh 66

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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tcsKd Œwd@k jzifh zG@J pnf;xm;aom vHjk cKH a&;aumifp0D iftm;vH;k ESihf vHjk cKH a&;wm0ef,&l aom vHjk cKH a&;aumifpDOuUÏ AdkvfrSL;}uD;ausmfpdk; aumifpD0iftm;vHk;ESifh vHkjcHKa&;wm0ef,l&aom t&mxrf;rsm; a&mufae=uygw,f? xdo k rl sm;rSm vHjk cKH a&; aumifpD OuUÏ Adv k rf LS ;}u;D ausmpf ;kd / Adv k rf LS ;}u;D vS[ef/ Adv k rf LS ;}u;D apmjrifh (rSL;o rde)f / Adv k rf LS ;}u;D beD/ t&m&Sd rsm;xJrS axmufvrS ;f a&; Adv k rf LS ;}u;D armifvGif/ &Jrif;}uD; OD;bat; wdk@jzpf ygw,f? xdkolwdk@tjyif tjcm; vl awmfawmf rsm;rsm;vnf; &S=d uygw,f? xdZk v l ikd v f (8) &ufae@ or*~t aqmuftODukd +zKd vu dk af =umif; od+y;D aemuf Adv k af usmpf ;kd udk ac:Iar;&m (7) &ufae@ naeu u|eaf wmfu or*~twGi;f 0ifa&mufaeonfh qlyo l al cgi;f aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;&mwGif vdt k yfvsS if (&DuKdG i;f vuf*ef;) udk oHk;Edkifonf qdkonfh tcsufudk or*~taqmuftOD tzsufcdkif;onf[k ,lqojzifh zsufvdkuf onf[kajzygw,f? 'Dvdk qdk&ifvnf; pkaygif; acgif;aqmifr_ usifhoHk;w,fvdk@ vufcHxm;jcif;a=umifh awmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmif taejzifh "m;"m;csif; vHSvHScsif;qdkwJh pum;vH;k rsm;ygwhJ a=unmcsuu f kd toHvi$ hf vdu k yf gw,f? aemufo;kH av;v =um+y;D aomf u|eaf wmfu t&ufr;l rl;eJ@ or*~ taqmuftODukd zsuzf @kd trde@f ay;w,f [k Edik if jH cm; owif;pm q&mwd@k todik ;f t0dik ;f wGif ajymqdak ewm =um;&vdk@ Adkvfausmfpdk;udk u|efawmft&ufrl;+yD; zsufzdk@ trdef@ay;w,fvdk@ u|efawmf wa,mufwnf;udk w&m;cH vkyx f m;w,f? tJ'ga=umifh Zl vdik v f (7) &ufu tjzpftysuu f kd ajymjycdik ;f ygw,f? tJ'DawmhrS Adkvfausmfpdk;u tjzpftysuftrSefudk ajymjyygawmhr,f? t&ifu awmfveS af &; aumifpD wufcgpwGif pdw0f rf;uGJ ae=uwm ray:atmifv@kd zH;k zH;k zdzd ajzcJjh cif; jzpfygw,f? tjzpftysuf trSerf mS xdk (7) &ufae@u toHvi$ ¶hf &kH dS vlpx k rJ S wOD; wa,mufu 'Dor*~taqmuftOD}uD;[m olykefXmecsKyf jzpfaew,f? zsufypfvSsif aumif;r,fvdk@ pajym&mrS zsuo f if/h rzsuo f ifh aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? aemufq;kH Adv k cf sKyf (ae0if;) udk tod ay;+y;D / Adv k cf sKyf oabmwlvsS if zsurf ,fv@kd qH;k jzwf =uygw,f? xdpk Of Adv k f atmif}u;D u Adv k cf sKyx f H olomG ;+y;D wifjyr,f? oabm wlrwl tajz,lcrhJ ,f ajym+y;D / udv k [ S efuakd c:I um;jzifh xGuo f mG ; ygw,f? xd@k aemuf Adv k af tmif}u;D toHvi$ ¶hf o kH @kd jyefvm+y;D / Adv k cf sKyu f oabmwl vdu k +f y[ D ak jymojzifh toHvi$ ¶hf &kH dS vlou kd w f @kd or*~taqmuftODukd zsuzf @kd ypPnf;rsm;pk+yD; zsufvdkufygw,f? xdktajzudk&+yD; aemuf Adkvfatmif}uD; rygbJ usef awmfveS af &; aumifp0D ifrsm;udk ac:I Adv k af tmif}u;D u|eaf wmfu h kd rwifjybJ toHvi$ ¶f &kH dS vlou kd u f kd u|eaf wmf oabmwl vdu k +f yv D @dk ajymwJh ta=umif;udk wifjycJyh gw,f? xdkta=umif;rSefudk od+yD;aemuf Adkvfatmif}uD;udk u|efawmfh&JŒ¶Hk;cef;odk@ac:I or*~taqmuftODzsu&f ef u|eaf wmf oabmwlw,fv@kd ajymwmudk uk, d o f +d y;D +y/D tJ'aD wmh 68

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

ud, k v hf l acgi;f aqmifvyk cf si&f if/ acgi;f aqmif Edik rf ,f xif&if uk, d x f u G f ay;r,f? ud, k x f u G f &rvm;/ ud, k v f x l u G &f rvm;/ qH;k jzwfayawmh[k u|eaf wmfuajym&m olxu G yf gr,fq+kd y;D ol@tcef; jyefomG ;um xGupf m wifcyhJ gw,f? u|eaf wmf wifjywmudk rSeaf =umif; oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyygr,f? yxr taxmuftxm; Adv k cf sKyf atmif}u;D 1988 ck/ arv (9) &uf ae@pGjJ zifh a&;onfh pmwrf; pmrsuEf mS (24) 'kw, d pma=umif; rSpIygaom w&m;cHjzpf&wJh Adv k af tmif}u;D qdkol[m AdkvfrSL;}uD;vS[efeJ@ AdkvfcsKyftdrfvdkuftoGm; ygarmuQcsKyf q&m}uD;OD;um acwWa¶$ŒaewJh tif;vsm;uef [kdw,fem;u wxyfwdkufuav;rSm q&m}uD; OD;umudk OD;vS[efu or*~udkvnf; +zdKzdk@ trdef@&w,fvdk@ ajymwm xyf=um;&awmh t&JpGef@+yD; Adv k af usmf pd;k &S&d m toHviG ¶hf u kH kd w,fvzD ek ;f quf+y;D tJ'u D pd u P kd &yfxm;ay;yg? Adv k cf sKyu f kd uGseaf wmf ajymygrh ,f qd+k y;D / [dak &mufawmhvnf; Adv k cf sKyu f kd bmrS rajymbJ rvdrw hf ywf enf;eJ@ xm;cJo h l jzpfygw,f qdw k hJ tcsu/f 'g ol a&;xm;wJh txJu 'g yxr tcsu?f oufaocH 'kw, d oufao taxmuftxm;u 'Dupd eP @J ywf ouf+y;D awmh oufqikd &f m yk*K~d vaf wGukd ac:+y;D / olw@kd odwmawGukd trSet f wdik ;f a&;=uygv@kd ajymwJt h cg usawmh AdkvfrSL;}uD;vS[ef wifjywJh pmwrf;xJrSm tJ'Dol@pmav; u|efawmfh qDrSm&Sdygw,f? tJ olwifwhJ pmwrf;/ pmrsuEf mS (5) pma=umif;a& (4) rSm xdt k csed f Adv k cf sKyf atmif}u;D vnf; a&mufvm ygw,f? o r*~upd aP jymwJt h cg ae=uOD;/ u|eaf wmf Adv k cf sKy}f u;D qD oGm;+y;D wifjy trdef@ awmif;r,fvdk@ ajym+yD;/ uGsef awmfhtm;ac:+yD; xGufvmcJhygw,f? vrf;wGif Adv k rf LS ;}u;D wifp;kd tdrw f iG &f adS om q&m}u;D OD;um xH0ifI owif; ar;ygw,f? aoqH;k ol/ '%f&m&ol ausmif;om;rsm; ta&twGuv f nf; ajymcJyh gw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS u|eaf wmfu q&m}u;D udk or*~ taqmuftODukd zsurf ,fqw kd hJ ta=umif; ajymcJhygao;w,f? xdk@aemuf u|efawmfwdk@ESpfOD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;xH qufvuf oGm;ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyef @J awG@wJh tcg Adv k cf sKyf atmif}u;D u tajctaersm; wifjyygw,f? wifjy&mwGif or*~taqmuftODudpP rygyg? jyef&ef um;ay:wufygw,f? um;ay: a&mufawmh u|eaf wmfu Adv k cf sKyf [du k pd P rajym&ao;bl;vd@k owday; ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf atmif}u;D u aeygapvd@k ajymojzifh u|eaf wmfvnf; bmrS rajymbJ qdwq f w d f aevdu k f ygw,f? toHvi$ ¶hf o kH @kd jyefa&mufaom tcg Adv k cf sKyf atmif}u;D u Adv k rf LS ;}u;D ausmpf ;kd tm; (tdkau) [k ajymvdkuf onfudk =um;&ygw,f qdkwJhtcsufwdk@jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'Dtcsut f vufawG[m u|eaf wmf apmapm uajymcJw h hJ u|eaf wmf rodbeJ @J u|eaf wmf odav[ef/ u|eaf wmf cdik ;f av[ef/ wjcm; vlawGukd ajymvd@k u|eaf wmf oabmwl+yD qd+k y;D / wjcm; vlawGu zsuv f u kd w f m tJ'aD wmh txufu tcsuaf wGukd avhvm +y;D awmh or*~ taqmuftODukd zsuw f hJ udprP mS rnfol w&mcH tppf jzpfw,f qdw k mudk vlxw k &yfv;kH u tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

rdrw d @kd bmom qH;k jzwf =uygawmhv@kd wifjy&if; pum;ajymjcif;udk tqH;k owfvu kd f ygw,f[k Adv k af e0if;u wdik ;f jynfo@kd &Si;f jy cJah vonf? Adv k af e0if;. aemufq;kH ae@ rsuaf jzvuFmpmwrf;}u;D rSm um&efrnD/ pmom;racsm rkom0g'vdrv f ;kH rsm; omjzpfavonf? Zlvikd v f (7) &ufae@ aoG;acsmif;pD; vlowfy}JG u;D ESiyhf wfoufI .... (u) Adv k af e0if;u apmapmurod aoewfo=H um;rSo&d onf[k ajz&Si;f jcif;onf vdrn f maom rkom; omjzpfonf? ausmif;om;wd@k a[majymcsuu f kd ol@xHo@kd }uKd ;rJt h oHzrf; pufjzifh v$ifhay;aeaoma=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;. toHudk pdwfqdk;um owfjzwfcGifh trde@f xkwcf o hJ nfrmS Adv k af e0if;ud, k w f ikd yf ifjzpf onf? (c) xdpk Ofu wyfO;D rS ypfred @f ay;&ol Adv k pf ed v f iG f (aemiforRwjyKw)f u rdro d nf Adv k af e0if;. trde@f t & ypfred @f ay;cJyh gonf[k rqvygwD ysuaf omtcgwiG f ajz&Si;f xkwf az:cJhonf? (*) ausmif;om;rsm;vufcsuEf iS hf &J (7) OD;/ (8) OD;'%f&m&&So d nf[k Adv k af e0if;u ajymonfrSmvnf; vdrfnmaom rkom;om jzpfonf? taqmif0if;wHcg;rSeforSsudk ausmif;om;rsm;u ydwx f m;cdu k f jyify&Sd ppfwyfu ypfcwf owfjzwfcsed w f iG f wuUov kd f ywf0ef;usiw f iG f &Jwa,mufrS r&S?d ausmif;om; wd@k u &J wd@k tm; &efjyK&ef rjzpfEikd af cs? (C) wuo aqmuftOD rsufESm=uufwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk owfjzwf&ef OD;wnfcsujf zifh taqmuftOD; }u;D udk zsuaf p trde@f ay;olrmS Adv k af e0if; jzpfonf? rzsu&f ef [ef@wm;av[efajymaom 'kw, d umuG,af &; OD;pD;csKyf Adv k rf LS ;csKyf atmif}u;D vnf; wm0ef&adS yonf? (i) wouudk zsuq f ;D +y;D aemufwae@ eHeufwiG f bma=umifh zsu&f onf[k awmfveS af &; aumifp. D a=unmcsuw f iG f awmfveS af &; aumifpo D nf pnf;rJu h rf;rJh b0udk jyif&rnfh wm0efonf rdrw d @kd tay:wGif usa&muf aeojzifh wyfrawmf. tm;wpfpw d f wa'oudo k ;kH I ajz&Si;f vdu k &f jcif;onf[k owif; pmwd@k rS a&;om; xkwjf yefcsuf wd@k udk avhvm=unfyh gu awmfveS af &; aumifpD OuUÏ Adv k af e0if;u rdrrd od yg? rdryd g0ifjcif;r&Syd g[k ajymonfrmS v,fjyifwiG f qifomG ; ouJo h @kd xif&mS ;aeaom rkom;om jzpfyg onf? (p) ,ck jzpfysuo f nfu h pd o P nf ausmif;om; udpP wckwnf; r[kwb f /J Edik if aH &; tarSmifh ya,m*rsm; zrf;pm;w,f qdw k m u|eaf wmfw@kd &dypf m; rdygw,f[k Adv k af e0if;. or*~zsuf&a=umif; udk,fwdkiftoHv$ifh csufY ausmif;om;rsm;aemufuG,frS Auywdk@ ygav[ef ajymonfrmS vnf; vdrn f m vDq,fcsuyf if jzpfonf? xdt k csed u f Adv k af e0if;u +rdKŒay:&Sd vufeufcs Auyrsm;udk odrf;oGif;um awmwGif;&Sd Auyrsm; tvif;0if&ef pum;urf;vSr;f aecsed jf zpfonf? ausmif;om;wd@k v_y&f mS ;r_onf jyifyya,m* rygonfukd 70

