အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၃) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 1377 / e,kefv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(3)

jrefrmou❯✍✎✏✑ ✒✓✔✔ ✕ ✖✗✘✖✑✙

2006 ckESpf/ {✰✚✛✙✜✢✣✑ ✤✜✣✑✥✘✜✑✦✧★✩✑✪ tvif;tdrfr*⑦ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✟✞ ✠✡☎☛☞✆✟✂ ✌✡

rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;

uAsm ❩ ✼ ✻

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armifped 0f if; (ykw;D uke;f )

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a=omif; 'la&..'la&..oGm;..[kef..[kef nwk +rKd @jy acwf avxJu oabmw&m; ❄ ❄

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rsdK;udkrsdK; armifvrS sKd ; (csi;f acsmif;+c)H a0,Hatmif ("gw)k vif;cg;

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umwGe;f tifwmeufrS umwGe;f rsm;

atmfyu D s,f / pd;k aomfwm [efav; / 0vH;k

0if;wifhxGef; &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; aZmf+ird ;f vwf (74)

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a'guw f marmifarmif}u;D aqmif;0if;vwf 0if;wif

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ordik ;f qdik &f m okw/ &o Zlvikd f 7 &uf/ 7 &uf Zlvikd f... 7 &uf Zlvikd f ta&;tcif;udk... &efuek w f uUov kd Ef iS hf wuorsm;...

Edik if aH &; okw/ &opHk uGejf rLepfwap>e@J zufqpfo&J wdik ;f jynfwpfjynf&@J tdik 'f efwpfwD r[mrdwt f EkynmESihf pmay.wm&m

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xD;udrk vdk +irf;omvdo k nf omoem oef@&Si;f apvdk...... *g&0cJ=urf; awma=umif abm*aA' u|erf u t*Fvyd rf S r[kww f m armif yd\mcsed f aA'if

t&Sio f 0H &mvuFm& aqGOazgif; rif;udkEdkif armifomcsdK t=unfawmf pHZm%Dbkd

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jzLESi;f xdu k f

oef;0if;vd_if

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ol@Zmwford ;f ESihf u|erf Zmwfvrf;

bmomjyef tcef;quf &ke;f xGucf &hJ aom jrefrmjynf

tvif;tdrf r*~Zif; (9) ESpjf ynfh txdr;f trSwf &Jabmfrsm;. trSww f & pum;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS xkwaf 0+yD;aompmtkyrf sm;

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tvif;tdrfpum; tvif;tdro f nf acwf/ pepfukd jzwfoef;&if; qufvuf csw D ufaeygonf? qufI qufIvnf; csw D uf jzwfoef;&rnf jzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sipf epf csKy+f ird ;f a&;onf r+y;D jywf ao;acs? xd@k twGuf }uKd ;pm;=u&OD;rnfjzpfonf? acwfonf vlawGtay:rSm rlwnfaeonf[k qdkcsifonf? vltrsm; aexdkif/ qufqHaygif;oif;/ usifh}uHaer_rsm;onf acwf. yHk&dyfyifjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhyif aumif;rGejf cif; t&yf&yftwGuf }uKd ;pm; yrf;pm;/ paw; aexdik f &yfwnfae=uolrsm; &Sad ejcif; yifjzpfonf? t"rRrr_ sm;udk "rRrr_ sm;jzifh tHw. k ? trSm;rsm;udk trSerf sm;jzifh awG@xd.? trke;f w&m;rsm;udk cspfjcif;arwWmjzifh wkef@jyef.? xdkuJhodk@ olawmfpif/ olawmfaumif; tmZmenfrsm; ajrmufrsm;pGm ay:xGe;f zd@k vl@avmuY vd. k ? od@k rSom +ird ;f csr;f om,maom vl@b0rsm; &rnfjzpfonf? tzufzufrS tm%m&Sirf sm; yaysmufrnfjzpfonf?

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vl@avmurSm trdkufw&m;rsm;jzifh igwaum aumIr&ay? todkuft0ef;/ ywf0ef;usi/f ,Ofaus;r_/ pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm; toD;oD;&S=d u.? vdu k af vsmnDaxGpmG aexdik /f usi}hf u+H y;D &yfwnfae=u&rnf jzpfonf? od@k r[kwyf gu vlay: vlaZmf tm%m&Sirf sm; toD;oD; ay:xGe;f vmrnf jzpfonf? acwfonf npfnrf;ayvdrrhf nf? rmefrme ESihf trke;f w&m;rsm; }u;D pd;k ayvdrrhf nf? avmu vSy/ at;csr;f apzd@k jrwfE;kd =uonfh tvif;tdrf &Jabmfrsm;onf xd@k twGuf a=umifyh if tm%m&Siu f kd wdu k zf su. f / xd@k twGuf r+y;D qH;k ao;aom ppftm%m&Sipf epf csKy+f ird ;f a&;udk wzufwvrf;rS wydik w f Edik /f tkyw f pfcsyf oJwpfyiG hf yg0ifaeOD;rnfjzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;ap&rnf? tvif;tdrf &Jabmfrsm;

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ZlvdkifykHjyif

rd;k &GmonfŒ n ZlvdkifusvsSif tr ykjH yifajympjr?J wpfcgwek ;f u ykjH yifpI trajymqJ rsu&f nf0aJ 0Œ rd;k zGw J pfjyKd uf jcKe;f xpfcu kd rf mS &SKd uo f w H pfcv k iG Œf pifonf? ykjH yifxrJ mS ,rf;aiGŒyg. tm%mrl;,pf zufqpfyg. onfŒxufonfŒxuf a&SŒrqufEikd f oufjyif;vdKS uzf kd rsu&f nfp&kd Zlvikd v f rSm tr tjriJ w dk wf.?

ZlvSdKifykHjyif &ifrmS Ekopf tm%m,pfol vlwef;vlpm; jcm;em;owfrw S f igjrifwwfcŒJ &yfwnfrKS reS f todOm%fjzpf trsKd ;cspaf tmif rd;k xpf&mG cs Zlvikd v f Y tr tarGay;cJŒonf? a}omf tckZv l ikd v f rd;k wpfnrSm igŒom;a&$pif tdy, f m0ifcsed f ykjH yifa[mif;vnf; igajymqJyif a}uuGeJ musn;f p&m wpfcgwek ;f u Zlvikd v f rSm Zlvikd v f rSm?

armifped 0f if; ( ykw;D uke;f ) 3/ 5/ 1973 1973 ua&;cJŒwJŒuAsmyg?Julyta&;tcif;awGeJŒ ywfoufjyD;cHpm;a&;zGJŒ jzpfwmyg? 'Dwkef;u RIT ausmif;om;b0yg?b,fpmapmifrSmrSazmfjycGifŒr& cJŒwJŒuAsmav;yg?cHpm;}unfŒ }uygOD;? 6

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a=omif;²²²'la&²²²'la&²²²oGm;²²²[kef²²²[kef rpd;k &dryf ge@J uAsmwpfy'k af vmuf &Gwv f u dk ¶f rkH #e@J awmh aumif;uif}u;D u +yKd usrvmEdik yf gb;l ? uAsmwpfy'k af vmuf &Gwv f u dk ¶f ekH @J vnf; awmfvnf;oHawGjrnf[nf; ausmufawmif}u;D vnf; +yKd usrvmb;l? uAsmwpfy'k af vmuf &Gwv f u dk ¶f rkH #e@J av}u;D rd;k }u;D awGus rkew f idk ;f awG usrvmbl;? jynfov l x l k a&SŒarSmufrmS ,kid ef @J eJ@ uAsmq&mwpfa,muf "awmuf" wpfcsuaf cgu+f y;D uAsmwpfy'k af vmuf aiguif rf;vku d w f hJ tcgusrS... tJ'D wkid ;f jynfuae tm%m&Siaf wG xGuaf jy;uke=f uawmhwmyJ..?

Edkifjrefrm

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nwk +rKd Œ jyawmeufxJ ajccsrmS ;wJh n[m ta,mifaqmif tvif;pawGxrd eS f aoqHk; 0Hyak vGawG+yKH ;ae=uayg?h

vl&,fv@dk odwwfpuwnf;u ydu k pf yd w f u dk u f yf+icd w hJ hJ ylr_taxGaxG r,lvnf;&/ ,lvnf;& r&vnf;ay/; &vnf;ay;eJ@ 0 a=u;G wpfc&k ŒJ "m;oGm; ESv;kH om;ay:rSm ckwaf rmif;aew,f?

aeawmh0ifyg&JŒ nu a&mufrvmcJh aomufvufp bD,mykvif;awGom rl;vJusu&JG if; rk;d vif;oGm;&jyefw,f?

aysmfatmiftdyfpuf&aumif;rSef; rodwwfwhJ Ek;d xr_rmS +rKd Œ jy[m n&JŒt&nftaoG;awGukd aoG;at;at;eJ@owfjzwf ayuyfuyf qkid ;f oHAo kH =H um;rSm rsuv f ;kH awGom a,mifuikd ;f vmw,f? tdyfpufcsifygaygh? 'Dvt dk csed rf mS wpfa&;avmufawmh tdyfa&;00 tdypf ufyg&ap?

aeawmhxu G v f myg&ŒJ nudrk a&mufc&hJ aomufvufp aq;vdyw f adk wGom tdy&f mab;rSmjyef@usJ i&Jcef;qefqefb0udk b,ftcsdefxdpifwif yso H ef;aejyOD;rSmvJ?

n&JŒ+ird ;f csr;f r_rmS n&JŒqdw+f ird rf r_ mS wdrv f m$ pD;wJh tdyrf ufvnf;ryg acsmufurf;yg;xJ ajcacsmu f swhJ tdyrf ufvnf;ryg aumif;aomtdyfpufjcif;wpfck pdwv f v dk uf& pD;qif;aewJn h udk awmifw h cJw h m =umaygh igrh mS ?

b0rSm b,fvt dk yfrufrrS pGuzf ufbJ tdypf ufciG &hf wJh nwpfnudk awmifw h cJw h m=umaygh igrh mS ?

rsKd;udkrsKd; 8

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+rdKŒ jy aeylylxJ wpfu, kd v f ;kH c|wjf yxm;wJh +rKd Œ }u;D ? rsupf v d nfaewJh vlawmif vl&nfvnfae+y?D bmrSe;f rodwhJ wHwm;}u;D awGaqmuf+y;D ac|;pufawGeJ@ a&}u;D aewJ.h .+rKd Œ? jynfw h efqmeJ@ rdef;raumif;/ cGcJ jJG cm;jcm; jrifwwfatmif rD;xdex f ed v f if;zd@k vkw d ,f? ud, k hf tom;t&nf²²²ud, k rf odbJ rdwu f yfvrd ;f +y;D / tkypf zk ŒJG uae=uwJh ta&jym;a&m*gonfawG=um; oeyfcg;pufawG.. b0 ysuo f mG ;wm awmfawmf=um+y.D .?

armifvSrsKd;(csif;acsmif;+cH) tvif;tdrfr* ➡ ➠

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acwf tusO;f axmif awGu tmZmenfordik ;f jywdu k af wGjzpf? t&ufqikd f awGu vli,f Centre awGjzpf? w&m;&k;H u yGpJ m;wef;jzpf? v,fuiG ;f awGu ppfa&;jyuGi;f awGjzpf? &Jpcef;u tvSLcHr yfjzpf? tpd;k &tzG@J u vl&i$ af wmfawGjzpf? bmoma&;acgif;aqmifawGu ppfqifa&;acgif;aqmifawGjzpf? wuUov kd af wGu usuu f odv k af wGjzpf? tufusLau;&Si;f u usuu f sLau;&Si;f jzpf?

vlawGu yd@k ukeaf wGjzpf? aq;&kaH wGu qif;&Jom; yaysmufa&;ZkH awGjzpf? tokbtdru f avmif;upm;&kaH wGjzpf? uGr;f ,mqdik u f aq;cef;jzpf? ppfwyfu tpd;k & arG;jrLa&;pcef;jzpf? a=omf... acwf... acwf jzpfcsi&f mjzpfwhJ acwf? aoewfu t&l;vufxJ a&mufaeovdk wdik ;f jynftajctae t&yf&yftwGuf rv$o J mra¶Smifom tm%modr;f vdu k &f onf?

a0,Hatmif("mwk)

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avxJu oabmw&m;

avxJrmS a&aiGŒawG/ zkerf e_ @f awG aemuf+y;D rsK;d aphawG/ 0wfre_ af wG/ iSuaf wG aemuf+y;D awmh uGeu f &pftydik ;f tpawG/ yd;k r$m;awG/ AH;k pawG/ vlawG avxJrmS urBm}u;D wpfck jzpfxeG ;f aew,f? avxJu urBm}u;D xJrmS pum;vH;k awG/ arsmS v f ifch suf a&mifjcnforf;wmawG avxJu urBm}u;D xJrmS pepfwnfaqmufwmawG/ +yKd uswmawG avxJu urBm}u;D xJrmS tpd;k &tzJŒG awG/ eif;jym;awG avxJu urBm}u;D xJrmS Edik if aH wmfwpfck &Sad ew,f?

avxJu Edik if aH wmfrmS tvH;k pHyk suo f Ok ;f wmawG/ tdyrf ufawG/ avxJu Edik if aH wmfrmS zrf;qD;axmifcswmawG/ nOf;yef;ESdyfpufwmawG/ avxJu Edik if aH wmfrmS tdraf jc&m rJw h mawG/ vGwv f yfciG q hf ;kH ¶_;H wmawG/ vlrsK;d a&; cJjG cm;wmawG avxJrmS jzpfxeG ;f aewJh urBm}u;D twGi;f u Edik if aH wmfxrJ mS b0rsm;pGm &Sio f efaew,f? avxJu b0awG&ŒJ qufo, G rf [ _ m t[yfumG wmawG/ wef;rwlwmawG/ avxJu b0awG&ŒJ &Sio f efrr_ mS y yuQ tjrKaw &Sad ewmawG/ avxJrmS rkcs awmfveS af &;}u;D &Sad er,f? ?

vif;cg;

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tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr* Ø

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr* è ç

ð ï

ð ê

"Zlvikd f 7 &uf...7 &ufZv l ikd f... rarhEdkifwJh ausmif;om;ordkif; xm0pOfeD..." 0if;wifx h eG ;f "Zlvikd f 7 &uf...7 &ufZv l ikd f...rarhEikd w f hJ ausmif;om;ordik ;f xm0pOfeD..." qdw k hJ pmom;[m 7 &uf Zlvikd f ta&;awmfyu Hk kd *k%jf yKpyfqx kd m;wJh oDcsi;f wyk'x f u J pmom;wa=umif;yg? [kwyf gw,f/ "qJAif;Zlvikd f (ac:) 7 &uf Zlvikd t f a&;awmfy}Hk u;D " [m Armjynf&ŒJ ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ ordik ;f rSm ausmif;om;ordik ;f rSm b,f awmhrS arhaysmufv@kd r&Edik w f /hJ arhazsmufcsev f yS f ausmv f m$ ;oGm;vd@k r&Edik w f /hJ tjrx J m0& eDaer,fh ta&; awmfyHk rSww f ikd }f u;D wckygy?J ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; rausnmEdkifcif udkvdkeDacwfwavsmufudk c%xm;// vGwfvyfa&;ausnm+yD;p acwfwavsmuf twGif;rSmudk/ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ ordkif; a=umif; wavsmufrSm/ ta&;tcif;eJ@ ta&;awmfykHawG ay:aygufcJhwm ta&twGuf awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ( Oyrmtm;jzifh atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwf ta&;awmfy/Hk [,f&w D ef ta&;tcif; pojzifh pojzif)h &Scd yhJ gvsuf wEdik if v H ;Hk vSn;f aeavSatmif; jrif;aZmif;rusef yg0ifqifEcJG =hJ uwJh "1350jynfh ta&;awmfyHk (&Spaf v;vk;H t a&;awmfy}Hk u;D )" rwdik cf iftxd twGif;/ Adkvfae0if; ppftm%m&Siftkyfpdk;r_ acwfwavsmuf twGif;rSmudk wjcm;aom ta&twGuf renf;vSwJh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG/ ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; (Oyrmtm;jzifh u|e;f qG,t f a&;tcif;/ wuUov kd f a&$&wkvy_ &f mS ;r_/ OD;oef@ psmyeta&;tcif;/ 75 ZGef (6) ausmif;om;oydwf pojzifh pojzifh) &SdcJh 14

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- 1936 - ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D &JŒ trSwt f om;[m udek /k udak tmifqef; - 1938 - taxGaxGoydwfta&;awmfykH}uD;&JŒ trSwftom;[m udkA[def; (ocifA[de;f )/ udv k aS &$ (a'guw f mvSa&$) vd@k qd=k uygw,f? 'Dvkd qd&k if Armjynf vGwv f yfa&;ausnm+y;D aemufyikd ;f / ppftm%m&Sit f yk pf ;kd r_ qef@usiaf &; wdu k yf aJG wGtwGi;f u 1962/ 7 &uf Zlvikd f ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D &JŒ trSwt f om;[m b,foal wGjzpfrvJ? usaemfuawmh usaemf&h ŒJ wOD;csi;f tjrift& 1962 / 7 &uf Zlvikd f ta&;awmfyHk }uD;&JŒ trSwftom;uawmh udkouf (Auo)/ udkAaqGav; (wuo)vdk@yJ qdkvdkuf csiyf gw,f/ owfrw S v f u kd rf yd gw,f? aemufxyf tjrv J v kd kd trSw&f aeoifw h m wckuawmh ppfwyf&ŒJ ypfcwfra_ =umifh '%f&m jyif;jyif;xefxef &aewJ=h um;u ajrmif;jrom; wuUov kd af usmif;om; "udak usm0f if;" [m ol hcEMmudk,fay:u pD;usvmaewJh aoG;awGeJ@udk rEWav;aqmif eH&Hay:rSm a&;xdk;jyoGm;cJhwJh "7 &uf Zlvdkif rarh=ueJ@" qdkwJh aoG;opPm ur`nf;pmwef; vdk@yJ qdv k u kd cf siyf gw,f? /

