အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၅) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 1377 / ewfawmfv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;

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rif;udkEdkif o&0%f (jynf) urmykvJ &J+ird ;f c&rf;jymxufvl xifvif;OD; armifwifopf =unfarmifoef;

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Edik if aH &; / okw / &opHk }uKd ;oH;k acsmifawmh useaf ernf ppftpd;k &. pdwaf eoabmxm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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urmykvJ 27/ 6/ 2014

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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&Jjidr;f 20/ 11/ 2015 (*syefEdkifiH wdkusdKrSm tcrJh xkwfa0aom tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; wm0efcH)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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armifwifopf pHy,fjzL/ {+yD / 2007 16

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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jr[ef (udkvkdeDacwf jrefrmordkif; tbd"mef rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

OD;zdk;usm;ESihfausmif;om;oydwf (95 ESpfajrmuf trsdK;om;atmifyJGae@*k%fjyKaqmif;yg;)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

cJah vonf?xdpk rD u H ed ;f udk ynm rif;}u;D jzpfol rwf[ef;wm;u OD;aqmifavonf? TwGif [ef;wm;pDru H ed ;f onf jrefrmht}uKd uEf iS fh rawGŒcJ?h acgi;f aqmifrsm; uvnf; r}udKuf? ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; r}udKuf? r}udKuf&jcif;rSm xkdpDrHudef;onf jrefrmwdk@ txufwef; ynmoif,al &;wGif csKycf s,f xm;onf[k oabm&aom a=umihf jzpfavonf? =unhyf gawmh? wuUov kd [ f I l &efuek f wpf+rKd Œwnf;wGio f m &S&d vdrhf rnf? ausmif;cJ[ G I l tjcm; ae&ma'orsm;wGif rxm;&? wpfzef q,fwef;atmifonfh ausmif;om;onf t*Fvyd b f momY xl;xl;c|ecf |ef trSwf&rSom wuUokdvfodk@wef;I 0ifEkdifrnf? odk@r[kwfu =um;wef;wGifae&OD;rnf? =um;wef;wGif wpfESpfaeI atmifonfhwdkif wuUokdvfodk@ 0ifcGihf&zdk@ rao csmao;? wpfzefwuUokdvfwGif ae@ausmif;om;tjzpf vufrcH? tm;vHk;ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; omjzpf&rnf? Tonf wuUov dk f ynmoif=um;a&;qkid &f m t"dupnf;urf;rsm;yifjzpf=u onf? xd k p D r H u d e f ; ud k 1919 ck E S p f uwnf ; uyif OD ; baz/ OD ; xG e f ; &S d e f / 0wf v H k OD;odr;f armifw@kd wpfawGu owif;pmxJrS uef@uGuf cJ=h uonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&u *¶kr pdkuf? 1920 jynfhESpf ZlvdkifwGif Oya'=urf;vkyfI rwf[ef;wm;u Oya'jyKvw $ af wmfY wifoiG ;f &m OD;aratmif tygt0if tpd;k & bufom; trwf r sm;u axmuf c H = uavonf ? xd k t cg 0d k i f t rf b D a tonf *sLAvD a [m¶H k Y +rdKŒvHk;usGwftpnf;ta0; usif;yum Oya'=urf;udk uef@uGufavonf? xdkOya'=urf; udv k nf; "[ef@wm;Oya'"[k oa&mfawmfawmf uifyeG ;f wyfonft h jyif rwf[ef;wm;udk vnf; jrefrmEdik if YH rxm;oihf a=umif; tqkjd yKavonf? TwG i f v nf ; tpk d ; &u *¶k r pd k u f ? xd k O ya'=urf ; vnf ; 'k w d , bk & if c H . twnfjyKcsuf &um 'DZifbm 1 &ufwiG f w&m;0ifjzpfcahJ vonf? 'DZif bm 7 &ufwiG rf l 'kwd,bk&ifcH udk,fwkdifwuUokdvfopfudk tcrf;tem;jzihf zGihfayawmhrnf? xkdtcg 0HomEkpw d &f adS om aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;t=um;wGif rauseyfpw d rf sm; wk;d vmcJh avonf? odk@jzihf udkbOD;/ udkvSpdef/ udkzdk;uGef;/ udkat;/ ukdatmif'if tp&Sdaom &efuek af umvdyf ausmif;om; 11 OD;onf 'DZif bm 3 &uf eHeufwiG f a&$w*d kH bk&m;&ifjyif paeaxmifh&Sd anmifyif}uD;atmufY aqG;aEG;wdkifyif=uavonf? aqG;aEG;wkdifyifI aumvdyaf usmif; udk oydwaf rSmuf&efEiS fh aemuf wpfae@wGif A[ef;=um;awm& vrf;xJ&dS OD;t&d,ausmif;wdu k Yf aumvdyaf usmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;vky&f ef oabmwl vku d =f u avonf? aemuf w pf a e@ tpnf ; ta0;ok d @ *syf q if a umvd y f ausmif ; om;rsm;yg wufa&muf=uav&m udkzdk;usm;vnf; yg0ifcJhavonf? wufa&mufolrsm;u ESpf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