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

odygvsuf owfjzwfr}_ u;D ESihf zsuq f ;D r_}u;D udk vlxu k vufcaH tmif vDq,fajymqdck suf omjzpfonf? (q) ausmif;om; rsm;tm; owfjzwf+y;D aemuf/ u|eaf wmf wd@k udk tajym b0rSm epfreG ;f apjcif; tm;jzifh tvkyf ysuu f u G af tmif &nfp;l +y;D wrif vkyaf e=uw,f qdv k sS iaf wmh u|eaf wmf aemufxyf bmrS rajymvdk awmhygb;l ? tenf;qH;k "m;udk "m;csi;f / vHu S kd vScH si;f &ifqikd zf @kd om &Syd gawmhw,f[k ajymonfrmS a'gooHEiS hf wke&f aD eonfukd =um;&olvx l u k od&edS m;vnf=uonf? Adv k af e0if; &mxl;rS qif;ay;&aom 88 ckepfu "ppfwyfqw kd m ypf&if rSeaf tmif ypfw,f/ rd;k ay:axmif+y;D ajcmufwm rygb;l / aemifukd qlqyl yl l vkyw f hJ olawGawmh roufombl;vd@k om rSwaf yawmh" [k ajymaom rde@f cGe;f ESihf woHwnf; jzpfonfukd vlxu k aema=uae+yD jzpfonf? (n) xdpk Ofu vufawG@ owfjzwf¶rkH sS omru E_wrf v S nf; ppfa=unm cJyh gvsuf aemufyikd ;f rS olowfonf igowfonf/ olzsuo f nf igzsuo f nf[k wOD;tay: wOD;vufnKSd ; xd;k I az:aumif vky=f uap umrl/ acgi;f a&Smif apumrl/ Adv k af e0if;onf t"du w&m;cHom jzpfonfukd vlxu k arhr& Edik af y? rnfo@kd qdak p ,ck tcg "qJAif;*sLvdik f" ac: Zlvikd v f (7) &ufae@ aoG;ajr usc&hJ aom ausmif;om; ta&; awmfy}kH u;D onf ,cktcg 47 ESpo f @kd wdik cf +hJ y;D jzpfaomfvnf; vlxk w&yfv;kH onf xdak oG;pGe;f cJ&h aom Zl vdik v f (7) &ufae@udk OD;aESmufu arhaysmuf oGm;onfw h ikd f ESv;kH om;u O'ge;f raus tpOf owd&vsuf &Sad ernfrmS rvG{J uefyifwnf;? ,ck t cgYvnf ; Ad k v f a e0if ; . rsKd ; quf o pf vuf y g;ap ppf t m%m&S i f w d k @ onf 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfy}kH u;D atmifjrifa&;twGuf ¶ke;f uef wdu k yf JG aeaom &[ef;&Siv f /l ausmif; om;rsm;yg0ifonfh jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh +zdKcGif;&ef qif=uH =uv H su&f &dS m awmfveS af &; owd tpOf&adS p&ef wyfveS @f Ed;_ aqmf vdu k &f ygonf? 'Dru dk a&pD ta&;awmfy;kH }u;D vH;kH 0 (vH;kH 0) atmif&rnf?

a'gif;vli,f (http://www.hrmyanmar.info rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

ta&;awmfyHk}uD;....vlrsm;/ tjzpftysufrsm;

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ta&;awmfy}kH uD;... vlrsm;/ tjzpftysufrsm; (5) a&SŒrSm 1§90 udk vufrw S x f ;kd t+y;D ausmif;om;ygww D ck&ŒJ 'Dru kd a&pD Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_b0udk tenf;tusO;f rSs rdwq f ufcyhJ gw,f? vufrw S x f ;kd wke;f u ygwD qufvuf &Sio f efEikd o f rSs &Sio f efa&;udk pOf;pm;+y;D enf;y&d,m,ft& vufrw S x f ;kd cJ=h uw,f? aoe*F AsL[m t& rSm;cJw h ,f? 'gukd 1§90 vufrw S x f ;kd t+y;D ygw&D ŒJ Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_b0u vufawG@ usus ajymjyvdu k w f mygy?J Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_awG[m 1§90 atmufrmS v_yrf &atmif taetxm;rsK;d eJ@ &ifqdkif&w,f? 'ghtjyif vufrSwfxdk;vdkufwm[m EdkifiHa&;rSm cHppftaetxm;uae toufiifaewJh e0w ppftyk pf u k kd usm;ao toufoiG ;f vdu k o f rsK;d jzpfomG ;w,f? vufrw S f xdk;xm;vnf; zrf;qD;r_awG/ axmifwGif; owfjzwfr_awGu &yfroGm;ygbl;? ydkqdk;wmu Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGukd ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jy/ trde@f 'D*&DawG trsK;d rsK;d xkw+f y;D t"rR zdtm;ay; zsuo f rd ;f r_awG vkyv f mygawmhw,f? 1990 a&G;aumufyu JG mveJ@ a&G;aumufyt JG +y;D umv awGrmS ygwaD ygi;f 200 ausmu f ae 10 ygwo D museo f nftxd jzpfygw,f? ygw&D ŒJ A[kad cgi;f aqmifyidk ;f rSmvnf; axmufvrS ;f a&;u zdtm;ay; zrf;qD;ppfar; wmawG cH&ygw,f? e,f¶;kH cGaJ wGuv kd nf; qdik &f m r0wawGu axmufvrS ;f a&;/ &J/ owif;ay; awGe@J pepfwus zdtm;ay;cJw h ,f? 90 a&G;aumufyrJG mS txdemcJw h hJ ppftyk pf [ k m ausmif;om; eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDbufawmfom;awGudk pepfwus acsre_ ;f zk@d vuf&/J Zuf&J vkyv f mwm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvekd @J 1990 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvukeyf ikd ;f rSm &efuek +f rKd Œudk A[djk yK+y;D ygw&D ŒJ A[kad cgi;f aqmifyidk ;f u &JabmfawGukd zrf;qD;ygw,f? wGzJ uf taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfwhJ &Jabmf tHah Zmfukd +rKd Œuav;u rdciftrd rf mS nbuf vma&mufzrf;qD;ygw,f? +rKd ŒrSm wm0efusaewJh ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&; wyf=uyf}u;D tke;f jrifh OD;aqmif+y;D &Je@J &SmazG zrf;qD;oGm;wm jzpfygw,f? 72

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xH;k pHtwdik ;f ygy?J c%avmuf vdu k cf yhJ g? ar;p&mav;awG&v dS @kd qd+k y;D jzpfw,f? &Jabmf tHah Zmfukd +rKd Œ&JŒ &JtcsKyrf mS csKyaf ESmifxm;+y;D wae@vH;k axmufvrS ;f a&;u ac:aqmif ppfaq;wm cH&ygw,f? txufwef;ausmif;om;uav;awGu tHhaZmfudk tcsKy0f ifpm oGm;awG@/ awG@cGiahf y; ray;udk &Ju ,wdjywf rajymvd@k tcsKyaf &SŒrSm tjzLtpdr;f 0wf ausmif;om;awG tkypf v k u kd f naeapmif;wJt h xd apmifah e=uygw,f? 'gukd &Ju tpk;d &drf vGev f mygw,f? +rKd Œol/ +rKd Œom;awGuvnf; ausmif;om;awG &Jpcef;ukd qENjyaeovdk xif=u/ ajym=ueJ@ &ifcek pf &myg? aemufawmh &JwcsKŒd xGuv f mygw,f? &JabmftahH Zmfudk axmufvrS ;f a&;u ar;p&m&Sv d @kd ac:xm;wm jzpfa=umif;? ar;+y;D &if jyefvw G rf ,f xifa=umif;? ckawmh ol@ukd awG@cGirhf ay;Edik af o;a=umif; ajymvmygw,f? 'ge@J yJ ausmif;om;awGukd a=uvnf atmif aqG;aEG;+y;D tdrjf yefz@kd ajym&ygw,f? olw@kd a&SŒrSmvnf; &Judk ar;ygw,f? tHah Zmfudk bmyk'rf / bmtr_e@J zrf;ovJqw kd m wdwu d sus odcsiw f ,fayg?h qdak wmh &Ju usaemfw@kd pHpk rf;ar;ay;ygr,f ajymygw,f? ausmif;om;awGvnf; rausreyfe@J jyefomG ;=uygw,f? &Jabmf tHah Zmfukd zrf;qD;xdr;f odr;f xm;wm wywfavmuf=umawmh ol@rdcife@J ay;awG@ygw,f? t0wftpm;eJ@ pm;p&mawG ay;cGi&hf ygw,f? bmr_/ bmyk'rf vJar;awmh olvnf; aocsmrodb;l wJ?h zrf;zrf;csi;f ESp&f uf/ oH;k &ufxd tpm rau|;bl; wJ?h wku d w f hJ a&uvnf; aomuf+y;D wJt h cg tm;jywfovdk cHpm;&w,f ajymygw,f? ab;rSm &Ju teD;uyf apmif=h uyfem;axmifaevd@k tajctaeudk odyrf ajymjzpfb;l ajymygw,f? t"duuawmh rdru d kd +rKd Œuav;uae wjcm;xGurf oGm;zk@d rSmygw,f? wvavmuf=umawmh tHah Zmfudk jyefvw $ af y;vdu k yf gw,f? 'DawmhrS ta=umif;pHu k kd ajymjzpf=uw,f? ygwDu A[dk&JabmfawGudk pwifzrf;qD;csdefrSm vGwfajrmufe,fajrukd &JabmftcsKŒd a&muf&v dS w G af jrmufomG ;ygw,f? tm;vH;k odwt hJ wdik ;f ausmif;om;wyfrawmf wyf&if;awG tajcpdu k &f m e,fajrawGukd jzpfw,f? 8888 uwnf;uvnf; wku d yf 0JG if &Jabmf/ &JbufawG jzpf=uw,f? 'Dawmh tquftoG,f tquftpyfawG &Scd =hJ uw,f? tawG;tac:t&/ Edik if aH &; ,H=k unfrt _ &vnf; wlc=hJ uolawGjzpfw,f? ppftyk f pk[m ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd aoonftxd zufw, G x f m;rSmrd@k 'Dru kd a&pDbufudk tcGi&hf &if &ovdk tjywfacsr_ef;rSm jzpfw,f? vufeufudkif t=urf;zuf zdESdyfaewma=umifh vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;vkyrf S 'Dru kd a&pDudk &Edik rf ,f? Edik if aH &; ,Ofaus;r_t&/ jzpfwnf aewJh Edik if aH &;avxkt& ygwaD wG wnfaxmifciG &hf v dS @kd ygwaD xmif+y;D ausmif;om;awG 'Dru kd a&pD Edik if aH &; vkycf w hJ m jzpfw,f? vlx&k ifxrJ mS teD;qH;k aeEdik cf iG v hf nf; jzpfw,f? &JabmftahH Zmfudk t"du ppfar;csuu f awmh vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; vkyrf vkyf ukd tawG;tac:t&/ qufpyfra_ wGt& ppfar;wm jzpfw,fqw kd m olvw G v f m+y;D jyefajym jyvdk@ od&ygw,f? pdwf"mwf ppfqifa&;t& tHhaZmfukd tcef;wckxJrSm ae@vnfbuf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

wa,mufwnf; xm;w,fajymygw,f? b,fol wOD;wa,mufrsS r&Sb d ;l vd@k ajymygw,f? uufqufuae oDcsif; zGifhay;ygw,f? wyk'fwnf;ukd xyfcg xyfcg zGifhwmjzpfygw,f? oDcsi;f u pdik ;f xD;qdik &f ŒJ "obm0&JŒ &ifaoG;i,fawG" oDcsif;jzpfowJh ? tJ't D csed f ol@cHpm;csuu f dk ar;=unfah wmh idck siv f mw,fv@kd ajymygw,f? tJawmh rif; tJ'pD w d u f dk b,fvkd ckccH o hJ vJv@kd ar;awmh pdwx f u J ae "Ed;k avmh....xavmh {&m0wD" oDcsi;f udk qdw k ,f? {&m0wDuykd J tm¶Hjk yKcpH m;aecJw h ,f? tJ't D cg tm;i,fpw d af wGvnf; r&Sad wmhb;l vd@k ajymygw,f? ol@&JŒ xl;jcm;wJh pdw"f mwf ppfa=uma&; tawG@t=uKH uav;ukd ckxd rSwfrdaewm jzpfygw,f? tHhaZmfukd zrf;+yD;aemufrSm owif;pmxJuae ygwDudk r&m;toif;tjzpf a=unm zsuo f rd ;f vdu k yf gw,f? 1990ck 'DZifbm 30 &ufv@dk jzpfygw,f? rdrw d @kd &JŒygwD rsK;d csp'f rD u kd &ufwpf vli,fwyfaygi;f pk (jrefrmEdik if )H [m atbDtufp'f t D ufzf (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) wyf&if; (601) eJ@ Armjynf uGejf rLepfygww D @kd &JŒ ajray:ygwjD zpfw,f qdw k hJ pGypf cJG suef @J rw&m;toif;tzG@J tjzpf a=unmzsuo f rd ;f vdu k yf gw,f? &efol ppftyk pf /k ppftm%m&Si&f ŒJ t+iKd ;w}u;D trke;f [m ausmif;om;xke@J vlx&k ŒJ ESv;kH tdrt f wGi;f rSmawmh ordik ;f t& *k%, f &l wJh tzd;k wef ordik ;f qktjzpf cH,l cHpm;cJyh gw,f? ygwD A[du k OuUÏ jzpfol cGe&f aJ oG; (ac:) &JabmfjrifEh idk f axmif'%fEpS &f n S f usccH hJ &ygw,f? &JabmfoufaZmf (aemifrmS aZmfoufaxG;) vnf; OuUÏvdk ESp&f n S f axmif'%fygy?J vGwaf jrmuf e,fajra&mufomG ;wJh ygwu D &JabmfawGtwGuaf &m/ ausmif;om;wyfrawmf wyf&if; 601 eJ@ tquftoG,&f cdS rhJ /_ vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &; tawG;tac:eJ@ vky[ f ef wckv;kH twGuu f ykd g OuUÏ &JabmfjrifEh ikd u f wm0efccH w hJ mjzpfygw,f? ckxd acgi;f aqmifaumif; &JabmfwOD;tjzpf *k%, f l todtrSwf jyKaeqJyg &Jabmf}u;D a&...? +rKd Œuav;uae &Jabmf wifEikd x f eG ;f eJ@ &Jabmf xGe;f wifah tmif(c) xGe;f xGe;f (c) *if}u;D (vuf&dS tar&dum;wGif aexdik o f )l wd@k u vGwaf jrmufe,fajrudk a&muf&o dS mG ;cJyh g w,f? ygwD zsuo f rd ;f cH&awmh wGzJ ufausmif;q&m tvkyu f dk aZmufcs vkyjf zpfaecJw h ,f? &JabmfawG&ŒJ owif;udk pHpk rf;&if;/ Edik if aH &;t& tawG;tac: wnfaqmufa&;/ avhvma&; vkyfief;awGudk vkyf&if; 1990 atmufwdkbmvrSm jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o vufeufudkif awmfveS af &; usnjf yefaygucf yhJ gw,f? e0wu 1990 pufwifbmausmo f nftxd *E<cD rf;r a=unmcsuyf g vGwaf wmf ac:,lay;a&;udk jyKvyk rf ay;cJyh g? 1990 'DZifbmvtwGi;f rSm trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyrf S a&G;aumufyJG tEdik &f jynfo@l v$waf wmf uk, d pf m;vS,t f csKŒd vGwaf jrmufe,fajr rme,f yavmod@k a&muf&v dS mcJw h ,f? 22/ 12/ 1990 rSm tqdyk g jynfo@l v$waf wmf ud, k pf m; vS,rf sm;ukd trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyu f w&m;0if xkwyf ,fvu kd af =umif; a=unmcJw h ,f? 26/ 3/ 1991 rSm trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyu f kd jyefvnfz@JG pnf;ygw,f? zqyv acwfu 74