0if;wifhxGef; 13/ 6 / 2011

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7 &uf Zlvdkif ta&;tcif;udk bma}umihf ESpfpOf txdrf;trSwfjyKae&ovJ &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; 'DEikd if rH mS ppftm%m&Sipf epf oufwrf; qufwu kd o f ufq;kd &Snaf ewm 46 ESpf &So d mG ;yg+y/D 'D&mpkEpS f w0ufe;D yg;ordik ;f rSm Armjynf jynfoal wGe@J ausmif;om;vli,fawG[m 7 &uf Zlvikd f txdr;f trSwf tcrf;tem;awGukd yHo k mefrsKd ;pHek @J wESprf jywf txdr;f trSwf usi;f ycJ=h uygw,f/ 'g bma=umihv f ?J 'Dta&;tcif;&JŒ txdr;f trSwv f uQ%m? ta&;ygr_ pwmawGu bmawGvq J w kd m qef;ppfo;kH oyf xm;oihw f ,f xifygw,f? 7 &uf Zlvikd t f a&;awmfy[ kH m qd&k , S v f pf qdik ;f bkww f yf? trsK;d om;a&; pum;awG vdi_ v f i_d af jym+y;D ArmjynfrmS ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd (1958 ckEpS w f ek ;f uvdk ajrprf;c&rf;ysKd ; r[kwb f )J twnfwus wnfaqmufvmwmudk ppfO;D rSm xdyw f u kd w f u kd cf =hJ uwJ/h toufawG paw;cJw h hJ wdu k yf }JG u;D jzpfygw,f? Adv k af e0if;wd@k [m 1958 ckEpS f tm%modr;f wke;f u &uf&uf pufpufvkyfjyxm;wm? tm%modrf;wJh rwfv 2 &ufae@nrSm orRweJ@ 0ef}uD;awG tygt0if Edik if aH &;orm;aygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGmudk "xde;f odr;f "vdu k w f m? tjypfrhJ 17 ESpf ausmif;om;av; p0frrD o D u kd u f kd =uufuav;/ iSuu f av; owfovdk owfjzwfjyxm;wm? wzufrSmawmh qdk&S,fvpfpum;awG oHaumif;[pfaewm pwmawGa=umihf EdkifiHa&; avmurSm Adv k af e0if;wd@k udk a=umufoel @J ? acG;uwufuae tvkyt f a=u;G jyKcsio f al wGom v$r;f rd;k aeygw,f? 'DvdktcsdefrSm jynfol@&ifaoG;awGvnf;jzpf/ jynfol@qENudk a&mifjyef[yfol awGvnf;jzpfwJh ausmif;om;awG[m ppftm%m&SifawGudk ppfOD;rSm xdyfwdkuf &ifqdkif 22

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ausmif;olausmif;om;awG&JŒ tjrifu odyfjywfom; &Sif;vif;aewmrdk@ tJ'DvlawG[m tpnf;ta0;r+y;D cifrmS yJ wdww f w d u f yk u f yk f xGuo f mG ;cJ&h ygw,f? vlowfy}JG u;D vkyx f m;wJh &efuek rf mS awmh tJ'D tpkuvlawG[m tem;awmif vmruyfcJhygbl;? qdkvdkwm tJ'Dwkef;u ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifydkif;rSm tawG;tac: ¶_yfaxG;r_[m b,fwkef;u twdkif;twmeJ@rS rwlatmif &Sdaew,fqdkwm jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,hf aemufq;kH awmh ausmif;om;xkuyJ tqH;k tjzwfay;oGm;ygw,f? ausmif;om; xk[m enf;enf;av;rS rsufaphrvnf/ em;ra,mifygbl;? tm%modrf;olawG[m ppftm%m&Siaf wGom jzpfw,f/ 'ga=umihrf @kd qef@usi&f r, q f w kd mudk tjywfyjJ rifc=hJ uygw,f? 'ga=umihrf @kd wuorSmyJ t"du A[djk y+y;D ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd xdyw f u kd af wG@cJh =uwmjzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;xke@J wuo&JŒ oabmxm;udk tapmqH;k eJ@ txif&mS ;qH;k azmfjycJw h mawGxrJ mS vlawGrarhEikd w f hJ tjzpftysuw f ckuawmh p0frrD o D u kd f tokbrSm ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udo k uf u ajymcJw h hJ rde@f cGe;f jzpfygw,f? ykyw k ufwuf udo k uf[m teD;tem;rSm&Sw d hJ tkw*f w l ckay:wufum Adv k af e0if; ppftpd;k &udk vufnKdS ;aiguaf igux f ;kd +y;D vlowform;awGv@kd pGcJ suw f ifcyhJ gw,f? pum;ajymaumif;wJh udo k uf&ŒJ rde@f cGe;f [m tokb yd@k aqmifwyhJ &dowfukd rsu&f nfawGt=um;uae =uufo;D arG;nif; xapcJw h ,fv@kd ajymprSwf &Scd yhJ gw,f? tJ'v D kd jywfom;r_awG/ awGa0r_awG/ opPmazmufra_ wG ¶_y¶f y_ af xG;axG; awG@jrif ae&wJh wuUodkvfe,fajrrSm ausmif;om;or*~tpOftvmeJ@ b,fwkef;u/ b,fvdkrS rywfoufzl;wJh ppfAdkvfcsKyfawG[m ausmif;om;awGudk rme&efnSdK;eJ@ aemifusOfatmif qHk;rr,f qdkwmrsKd; oabmxm;+yD; Armjynfordkif;rSm r&Sdzl;wJh owfjzwfr_}uD;w&yfudk usL;vGev f u kd yf gw,f? or*~taqmuftOD}u;D udv k nf; 'dik ;f erdik ;f eJ@ +zKd cyJG pfvu kd yf gw,f? 'DrSm ajymzdk@vdkwmvmu wu,fvdk@om ausmif;om;awGu 7 &uf Zlvdkif ta&;awmfyu kH kd rqifEcJ$ &hJ if bmjzpfrvJ qdw k mygy?J ordik ;f udk "wu,fv@kd om" awGe@J csO;f uyfo;kH oyfv@kd roihaf wmfwmrd@k 'Dtcsuu f kd tus,f raqG;aEG;awmhayr,hf 7 &uf Zlvikd f ta&;awmfyakH =umiho f m 1963 ckEpS w f ek ;f u v_y&f mS ;r_awG/ 1969 - 70 ckEpS f wdu k yf aJG wG/ 74 - ar/ ZGef tvkyo f rm;v_y&f mS ;r_/ a&$w*d kH ta&;tcif;/ OD;oef@ta&;tcif; pwmawG qufay:vmwmvd@k &J&yJ aJ jymcsiyf gw,f? tJ'D wdu k yf pJG OfawGrmS 7 &uf Zlvikd f pdw"f mwf[m 0if;vufawmufyaewJh rD;¶_;wefaqmifvkd jzpfcw hJ ,fqw kd m b,forl S rjiif;Edik yf gb;l ? 1962 ckESpf/ 7 &uf Zlvdkif ae@rSmom ausmif;om;awGu aemufwGef@ jyefvn S o fh mG ;&if 'Dwu kd yf pJG OfawG[m &ufa&G@qdik ;f wm jzpfomG ;Edik yf gw,f? 7 &uf Zlvikd f jypfr}_ u;D udk usL;vGerf w d hJ Adv k af e0if;rSmawmh aowJt h xdyJ tJ'v D o l wfyeJG @J or*~+zzd surf w _ @kd &JŒ wap>ajcmufveS @f wmudk cHomG ;&ygw,f? aemuf+y;D olw@kd wGi;f *d% k ;f wdu k yf aJG wGrmS vufpJG 24

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vufeufwcktjzpf oH;k pGw J mvnf; cHc&hJ ygw,f? wveJ@ ajcmuf&uf eef;pHvdkuf&wJh azmif;um;pm; orw OD;armifarmif u or*~taqmuftOD}u;D udk aysmaf ysmyf g;yg; jyefaqmuf=uwmaygv h @kd jyKwu f meD;tcsed t f xd ajymaewm[m Adv k af e0if;ud, k pf m; (Adv k af e0if; cdik ;f vd@k ) 7 &uf Zlvikd f jypfr}_ u;D awGtwGuf Edik if u H kd avajyxd;k aecJw h mom jzpfygw,f? wu,fusawmh 7 &uf Zlvikd f wdu k yf [ JG m ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd wdu k w f hJ wdu k yf JG jzpfygw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epf wnf&adS eoa&GŒ 7 &uf Zlvikd f tawG;tac:/ 7 &uf Zlvikd f pdwf"mwfeJ@ 7 &uf Zlvdkif tvHawmf[m ta&;ygae/ vrf;jyaer,fqdkwm bmrS ,Hrk mS ;oHo,jzpfp&m rvdyk gb;l ? ?

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&efukefwuUodkvfESifh wuorsm; ordkif;a=umif;

aZmf+idrf;vwf(74) e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; }udK;yrf;r_ordkif;wpfav#muf xkrd w S pfzef ppftm%m&SiEf iS hf wpfygwD tm%m&Siq f ef@usiaf &;/ 'Dru dk a&pDa&;v_y&f mS ;r_ orkdif;wpfav#mufrSonf ,ae@acwf ausmif;om;rsKd;qufwdk@txd trsKd;om;a&; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;. A[kcd surf tjzpf qufvuf&iS o f ef&yfwnfaeonfrmS trd&efuek f wuUov kd f }uD;yifjzpfonf/ 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 2 &ufae@wGif AkdvfcsKyfae0if;OD;aqmifaom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtrnfcH ppfaumifpDrS wkdif;jynftm%mudk odrf;,l+yD;aemuf &efuek w f uUov kd f(Rangoon University)udk &efuek 0f Zd mESihf odyw H` uUov kd f (Rangoon Art and Science university, RASU)[k trnfajymif;vJco hJ nf/ &efuek w f uUov kd o f nf +Aw d o d #uv kd edk D e,fcs@J wd@k jrefrmEdik if u H dk odr;f ,lxm;pOf ay:aygufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 1920 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv? 1 &uf? Ak'<[l;ae@wGif &efukef wuUov kd u f kd pwifziG v hf pS cf o hJ nf/ &efuek w f uUov kd f zGiv hf pS +f y;D ra&S;raESmif; 1920 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv? 5 &ufae@rSmyif jrefrmwkd@. ikwfv#dK;aysmufuG,faeaom trsKd;om;a&; pdw"f mwfEiS hf e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; pdw"f mwfw@kd udk E_;d qGE;kd =um;apcJo h nf/ yxr wuUov kd f ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D jzpfymG ;cJo h nf? (2) jrefrmwdk@tzdk@ ausmif;oifynma&;pepfrSm udkvdkeDacwfwGif;rSmrS pwifcJhjcif; 26

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jzpfonf/ 1855 ckESpfwGif +Adwdo#ydkif atmufjrefrmjynf? &efukef+rdK@wGifyxrqHk;aom tpd;k &tv,fwef;ausmif; ay:ayguv f mcJo h nf/ xkad usmif;od@k wufa&mufaom ausmif;ol ausmif;om;ta&twGufrSm q,f*%ef;yifrjynfh[k rSwfwrf;rsm;u qkdonf? 1860 jynfhESpfwGif ausmif;om;OD;a& (68)a,muftxd wkd;wufcJh+yD; 1861 - 62 wdk@wGif ausmif;om;OD;a& wkd;wufr_ r&Sdjcif;a}umifh xkdausmif;udkydwfcJh&+yD; 1868 ckESpf ausmif;jyefvnfziG v hf pS af omtcg ausmif;om;OD;a& (15)OD;om &So d nf[k rSwo f m;avhvm &ygonf? xdYk aemuf 1872 ckEpS w f iG f xkt d v,fwef;ausmif;udyk if txufwef;ausmif; tqifhowfrSwfjrSifhwifcJhaomfvnf; 1880 ckESpfrSom tXrwef;(Grade VIII)udk pwifoif}um; ay;Edik cf o hJ nf? 1879 ck E S p f ? Zef e 0g&D v ? 1 &uf a e@wG i f xk d t xuf w ef ; ausmif ; ud k &efuek af umvdy(f Rangoon College)[k umvuwWm; wuUov kd (f tdE, d )u todtrSwf jyKco hJ nf? 1883 ckESpfwGif &efukefaumvdyf 0dZm (B.A) wef;udk pwifzGifhvSpfEdkifcJh+yD; jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;rsm;xJu yxrqH;k 0dZmbG@J & cJo h rl mS armifwl jzpfonf? 1886 ckEpS t f pwGif &efuek af umvdyu f kd t+rw J rf; aumvdyt f jzpf udv k ekd t D pd;k &u todtrSwjf yKc+hJ y;D jrefrmjynfynma&; qif'u D w d u f tkycf sKypf rD cH ef@cGcJ o hJ nf? 1894 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek af umvdyEf iS phf if+yKd if Aufywpf aumvdyx f eG ;f ay:vmcJo h nf? (3) 1909 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfwuUodkvf tufOya'wpfckudk rl=urf;a&;qGJ&ef ynma&; qif'u D wfu cef@tyfaom txl;aumfrwDu pOf;pm;cJo h nf[k rSwo f m;&onf? 1915 ckEpS o f @kd a&mufaomtcg &efuek af umvdyf ausmif;om;/ausmif;ol OD;a& (567)OD; &Sv d m+yD jzpf&m jrefrmjynfb&k ifcu H jrefrmjynfwiG f wuUov kd w f pfck zG@J pnf;ay;&ef Oya'=urf; wpfcak &;qG&J ef tdE, d xHwifjycJo h nf? xku d mvrS yxrurBmppfwiG ;f umv jzpfaoma=umifh wuUov kd w f nfaxmif&ef rjzpfEikd af o;aomfvnf; wuUov kd pf nf;rsO;f Oya'rsm; a&;qGx J m; &efom tdEd, tpd;k &u jrefrmtpd;k &udk ta=umif;jyefEikd cf o hJ nf? (4) 1919 ckEpS /f rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif &efuek w f uUov kd f zG@J pnfypkH epftwGuf tpD&ifcHpmudk txufuqkdcJh+yD;aom txl;aumfrwDu ynmrif;}uD;xHay;ydk@cJhonf/ ynmrif;}uD;u tdEd,rS ynma&;pepfwGif txl;u|rf;usifolig;OD;ESifh r'&yfwuUodkvf (tdE, d )rS armfueG ;f xde;f rpPwm tuf(zf)'sLpAm&D wd@k udk aiGa=u;tuket f uscH zdwaf c:um &efuek w f uUov kd f tufOya'(University Act Rangoon)udak &;qGaJ pcJo h nf? xko d @kd a&;qGJ &mwGif txl;aumfrwD. t}uHjyKcsuf tqdkwifoGif;csufrsm;udk tajcjyK a&;qGJ tvif;tdrfr* ➺ ➸

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cJhonf[kvnf; rSwfom;&onf? Todk@tm;jzifh 19201 ck/ 'DZifbmv 1 &ufae@wGif &efukefwuUodkvf[k ac:wGifaom trdwuUodkvf}uD; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pwifay:xGef; wnfwchH ahJ vonf/ (5) w.u.o [k twkad umufac:a0: }uaom wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm; or*~ (University Student's Union)onfvnf; &efukefwuUodkvf}uD; zGifhvSpf+yD;onfESifh ESpfrsm;r=umrDyif ay:aygufzGJ@pnf;cJhonfudk avhvmawG@&Sd&onf? w.u.o udk pwifz@JG pnf;cJph Ofu t"du OD;wnfcsuf (3) &yfrmS (1) vl@tzG@J tpnf;. vlaer_ tqift h wef; ydrk jdk rifrh m;vma&;twGuf wuUov kd f ausmif;om;/ol wpfOD;taejzifh rdrdaexkdif ouf&Sifaeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; vkyfaqmifay;Ekdif&ef/ (2) rdru d , kd u f kd tm;xm;rScD Edk ikd pf rG ;f &S+d y;D vGwv f yfpmG vkyu f ikd o f uf&iS f aexkid pf rG ;f &Sd&efESifh (3) vl x k t m;(vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; twG u f ) wm0ef & S d r _ E S i f h wm0ef , l r _ r sm;ud k oabmaygufvmatmif aqmif&Gufay;&ef? wuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~onf tawG; tac: vGwfvyfr_? tawG;tac:ESifhrl0g'a&;&m udpPwkd@wGif vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdEkdifpGrf; &Srd w _ @kd tay: wGif tckid t f rm&yfwnfonf [k jzpfonf? 1926 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmq&m0ef}u;D wpfO;D vnf;jzpf/ csr;f om}u, G 0f aom olaX;}u;D wpfOD;vnf;jzpfol a'gufwmOD;ndKu wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; or*~taqmuftOD wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf aiG'*Fg;jym;(usyf)aygif; wpfodef;ckepfaomif;(170000)udk &ufa&mpGm vSL'ge;f cJo h nf? 1930 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv? 12 &ufae@wGif &efuek w f uUov kd f taqmifae ausmif;om;/ol rsm;ESihf ae@wuf ausmif;om; taygi;f onf tpnf;ta0; }uD;wpf&yf usif;ycJh+yD; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf udkausmfcif/ udkwifhaqGESifh udkb*srf;wdk@udk a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufcJh}uonf? tqkdyg ausmif;om; ud, k pf m;vS,f oH;k OD;onf w&m;ol}u;D OD;bESihf awG@qHck }hJ u+y;D ausmif;om;or*~. Oya' pnf;rsO;f rsm; a&;qGaJ &;twGuf aumfrwDwpf&yf zG@J pnf;&ef oabmwlnrD _ &&Scd o hJ nf? 1930 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv? 20 &ufaeYwGif wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; tm;vH;k u ausmif;om;or*~ zG@J pnf;&ef wnDwnGww f nf; qH;k jzwfco hJ nf/ 1931 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 31 &ufae@wGif ausmif;om;rsm; or*~(w.u.o)udk zG@J pnf;cJ&h m xkd w.u.o tzG@J . tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J onf w.u.o orkid ;f wpfav#muf yxrqH;k zG@J pnf;cJah om tzG@J jzpfonf? jrefrmhyxrqH;k wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm; or*~. OuUXrSm udak usmcf if jzpf+y;D 1962 ckEpS f w.u.o udk ppfwyfrS t=urf;zufowfjzwf +zKd c+G yJ ;D csed f txd w.u.o 28

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OuUXtjzpf aemufqHk;aqmif&GufcJholrSm udkAaqGav; jzpfonf? udkAaqGav;rSm vufeufudkifvrf;pOfudk a&G;cs,f cJh+yD; ppftm%m&SifudkwHk@jyefwkdufyGJ0if&if; awmwGif; ppfajrjyif wpfae&mwGif *k%af &mifajymifpmG usq;kH cJo h nf? w.u.o onf trsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&; e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; wku d yf w JG pfav#mufro S nf ,ae@acwf ppftm%m&Sif qef@usifa&;wkdufyGJ qifEGJaecsdef txd orkdif;*k%fa&mif xGef;ajymifpGm tvHrvSJ wku d yf 0JG ifvsu&f adS om wpfcw k nf;aom ausmif;om;tzG@J tpnf;}u;D jzpfygonf/

aZmf+idrf;vwf (74)