ppftpdk;&. pdwfaeoabmxm; avhvmoHk;oyfolwpfOD; ² *&pfzpfwuUodkvf *&pfzpf tm&S tifpwDusK (Griffith Asia Institute) rS tif'&l;qJvo f f - Andrew Selth u azazmf0g&v D qef;ydik ;f e,l;a'vDwiG f usi;f ycJo h nfh +ird ;f csr;f a&;ESifh yÉdyuQavhvma&; tifpwDusK (Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies) Y jrefrmEdi k if EH iS fh Edik if w H um =oZm. tuef@towfrsm; (Burma and the limits of International Influence) qdo k nhf acgi;f pOfEiS fh aqG;aEG;&mY ppftpd;k &ESifh qufq&H mwGif ppftpd;k &. pdwo f abmxm;udk Edik if w H um todik ;f t0ef; u em;vnf&ef vdt k yfa=umif;jzifh ajym=um;cJo h nf udk rZPsrd owif;pmrsuEf mS wGizf wf&ygonf? TwGif ppftpd;k &. pdwo f abmxm;rSm bmvJ[al omar;cGe;f ay:vmygonf? usaemfwdkŒtm;vHk;odxm;=uonfh owif;arSmifcsjcif;/ ajymifjiif;uG,fjcif;/ w&m;rJh Oya'rsm;jzifh ta&;,laqmif&u G jf cif;/ ,H=k unfrt _ wGuf omrefvrl sm;/ ausmif;om;i,f rsm;omru oHCmrsm;udk yg nSO;f qJ owfjzwfjcif;wdŒk udk rmcD;,m;A,fv. D t,ltqtwdik ;f (=um;aetzGŒJ qdo k nfh ausmif;awmfom; Edik if aH &;ygwrD aS jymovd)k &yfwnfcsuf xdyg;vmI jywfjywfom;om; aqmif&Gufjcif; [komxm;rnfqdkvSsif/ rw&m;pD;yGm;tcGifhta&; ,ljcif;rsm;udk olvnf;av avmuDom;ayrdŒk [k em;vnfr_ ay;=urnfqv kd sS i/f ppftpd;k &. yifr&yfwnfcsurf mS (tpOftm%mwnfjraJ &;om [k vnf; rajymvdb k ;l qdv k sS i)f bmvJ[k pOf;pm;=u&ef&ydS gonf? ,ckaqmif;yg;wGif usaemfoed m;vnfoavmuf olwŒkd oabmxm; rSeu f kd &Si;f jyvdyk gonf? usaemfonf ppfom; om;orD;wOD;jzpf+y;D 88 acwf ausmif;om; v_yf&Sm;ol wOD;vnf;jzpfygI usaemfwdkŒ twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwdkif; rod&Sd ao;onfh tcsurf sm;udk od&o dS nf[k xifygonf? rnfoŒkd yifqakd p aqG;aEG;p&m tcsurf sm; awmh&Edik yf gvrd rhf nf? 34