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

wyfrLS ;a[mif;/ wdik ;f rSL;a[mif; jzpfco hJ l Adv k af tmifa&$ OuUÏtopf jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? 12/ 6/ 1991 rSm trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf A[kdaumfrwD0ifwOD;jzpfol pma&;q&m}uD; armifaomfu tif;pdet f usO;f axmif tusO;f wdu k x f rJ mS usq;kH cJyh gw,f? 10/ 12/ 1991 rSm aetdrf tusO;f pH a':atmifqef;pk=unf urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&; Edb k ,fqk &&Scd w hJ ,f? 11/ 12/ 1991 ae@rSmawmh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKy&f ŒJ OuUÏ Adv k cf sKy}f u;D a[mif; wifO;D eJ@ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd ukd topf pufpuf OuUÏjzpfvmol OD;atmifa&$ (Adv k af tmifa&$)u ud, k w f ikd v f ufrw S x f ;kd +y;D ygwu D ae xkwyf ,fvu kd yf gw,f? &ufrsm;/ vrsm;/ ouU&mZfrsm;/ wdu k yf rJG sm;/ a=uuGcJ jH yif;r_rsm;/ vGr;f arm yDwrd sm;/ r+yD;qHk;ao;aom 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf wdkufyGJESifh ordkif;ay; wm0efrsm;...vGrf;arm owd&vsuyf g...+rKd Œuav;...?

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jzpfw,f? tHaZmfa&m/ twGi;f a&;rSL; ausmw f ifOh ;D a&m/ rdryd g &Gmcef@ ausmif;q&mtvkyu f dk 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd af ecJw h ,f? tJ'u D mvtawmtwGi;f rSmyJ usKu d v f wfu &Jabmfuu kd Ekd ikd f [m tHhaZmfvdk +rdKŒ&JŒ tus,fcsKyfb0uae naebuf &efukefxGufr,fh {&m0wD oabFmay:wuf+yD; &efukefudk xGufcGmoGm;cJhw,f? &efukefrSwqifh &JabmfawG&Sd&m vGwaf jrmufe,fajrudk awmcdo k mG ;ygawmhw,f? vGwaf jrmuf e,fajra&mufv@kd odyrf =um cifrmS tpmtdraf &m*ge@J usq;kH oGm;cJw h ,f? odyu f dk cifz@kd aumif;wJh &Jabmf}u;D yg? ol@udk vlcsi;f awG@wJt h cgrsK;d rSm vlv;kH ukd oJou J u JG JG rjrif&cif ol@tjyKH ;udk t&ifq;kH awG@&wwfoyl g? 'Dae&mrSm wifjycsiw f hJ wcsuu f ygwu D &JabmfawG vufeufuikd af wmfveS f a&;vkyzf @kd vGwaf jrmufe,fajrudk xGucf mG oGm;wJu h pd yP g? ajray:rSm ygwED ikd if aH &;vkyrf &vd@k vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;oGm;vkyfwmvm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;rsKd;awGukd &ifqdkif&wJhtcgrSm ajzzd@k vdv k @kd ajz&wJh tajctaersK;d eJ@ =uKH &wwfygw,f? tJ't D cgrmS tajzu tawG;tac: &Si;f rS/ cdik rf S tajzuvnf; &Si;f r,f/ cdik rf mrSm jzpfw,f? qdak wmh ta&;awmfy}kH u;D uae p&ygw,f? rSefwJhtwkdif; 0efcH&&if 8888 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;rSm 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;cJhpOfu EdkifiHa&;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ rdrdwOD;wnf;taeeJ@ tawG;tac: tcdkiftrm r&Sdao;yg? wwdkif;jynfvHk; vuQ%maqmifwJh vlxk tHk=uGr_}uD;rSm tprf;oyfcH ynma&;pepf&JŒ om;aumifausmif;om;b0awG/ AsK¶u kd &uf t&m&Sq d ;kd awG zdEydS cf s,v f , S af ewJh rqvacwf tvkyo f rm;rsm;&JŒ tzdEydS cf b H 0udjk zwfoef;&if; ta&;awmfy}kH u;D rSm yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uwm jzpfw,f? Edik if aH &;vkyaf wmh Edik if aH &;pmawG zwf&w,f? 'Dru kd a&pDukd avhvm&w,f? urBm/ jrefrm Edik if aH &;ordik ;f awG avhvmcJ=h uw,f? 'Dawmh ordik ;f rSmazsmufzsux f m;wJh ordik ;f tppf trSefawGudk odcsif/ avhvmcsifcJhw,f? ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG/ vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ/ udak tmifqef;/ udAk [de;f wd@k rSonf ik&ifAefx¶dKG i;f / acs/ }uKd ;pifay:u *sL;vd,ufz;l csp/f uku d /dk ocifjroef;/ jroef;wifhESifh '*kefwm&m...? tajzu wdk&Sif;ygw,f? udk,fhudk,fudk,f t&ifajz+y;D rS/ ausvnf+y;D rS jzpf&ygr,f? "vufeufe@J t=urf;zuf zdEydS af ewJh twef;tpm;/ EdkifiHa&; pepfwckatmufu trSefwu,f vGwfajrmufzdk@twGufqdk&if vl@ordkif;rSm vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;[m r&Srd jzpf vkt d yfw,f" 'DtawG;tac:/ 'D,Hk=unfcsufeJ@yJ aemifrSm vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;&Sd&m vGwfajrmufe,fajrukd a&muf&SdvmcJhygw,f? ajray:u EdkifiHa&;ygwD zsufodrf;cH&+yD; wJah emufrmS urBmEh ikd if aH &; tcif;tusi;f ajymif;oGm;cJyh gw,f? 15/ 12/ 1991 rSm qdAk , D uf ¶k&&S ŒJ orRw a*:bmacsmAf f orRw &mxl;uae E_wx f u G o f mG ;cJw h ,f? qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpk [m EdkifiHaygif; 15 EdkifiHtjzpf +ydKuGJoGm;cJhw,f? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; }udrfrD;tkH;ovdk 76

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

jzpfymG ;aewJh "ppfat;wdu k yf J"G rSm tar&duef OD;aqmifwhJ taemuftyk pf u k tjywftowf Edik +f y;D tqH;k owfc+hJ yv D @kd ajym=uw,f? wqufwnf;rSm Edik if aH &; pum;0dik ;f awGxJ =um;&vmwwfwhJ pum;vH;k topfawG &dSvmygw,f? urBmay:rSm av;eJ@jrm; rvdkawmhbl;/ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;acwf ukeo f mG ;+y/D 'd@k uawmh &DaAmfv;l &Si;f udk vufc&H mrSm tDaAmfv;l &Si;f &JŒ tajccHatmufuyJ/ +ird ;f +ird ;f csr;f csr;f jzpfay:wd;k wufru _ ykd J vufcw H ,f....? xdt k csed rf pS vk@d +ird ;f csr;f a&;[m ysKw d ikd ;f }uKd uw f hJ ESi;f qDcikd jf zpfvmygawmhw,f? [kdae&mvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;/ onfae&mvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;[m pum;vHk; tm[m&tjzpfe@J tjrnf;cHae&tjzpfrsK;d jzpfaeygw,f? 'Dawmh +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk avhvm&ygw,f? urBm+ird ;f csr;f a&;a&m/ jrefrmh+ird ;f csr;f a&; ordkif;yg vufvSrf;rDorSs avhvmjzpf=uygw,f? ordkif;rSm zdESdyf tEdkif,lxm;olawGu ajymcJhwJh/ ajymaewJh tay:pD; +idrf;csrf;a&;pum;eJ@ tzdESdyfcH vlxk}uD;&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&; ppfppfpum; ESprf sK;d ukd od&v dS mcJw h ,f? +ird ;f csr;f a&;[m vlom;tm;vH;k twGuf r&Srd jzpfwt hJ &m jzpfw,f? 'Dru kd a&pD Edik if aH &;t&vnf; +ird ;f csr;f a&;[m yef;wdik jf zpf&ygr,f? tJ'D yef;wdik u f dk oGm;&mvrf;rSm vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;eJ@ t=urf;rzufwhJ vlxw k u kd yf rJG sm; aygi;f pyf &wmrsK;d [m enf;y&d,m,ft&jzpfw,fqw kd mudk odvm/ cHpm;vmcJ&h w,f? zdEydS v f eG ;f wJh zufqpfpepf/ ppftm%m&Sipf epfrsK;d &JŒ atmufrmS awmh vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;[m t"du wdu k yf yJG o kH ¾mef jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? 'g[m qENpJG r[kwyf g? vufawG@b0awGt& jzpfw,f qdw k m ordik ;f u oufaojycJ/h jyqJ jzpfygw,f? tifwmae&Sief ,f vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;orm; acs uvnf; urBmh tzdEydS cf H jynfolawGtwGuf +idrf;csrf;a&;udk cspfw,f/ jrwfEdk;w,f/ vdkcsifw,f? ynmwwf vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;orm; uufpx¶dek @J csv D ED ikd if u H Edik if aH wmf vky=f uo H wfjzwfr_ udck cH &hJ wJh jynfo@l orRwppfppf tm,mefa'; uvnf; +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk cspw f ,f? +ird ;f csr;f a&;&JŒ Adou k m q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f onfvnf; +ird ;f csr;f a&;ppfppfudk uG,v f eG o f nftxd jrifawG@ roGm;&&SmcJ/h q&m '*kew f m&monf +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk vdck sif v_y&f mS ;cJo h ?l &Jabmfo;kH usdyf0if zufqpfawmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmonfvnf; +ird ;f csr;f a&;twGuf ,H=k unfvy_ &f mS ;cJo h ?l olw@kd ESpOf ;D rSm ,ae@ ouf&x dS if&mS ; &Sad e=uqJ? touf (90) ausmu f ek =f u+y?D ckxd +ird ;f csr;f a&;. &eH@ taiG@toufuydk if cHpm;Edik cf iG rhf &Scd /hJ r&SdEdkifao;....? zdESdyfol ppftm%m&Sif pepfatmufwGif +idrf;csrf;a&; ppfppfonfum; jynfov l x l t k wGuf a&$jynfawmf arSsmw f ikd ;f a0; jzpfae&onfuk.d ...? 23/ 6/ 2011 ae@wGif Adv k af pmarmif e0w OuUÏ &mxl;rS jyKwyf gw,f? use;f rma&; (OD;aESmuf rrSe[ f k owif;v$ichf &H ) t&[k qdyk gw,f? Adv k o f ef;a&$u OuUÏ jzpfvmygw,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

tustqH;k rsm;um wyfrsm;udk uGyu f &J cufaeonfh e0w ppftyk pf o k nf u&ifh vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;e,fajrwGif xd;k ppfrsm; &yfqikd ;f cJyh gw,f? 28/ 4/ 1992 ae@wGif jzpfygw,f? 0g'jzef@csda&;u aemufuae vdkufatmfygw,f? odyf+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;udk vdkcsifvGef;vdk@/ wdik ;f &if;om; nDaemif tcsi;f csi;f awG....bmjzpfw,f/ nmjzpfw,faygah v....? jynfwiG ;f rSmawmh Edik if aH &;t& zdEydS af csre_ ;f a&;awGukd wd;k jriS v hf yk af qmifaecJw h ,f? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf&JŒ *E<Dcrf;r awmif;qdkcsufudk e0wu trsKd;om;nDvmcHeJ@ wH@k jyefvu kd w f ,f? nDvmcHrmS zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya' a&;qGrJ ,f? nDvmcH wufa&mufciG hf &olrsm;[m ppftyk pf &k ŒJ vufnKdS ;axmif acgi;f ndwf uk, d pf m;vS,t f rsm;pk jzpfap&r,f? tajccH Oya'a&;qG+J y;D rS v$waf wmfac:ay;r,f? tcsed u f mvtm;jzifah wmh b,fa&GŒ ... b,frsS qw kd m....? e0wu 23/ 6/ 1992 rSm trsKd;om;nDvmcHtwGuf nSdE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJukd usi;f yygw,f? 2/ 10/ 1992 wGif nDvmcHusi;f ya&; aumfr&Sif zG@J pnf;w,f? e0w. 14§92 trde@f 'Du&D a=unmcsuf xGuv f mygawmhw,f? 9/ 1/ 1993 ae@wGif trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd t"rR usif;ycJhygw,f? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu *E<Dcrf;ra=unmcsufudk arharh aysmufaysmuf xm;&pfcJh+yD? rarhEdkifolawGom cHpm;=uayawmh? nDvmcHodk@ trsKd;om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf yg0if wufa&mufcyhJ gw,f? tusOf;axmifxJrSmawmh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG ordkif;*k%fa&mifajymifpGm wdu k yf 0JG if usq;kH ae=uw,f? 16/ 2/ 1993 rSm jynfo@l wd;k wufa&;ygwD (yDo;kH vH;k ) OuUÏ OD;cifarmifjrifh usq;kH w,f? jynfo@l wd;k wufa&;ygweD @J (' r z) acgi;f aqmif OD;ndK0if;/ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf c&rf;trwf OD;wifarmif0if;wd@k axmifwiG ;f rSm usq;kH cJ=h uw,f? oH;k OD;pvH;k [m udu k ;dk useG ;f jyefawGjzpfc=hJ u+y;D Armjynf&ŒJ vGwaf jrmufa&; wku d yf 0JG ifordik ;f rSm tpOftvm}u;D cJo h al wG jzpfygw,f? opPmazmufEiS hf ol&aJ umif;wd@k onfum; ordik ;f acwf tqufqufwiG f ,SOv f suf arG;zGm;wwfonfo h abmukd emusif *k%, f pl mG cHpm;vdu k &f ygw,f....?

