အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၇) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&5 / awmfovif;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&5 / awmfovif;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;

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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

atmfyDus,f/ Bnyo Nyo/ armifvif;

A.M.T

umwGe;f tifwmeufru S mwGe;f rsm;

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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armifpGrf;&nf 29/ 11/ 61 "teDESihftjym"uAsmpmtkyfrS

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armifrd_i f;vGi f (tif;0) 20/ 12/ 2012

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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armifpdk;csdef Zlvikd f 16/ 2013

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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'*kek w f m&m +ird ;f csr;f a&;qdo k nfu rajyvnfaom jy\emrsm;udk pGr;f aomenf;jzihf ajz¶Si;f jcif; udk qdv k o kd nf? ppfenf;jzihf ¶Si;f jcif; r[kwaf y? 1948 ckEpS w f iG f vGwv f yfa&;&cJah yonf? vGwv f yfa&;&cJ@onfrpS I zl;yGipfh 'Dru kd a&pD qef;p+yK+y?D od@k aomfrarSsmv f ihb f J jynfwiG ;f ppf ESifh }uKH c@J &onf? jynfwiG ;f ppfonf ppfenf;ESifh ajz¶Si;f aom enf;wpfenf; jzpfonf? u|eaf wmfuawmh jynfwiG ;f ppfonf rjzpfoihaf om tjcif;t&m[k em;vnfrd onf? +idrf;csrf;a&;r¶SdvSsif wdkif;jynfwdk;wufa&;vkyf&ef tcGihftvrf;enf;yg;oGm;onf? awmfveS rf q _ o kd nfrmS aumif;aom ajymif;jcif;(od@k r[kw)f ydI k aumif;aom ajymif;vJjcif;udk qdkvdkonf? tajccHajymif;vJa&;vkyf&mwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;¶SdrSomvSsif vlom;jynfolwdk@. pGrf;tm;udk vGwfvyfpGmoHk;pGJEdkifrnfomjzpfonf? xdk@a=umihf &efolr¶Sd/ rdwfaqGom¶Sd/ rke;f olr¶S/d cspo f o l m¶S/d Edik if aH &;vkyw f ,fqw kd m &efou l kd rdwaf qGjzpfatmifvyk w f m? ,if;onf u|eaf wmf.ordik ;f tawGŒt}uKH rS &¶Sad om '\ejzpfonf? ppfonf zsuq f ;D aom ud&, d mjzpfI +ird ;f csr;f a&;onf wnfaqmufaom ud&, d m? xd@k a=umihyf ifvsS if jynfow l ikd ;f onf yifu, kd t f m;jzihf +ird ;f csr;f a&;udjk rwfE;kd awmihw f jcif;jzpfonf? od@k &mwGif +ird ;f csr;f a&;onfomvSsif u|eaf wmfw@kd . jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf Edik if aH &;tiftm;pk/ trsKd ;om; tiftm;pkyg0ifaom jynfaxmifpjk ynfow l @kd . qENEiS u fh u kd n f rD nfjzpfayonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;vuf0,f&¶Sd¶Hkjzihf t&m&mudkajz¶Sif;Edkifrnf[k arSsmfvihfxm;Ir&? rdrw d @kd . wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOfwiG f taESmuft,Sujf zpfay:vmaom udprP sm;ay:vm 28

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

Edik o f nf? ay:vmonhf jy\emrsm;udk +ird ;f csr;f pGmajz¶Si;f rnf qdv k sS if Edik if aH wmf w0ef;onf +ird ;f csr;f a&;t&omudk aysm¶f i$ pf mG cHpm;Edik rf nfjzpfonf? +ird ;f csr;f a&; enf;jcif;onf nDnw G af &;tm;enf;aoma=umihjf zpfonf? nDnw G af &; qdo k nfu Edik if aH &;ESifh trsKd ;oma&;tiftm;pk tm;vH;k wd@k wGzJ ufum jynfaxmifpk jrefrm Edik if aH wmf. tusKd ;udak qmif¶u G jf cif;jziho f mvSsif +ird ;f csr;f a&;onf cdik rf mvmrnfjzpfonf? ,if;tajctaeudk nDnw G af &;[k u|eaf wmfuqdv k &kd if;jzpfonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd tcsi;f csi;f onf rnDnw G Ef ikd pf &m ta=umif;r¶S?d rajz¶Si;f Edik pf &mta=umif;r¶S?d +ird ;f csr;f aom enf;jzihaf jz¶Si;f jcif;jziho f m +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk wd;k wufcikd rf mvmrnf jzpfonf? ,if;cdik rf mwd;k wufoavmuf vlom;tm;vH;k wd@k onf vGwv f yfpmG rdrw d @kd pGr;f tm; udk ydI k aqmif¶u G jf cif;jzihf rdrw d ikd ;f jynf. tusKd ;/ jynfo. l tusKd ;udak qmif¶u G Ef ikd rf nf[k ,H=k unfro d nf? vGwfvyfa&;r¶SdvSsif +idrf;csrf;a&;vnf; ¶SdEdkifrnfr[kwf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;r¶SdvSsif wdkif;jynf. wdk;wufa&; aqmif¶GufEdkifrnf r[kwf? +idrf;csrf;a&;onf t&m&mudk zefwD;Edkifaom tajctae/ t&m&mudkajz¶Sif;Edkifaom tajctaejzpfonf? +idrf;csrf;a&; onfomvSsif jynfow l @kd . wd;k wufa&;udk pGr;f aqmifEikd af yrnf² ? +ird ;f csr;f a&;¶Srd o S mvSsif ynma&;zGHŒ+zdK;wdk;wufr_udk jyKEdkifayrnf? +idrf;csrf;a&;¶SdrSomvSsif pDyGm;a&;udk vGwfvyf pGmaqmif¶u G Ef ikd af yrnf? xdk@a=umihf nDnGwfa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;(wef;wltcGihfta&;jzihf vGwfvyfa&;) +idrf;csrf;a&;....? "Edik if aH &;vkyw f ,fqw kd m &efou l rkd w d af qGjzpfvmatmif vkyw f m" u|efawmfonf ordkif;acwfrsm;pGmudk jzwfoef;+yD;aemuf ,if;'\eudk &¶Sd vdu k o f nf?

'*kefwm&m (pm/ 49-51) EdkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_ (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

(jyefvnfqef;opfjcif;)

EdkifiHa&;orm;ESihf pma&;q&m

'*kek w f m&m Edik if aH &;orm;ESifh pma&;q&mudk rESKid ;f ,SOrf D Ekid if aH &;orm;qkw d m bmvJ/ pma&; q&mqkw d m bmvJukd &Si;f jyzd@k vdak yvdrrfh nf/ Edik if aH &;orm;qkw d m bmvJ/ EdkifiHa&;qkdonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qkdcsufudk vlxktiftm;jzihf vSKyf&Sm;rSK jyKrljcif;yifjzpfonf/ pmayqkw d m bmvJ/ pmayqko d nfrmS vl@b0ta=umif;t&mudk pmzwfol &otay:atmif zG@J EG@J xm; aom ta&;tom;jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;aqmif&Gufolonf EdkifiHa&;orm;jzpfonf? pmaya&;om;olonf pma&;q&mjzpfonf/ Tod@k t=urf;zsi;f od&onf/ onhx f uf wif;jynhu f syjf ynht f "dyg` ,jf zihf qk&d vSsif Ekid if aH &;udk rdrb d 0Y jrKS yEf u HS m EdkifiHa&;wckwnf;udkom aqmif&Gufoludk EkdifiHa&;orm;[k ac:oihfayonf/ pmayudk rdrb d 0Y jrKS yEf u HS m pmaywckwnf;udo k m a&;om;olukd pma&;q&m[k ac:oihaf yonf/ ,if;t"dy`g,fzGihfqkdcsuftwkdif; twdtus owfrSwf&ef r[kwfay/ EkdifiHa&;oufouf/ pmayoufouf aqmif&u G o f rl sm; &So d vdk a&maESmaqmif&u G =f uolrsm;vnf; &Sad yonf/ avmuY owfouf[I l r&SEd idk af y? od@k aomf ,if;tiftm;trsm;qH;k &So d u l kd wkid ;f wmI ac:a0:rSw, f =l ujcif;omvSsif jzpfayonf/ Tae&mY Ekid if aH &;orm;oufouf/ pma&;q&moufouf [lI ESKid ;f ,SOv f jkd cif; r[kwb f J Edik if aH &;orm;ESifh pma&;q&mvkyif ef; ESp&f yfuo kfd m ESKid ;f ,SOv f jkd cif;jzpfI a&S@quf =uaytH?h 30

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

(2) Edik if aH &;ESifh pmayrnfonhaf e&mY wl=uovJ? Ekid if aH &;onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qkcd suEf iS fh oufqidk o f vd/k pmayonf vl@b0ESifh oufqidk o f nf/ a[m/ wl=uayjy/D pD;yGm;a&;qkdonfrSm pm0wfaea&;yifr[kwfygavm? vl@b0qkdonfrSmvnf; pm;0wfaea&;yif r[kwaf vm? Ekid if aH &; a0g[m&tm;jzihf odyu H` sus pD;yGm;a&;[k ac:=u onf? pmtkyo f yH gyg/ wuUov kd [ f efygyg[k ac:vSsif abm*aA'[kvnf; wenf;ac:Ekid af o; onf/ vl@b0[k pmqefqefac:vSsiv f nf; &ao;onf/ uAsmq&mwk@d u b0[k vSvaS v; ac:=uayonf/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vl@b0tESpo f m&csi;f twlwyl if r[kwaf yavm/ pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;ajymvSsif vl@b0yg&rnf/ vl@b0ta=umif;ajymvSsif vlawG. pD;yGm;a&;yg&rnf/ rygI rjzpf? vl@b0onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdckf sujf zihf vSKy&f mS ;aeaom b0jzpfonf/ jird o f ufaeaom vl@b0r[kwaf y? vl@b0. toufonfyifvsS if pD;yGm;a&; awmif;qkcd sujf zpfayonf? pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qkcd surf &Sv d sS if vl@b0onf aoaejcif;yif/ vl@b0onf rnfo@kd &So d vJ/ vl@b0onf vlwef;pm;rsm;jzihf ydkif;jcm; pdwfjzmvsuf&dSayonf/ pD;yGm;a&; awmif;qkdcsufonf vlwef;pm;u awmif;qkdaom pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsufomvSsif jzpfayonf? Ekid if aH &;onfyifvsS if vlwef;pm;Edik if aH &;jzpfayonf? vlwef;pm;rS uif;aom Ekid if aH &;[lonf r&Sed idk af y? (3) Ekid if aH &;onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdck su/f pmayonf vl@b0udk a&;om;jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;udk rnfo@kd awmif;qko d vJ/ vlxt k iftm;jzihf vSKy&f mS ;um awmif;qko d nf/ a[m/ Edik if aH &;Y vlxt k iftm;udk awG@&S&d ayjy/D vl@b0udk rnfo@kd a&;om;ovJ/ pmzwfol &oay:atmif zG@J EG@J onf/ a[m/ pmayY pmzwfou l kd awG@&ayjy/D Ekid if aH &;Y vlxt k iftm;/ pmayY pmzwfo/l twlwyl ifjzpfonf/ pum;vH;k tac: uGJaomfvnf; tESpfom&tm;jzihf twlwlyifjzpfonf/ pmzwfol pmzwfy&dowf onf vlxjk zpfonf? wenf;ttao;pdwf twdtus qk&d vSsif pmzwfoo l nf vlxt k pdwt f ydik ;f w&yfyifjzpfayonf? EkdifiHa&;orm;onf vlxkrygbJ r&yfwnfEkdif/ pma&;olonf pmzwfolrygbJ r&yfwnfEidk /f Edik if aH &;orm;ESifh pma&;q&m/ ESpOf ;D pvH;k vlxYk tjrpfw, G v f su&f o dS nf? vlxYk tajcrpdu k af om Edik if aH &;onf usq;kH rnfjzpfI pmzwfol vlxYk tajcrpdu k af om tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