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uGejf rLepfwap> eJ@ ppfzufqpfo&J

a'gufwmarmifarmif}uD; txufygtoHk;tE_H;rSm pma&;olwnfxGifaom pum;vHk;topfr[kwfyg? 4if;tac:rsm;udk pwifo;kH pGcJ o hJ o l nf uG,v f eG o f l jrefrmEkid if 0H ef}u;D csKyaf [mif; ocifEk ac: OD;Ek jzpfygonf? ol@udk vkyfabmfudkifbufrsm;u "udk}uD;Ek" [kac:=uygonf? pma&;olw@kd t&G,rf sm;u *g&a0gpjzifh "b}u;D Ek" [kac:&rnfjzpf+y;D acwfvil ,frsm;uawmh "zdk;zdk;}uD;Ek" [k ac:&rnfyh *k Kd~ vjf zpfygonf? Zmwfvrf;udpk &aomf 1957 ckEpS Yf tdref ;D csi;f ,d;k ',m;Ekid if w H iG f zD;rm&S,f q&pfwmem&yf acgi;f aqmifaom ppfwyfu tm%modr;f vku d o f jzifh 0ef}u;D csKyf rm&S,f (a[mif;) yDbq l eG *f ,rfrmS &efol uarBm'D;,m;Edik if o H @kd rd;k }uKd ;iSuf (Thunder Bird) trnf&u dS m;ESihf xGuaf jy;&aom"mwfykH jrefrmowif;pmrsm; wGif "rSeu f if;wvSn/hf xif;wvSnhf" acgi;f pOfjzifh ygvmygonf? aemuf w&uf ESp&f uft}umwGif 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Eku rde@f cGe;f ajym&mwGif 'kw, d urBmppf}uD;tjyD; ,cif udkvkdeDEdkifiH trsm; vGwfvyfa&;&vma=umif;/ vGwfvyfp Ekid if t H rsm;pkrmS vuf00J g'bufo@kd ,dr;f =ua=umif;/ ok@d ygvsuEf iS hf vH;k 0 vuf0EJ idk if t H jzpfo@kd ra&mufrjcif; vuf0t J yk pf u k rauseyfI uGejf rLepfoyl ek rf sm; ay:vma=umif;/ tar&duef acgif;aqmifaom tjcm;tkyfpkuvnf; uGefjrLepfrjzpfjyD;a&m[k oabmxm;um/ uGejf rLepfqef@usio f q l v kd sS if rnf olŒudrk qkd axmuf cHtm;ay;a=umif;/ xk@d a=umifh tar&duef tultnD,laom zGHŒ+zdK;pEkdifiHtcsKdŒwGif 'Drdkua&pD qdyfokOf;oGm;jyD; ppftm%m&Sif/ 30

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ayguu f =JG uum "vlxak tmfo"H (vlxak tmiforH [kw)f }u;D jzpf aom " 'k@d ta&;ESihf tvkrd &S"d wk@d jzifh urBmodatmif jyEkid cf yhJ gaomfvnf; vlom;.t&omudk odaeaom om;pm; bDv;l udk owfowfvGwfpm;yg&ef awmif;yefouJhodk@ om&SdjyD; ppfzufqpfo&J}uD;u 4if;. taEW0gou d [k,q l xm;aom bDv;l obufrsm;udk arSm0f ift;kd }u;D twGi;f rS v$wv f u kd jf y;D xif&mpdik ;f apawmh&m wjynfv;kH aoG;acsmif;pD;um jynfov l x l }k u;D rSmvnf; "',ft;kd xJriS g; qDyal =umuf+y;D rD;zdx k cJ ek q f if;" onfh b0rsK;d a&mufomG ;avawmh.? vl@aoG;aomufzl;oGm;aom bDvl;obufwkd@rSm vuf&JZuf&J jzpfvmum aemufq;kH wGif olw@kd .q&m&if; o&J}u;D udyk if csr;f omray;awmhbJ owfjzwf pm;aomuf vkduf=uavawmhonf? "q&mumjyef/ tmacgifvSHpl;" qkdonfh pum; &Sdaomfvnf; bDvl;obufwkd@rSm wefcdk;xGm;qJjzpfjyD; igESifh igom E_dif;p&m[k txifa&mufum igwkd@uvGJ&if b,folrS raumif;qdkonfhoabmrsdK;yif vkyfudkifajymqdk a&;om;vm =uavonf? jrefrmvlx}k u;D rSmawmh zqyvwd@k arG;cJah omo&J}u;D . '%fukd 26 ESpaf usmEf iS hf o&J}u;D .wynfh bDv;l obuf}u;D rsm;.'g%u f 2kd 7 ESpaf usmf pkpak ygi;f &mpkEpS f xuf0uf ausmf tvl;tvJcHxm;&jzifh raumif;qdk;0g;rsm;&efrS tjrefu,fwifay;rnfh 0dZ‰m"kkd&f olawmfjrwfww f @kd udk ajrmS af wmfaZmESihf armae =uygawmhonf? 2015 a&G;aumufyu JG 0dZm‰ "k&dk f olawmfjrwfwkdf u h &kd mS azGawG@&SEd ikd f ygrnfavm? vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 2500 ausmfu a*gwr jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tem*wWHo ^m%fawmfjzifh a&SŒa&;ud=k unfjh y;D "ig bk&m;. omoemwmfukd ig. om;awmfrsm;jzpfaom &[ef;rsm;u zsuf=uayvwWH@" [k}udKwifa[mudef; xkwfxm;cJhyg onf? &[ef;wk &[ef;a,mif/ &Siw f &k iS af ,mifw@kd a=umifh omoemawmf qkw, f w k v f monfrmS trSejf zpfyg onf? jrefrmppfwyfukd wnfaxmifay;cJo h l Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;rSmawmh a*gwrAk'u < o hJ @kd oAŠnKwa&$ ^m%fawmfvnf;r&cJ/h tem*wWo H ^m%fawmf vnf;&So d rl [kwI f / tem*wfukd }udKrjrifIom jrefrmppfwyf. zcif}uD;jzpfcJh[ef &Sdygonf? tem*wfudk}udKjrifI olaxmifcahJ om wyfrawmfukd ol.om;rsm;jzpfaom ppfAv kd pf pfom;rsm;u zsu=f uawmhrnf/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk udk,fu|efjyefvkyfrnfhwyf/ olŒorD;t&if;udk enf;rsdK;pHkESifh 'kuQay;rnfhwyf jzpfawmhrnfrSef;om od&SdcJh&ygu "udk,fhvlrsdK;udk,f EdSyfpufrnfhwyfrsdK; xlaxmif ay;cJhrnfhtpm; wkdif;wyg;om;vufatmuf u|efom;aygufjzpf ae&wmu ydkaumif; ygvrd Ohf ;D rnf"[k ajymcJrh nfrmS rcGsw?f ,cktcsed f Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;om toufjyef&iS v f mcJyh gu jzpfEikd zf , G rf sm;rSm... (1) ol. om;ajr;rsm;ozG,jf zpfaom ,ckacwf ppfAv kd pf pfom;rsm;udk qH;k ryJjh yif&ef tvif;tdrfr* ✔ ✓

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a'gufwmarmifarmif}uD; ar 10/ 2015 (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS ul;,laz: jyygonf)

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cHae=u&wJh tcsed jf zpfwhJ twGuf r*~Zif;pmrsuEf mS rSm vli,fyef;csD q&m&JŒ avmutjrif tawG; wcsKd Œudk a&;om;azmfjycsiyf g&ufe@J csef vSex f m;cJ&h wm ESajrmp&myg? rSwrf ad e ygao;w,f? tJh'Dwkef;u yef;csDt,ltqawG ta=umif; pum; pyfrdae=u&if; vli,f yef;csDq&mu/ vlawG&JŒ a&G;cs,fydkifcGifh wcsdKŒaysmufqHk;ae&wJh ppftm%m&Sif awG&JŒ zdESdyfuef@owfabmif cwfxm;cH&r_awG ta=umif;ajymovdk tJ'Dtm%m &SifawG}uD;pdk; rif;rlae orSsumvywfvHk;rSm wdkif;jynfrSm&SdwJh vlwpfOD;csif;pD&JŒ udk,fydkif Identity awG [ mvnf ; 0rf ; enf ; p&m aumif ; avmuf a tmif aysmuf q H k ; ae&OD ; rS m yJ q d k w m ajymvmygw,f? vlwpfa,muf&ŒJ Identity qdw k mrSm ol[m b,fov l ?J ol[mbmvJ qdw k m t"du usygw,f? vli,f yef;csq D &mu u|eaf wmhu f kd Oyrmay;+y;D ajymoGm;wm pdw0f ifpm; zd@k vnf; aumif;ovdk 0rf;enf;zd@k vnf; aumif;ygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh olajymjyoGm;wmu u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jynfrmS =uufajceD olemjyKwyfzŒJG 0if wpf a,mufqykd gawmh? olŒ&JŒ Identity u =uufajceD olemjyKjzpfw,f? olŒemrnfu armifjzLqdy k gawmh? armifjzL&JŒ tvkyf [m rGefjrwfw,f? ta&;ay: xdcdkuf'g%f&m&wJh vlemawGudk armifjzLu ulnDapmifh a&Smufw,f? olwwfu|rf;wJh=uuf ajceDa&S;OD; olemjyKenf;t& vlemawGudk }udKwif u,fq,fjyKpk apmifah &Smufr_ ay;w,f? aemufwpfcg armifnKd qdyk gawmh? armifnKd u &yf&mG eJ@ +rKd Œ }u;D jy}u;D awGrmS rD;ab; umuG,af &;twGuf olwwfu|r;f wJh rD;+ird ;f owf twwfynm &yfawGukd ,H=k unfouf0if+y;D jynfov l x l u k kd ulnu D ,fq,f umuG,af pmifh a&SmufaewJh rD;owfwyfzŒJG 0if wpfa,muf jzpfw,f? 'gyifrJh jrefrmEdkifiHrSmawmh =uufajceDwyfzGJŒ0if armifjzLeJ@ rD;owf wyfzJGŒ0if armifnKd w@kd udk olw@kd &JŒ ud, k yf ikd f Identity awG uae+yD; aoGznfoGm;atmif/ aysmufysuf oGm;atmif/ ppftpd;k & ppftm%m ydik af wGuae+y;D }uKd ;udik t f oH;k cs ae=uwm 0rf;enf;p&m aumif;wJh ta=umif; vli,fyef;csD q&mu u|eaf wmhu f kd ajymjyw,f? wu,fawmh =uufajceD olemjyKwyfzŒGJ 0if armifjzLqdw k hJ vlwpfa,muf&ŒJ Identity eJ@ rD;owfwyfzŒJG armifnKd qdw k hJ vlwpfa,muf&ŒJ Identity [m/ wdik ;f jynfEikd if t H 0ef; rSm "txufwef;us " vSwhJ Identity awGyjJ zpfw,f? 'gayrJh tm%mydkifawGu olwdk@ (2) a,mufudk b,fvdk cdkif;ap toHk;cs aevJqakd wmh &yfuu G x f rJ mS nOfh eufoef;acgif wpfvrf;0if wpfvrf;xGu/f acG;a[mifoH acG;tloH wnHnH wpDp=D um;xJrmS [dk +cx H 0J if/ 'Dtrd af &SŒ&yf/ wHcg;awGukd w0ke;f 0ke;f w'dik ;f 'dik ;f xkEu S +f y;D "AsKd Œ tdr&f iS f wd@k tdr&f iS w f @kd {nfph m&if; ppfr,fv@dk "AsKd Œ atmf[pfcikd ;f wmawG/ {nfph m&if; ppfwt hJ zJŒG xJrmS vdu k yf gcikd ;f aewmawG[m armifjzLeJ@ armifnKd w@kd &JŒ ud, k yf ikd f t&nftaoG; t&nftcsif; Identity awGeJ@ vHk;0qef@usif bufjzpfaewJh ta=umif; 36

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yef;csq D &mav;u u|eaf wmhu f kd ajymjyygw,f? xdek nf;wlpmG yJ? wpfcg wpfcg wcsKd Œ+rKd Œe,f awGu tm%mydik f ¶k;H tzJŒG tpnf;awG[m vlomG ;vrf;/ um;/ pufb;D / qdu k f u,f/ qdu k u f m;/ jrif;vSn;f oGm;wJh vrf;ab;0J,m wpfavSsmuf vrf;ydwfqdk@ vkrwwfaps;a&mif; ae=uwJh vrf;ab;aps;onfawGudk toHcsJŒpufeJ@ atmf[pf+y;D z,f&mS ;&Si;f vif; cdik ;f wJh ae&mrsKd ;rSm vnf; armif jzLqdw k hJ =uufajceDwyfzŒGJ 0ife@J armifnKd qw kd hJ rD;owfwyfzŒJG 0ifvrkd sKd ; wyfzŒJG 0ifawGukd olw@kd &JŒ t"du twwfynm/ olw@kd &JŒ rGejf rwf txufwef;usvw S hJ OD;wnf&nf &G,cf su/f olw@kd &JŒ yifr tvkyt f udik f Identity awGuaeaoGznf aysmufu, G f oGm;atmif csKyu f ikd cf ikd ;f ap aewmawG[m obm0w&m;eJ@ aoGz,fry_ v J @dk vli,fyef;csq D &mav;u ajymjyygw,f? olqv kd w kd mu v,form;[m pdwaf t;csr;f ompGmeJ@ olŒ&JŒ v,fvyk if ef;cGix f rJ mS yJ arGŒavsmcf iG hf &S&d r,f? tvkyo f rm;[m ol&oif&h xdu k w f hJ vkyt f m;caiGe@J olŒ&JŒ vkyif ef;cGif xJrmS ab;tEœ&m,fuif;&Si;f use;f rmpGm vkyu f ikd cf iG hf &Sad e&r,f?xdek nf;wl &[ef;&Siv f l jynfol ausmif;om; ausmif;olwikd ;f [mvnf; ud, k &hf ŒJ ud, k yf ikd f Identity t& qENe@J arSsmrf eS ;f csuf jynfjh ynf0h 0 wpfO;D csi;f tcGit hf a&; rSsrsS wweJ@ b0udk wnfzŒJG Edik =f u&r,f? yef;csD q&m[m olŒyef;cscD pH m;r_/ olŒtEkynmudk olŒtawG;udk vGwv f yfpmG b,foŒl &JŒ csKyu f ikd f zdEydS x f m;qD;r_&ŒJ atmufrmS rS r&Sad p&bJ awG;ac: cHpm; yHak zmfzefw;D Edik cf iG hf &Sad e&r,f? 'gukd yef;csq D &mav; u ajymjycJw h myg? vlawGe@J olw@kd &JŒ ud, k yf ikd f tqift h wef;awGukd a&maxG;csiw f ikd ;f vnf; a&maxG; vdk@ r&EdkifwJh oabmygyJ? Oyrm &JwyfzGJŒqdkygawmh olŒrSmvnf; olŒtpOftvm t&&S+d y;D om;yg? 17 &mpke@J 18&mpk ESpaf wGwek ;f u t*FvefEikd if rH mS qd&k if touft&G,f tdrk if;wJh olawGu vufqrJG eS t f rd af wG udik +f y;D nbufuif; vSnx hf u G cf &hJ wJah cwf jzpfchJ zl;w,f? tar&duwdu k rf mS usawmh e,fy,fopfawGp+y;D wnfaxmifcgp acwfwek ;f uqd&k if/ a,musmf ; wdik ;f [m ud, k &hf ŒJ tdraf xmifpu k kd wm0ef,l umuG,f apmifah &Smuf&wJh acwf jzpfczhJ ;l w,f? Oa&mywdu k rf mS &Sw d hJ Edik if aH wGrmS awmh tJ'D t*Fvefe@J tar&duefu acwfawG xuf apm+y;D &JtzGŒJ qdw k m &Scd w hJ ,f? 'gayrJhtkyfcsKyfwJh rif;{u&mZfawG&JŒ vufyg;ap tqifhavmufyJ &SdcJhygw,f? a&mrbk&if *wfpwyfvufxuf/ jyifopfu ppfb&k ifawGjzpfwhJ 14 qufajrmuf vl0eD @J eydv k , D ef vufxufrmS zGŒJ pnf;cJw h hJ &JwyfzŒJG [m bk&ifawGu cdik ;f wJt h wdik ;f vlxq k u D tcGeaf wG aumuf&ovdk bk&ifawG&ŒJ rw&m;zdEydS rf u _ kd qef@usiw f hJ Edik if aH &;orm;awGukd zrf;qD;nSOf;qJ&wJh tvkyfawGyJ vkyfcJh=u&w,f? 1829 ckESpfrSmawmh t*FvefEdkifiHu eef;&if;0ef "qma&mbwfy;D "[m acwfrDS &J tzJŒG zGŒJ zd@k ygvrD efvw $ af wmfukd wifjyyg w,f? tvif;tdrfr* P ❖

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tck =um;ae&jyefwmuawmh jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzJGŒwJh? b,fEdkifiH b,fwdkif;jynfu &JwyfzGJŒrqdk w&m; Oya'udk ¶dkaoav;pm;&ygw,f? jynfol vlxk&JŒ touftdk;tdrf pnf;pdrfvHk+cHKr_udk aqmif&Guf&wJh tvkyfu &JwyfzJGŒ0ifwdkif;&JŒ tvkyfjzpfygw,f? vlwpfa,muf&JŒ Identity t& ajym&&if ol[mb,f olvJ/ armifbqdkygawmh armifb bmtvkyf vkyfvJ/ ol[m &JwyfzGJŒ0if wpfa,muf jzpfw,f? 'g[m olŒ&J Identity ygyJ? olŒ&JŒ tvkyf[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ tusdK;udk o,fydk;xrf;aqmifay;zkd@om jzpfyg w,f? qif;&Jusyfwnf;/ EGrf;yg;pkwfjywf/ rGJawaewJh jrefrmjynfol vlxktrsm;pkudk rw&m;/ ¶dkufESuf t=urf;zuf acsr_ef;zdk@ r[kwfwm olŒ&JŒ tqift h wef;jrifrh m;vSwhJ ud, k u f sio hf u d mQ jzpfygw,f? ..............