ta&;awmfy}kH uD;... vlrsm;/ tjzpftysufrsm; (7) "vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;[m Armjynf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;rSm rvdktyf awmh+yv D m;? vufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;vkyaf ewJh tzG@J tpnf;awG Edik if aH &;t& wu,fu h kd +idrf;csrf;oGm;/ +idrf;csrf;awmhr,fvm;? tusOf;axmifxJrSm EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG wae@+yD;wae@ wdk;wdk;vmaew,f? tpOftvm}uD;wJh/ &yfwnfcsuf cdkifrmwJh EdkifiHa&; tusO;f om;awG wa,muf+y;D wa,muf usq;kH aeygw,f? 1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufy&JG v'fu b,frmS vJ? jynfo@l v$waf wmfu b,fawmhac:rSmvJ? vlxu k wku d yf 0JG ifa&G;cs,cf w hJ hJ vlx&k ŒJ 'Dru kd a&pDtpk;d &u b,frmS vJ..." 78

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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qdkAD,uf ¶k&Sm; +ydKuGJt+yD;rSm vufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;acwf r&Sdawmhbl; qdw k t hJ oH qlv@kd nHv@kd vmygw,f? wu,fukd vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;[m Armjynf 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH &;rSm rvdt k yfawmh+yv D m;? vufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;vkyaf ewJh tzG@J tpnf; awG EdkifiHa&;t& wu,fhudk +idrf;csrf;oGm;/ +idrf;csrf;awmhr,fvm;? tusOf;axmifxJrSm Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG wae@+y;D wae@ wd;k wd;k vmaew,f? tpOftvm}u;D wJ/h &yfwnfcsuf cdik rf mwJh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG wa,muf+y;D wa,muf usq;kH aeygw,f? 1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fu b,frSmvJ? jynfol@v$wfawmfu b,fawmhac:rSmvJ? vlxku wku d yf 0JG ifa&G;cs,cf w hJ hJ vlx&k ŒJ 'Dru kd a&pDtpk;d &u b,frmS vJ....? wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ trsK;d om;*k%o f u d mQ [m tbufbufrmS usqif;aeygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;/ use;f rma&;/ ynma&;/ vl@tcGit hf a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ tEkynm....bufaygi;f pHrk mS pHwefz;kd awG a=umufz, G f +yKd usysupf ;D aecJw h ,f? rSwrf ad eygao;w,f? aus;vuf qGcJ ef@ ausmif;q&m b0&JŒ nwnrSm? wcgu vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; vkycf w hJ /hJ vkyzf @dk vnf; tqifoifh jyifqifaewJ/h Edik if aH &;t&vnf; jynfo@l vGwaf jrmufa&;bufrmS tjrw J ef; &yfwnfaewJh v,form;tzd;k }u;D wOD;eJ@ a&aEG;=urf;aomuf pum;0dik ;f uav;udyk g? "tif;...q&mav;&JŒ/ ppftm%m&Sif tpd;k &atmufrmS usKyw f @kd &GmawG olc;dk / "m;jy ylwm odyfr&Sdawmhbl;As" "[kwv f m;? *syefacwfuvdk zrf;rd&if &ufpufaevd@k vm;" "q&mav;uvnf;...'H;k a0;&efaum" a&eHqD rD;cGuu f av;&JŒ rSed jf ywJt h vif;a&mifrmS rsuv f ;kH uav;arS;+y;D trnfazmf& cufwt hJ jyKH ;eJ@ tzd;k }u;D u jyKH ;aeygw,f? pdwx f aJ wmh odyrf cHcsiv f b S ;l ? bma=umifrh sm; vJaygah v? "bma=umifv h J OD;av;&" "tif;...t&ifwek ;f u "m;jyawG/ olc;dk awG[m ckqkd q,ftrd rf LS ;awG/ &mtdrrf LS ;awG jzpfae=uw,fAs? 'Dawmh ...olw@kd cd;k zd@k / wdu k zf @kd rvdak wmhb;l aygAh sm? ud, k ehf mrnfu, dk f vufrw S f xd;k wwf/ wHqyd w f ek ;f xkwwf&if &+yaD v...[m; [m; [m; [m;..." yxrt}udrf tzrf;cH&wkef;u ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;vdk@xif&ol&JŒ apmfum;+cdrf; ajcmufwhJ ar;cGe;f rsm;eJ@ =uKH c&hJ zl;ygw,f? aeumrsurf eS }f u;D vnf; wyfxm;ygw,f? ol@rsuEf mS ukd +rKd Œuav;rSm rjrifrawG@zl;cJyh g? oluvnf; a'g}u;D arm}u;D eJ@ ajymygw,f? "rSwx f m;uG...rif;wd@k vkyaf ewm igw@kd tukev f ;kH odw,f? owif;ay;wa,mufukd arG;zd@k rsm;rsm;rukeb f ;l / wae@ 45 usyw f ef w&Guaf y;&if&w,f? Ed@k qDA;l wAl;avmuf&&if owif;ay;r,fh aumifawG wyH}k u;D " a=omf...jzpfrS jzpf&av? 80

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"vufeufudki f awmfveS af &;[m Armjynf 'Drukd a&pDEikd if aH &;rSm rvdtk yf awmh+yDvm;? vufeufukdif awmfveS fa&;vkyfaewJh tzGJ@tpnf;awG Edki fiHa&;t& wu,fhudk +idrf;csrf;oGm;/ +idr;f csrf;awmhr,fvm;? tusOf;axmifxJrmS Edik fiHa&;tusOf;om;awG wae@+yD;wae@ wdk;wdk;vmaew,f? tpOftvm}uD;wJ/h &yfwnfcsuf cdik rf mwJh Edik fiHa&; tusOf;om;awG wa,muf+yD;wa,muf usqH;k aeygw,f? 1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufy&JG v'fu b,frmS vJ? jynfo@lvw$ af wmfu b,fawmhac:rSmvJ? vlxku wkdufyGJ0ifa&G;cs,fcwhJ hJ vlxk&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDtpkd;&u b,frmS vJ..." 15/ 9/ 1993 rSm ppftyk pf u k jynfaxmifp=k uchH ikd af &;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;a&;toif;udk zG@J pnf; cJyh gw,f? owif;awG trsK;d rsK;d udv k nfh xkwv f i$ +hf crd ;f ajcmufaew,f? touf q,fEpS u f ae ajcmufq,ftxd qdv k m;/ tm;vH;k =uzhH w G t f oif;udk 0if&rnfv@kd qdv k mygw,f? 'g[m ppftm %m&Sif oufq;kd &Snaf &;twGuf jzpfw,fqw kd m &Si;f ygw,f? nDvmcHuae ppftm%m&Sif tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd umuG,u f , dk pf m;jyKr,fh tajccHOya'w&yfukd t"rR a&;qGrJ ,f? a&;qG+J y;D &if qENc, H yl eJG @J tajccHOya'udk twnfjyKr,f? +y;D &if...wufvmrnfh tpk;d &onfum;...? 28/ 1/ 1995 rSm u&ifah wmfveS af &;e,fajr&JŒ rme,fyavm XmecsKyf e,fajr us¶;H_ cJw h ,f? wqufwnf;vdk ausmif;om;wyfrawmf&ŒJ a'gi;f *Gif us¶;H_ cJw h ,f? 10/ 7/ 1995 rSm Edb k ,fq&k iS f a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd oef;a&$ ppftyk pf u k aetdrt f us,cf sKyu f ae v$waf y;cJyh gw,f? 29/ 11/ 1995 rSm trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyu f wufa&mufaeqJ e0w/ etz&JŒ trsK;d om; nDvmcHuae E_wx f u G o f mG ;ygw,f? 10/ 7/ 1995 ae@/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;Edb k ,fq&k iS f a':atmifqef;pk=unf aetdrt f us,f csKyfuae yxrt}udrf vGwfajrmufvmwJhae@rSmyJ vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJrsm;&Sd&m vGwfajrmufe,fajrukd ydkif;jzwfxGufcGmvmcJhygw,f? ta&;awmfyHk}uD;um; ckqdk (23) ESpfausmfcJh+yD? vGwfajrmufe,fajr vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&; b0jzwfoef;r_um; (16) ESpaf usmcf +hJ yD...? ta&;awmfy}kH u;D .../ vlxw k u kd yf rJG sm;/ tusO;f axmifrsm;/ wdu k yf 0JG if usq;kH cJah om tmZmenf&Jabmfrsm;....? 2005 ckEpS /f ZGev f 16 &ufae@rSm awmfveS af &;wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif&if; vGwaf jrmufe,fajrrSm usq;kH cJw h hJ &Jabmf}u;D wa,muf &Scd yhJ gw,f? nDtud&k if;wa,mufvkd cifrif&ol jzpfygw,f? olum; &Jabmf xufr;kd jzpfygw,f? ol uG,v f eG f usq;kH oGm;wJah e@rSmyJ ol@twGuf *k%, f al =uuGpJ mG uAsmwyk'u f dk a&;zG@J jzpfcw hJ ,f? xdpk Ofu vGwaf jrmufe,fajrrSm yHEk ydS x f w k af 0cJw h hJ "rd;k }uKd ;" owif;pmrSm azmfjycJyh gw,f? 'Daqmif;yg; (ta&;awmfy}kH u;D ... vlrsm;/ tjzpftysurf sm;)ukd udx k ufr;kd trSww f &tjzpf a&;jzpfw,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

b0. *k%, f zl , G af w;oGm; oHviG u f rf;ajcrSm oJaomifjyifuv kd ufe@J xd;k qG "om;udk aq;ukz@kd twGuaf iG taz r&SmEdik af wmhb;l om;a&..." (xufr;kd ) awmfveS af &;c&D;=urf;ay:uvl ol...'Dvakd =uuGcJ zhJ ;l w,f ckawmh...? ajrurBma& oifh&ifcGifxJ wdkufyJG0ifESif;qDeDwyGifh aยบuGvGifhcJh+yD...? yef;wdik ;f yGirhf nfh O,smOfopfrmS tzd;k wefajr=oZmtjzpf pJeG pforkd ;DS vku d yf gav...? (urmykv)J

urmykvJ t*Fgae@/ 27/ 12/ 2011 (http://oothandar.blogspot.com rS jyefvnf&,lygonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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ZGefv 24˜ 2013 (Source: Forever Friend) (www.Naythit.info rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

100

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udnk nD aD usmfukd ta&;,lwmrjzpfoifyh g pDwef;vSnv hf nfr_ yk'rf 18 udk tm;vH;k u uef@uGuaf e=uw,f? vuf&dS wnf&dS aeao;wJh Oya't& pDwef;vSnv hf nfv@kd udak t;ode;f axmifcswm tomxm;? bmvd@k vnf; qdak wmh udak t;ode;f u pDwef;vrf;avSsmufwmud;k ? aps;csKd uae pwif pDwef;vrf;avSsmuf uwnf;u u|eaf wmfygvmw,f? udak t;ode;f a&SŒuae wpfavSsmufv;kH "gwyf akH wG&u kd +f y;D vdu k v f mwm? b,frvJ udn k n D aD usm?f t&dyt f a,mifawmif rawGŒ&? vrf;vnf;ravSsmuf? aps;csKd uae vrf;avSsmufvmwm +rKd Œawmf0efpnfyifom,m &H;k a&SŒa&mufw,f? +rKd Œawmf0ef u pum;ajymcsiw f ,f? aqG;aEG;csiw f ,q f akd wmh tajctaevm=unfw h hJ udn k n D aD usmu f u|efawmfwdk@ rD'D,morm;awGeJ@twl &Hk;xJvdkufvmw,f? +rdKŒawmf0ef / c&dkif&JrSL;}uD;/ rD', D mawGe@J udak t;ode;f / ud0k if;aqGjrif/h udn k n D aD usmw f @kd aqG;aEG;=uw,f? udn k n D aD usmf taeeJ@ +rKd Œawmf0efe@J bmrS aqG;aEG;cGirhf &cJyh gb;l ? olu aps;0,f wpfa,muftaeeJ@ 0ifawGŒ cJhwmyg? aps;csdK udkif;wef;naps;[m a0;vHwJ hurf;em;vrf;wm&dk;txd a&$Œvdkufvdk@ tqifrajywJhta=umif;/ tjcm;ae&mwpfck &Ekdifygovm;vdk@ c&dkif&Jrif;}uD;eJ@ aqG;aEG; cJyh gw,f? pnfyif&;kH xJu txGuf aqG;aEG;r_&ŒJ &vm'fukd tjyifrmS apmifq h ikd ;f aewJh aps;onf &m*%ef;tm; udn k n D aD usmu f jyefvnf&iS ;f jycJyh gw,f? pDwef; vrf;avSsmufwJh txJrmS olryg0ifcyhJ gb;l ? tckawmh pDwef; (18) eJ@ axmifo;kH v csrw S cf cH &hJ yg+y?D 100

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

101

axmifawmh+idrf;csrf;+yD udik ;f wef;naps;tr_e@J ywfouf+y;D tmrcHr&cif vGecf w hJ v hJ awGu udak t;ode;f [m tdk;bdk axmif}uD;csKyfxJrSm xdef;odrf;cHxm;&ygw,f? axmifwGif; Zmwfvrf;awG wpfy'k +f y;D wpfy'k f &H;k csed ;f wdik ;f xkwv f mw,f? rw&m;bl; xiforSs owif;awG u|eaf wmfw@kd owif;axmufawGukd &H;k csed ;f wdik ;f azmufonfcswm tarmygy?J td;k bdk tusO;f axmifu udak t;ode;f a&mufvmawmh yd+k y;D +ird ;f csr;f oGm;wmayg?h tusO;f om;awGtwGuf wufยบuG v_y&f mS ;aerSm jrifa,mifygao;w,f?