pmayonfvnf; wdraf um&rnfom jzpfayonf r[kwyf gavm// (4) pma&;q&m. vkyif ef;um; tb,fenf;/ pma&;q&monf tEkynmvkyif ef;udkf aqmif&u G o f nf? olonf vl@b0udk xdawG@cHpm; &l@jrifo;kH oyfI tvSynmjzihf zG@J EG@J onf? ol. twwfynmonfum; ol. pmzwfy&dowf (0g) vlxpk w d Yf pGv J rf;uyfjiad tmif/ ESpo f uf,=kH unfatmif/ &ocHpm;&atmif a&;om;&aom twwfynmjzpfonf? pmzwfy&dowfu ol. pmayudk ESpo f ufcpH m;jcif; &So d avmuf ol.pmaytiftm;onf =uD;rm;vmayonf? ol. tEkynmonf atmifjrifonf[k qk&d ayrnf? Edik if aH &;orm;. vkyif ef;um; tb,fenf;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;onf vlxkvSKyf&Sm;rSK vkyfief;udfk aqmif&Gufonf? olonf vlwef;pm;wk@d jzihf jyrG ;f aom vl@b0udk wd;k a0S @avhvma0zefum Edik if aH &;abm*aA'ynm/ Edik if aH &;tbd"rRmwk@d jzihf aqmif&u G o f nf? Edik if aH &;tm%m&atmif tm;xkwo f nf? ol. wenf;qk&d aomf ol@ygw. D Ekid if aH &;0g'/ vrf;pOfrsm;udk vlxu k vufcEH pS o f uf/ ,H=k unf wuf=uv G matmif ajyma[m vSKy&f mS ;aqmif&u G &f onf? ol. twwfynmum; ol@Ekid if aH &;ygw. D 0g'/ vrf;pOfukd vlxu k ESpo f uf vufc/H ,H=k unf wwf=uv G matmif jyKvyk af om twwfynmjzpfonf? vlxu k ,if;Ekid if aH &;0g'/ vrf;pOfukfd ESpo f ufvufcjH cif;&So d avmuf ol. Edik if aH &;tiftm;onf =u;D rm;vmayonf? ol. aemufyg;Y vlx&k rdS S atmifjrifonf[k qk&d ayrnf? Ekid if aH &;orm;onf vlx k Ek iS fh nSEd KS id ;f I Ekid if aH &;vSKy&f mS ;rSKukd aqmif&u G &f onf? pma&;q&monfvnf; pmzwfy&dowf (vlxt k pdwt f ydik ;f w&yf) ESifh nSEd idkS ;f I a&;om;&onf/ vlx. k qENEiS fh nSEd KS id I f raqmif&u G v f sS if ,if;Ekid if aH &;orm;onf usq;kH ovd/k pmzwf y&dowf. qENEiS fh nSI d ra&;om;aom pma&;q&monfvnf; usq;kH &rnf jzpfayonf? Ekid if aH &;orm;wk@d rnfonf vlx. k a&S@rS ausmw f ufaeIvnf; r&/ aemufuse&f pf aeIvnf; r&/ vlxkESihf wom;wnf; ae&ayrnf? vlxk. qENt&omvSsif EkdifiHa&; orm;u vlxu k , kd pf m; apyg;aqmif&u G jf cif; jzpfayonf? Ekid if aH &;orm;u owfouf/ vlxu k owfowf r[kw&f ay? pma&;q&monf vlx. k cHpm;rSKukd xif[yfazmfjy&ayrnf? ol. pmayonf vlxck pH m;rSK a0'emudk xyf[yf&ayrnf/ pma&;q&m. pdwcf pH m;rSKEiS fh pmzwfy&dowf. cHpm;rSKonf udu k n f &D ayrnf/ pma&;q&monf a&mrjrKd @=u;D rD;avmifaepOf wa,mxk;d jy&efr[kwaf y? EkdifiHa&;orm;onf vlxkudk csOf;uyf&mY vrf;rSefurf;rSefjzihfom ajzmihfrwf 32

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

wnf=unfpmG csO;f uyf&ayrnf? vlxt k m; vdrv f nf vSnjfh zm;I rcsn;f uyf&ay? pma&;q&monf pmzwfy&dowf.t=uKd uu f kd tvkv d u kd u f m pdwu f ;l ,Ofpmay? b0xGuaf jy;r_ pmaywk@d jzihf rSed ;f ,pfatmif a&;om;&rnfr[kwaf y? Ekid if aH &;orm;onf tajctaeudk vlxt k m;wifjy&ayrnf? pma&;q&monf vnf; wu,hjf zpfysuaf eaom acwfukd o&kyaf zmf&ayrnf? EkdifiHa&;orm;tm; tqHk;tjzwfay;&monfvnf;aumif;/ pma&;q&mtm; tqH;k tjzwfay;&monfvnf;aumif; vlxyk ifjzpf onf? (5) jynho f @l tusK;d aqmif Ekid if aH &;orm;. &nfreS ;f csuo f nf xm0pOf jird ;f csr;f a&;yif jzpfonf? +ird ;f csr;f rS aysm&f iG rf nf? wk;d wufrnf? om,mrnf? jynfol@tusKd;aqmif pma&;q&m. &nfrSef;csufonfvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&; yifjzpfonf/ tEkynmonf jird ;f csr;f rS tpGr;fuek f tvSq;kH yGizfh ;l Ekid af yrnf? EdkifiHa&;orm;onf EkdifiHa&;vkyfpm;vSsif (0g) udk,fusKd;&SmvSsif ysufpD;av awmhonf? pma&;q&monfvnf; aiGa=u;twGuf vku d u f m pma&;vSsif rSed v f mawmhonf? ekdifiHa&;orm;onf tm%m&,la&;twGuf enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzihf aqmif&Gufol jzpf&m aovSsiaf jr=u;D / &Siv f sS if a&$x;D vkyw f wfonf? &ufpufonf? pma&;q&mum; El;nHo h rd af rG@onf? a0'emcHpm;rSKY xufjrufonf? qGwyf s@H onf? wpHw k &mudk pdppfa0zefawG;ac:jy;D rS vufcw H wfonf/ Ekid if aH &;orm;onf rSm;vSsijf yifrnf [laom oabmxm;ESifh wk;d vkyw f wfonf? pma&;q&mum; trSm;enf;&ef }uKd ;pm;onf? opPmw&m;udk &SmazGonf? tjzLay: trnf;wifI urRn;f xk;d oljzpf&m owd}u;D pGmxm;onf? xk@d a=umihf wcgw&H Edik if aH &;orm;ESifh pma&;q&monf toihrf wihjf zpfwwfonf? yÉdyuQjzpfwwfonf? od@k jzpf&m Ekid if aH &;orm;ESifh pma&;q&monf wlonf/ rwl?

'*kefwm&m 1968 Taqmif;yg;udk '*kefwm&m. "pmvHk;/ aq;puf/ apmif;=udK;ESihf uwWDygum;vdyf " pmtkyfrS xk w f E k w f y gonf / Ek d i f i H a &;orm;ES i h f pma&;q&m ta=umif ; a&;xm;aomf v nf ; Ed k i f i H a &;ES i h f tEkynmtquftpyfonf y&dowftay:rSmyJ t"dutajcjyKxm;& onho f abmudyk g jrifEikd v f rd rfh nf[k ,lqrdojzihf azmfjyvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/ (t,f'Dwm rdk;rc rD'D,m) (v_dif;opf pmay/ tEkynmESihf tawG;tac: r*~Zif;/ trSwf (16)/ atmufwkdbmv/ 2012) (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

q&m armif0oH armfueG ;f pmrsufEmS

axmifa}uG;usefyk'fr rokH;awmhbl;qdkawmh armif0Ho

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avmavmq,f qk;H jzwf&rSm r[kwf u|efawmfhtjrifuawmh txufyg okH;ckpvkH;[m vwfwavm tqkH;tjzwf ay;&r,fh ta=umif;t&mawG r[kwyf gb;l ? jiif;ckv H @kd aumif;wJh acgi;f pOfrsK;d awGjzpfayr,fh pdwfcHpm;csufaemufvdkuf+yD; wpfyGJwdk; ajz&Sif;vdk@&wm r[kwfwmawmh aocsmygw,f? bufaygi;f pku H 0dik ;f 0ef;pOf;pm;+y;D rS jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f rSw D if;aexdik =f uwJh jynfot l rsm;pk }uD;&JŒ oabmxm;eJ@ t*wdw&m; av;yg;uif;&Sif;pGm nSdEd_if;qkH;jzwf&rSm jzpfygw,f? (rsK;d apmifOh ya'eJ@ywfoufv@kd 22 ZGef 2013 7 Day Daily owif;pmrSm aqmif;yg;&Sif q&m atmifuOkd ;D a&;wJh "awG;&if;eJ@ ylyefr"d aqmif;yg;udak wmh wdik ;f jynfa&SŒa&; arSsmaf wG;olwikd ;f 34