vlxu k uef@uGuyf gw,f? vGwv f yfre_ @J vlŒtcGit hf a&;udk zdEydS w f jhJ yifopf Edik if u H &JtzJŒG vdk jzpfrmS pd;k &dr+f y;D vlxku uef@uGuf=uwmyg? vlxkudk &Sif;jyawmhrS vlxku vufcHwmeJ@ t*FvefEdkifiH vef'ef+rKd Œawmf &JwyfzŒJG udk zJŒG pnf;cGihf &cJyh gw,f? 1920 ckEpS rf mS trsKd ;orD; &JwyfzŒJG udk zGŒJ pnf;cJyh gw,f? t*Fvefe@J a0ve,fawGrmS &JwyfzŒGJ oifwef;ausmif;awG zGichf yhJ gw,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSmvnf; &JtzJGŒudk pepfwuszGJŒpnf;cJhovdk Oa&mywdkuf u Edik if aH wGuawm h jyifopf &JtzGŒJ &JŒ pepfukd enf;,l+y;D zGŒJ pnf;cJw h ,f? 1920ckEpS rf wdik cf if uawmh uae'gEdkifiHrSmtaemufajrmuf jrif;pD;&JtzJGŒudk p+yD; zGJŒcJhovdkaemufydkif;rSm uae'gEikd if H jrif; pD;&JwyfzŒJG &,fv@dk wd;k csŒJ zGŒJ pnf;cJyh gw,f? jrefrmEdik if u H &JwyfzŒGJ [mvnf; vGwv f yfa&; r&cifuwnf;u t*FvefEikd if &H ŒJ &JtzGŒJ zGŒJ pnf;yHk pepfukd tajccH+y;D zJŒG cJ&h mu wpfpwpfp &Jtwwfoif ausmif;awG/ XmeawG/ wyfzŒGJ awGukd wd;k csŒJ vmcJw h m jzpf w,fv@dk od&ygw,f? t&ifwek ;f u t*Fvyd pf um;vH;k Police udk toHv, S f +y;D "ykvyd f "vd@k / "ykvyd t f zJŒG " vd@k ac:cJah yr,fh jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&; &+y;D wJt h cg jrefrmpmudk ¶k;H oH;k bmomtaeeJ@ jyÏmef; vdu k t f cgrmS &JtzJŒG qd+k y;D ac:cJyh gw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpD ppftpd;k &vufxuf pufwifbm 1 &uf/ 1964 rSmawmh jynfoŒl &JwyfzŒGJ qd+k y;D emrnf ajymif;cJjh yefygw,f? tck =um;ae&jyefwmuawmh jrefrmEdik if &H w J yfzŒGJ wJ?h b,fEikd if H b,fwikd ;f jynfu &JwyfzGJŒrqdk w&m; Oya'udk ¶dkaoav;pm;&ygw,f? jynfol vlxk&JŒ touftdk;tdrf pnf;pdrfvHk+cHKr_udk aqmif&Guf&wJh tvkyfu &JwyfzJGŒ0ifwdkif;&JŒ tvkyfjzpfygw,f? vlwpfa,muf&ŒJ Identity t& ajym&&if ol[mb,f olv/J armifbqdyk gawmh armifb bmtvkyf vkyv f /J ol[m &JwyfzŒJG 0if wpfa,muf jzpfw,f? 'g[m olŒ&J Identity ygyJ? olŒ&JŒ tvkyf[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ tusdK;udk o,fydk;xrf;aqmifay;zkd@om jzpfyg w,f? qif;&Jusyw f nf;/ EGr;f yg;pkwjf ywf/ rGaJ waewJh jrefrmjynfol vlxt k rsm;pkukd rw&m;/ ¶du k Ef u S f 38

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t=urf;zuf acsre_ ;f zd@k r[kww f m olŒ&JŒ tqift h wef;jrifrh m;vSwhJ ud, k u f sio hf u d mQ jzpfygw,f? olŒ&JŒ tqift h wef;jrifrh m;vSwhJ ud, k u f sio hf u d jzpfyg w,f? 'Dvrkd S r[kw&f ifawmh ud, k &hf ŒJ ud, k yf ikd f Identity awG aysmufqHk; ysufjy,f+yD; olwpfyg; tkyfpdk;ol vlwef;pm; tm%m&Sif t}uKd uf cg;ydu k af qmifb0 txd edru hf somG ;Edik yf gw,f? tkypf ;kd ol vlwef;pm; &mxl;pnf;pdrf wnf+rJa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;aqmif&Gufae&wJh b0eJ@ tqifhavmufrSmyJ qifjcifwkH w&m;enf;yg;/ ynmOm%fenf;yg;vGe;f ol vlwpfa,muf&ŒJ tqifah vmufrmS yJ ude;f ao "Constant " jzpfaerSm aocsmygw,f? 'Dvykd gyJ wdik ;f jynf wpfjynfrmS vnf; 'Dwdkif;jynf[m bmvJ/ bmwdkif;jynfvJ/ vlxktay:rSm b,fvdkpHepfeJ@ pDrHtkyfcsKyfaewJh wdik ;f jynfvJ qdw k hJ wdik ;f jynfwpfjynf&ŒJ Identity &Syd gw,f? tode@J owd w&m;vufuikd f xm;Edik =f uyg apa=umif;Asm?

aqmif;0if;vwf (jrefrmoHawmfqihfowif;XmerS)

0J}oCrSmaw;oHjydKifvkd h

A[kviG jf yif 88 rsKd ;quf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wpfO;D . axmifwiG ;f jzpf vufawG@b0 Edik if aH &;aemufcH 0wÎKopf t vif ; td rf r *~ Z if ; rS pD p Of x kwf a 0 jz ef@ csd o nf ? tvif;tdrfr* ♥ ♠

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r[mrdwf tEkynmESifh pmay.wm&m

0if;wif wae@u '*kew f m&m. tcef;od@k a&mufomG ;onf? a&$'*Fg;yef;td;k uav;onf pEN,m;ay:wGif 0if;0if;awmufvsuf &So d nf? tay:zH;k v$mxm;aom tdy&f m ywfvnf ESihf wcef; vH;k wGif pmtkyrf sm; qifyh x kH m;onf? v#ypf pfr;D tkyaf qmif;. t&dyjf zifh tay:wjcrf; arS;rSed af eaom tcef;eH&w H iG f yef;csu D m;rsm; csw d q f x JG m;onf? (1) u|ef a wmf prf ; qG J x m;wmawG a v [k '*k e f w m&majymonf ? 'D u m;u rJe,fawmifukd um;vrf;ay:u vSr;f jrif&wJyh ?kH tJ'aD e&mudk a&mufjy;D oH;k vavmuf=umrS pdwfxJrSm jyefjrifa,mif jyD; qGJwm wum;vHk; pdrf;vJha&mif ajy;aeonfh vuf&mudk =unfrh o d nf? rJe,fawmif jymrdi_ ;f rdi_ ;f onfxyfcsyq f ifah rmufum tjrife;D vsuf c&D;a0;aom awmif&c_ if;udk x,f0gf }u;D jrwfpmG pd;k rd;k aeonf? 'Dum;udk ay:OD;oufu oabmusw,f? 'Dum;udak wmh udt k ek ;f vGiu f }uKd uw f ,f? cifAsm;aum b,fE, S hf oabm&ovJ [k ar;ae avonf? (2) pdrf;vJhvJhyef;csDum;rsm;/ 0g0if;0if; a&$'*Fg;yef;tdk;/ eufajymifajymif pEN,m;ESifh 40

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txyfxyf pmtkyyf u kH kd =unf&h if;vrf;wGif u|eaf wmfw@kd '*kew f m&mESihf ajymvmaom pum;udk jyefpOf;pm;rdonf? '*kew f m&mu tckwavm armifuu kd kd pEN,m;vufoaH wG em;axmifrv d m;? wifwifjr qdw k mawGav? yef;jrKd iv f nfw@kd / v#yyf ef;acGE, G w f @kd tJ'v D kd prf;wmaumif;w,f tm;ay; &r,f? '*kew f m&monf wvrf;vH;k yef;cs/Dd *Dw/ pmay jy\emrsm;udk ajymvmonf? urBmat;vrf;r}uD;rS '*kefwm&m.tdrfbufodk@ csdK;0ifaomvrf;=um;av;odk@ a&mufaom tcg u|eaf wmfu 'Dupd aP wG cifAsm;yJ a&;zd@k aumif;w,fAsm? yef;csw D @kd / *Dwwd@k qdw k m vlr_ udpaP wGy/J 'gawGukd vlawG em;axmif&kH em;axmif/ =unf&h kH =unfw h m r[kwb f /J ud, k w f ikd f em;vnfvmatmif tuJjzwf wefz;kd xm;vmatmif pma&; q&mawG u a&;ay;zd@k vdw k ,fAsvrf;=urf;ojzifh um;onf w0ke;f 0ke;f aqmifh cgvsu&f o dS nf? u|eaf wmfonfum;udk xde;f armif;&if; "u|eaf wmf qdyk gawmhAsm? yef;csDd / *Dw wd@k rSm u|eaf wmf pdw0f ifpm;vmwm[m cifAsm; 0wWKawGxrJ mS zwf&vd@k yJ? wm&m r*~Zif;rSm cifAsm;a&;cJw h mawG zwfjy;D awmhvnf; urBm*h w D / urBmyh ef;csw Dd @kd udk pdw0f ifpm;wwfvmcJw h m" [k ajymonf? '*kew f m&mu "u|eaf wmfvnf; em;vnfvv S @kd awmh r[kwyf gb;l Asm" [k qdo k nf? ol@tcef;od@k a&mufaomtcg pmtky/f pEN,m;ESihf yef;csu D m;wd@k onf wckuw kd ck ydu k af xG; vnf,u S v f suf &So d nfuakd wG@&onf? (3) pmay/ *Dw yef;csw Dd @kd onf jzKwcf rJG &atmif aygi;f pyf ,SOw f aJG eaom tEkynm yifpnf cufr}u;D rsm; jzpfonf? tEkynmonf wenf;qd&k v#if vl@todOm%fyifjzpfonf? todOm%f r&Sv d #if vl rjzpfEikd f ? od@k jzpf&m vlonf vljzpfaeoa&G@ umvywfv;kH (rnfr#yif pufrx _ eG ;f um; wd;k wufonf jzpfap) tEkynmudk zefw;D yGm;rsm;aetke;f rnfyif? xdktEkynmonf yef;csdDwckwnf;r[kwf? *Dwwckwnf; r[kwf? pmay wckwnf;r[kw?f tm;vH;k aom yef;cs/D *Dw / pmaywd@k aygi;f qHk pD;0ifro S m v_y&f mS ;&Sio f ef aom yifra&pd;D }u;Dd jzpfxeG ;f Edik o f nf? (tEkynm yifra&pD;}u;D v_y&f mS ;&Sio f efrv S nf; vl@ tzG@J tpnf; w&yfonf t"Ge@f &Snpf mG xGe;f um;Edik rf nf? od@k jzpf&m yef;csD *Dw pmaywd@k onf tjyeftvSef qufpyfr_ tusKd ;jyKr_ axmuful tm;ay;r_ &S&d ef vdak vonf? jynfov l x l k t=um;Y pmzwfol aygrsm;ovdk yef;csDd =unf&h o _ l aygrsm;ap&rnf? aw;*Dw arG@ol aygrsm;ovdk pmayzwf&o _ l aygrsm;ap&rnf? pmayrS 0wWKrsm;udk &kyf&Sif &dkuful;jcif;jzifh &kyf&Sif=unfhol wdk;yGm;vmonfESifh tr# pmzwf&_ol tvif;tdrfr* ➁ ➀

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t&SifoH0&mvuFm& ("rRyd,q&mawmf) (http://www.news-eleven.com

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pma&;q&mrsm;. pmayESifh acwfordkif; aqG;aEG;0kdif;rsm;rSm q&m}uD;wdk@ZeD;armifESH. jynf&yd o f m +c0H ef;xJysucf o hJ nfr&Sd ? "tysdKvdk raerdvdk@"qdkonfh acgif;pOfjzifh qGJaqmifcJhonfh pmtkyftygt0if q&mr}uD; a':cifrsdK;cspfvuf&m t*Fvdyf-jrefrm pmtkyfrsm;u pmcspfolwdk@twGuf rarhEdkifp&mrsm;yif ? Colourful Burma ,Flowers and Festival (a&mifpkHjrefrm q,fhESpfv&moDyef;ESifh yGJawmfrsm;)pmtkyf wdk@rSm jrefrmqdkwm bmvJ[k odvdkaom Edik if jH cm;om; rsm;twGuf &nfne$ ;f pmtkyaf umif;rsm; jzpfco hJ nf? xdpk mtkyrf sm;rS jrefrmwd@k . &eH@ toH tqif;rsm; omru pdw0f Od mOfuv kd nf; zrf;,l&Edik cf =hJ uonf? pmaypdppfa&; wif;usyaf om r²q²v vufxuftxd ajymvdu k pf rf;r,f aomif;ajymif;axGvm acgi;f pOfEiS hf tnD q&mr}u;D uavmifu tqufrjywfc/hJ wm0efausc+hJ rJ ? ,ckpmrSm q&m}u;D ESihf q&mr}u;D wd@k . pmayvuf&mrsm;ta=umif; jyKpo k nfr[kwI f tus,rf csŒJ awmhyg?

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rif;ukdEkdif (q&m}uD;OD;cifarmifvwf ESifh q&mr}uD; a':cifrsKd;cspfwkd@ ZeD;armifESH ESpfw&mjynfh trSwfw& - 9 - ar- 2015) 54

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"u|erf u tEkynmudk ody¶f ;l oGyw f m" 'Dpum;udk E_wfzsm;u rcsbJ ajymae&wmudku &Sufp&myg armif&,f? t*Fvdyfpum; Crazy udk jrefrmr_jyK+yD; "¶l;oGyf"vkyfxnfhvkdufawmh u|efrwdk@tm;vHk; t¶l;awG jzpfuek w f mayg?h ¶l;¶Hw k ifrubJ oGyw f yG w f yG yf g jzpf&wJb h 0? u|erf wd@k usyrf jS ynf=h uao;&JŒvm;vk@d tawG;0ifrw d ,f armif? "[m - rif;orD;uvnf; "mwfy¶kH u kd rf ,fqrdk S b,fEh , S hf xrD}u;D eJ@ wufcsvmwm wkef;²²²oGm; oGm; jyefc|wf" "&Si"f "mwfy¶kH u kd w f m xrDr0wf&bl;vk@d b,ftpd;k &u uef@owfcv hJ @kd vJu, G ?f [dt k &ifu rdef;rawG csdwfxrD &Snf}uD;awG0wf+yD; "mwfyHk¶dkufcJhwm? usufoa&&Sdvkd@ urBmu odcw hJ ,fr[kwv f m;? ckawmh²²²? "'gjzifv h nf; jrefrmyDyD xrDveS +f y;D ¶du k rf ,fav" v$wcf eJpum;? 'g¶u kd w f m}u;D urBmjym;oGm;w,f? "tm - xrDvSef+yD;¶dkuf&atmif &yfuGuf ywfqJwmrS r[kwfwm²²²oGm; oGm;²²²oGm; jyefc|wf" xrDvSef¶dkufwmeJ@ xrDc|wf¶dkufwm b,ft&mursm; tdajEN&SdEdkifrvJuG,f? xrDveS af wmh qJwm qJwm wJ?h xrDc|waf wmh sexy wJ?h uJ - em;vnfr_ enf;enf; vGo J vm;vd@k ? 'gayrJh wwfEikd yf gb;l av? olw@kd ajymovkd ,H=k unfcsuaf wG bkq d efz@kd xrDc|wI f 'Ge@f vku d o f nfayg?h "[m &Snaf ew,fav" jrifjrifcsi;f pum;? a,mif0g;0g;eJ@ "qHyifvm; [if" "tm qHyif&n S w f m tjypfvm;²²²tck[mu abmif;bD&n S af ew,fajymwm" "u|wf - tJ'gawGyJ pdwn f pfwm? ,H=k unfcsuu f u kd bkrd qef? b,fvv dk yk rf vJ? jyefi@kH =unfrh w d ,f armif? o&D;uGmwm; abmif;bDukd &Snw f ,fqadk wmh b,fvv dk yk &f rvJ[if?" ud, k t hf awG;rqH;k rD? "olrsm;awGqkd 'Dvkdo&D;uGmwm; rajymeJ@²²²wl;uGmwm;/ 0rf;uGmwm;tjyif ZD;¶d;k uGmwm; awmifjzpf ae=u+y²D ²²pHpk rf;OD; ywf0ef;usiaf v; bmav;" "atmf - ZD;¶d;k uGmwm;wJ?h olw@kd ajymrS =um;&wJph um;? rde;f rawGrsm; c|wo f mG ; ae=u+yv D m;uG,?f 'D acwfrmS ajymygw,f?" 60

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"uJ uJ - vJaevnf; =umOD;r,f²²²'D0wfpekH @J enf;enf;¶du k =f unfrh ,f" yd@k pfvyk +f y?D a&mufav&m yg;ay:vufEpS af csmif;wif cyfciG cf iG af v;aumufawmh "tm bmvkyfaewmvJ²²²tifwmeufay: 'csd'csdyHk vmrvkyfeJ@²²²ESpfukef; wpfaumhyx kH w k f" "qif" rsufvHk;yg jymundK jzpfoGm;w,f? ESpfukef;wpfaumhwJh? b,fvkdyHkrsKd;ygvdrhf? em;r&Si;f wmeJ@yJ? "ESpu f ek ;f wpfaumh²²²bmvJ ESpu f ek ;f wpfaumhqw dk m" 'g¶u kd w f m}u;D pdwyf suo f mG ;[efe@J E_wcf rf;udk oa&mfawmfawmf+yKH ;vku d +f y;D "tJ'gy?J topfawGwif&wm odyv f ufayguu f yfwmyJ? [Jh - rmrD oGm;jyvku d pf rf;" 'g¶u kd w f mpum;udk rmrDwv$m;v$m;eJ@ ajy;vmw,f? tem;a&mufawmh "'Dvadk v orD;&JŒ? ESpu f ek ;f qkw d m cg;uke;f / vufjyifuek ;f &r,f? wpfaumhuawmh a[m'Dtzk;d wef wifyg;aumh&rSmaygh" "zwf zwf" vuf&ZJ uf&eJ @J zifygvmykwo f mG ;ao;? atmf rde;f rcsi;f yJav qk+d y;D cGiv hf w $ &f jyef? wu,f[w k v f m; r[kwv f m; rod? "'Dvrdk sK;d " taotcsm vkyjf yygw,f? zifwek @J tzGm;}u;D bk;d bGm;&dyo f m oGm;ovdyk rkH sK;d ygyJ armif&,f? cg;uuke;f uke;f / zifuaumufaumufe@J qkad wmhav? wkeaf umufygxnf&h if ¶kyx f u G w f ,f? wwfEdkifygbl;? olwdk@ajymwJhtwkdif; ESpfukef;wpfaumheJ@ +yHK;avsmhavsmh}uD; vkyx f m;vku d &f w,f? 'guakd wmif tm;r&bJ "cg;eJ@vufjyifxyfuek ;f av? zifux kd yfaumh? ray:bl; jzpfaew,f" xyfaumuf&w,f armif? 'gvnf; tm;r&bJ "xyfaumufav? t}u;D }u;D aumuf wif" atmf 'Davmuft}u;D }u;D aumufwm vkcd sif =uL=uLoif; ac:¶du k af ygh armif&,f? vlqkdwm &Sdoavmuf yJxGufrSmaygh? 'gayrJh b,fwwfEdkifyghrvJav? olwdk@ajymor# tvkyjf zpfaeavawmh ckid ;f wJt h wkid ;f vky&f wmaygah v? "tif; [kw+f y?D aumif;ae+y?D aumif;ae+yD" bmaumif;rSe;f awmh rodygb;l armif&,f? u|erf rSm zifawGuakd nmif;vk@d ? "zswf zswf zswf" 'D*spfw,facwfrSm zvifjzKef;vkd@&wmayghav? aemufr[kwf&if tJ'D ESpfukef; tvif;tdrfr* ➵ ➳