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wuf=uGv_yf&mS ;tzGJ@awGudk umuG,fay;yg wufยบuv_y&f mS ;tzG@J awGukd umuG,af y;&efvt kd yfa=umif; Edik if w H um yGiv hf if; jrifoma&;tzG@J u t=ujH yK qdw k o hJ wif; ZGev f 13 &ufxw k f 7 &ufowif;pmrSm yg&v dS mcJyh g+y?D yGifhvif;jrifomajzmifhrwfa&; tvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJrSm wuf=uGv_yf&Sm;olawGudk tum tuG,af y;zd@k tm&Sypdzw d af 'o n$e=f um;a&;rSL;u ajym=um;cJyh gw,f?

wuf=uGawG &Si of efaeoifwh ,f wuf ยบ uv_ y f & S m ;ol a wG & J ล v_ y f & S m ;r_ a wG o m aooG m ;cJ h & if 'D r d k u a&pD aooGm;awmhrmS yg? bma=umifv h q J akd wmh ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm zdEydS cf cH &hJ wJh vlxt k wGuaf wmh olw@kd [m ol&aJ umif;awGyg? 'Do&l aJ umif;awGuo kd m axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csxm;&ifawmh rajym&J/ rqdk&J ta=umufw&m;awG =uD;pdk;aewJh vlxkrw&m;vkyfolawG vufxJrSm usq;kH =u&awmhr,f? rif;'if jreENg *sme,f? twGJ(2)/ trSwf(22)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

101

102

EkdifiH&yfjcm; jrefrmvli,frsm;twGuf q&matmifoif;. t}uHay;csuf

atmifoif; 1? igrkcs}uD;yGm;atmifjrif&r,fqwdk hJ t"dÏmefxm;yg vli,fwa,muf[m ta&;}u;D qH;k tcsuu f ig[mrkcs}u;D yGm;atmifjrifae&r,f qdkwJh t"dÏmef cdkifcdkifrmrmcszdk@ ta&;}uD;w,f? rsm;aomtm;jzifh vli,fawG[m trSwrf xifav;awG ae=uw,f? tJ'v D kd cdik cf ikd rf mrm ud, k u hf , kd u f kd jyef+y;D awmh qH;k jzwfcsuf t"dÏmefjyKco hJ vm;? a0a00g;0g;av;aygh trSwrf xif yJ&w dS wfw,f? cdik rf m&r,fqw kd m? bk&m;a&SŒrSm tm¶kjH yKovkd t"dÏmefjyKvu kd o f vk/d opPmqdv k u kd f ovdk tJvu kd kd t"dÏmefjyK &w,f? tJ'g[m tvGefudk ta&;}uD;ygw,f? tJ' Dt"dÏmefcsuf cdkifrmoGm;vdk@&dS&if usefwhJOpPmawG[m ol@udk,fol xdef;oGm;vdk@&w,f? b,folrqdk tJ'Dvdk jzpfavhjzpfx &Syd gw,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'[ D mu ta&;}u;D w,fv@kd usaemf ajymqdk jcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'g eHygwf (1) tcsuaf ygh aemf?

2? usef;rma&;ukd uk;d uG,yf g eHygwf (2) tcsuu f awmh tJatmifjrifcsiv f @kd &S&d if use;f rma&;udk ud;k uG,&f w,f? ud;k uG,&f w,fqw kd phJ um;vH;k udk usaemfwu,fajymwmyg? ud, k u hf se;f rma&;udk b,favmuf ta&;}uD;w,fqdkwmu vli,fawG[m trSwfrxif aewwf=uw,f? rusef;rm&if 102

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

103

bmrSrjzpfEdkifawmhbl;/ olrsm;udk rSDcdkae&wJhb0udk a&mufoGm;wwf w,fqdkwmudk arhae=uw,f? ud, k u f use;f rmaewJt h cgrmS use;f rma&;&JŒwefz;kd udk arhaewwfw,f? tJ'aD wmh bk&m;&Sifu arwWmydk@wmawmifrS rdrdudk,fudk rdrdyxrqHk; arwWmydk@yg vdk@ajymcJhwm? bma=umifv h v J @kd qdak wmh ud, k u hf , kd u f kd use;f rmrS wjcm;olukd 'kurQ ay;rdrmS ayg?h tJ'aD wmh use;f rma&;udk *¶kpu kd w f ,f qdw k u hJ pd rP mS tJ'g[m arharhavsmah vsmh jzpfwt hJ cgusawmh usef;rma&;eJ@ qef@usifbuf Oyrm rl;,pfaq;0g; oHk;wmawG/ t&ufaopmtrsm;}uD; aomufwmawG/ od@k r[kwv f @kd &S&d if t0vGev f eG ;f wJh tqDttdrhf wrufwarmpm;wmawG tJ'OD pPmawG tukev f ;kH udk xde;f csKyo f mG ;&wm? tJ'D bmukyd J pm;onfjzpfap/ vkyo f nfjzpfap/ tdyo f nfjzpfap/ aeonfjzpfap use;f rma&;udk rxdcu kd &f atmif vlawGoyd u f t kd a&;}u;D w,f? ruse;f rmwmeJ@ w+yKd ief uf wnf; ud, k o f nf rScD akd om vlb0udk a&mufomG ;wwfw,f qkw d mudk arhaewwfw,f? tifrwefta&;}u;D ygw,f udpk ed af usmv f id_ f tJ'gav;udk aoaocsmcsm tav;euf uav; xnfah y;apcsiyf gw,f aemf?

3? pdwf0ifpm;wJhvkyfief; a&G;cs,fyg aemufwcg eHygwf (3) tcsuu f ud, k pf w d 0f ifpm;wJv h yk if ef;udk a&G;cs,&f w,f? Oyrm vSsyfppfbufrSm pdwfxufoefvm;/ aqmufvkyfa&;bufrSm pdwfxufoefvm; od@k r[kwf uGeyf sLwmrSmvm;/ pma&;wmrSm pdwx f ufoefwmvm; tp&Sw d mwd@k aygah emf? wu,fhudk toufarG;0rf;ausmif;udk ay;Edkifr,fh vkyfief;wckudk udk,fcsifhcsihfcsdefcsdef a&G;cs,&f ygr,f? ud, k 0hf goemygwhJ OpPm a[mfbD oabmrsKd ;ayg?h tyd0k goemygwhJ udprP sKd ; uawmh yef;csaD &;onf bma&;onfjzpfap toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rsKd ; r[kwb f eJ @J vkycf sif wmvkyaf yg?h 'gayr,fh vufiif;ta&;}u;D wJh OpPmuawmh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;eJ@ ywfouf +y;D awmh b,fvyk if ef;udk pdw0f ifpm;vJ qdw k m yxrqH;k a&G;cs,zf @kd vdyk gw,f? tJ'aD &G;cs,w f hJ OpPm[m ud, k phf w d ef @J ywf0ef;usief @J &Sw d t hJ xJrmS rS ud, k af &G;vd@k &Edik w f hJ vkyif ef;awGxrJ mS b,f[mudk a&G;EdkifrvJqdkwm/ tJ'gudk csifhcsdefa&G;cs,f+yD;awmh tJ'DOpPmudk ae@ae@nn avhvm&w,f?

4? a&G;cs,fwJhynmukd ae@ae@ nn }uHqyg quf+y;D awmh ajymcsiw f mu eHygwf (4) tcsuu f tJ'aD &G;cs,v f u kd w f hJ ynm&yfukd odk@r[kwf tJvkyfief;udk avhvmwm tJ'gudk ae@ae@nn pdwfxJrSmawG;+yD;awmh }uq H ae&ygw,f? tJ}uq H raevd@k &S&d if tJ'OD pPm b,fawmhrS ratmifjrifEikd b f ;l ? tJ'v D kd }uH q &if ; uae bmjzpf v movJ q d k a wmh wcgw&H r S m jzpf o G m ;wwf w mu yxr tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

103

104

usaemfu,kd wf idk f ajym&r,fqvkd @kd&&dS if usaemfwcsdKŒ tydki ;f awGrmS udk usaemf wynfhawG qDuae jyef+yD;oif,al ewmyJ? wynfah wGu ud,k qhf &mjzpfwthJ cgusawmh vdvk cdk sifcsif oifay;=uw,f? usaemf tJ'eD nf;tm;jzifh usaemf ynmawG trsm;}uD;&cJwh ,f? ud,k whf ynfqh rD mS jyef+yD; usaemfwynfhcHcJhwmyg? tJ'aD wmh ud,k whf ynfqh aD wmifrS wynfhcH&w,fqdkvdk@&d&S if ud,k rhf wd af qG/ taygif; toif;qD bmjzpfv@kd wynfrh cHEikd f&rSmvnf;? 'gayr,fh tJwck&wdS ,f wynfch +H yD; oifv@kd&wJth cgrSm udk,fuE_wfqdwf+yD;awmh raeygeJ@? ol@udk aus;Zl;wifa=umif;udk v_dufvd_ufvvJS JS ajymzdk@vdkw,f? aemuf+yD; aus;Zl;wifa=umif;udkvnf; jyzdk@vdkygw,f? ...... a&G;cs,fxm;wJh vkyfief;xuf ydk+yD;aumif;wJhvkyfief;/ udk,feJ@ydkoifhawmfwJh vkyfief; awG@oGm;wwfw,f? 'grrS [kw&f if ud, k af &G;cs,x f m;wJh vkyif ef;rSm wd;k wuf&m wd;k wuf a=umif; jzpfvmwwfygw,f? tJ'g usaemfajymwm ae@ae@nn }uHqygvdk@ usaemf ajymcsiyf gw,f?

5? rdwaf qGtaygif;toif;xH wynfhcHzdk@ 0efrav;eJ@ aemufeyH gwf (5) tcsuu f tJ'[ D meJ@ ywfouf+y;D vkyif ef;eJ@ ywfouf+f y;D awmh odusGrf;wJhol/ rdwfaqGtaygif;toif; tJ'Duae q&mwifzdk@ ukd,fu wynfhcHzdk@ 0efrav;yge@J ? aemuf+y;D awmh qdv k w kd mu ar;zd@k 0efrav;eJ@/ igt h 'J gav; oifay;prf;ygumG qdw k mrsKd ; ajymwmvdrk sKd ;? usaemfu h kd tJ'gav; oifay;ygcifAsmvd@k tJ'v D akd jymwmrsKd ;? tJ'v D kd vkyfazmfudkifzuf tcsif;csif;ujzpfap wynfhcHzdk@ 0efrav;&bl;? wcsdKŒu q&mwifzdk@ wynfch zH @kd tifrwef 0efav;wwf=uw,f? usaemfudk,fwkdif ajym&r,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if usaemfwcsdKŒ tydkif;awGrSmudk usaemf wynfhawG qDuae jyef+yD;oif,laewmyJ? wynfhawGu udk,fhq&mjzpfwJhtcgusawmh vdv k cdk sicf sif oifay;=uw,f? usaemf tJ'eD nf;tm;jzifh usaemf ynmawG trsm;}u;D &cJw h ,f? ud, k w hf ynfq h rD mS jyef+y;D usaemfwynfch cH w hJ myg? tJ'aD wmh ud, k w hf ynfq h aD wmifrS wynfch &H w,fqv kd @kd &S&d if ud, k rhf w d af qG/ taygi;f toif;qD bmjzpfvdk@ wynfhrcHEdkif&rSmvnf;? 'gayr,fh tJwck&Sdw,f wynfhcH+yD; oifvdk@&wJhtcgrSm udk,fuE_wfqdwf+yD;awmh raeygeJ@? ol@udk aus;Zl;wifa=umif;udk v_dufvd_ufvJSvJS ajymzdk@vdkw,f? aemuf+yD; aus;Zl;wifa=umif;udkvnf; jyzdk@vdkygw,f? Oyrmqdkygawmh ol@udkaus;Zl;wifa=umif;av; wu,fvdk@ &yfa0;rSmaew,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if aus;Zl;wifa=umif;av; pmeJ@wa=umif;av;jzpfap/ rif;ay;vdu k w f hJ aus;Zl;av;&w,f uGm igtckxufxd aus;Zl;rarhEikd af o;bl; qkw d mrsKd ;av; pmav;wa=umif;avmufe@J jzpfap/ 104