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armif0Ho 23/ 06/ 2013 maungwuntha@gmail.com

(jynfol@acwf*sme,f/ 27 ZGef 2013 rS)

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tajztzGi/fh rSeef ef;&mZ0ifawmf/ w&m;pmrsm;/ usr;f *efrsm;udk ¶ku d Ef ydS cf o hJ nf? &wemyHak ejynfawmfowif;pm xkwaf 0jcif;ESifh ywfoufI &mZ0ifq&mwcsKd Œu &wemyHak ejynfawmf owif;pmudk rEWav; a¶$+rKd Œawmf¶dS b&if*s*D % kd ;f omoemjyK bD*ef'wf (Bigandet) . t}ua H y;csut f & rif;wke;f rif;}u;D u xkwaf 0cJo h nf[k qdo k nf? tcsKd Œu xdt k csed u f uif;0efrif;}u;D OD;aqmifaom jrefrmoHtzGŒJ onf t*Fvef/ jyifopf/ tDwvD paom Oa&my wkdif;}uD; jynf}uD;rsm;rS jyefvnfa&mufcgp jzpfI owif;pmvkyfief; tpDtpOfw&yfudk uif;0efrif;}uD;ESihftwl ygvmonf[k qdkaomf qdkEdkif&monf[k qdak vonf? q&m}u;D aZ,su "yk*rH if;vufxuf 'kw, d jrefrm-t*Fvyd f ppf+y;D +ird ;f onhaf emuf rif;wkef;rif;w&m;}uD; vufxufwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf jyifyEdkifiHrsm;ESihf tquftqH rsm;jym;vmonfu wpfa=umif;/ t*Fvyd w f @kd odr;f ydu k x f m;aom jrefrmEdik if aH tmufyikd ;f ¶Sd t*Fvdyf=oZmcH owif;pmrsm;u jrefrmrif;ESihf jrefrmtpdk;&ta=umif;udk r=umc% tremypum; a&;om;=uonfukd wefjyefacsqkd a&;om;Ekid &f ef vdt k yfonf wpfa=umif;/ Tod@k aom ta=umif;rsm;a=umihf &wemyHk aejynfawmf owif;pmudk xkwaf 0onf"[k qdyk gonf? q&m}u;D aZ,s. tqdo k nf rSeyf gvrd rfh nf? pifppf +Aw d o d sS yikd f atmufjrefrmjynf wGif owif;pmrsm; wGifus,facwfpm;aeojzihf &wemyHkaejynfawmfowif;pmudk xkwaf 0jcif; jzpfayvdrrfh nf? &wemyHak ejynfawmfowif;pm rxkwrf u D atmufjrefrmjynf wGif "jrefrmoHawmfqihfowif;pm"/ "jrefrma*Zufowif;pm"/ "jrefrmowif;pm"/ "avmuDow k ynmowif;pm" rsm; xkwaf e=uav+y?D "&wemyHo k wif;pm" um; bk&iho f wif;pm jzpf.? od@k &mwGif xdo k wif;pmESifh ywfoufI bk&ifjzpfol rif;wkef;rif;w&m;}uD;u atmufygtwdkif; trdef@awmf csrSwf csuu f m; &mZ0ifwiG x f u dk v f aS wmhonf? "igbk&if raumif;vSsif raumif;ovdk ighudk a&;/ rdbk&m;awGraumif;vSsif rdb&k m;awGuakd &;/ om;awmf orD;awmf rif;nDrif;om;awG enf;vrf;rusvsS if rusovdak &;/ v$waf wmf w&m;ol}u;D awG vGrJ mS ;vSsif vGrJ mS ;ovdk a&;/ +rKd Œ0efrw&m;vSsif +rKd Œ0efuakd &;/ rif;wd@k owif;pmrSm bmtjypfrsS r¶Sad p&? eef;wGi;f udk owif;pmwku d f vlawG 0ifap/ xGuaf p/ tqD;twm; r¶Sad p&" &wemyHak ejynfawmf owif;pm xkwaf 0a&;twGuf uif;0efrif;}u;D OD;aqmif }udK;yrf;&mwGif a¶S;OD;pGm pmwkdufwnfaxmif&ef Oya'udk a&;qGJ+yD; rif;wkef;rif;}uD;xH wifjy=uonf? rif;wke;f rif;}u;D u xdOk ya'udk 1235 ck 0gacgiv f jynhaf usmf 7 &ufae@wGif twnfjyKay;onfukd trsKd ;om;pm=unhw f u dk ¶f dS yk&ydu k rf t l & od¶&dS ayonf? 42

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

tqdyk g Oya'udk =unhjf cif;jzihf owif;pm. &nf¶, G cf suf tb,frsS acwfro D nfukd odEidk o f nf? owif;pmwku d f wnfaxmif&ef Oya'udk rnfoal wG yg0ifa&;qG=J uonfuv kd nf; yk&ydu k rf w l iG f yg¶adS yonf? Oya'rSm atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf? (rl&if; pmvH;k aygi;f twkid ;f azmfjyxm;ygonf?)

owif;pmwkud af wmfwnf&ef Oya'vufcbH &k m; owif;pmwkdufawmfwnf&ef a¶$+rdKŒawmfrSm oihfrnf? &ef+rdKŒrSm oihfrnf? nSdE_dif;wifavSsmufpm? bk&m; trdef@awmfjrwfudk OD;xdyfwufqif ¶Guf&onhftwkdif;? nSEd id_ ;f =u&m? a¶$+rKd ŒawmfrmS wnfvyk af p&ef? oiho f nfjzpfI owif;pmwku d af wmf wnfvyk &f ef Oya'bk&m;? jrefrmbmom/ t*Fvyd b f mom/ tuQ&mESprf sKd ; qufpyfI a¶$+rKd Œawmfu owif;pm ¶du k x f w k &f vSsi?f cHpm;&ef tusKd ;bk&m;? 1 - csuf ? ? rEWav; &wemyHk a¶$+rdKŒawmf}uD;u ¶kdufxkwfonhf owif;pm[laom a'gi;f wHqyd Ef iS ?fh tjynfjynfaxmif od;k aqmif;Ekid if rH sm;od@k jzef@jzL;ay;urf;&vSsif a&mif;a&;0,fr/_ ynm/ t}ut H pnf/ jrefrmEdik if aH wmfrmS t&mcyford ;f wd;k wuf&ef ¶Sad =umif;/ ausmaf pmjyef@ESŒH I Ekid if jH cm;tpd;k &rsm;ESifh ukeo f nf/ tvkyo f nf/ ynmonfw@kd ESifh twkid ;f xuftvGef qufqH rScD /kd trsm; vma&muf/ yGiv fh if; pnfyif wd;k wuf&ef tusKd ;? 2 - csuf ? ? Edik if aH wmfo@kd rScD v kd ma&mufrnhf ukeo f nfw@kd a&mif;vdak om ukepf nf/ 0,fvakd omukepf nfrsm;udk ukeo f nfrsm;ESifh Ekid if aH wmf¶dS ukeo f nfw@kd ta&mif; t0,f }u;D us,f tiftm;wd;k wuf&ef tusKd ;? 3 - csuf ? ? Oa&mywkduf/ tdEdN,EdkifiH/ w¶kwfEdkifiH/ ,dk;',m;EkdifiH ponfrsm;u t&yf&yfta=umif;a=umif;udk =um;od&ojzihf? EkdifiHom;wdk@ tvkyftudkif/ tul;toef;/ t}ut H pnf/ wd;k wuf&ef tusKd ;? 4 - csuf ? ? Oa&mywk d u f / td + Ed N , Ed k i f i H / &ef u k e f ponf r sm;u jrefrmEdik if aH wmfukd xdcu kd I f ?raumif;owif; ¶du k x f w k cf v hJ sS if a¶$+rKd Œawmf owif;pmwku d u f jyefveS af csqkd Edik if w H um =um;odausvnf ,H=k unf&ef tusKd ;? 5 - csuf ? ? bke;f awmf *k%af wmf/ Ekid if aH wmf =uufoa&udk Ekid if w H um rjywf=um;odausnmatmif tvdk¶SdorSs xnhf¶dkufa=umfjimI bkef;awmf *k%fawmf/ =uufoa&awmf twdik ;f xuftvGef ausmaf pmjyef@ESŒH &ef tusKd ;? 6 - csuf ? ? jynfow l @kd t}ut H pnf/ tqd;k taumif;/ ta=umif;t&m rsm;udk? tpdk;&vl}uD;wdk@ rjywf=um;od wkdif;xGmqifjcifjyKjyifI EdkifiHawmf tajccdkif+yD; }u;D us,w f ;dk wuf&ef tusKd ;? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