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wpfaumh wpfyekH @J wif a'0gvD cHw,f? "[kww f ,f &+y?D 'Dwpfcg ESpaf umhwpfuek ;f " vmjyef+yD? ESpfukef;wpfaumh +yD;awmh ESpfaumhwpfukef;wJh? b,f[maumh+yD; b,f[m uke;f &rSe;f rod? rsuv f ;kH yavuyf yavuyf/ tJav - ayuvyf ayuvyfe@J rvkyw f wfreS ;f odawmh rmrDuajy;vm w,f? "'Dvadk v? aumhwmu wif&,f/ &if&,f? uke;f wmu vufjyif" &ifaumh+yD; vufjyifukef;&atmif *sDyHk;rSr[kwfwm armif&,f? 'gayrJhvnf; olw@dk ckid ;f wJt h wkid ;f vky&f wmayg?h "[kw+f yD uke;f oifw h mydu k ek ;f ? aumhoifw h m ydak umh? tJ'grt S Ekynm" atmf - zifaumhwm tEkynmvm; armif&,f? zifaumhwm tEkynmqkd atmfpum;qkwidk ;f =uL=uLoif; &w,f? ............... tEkynmeJ@ywfoufv@dk ajym&OD;r,f? 0goemt& 'DavmuxJ a&mufco hJ vm;qk&d if "[ift h if;"vd@k yJ ajym&rSmyg armif? 'gqdk tEkynmudk b,favmufxd eD;pyfovJ qk&d if ajymjyyg&apawmh? wpfcgom; aumhaumfuefum;eJ@ yef;qkd;wef;rSm vrf;ovm;csdef A,ma=umf ukvm;u rsupf , d m;+y;D cg;vSr;f tqdwf "tdk tarh"vk@d vef@+y;D xtcke?f tJ'rD mS ¶ky&f iS ¶f ekH @J rsuEf mS csi;f wpfcgqidk rf cd ¶hJ ykH J &if;ES;D cJzh ;l wmyg armif? rsuEf mS csi;f wpfcgyJ qkid zf ;l ygw,f? ¶ky&f iS u f kd =unfch zhJ ;l zd@k rajymeJ@? ud, k b hf momud, k f tef;*vD;bwf*rd ;f eJ@ rtm;cJyh gb;l ? 'gukd tarjzpfol rsupf , d m;+y;D "[Jh eifvnf; *dr;f csn;f upm;raeeJ@? tcsed f tusK;d &Sad tmif armf',foifwef;oGm;" qkdvkd@ oifwef;oHk;vwuf/ vdrfuspfvdrfuspf vrf;av#mufwwfawmh pm&Gufwpf&Guf vSr;f ay;wmudk vSr;f t,l? pmzwf=unfrh S armf',foifwef; +y;D ajrmufatmifjrifjcif;qkw d hJ b,fou l ay;rSe;f rodwhJ qmwDzu D w d f eJ@ ausmif;qif;cJ&h olyg armif? "uJ uJ - tJ'D yHpk &H +y?D 'Dwpfcg yHak jymif;r,f" 'g¶dkufwm}uD;toH=um;rS todjyef0ifrdw,f? udk,fhudkudk,fvnf; bmvkyf aerdrSef;udk rodygbl; armif &,f? aumufwifxm;rdwJh wif;yg;awmif vufz0g;eJ@ jyefqcJG s&w,f? "uJ 'Dwpfcg uG r,f" "&Si"f 62

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ol@pum;a=umifh vef@ygomG ;&w,f? 'gukd 'g¶u kd w f mu abmif;bDqw JG if+y;D "uG r,fav? uGxm;r,f? uGwhJ ydak Z&Sif" "tdk" rdef;uav;wpfa,muf aygifuG w,fqkdwm vG,fw,frSwfovm; armif? a&S;vl}u;D rsm; rde;f uav; wefrhJ um;,m;xkid &f ifawmif "[if eif t&SufrJhvScsnfh" qkd+yD; aygifwGif;ausm qGJvdrf/ em;vdrf/ yg;vdrf xlyo l mG ;atmif qlqcJ &H w,f? tck ol@tvSnrhf S "uGr,f" wJ?h 'Dvedk @J uifr&mrsm;a&SŒ rD;ajymifajymif/ ae@a=umifa=umifrsm; ajAmif}uD; aygifuG jy&wmaygh armif" "enf;enf; qufuOG ;D av rif;orD;? r&ao;bl;" bkx d idk cf u G af y: um;,m;cGxidk o f avmuf "uG"aewmawmif r&ao;bl;qkad wmh pOf;pm;=unfyh g armif? 'Dyakd Z&Sif urBmrSmawmifr&S?d 'DrmS om &Sw d mrsK;d uvm;? urBmrSm aygiu f x G m;wJh rde;f r b,frmS awGŒzl;vk@d vJ armif? tckawmh "[kw+f y?D rsuEf mS ud+k yKH ; rsuv f ;kH udak rS;xm;" rod&if 0rf;csKyw f ek ;f ta&;usv@dk =unfE;l +y;D +yKH ;&ovdrk sK;d ? "[kw+f y?D rSeo f mG ;+yD rSeo f mG ;+y"D "zswf zswf zswf" "mwfykH wzswzf swaf yg?h tcsed =f um uG &wmudu k yg&rDv@dk yJ qk&d awmhrmS ayg?h "[kw+f y?D uGomG ;+y?D tJ - &oGm;+yD" awmfao;wmaygh armif&,f? aemufenf;enf;om qufuG&&if yHkpHus+yD; ckex f vk@d awmif r&bJ bk;d ol awmfv0l qGr;f cH=uo G vkd jzpfaeawmhrmS ayg?h uGwuGweJ@av? "uJ enf;enf;xyfc|wrf ,f" "qrf" nufv;kH awmif =uL;&ygw,f armif? xyfc|w&f rwJ?h "at;av ? ck[mu o&D;uGmwm;}u;D &Snw f ,f? 0rf;uGmwm; jzpfjzpf ZD;¶d;k uGmwm; jzpfjzpfomG ;vJvu dk "f "[rf" ZD;¶d;k uGmwm;wJ?h ZD;¶d;k uGmwm;qkrd S bmvJp&m &Sad wmhrmS vJ? rajymomygb;l ? olw@kd ajymwJh twkid ;f ayg?h emrnfuvnf; }u;D csiaf o;wmud;k ? .............. rajymrjzpfv@dk ajym&OD;r,f armif? tEkynmqdkwJhpum; b,fr# wmoGm;w,fqkdwm rodayr,fh araruawmh ajym&Smygw,f? vlxw l idk ;f tarhEw _ cf rf;u tvif;tdrfr* × Ö

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"ajymvk@d ajymwm r[kwb f ;l ? orD;uav;u i,fi,fwnf;u yd;k &Sw d m" "bmyd;k &Sw d mygvrd ?hf bDy;kd vm;/ pDy;kd vm;? 'Dy;kd awGyJ &Srd mS ayg?h " 'gukd araru "orD;uav tckrS 0goemygwmr[kwb f ;l ? [d;k i,fpOfuwnf;u ausmif;uyGJ awG qkw d idk ;f olcsn;f yJ" tJ'gawmh [kww f ,farmif? [d;k i,fpOfuwnf;u ausmif;uyGaJ wGqdk araru rdwu f yfwpfawmifvmuf rsuEf mS zd@k ay;+y;D "[Jh orD;? 'g &Supf &mr[kwb f ;l ? pifay:wuf eef@vku d pf rf;yg" ajrmS ufay;vd@k pifay:wif? ajccsK;d vufciG ef @J wwfoavmufcgcs eef@jycJo h yl g armif? i,fpOfuwnf;u cgcscw hJ hJ wifyq k kH ckrcS ek w f m[kwb f ;l armif? ckrS ckew f mr[kwb f ;l ? i,fpOfuwnf;u 0goemqkw d m rod? rdbuajrmS ufay;wkid ;f "[Jh orD; pifay:rSm enf;enf;v_yjf yvku d f"qkw d idk ;f bkrodbrod t&Suef nf;enf; rsucf u G f rJajymifum ujrif;jycJ&h olyg? trSeaf wmh om;orD; u vkycf sirf eS ;f rvkycf sirf eS ;f rod? arar udk,fwkdifukdu i,fpOfu olrujrif;cJh&or# twkd;cs+yD; em;rvnf yg;rvnf orD;i,fukd "yd;k &Sw d ,f" pGypf cJG suef @J ujrif;cdik ;f cJo h r# ujrif;cJ&h olygu, G ?f A,ma=umfukvm; tonf;,m;+yD; cg;tqdwfrS vef@+yD;ckeftx? tJ'DawmhrS ¶ky&f iS ¶f b kH uf rsuEf mS csi;f wpfcgqidk zf ;l olu i,fpOfuwnf;u bmyd;k &Srd mS vJ? tEkynmeJ@ ywfoufovm;awmh rodygb;l ? trsm;qH;k vkyzf ;l wmawmh vufuikd zf ek ;f udk ezl;ay:rSuikd f rsuv f ;kH udjk yL; vufEpS af csmif;axmif yg;udak zmif; E_wcf rf;udpk l "mwfyw kH zswzf sw¶f u kd +f y;D "yH k w if r ,f a nmf ? nuf p d a emuf & bl ; 'csd 'csd " qk d + yD ; tif w meuf a y: yHw k ifcw hJ mavmufyJ &Syd gw,f armif?" "'csd 'csdeJ@ jznf;jznf;qJanmf" qkdwmavmufyJ wwf+yD; tifwmeufay: yHw k ifcw hJ m tEkynmqk&d ifawmh tJ't D Ekynmyk;d uawmh =umvSyg+yD armif? tckawmh tifwmeufay: COC upm;&if; ujrif;cJo h r# "rku d pf f rku d pf f" "qk;d c¶k"qkw d phJ um;awGe@J taru olrursi;f cJ&h or# orD;tvSnu hf s twk;d cs+y;D ujrif;ckid ;f &mu 'Dvrf;a=umif; ay:a&mufvmolyg? "[m abmif;bDu &Snaf eao;w,f" "qrf" 0wfvmwJh abmif;bD 0rf;uGmwm;u olwdk@twGuf &Snfaeao;w,fqkdwmh b,fvadk jym&rvJ armif? "'Dx h uf ydw k &dk ifvnf;" pum;yif rqH;k vdu k yf gb;l uG,?f 'g¶u kd w f mu 64

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"u|wf &Si;f jyvnf; em;vnfrmS r[kwb f ;l ? 'ga=umifh jrefrmhtEkynm urBmudk rxk;d azmufEikd w f m" "atmf zif r ay:vk d @ urB m roG m ;& &if v nf ; urB m jym;ygapwmh u G , f ? tifwmeufay: tazmftc|wef @J urBmoGm;r,fqv dk nf; oGm;=uyg? wk@d awGu w%Smorm;rS r[kww f m? udavomav; usev f @kd ? emrnfuakd wmif ajymif;csiw f ,f armif&,f? tck emrnf}u;D rif;orD;av;vk?d "ud ud" vd@k ? udavomudk ud, k pf m;jyKatmif? "uJ tJ'gyJ =unfah wmh? topfawG wif&wm b,favmuf cufw,frw S v f ?J uJ vkyrf aeeJ@awmh? ol bmrS rvkyw f wf&if ud, k af wGOm%fu&l awmhrmS yJ" olw@kd Om%fu&l if ykad =umufae&w,fav? bmayguu f &awG bmawG vkycf idk ;f r,f qkw d m rod&wm? "uJ rif;orD; t0wfyikd ;f wpfck ,lvu dk "f bmrSe;f rodayr,fh tem;u vnfpnf;yk0gp vSr;f ,lvu dk &f w,f? 'gukd 'g¶u kd w f mu =unf+h y;D "uJ rif;orD;? tJ'yD 0k gp cg;a&SŒudk umvku d "f olajymwJhtwkdif; udkifxm;wJhyk0gp cg;a&SŒtomcsvkdufw,f? 'gudk=unfh+yD; 'g¶u kd w f mu "jrifah o;w,f? cg;atmufaocsmum" t"duuawmh t"duaygh armif&,f? 'guakd wmh odygw,f? "[kw+f y?D tJ'D twkid ;f ae? [kw+f y;D " rif;orD;u tJ'Dyk0g=um; udk,fh[mudk,f jyefi@kH =unf+h y;D tH=h o[efe@J "tkd" qd+k y;D rsuv f ;kH jyL;jy? "qrf" tvef@w=um; a&&Gwrf w d ,f? 'gukd 'g¶u kd w f mu "bmqrfv?J cg;em;u yk0g;=um; ud, k b hf momud, k f jyefi@kH =unf+h y;D tH=h o[ef vkyjf yav" "aqmfvuif"(qif) b,fvadk jym&rSe;f rodygb;l armif&,f? i,fpOfuwnf;u ud, k b hf momud, k f jrifz;l cJw h hJ rsuEf mS ? ckrS y0gav;jcm;+y;D rS tH=h ojy&rwJ?h bmtH=h op&m &Sv d @kd vJ armif&,f? trsm;xufxl;+yD; csKd(*sKd)aygufaewmr Sr[kwfwm? 'DrsufESm 'DrsufESmjrifvkd@ wpfcgr rS tH=h ocJzh ;l wmud?k ol@usrS y0gjcm;+y;D tH=h ojy&rwJ?h tJ'g bmtxmvJ armif? "uJ uJ vky=f unf"h tvif;tdrfr* õ ô

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"tkd" rajymawmhygb;l armif&,f? ud, k &hf ŒJ cg;=um;uk, d f jyefai;&if; tHt h m;oif[ h efe@J "tk"d qkw d hJ tmar wf tH}uw d o f eH @J ajymvku d rf w d ,f? 'gukd 'g¶u kd w f mijym;u tm;&0rf;omeJ@ "tJ'grS tEkynm? tJ'grS tEkynm" ud, k ahf ygief m; yk0gyg;um+y;D jyefi@kH =unf+h y;D "aqmfvuif" qk+d y;D tH=h o[ef vkyjf y&wm tEkynmvm; armif&,f? (rSwcf su?f ?aqmfvuifqo dk nfrmS =umrl[efygavaom "[if" od@k r[kwf "qif"[k ajymaom tqifh jrifh tajcmufpum;jzpfygonf?) "aqmfvuif aqmfvaumuf aqmfuvuwf" t&Suu f aJG omtcg "qif" "aqmuf" "quf"[lI a&&Gwaf vh&adS om tqifjh rifh tajcmufpum;jzpf+yD; "aqmfvum;r,f"[k ajymygu oifh tajctae raumif;awmh? oifhtm; "qGJpm;r,f"[laom t"dy`m,f&I ajy;Edkif rSawmfum usayrnfjzpfa=umif; today;tyfygonf? (Tum; u|Efkyf. "ap"? "ap"qko d nfrmS apwem. twkad umuf?) pOf;pm;=unfyh g armif&,f? cg;tem; yk0gyg;um¶Hek @J ud, k u hf u kd , kd f jyeft=hH o&atmif aygiEf pS v f ;kH em; ayG;ayguf aewmrSr[kww f m armif&,f? bm tH=h op&m&Sv d @kd vJ? 'DrsuEf mS 'DrsuEf mS ? tckjzpfaeyHku rl;apcsifwJh apwemeJ@ OD;rif;ausmfudk t&ufrwkdufbJ ¶dkvm udpk wmay: wifay;vku d f ovk}d u;D ? 'gayrJv h nf;av? "tkd" y0gyg;=um; ud, k b hf momud, k f tH=h o[efe@J =unfrh rd S "tJ'gajymwm? tJ'gajymwm? tJ'grStEkynm? =unhfprf;? yHkub,favmuf qufqjD zpfvJ jrifw,f r[kwv f m;" cHu k kd wjzef;jzef;ykw+f y;D tm;&0rf;om atmfwhJ 'g¶u kd w f mtoH? "tJ'gy?J ,H=k unfcsuu f tp bkq d efomG ;+yD awGŒvm;? tJ'v D dk tawG;rsK;d b,forl S rawG;zl;bl; [kww f ,fr[kwv f m;" b,fou l awG;zl;rSmvJ armif&,f? bmrS tH=h op&m r&Sw d mudk tH=h ojy&atmif csKad yguaf ewmrS r[kww f m? pOf;pm;=unfyh g armif&,f? 'grsKd;u u|efrudkarG;+yD; okH;ESpftausmfrSm armifarmifav;udk arararG;awmh oGm;=unf+h y;D "arar armifarmifav;u orD;wdk@vkd r[kwfbl;? tom;ydkav;eJ@ cd" qdk+yD; t&G,rf wkid rf D bkrodbrode@J ck;d &,fz;l wmyJ&w dS ,f armif&,f? 66