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

105

'grrS [kwf u'fav;wckavmuf yd@+k y;D jzpfap 0efrav;yge@J ? wu,fv@kd }uKH v@kd jzpfap ol@ukd vufzuf&nfwcGuf wdu k w f mjzpfap/ xrif;weyf au|;wmjzpfap 0efrav;yge@J ? tJ'OD pPm woufwmvH;k ud, k t hf wGuu f kd oifjyr,fo h al wGay:vdrrhf ,f/ vrf;!$erf ,fo h al wG ay:vdrhf r,f/ tJ'v D [ kd mrsKd ; tJ'grsKd ;0efrav;yge@J ? aemufwcku tJvkdenf;tm;jzifh taygif;toif; odyfzGH@+zdK;vmvdrfhr,f/ tJ'D taygi;f toif;u ud, k b hf 0 wk;d wufrt _ wGuf t+raJ pmifah &Smufr,fo h al wG jzpfvmvdrhf r,fv@dk usaemf t}uOH m%fay;csiyf gw,f? tJ'g&yfa0;rSmaewJ u h av;awGtwGuf usaemf wwfEidk w f hJ t}uaH y;csuyf g?

atmifoif; (&efuek +f rKd ŒrS pma&;q&m}u;D OD;atmifoif;onf ,ck touf (82) ESpf &S+d yjD zpfonf? q&matmifoif;onf vli,frsm; wk;d wufa&;twGuf tpOfwpku d f a&;om; a[majym cJholjzpfonf? b0rSm vli,fawGtwGuf vkyfay;EkdiforSs vkyfay;oGm;onfh udpPrSvGJI tjcm;r&Sad wmh+y[ D k q&mu acwf+yKd io f @kd ajymonf? jrefrmEkid if . H tajctaerSm vli,fawG twGuf vl}u;D awGu uk, d b hf 0ukd paw;&rSm ESajrmae=uonft h wGuf tawmf pdwrf aumif; p&m jzpfonf[k q&matmifoif;u ,lqonf? Ekid if &H yfjcm;rS vli,frsm;/ jynfwiG ;f rS vli,frsm; wk;d wufatmifjrifa&;ESihf ywfouf +y;D pma&;q&m}u;D OD;atmifoif;ESihf acwf+yKd if t,f'w D mcsKyf OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ w f @kd w,fvzD ek ;f rS wqihf awG@qkaH qG;aEG;cJo h nf? vli,fawG bmvky&f rvJ/ xGuaf ygu&f mS &rvm; azmufxu G f &rvm;/ tcuftcJ=um;u ¶kef;xGufenf;/ t*Fvdyfpm b,fvkdoifrvJ/ rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwf ponfw@dk ukd aqG;aEG;cJo h nf?) ( +refrmurBmopf bavm*fhrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

105

106

avhvmrdwJh &mZy&d,m,ftcsKdŒ

armif0Ho

0Jpm;Edki if vH @kd txifrcHc&hJ yg jrefrmEdik if [ H m 1948 vGwv f yfa&;&csed u f pvd@k ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDpepfukd usio hf ;Hk cJw h m 10 ESpf =umjrifch w hJ ,f? tJ'D 10 ESpf 10 rd;k umvtwGi;f wdik ;f jynfrmS jynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D w+crd ;f +crd ;f jzpfaewJ=h um;u v,f,mpD;yGm;vkyo f al wG qufvyk /f jynfyqef wify@kd wmawG vnf; rysurf uGuf qufvyk /f tjcm; pufrx _ w k u f ek f tdwpf yd@k tify@kd awGuvnf; t&Sed f t[keef @J ? onf=um;xJ jynfawmfom pDru H ed ;f }u;D qdw k mawmif ay:aygucf ahJ o;? qÏoHCm ,emwifyGJ}uD;uvnf; Ak'<bmomordkif;rSm rSwfwdkif}uD; xD;xD;rm;rm; pdkufxlEdkifcJh? ta&SŒawmiftm&SrmS 0Jpm;Edik if v H @kd b,fou l rS rxifc¶hJ rHk u jrefrmjynfom;awG oGm;av&m rsufESmyef;vSum tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHom;awG&JŒ armf=unfhjcif;udkcHcJh&wm tm;vkH;todyg? EdkifiHa&;orm;awGa=umifh wdkif;jynf}uD;&JŒ tajctaeawG bufaygif;pkHu ,dk,Gif;vm aew,fv@kd ajymp&m wpfuu G rf rS &Scd ?hJ

1958 tm%modrf;yGJ tJovdk jynfawmfom acwf}u;D udyk if a&S;¶_aecsed rf mS jynfawmfromcJw h mu tm%m& EdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD;jzpfwJh zqyv tzGJ@csKyf}uD;ygyJ? zqyv}uD; xufjcrf;uGJ &mutpjyK+y;D wnfjrJ zqyv vdv k m;ol qd&k , S v f pfygwD vufa[mif; ppfAv kd cf sKyw f csKŒd eJ@ ppfO;D pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; yl;aygi;f um 1958 ckrmS OD;Ekqu D tm%modr;f cJyh gw,f? ordkif;a&;wJhtcg wdkif;jynf r+idrfroufjzpfaevdk@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;vufudk OD;Eku tm%mtyfvu kd &f w,fqw kd t hJ aygurf sK;d a&;olawG &Sw d ,f?

ppfwyf &mZ0if¶ikd ;f r,f wu,fh tjzpftysuu f OD;Ekqu D kd Adv k cf sKyaf e0if; trde@f t& tm%mvmodr;f wJh 106

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

107

ppfAdkvfcsKyf okH;a,muf (Adkvfatmif}uD;/ Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfwifaz) u 0ef}uD;csKyf ¶k;H rwufyge@J awmhv@kd ajymawmh OD;Eku rif;wd@k ppfwyfu tm%modr;f wmvm;/ tm%modr;f w,fqw kd m ppfwyftwGuv f nf; &mZ0if¶ikd ;f r,f/ wdik ;f jynftwGuv f nf; raumif;bl;uGm/ onfawmh usKyfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk tm%mv$Jtyfr,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;u 0ef}u;D csKyt f jzpf wm0ef,+l y;D 6 vtwGi;f vGwv f yf w&m;rSswwJh a&G;aumufyJG usi;f yay;yg? a&G;aumufyrJG mS tEdik &f wJh Edik if aH &;ygwu D kd tm%mjyefvt J$ yfygv@kd awmif;qdv k u kd w f myg? OD;Eku wdik ;f jynf}u;D r+ird rf ouf jzpfaeyg+y/D usKyv f nf; rxde;f odr;f Edik af wmhyg/ 'ga=umifh Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; tm%mv$, J +l y;D u,fwifawmfryl gv@kd awmif;qdck w hJ m r[kwyf g?

Advk cf sKyfae0if; pdwfqdk;ykHrsm; OD;Ekqo D mG ;cJw h hJ ppfAv kd cf sKyf ok;H a,mufxu J wpfa,mufu useG af wmfe@J tawmf cifrif&if;ES;D wJh Adv k w f axmifowif;pm t,f'w D mcsKyaf [mif;/ uG,v f eG o f l jynfo@l &Jabmf Adkvfxdefvif;eJ@vnf; tawmfhudk &if;ESD;w,f? xdkyk*~dKvf[m vlawmfwpfa,mufvdk@ owif;}u;D ygw,f? b0ifvnf; tawmfjrifo h v l @kd qdyk gw,f? OD;Ekqu D o kd mG ;wmawmif olu OD;aqmifomG ;cJw h m/ Adv k af tmif}u;D u ol@tazmftjzpfvu kd cf &hJ wmvd@k ajymwwfwo hJ rl sK;d yg? aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =umvm+yD; xdkyk*d~Kvfvnf; ol ajymif;vJudk;uG,f&m bmoma&;udpaP wGvyk af e&if; wpfae@ pum;vufqu Hk sawmh Adv k x f ed v f if;udk ajymjyowJ?h OD;Ekpum;udk vufco H abmwl+y;D olw@kd ok;H a,muf jyefvmum Adv k af e0if;xH tpD&ifcaH wmh pdwq f ;kd vdu k w f mAsmwJ?h olu tJ'u D wnf;u tjywf tm%modr;f csiaf ewm? usKyw f @kd u OD;Ek vSnu hf u G x f 0J ifomG ;+y;D tm%mv$w J mudk vufc/H ygvrD efuv kd nf; rzsu&f / Edik if aH wmf orR w }uD ; uvnf ; &S d a er,f ? a&G ; aumuf y G J + yD ; &if tEd k i f & ygwD u d k tm%mv$ J & r,fqdkwmudkvnf; oabmwlcJhavawmh ol@&JŒ rif;pnf;pdrfcHpm;cGifhu c%av;jzpf awmhrmS aygv h @kd a'goyl ek x f oGm;[ef wlw,fw?hJ

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107

108

aygi;f rsm;pGmudk tydik &f cJyh gw,f? (rSwcf su?f 'Dupd rP mS awmif *d% k ;f *%tpG}J u;D wJh Edik if aH &; twdkuftcHwcsKdŒu OD;Ek[m olrEdkifawmhwJh zuf'&,fZmwf¶_yfudk qufru&Jawmhvdk@ wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk &efukefrSm pkay;+yD; OD;ae0if;vufudk tyfvdkufwmvdk@ pGypf w JG m =um;zl;cJyh gao;Asm) wu,fuawmh orRw}uD;ref;0if;armif utp 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek tygt0if yxptpdk;&tzGJ@0ifawG/ zuf'&,frlaqG;aEG;rdwJh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawG tukef zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cH&ygw,f?

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uGvJ wJG wfwm xk;H pHyg onftwdwfjzpf&yfawGudk rsufarSmufumv EdkifiHa&;avhvmolawG oifcef; pm,loifw h ,f xifygw,f? Edik if aH &;orm;qdw k m wpfO;D eJ@wpfO;D oabmxm;uGv J =JG upjryJ g? txl;ojzifh tiftm;}uD;ygwDawG/ tm%m&ygwDawG txl;owdxm;oifhygw,f? t&ifwek ;f u emrnf}u;D vuf0pJ eG ;f ygww D pfc&k ŒJ aqmify'k f =um;zl;w,f? "wlwmawG wGv J yk /f rwlwmawG cGv J yk q f w kd m vufawG@ruswhJ tacsmiform;0g' jzpfw,f/ tajccHc, H cl sucf si;f vlwef;pm; obm0csi;f rwlwhJ tiftm;pkawG[m b,fupd rP qdk wGv J yk v f @kd udk r&Edik b f ;l / wGv J yk v f @kd &w,fq&kd ifvnf; wdik ;f jynftusK;d twGuf r[kwb f ;l / ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;awGtwGuyf J jzpfr,f/ tJ'D nD!w G af &;rsK;d [m wHawG;eJ@qGw+f y;D uyfxm;wJh nD!w G af &;yJ jzpfr,f/ 'ga=umifh t,ltq rwlb;l vm;/ tufa=umif; ay:vm+yv D m;/ 'gqkd uGt J ufa&;uae cGx J u G af &; vky=f uawmh/ awmfveS af &;qdw k m oef@oef@av; vky&f w,f"wJAh sm? tJ'D aqmifyk'fudk tJ'D ygwDvdkvm;wJh u|efawmfholi,fcsif;awG ajym=uqdk=u wke;f u u|eaf wmfw@kd u [m;cJ=h uw,f? tck jyefpOf;pm;=unfah wmh "tajccH cH,cl sucf si;f vlwef;pm; obm0csi;f rwlwhJ tiftm;pkawG[m b,fupd rP qdk wGv J yk v f @kd udk r&Edik b f ;l / 108

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wGv J yk v f @kd &w,fq&kd ifvnf; wdik ;f jynftusK;d twGuf r[kwb f ;l / ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;awGtwGuyf J jzpfr,f/ tJ'n D ! D w G af &;rsK;d [m wHawG;eJ@qGw+f y;D uyfxm;wJh nD!w G af &;yJjzpfr,f" qdw k hJ aumufcsuu f kd vufawG@rsm;eJ@xif[yfum tzefzefwvJvJ qifjcifaerdygw,f?

ygvDref 'Drdkua&pD oufqdk;&Snfzdk@ 1958 ckEpS u f tm%mvmodr;f olawGukd OD;Eku azsmif;zs+y;D ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pD oufq;kd &Snaf &;twGuf aemufq;Hk usnq f eftjzpf tm%mv$jJ cif;eJ@ a&G;aumufyu JG wdukd tay;t,lvyk cf w hJ ,f? 6 v twGi;f a&G;aumufyv JG yk af y;zd@k awmif;qdck ahJ yr,fh Adv k cf sKyf ae0if;u &ufawG wd;k wd;k +y;D awmif;cJv h @kd 2 ESpf =umoGm;w,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u ygvrD efrw S w f rf; awGujkd yefzwf&if wnfjrJ zqyv trwfawG[m rmefwuf+y;D tay:pD;uae oa[muf o[rf; aqG;aEG;ajymqdw k mawG awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f? 0d"&l bG@J &oGm;wJh emrnfausmrf ed @f cGe;f udk om,m0wD ocifcspfarmif &J&JawmufajymcJhwm tJ'D ygvDrefyg? tdrfapmifhtpdk;& oufwrf;rwdk;a&;udk om,m0wD ocifcspfarmifwdk@u av;av;eufeuf ta&;w}uD; tqdw k ifoiG ;f aqG;aEG;aepOf wnfjrJ zqyv trwfwcsKŒd u oa&mfarmfum; axmufuu G f awGe@J 0ifaESmufcw hJ mawG zwf&ygw,f? aemufawmhrS olw@kd awGvnf; ausmcsrS "m;jyrSe;f oduek =f uawmhwmuvm;? ckwpfavm zwfae& =um;ae&wJh Edik if aH &; owif;wcsKŒd eJ@ywfoufv@kd pyfrpd yf&m tawG;a&vsOaf =umrSm arSsm=unfw h myg? txl;ojzifh i,fi,fwek ;f u zwfpmtkyrf mS oif&wJh 0Hyak vGe@J od;k i,fyjHk yife@J vnf; pHx;kd =unfrh yd gw,f?