7 - csuf ? ? od;k aqmif;Ekid if rH sm;ESifh qufqOH ya'yg tpd;k &ta=umif;/ uk r ` % D t oif ; wd k @ ta=umif ; a=umf j im&ef ¶S d o nf r sm;ud k 4if ; owif ; pmwG i f xnh¶f u kd af =umfjimapI Edik if jH cm;vlw@kd ESpo f uf=unfvif/ ta&mif;t0,f }u;D us,pf nfum; wd;k wuf&eftusKd ;? 8 - csuf ? ? jynfow l @dk wGif rawmfjyKusio fh l ¶Scd v hJ sS if 4if;owif;pmu uJ&h ŒJ a=umfjimI jyKro d El iS w fh uG vltrsm; ¶Suaf =umuf ¶G¶H mS =uojzihf twdik ;f xuftvGef aumif;rGe=f u&ef tusKd ;? 9 - csuf ? ? tjcm;Edik if u H ynmpm/ Ekid if aH wmf¶dS avmuD avmukw&W m ynmpmrsm;udk 4if;owif;pmwdkufu yHk¶dkufI tzdk;tenf; i,fESihf a&mif;csojzihf Ekid if aH wmfom;wd@k ynm jyef@ajymwd;k wuf&ef tusKd ;? 10-csuf ? ? 0denf; ydËuwfawmf ponfrsm;udk? r*FvmukefrSL; ukeo f nf}u;D wd@k u jzpfap/ owif;pmwku d f q&mujzpfap/ yHEk ydS af &mif;csI yËuwfawmf taxmiftaomif; yGm;rsm;jcif;/ yk'yf gÏf tuQ&m0% rSeu f efnn D w G jf cif;/ aiG 1000d wefonhf pmudk 20d/ 25d ESihf rnfonhftcgrqdk tvdk¶SdorSs &EdkifI jynfolwdk@ tvG,fwul? 0,f,v l LS 'ge;f ylaZmf omoemawmfjrwf tusKd ; wd;k wuf&ef? 11 - csuf? ? a¶$+rdKŒawmfrSm owif;pmwdkufawmf wnfvkyfrdvSsif 4if;owif;pmwkdufudk ta=umif;jyKI jynfolwdk@ ypPnf;b¾m pmcsKyftrSwftom; xm0&t¶Snf/ wnf=unf+idrfoufonhf t&mrsm;udk apmihfa¶Smuf&ef/ ckdifcef@+rJ+rHonhf t&mrsm;udk apmihaf ¶Smuf&ef/ cdik cf ef@ +r+J raH paom tpd;k & oufaocHOya' wnfvyk &f vSsif a¶$ aiG pdefausmuf/ t0wftxnf paom w'*Fa&mif;0,fr_/ a¶$Œajymif;Ekdifonhf omrnypPn;f rSwpfyg; oabFm/ wku d t f rd /f puf¶/Hk v,f,mO,smOf/ +caH jr tarGct H arGv/J$ ta=uG t ief ; a&mif ; 0,f r _ / aiG a csr_ pmcsKyf r S p I/ +rJ + rH c d k i f c ef @ aponh f t &m/ ra¶$Œrajymif;Edik o f nhf t&mrsm;udk tpd;k &oufaocH Oya'¶S&d m wdik =f um;apI Oya'¶Siw f @kd u tr_tiftm;ESifh axmufcsi/fh owif;pmwGif &uf/ v ydik ;f jcm; xnh¶f u kd af =umfjimI wHqyd f awmfcwfrwf? +r+J raH pjcif;jzihf jynfow l @kd rSm vkqkd jiif;yGm;/ w&m;t¶_yt f axG; enf;yg;jcif; tusKd ;? ta&mif;t0,f tul;toef; cdik cf ef@ +r+J raH paom tpd;k &oufaocH Oya'¶kaH wmf wnfaxmif/ owif;pmwku d af wmfu a=umfjimwHqyd af wmf cwfrw S &f a=umif;udk Ekid if t H rsm; =um;odjyef@ESHŒ I EdkifiHawmfrSm wdk;wufa=umif;xif¶Sm;ojzihf tjynfjynfaxmifu ESpo f rd cfh s;D rGr;f &ef tusKd ;? oufaoc Oya'¶Siw f @kd u owif;pm xnh¶f u kd af =umfjim wHqyd af wmf cwfrw S &f orSsukd a=umfjim rSwo f m;&I 100 vSsif 6 usyf pojzihf cH,v l sS if cGeaf wmfrsm;pGm }u;D us,w f ;kd wuf&ef tusKd ;rsm;udk cHpm;&ef? 12 - csu?f ? a¶$+rKd ŒawmfrS owif;pmwku d af wmf wnfvyk &f ef pufu&d d 44

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

,mbd;k t&if;tES;D aiGawmf 6500d owif;pmq&m i¶Siu f av;udk xkwaf y;rpawmfrI l wnfvyk af prnf? 13 - csuf? ? owif;pmrSm &ufwywf trSef xkwfa0I trsm; 0,f,=l unh¶f E_ idk af tmif owif;pm wpfapmifukd wpfvvSsif 1d usom cH,al prnf? 14 - csuf? ? owif;pmwkdufrSm vpOf p&dwfESihf ausavmufatmif jynfow l @kd r0,fjcrf;rDtwGi;f tOD;tp wpfEpS w f efonf/ ESpEf pS w f efonf/ tpd;k &u rpI owif;pm 500 ,l=uaprnf? 15 - csu?f ? wpfESpf ESpfESpf¶SdI trsm;0,f,l tiftm;¶Sdonfumv tpd;k &rsm;u rp0,f,o l nhf owif;pmudk avSsmI h tvd¶k o dS rSsom ,l=uaprnf? 16 - csu?f ? t&if;pdkufxkwf? rpawmfrl&onhf aiGawmf 6500d rSm ESpEf pS Ef iS fh ajyvnfatmif owif;pmq&m i¶Siu f av;u qufoiG ;f aprnf? ra=urvnf ¶Scd v hJ sS if tvdak wmf ¶S&d m ydËuwfpmrsm;udk yH¶k u kd af pI ayawmfa& 10 t*Fg0ifonhf pmtkyf 500 u txufukd wpftyk v f sS if 5d us/ 1000 u txufukd wpftyk v f sS if 3d usEiS fh yH¶k u kd q f ufoaprnf? 17 - csu?f ? rpawmfr&l if; aiGawmfrajyrDtwGi;f tpd;k &ESiq fh ikd o f nhf a=umfjimpm/ avvHpmrsm;udk tzd;k tcr,l ¶du k x f w k af =umfjimaprnf? r[mrdwjf zpf+y;D jzpfq/J ta0;Ekid if rH sm;od@k jzef@jzL;ay;urf;&ef 7 &uf wpfywfvsS if owif;pmapmifa& 200 q&mi¶Sif uav;u qufoiG ;f aponf? 7 &ufae@ a¶SŒaqmifawmfwGif cef;ywf+rdKŒpm;rif;}uD;? ueDtwGif;0efrif;/ twGif;0efaqm+rdKŒpm;rif;/twGif;0ef a,m+rdKŒpm;rif;/ a¶$wdkuftwGif;0efrif;/ 0efaxmuf yky`m;+rdKŒpm;rif;/ Aef;armf0efaxmufrif;/ yk*H0efaxmufrif;wdk@pHknD/ owif;pmwdkuf wnf&ef pum;udk uif;0efrif;}u;D u trde@f awmfjrwfc&H m a¶$+rKd Œawmf taemufjyifwiG f wnfvyk +f y;D ¶So d nhf wdu k af wmfrsm;wGif oih&fh m wku d u f kd a¶G;cs,I f owif;pmwku d jf yKvyk af p? bk&m;trde@f awmfjrwfukd OD;xdyx f ufwif¶u G &f onfukd oHawmfqihf rif;vSpnfoal usmf rSwo f m;csu?f owif;pmudk wpfvvSsif 4 }urd f xkw. f ? vqef; 7 &uf/ vqef; 13 &uf vqkwf 7/ vqkwf 13 &ufae@wd@k wGif jzpf.? trsm;tm;jzihf tvsm; 9 vufr/ teH 11 vufr (¶GKd i&f ,f 4 csKd ;) t¶G,¶f adS om pmrsuEf mS 6 rsuEf mS rSm 8 rsuEf mS xd xkwaf 0avh¶. dS ? txl;xkwfvSsifum; 10 rsufESmcef@txd ¶Sdonf? owif;pm. acgif;pD;ae&mwGif "&wemyHkaejynfawmfowif;pm" [k a&;I xdkatmufu a'gif;¶kyf0dkif;wpfck yg.? a'gi;f ¶kyaf tmufu wpfzef t*Fvyd b f momjzihf rEWav;a*Zuf (Mandalay Gazette) [k ¶du k Ef ydS x f m;.? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

owif;pmudk 0ef}u;D / 0efaxmuf/ +rKd Œ0ef apaom rif;r_xrf;wd@k tm; bk&iht f rde@f awmfESihf 0,f,lzwf¶_aponf? wpfESpfvSsif owif;pm=unhfcE_ef;udk a'gif;'*Fg; 10d ay;&avonf? owif;pmudk pwifxkwfa0aomtcg armfv+rdKifom; w¶kwf jrefrm ujym;/ pmyHkESdyftwwfESihf w¶kwf/ jrefrm/ t*Fvdyf/ rGef/ ukvm;/ u&if paom bmom ajcmufrsKd ;wwfol t[D;udk aersKd ;oD0od'Ed< iS fh oHawmfqih&f mxl;ay;+y;D OD;aqmifvyk u f ikd af p.? xdpk Ofu "&wemyHo k wif;pm" rSm vl}uKd urf rsm;vSay? xd@k aemuf armifviG f ac: armifxif trnf¶dS bd;k 0ZD& 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd rf S ol. ta&;tom;a=umihf vl}uKd uf rsm;vm.? bd;k 0ZD&tm; "owif;pmq&m"/ "pmwku d pf ma&;" "pma&;awmf" [laom tac:ta0:rsm;jzihf ac:a0:=uonf? ,ckumv tac: t,f'w D myif jzpf.? t[D;u a=u;eef;owif;rsm;udk bmomjyefI bd;k 0ZD&u tjcm;owif;rsm;udk a&;onf?&wemyHkowif;pmonf xl;jcm;xif¶Sm;aom owif;a&;yHkwdk@twGuf emrnf xGucf . hJ ? bd;k 0ZD&onf rdr. d uAsmpGr;f jzihf owif;rsm;udk uEGŒJ uvsjzpfatmif um&ef eabrsm;jzihf jc,foqif,ifum a&;om;ojzihf owif;pmudk vl}udKuf tvGefrsm; vmavonf? pdefpm;owif;/ }udK;qGJcsowif;/ awmifykbk&m;yGJowif;/ jrif;ay:u usaom aqmif;yg;owif; ponfwdk@rSm xif¶Sm;vSonf? xdk@a=umihf "&wemyHkowif;pm" udk "pdepf m;owif;pm" "awmifyo k wif;pm" [lIyif ac:a0:cJ=h uonf qd. k ? &wemyHo k wif;pmESifh ywfoufI t*Fvyd w f @kd urlum; "xl;qef;aom owif;pm" [lI c&pfEpS f 1879 ck 'DZifbmvtwGi;f vef'ef+rKd ŒrS xkwaf 0onhf a';vD;e,l;pf (Daily News) owif;pmY azmfjyI "qef;jym;aom tdyfruf jrifjcif;rsm;/ twdwfwabmif penf;rsm;ESifh xl;jcm; ,H=k unfrr_ sm;udk azmfjywd@k jzihf jynhEf u S af eonf["k a0zefxm;avonf? xdo k wif;rSm &efuek +f rKd Œ¶Sd 4if;wd@k owif;axmufu Ed0k ifbmv 9 &ufae@pGjJ zihf yd@k vku d o f nhf owif; jzpfonf? "&wemyHo k wif;pm" wGif acgi;f }u;D ydik ;f ,lI t+rw J rf; a&;avhr¶S?d wpfcgwpf&H rSL;rwf}u;D rsm;uvnf; rnfo@kd rnfykH a&;&ef ajymqdo k nht f cgrS wpfyg; acgi;f }u;D ydik ;f [lI r¶Sdacs? tjcm; yg0ifavh¶adS om tcef;rsm;rSm..... 1? jyuQ'ed f (jrefrm v&uf/ t*Fvyd f v&ufw@kd udk wGjJ yxm;onf) 2? owif;pm 0,f,zl wf¶o _ w l @kd pm&if; 3? aejynfawmfowif; 46