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"uJ &+y?D aemuf ydak Z&Sif wpfrsK;d vkyrf ,f" "qrf" vky&f OD;r,f u|erf pum;udk 'g¶u kd w f mu rsuaf rSmifusKŒH +y;D "[m vky&f OD;rSmav? yHak umif;rS r&ao;wm? uJ jrefjrefomG ;? vef;wmav;vJc"hJ oufjyif;udk jrefjrefcs t0wfvcJ ef; 0ifc&hJ jyefw,f armif? rwwfEdkifbl; armif&,f? 'Davmu a&muf&if 'DvkdyJ vkyfjyae&awmhrSmaygh? ajym&OD;r,f armif? 'DavmuxJ a&mufvmwm 'Dvydk J t&G,u f av;vnf;&/ tifwmeufay: COC eJ@ujrif;&if; ysif;&if 'csd'csdeJ@ "mwfyHkwif&if; [dkr,f+ydKifyGJqkdvnf; 0if+ydKif/ 'Dr,f+ydKifyGJ qkv d nf;0if+yKd i/f qk&awmhvnf; +yKH ;+z;D +z;D eJ@,l? r&&ifvnf; "'dik rf w&m;vd@k / w&m;r#wr_ vH;k 0r&Sb d ;l "pojzifh rD', D may: wufz&G if; emrnf}u;D r,fpm&if;0ifchJ &wmyg armif? [drk ,f 'Dr,fomru av,mOfr,ftp bwfpu f m;pyg,, f mr,f +yKd iyf x JG d 0if+yKd i+f y;D tckq&dk if +yKd iyf t JG awGŒt}uKH &ifu h suv f mwmeJ@tr# wufvnf;wufvmyg+y?D r,fe@J ywfouf+y;D b,favmufxd tawGŒt}uKH rsm;cJ+h yv D q J dk r,fe@J ywfouf+y;D "r,foD"vkd@ trsm;ac: wJh "r,foDv&Sif"+ydKifyGJrsm;&Sd&if acgif;wHk;wHk;+yD; 0if+ydKifzdk@yJ useyf gawmhw,fu, G ?f udk,fwkdifuawmh 0if+ydKifcsifvkd@awmh r[kwfygbl;? araru oli,fpOfu rvkycf &hJ or# twk;d cs+y;D vkyf ckid ;f awmhvnf; vkyaf e&wmayg?h b,favmufxd vkyzf ;l ovJqdk w&m;pcef; 0ifwmavmufrajymeJ@? qHx;kH tqH;k cH+y;D oDv&Siaf wmif 0wfz;l w,f armif? araruajymw,f? "armf',fvyk +f y;D bmomw&m; udik ;f ¶_id ;f &if vlcspv f cl if ydak yg w,f ighorD;? oDv&Sif0wfypf"qkdwmeJ@ 0wfxm;wJh twkdtjywfudkc|wf/ qHxHk;wpfxHk; tqH;k cH+y;D oDv&Siv f nf;0wfz;l w,f armif? oDv&Siv f nf;0wfczJ ;l ygw,f? tdrrf mS ae&if bk&m;pifawmif b,fem;&Srd eS ;f bk&m;yef; b,fvdk vJ&rSe;f awmif rodayr,fh y&dowfu csprf ,fqdk oDv&Sif 0wfwmavmuf rajymeJ@? vrf;wumav#muf tr_u d af umufz@kd vnf; 0efrav;ygb;l ? pOf;pm;=unfyh g armif? tdrrf mS ae&if bk&m;yef;vJz@kd rajymeJ@? ud, k pf m;+y;D om; yef;uefawmif ud, k w f ikd rf aq;wJo h ?l vrf;rtv,f 'Dvv dk yk zf @dk b,fvjdk zpfEidk f rSmvJu, G ?f 'gayrJh ararup+y;D "[Jh orD;/ r,fjzpf&if armf',fjzpf&if w&m;pcef; 0ifae¶HkeJ@vnf; r+yD;bl;? y&[dwvnf; vky&f w,f uG,?hf *sKv d w D @kd =unfyh gvm;" *sKdvDvnf;rod/ *sKdvdrfvnf;rodcJh¶dk; trSefyg armif&,f? 'gayrJh araru y&rSm[dw&r,f qkw d meJ@ 'kuo Q nfawGqv D nf;oGm;/ a&m*gonfawGe@J awmif vufqpkH m;&J tvif;tdrfr* ✒ ✑

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cJ&h w,fu, G ?f wu,fawmh armif&,f? tdrrf mS ae&if ud, k pf m;wJyh ef;uefawmif ud, k rf aq;wm y&[dwqkdwma0; a&maygh? u|efrom wu,fpdwfyg&if 'Dvkdarmf',fawG/ r,fawGr jzpfcifuwnf;u vkyrf mS ayg?h tckawmhuG,f? olrsm;[dwvdk@ udk,fr[dw&if acwfrrDovdk jzpfrSmpkd;vkd@ w+yKH ;+yKH ;eJ@ y&rSmvnf;[dw ae&awmhwmayg?h ('gu olrsm;udk ajymwmr[kwyf gb;l ? u|erf ud, k u f |erf jyefajymwmyg armif? armifodapcsifvkd@yg) 'gawGuvnf; b,fvv dk yk f ydu k q f u H ek w f mrS r[kww f m? tvSLwpfcck k vkyw f idk ;f "OD;a& orD;b,fem;rSm vSLcsiv f @dk tvSLaiGav;xnfah y;ygO;D " "tef u ,f a & orD ; tvS L av;rS m ul a y;ygOD ; " qk d v k d u f w meJ @ OD ; OD ; awG tefu,fawGu "&wmaygh rD;rD;&,f? b,favmufvJ ajym [D;[D;" "tefu,fawmif pOf;pm;aewm oGm;vSLrvm;vd@k [d" ponfjzifh tefu,f}u;D rsm; pyGeq f meJ@ "&Gmom;aygi;f pk/ ol}u;D aumif;r_"vkyv f @kd &aewmyJu, G ?f ud, k zf d &ifzu d kd ulncD siv f eG ;f vd@k qkw d m ygao;armif&,f? [kw d pfzufrmS awmh "armf',f/ r,f/ rif;orD;av;tvSL"qkd b,foo l w d mrSwv f @kd ? "pyGeq f mrsm; aygi;f pk/ armf',faumif;r_aygh"[kwb f ;l vm;? "uJ rif;orD; t0wfvw J m 'Dae@+y;D OD;rSmvm;" tjyifu 'g¶u kd w f matmfoaH =umifh todjyefuyfrw d ,f? [kwo f m;? "mwfy¶kH u kd u f iG ;f u +y;D rS r+y;D ao;wmyJ? 'Dvedk @J a=umufa=umufvef@vef@eJ@ }uKH &mqG0J wf/ rsuEf mS okww f hJ wbuf}u;D jzpfaewmayg?h "[m rif;orD; 'Dwpfcg vef;vScsnfvm;? 'D'DZdkif; jrefrmjynfrSm wpfcgrS rjrifz;l ao;bl;" b,fwnf;ckcd ef;jzpfjzpf &Syd gw,fu, G ?f 'gawmif wnf;ckcd ef;u ck;d vm/ tJav wnf;cdck ef;u arh+y;D ygvmwJh wbuftEGr;f uav;yg? ud, k v f J acsmv f aJ &mxdik +f y;D "tif; [kww f ,f? 'grsK;d u&Sm;w,f? 'gu rdwt f if zifvefav" "atmf zifvefxw k u f ;kd ? 'ga=umifah y:wm" bkrodbrode@J a&mao;? [kww f ,fav? 'Dwbuf}u;D 0wfawmh zifvef+yaD yg?h 'gx h ufyckd si&f if "ydv k ef" awmif&adS o;? 68

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"0wfpu kH awmh [kw+f yAD sm? 'D0wfpekH @J qkd +zv J @dk &+yD" "qif" nufv;kH awmifusL;w,f armif&,f? ajymyH=k unfOh ;D ? 'ge@J yJ "bm+zrJ mS vJ [if" "[m rk'av? rk' rk' +zv J @dk &+yv D @dk ? tawG;tac: bdq k efprf;yg?" armifw@kd ajympum;t& ",H=k unfcsuu f tp bkq d ef&r,f"qkw d m b,fvrdk sm; ygvrd hf armif? u|erf ta=umif;awG qufajymjycsiaf yr,fh tJ'v D }l u;D qufra&;csiw f ma=umifh 'Dr#e@J yJ tqH;k owfyg&ap armif? aemif armife@J }uKH rS aomufazmif; qufxyk g&apawmh armif? aomufazmif;xkw,fqw dk m armifvnf;odrmS ayg?h aomufazmif;xkw,fqw dk m twif;ajymwm vnf; r[kwb f ;l av? twif;ajymw,fqw dk m wpfpw kH pfa,mufu tjypf&rdS S 'grrS [kwf wpfpw kH pfa,muf &JŒ tjypfujkd rifrS twif;wkwv f @dk &wmyg? aomufazmif;xkwmuawmh b,fo@l udrk S bmtjypfrS jrifp&mrvkb d J ud, k &hf ŒJ wpfzufowf qH;k jzwfcsuef @J ud, k v f &dk m qGaJ wG;+y;D ypfypfEpS Ef pS f ajymwmudk aomufazmif; xkw,fv@dk ac:w,farmif? u|efrwdk@avmurSm aomufazmif;xkwwfrS vlcspfvlcifaygwmav? vl0dkif; wmayg?h tJ'aD wmh armife@J }uKH ryS J u|erf quf+y;D aomufazmif;xkygawmhr,f armif?

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xk d a cwf u mvrS wuU o d k v f a usmif ; wd k @ onf paeae@wG i f ae@wpf 0 uf ausmif;wuf&onf? q,fem&DcGJ ywf0ef;usifwGif Class rsm;+yD;qHk;=uukefonf? cif&mrif&mrsm; tkypf zk ŒJG I &efuek +f rKd Œv,fo@kd qif;um ¶ky&f iS =f unfh jcif;/ aps;0,fxu G jf cif;rsm; jyK=uukeo f nf? &efuek +f rKd Œv,facgiw f iG f "AdkvfcsKyfaps;" trnf&adS om aps;wpfc&k o dS nf? xkdumv ausmif;om;rsm;u a&S;,cif tac:ta0:twkdif; "paumhaps;"[k ac:onf? &efukef+rdKŒ0ef;usif wGif&Sdaom wuUodkvftoD;oD;rS trsKd;orD;wdk@. onf;ajc}udKuf aps;yifwnf;? taqmifausmif;olrsm;/ ae@ausmif;olrsm;onf paeae@0uf paumhaps;wGif tcsdefjzKef;avh&Sdonf? ypPnf;rsm;udk0,fonf/ r0,fonf tyxm; [dkypPnf; udkif=unfh/ onfypPn;f udik =f unf/h vufonf;eD,q l ;dk / E_wcf rf;eDukd vufwiG yf w G =f unf/h aps;twGi;f vkyfcsifonfrsm; vkyf=uonf? qkdif&Sifrsm;onfvnf; tvGefoabmaumif;=uonf? ausmif ; ol r sm;tay: tvk d v k d u f = uonf ? aps;twG i f ; ar$ a ES m uf + yD ; oumv a&$&ifat;aomuf/ rke@f [if;cg;pm;/ tokypf m;/ qDcsupf m;/ a':wkqikd w f iG f tcsOx f yk 0f ,f/ tuôstyfoltyf/ a&G;ola&G;/ "aomfwm" qHyifnSyfqkdifwGif nSyfolnSyf/ aumufol aumufEiS hf paeae@0uf paumhaps;onfum; tvGepf nfum; vSayonf? a&$&iford ;f opf 16 ESpft&G,f z&uf&Smr,f rS tp zkdife,fwef;rS rrrsm;tygt0if ae@wpf0uf ¶H;k qif;vmonfh pma&; rrrsm;yg pHv k aS y&m umvom;wd@k rsupf t d &omcH ¶_csipf zG,f a*:yGdKifh}uD;vnf; jzpfayonf? 70

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"a[haumif Zm%D²²²ig paumhaps; wpfcgrrS a&mufz;l bl;" wk;d wk;d uyfum ajymvmaom vlvnf}u;D tbaZmfoef@ pum;udk =um;avaomf pH-Zm%Dbkd rsuv f ;kH jyL;oGm;.? "ausm[ f ed ;f tuôs csKyaf y;aeus Black & White pufqidk o f mG ;+y;D udak usmpf wkid v f f tuôscsKyfcsifouGm" tm;&yg;& pdwu f ;l ,O af jymvmonfh tbaZmfoef@udk =unfu h m "cifAsm;qkduf}uD;eJ@ udkausmfyHk b,fvkdufyghrvJ²²²zkd;yg}uD;0wfwJh tuôsqkd [kwaf o;²²²paumhaps; ra&mufz;l wmawmh EHv k eG ;f w,fAsm²²²'Dpae oGm;=ur,f" tbaZmfoef@ rsufESm0if;ceJ jzpfoGm;onf? ol. tdyf&matmufrS pmtdwf wpftw d u f kd xkwv f u dk o f nf? tdwx f w J iG f ydu k q f t H xyfvu dk Ef iS ?hf pH-Zm%Dbdk tvGet f m;usomG ;onf? "[m w,f a xmaeygvm;²²²tyd k i f y J ² ²²paumh a ps;oG m ;+yD ; yav'D , H r S m ¶ky&f iS =f unfyh pfvu kd rf ,f" "y&ufp;D 'ifh (orRw) ¶Hrk mS =unfrh mS ayg²h ²² "tb xHyk gAh sm²²²yav'D,rH mS ¶ky&f iS rf jycif zGiw hf o hJ cD si;f awGu a&a&vnfvnf rkdufwm²²²wD;vHk;awGu tysHpm;²²²avat;puf}uD;uvnf; tysHpm;²²²orRw¶Hkvkd aAxdaAxdeJ@AHkwD;aewm r[kwfbl;²²²t&G,f aumif;av;awG tvSya*;av;awG vm=unf=h uwm²²²acwfro D w l idk ;f yav'D,rH mS =unfw h m rodb;l vm;" "vkyv f u dk af vuGm" orkdif;/ tif;pdef/ ajreDukef;wpfa=um r[m+rdKif/ pENm+rdKif/ a&$ref; avmufom =unfzh ;l aom tbaZmfoef@ tzd@k &efuek +f rKd Œv,f ql;avbk&m;vrf;ray:rS yav'D,(H yy0if;) ¶ky&f iS ¶f w kH iG =f unf&h rnf qkad omtcg oGm;w+z;D +z;D w[D;[D;jzpfomG ;onf? xkdodk@jzifh paeae@odk@ a&mufav+yD? acgif;avmif;abmif;bD wum;um;ESifh tuôsu, kd u f syf aumfv&H n S &f n S f ESihf ,k;d ',m;uGi;f xk;d zdeyfp;D xm;aom tbaZmfoef@tm; wpfausmif;vH;k u xl;qef;onfh vl0}H u;D wpfO;D rsuv f n S chf if;usi;f jyaeouJo h @kd 0dik ;f 0ef;¶_pm; =uukeo f nf? a,musmf ;aqmif; ,k;d ',m;acgux f ;D vufuikd f aumuf}u;D udk cg;=um;xk;d I &So d r#yu kd q f u H kd tdwx f J azmif;um;aeatmif xnfu h m acgi;f vdr;f qDEiS hf ajymifaeatmif qHyif+z;D xm;onfh tbaZmfoef@. vdt k ifjynfah y+y?D ae@ 12;00 em&Drwkid rf yD if paumhaps; tv,fwiG f vrf;ovm;aeaom tbaZmfoef@udk awGŒ&ay+y?D vqef;&ufjzpfay&m aps;wGif tvGefpnfum;vSonf? av;vdyfv#if wpfusyfay;&onfh tvGefaps;}uD;onfh tpDcH aq;vdyu f kd wpfa,mufwpfvyd f [efygyg cJxm;onfh pH-Zm%DbEdk iS hf tbaZmfoef@wk@d onf ajcranmif;Edkifatmifyif paumhaps;wGif vSnfhvnfaeawmhonf? oGm;&if;oGm;&if;ESifh tvif;tdrfr* ◆ ▼

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tvif;tdrfr* Ö

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"ararharmvm+y²D ²²yg;pyfe@J yJ¶LS awmhr,f" "[if om;uvJ²²²w&m;rSwfwm +idrf+idrfae&w,f²²²uJ azmif;w,f ydefw,f rrSwfeJ@awmh²²²AdkufrSmqdkawmh om;utwif;}uD;vkyfaew,f²²²ESmacgif;rSmrSwf²²²¶SLw,f xkww f ,f²²²¶SLw,f xkww f ,f" w&m;xdik rf w S af e&if;u om;udt k yd cf ge;D w&m;rSww f wfatmif oifay;wmav;u acgi;f xJa&mufvmw,f? 'ge@J p=ueF af vSsmuf&if; w&m;rSwjf yefawmh "=uw G ,f vSr;f w,f csw,f²²²=uw G ,f vSr;f w,f csw,f²²²=uw G ,f vSr;f w,f csw,f" ajcvSr;f awGukd owde@J vSr;f ae&if;u p=ueF v f rf;wpfavSsmuf rd;k xm;wJh trd;k awGukd axmufxm;wJh wdkifav;awG=um; wpfwdkifeJ@wpfwdkif ul;vl;aysmfyg;aewJh om;av;udk jrifa,mifaerdw,f? u|erf eJ@om; urBmat;bk&m; oGm;wke;f u apmif;wef;eJ@ bk&m;t=um; rd;k xm;wJh trd;k atmufrmS om;av; ajy;v$m;aqmhupm; aecJzh ;l w,fav? u|erf b,fvrkd S w&m;rSwrf &wmrd@k teD;&Sd cHw k ef;vsm;av;wpfcrk mS 0ifxikd af wmh "'umr}u;D " qdw k t hJ oHe@J twl OD;Zif;wpfyg; tem;a&mufvmw,f? u|erf vuftyk af v;cs+D y;D "wifygh bk&m;"vd@k rwfwyf&yfum rsuv f m$ av;cs+y;D xl;vdu k w f ,f? "arar 'umr}uD;" qdkwJh xl;qef;wJhtoHk;tE_ef;eJ@ om;toHudk=um;vdk@ armh=unfrh ad wmh om;eJ@ol@azudk ouFe;f 0wf}u;D awGe@J awGŒvdu k &f w,f? uGsefr 0rf;omtm;&eJ@ om;udk erf;zdk@ vSrf;vdkufwJhtcsdef olu om;udk rrDEidk af tmif aemufqw k v f u kd w f ,f? "om;u 'umr}u;D &JŒom;r[kwaf wmhb;l ²²² bk&m;om;awmf jzpfae+yD 'umr}u;D " "[if" "[kww f ,f 'umr}u;D ²²²avmuDv@l abmifrmS aexdik &f if;u pdwn f pfp&mawG trsm;}uD;}uHKcJh&w,f²²²'gawG[m twdwfb0u ukodkvfuHawGa=umifhqdkwm OD;Zif; qifjcifrv d u kd w f ,f" tdajE}N u;D wpfco JG m;eJ@ajymaewJh ol@pum;awGukd em;axmif&if; u|erf ajctpHu k kd renf;tm;wif; &yf,al e&w,f? oluqufajymygw,f? "'ga=umifh aemifb0rsm;&Scd &hJ if pdwn f pfp&mawG enf;csiw f ,fav²²² aemifb0 twGuf ao&if ud, k ahf emufygr,fh t&mawGukd vky=f u&rSmayg²h ²² om;av;udv k nf; 'Dvkd pdwn f pfp&mawG r}uKH apcsib f ;l av" 84