armif0Ho 16/ 06/ 2013 maungwuntha@gmail²com

(jynfol@acwf*sme,f/ twGJ 3/ trSwf 150 rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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vufeJ ha&;cJh}uygw,f armifomcsdK

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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atmifukd touf&u _ syaf ecJ&h wmyg? ol@orD; t}u;D rta=umif;udk par;&&if aumif;av rvm;? 'grrS [kwf ol &h J Zh eD;onf ta=umif;udk ar;&ifaum onftcsed rf mS oifyh grh vm;? ol@om;ti,faumifav; tajctaeua&m tck b,fol hqDrSmvJ? vuf&Sd tckol em;cdw k ahJ e&m? +y;D awmh ol ph m;0wfaea&;twGuf b,fvb dk ,fyekH J h ajz&Si;f aew,fqw kd m? usaemhEf w _ u f bmudrk rS ar;&uf/ rajym&ufeJ o h l rh suEf mS udk awmfawmfav; =umatmif wav;wpm; ai;=unfhaerd+yD;wJha emufrSmrS usaemfwkd hESpfa,mufom; eD;pyf&m vufzuf&nfqikd f uav;wqdik x f u J kd 0ifjzpfc=hJ uygonf? (oH;k ) ajym&&if onfav;ig;q,fESpftawmtwGif;rSm tjyifavmueJ@tquf toG,f jywfawmufomG ;cJ&h &SmwJh usaemfrw d af qGcrsm tawmfav;udyk J ajymif;vJomG ;cJh &Smyg+y?D txl;ojzifh ol q h yH ifawGu t&G,ef J rh r#atmifukd wacgi;f vH;k qGwq f w G jf zLvkd ?h rsuaf phuvnf; ESpq f wd;k um r_e0f g;oGm;cJ[ h ef wlyg&J ?h rsurf eS u f xlxyl w d yf w d }f u;D ? tom; awGuvnf; ESpq f avmuf yd! k o kd mG ;um vluvnf; ESpq f avmuf ydt k o kd mG ;wJyh ekH ?hJ vufjyif uawmh e*dt k wdik ;f udik ;f qJ !$wq f ?J "usaemfb h 0uawmh todu k yf suo f mG ;cJyh g+yAD sm" olu wcGe;f wnf;aompum;eJ ah emufxyfbmrS xyfar;p&mrvkad wmhatmif ajymcsvu kd w f t hJ cg usaemfu ol rh suEf mS udk r=unf&h ufpmG eJ ah tmufuykd J iH=k unfah erdw,f? onfawmhvnf; ol ah jcawmuftpHu k taygpm; *syefzed yfw&HeJ t h wl rsuv f ;kH xJukd 0ifvm cJjh yefygava&m? [kwyf gw,fav? olu todu k yf suo f mG ;wJh iSuu f av; waumifyg? (av;) wu,fawmh usaemfrdwfaqGu bGJ h&ynmwwf uAsmq&mwa,mufyg? [d;k cyfi,fi,f ausmif;om;b0 ol u h pkd oduwnf;u cktcsed t f xd uAsmawGa&;cJh uAsmudk cspcf hJ uAsmtwGuf touf &Sicf w hJ hJ vlav? 'gayrJh olu pdwu f ;l ,Oform;awmh r[kwyf gb;l ? pmtkyt f iSm;qdik u f av; zGiv hf u kd f pmtkyt f a[mif; a&mif;orm;av; vkyv f u kd f pmtkyf wdu k af wGrmS 0ifvyk v f u kd ef @J ol@rdom;pkukd t&d;k ajzmifq h ;kH &SmaยบuG;cJw h v hJ yl g? aemufawmh ol@&J@ ,H=k unfrt _ wGuef @J tjyifavmueJ@ a0;&mudk r=umr=um a&mufa&muf oGm;&mu aemufq;kH wacguf olta0; a&mufaecsed f ol@todu k f pysucf w hJ mygy?J ol txJrmS &Sad ewke;f ol@orD; t}u;D r ynm wydik ;f wpeJ@ tdraf xmifusomG ;w,f? ol@ZeD;u iSm;xm;wJh tdru f av;udk jyeftyf+y;D trsKd ;awG&&dS m e,fukd jyefomG ;&mu e,frmS qHk;w,f? ol@om;av;u e,fu rdef;r trsdK;awG&J@ vufxJrSm oljyefa&mufvmawmh tm;vH;k [m wG,&f mrJh todu k yf suEf iS jhf y?D "avmavmq,fawmh oli,fcsi;f wa,muftrd rf mS c%aew,fAsm/ r*~Zif; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

125

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125

126

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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145

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

147

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147

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

149

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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od@k wdik af tmif 4if;wd@k . awmif;qdrk r_ mS vGwv f yfa&; t,ltqESihf yËdyuQ jzpfaeo!fh tjcm; pmyd'k rf sm;u ajczsuyf pfvu kd af wmhonf? Tod@k aom axmifacsmuf wd@k udk &dyrf o d !ft h wGuf Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f }u;D ./ jyefvnf jyifqifcsuu f kd ab;z,fvu kd +f y;D / udpw P pfcv k ;kH udk jywfjywfom;om; ypfwifjycJo h nf? quf&SifzGifho!fhae@wGif/ tqdkjyKcsufrsm; atmufv$wfawmfodk@ a&muf&Sd vmonf? tdE, dN / awmiftmz&duESihf tjcm;Edik if rH sm;wGif ppfEiS hf ywfoufI tajcwif aqG;aEG;r_rsm; jyif;xefvmonf? Edik if t H awmf rsm;rsm;wGi/f tpd;k &rsm;ud, k w f ikd u f ppfEiS hf ywfoufo!fh tqdjk yKcsurf sm;udk wm0efcI H }u;D r_;cJo h vdk / v$waf wmfrsm;uvnf; tajcwif aqG;aEG;zd@k vdt k yf oavmuf tcsed af y;cJ=h uonf? od@k twGuf tpd;k &rsm;taeESihf tusyt f wnf; umvtwGi;f jynfow l @kd eD;uyfr_ &Sad eonf? od@k wdik f jrefrmjynfwiG u f m; Todk@r[kwf / jynfol@ udk,fpm;vS,fwdk@ toHrsm;udk tpdk;&u em;ydwfae=uonf? &efvo kd !fh t=u!fEh iS hf E_wyf w d af e=uonf? wpfwikd ;f wpfjynfv;kH udk pwif v_y&f rf;ae+yD jzpfo!fh tr_upd rP sm;ESifh ywfoufI oabmxm; a=unmcsuf wpfcrk # r&S?d olw@kd ESihf rqdik o f vd?k od@k wdik f jrefrmwd@k qEN oabmxm; rygo!fh ta&;,l aqmif&u G rf a_ wGuawmh wpfc+k y;D wpfc&k v dS monf? vGwv f yfa&;ESihf ywfoufo!fh tqdq k v kd #if rnfo!f0h ef}u;D r# rwifoiG ;f &J=u? tjcm;ol awG wifoiG ;f or#uv kd nf; 0dik ;f 0ef; ydwq f @kd cJ=h uonf? +y;D cJo h !fh Ed0k ifbmvu ppf}u;D u zefw;D ay;vku d o f !fh / tajctae t&yf&yfukd oH;k oyf aqG;aEG;zd@k &m / Oya'jyK v$waf wmfrS txl;quf&iS f wpf&yfukd ac:,lz@kd / Armh xGy&f yf*% kd ;f }u;D u awmif;qdck o hJ !fw h ikd f tpd;k &u y,fcsco hJ nf? u|Eyfk f azmfjycJo h vdk / azazmf0g&D quf&iS rf mS ESppf Of buf*suu f kd twnfjyKz@kd twGuf twif;tusyf ac:,lcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd . tqdjk yK csuf wd@k udk aqG;aEG;zd@k tcsed rf ay;? jyify urBm}u;D wGif awmufavmifaeo!hf / ppfr;D v#w H @kd u u|Eykf w f @kd xH csO;f uyfvmae+yD jzpfovd/k jrefrm wpfjynfv;kH udk rD;ul;awmhr!fq h q J J +crd ;f ajcmuf aeonf? xdk tajcudk aqG;aEG;=u&r!fh u|Eyfk w f @kd . tqdjk yKcsuw f @kd udk / tpd;k &u tcsed f ay;zd@k jiif;y,faeonf? Tod@k tvGew f &m pdwt f aESmuft,Suf jzpfp&m/ a'go trsuaf jcmif;ajcmif; xGupf &m aumif;o!fh tajctaeatmufwiG /f tqdjk yKcsuu f kd u|Eyfk w f @kd tajcwif aqG;aEG;cJh =u&onf? od@k wdik f vwfwavm aqG;aEG; aeo!fh ta=umif;t&mESihf pyfvsO;f Ium; / 0ef}u;D tzG@J wGif cdik cf ikd rf mrm ay:vpD wpfcrk # r&S?d olw@kd tcsi;f csi;f onfyif wuGw J jym; jzpfaeo!fh twGuf / !Ge@f aygi;f tpd&k twGi;f =um;aerJ qEN wpfcEk iS hf qH;k jzwfc&hJ onf? &v'ftaeESiu hf m; aqG;aEG;yGw J pfcv k ;kH udk Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f }u;D u OD;aqmif 174