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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"u|erf rmvmvm" qdo k nhf aqmify'k jf zihf ausmif;aet¶G,f uav;wdik ;f udk ausmif;ydk@ay;cJh onf? olr aemufwpf}udrf jyefEdk;xvmonf? ,ckwpf}udrf olr a=u;G a=umfcsuu f =uufo;D xp&m jzpfonf? "uav; wpfa,muf/ q&m wpfa,muf/ pmtkyf wpftyk ef @J uavmif wpfacsmif; [m urBm}u;D udk ajymif;vJEikd yf gw,f" [lI jzpfonf?

t,f'wD mwOD;

(armuQ ynma&;r*~Zif;) (Wikipedia

ESihf tifwmeufay:rS tcsuftvufrsm;udk &,l a&;om;ygonf?) (armuQ ynma&;r*~Zif; rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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a'gufwmatmif}uD; 8 / 1 / 13 (Dr Aung Gyi Facebook

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

awmif;yefjcif;/ cGihfv$wfjcif; tEkynm

+idrf;csrf;at; "awmif;yefjcif; vdyk J cGiv fh w $ jf cif; [mvnf; Armh"avhrmS t&d;k pGJ aewJh 'Gew f JG jzpfpOfwck jzpfw,f?" awmif;yefjcif; eJ@ qyfpyfwhJ "0rf;enf;ygw,f" qdw k hJ pum;udk vlawG ae@pOf toH;k tjzpf tjrJ oH;k avh&w dS ,f? acwf toH;k "0rf;enf;ygw,f" [m t*Fvyd pf um; "(I’m) Sorry" ud, k l jrefrmvdk zvS,f ajym=u&if;eJ@ wGicf w hJ ,fv@kd xifw,f? cktcsed rf mS awmh vltrsm;[m jrefrmvdk "0rf;enf;ygw,f" qdw k mxufawmif "Sorry" qdw k hJ pum;vH;k udk edp"P 0l oH;k pGaJ e=uyg+y?D ae@pOfvv kd kd oH;k pGaJ e=u&if;eJ@ cyfaygayg oabm jzpfaeayr,hf wu,fawmh Armh"avhrSm awmif;yefjcif; oabmudk tifrwef tav;teuf jyKavh &S=d uw,f? Armh xH;k wrf; rSm awmif;yefjcif; jzpfpOf [m vlr_ tpk/ tv$m toD;oD; &JŒ ta=umif; udpP wdik ;f rSm yg0ifw,f? jrwfpmG bk&m; eJ@ oHCm tay: 0efcs awmif;yef &Scd ;kd OD;wifjcif;u pvd@k rdb/ q&m/ nDtpfu/kd armifErS / tdraf xmifzuf/ taqG cifyeG ;f / vl}u;D / vli,f yHpk rH sKd ;pHrk mS jyKvyk af vh &S=d uw,f? ArmawG[m rd&;kd zvm tifrwef bmoma&; udik ;f &di_ ;f =uolawG jzpfv@kd "uH}u;D xdu k rf ,f" qdw k hJ pum; udk tav;teufxm; =uygw,f? 'ga=umihf bk&m;/ &[ef;oHCm/ rdb/ q&m eJ@ aus;Zl;&So d al wG tay: um,uH/ 0pDu/H raemuH jypfrmS ; usL;vGerf rd mS pd;k wJh twGuf ae@pOf bk&m; 0wfjyK &mrSm xnho f iG fh &Scd ;kd awmif;yefavh&=dS uw,f? 'gt h jyif &d;k &m "avh t& qdik &f m ydik &f m ewfa'0grsm; udv k nf; tcgtm;avsmpf mG 60

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

w,f? awmif;yefyrJG mS q&m/ wynhf ESpaf ,muf rsu&f nfrqnfEikd f jzpf&w,fv@kd qdw k ,f? usaemhrf mS vnf; i,fpOfu tJ'D ta=umif; a&;xm;wJh pmzwf+y;D rsu&f nf 0Jc&hJ zl;ygw,f? yDwd rsu&f nf 0J jcif;yg? igw@dk a&S;vl}u;D awG &ifbwfawG us,v f S ygu h vm;/ ESv;kH om;awG }u;D vSygu h vm;/ vl}u;D vlaumif; qdw k m 'grsKd ;ygv h m; qd+k y;D em;vnfc&hJ / olw@kd udk tm;us twk,l rdc&hJ w,f? awmif;yefjcif;/ cGiv fh w $ jf cif; oabmudv k nf; ydrk kd eufeuf&i_d ;f &di_ ;f em;vnfc&hJ w,f? 'D jzpf&yfEpS cf k tjyif Armh ordik ;f rSm a&S;Arm vl}u;D awG&ŒJ arwWmw&m;/ cEWpD w&m;eJ@ pdwo f abmxm;}u;D jrwfjcif; rsm; udk yHak zmfEikd w f hJ jzpfpOfawGvnf; trsm;tjym; i,fb0rSm pmawGŒ zwfocd &hJ ygao;w,f? udkvdkeD u|efb0 yxrausmif;om;oydwf u pvdk@ oydwfarSmufwkdif;rSm ausmif;om; ausmif;ol rsm;[m rdrd ,Hk=unf&m twGuf rqkwfrepf jyKrl cJhayr,hf vmwm;orSs t*Fvyd v f rl sKd ; q&m rsm;udak wmh &Scd ;kd uefawmh/ jypfrmS ; rdwmawG twGuf cGiv fh w $ zf @kd awmif;yefor_ jyKc=hJ uwmcsn;f ygy?J qdck w hJ hJ ausmif;tky}f u;D "rpPwm pavmh" udk qdk vGwv f yf+y;D acwf tpd;k &wzGŒJ vH;k eJ@ wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ e,fy,f toD;oD;rSm ta&;yg/ t&ma&mufaeol tm;vH;k &JŒ q&m}u;D jzpfwhJ twGuf aemifrmS q&m}u;D tm&S buf c&D;xGuv f mawmh Armjynfukd 0ifvnf zd@k Edik if aH wmf tcrf;tem;eJ@ zdwfcJhzl;ygw,f? q&m}uD;u c&D;pOf tcuftcJa=umihf tcsdefay; vmrvnfEikd af wmh &efuek af vqdyrf mS wif Arm wynhf taygi;f u *g&0 jyK&if; jypfrmS ;rdwm tpkpk twGuf &Scd ;kd / uefawmh 0efcsawmif;yefz;l ygw,f? tvm;wlyJ wwdkif;jynfvHk;udk yg;&dkuf/ vufonf;cGHcGm/ a&aEG;ylavmif;&if;eJ@ ppfynm oifay;cJw h hJ *syefeyD eG f rmpwm}u;D rsm;udv k nf; aemufyikd ;f ppf+y;D acwfrmS Arm ppfbuf qdik &f m t&m&S}d u;D rsm;u w&m;0if zdw=f um;/ {nhcf H *g&0 jyKra_ wG vkycf zhJ ;l ygw,f? Armh pdwf&if;/ Armh pdwfxm;/ Armh"avh u tJ'Dvdkyg? 'Doabm uHoHk;yg; usL;vGecf rhJ u _ kd 0efcs awmif;yefjcif;/ wzef arwWmw&m;tjynhf cEWD yg&rD jznhf cGiv fh w $ jf cif; qdw k mawG[m ArmawG rSm t&d;k pGv J mcJw h hJ "avhawG/ tpOftquf usio fh ;kH vmcJw h hJ &d;k &m vkyx f ;kH awG jzpfygw,f? ck &Spfav;vHk; ESpfywfvnf tcrf;tem; (6) &ufaeŒrSm pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif q&m}u;D OD;jrihf udk ppfwyfu 1988 ta&;awmfy}kH u;D twGi;f usL;vGecf w hJ hJ &mZ0wfr/_ jypfra_ wG twGuf 0efcHzdk@/ awmif;yefzdk@ vdk§rvdk q&m}uD; tjrifudk ar;w,fvdk@ zwf&ygw,f? trSeaf wmh q&m}u;D u|r;f usi&f m ynm&yf e@J ar;cGe;f eJ@ roufqikd o f vdk ppfwyf usL;vGecf rhJ _ awG[m q&m}u;D eJ@ vH;k 0 rywfoufcw hJ hJ twGuf 'Dar;cGe;f udk ar;oluvnf; ar;p&m rvkd ovd/k ajzoluvnf; ajzp&m rvdb k ;l vd@k ,lqygw,f? 'gayr,hf ar;ol &Scd ahJ wmh q&m}u;D tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

tDaoma&/ csdKaom&efol/ aoaomusm;

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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Suu Kyi for President. (The Economist: May 25 th, 2013)