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

,aeŒwyfrawmf. ,Hk=unf&yfwnfcsufu bmygvJ? 88 acwftxdawmh &Si;f vif;pGmyif OD;ae0if;. &yfwnfcsut f wdik ;f jzpf ygonf? uGejf rLepfEiS hf "e&Sif ygvrD mef 'Dru kd a&pDukd r,H=k unf? ,if;wdŒk ESprf sK;d =um; tv,ftvwf oGm;Edik rf nfh vrf;pOf w&yfukd wcsed u f xl;cseG af om Edik if aH &;oabmw&m;q&mrsm;tm; a&;qGaJ pum prf;oyf usio hf ;kH =unhcf o hJ nf? 1977 wGif ta&;ay: ygwn D v D mcHac:&onftxd jzpfomG ;um ,if;vrf; a=umif;rS odoo d momcGu J m rdro d abmus pepfukd usio hf ;kH cJah wmhonf? aemufq;kH 1985 wGif pD;yGm;a&;usq;kH r_a=umifh acgi;f aqmif}u;D wdeŒf a&Smifzed u f kd tm;usum jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef p pOf;pm;onf? odŒk aomf ud, k w f ikd zf suq f ;D cJ+h y;D aom jAL&du k a&pD ,Eœ&m;udk rxde;f Edik jf zpfum 88 wGif +yKduscJh&onf? 88 ckESpfu usaemfwdkŒ. v_yf&Sm;r_onf tiftm;jyif;xefwm rSeaf omfvnf; tqdyk g ysupf ;D +y;D jAL&du k a&pD tzGŒJ tpnf;}u;D vG,v f , G Ef iS hf +yKrd usvsif xdrk sS c&D;ra&mufEikd o f nfrmS aocsmygonf? xkt d cg OD;ae0if;u olŒoabm twdik ;f aemufzJ wrsK;d csK;d +y;D ppfwyfukd tm%mjyeford ;f apcJo h nf? xdt k csed u f wyfwiG ;f t&m&Srd sm;jzpfaeaom/ usaemfwŒkd ESihf ausmif;aezufrS ppfxaJ &mufomG ;=uaom olwŒkd udk rnfoŒkd vrf;n$ecf o hJ enf;? xdkpOfu AdkvfcsKyfcifnGefŒwdkŒ &Sif;vif;yGJawGrSm ay:vGifygonf? ppfwyf. &efoljzpfaom uGefjrLepfrsm; }uKd;udkifr_ ESifh udkvdkeD vufopfvkyfvdkaom (rSwfcsuf? tqdkygpum;rSm uGejf rLepfpum; jzpfygonf) e,fcsŒJ Edik if }H u;D rsm;. }uK;d udik rf _ jzpfonf[k olwŒkd &JabmfawGukd oifjycJyh gonf? ,aeŒtxdvnf; onftwdik ;f oif=um;ydŒk csqjJ zpfygonf? aemufydkif; OD;ae0if;udk olwdkŒ&Sif;xkwfypfEdkif cJhaomfvnf; ,aeŒacgif;aqmif rsm;onf OD;ae0if;uJhodkŒ vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ ESifh ppfat;umv urBmŒEdkifiHa&; tawGŒt=uHK&Sdolrsm; r[kwfyg? ppfat;umvtwGif; OD;ae0if;uJhodkŒ trsKd;om;a&;ESifh bufrvdu k af &; 0g'rsm;jzifh &yfwnfEikd af tmif rpGr;f Edik =f uyg? Edik if aH &;upm;onfh oDt&kd v D nf; ru|rf;usif=uyg? odkŒaomf olwdkŒtwGuf enf;vrf;&SdvmcJh+yD; ,aeŒumv tcsdKŒ urBmyh nm&Siq f o kd rl sm;/ owif;pmq&m}u;D qdo k rl sm;yif cs;D rGr;f &avmufatmif Edik if aH &;udk ydkifEdkifonf/ tm%mEdkifiHa&;udk u|rf;usifonf [k oHk;oyfvm&onfh tajctaeodkŒ pGr;f aqmifco hJ nfrmS t"du ta=umif;w&m; 2 rsK;d jzpfygonf? yxrta=umif;w&m;onf olwŒkd tm; wGe;f ydŒk ay;Edik o f nfh wGe;f tm;jzpf+y;D 'kw, d ta=umif;w&m;onf enf;y&d,m,f jzpfygonf?