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cJo h nf? Oa&my tkypf b k ufrS t+rw J ap &Scd o hJ !f/h 0ef}u;D ESpOf ;D rS vGI J / use0f ef}u;D rsm; tm;vH;k jrefrmvdk yDyo D o ajym=uonf? jrefrmwd@k twdwu f kd jyefw;l azmf=uonf? +Aw d o d # tkycf sKyrf a_ tmufrS jrefrmwd@k . twd 'kuw Q @kd udk nnf;!l=uonf? od@k twGuf jrefrmjynfukd jrefrmwd@k vufxJ jyeftyfz@kd awmif;qd=k uonf? rnfo@kd &Sad p olw@kd awmif;qdrk r_ sm;rSm Za0Z0g jzpfaeonf? Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f }u;D twGurf u l m; vH;k 0 vGwv f yfa&;om jzpfonf? aqG;aEG;yGJ wpfav#mufv;kH jrefrm tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ t*Fvdyf tpdk;&. rD;p wpfzuf/ a&r_wfwpfzuf ay:vpDudk 0dkif;0ef; &_wcf s=uonf? vGwv f yfa&; tkypf }k u;D . jyifqifcsuu f kd wifoiG ;f o!fh OD;xGe;f atmifu/ tdwf*sD0J . "The search of Hot Water" rS pmydk'f wpfydk'fudk zwf+yD;o!fhtcg / v$waf wmfwpfcv k ;kH +ird o f ufI em;axmif ae=uonf? 4if;pmyd'k rf mS Tod@k jzpfonf? +Aw d o d # tpd;k &onf twkr&So d !fh enf;jzif/h jrefrmwd@k tm; +Aw d o d # tkycf sKyrf u _ kd emem =unf;=unf; rke;f wD;ap&ef aphaqmfay;vmcJo h nf? +Aw d o d # tkycf sKyo f l vlwef;pm;rSm / olw@kd b,fvkd vkyu f ikd af eonf? bmawG vkyaf eonfukd oabmraygu?f Tod@k aom armufrmr_a=umifh vnf; 1918 ckEpS f aemufyikd ;f wGif tdik &f pfEiS hf t*Fvyd /f wpfa,muf rsuEf mS wpfa,muf =u!frh & jzpfc=hJ u&onf? ,ck tqdyk g tjzpftysuu f / tdik ;f tem}u;D wpfct k jzpf yGix hf u G v f mawmhonf? jrefrmjynf&dS t*Fvyd f tkycf sKyaf &;rSm tdE, dN ESihf wpfax&mwnf; jzpfonf? t*Fvyd w f @kd bufu bmwpfcu k rkd # &Si;f jyjcif; r&S?d Tonfyif t*Fvyd w f @kd twGuf xrif;vH;k wap> ajcmufaejcif; jzpfonf? OD;xGe;f atmif +y;D aemuf OD;yku qufI aqG;aEG;onf? OD;yku wH;k wdwEd iS hf Tod@k aqG; aEG; jyonf? "jrefrmawG&@J arG;&myg tcGit hf a&;eJ@ vGwv f yfa&;udk / Oya' t&yf&yf tjzpfjzpf/ tjcm;enf;vrf;eJ@yJ jzpfjzpf/ jzpfEikd o f r# tcsed q f x JG m;zd@k t&m t*Fvyd af wGbufu qH;k jzwf xm;w,f? aemifvnf; 'Dvykd J vkyOf ;D rSmyJ? ([kww f ,f/ [kww f ,f?) vGecf w hJ hJ ESpt f enf; i,fu tar&duef aeeH wGi;f wl;orm; wpfa,mufe@J u|eaf wmf a&eHacsmif;rSm qHck =hJ u w,f? Edik if aH &; udpaP wG aqG;aEG;=uwJt h cg olajymwmudk u|eaf wmf tcktxd rSwrf ad e w,f? olu rif;wd@k awG vGwv f yfa&; &r,ft h csed u f kd ig ajymEdik w f ,fw?hJ tJ't D csed [ f m rif;wd@k &J@ ajr}u;D xJrmS a&eH wpfpufr# r&Sad wmhwt hJ csed f / rif;wd@k opfawmawGrmS u|e;f wpfyifrS r&Sad wmhwt hJ csed f / rif;wd@k v,fuiG ;f awG usuw f ;D ajr jzpfomG ;wJt h csed f yJw?hJ 'ga=umifh t*Fvyd af wG[m jrefrmjynfukd aiG&mS zd@k oufouf a&mufvmwm jzpfw,f?" od@k jzifh u|Eykf w f @kd aqG;aEG;yGrJ mS a&S@qufvm=uonf? qdck yhJ g tcsut f vuf rsm;udyk if wpfa,muf+y;D wpfa,muf &nf!e$ ;f &if; aqG;aEG;=uonf? tcsKd @u cyfaygah ygh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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ajymqdo k mG ;ovdk tcsKd @u jyif;jyif;xefxef aqG;aEG;=uonf? tcsKd @u OD;boD tqdu k kd axmufc+H y;D / tcsKd @u Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f }u;D . jyifqifcsuu f kd axmufco H mG ;onf? tdE, dN trsKd ;om; tzG@J 0ifrsm;yif tqdu k kd axmufcv H m=uonf? ajym&v#if Oa&myESihf tif*vdk jrefrmtzG@J 0ifrsm; jrefrm0ef}u;D tenf;i,frt S y v$waf wmf wpfcv k ;kH axmufcaH ejcif; jzpfonf? aqG;aEG;yGJ wpf0ufavmufwiG f u|Eyfk f pum;ajymonf? Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f }u;D ESihf twdu k t f cH acgi;f aqmif taeESihf u|Eyfk f ajym&rnf jzpfonf? od@k twGuv f nf; tpd;k &ESihf Oya'jyK v$waf wmfw@kd u Armhxu G f &yf*% kd ;f }u;D . ppfEiS yhf wfoufo!fh oabmxm;ESihf ,if;ESihf qufpyfaeo!fh jy\emwd@k udk w&m;0if a=unmvdrrfh nf[k ar#mv f ifx h m;&m bk&ifcu H ol. twGi;f a&;r_;udk v$wI f =um;emapcJo h nf? xd@k a=umihf u|Eyfk b f ufuvnf; tcGit hf a&;udk toH;k cs&rnf jzpfonf? txufwpfae&mwGif u|Eyfk . f rde@f cGe;f rS ppfEiS hf ywfoufo!fh tydik ;f udk azmfjyygrnf? Ttyd'k w f iG f u|Eykf . f avoHrmS tawmfyif cufxefI pum;vH;k toH;k tE_e;f wd@k rSm vnf; =urf;&Saeygvrd rhf nf? od@k wdik f vdt k yfo!fh ta=umif;w&m; ESpcf k &Syd gonf? yxr ta=umif;w&m;rSm / qdkcJhovdk u|Ekfyf. rdef@cGef;rSm ArmhxGuf&yf *dk%f;}uD;. oabmxm;/ tjrifEiS hf pyfvsO;f I ,ckwikd f wnf&adS eo!fh wpfcw k nf;aom rSww f rf; jzpf+y;D / tjcm;ta=umif;w&m;rSm xdt k csed u f mv. ppfreS o f !fh &kyyf v kH m$ udk ay:vGiaf e o!ft h wGuf jzpfonf? u|Eyfk . f rde@f cGe;f rSm Tod@k jzpfonf? t*FvdyfawG&J@ ppf&nf&G,fcsufawG[m / b,favmuftxd t"dy`g,frJhae ovJqw kd m u|eaf wmf axmufjyzd@k ygy?J 'g[m u|eaf wmfw@kd qH;k jzwfcsu&f @J wpfcw k nf;aom &nf&, G cf suf r[kwaf o;ygb;l ? olw@kd &nf&, G cf suaf wGukd / c&l;qdwf ppfyJG tjzpf ajymif;vJ ypfz@kd / jzpfEikd &f if urBmv h x l &k @J tawG;tjrifawGukd aqmf=ozd@k jzpfygw,f? ulnrD #wwJh vl@tcGit hf a&;qdw k m t*Fvyd /f jyifopf/ ydv k efvrl sKd ;awG ydik q f ikd o f vdk u|eaf wmfw@kd vnf; ydik q f ikd yf gw,f? u|eaf wmf ajymcsiw f m / u|eaf wmf jzpfapcsiw f m tJ'gygy?J 'ga=umihf vufw avm qHk;jzwfcsuf tay: / u|efawmfwdk@&J@ jyefvnf jyifqifcsuf[m / tvGefw&m ta&;}u;D w,fv@kd u|eaf wmf ,lqygw,f? "oHo, 0g'aD wGu ajymwJph um;&Syd gw,f? pum;vH;k awGukd toH;k jyKaejcif;[m bmvJw?hJ " u|efawmfwdk@awG ajymcJhwJh pum;vHk;awGrSm jy!fhpHkr_ r&Sdawmhbl;vm;? u|eaf wmfw@kd awG wajymwnf; ajymae=uw,f? 'gayrJh t*Fvyd af wGu &efuek u f kd odr;f ydu k w f ,f? rEWav;udk odr;f vdu k jf yefawmhvnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd awG ajymaewke;f yJ? 'g[m wpfzufouf trSew f pfcyk ?J tck u|eaf wmfw@kd &J@ vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf vufeuf 176

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topfwpfck &Sad eyg+y?D 'g[m urBmwpf0rS ;f vH;k &J@ oabmxm; tjrifygy/J tckq&kd if urBm@Edik if aH wGe@J jynfoal wG vGwaf jrmufz@kd &m urBm}u;D &J@ udpw P pfck jzpfae yg+y?D urBm@awmfveS af &;}u;D jzpfaeyg+y?D 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd &J@ wdu k yf u JG vnf; urBm}u;D &J@ wdu k yf yJG gy?J 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd &J@ qH;k jzwfcsu[ f m vGwaf wmfukd wifoiG ;f zd@k }uKd ;pm;aewJh Oya' wpfck r[kwyf gb;l ? urBm@awmfveS af &;}u;D twGuf jrefrmjynf&@J yg0ifywfoufr_ jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd awG oabmaygu+f yD qdw k meJ@ urBm@cH&k ;kH rSm }u;D rm;wJh jy\emopf}u;D ay:xGuv f myg vdrrhf nf? tJ't D cg e,fcs@J t&Si0f g'[m / ,cifvkd rysurf pD;yJ wnf&adS erSm r[kwaf wmhygb;l ? tiftm;}u;D onf jzpfap/ i,fonf jzpfap/ Edik if t H m;vH;k vGwv f yf &r,fqw kd hJ t,ltq[m urBm}u;D &J@ oabmxm; jzpfvmaeyg+y?D +yD;cJhwJh ppfyGJwkef;u 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf / urBm}uD;udk u,fwif&r,fvdk@ t*Fvyd af wGu a=unmcJw h ,f? 'gq&kd if tckvnf; cGjJ cm;r_r&Syd J / vlom;awG aexdik w f hJ urBm}u;D udk u,fwifz@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd a=unmygp@kd ? 'Dae&mrSm +Aw d o d # Edik if jH cm;0ef}u;D avmh[mvDzuf (Lord Halifax) pum;wpfceG ;f udk ud;k um;csiyf gw,f? "ud, k af jcaxmufay: ud, k &f yfwnfz@kd twGuf / vlom;tm;vH;k &J@ tcGit hf a&;udk D v kd *kd so D pf umuG,f xde;f odr;f ay;csiw f ,fv@kd " olu ajymw,f? tJ'g u|eaf wmfw@kd &J@ tdik 'f t wpfck jzpfoihw f mayg?h 'g[m jynfol aexdik af ewJh urBm}u;D udk u,fwif&r,fh rSeu f efwhJ ppf&nf&, G cf suyf gy?J +Aw d o d # tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk ay;r,h/f Edik if aH wGtwGuyf J uGu+f y;D u,fwifz@kd r[kwyf gb;l (&,forH sm;)? tJ'v D dk Oa&my acgi;f aqmif wpfa,muf ajymcJw h hJ pum;[m vufawG@rSm wvGJ wacsmf jzpfaewm xif&mS ;ygw,f? urBmwpf0rS ;f rSm Edik if aH &; tH=k urG a_ wG/ rwnf+idrfwJh tpdk;& tzGJ@awG &Sdaeygw,f? Oyrm jyifopfudk =u!fhyg? 'gayrJh ydv k efEikd if t H aeeJ@ wnf+ird w f hJ tpd;k & tzG@J wnfaqmufEikd rf o S m / ydv k ef vGwv f yfa&;twGuf t*Fvyd af wGbufu wdu k cf u kd af y;zd@k jyifqifxm;w,fv@kd / tar&duefe@J =um;ae Edik if aH wG =um;atmif/ t*Fvyd af wG ajym&Jr,fv@kd xifygovm;? (vufcyk o f rH sm;) tck jrefrmhta&;udk ajymyghr,f? jrefrmvGwfvyfa&; udpPudk jiif;uG,af ewJh udpaP wG tck wpfxikd w f nf; ajz&Si;f &rSm jzpfygw,f? r=umao;cifu Oya'jyK v$wfawmftwGuf/ bk&ifcH&J@ twnfjyKcsuf (Statement) udkvnf; &Si;f &ygvrd rfh ,f? 'Dru kd a&pD qdw k hJ a0g[m&udk tav; teuf rxm;zd@k bk&ifcu H v$waf wmfukd ajymcJyh gw,f? 'Dvykd J avmhZwfvef (Lord Zetland) uvnf; / tdE, dN [m vGwv f yfa&; qdw k hJ pum;vH;k udk / tpGt J vrf;}u;D aew,fv@kd owif;pm wpfapmifrmS azmfjycJah o;w,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(6)

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'Dru kd a&pDxuf ydt k a&;}u;D wmu/ tjyif;txef pOf;pm;=uzd@k / tjyif;txef tvkyf vky=f uzd@k vdw k ,fv@kd bk&ifcu H u|eaf wmfw@kd udk ajymw,f? 'gqkd bk&ifcu H kd u|eaf wmfar;csif wmu / ydv k efukd +Aw d o d #awG tJ'v D kd ajym&Jygovm;? ydv k efawG rif;wd@k vGwv f yfa&;udpP odyrf pOf;pm;=ueJ@ / vGwv f yfa&;qdw k m t"dyg` ,rf &Sw d hJ pum;vH;k jzpfw,f? vGwv f yfa&;eJ@ rif;wd@k xdu k w f efz@kd vdw k ,f? 'ga=umihf igw@kd &J@ tkycf sKyrf a_ tmufrmS ae&r,f? vGwv f yfa&;udk pOf;pm;aer,fh tpm;/ tvkyu f o kd m usyu f syv f yk /f usyu f sypf Of;pm;vd@k +Aw d o d #awG ydv k efomG ;+y;D / ajym&Jyg ovm;? (&,forH sm;) [pfwvmu ydv k efukd tJ'h v D kd ajymcJw h ,fq&kd ifaum / Oa&myu u|eaf wmfw@kd rdwaf qG}u;D awGu bmrsm; ajymOD;rvJ? [pfwvmudk tck olw@kd ac:aewmawGxuf yd+k y;D qd;k wJh emrnfawGe@J uifyeG ;f rwyfawmhb;l vm;? ydv k ef/ csuu f pkd vdAk ufu;D ,m;/ zifvefe@J =opa=w; vs Edik if aH wG twGuaf wmh/ t*Fvyd af wG oH;k wJ/h pum;u wpfv;kH wnf;yJ &Sw d ,f? tJ'g vGwv f yfa&;yJ? rSm;onfjzpfap/ rSeo f nfjzpfap/ igw@kd vGwv f yfa&;/ igw@kd wdik ;f jynfv@kd aยบuG;a=umf=uw,f? +Aw d o d # tifyg,m twGi;f rSm&Sw d /hJ ta&S@twGuaf wmh/ vGwv f yfa&;qdw k m Oyg'gef jzpfw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m t"dyg` ,rf &Sb d ;l ? usyu f syf tvkyv f yk yf g? usyu f sypf Of;pm; ygv@kd ajym w,f? (&,forH sm;) ta&S@twGuf usi0hf wf Oya' wpfrsKd ;/ taemuftwGuf usi0fh wf Oya' wpfrsKd ; jzpfaeonf? 'Dawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd u bmudk ,H&k rvJ? emZD ay:vpDatmufa&mufaewJh Edik if aH wG twGuf Edik if aH &; oDt&kd u D wpfrsKd ;/ +Aw d o d # t&yfatmuf a&mufaewJh Edik if aH wG twGu/f oDt&dk u D wpfzkH trsKd ;rsKd ; jzpfaew,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd rSm ,H=k unfre_ @J onf;nnf;cH pdw&f &dS if olw@kd uwdjyKxm;wJh twdik ;f &r,fv@kd ajymw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDe@J ywfouf+y;D / jyif;jyif;xefxef tvkyrf vkyzf @kd / pOf;pm;zd@k u|eaf wmf wd@k udk t}uaH y;wJt h wGuf bk&ifcu H kd u|eaf wmfw@kd aus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'ga=umifyh J u|eaf wmf uvnf; olw@kd us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ pOf;pm;yg? pDryH gv@kd t}uH jyefay;csiyf gw,f? +Aw d o d # tifyg,mudk xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smufol wpfOD; taeeJ@ us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ pOf;pm;zdk@ ta&;}u;D ygw,f? ud, k u f , kd w f ikd x f uf jynfoal wG&@J tjrifukd x!fo h iG ;f zd@k vdyk gw,f? 'Dupd eP @J ywfouf+y;D / t*Fvyd af wG&@J Edik if aH &; tawG;tac:q&m "bwf(cf)"(Burke) pum;udk &nf&e$ ;f csiyf gw,f? "r[mtifyg,m}u;D awG&@J OD;aESmufenf;wJh vlawG qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; wGzJ ufaewwfw,f" vd@k qdyk gw,f? rSeu f efvw S hJ tJ'D Edik if aH &; trSew f &m;udk bk&ifcH twGuf u|eaf wmf vufaqmifay;csiyf gw,f? (vufcyk o f rH sm;) aemufxyf u|eaf wmfw@kd udk bmawG ajymao;vJ? vGwv f yfa&;eJ@ tH0ifciG u f s 178

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