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t}u;D ti,fukd vdo k vkd xGi;f azmufjzwfawmufum vd&k myHu k kd ¶kyv f ;kH azmfEidk o f uJo h @kd xdyk nmwwfI pdwx f m;vSaom vluvnf; ol@b0¶kyyf v kH m$ udk olvo kd vdk xkqpfoeG ;f zGŒJ ekid yf gvrd rhf nf[k refvnfq&mawmfb&k m;u a&;zGŒJ xm;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? avmukwW&mpmayrsm;ESifhom eD;pyfaom/ enf;ynmrxGef;um;rD ukef;abmif acwfaESmif;u Ak'<bmom &ef[ef;wpfyg;rSsomjzpfaom refvnfq&mawmfbk&m;vdk yk*Kd~ vrf sKd ;Y onfvkd acwfrt D awG;tjrif &Sad ewmu tH=h o=unfnKd z, G f aumif;vSygonf? avmuY ynmwwf+y;D ESv;kH rvSawmhvnf; vd&k mra&muf/ pdwaf eoabmxm; ESv;kH om;u vSyum bmynmrS rwwfawmhvnf; c&D;rwGi?f ynm taygi;f ESv;kH om; nDrsS jcif; b0atmifyJG t,ltq? (oH;k ) urBm}u;D udk v$r;f +cKH =unfv h u dk af wmh refvnfq&mawmfb&k m;. uAsmpmom; xJutwdik ;f yif jzpfygonf? *smreDEkdifiH/ *lwifbmh*f+rdKŒom; t,fvfbwftdkif;pwdkif; (Albert Einstein) ynm^m%fx;l cseG w f muawmh vlwidk ;f od+y;D om;yif jzpfygonf? ¶lyaA'qkid &f m EdAk ,fq&k / 20 &mpk. pHjyvlom; (Man of the century for 20th century)? E]mc2 nDrsS jcif;. zcif? 'gu ynmudp?P xd@k jyif olu ESv;kH om;vSavowJ?h t0wftpm;udk b,fawmhrS awmufawmufajymifajymif cef@cef@xnfxnfEiS hf ude;f }u;D cef;}u;D r0wf? t¶d;k qH;k / tpkwcf sm qH;k 0wfqifo?l tpPa&;orRwtjzpf urf;vSr;f vmonfukd jiif;qefo?l a':vm 1500 wef csuv f ufrw S u f kd pmtkyn f yk zf @kd avmufom wefz;kd xm;ol? onfvkd pdwaf epdwx f m; ESv;kH om; awGe@J ynmrSm oGm;aygi;f vku d af wmh t,fvb f wftidk ;f pwkid ;f qdo k nfrmS urBmausmyf *k Kd~ vf jzpfomG ;ygawmhonf? tdE, Nd Ekid if w H iG f 11 qufajrmuf orRwtjzpf 2002 ckEpS rf o S nf 2007 ckEpS t f xd wm0efxrf;aqmifoGm;cJhaom tAŠ'lvfuvrf (Abdul Kalam) qdkvSsifvnf; ody`HESifh enf;ynmorm;? 'H;k yst H if*sief , D m? Anna University Chennai wGif Ph.D oifwef;awG yk@d csay;ol? onfawmh tAŠ'v l u f vrfqw kd m ynmwwfwpfa,muf? onfah emufrmS uawmh ol@pdwaf eobm0 ESv;kH om;qdik &f mrsm;? olu 2007 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 24 &uf orRwtdraf wmf uqif;? ol@b0wpfavSsmufv;kH rSm bmvufaqmifurkd rS ,l? ol@uk, d yf ikd yf pPn;f u ol@uk, d yf ikd f aiGa=u;ESihf 0,fxm;onfh pmtkyrf sm;om? onfawmh onfynmawG/ onfEv S ;kH om;awGEiS hf tAŠ'v l u f vrf tdE, dN rd;k aumif;uifrmS xGe;f awmufaewm bmrSrqef;? urBmausmf rdkufc¶dkaqmhzf (Microsoft) uGefysLwmukr`%D wnfaxmifol bDv*f w d f (Bill Gates) udk =unfv h sS iv f nf; onftwkid ;f yJ jzpfygonf? olu olyidk af iG a':vm 58 bDv, D u H kd y&[dwudprP sm; aqmif&u G &f ef urBmudk vSLxm;avowJ?h 108

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t*FvefEidk if YH Oya'ynmukd oGm;oifco hJ l r[wWr*END (mahatma gandhi) qdkvSsifvnf; onftwkdif;yif jzpfygonf? olu &xm;udk pwkwˆwef; r&Sdvdk@[kqdkum wwd,wef;uae pD;avowJ?h wu,fu h kd ed0gawmporm;? &xm;ay:od@k twuf zdeyf wpfzuf u|wfusavaomtcg aemufwpfzufudk xyfc|wfypfcscJh+yD; aumuf&aomol wpf&efv;kH jzpf+y;D pD;vd@k &oGm;atmif vkyaf y;cJah vowJ?h ol@w&m;u cEœpD w&m;? ol@vrf;pOfu t=urf;rzufvrf;pOf? xd@k twlyif orRw aemufoufwrf; wpfqufujkd iif;? Ekid if aH wmfu ay;onfh rmpD;'D;um;udk jiif;ol zdvpfyikd f trsKd ;orD; orRw uk&d mZeftuGED kd (Corazan Aquino)/ awmiftmz&du vlrnf;acgif;aqmif e,fvfqifrif'Jvm; (Nelson Mandela) udk tusOf;axmifrSv$wf/ ANC (African National Congress) ygwDudk vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;cGihfay;/ rif'Jvm; orRwtjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&onfudk =unfjzLpGm vufcHcJhonfh vljzLorRw 'Duvyf ponf ponfjzifh urBmay:rSm om"u xkwjf yp&m vly*k Kd~ vaf wG trsm;}u;D rS trsm;}u;D yJ jzpfygonf? onfy*k Kd~ vaf wGukd avhvm=unfah omtcg ynm^m%f}u;D jcif;Y ESv;kH om;tvS rsm;u aygi;f pyfxm;a=umif; awGŒEkid yf gvrd rhf nf? xd@k a=umifv h nf; urBmu av;pm;aom yH&k yd t f jzpf xkqpfEikd cf =hJ ujcif; jzpfygonf? (av;) "ynmjynf0h / ESv;kH vSaomf" wJ?h vlqw kd m ynmvnf; wwfygr?S ESv;kH om;vnf; vSygr?S a=omf....refvnfq&mawmfb&k m;. urBmqefonfh tawG;tjrifwpf&yfyJ r[kwf ygvm;?

armifomcsdK Look r*~Zif;/

ZGefv?

(armifomcsdK/ r[mwHwkdif;ay:u ausmfI=unfhjcif;/ pmrsufESm/ 1 rS 4)

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Ak'<0g' ESifh trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;

¶Siq f ENm"du (ayav;yifewfraDS wm&) yHkjyifajymovdk wpfcgwkef;u qdkwmeJ@bJ p&awmhr,f? tcgwyg; Ak'<&JŒ vuf&if;wynfh ¶Sit f meENmrax&fjrwf}u;D [m a&cyfaewJh rmw*FtrsKd ;EG,f (olawmif;pm;) Zmwf0if trsdK;orD;av; wpfOD;&Sd&m a&wGif;em;udk a&mufoGm;cJhygw,f? a'opm&D c&D;uvnf; tawmfa0;cJhwmrdk@ &SiftmeENm a& qmavmifrGwfodyfaewJhtcsdefyg? 'geJ@ ¶SiftmeENmu..... "aomufa&enf;enf;avmuf ay;ygvm;" vd@k rmw*F EG,t f rsKd ;orD;av;qDukd awmif;vdu k yf gw,f? rde;f uav; ¶kww f &uf armh=unfv h u kd rf &d m Zmwfjrif&h [ef;awmfwpfyg; jzpfae wmudk awGŒvdu k &f awmh uav;rav; rsuv f ;kH t0dik ;f om;}u;D eJ@ ¶Sit f meENmudk pdu k =f unfh aecJrh yd gw,f? "ig@ESr ig@udk aomufa&wpfcu G f ay;r,fr[kwv f m;"vd@k ar;&if;awmif;vdu k af wmh uav;r&JŒ rsuv f ;kH tdrrf mS 0rf;enf;rsu&f nfawG pdrv hf m&if;.... "t¶Sijf rwfb&k m; wynfah wmfrvdk rpif=u,fwhJ Zmwf edrt hf rsKd ;orD;wpfO;D qDu a&awmif;ygovm;bk&m;? wynfah wmfrudik w f hJ vufua&cGuu f kd t¶Sijf rwf vufe@J xdcrhJ &d if t¶Sijf rwfu, kd w f ikd f roef@r¶Si;f jzpfomG ;rSm pd;k &drv f @kd ygb&k m;"vd@k qdv k u kd cf sed rf mS ¶Sit f meENm u u¶k%mtjyKH ;eJ@ vufumjy+y;D .... 110