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"'gqkd om;udk ud&k if t+y;D 0wfay;wmvm;" "[kww f ,f 'umr}u;D ²²²OD;Zif;vnf; t+y;D 0wfwmyg" "[if" u|erf tH=h ooGm;rdw,f? u|erf vkyrf w d hJ jy\emu tJah vmuf}u;D oGm;ovm;? u|erf yg;rSm rsu&f nfawGp;D usvmcJw h ,f? "bmvdk@ idkwmvJ 'umr}uD;&JŒ²²²'umr}uD;&JŒrdcifu 'umr}uD; 'DrSm&dSw,f qdw k majymvd@k OD;Zif; 'umr}u;D udk vmta=umif;=um;wmyg" rsu&f nfawG=um;uae tm;wif;vd@k "wifygh" vd@k }uKd ;pm;ajymvdu k w f ,f? "'umr}u;D vnf; a,m*D0wf&if t+y;D 0wfygv@kd " u|erf bmjyefajym&rSe;f rodjzpfae&w,f? "wynfah wmfruawmh t+y;D 0wfjzpfr,f rxifygb;l bk&m;" "[Jh o=uFefwGif;a,m*D0wfwm o=uFef+yD;wJhxd r0wfbJ bmvdk@ w&m;pcef; 0ifao;wmwke;f " olajymwJh pum;t"dym` ,fukd csucf si;f oabmayguv f u kd +f y;D "[if 'gqkd OD;Zif;ajymwJh t+y;D qdw k m &moufyefukd ajymwmr[kwb f ;l aygh" "r[kwyf gb;l ²²²o=ueF t f +y;D udk ajymwmyg 'umr}u;D &JŒ" vd@k qdck grS u|erf &ifxu J 0rf;enf;r_awG aysmufjy,fomG ;&awmhw,f? u|erf ol@udrk suaf pmif;wpfcsux f ;kd +y;D ol@vufxu J om;udk vSr;f qGaJ c:vdu k w f ,f? "om;u ouFe;f 0wfe@J av²²²rcsyD ge@J roifah wmfb;l " "roifah wmfwmyJ &dw S myg²²²i&Jr}u;D ygb;l ²²² +y;D awmh u|erf u ud&k ifah raryg²²²aemf om;&,faemf²²²ay; u|efrom;" roifhawmfbl;qdkwm odayr,fh om;eJ@cGJae&wm =um+yDrdk@ om;udkvSrf;qGJ ayGŒcsv D u kd yf gw,f? "c%c% pdwfaumuf+yD; tdrfay:u qif;wwfwJhnnf;udk wrifoufouf aemifw&atmif xm;xm;wm²²² nnf;a,musfm;u nnf;ta=umif; t+rJzkef;quf ar;aewmygat²²²wcsKdŒudpPawGrSm olwdk@oli,fcsif;csif; pnf;apmifhwJhtaeeJ@ nnf;udk vSsKdŒ0SufwmrsKd; &dSrSmaygh²²²nnf;a&m r&Sdbl;vm;²²² zkef;cdk;ajymwdkif; azmufjyefaewmrS r[kww f m²²² aemufwpfcgtrd af y:uqif;vm&if nnf; 'Dtouft¶G,af &mufrS igv h ufpm rdr,frw S f" vd@k vmajymwJt h arhukd "[kwf tar²²²orD; b,fawmhrS pdwfraumufawmhbl;²²²tdrfay:uvnf; rqif;awmhygb;l " vd@k jyefajymvdu k yf gw,f?

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bmomjyef tcef;quf a'gufwmbarmf .

&kef;xGufcJh&aomjrefrmjynf Ba Maw BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA Memoirs Of a Revolution 1939 - 1946

oef;0if;vSkdif (jyefqdkonf) rl&if;pma&;q&m a'gufwmbarmf. (Breakthrough in Burma) vuf&mjzpfonf?a'gufwmbarmfonf udkvdkeD acwfynmwwf 0wfvHka&S@aewpfOD;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH.udkvdkeDacwf 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;wpfOD;/ zufqpf*syefacwf t"dywdtm%m&SifwpfOD;/ twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD; jzpfcJhbl;olwa,mufjzpfum/ oljzwfoef;}uHKawG@cJh&aom jrefrmjynf. EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfudk tajccHI a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf? pma&;q&m oef;0if;v_difrS bmomjyefI a&;om;xm;onfudk tvif;tdrfrStcef;quftjzpf az:jyvdkufygonf? acwfwpfacwf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;ordkif; jzpfpOfudk acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf jzpfcJhol. a&;om;csufudk avhvmod&SdEdkif&ef wifjyvdkufygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;

,cifvrStquf OD;pGmjrefrm&Jabmfajcmufa,mufukd jrefrme,fpyfo@kd v$wI f jrefrmwdu k cf u kd af &; wyfrsm;. A[dXk meoH;k ckukd pkpnf;wnfaqmuf&rnfjzpfonf? ajcmufa,mufrmS Adv k v f usmf Ad k i f v f & ef E k d i f / Ad k v f v a&mif / Ad k v f a Z,s/ Ad k v f j rif h a qG E S i f h Ad k v f r d k ; wd k @ jzpf o nf ? pufwifbmvaemufq;kH ywfwiG f [dik ef efrx S u G cf mG vm=u+y;D wdu k sKd wiG f wvcef@ae&onf? aemuf q H k ; (oif c ef ; pmES i f h ajryH k a vh v ma&;)oif c ef ; pmud k prf ; oyf p pf a q;+yD ; tjcm;jyifqifp&mawG jyifqif=uonf? xdrk S udpk ikd rf m&k oabmFjzifh v#Kd @0Sux f u G cf mG vm+y;D 1941 ck atmufwb kd mv 25 &ufae@wGif befaumufo@kd a&mufonf? befaumufwiG f olw@kd udk plqu l ;D u toifah pmif}h uKd aeonf? xdak e@wpfae@wnf;Yyif udpk ikd rf m&k oabFm befaumufo@kd csO;f uyfvmaecdu k f plqu l ;D ESihf befaumufrS rDemrDuu D eftzG@J om;rsm; tm;vH;k twGuf i,fxyd af jraG yguo f nfh 86

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tjzpfEiS }hf uKH vu kd &f onf? a&wyfpcef;XmecsKyrf S a=u;eef;wpfapmif olw@kd xH a&mufvmonf? Edik if w H umtajctaea=umifh ukeaf owWm ajcmufv;kH udk csucf si;f jyefy@kd vdu k yf g[k nGe=f um; xm;onf? &Jabmfajcmufa,muf befaumufo@kd ra&mufrD jyefy@kd &rnfqo kd nfh t"dym` ,f jzpfonf? rDemrDuw D pfz@JG vH;k ajcrudik v f ufrudik f jzpfuek af wmhonf? (ta&S@awmiftm&Sppfyu JG t&rf;eD;uyfvmwJt h wGuf vH;k 0v#Kd @0Suzf @kd vdt k yfw,f vd@k tJ'h t D csed rf mS u|eaf wmfw@kd rodb;l ? tJ'h v D #Kd @0Surf u _ kd yd+k y;D wif;usyzf @kd a=ueef;trde@f u &nf&, G w f ,fv@kd vnf; rxifr=d ubl;? a&wyfpcef;Xmebufu pDru H ed ;f wpfcv k ;kH udk &kww f &uf r,H=k unfawmhbJ pGe@f ypfvu kd +f yv D @kd yJ xifaew,f?) xdpk Ofut&_wt f axG;udk udw*srD u u|effyfudk&Sif;jyonf? plqluD;ESifh rDemrDuDuef wpfzGJ@vHk;twGufvnf; xdkae@um; t}u;D tus,f wkev f y_ af csmufjcm; cJ&h onf@ ae@wpfae@jzpfonf? r=umrDyif ,kwu dW sus olw@kd pOf;pm;rdvm=uonf/ vkyif ef;rprD a&wyfpcef;XmebufrS Tod@k trde@f ay;jcif;twGuf cdik rf monft h a=umif;&SEd ikd o f nf? od@k wdik f plqu l ;D wGiv f nf; ol@qifajceJ@ol &Sx d m;onf? ('Dupd t P wGuf u|eaf wmfu, kd w f ikd f tjyif;txef}uKd ;yrf;cJ&h ygw,f? u|eaf wmf&h @J OD;acgi;f u a&wyfpcef;Xmeu rSew f ,fv@kd ajymw,f? rSeo f nfjzpfap rSm;onfjzpfap trde@f udk emcH&rSmyJ? 'gayr,fh u|eaf wmf&h @J pDru H ed ;f atmifjrif&r,fv@kd ajymaew,f? 'g@a=umifh trSef ESpfck=um;rSm u|efawmfnyfae+yD; =um;csa&G;cs,fzdk@ wdkufwGef;aew,f? ESpfckvHk;udk tay;t,lvyk +f y;D a&G;cs,zf @kd qH;k jzwfvu kd w f ,f? plqluD;u xdkae@&ufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI jyefajymonf? xdkae@&ufrSmyif a&wyfpcef;XmecsKyx f H rDemrDuu D efrS ukeaf owWmav;vH;k rSm aysmufq;kH aeojzifh &SmazGaeqJ jzpf+y;D ESpv f ;kH udjk yefy@kd vdu k af =umif; ta=umif;jyefvu kd o f nf? Tt"dym` ,ft& &Jabmfav; a,mufukd plqu l ;D ESihf twlac:xm;+y;D ESpaf ,mufukd jyefy@kd vdu k jf cif;jzpfonf? wpfcg atmuf wdb k m 30 &ufwiG f a&wyfpcef;XmecsKyx f H a=u;eef;a&mufvmjyefonf? v_y&f mS ;r_tm;vH;k ; &yfqikd ;f xm;oifo h nf[k !$e=f um;xm;onf? Twpf}urd w f iG f olw@kd oHo,rSm }u;D xGm;vmonf? befaumuf&;kH csKyrf mS t&m&Sd uy`wed f Ed'k gukd plqu l ;D u wdu k sKd o@kd v$wI f ta=umif;tusKd ; pHpk rf;cdik ;f onf? Ed'k gomG ;+y;D r=umrD ‚xHrS a=u;eef;a&muf vmonf? od@k wdik f ol. a=u;eef;rSmvnf; a&wyfpcef;XmexHuvdk em;vnf&cufaejyefonf? tajctaeaumif;onf? a&S@od@k wpfvrS ;f csi;f vSr;f aeonf[k qdx k m;onf? od@k wdik f bef aumufuvlawGtwGuu f m; t"dym` ,fr&Sd jzpfaeawmhonf? TY rdrdESifh rDemrDuDuefwpfzGJ@vHk; ajcvGwfvufvGwf rjzpfapzdk@twGuf wpfcck v k yk zf @kd plqu l ;D qH;k jzwfvu kd o f nf? rDemrDuu D ef &H;k rSww f rf;twGi;f ol@taeESihf a&wyf pcef;XmexHrS a=u;eef;&&S+d y;D aemufwpfae@wGif qdik *f rkH S befaumufo@kd a&muf&v dS monfh a=u;eef;ESiyhf wfoufI roda=umif; rSww f rf;wGif a&;cdik ;f vdu k o f nf? olvyk &f rnft h vkyt f tvif;tdrfr* ❄ ❃

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wGuf tcsed v f o kd nf? od@k a=umifh tajctaeudk &_waf xG;atmifvyk yf pfvu kd o f nf? plqu l ;D um; ol@&nf&, G cf sut f wGuf tm;vH;k udk avmif;a=u;xyfI pGe@f pm;aeav+y?D befaumufwGif ykef;cdkusefcJhol av;a,mufrSm Adkvfvusfm/ Adkvfva&mif/ Adv k af Z,sEiS hf Adv k jf rifah qGw@kd jzpf+y;D Adv k &f efEikd Ef iS hf Adv k rf ;kd um; tqdyk goabFmESiyhf if wdu k sKd o@kd jyefygomG ;=uonf? Ed'k gxrH S a=u;eef;&+y;D aemufEpS &f uf=um Ed0k ifbmv 13 &ufae@wGif xdik ;f jrefrm e,fjcm;rS ta&;ygonfh t"duESpaf e&mod@k v$wv f u kd o f nf? wpfcrk mS xm;0,f+rKd @t em;&Sd ewftrd af wmifEiS hf ajrmufbufrS rJaqmufw@kd jzpfonf? Tae&mrsm;um; jrefrmjynf twGi;f *syefwyfrsm; xd;k azmufusL;ausmv f mrnfh t"duae&mrsm;jzpfonf? ‚wd@k rSm Ta'orsm;twGi;f tajctaeudk pH;k prf;avhvm=u&rnf? Edik if aH &;tkypf k rsm;ESihf tquftoG,, f &l rnf? vlxw k u kd cf u kd af &; tiftm;pkrsm;udk pwifpnf;&H;k zG@J pnf; &rnfjzpfonf? od@k aomf tqdyk gvyk if ef;wd@k udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif avmavmq,f *syefxrH S rnfonft h axmuftyHw h @kd udrk # rarSsmv f ifb h J ud, k ehf nf;ud, k [ hf efjzifh v_y&f mS ;&rnf vnf; jzpfonf? Tod@k jzifh ewftrd af wmifo@kd Adv k v f usmf ESihf Adv k v f a&mifw@kd a&mufvm=uonf? od@k ayr,fh bmr#rvky&f ao;rDrmS yif e,fjcm;apmifq h ikd ;f &Jw@kd ESihf yufyif;wd;k rd=u+y;D uefb&l D tcsKyaf xmifxJ a&mufomG ;=uonf? +y;D aemuf ypPzd w d pf pfyJG pwif+y;D oH;k &uft=um *syef wyfp, G f wpfp, G f a&mufvmonft h csed t f xd tcsKyx f w J iG f aecJ=h u&onf? xdrk S av;&ufajrmufae@wGif befaumufo@kd jyefa&mufvm=u+y;D r_eo f ;kd od;k ESihf rD; xawmufrwwf =unfah eonfh plqu l ;D . rsuv f ;kH wd@k udk &ifqikd &f awmhonf? plqu l ;D u olw@kd ESpOf ;D udk &p&mr&Sad tmif atmf[pf}urd ;f armif;awmhonf? Adv k v f usmf ESihf Adv k v f a&mif um; &H@_ rJI h id=k uonf? od@k ayr,fh olw@kd q&m plqu l ;D ta=umif;udk olw@kd odxm;+y;D jzpfonf? }urd ;f armif;I +y;D v#iaf wmh zcifwpfa,mufvkd El;!Hph mG qH;k rwwfonf? (ppfom;qdw k m ao&ifao rao&if wdu k &f rnfqw kd m tckrif;wd@k em;vnf=u+yD r[kwv f m;) (rif;wd@k ESpaf ,mufu ESpcf v k ;kH bmr#rvkycf b hJ ;l ? 'ga=umifh rif;wd@k [m wefz;kd r&Sd v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uw,f? aemufwpfcgqkd taumif;qH;k vkyyf g?) Tum; plqu l ;D . jrefrmhvil ,frsm;tay: oabmxm;jzpfonf? rJaqmufvrf; a=umif;twdik ;f jrefrmjynfwiG ;f 0ifomG ;onfh Adv k af Z,sEiS hf Adv k jf rifah qGw@kd rSm aemufxyfv;kH 0 owif;r=um;&awmhbJ +Aw d o d #w@kd &efuek rf S rqkwcf mG rD 1942 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D twGi;f jyefay:vm=uonf? tcef;(5) Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf 1941 ckEpS f 'DZifbm 8 &ufae@wGif *syefppfx0J ifvmonf? TwGif rDemrDuu D ef 88

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tzG@J rSmvnf; rdrt d pDtpOfrsm;twdik ;f vGwv f w G v f yfvyf a&S@qufvmEdik o f nf? wdu k sKd / xdik 0f rfEiS hf [dik ef efrS rDemrDuu D ef tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk jrefrmvli,frsm;ESit hf wl befaumufo@kd csv D m=uzd@k !$e=f um;vdu k o f nf? Ttcsed t f xd xdik ;f Edik if . H Edik if aH &; &yfwnfrr_ mS jywfjywf om;om;r&Sad o;? +cpH nf;&d;k ay: cGxikd af eqJjzpfonf? od@k twGuf plqu l ;D ESihf Adv k cf sKyaf tmif qef; wd@k rSm vH+k cKH r&_ o dS nfh xdik 0f rfwiG f apmifah e=uonf? 'DZifbmv 27 &ufae@wGif jrefrmjynfwiG ;f od@k jyef0ifomG ;onfh &JabmfEpS Of ;D (Adv k f jrifah qGEiS hf Adv k af Z,s) rSty rDemrDuu D ef tzG@J ESihf &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f iftm;vH;k befaumufo@kd a&muf&v dS m=uonf? xdt k csed w f iG f xdik ;f Edik if rH mS *syefw@kd buf ygvm+yjD zpfonft h wGuf vH+k cKH a&; pdwcf s&+yD jzpfonf? 'DZifbm 27 &ufrS 31 &uf/ xdkig;&ufonf &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm;twGuf pdwt f v_yt f &Sm;qH;k ae@&ufrsm;jzpfovdk jrefrmwd@k twGuv f nf; ordik ;f 0if ae@&ufrsm;jzpf onf? jrefrmwd@k twGuf ESpaf ygi;f wpf&meD;yg;twGi;f yxrOD;qH;k jrefrmhwyfrawmfukd arG;zGm; ay;vdu k o f nfh ae@&ufrsm;vnf;jzpfonf? wyfrawmfum; jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&; wdu k yf u JG kd qif E$zJ @kd toifjh zpfaeav+y?D ae&mwumatmify&JG aeonfh =unf;wyf/ a&wyf}u;D rsm; ydik q f ikd f xm;onf? r[mrdw. f t&dyaf tmufwiG f vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf t JG wGuf tcGit hf a&;wpfcu k kd &&Sx d m;av+y?D OD;pGm rdrw d @kd pkpnf;vdu k o f nfh tiftm;pk}u;D udk Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf [k trnfay;zd@k qH;k jzwf=uonf? Ttrnfum; &d;k &d;k &Si;f &Si;f jzpfonfw h ikd f jrefrmwd@k twGurf l pdwv f y_ &f mS ;zG,f pum;vH;k rsm; jzpfonf? +y;D aemuf jrefrmwd@k . ppfra_ &;&m a&S@tpOftvm twdik ;f tyso H ifp wyfrawmfav;rS t&m&Sw d @kd .trnfw@kd udk ppfaoG;ppfrmeftjynf&h o dS nfh trnfrsm;ay;cJ=h uonf? Ttrnfrsm;u jrefrmwd@k twdwu f kd jyefxeG ;f !Sad y;vdu k o f vdk jref rmvlx}k u;D . ESv;kH om;wd@k udv k nf; zrf;pm;Edik cf o hJ nf? od@k jzifh plqu l ;D u Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ; [laomtrnfuckd , H o l nf? ppfoifwef;rSL; um0&Srd u Adv k af t;jzpfvmonf? ocifatmifqef;u Adv k af wZ tjzpf ponfjzifh ordik ;f wGicf o hJ nfh trnfw@kd udk toD;oD;cH,=l uonf? xD;d &d;k ukd rd;k }uKd ;ypfvrd rhf nf[al om wabmifukd a&S@wpf ae&mwGif u|Eyfk f azmfjycJ+h y;D jzpfonf? ,ck t*Fvyd f (xD;&d;k ) wd@k udk armif;xkwrf nfh Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ; (*syef) vmav+y[ D k jrefrmwd@k wabmifpenf; rSeu f efa=umif; ,H=k unfae=uonf? T,H=k unfrE_ iS t hf wl uyfygvmonfh owif;wpfcak =umifv h nf; jrefrmvlx}k u;D wpfcv k ;kH v_yv f y_ &f mS ;&Sm; jzpfuek =f uonf? Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ;um; tjcm;olr[kw?f txufjrefrm jynfukd t*Fvyd w f @kd odr;f ydu k rf o d nft h cg xdik ;f Edik if o H @kd xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&SmifomG ;onfh jrifueG ;f rif;om;}u;D jzpfonf? wu,frh [mqD r[maoG;ppfppf jzpfawmhonf? rnfo@dk &Sad p yg;yg; eyfeyfEiS hf tcsyd t f qufrrd d vky}f uzH efw;D xm;onfh aumv[mvum; jrefrmwpfrsKd ;om; tvif;tdrfr* ❪ ❭