yxrta=umif;w&m; (odkŒr[kwf) ppfwyf0g' ppfwyf0g' [k trnfwwfojzifh =urf;wrf;pGmoH;k E_e;f vdjk cif; r[kwyf g? ,aeŒ a&G;aumufyt JG xdreS ;f vmonfh t,ltqudk jzpfaponfh 0g'w&m;jzpfygonf? (rSwcf su/f OD;ae0if; onf 11 ESpt f =umwGif a&G;aumufyv JG yk cf +hJ y;D ,ck OD;oef;a&$u 22 ESp=f umrS tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

ydkŒcsay;ygonf? xdkodkŒaom tepfemcHr_rsm;a=umifh olwdkŒwGif "EdkifiHawmftm%m" udk oH;k ydik cf iG &hf o dS nf [k tajzxkwaf y;ygonf? jynf o l v l x k E S i f h ppf w yf t wG i f ; t}uD ; rm;qH k ; twm;tqD ; onf tqd k y g tawG;tjrifjzpfygonf? usaemf ynm&Sifb0 ppfwyfESifh wGJI awmxJawmifxJ oGm;&onfhtcg ppfAdkvfawG tifrweftHh=o=uygonf? olwdkŒrSvGJI +rKdŒay:wGif wdkufyHk 0wfaeaom vlaysmhrsm; TodkŒ tyifyef;cHEdkifrnf/ tyifyef;cHtvkyfvkyfvdrfhrnf[k rxifcJh=uyg? t*FvefrS bGJŒxl;awG &vmonfh q&m0ef}uD;onfvnf; nvmE_d;vSsif xvdkuf&rSef; *sLwD,l&rSef;olwdkŒrod=uyg? (tpydkif;wGif rod=uyg/ aemufydkif; &mxl; &vmawmhvnf; rodcsi=f uawmhyg)? wESpu f wuUov kd q f &mrav;wOD; ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf uGif;qif; c&D;xGufvmpOf vufeufudkifvufcsufESifh uG,fvGefygonf? 0efxrf;wdkif;/ jynfow l ikd ;f rSm vufeufrhJ oufpeG Œf qHzsm; r_awG jynfah ea=umif; owdrxm;rd=uyg? aemifwcsdefwGif jidrf;csrf;pGm qENjyolrsm;tm;ESdrfeif;onfhtcg EdkifiHwumu ,H=k unfcsuaf =umifh tusO;f csc&H jcif; [kjrifaomfvnf; olwŒkd vdk yifyef;pGm tvkyrf vky&f bJ tcGit hf a&;awmif;olrsm;[k qufvufjrifvmygawmhonf? onfxuf yd}k u;D onfh ppfwyf0g'wpf&yfrmS Edik if jH cm;om;udk txif}u;D jcif;jzpfyg onf? EdkifiHjcm;om;rkef;wD;jcif; (Xenophoebia) onf txif}uD;&mrS a=umufvefŒ rke;f wD;jcif;jzpfygonf? ,if;onf rdrw d Œkd }uK;d pm;aomfvnf; wd;k wufr_ r&vmonft h cg }u;D aom ta=umif;jycsujf zpfvmygonf? Edik if jH cm;om;udk ydrk kd tvkyv f yk o f /l ydrk kd Om%f}u;D ol [kjrifygonf? jynfywGif wdk;wufjcif;onf ,if;vlrsKd;rsm; tvkyfvkyf/ Om%fjrifh aoma=umifjh zpf+y;D jrefrmjynf rwd;k wufjcif; rSm ppfwyfwwyfv;kH tvkyv f yk af omfvnf; jynfolawG/ 0efxrf;awG tvkyfrvkyfaoma=umifh rwdk;wufjcif;[kjrifvmygonf? onftwdkif;vnf; oif=um;ay;ygonf? omrefjynfolawGrSmawmh EdkifiHjcm;oGm;tvkyf vk y f = uonf h t cg Ed k i f i H j cm;om;ud k ol v d k u d k , f v d k [k o mjrif y gonf ? tvk y f v k y f oavmuftcGifhta&;&ojzifh tvkyfvkyf=u onf? pnf;urf;&Sdoavmuf pnf;urf;. tusK;d udk cHpm;&ojzifh pnf;urf;ESiahf e=uonf? olwŒkd vdk ud, k v f nf; tcGit hf a&; &&if udk,fhwdkif;jynfvnf; jzpfEdkifa=umif;em;vnf=uonf? }uD;rm;aom tawG;tac: uGm[r_}u;D jzpfygonf? xdrk w S qifw h ;kd aomtcg ppfwyfu ydt k vkyv f yk f tepfemcH&wJt h wGuf tcGit hf a&; ,lxdkufonf[k