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"ig@ESr ig oifq h u D Zmwfuakd wmif;aewm r[kwyf gb;l a&udo k m awmif;ae wmyg? ig@&JŒZmwfjrifrh u _ a&wpfcu G v f kd a&qmajyatmif rvkyEf ikd yf gb;l ?" 'Dvq kd v kd u kd af wmh uav;rrsuEf mS wpfcv k ;kH aysm¶f i$ rf a_ wGz;kH v$r;f oGm;cJyh gw,f? t¶Sifjrwf&JŒpum;a=umifh ajymif;vJoGm;wJ@ &Jwif;pdwfeJ@twl t&Sifjrwfudk ¶dkaopGm a&uyfvu kd yf gawmhw,f? ¶Sit f meENmu aus;Zl;pum;qd+k y;D c&D;qufomG ;csed rf mS awmh ZmwfpcJG sw G af y;cJw h hJ ¶Sit f meENm&JŒ aemufausmud=k unf+h y;D rsu&f nfawGvnfvmcJjh yefygw,f? 'Dwpfcgus&wJh rsu&f nfu Zmwfpu JG |wo f mG ; vd@k us&wJh 0rf;omrsu&f nfyg? ¶SiftmeENmudk Ak'<om0uwpfOD;qdkwmudkodvdkufwJh 'DZmwfpGJu|wfoGm;wJh rmw*FEG,f trsdK;EG,f p¾mvtrsdK;orD;av;[m useftpGJawG u|wfcsifwJhpdwfeJ@ Ak'o < moemtwGi;f cdv k b H_ @kd a&mufvmcJyh g w,f? Ak't < aeeJ@ ¶Sit f meENmudk ta=umif;jyK a&mufvmcJw h hJ p¾mvtrsKd ;orD;av;udk wynfrh wpfO;D t jzpfvufc+H y;D trSew f &m;udk odEikd w f hJ "rRpuQK(w&m;rsuv f ;kH )udk zGiahf y;vdu k yf gw,f? 'Dvdk ZmwfedrfhtrsdK;orD;udk vufcH&rvm;qdk+yD; om0wWdbk&if}uD;aumov ud, k w f ikd ef @J jA[R%awG cwW, d awG t}u;D tus,f tausreyfjzpf=uvd@k Ak'q < D vma&muf uef@uGuaf jymqd=k uygw,f? Ak'u < ZmwfcjJG cm;r_pepf&ŒJ tusKd ;r¶Sd ,kwrdW ygyu kH kd ¶Si;f jyygw,f? Ak'&< iS ;f jyyHu k .... "jymeJ@a¶$ jcm;em;w,fqw kd m *k%v f uQ%m uGjJ ym;wmjzpfv@kd jcm;em;wmrSeyf gw,f? 'gayr,fh jA[R%eJ@ p¾mv=um;rSm bmtrsKd ;tpm;rS uGjJ ym;wm r¶Syd gb;l ? jA[R%qdw k m opfudkif; ajcmufESpfck yGwf&mu ay:vmwJh rD;vdkt&mrsdK; r[kwfovdk/ aumif;uifu 'grSr[kwf avxJu qif; oufusa&mufvmwmrsKd;vJ r[kwfbl;? +yD;awmh ajrxJu azgux f u G v f mwmrsKd ;vJ r[kwb f ;l ? p¾mv awG rdcif0rf;uxGu&f yHrk sKd ; jA[R%awGvnf; twlwb l J rdcif0rf;u vm&wmyg? vlom;tm;vH;k vl@b0udk a&mufvm&wJh tajccHu twlwcl sn;f ygb?J "(vuf¶rS D e&ol. Ak'0< g'tESpo f m& P.Lakshmi Narasu "The Essence of Buddhism"pmtkyu f kd tajcjyKygonf?) ¶SiftmeENm&JŒ"ig Zmwfudkawmif;wmr[kwfbl; a&udkawmif;wmyg" qdkwJh pum;&,f/ Ak'a< jym vdu k w f hJ "p¾mvaum jA[R%yg vl@avmuxJ p0ifvmwJh vrf;a=umif; jcif;u twlwyl gbJ" qdw k hJ pum;&yfawGu trsKd ;orD;awGu, kd w f ikd u f olw@kd ud, k o f w l @kd trsdK;om;awGxuf edrfhusw,fqdkwJh t,ltqeJ@ Oya'wpf&yfvdk tpOftqufrysuf cH,cl =hJ u&wJh Zmwferd t hf ,lawGukd okwo f ifvu kd w f mjzpfyg w,f? 'g@tjyif ¶Sit f meENm&JŒ pum;u Zmwfqw kd m edro hf nfjzpfap jrifo h nfjzpfap taoG;tom; (wpf enf;) oH;k q,fh ESpaf umÏmoeJ@ zGŒJ pnf;xm;wJh vl@cE<mtwGuf a&wpfcu G af vmuf wefz;kd r¶Sb d ;l qdw k mudk tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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oG,0f u kd +f y;D odapcJw h mjzpfygw,f? Ak'&< ŒJ ajym=um;csuu f Zmwfqw kd m pum;t& ajymae=uwmjzpf+y;D pum;xuf ydx k ;l jcm;wJh tESpf om&vd@k ajymavmufwhJ trSwv f uQ%m bmqdb k mrS r¶Sb d ;l qdw k mygb?J Zmwfjrifah wG&ŒJ rmeudk ynmeJ@ ajzazsmuf+y;D Zmwferd ahf wGukd u¶k%meJ@ ESpo f rd ahf pcJyh gw,f? wpfenf; Zmwferd ahf wGukd ud, k u hf u kd , kd f ,Hk =unfpw d f jzpfay:ap+y;D Zmwfjrifah wGuakd wmh wef;wlnrD sS a&;tjrifukd ay;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? Ak'0< g'taeeJ@ Zmwferd u hf kd qGw J if+y;D Zmwfjrifu h q kd cJG swhJ oabmrsKd ;r[kwyf /J vlqw kd hJ tajccH xdik cf akH y:rSm ,SOw f +JG y;D twlxikd af pwJh oabmyg? Ak'<omoemawmfwGif; trsdK;orD;awG tdrf,mwnfaxmifwJh b0udkpGef@+yD; trsdK;om;rsm;vdk &[ef; jyKbdk@ eJeJ tcuftcJ¶SdcJhwm trSefygbJ? 'gayr,fh ¶SiftmeENm tavSsmufaumif;cJw h t hJ wGuf (tÏ*¶k"rR)H tav;teuf vdu k ef m&r,fh pnf;rsO;f ¶Sprf sKd ;udk 0efcaH p+y;D bduKQ rsm;enf;wl bduKQ et D zGŒJ tpnf;udk wnf axmifb@kd cGijhf yKvu kd yf gw,f? Ak'< y&dedAŠmefjyKpOfu tavmif;awmf zl;cGifhtjzpf trsdK;orD;awGudk OD;pm;ay;cJhwmvnf; ¶SiftmeENmyg? 'g@a=umifh ¶SiftmeENmudk trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; awmif;qdk&mrSm urBmht apmqH;k yk*Kd~ vv f @kd qd&k if vGe&f mrusavmufygb;l ? 'Dvkd bduKQ eo D moemawmf}u;D ay:ayguv f m+yq D w kd meJ@ ZmwfrsKd ;pHk b0rsKd ;pHu k trsKd ;orD;awG bduKQ eo D moemxJukd 0ifa&mufvm=uygw,f? yÉmpm&Dw@kd vdk t¶l;b0 u|wv f molawG/ udoma*gwrD vdk tylonfrawGutp acrmrdb&k m;}u;D eJ@ olaX;uawmf "rR'Ed mM wd@k vdk txufwef;v$mu trsKd ;orD; awGtjyif vlowfru _ sL;vGerf &d mu y&ydZk rf b0cH,+l y;D ¶Sio f m&dyw k &W mudk ta=umif;jyKv@kd bduKQ eb D 0 a&mufvmwJh uk¾vauoDw@kd ponfjzifh bduKQ eo D moemawmf}u;D pnfyifxeG ;f um;vmcJyh gw,f? edum,fig;&yfu ck'u N edum,frmS ax&D*gxm qdw k u hJ sr;f yg¶ydS gw,f? ax&Dr,fw@kd &JŒ b0eJ@ cH,l csuaf wGukd pkpnf;zGŒJ xm;wmjzpfygw,f? 'ge@J ywfoufv@kd t*FvefrmS ygVu d sr;f toif; (Pali Text Society) udk pwifwnfaxmifcJhwJh a'gufwm ¶dkuf(cf)a';Apfu "ax&D*gxmawGtaeeJ@ tzGJŒtEGJŒvSyaumif; rGef=u¶HkrSsru pdwfydkif;qdkif&m ,Ofaus;r_ tqift h wef; tvGejf rifw h ,fqw kd hJ toduv kd aJ y;ygw,f"vd@k qdyk gw,f? Ak'e< @J Ak'o < m0ursm;taeeJ@ cE<mud, k w f nfaqmufykH uGjJ ym;wJt h wGuf trsKd ;om; trsKd ;orD;qdk wm cGjJ cm;vufcaH yr,fh *k%o f u d mQ eJ@ todOm%fyikd ;f qdik &f mrSm awmf&ifawmf ovdk todtrSwjf yKc=hJ uwm jzpfygw,f? ¶Sio f m&dyw k &W m ¶Siaf rm*~vmef pwJh bduKQ w@kd &JŒ olw@kd qdik &f m tjrifq h ;kH *k%f t&nftaoG;awG udk {w'*fbŒJG eJ@ todtrSwjf yK=uovd/k acrm/ "rR'Ed mM pwJh ax&Dr,f bduKeQ w D @kd &JŒ *k%af wGuv kd nf; {w'*fbŒJG ESi;f um todtrSwjf yKc=hJuwm jzpfygw,f? (ygVv d kd {w'*~ ] ynm/ w&m;a[m ponf tjrifh qH;k ) 112

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Ven.K.Siri Dammananda a&; What Buddhist’s Believe pmtkyy f g tqdu k kd

xkwjf yygO;D r,f? "Ak't < aeeJ@ trsKd ;orD;rsm; omoemawmfwiG ;f yg0ifxrf;aqmifz@kd vGwv f yfr_ tjynft h 0 ay;cJyh gw,f? bmoma&;eJ@ywfoufv@kd trsKd ;orD;xkukd vGwv f yfra_ y;cJw h hJ yxrOD;qH;k q&muawmh Ak'j< zpfygw,f? Ak'r< wdik rf u DS trsKd ;orD;xk&ŒJ wm0ef0wW&m;awGukd rD;zdak csmifrmS bJ uef@owfcx H m;cJ&h ygw,f? trsKd ;orD;awGrmS wpfpw kH pfcak om bk&m;ausmif; twGi;f 0ifciG rhf &cJo h vdk bmoma&;qdik &f m usr;f pmtkyaf wGuv kd nf; ¶Gwzf wfciG rhf &cJ=h u ygbl;? Ak'<vufxuf vl@tzGJŒtpnf;u trsdK;orD;xk&JŒ tajctae[m tvGefyJ edrfhus cJyh gw,f? jrefrmAk'<0g'D trsdK;orD;awGeJ@ ywfoufvdk@uawmh 'Dae@rsufarSmuf Ak'<0g'D awGtm;vH;k odae=u +y;D jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh e,fcsŒJ udv k ekd aD cwfu jrefrmEdik if u H Ak'b < mom 0ifawGudk c&pf,mefbmom ajymif;zdk@ enf;vrf;&SmwJhtaeeJ@ Ak'<bmomta=umif; avhvm+y;D pmtkyaf wGa&;cJw h hJ t*Fvefom; (au a*s aqmif;'g;)&JŒ jrefrmtrsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: tjrife@J rdwq f ufay;vdu k yf g&ap? "They (women) are regarded in theory as much inferior˜ though in the practic they are singularly free and happy˜and are as stanch supporters of their religion as the men.