❫

❴

❵

❛

❜

❝

❡ ❞

❢

❣

❛

❤

✐

❜

❡ ❴

❥

❣

vH;k . ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmef pdw"f gww f @kd udk v_yEf ;d_ ay;vdu k o f nfh onf;ajccdu k f owif;wpfy'k f yifjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh twdwt f pGt J vef;}u;dD onfh txufjrefrmjynfwiG f ydI k tkwaf tmf aomif;eif; jzpfvm=uonf? ,ckjrifueG ;f rif;om;}u;D OD;aqmifvmonfh jrefrmhwyfrawmf}u;D u jrefrmwd@k =um; ae&onfh wabmifpenf;twdik ;f t*Fvyd w f @kd udk armif;xkwaf wmhrnf[k wufwuf=u=G uG qdck =hJ uonf? Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ;ESihf &Jabmfo;kH usyd w f @kd xd;k azmufcsw D ufvmonft h cg Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ;. trnfEiS &hf aJ bmfo;kH usyd w f @kd .trnfrsm;rSm wpfjynfv;kH ys@H ES@H oGm;awmhonf? qdck o hJ vdk trnfrsm;ajymif;+y;D aemuf aoG;aomufopPmqdyk u JG v kd nf; jrefrmhtpOf tvm oauFwwpfct k aeESihf 'DZifbmv 26 &ufae@wGif usi;f ycJ=h uonf? aiGzvm;cGuf wpfcu G f tv,fxm;I &Jabmftm;vH;k pka0;I vufarmif;rS aoG;azmufI aiGzvm;twGi;f xnfhonf? +yD;aemuft&ufjyif;jyif;a&mI &Jabmftm;vHk; tcsdK;usaomuf=u+yD; &Jabmftm;vH;k toufq;kH onftxd vGwv f yfa&;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifz@kd aoG;opPmwdik w f nf =u&onf? a&S;acwfjrefrmppfo&l aJ umif;wd@k . tavhtxwpfcjk zpfonfh Ttcrf;tem;u rnfo@kd &Sad p vli,fw@kd udk tm;rmeftjynfEh iS hf wuf=uaG ponf? ociftrsm;pk yg0ifaeonfh tzG@J jzpfonft h av#muf jrefrmhwyfrawmftvHEiS hf oDcsi;f udk wd@k Armtpnf;t&H;k tvHEiS hf oDcsi;f udk owfrw S v f u kd =f uonf? ua'gi;f ESihf oH;k a&mifcs,t f vHjzifh jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&; wyf rawmf}u;D u csw D ufvmawmhrnfjzpfonf? odk@wdkif vwfwavmvkyf&rnfhtvkyfrSm wyfom;pkaqmif;a&;jzpfonf? befaumufwiG t f ajccsaeonfh Armh&yfuu G rf sm;ESihf e,fjcm;ESiu hf yfaeonfh e,fajrrsm;rS jrefrmrsm;ESihf ‚wd@k ESiehf ;D pyf&mwdik ;f trsKd ;om; oH;k &mcef@udk rwfqw k meDEiS hf &JabmftcsKd @u oGm;a&mufI pnf;&H;k =uonf? ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;um; ar#mv f ifx h m;onfxuf atmifjrifchJ onf? ppfom;opfrsm; aepOfw;kd vmonf? 'DZifbm 31 &ufwiG f *syefppfwyfx;kH pHEiS t hf nD &_q*k si&f u DS D (Shutsu- Jin- Shiki) (od@k ) ppfxu G yf JG tcrf;tem;udk befaumufY usi;f yonf? ta&twGuef nf;yg;aomfvnf; pdw"f gwjf ynf0h onfh Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyf}u;D um; tvHwvlvv l i$ I hf ppfa&;jy=uonf? vl wdik ;f wGif plqu l ;D ud, k w f ikd f csyd af y;xm;onfh aiG=u,fyiG Ehf iS hf *k%, f 0l if=h umG ;v#u&f adS eonf? tvHawmfEiS hf plqu l ;D udk tav;jyK+y;D aemuf wyfz@JG twGuf aemufq;kH trde@f udk plqu l ;D u zwf=um;onf? trde@f t& &mxl;tqifrh sm;udk cef@tyfvu kd o f nf? plqu l ;D udk Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ESihf kwyfrSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ uy`wdef um0&Sdr ac: Adkvfat;udk 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ESifh 'kwyfrLS ;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ Adv k af tmifqef;ac: Adv k af wZ udk Adv k cf sKyt f jzpfvnf;aumif;/ rdq&k q k *l su D kd Adv k rf LS ;}u;D tjzpfvnf;aumif; ponfjzifh tjcm;&Jabmfrsm;ESihf *syefenf;jyrsm; rSm &mxl;tqifh trsKd ;rsKd ;Y t&m&Srd sm; jzpfvmonf? 90

tvif;tdrfr* ❦

❧

♠

♥

♦

♣

✉

✈

♣

✇

①

♥

②

✈

wpfqufwnf;Yyif tqdyk gtrde@f t& rDemrDuu D efukd zsuo f rd ;f I jrefrmhvw G v f yf a&;wyfrawmftjzpf zG@J pnf;vdu k af =umif; twnfjyKonf? +y;D aemuf wyfrLS ;taeESihf Adv k f rd;k }uKd ;u csucf si;f ppfcs&D rnft h rde@f udk xkwjf yefonf? Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmfonf tzG@J ajcmufz@JG cGI J csucf si;f ppfcs&D rnfjzpfonf? yxrtzG@J ESpzf @JG wGif taxGaxG &H;k tzG@J ESihf wdu k cf u kd af &;wyfw@kd yg0if+y;D / Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ; . uGwu f rGJ a_ tmufwiG f &Srd nf? Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;/ Adv k pf }umf ESihf ocifxeG ;f tkyw f @kd wGzJ uf vdkufygrnf? tqdkygtzGJ@ESpfzGJ@rSm &a[mif;odk@csDI xdkrS rJaqmufvrf;a=umif;twdkif; jrefrmjynftwGi;f xd;k azmuf0ifa&muf&rnfh *syefwyfrESihf yl;wGcJ sw D ufrnf? Adv k af e0if;ESihf Adv k w f memumwd@k OD;pD;onfh wwd,tzG@J u jynfwiG ;f tzsut f arSmuf vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf tHk =urG w _ @kd udk vH@_ aqmfrnf? olv#Kd tzG@J tjzpf v_y&f mS ;rnf? wwd,tzG@J rSmvnf; &a[mif;vrf; a=umif;twdik ;f csrD nf? Adv k zf ek ;f jrifh uGyu f o J nfh pwkwt W yk pf rk mS *syefwyf&if; 55 ESiw hf zJG ufI jynfo@l qufqaH &;vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf wm0ef,rl nf? yOPrESihf qXrtzG@J wd@k um; wdu k cf u kd f a&;wyfrsm;jzpfonf? wyfz@JG udk Adv k v f usmf / Adv k v f a&mifEiS hf Adv k af t;(od@k ) uy`wed u f m0&Srd wd@k OD;pD;I uefb&l o D @kd csrD nf? xdrk S ewftrd af wmifvrf;a=umif;twdik ;f jynfwiG ;f od@k 0ifrnf? qXr tkypf rk mS uGef ref'kd wyfjzpf+y;D Adv k &f efEikd /f Adv k v f if;,ke/f Adv k rf if;acgiEf iS hf Adv k [ f &d &mr(od@k ) Adv k rf w k q f w d f wd@k uGyu f I J &aemif;od@k csrD nf? xdrk S 0dw&kd , d ydKG ihf (bk&ifah emiftil) rSwpfqifh jrefrmjynf ajrmufbufwpfa=umod@k qufcsw D ufrnfjzpfonf? ppfxu G f tcrf;tem;rSm aemufq;kH t rde@f ESit hf wl TwGi+f y;D qH;k I aysmaf ysmyf g;yg; pm;aomuf=uonf? xdn k rSmyif Armhvw G v f yf a&;wyfrawmf. yxr,lepfrmS befaumufrS pwifxu G cf mG I Zefe0g&v D v,fcef@wGif ,l epftm;vH;k e,fjcm;&Sd oufqikd &f mae&mrsm;wGif wyfpI JG xd;k ppfqif&ef toif&h sad e+yjD zpfonf? od@k jzifh jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&; ppfyJG (od@k ) pwkwEW iS hf aemufq;kH t*Fvyd jf refrmppfy}JG u;D pwifvm awmhavonf?

oef;0if;v_dif (qufvufaz: jyygrnf?)

tvif;tdrfr* ④ ③

⑤

⑥

⑧

⑨

⑩

❶

❸ ❷

❹

❺

⑨

❻

❼

⑩

❸ ⑥

❽

❺

vl@rdom;pk tokduft0ef;rSm ywf0ef;usif / toif;tzGJ h qkdwmawG &Sd=uygw,f ? tJh'gawGrSm vkdufem usifh}uH&rJh ,Ofaus;rSK / pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;awG &Sdygw,f ? vltrsm;u oabmwl vuQH vkdufem=uayrJh ukd,fu ukd,fhqENeJ h rnD&if rvkdufem/ rusifh}uH/ raqmif&Guf wwfwJh p&kduf[m vl htzGJ htpnf;ukd ysufpD; t&kyfqkd; apygw,f ? 'D p&kdufawGukd &SKH@cs qef husif&if; &yfwnfrSKawGeJ htwl &Sdaeygw,f ? &J+idrf;

tvif;tdrfr* ❾

❿

➀

➁

➂

➃

➄

➅

➆

➇

➈

➉

➃

➊

➋

➄

➁

➇

➌

➉

tvif;tdr.f .... ESpaf wG=umvJ tvif;rrSdefygapeJ@ qufvufxeG ;f yae&rSmu tvif;tdrf&J@ b0yg? aZmfaZmfEikd f

vlwpfa,mufcsi;f qDrmS .... rsufpd ESpfvHk; ... em; ESpfzuf udk,fpD&Sdwmu ... ESpzf ufjrifay;zd@k e@J ESpzf ufem;axmifay;zd@k .... ausmfrdk;Edkif

tvif;tdrfr* ➎ ➍

➏

➐

➑

➒

➓

➔

➣ →

↔

↕

➒

➙

➛

➓

➣ ➐

➜

↕

tvif;tdrf &Jabmfrsm;onf ppftm%m&Sifwdk@. bDvl;tdrfrufY paw;cHcJh&olcsif; aygif;pnf;rd&if;jzifh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (9) ESpfwmrSonf tm%m&Sifwdk@ rkcsusqHk;&rnf[k tcdik t f rm ,H=k unfpmG jzifh..... aZmfaZmfatmif (t*Fvef) ABFSU (88)rsKd;quf

usKyfcspfwJh pmay uavmifoGm;eJ@ usKyfrkef;wJh tm%m&Sifpepfudk usKyfaemufq;kH xGuo f uftxd qef@usif awmfvSef wdkufcdkufoGm;r,f? xGef;+idrf; (abmufaxmfom;)

Anm;b&dik , f efuif;

tvif;tdrfr* ➝

➞

➟

➠

➡

➢

➤

➥

➦

➧

➨

➩

➢

➫

➭

➤

➠

➧

➯

➩

(tvif;tdrf) - tvif;tdrf onfum; e0r vGefajrmuf '\r a&mufvnf; tvif;tdrfuawmh tvif;rrSdefao;yg? awmfvSefa&;c&D; +yD;qHk;onfhwdkifatmif tvif;tdrf tvif;rrSdefapa&;twGuf qufvuf xrf;aqmif&rSmuawm hjzifh tzGJ@om;rsm;tm;vHk;&J@ wm0efyJ qdkwm rarh rav#mh apcsifygbl; &Jabmfwdk@a&? cifarmifaZmf (av;av;tdk -O\majr) tvif;tdrf zwfczhJ ;l wmav;yg..... tqdk;jriform;u... avxefwmudk tjypfwifw,f/ taumif;jriform;u... av+idrfoGm;rSmygvdk@ ar#mfvifhw,f? vufawG@orm;u... avS&u G af wGukd tvdu k o f ifh xde;f nSad y;wwfw,f? atmifaZ,smndK

pnfoljrifh

tvif;tdrfr* ➳ ➲

➵

➸

➺

➻

➼

➽

➚ ➾

➪

➶

➻

➹

➘

➼

➚ ➸

➴

➶

tvif;a&mifrrSdefwJh 'dk@ ....tvif;tdrf? at;odu k f

tvif;tdrfeJ@twl t+rJwrf; vufwrJG jzKwfyJ &yfwnfaerSmyg? aX;0if;

jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDta&;twGuf tvif;tdrf t"Gef@&Snfygap? atmif=unf

tvif;tdrfr* ➷

➬

➮

➱

✃

❐

❒

❮

❰

❐

❒

➱

rdom;pkpdwf/ &Jabmf&Jbuf pdwf"gwfrsm;ESifhtwl tvif;tdrf xm0&wnf&Sdapzdk@ wGJvufrsm; cdkif+rJ=uygpdk@? &Jjrifhatmif

tvif;tdrf wnfwHhoa&G@ &Sdeygrnf? [efaZmf0if;

tvif;tdrfpmay xm0pOf wnfwHhcdkif+rJEdkifygap? 0if;Edkif

(Lin Po Yin)

tvif;tdrfr* Ö Õ

Þ Ý

Þ Ø

t&mtm;vH;k udk..... ig...... r=um;csif...... rjrifcsif...... rodcsi.f ..... 'garrJ.h ...! ig...... twWawGuseaf eao;w,f....! xGef;xGef;0if; (tvif;tdrf)

,H=k unfro _ nf vl.wefz;kd jzpfonf? ausmfcdkif0if;

tvif;tdrfeJ@twl vufwGJr,fvdk@ qHk;jzwf+yD;wJh tcsdefup+yD; c&D;qHk;txd csDwufr,f? wifEikd f

tvif;tdrfr* ä

wuf➸✁ ✂✄☎✆✝✞✟✠✝✡ ✞✠✝☛☞✌☛✍ ✎☎✏✝✎✠✝ t+rJpnf;vHk; vufwGJrjzKwf wtlwHkqif; nDtpfudk&if; ozG,fyif tvif;tdrf tzGJ@0if.... atmifrsdK;rif;

tvif;tdrf tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh vufwGJv#uf wpfESpf+yD;wpfESpf a&S@odk@csDwufv#ufyg? ausmfrsdK;xGef;

tvif;tdrf tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhtwl t+rJvufwGJ yg0if&if; tvif;tdrf tzGJ@tpnf; t"Gef@&Snf wnfwHhcdkif+rJygap? 0if;oEWmatmif

tvif;tdrfr* ô ó

ü û

⑦

ü ö

100

=unfpef;

tvif;tdrf (9) ESpf jynfhcJh+yD? tHharmf

atmifapmOD; (rd_if;&mjynfh)/ OD;ynmoD&d 0if;wifhxGef;/ ref;&Smvm;zef;/ wifhaZmf/ ZGefrd_if;/ OD;atmifxl; t ✥

100

tvif;tdrfr* ✑

✒

✓

✔

✖

✗

✘

✙

✚

✛

✜

✖

✢

✣

✗

✔

✚

✤

✜

✦✧

★

t ✩ ✪✧

✪✫ ✬

✭ ✦

✧

★ ✪✮

✯

✰ ✯

✱✧ ✲

✳

✴ ✧

✵✶

✷ ✸

✹ ✧

✺ ✻

✼ ✩

✽

✾ ✧

101

tvif;tdrfr* ❀ ✿

❁

❂

❃

❄

❅

❆

❈ ❇

❉

❊

❄

❋

●

❅

❈ ❂

❍

❊

101

102

tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;tm; ulnDaxmufyHhay;aom (1) &Jrif;0if; (2) ausmx f eG ;f Edik f (3) cdik Of ;D i,f

wdk@tm; tvif;tdrfr*Zif; &Jabmfrsm;rS ❳

rSwfwrf;wif *k%fjyKtyfygonf .................................................

zdwfac:tyfygonf EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tawG;tjrifaqmif;yg;rsm; a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; uAsm/ 0w ❨ ❼ ❩ ❪ ❭ ❬

❫ ❴ ❩ ❛ ❵ ❜ ❝ ❪

❞ ❛ ❝ ❜ ❡ ❢ ❣ ❤ ❢ ❴ ❫ ❬ ❭

rnforl qdk vGwv f yfpmG ay;yd@k Eikd yf gonf? pmrlrsm;udk (15) &ufae@ aemufq;kH xm;+yD; ay;yd@k =uyg&ef arwWm&yfct H yfygonf?

tvif;tdrrf *~Zif;

102

tvif;tdrfr* ■

❏

❑

▲

▼

◆

❖

◗

❘

❙

❚

◆

❯

❱

❖

▲

❘

❲

❚

103

t,f'Dwm &J+idrf;/ cifarmifaZmf tHharmf

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