"xifjriff,lqr_ taeeJ@ trsdK;orD;rsm;udk tvGefedrfhusw,fvdk@ qdk=uayr,fh vufawGŒb0rSm olw@kd [m xl;xl;jcm;jcm;yJ vGwv f yfre_ @J aysm¶f i$ rf _ ¶S=d uygw,f? +y;D awmh olw@kd &JŒ (Ak')< bmomudv k nf; a,mufsm;rsm;enf;wl pdwt f m;xufoefpmG vSL'ge;f olrsm; jzpf=uygw,f? ola&;wJh pmtkyf&JŒ Buddhism in the South acgif;pnf;}uD;rSmygwJh Burma qdw k t hJ cef;rSm tJ'v D kd a&;xm;wmjzpfygw,f? 2009-ckEpS u f xkww f hJ "Ak'0< g' tESpo f m&" (P.Lakshmi Narasu "The Essence of Buddhism") a&;ol vuf¶r S ;D e&ol&ŒJ tqdu k =kd unfv h u kd yf gO;D ? Most Burmese Women˜"even in the village" are able to read and write. No obstacle is placed in the way of female education. "awmaus;vufu trsKd ; orD;awGtygt0if jrefrmtrsKd ;orD; trsm;pktaeeJ@ ta&;tzwf awmf=uygw,f? trsKd ;orD;rsm;&JŒ ynma&; vrf;a=umif;rSm twm;tqD; tydwt f yif&,fv@kd r¶Syd gb;l "wJ?h vGefcJhwJh wpfESpfavmufubJ xifygw,f? trsdK;orD;awG ynmoifatmif ausmif;wufatmif vH_Œaqmfvdk@qdk+yD; wmvDbeft=urf;zuform;awG&JŒ acsmif;ajrmif; ypfcwfccH &hJ wJh ygupPwefu ausmif; olav; rmvmvm toufab;uvGw+f y;D olŒtouf 16ESpfjynfharG;ae@u ukvor*~pifjrifhrSm trdsK;orD;wdkif; ynmoif=um;cGifh awmif;qdk ae&qJtajctaeeJ@ Ed_if;,SOf=unfh&if jrefrmtrsdK;orD;awG taeeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;rSm tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

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Ak'<&JŒajym=um;csufu Zmwfqdkwm pum;t& ajymae=uwmjzpf+yD; pum;xuf ydkxl;jcm;wJh tESpf om&vd@k ajymavmufwhJ trSwvf uQ%m bmqdbk mrS r¶Sbd ;l qdwk mygbJ? ZmwfjrifhawG&JŒrmeudk ynmeJ@ ajzazsmuf+yD; ZmwfedrfhawGudk u¶k%meJ@ ESpfodrfhapcJhygw,f? wpfenf; ZmwfedrfhawGudk udk,fhudkudk,f ,Hk =unfpdwf jzpfay:ap+yD; Zmwfjrifah wGuakd wmh wef;wlnrD sS a&;tjrifukd ay;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?Ak'<0g'taeeJ@ Zmwfedrfhudk qGJwif+yD; Zmwfjrifuh qkd cJG swJh oabmrsdK;r[kwyf /J vlqwkd hJ tajccH xdik cf akH y:rSm ,SOfwGJ+yD; twlxdki af pwJh oabmyg? ........ yd&k aew,fqw kd m odEikd yf gw,f? +yD;awmh e&ol ajymxm;wmu "jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm; vufxyf+yD;csdefrSm emrnfajymif;p&m rvdk wJhtjyif vufxyfvufpGyf0wfwm/ r*FvmyGJrSm acgif;+rD;jcHKwm awGvnf;vkypf &mrvdyk gb;l ? vlprd ;f wpfO;D taeeJ@ jrefrmtrsKd ;orD;wpfa,mufukd jrif¶ekH @J vufxyf+yD;r+yD; rodEdkifovdk/ emrnf=um;¶HkeJ@vJ b,fol@ ZeD;r,m;ygvdk@ odEdkifr,f r[kwyf gb;l ? vl@tcGifhta&;...vl@tcGifhta&;vdk@ wGifwGifatmfaewJh EdkifiHawGrSmawmif vufxyf+yD;wmeJ@ b,fol@ ZeD;r,m;ygqdkwm odEdkifwJhemrnf ajymif;&wkef;yg? olwdk@ "avhx;kH pH qdak yr,fh vl@tcGit hf a&; pHEe_ ;f jrifu h ae =unfrh ,fq&kd if 'g igyikd /f ig@r,m;qdw k hJ avb,fukd ausauseyfeyf twwfc&H wmyg? jref rmtrsKd ;orD;awGrmS 'grsKd ;r¶Syd gb;l ? +y;D awmh e&ol xyfajymwmu ZeD;onf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wdk@&JŒ udk,f ydkifypPnf;awGtay:rSmvJ vifa,mufsm;taeeJ@ csKycf s,yf ikd cf iG hf r¶Syd gw?hJ 'ga=umifh e&ol ud;k um;wJh Sir T.G .Scott &JŒtqdu k kd =unfyh gO;D ? "The Burmese women enjoys many rights which her European sister is even now clamouring for." "jrefrmtrsKd ;orD;uav; taeeJ@ ol&ŒJ trawmf Oa&mytrsKd ;orD;}u;D

,ae@wdik f tjyif;txef awmif;qdak e&wJh vl@tcGit hf a&; rsKd ;awGukd (tjynft h 0) &¶S+d y;D aysmf¶$ifaeEdkifygw,f"wJh? txufu wifjycsuaf wGukd =unf+h y;D Ak'o < moemu trsKd ;orD;xk&ŒJ tcGit hf a&; awGe@J *k%o f u d mQ wefz;kd awGukd todtrSwjf yKwahJ e&mrSm b,fbmom/ b,f'rD u kd a&pD t&ift h rm Edik if }H u;D awG xufrqdk redrw hf t hJ jyif tjrifyh ikd ;f rSm ¶Sad ew,fqw kd m odEikd yf gw,f? tJ...0efcHp&mav;awmh eJeJ¶Sdygw,f? 'guvJ trsdK;orD;awGudk edrfhus+yD; roef@¶Si;f bl;vd@k ,lqwJh a¶S;¶d;k qef+y;D vGrJ mS ;wJch , H cl suaf wGa=umifh jzpfvmwJh wm;jrpf uef@owfcsuaf wGyg? Oyrm - usKd ux f ;D ¶d;k usKd urQ D wd@k vdk ae&mrsKd ;awGrmS trsKd ;om;rsm;eJ@ wefwl trsKd ;orD;awG zl;arSsmcf iG rhf &wJh ae&mav;awG ¶Sad eygao;w,f? 114

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

115

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¶Si fqENm"du

(ayav;yifewfraDS wm&) =o*kwf 1/ 2013 (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

115

116

acwfpum; typftcwf&yfpJa&; jynfe,ftqifh aqG;aEGyGJ (ABSDF) OuUX &JabmfoHcJ aqG;aeG;csuf

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&Jabmf oHcJ

(ABSDF)

116

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

117

ta&;awmfykH}uD; c&D;rqkkH;ao;/ }udK;wef;vrf;avSsmufjyaewmr[kkwf

[Hom0wD OD;0if;wif

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117

118

'geŒJ rEWav;"rRomvm &Spaf v;vH;k vlxak wGŒyGrJ mS rif;udEk ikd u f Asmudk usKyn f eG ;f cJh ao;w,f? "+ird cf &H if yihu f rl sS ief ŒJ +iEd ikd w f ,f? &ke;f uef&if oHr%d=uKd ;awmif jywfEikd w f ,f" qdw k phJ um;ayg?h jy;D awmh 2010 pufwifbm 27 'DcsKyaf rG;aeŒrSm usKyaf jymcJh (pmtkyv f nf; xkwfcJh) wJhpum;udk n$ef;cJhw,f? a&S;Armpum;&Sdw,f/ avScGufcsnf;usef tvHrvSJ qdw k mavmufeŒJ wif;wdrrf aeeJŒ? avScu G rf useaf wmif rvHrvSpJ w d "f mwf arG;=ua[h... vdŒk aygAh sm? =o*kwf 7 &ufrmS usKyrf EWav;u jyefvmcJw h ,f? =o*kwf 8 &ufrmS &efuek f &Spaf v;vH;k txdr;f trSwyf JG wufw,f? &Spaf v;vH;k oH nHn+H crd ;f / [de;f [de;f jrnfwhJ ta&;awmfykH yJw h ifo}H u;D udk =um;&oAs? rsK;d qufopfacgi;f aqmif rif;udEk ikd &f ŒJ pum;As? aemufa=umif;jyef acwfqw k &f if "&Spt f yk f" awGeŒJ awGŒr,fvŒkd rif;udEk ikd u f tjywfajymvku d o f As? usKyu f a&SŒqHk;wef; xdkifae&vdkŒayghAsm? aemufwef;rSmom qdk&ifvm;/ wdkŒta&;/ wdkŒta&;/ vufo;D ajru S /f vuf&;Hk wef; [pfvu kd v f u kd cf siw f mAsKŒd ? usKyef ŒJ em,u=u;D OD;wifO;D &JŒab;rSm xdik af ewJh =uzhH ŒHG 'ktyk }f u;D OD;aX;OD;udk av;pm;tm;emvdŒk xde;f aevdu k w f mAs? jy;D awmh usKyw f Œkd 'DcsKyfOuUX=uD;uvnf; "xdef;=u"/ "xdef;=u" vdkŒ olŒrdefŒcGef;eJŒ qHk;rxm;w,fav? 'geŒJ usKyv f nf; Átad jEo N r`wedW ŒJ +ird af pcHwyfnaSd evdu k &f wmayg?h usKy&f ŒJ vufcyk o f u H awmh wajzmif;ajzmif;ayghAsm? wdw k akd jym=uygpŒkd &JŒ? usKyf 'Daqmif;yg;a&;csed rf mS rEWav;&Spaf v;vH;k yGŒJ &JŒ a=unmcsu/f qH;k jzwfcsuw f Œkd udk rzwf&ao;bl;? bmawGajymvJ rod&ao;bl;? &efuek &f pS af v;vH;k yG&J ŒJ a=unmpmwrf;uawmh tm;&p&myJAsm/ wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;/ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ xkwfjyefa=unm pmwrf;As? a=unmpmwrf;u...... (1) 'Dru kd a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmfopfxal xmif&ef vdt k yfw,fvŒkd cH,w l ,f? (2) +idrf;csrf;a&;eJŒ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&;udk OD;wnfwJh trsKd;om; tiftm;pkrsm; tm;vH;k yg0ifwhJ nDvmcH=u;D wpf&yfusi;f y&ef vkt d yfw,fvŒkd cH,w l ,f? 'Dc, H cl surf sm;eJŒtnD &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy=kH u;D &JŒ rjy;D qH;k ao;wJh wm0efrsm;udk qufvufxrf;&Guo f mG ;r,fvŒkd a=unmvdu k w f ,fAs? aumif;vSygayhAsm/ axmufcyH gw,f/ 0ef;&HyyhH ;kd ygr,fvŒdk ajymvdyk gw,f? tJ'aD =unmcsuef ŒJ twl aiG&wk &Spaf v;vH;k aqG;aEG;yG&J ŒJ t=ujH yKcsuaf wGuv kd nf; wpfxrf;wpfy;kd =u;D a=unmvdu k o f As? t=uHjyKcsufawG wpfyHkwpfyif=uD;xJu usKyfoabmusqHk;/ oabmwlqHk; 118

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119

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[Hom0wDO D;0if;wif 'Dvd_if;*sme,f? ? twGJ(2)/ twGJ(31)?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

119

120

bmomjyef0wˆKwdk urBmukefus,foa&G h jroef;wifh

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(7)

121

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jroef;wifh (Edkb,fqk& tD*spftrsdK;om; pma&;q&m Nagulb jyefqykd gonf? )

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Half a Day

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