jrifvmygawmhonf? EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; EdkifiHawmftm%mudk jzwfvrf;enf;jzifh &,lvo kd nf[k pGypf aJG y;vdu k yf gonf? wyfxw J iG f aecJah om i,fpOfu usaemfu, kd w f ikd o f nf trdeŒf ESihf tm%mudk ,H=k unfygonf? aemif 88 acwfuakd usmrf S pnf;&Hk;a&;udk ,Hk=unf vmygonf? ywf0ef;usifu yHkoGif;ay;jcif;jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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aZmf+idrf;vwf (74)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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(wpf) wpf&ufrmS &efuek +f rKd Œay:u yk*v ~ u d pmoifausmif;uav; wpfausmif;&S&d mqD a&mufomG ; rdcw hJ ,fAs? ausmif;u yk*v ~ u d pmoifausmif;vd@k qdak omfvnf;yJ Edik if aH wmfu usi;f ywJph mar; yGaJ wGukd ajzqdu k m Edik if w H iG ;f rSm &Sw d hJ wuUov kd w f pfcck w k uf+y;D Ekid if aH wmfu ay;wJhbGJŒudk ,l r,fholawGtwGuf &nf&G,f+yD; zGifhxm;wJhausmif;r[kwfwm a=umifh Edik if aH wmfu jyÏmef; xm;wJo h if¶;kd awGtwkid ;f oif aewJah usmif;r[kwyf gb;l ? rlvwef;tvGefuav; awGtwGuf olwdk@oHk;wJh/ jyify urBmu 0ifvmwJh t*Fvdyfpm zwfpmtkyfuav; awGŒwmeJ@ vSefavSm=unfhrdvdkufwJhtcg rsufvHk;jyL; oGm;rdygw,f? uav;awG&ŒJ pdwu f ;l uGe@f jrL;r_ukd ysKd ;axmifay;xm;wJh pmtkyu f av;jzpfae wmud;k ? wpfae&mrSm yHjk yifwpfy'k f udk 0gusav;ig;a=umif;avmuf pwifazmfjyay;xm;+y;D onftwkid ;f wd;k vd;k wef;vef;}u;D &yf xm;oAs? Oyrmajym&&if wpfcgu &Gmwpf&mG wGif qif;&Jaom opfcw k o f rm;wpfa,muf&. dS ? wpfae@ awmxJo@kd opfcw k o f mG ;&m opfyif ajc&if;wGif a&$t;kd wpfv;kH awGŒ.? a&$t;dk ud, k I l jyefvmum ZeD;onftm; ay;+y;D rnfo@l udrk S todray;&ef rSm.?tJonfv h rkd sKd ; a&;ay;xm; wmyg? +y;D awmhrS ar;cGe;f u TyHjk yifukd oif ESpo f ufovdk qufa&;ygw?hJ aumif;vku d w f yhJ nmoif =um;r_? trSm;trSeu f rkd ar;? tvGwu f sux f m;wmudk jyefr qdck ikd ;f ? Creative Thinking vd@k qd=k uwJ/h zefw;D vdw k hJ tawG;udEk ;d_ qGay;xm;wJah r;cGe;f ? 78

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

pmtky&f ŒJ aemuf pmwpfrsuEf mS rSm usawmh pmrsuEf mS tjynfh o¶kyaf zmfyckH ifAs? yifv,f ygw,f? [d;k ta0;rSm urf;ajc &Gmuav;wpf&mG ygw,f? tke;f yifuav;awGe@J ? aus;vuf tdru f av;awGe@J / avSuav; wpfpif;u urf;ajc&S&d mqD avSmcf wfv@kd ? avSay:rSm udw k H igwpfO;D ? ar;cGe;f u azmfjyyg¶yk yf u kH kd =unfu h m oifa&;vd&k mudk 0gusq,fih g;a=umif;cef@jzifh a&;yg wJ?h trSm;trSerf &S?d uav;&JŒ zefw;D r_tpGr;f udk tuJcwfz@kd vkyx f m;wJu h pd ?P (ESp)f umwGe;f q&m udak tmfyD us,f c%c%aemufwhJ OD;b udk owd&zd@k aumif;vdu k f wm? u|eaf wmfw@kd .rdom;pk ta=umif;udk q&mru a&;ay;+y;D uav;awGukd usucf ikd ;f wJt h cg usawmh u|Eyfk . f zcifrmS OD;b jzpfygonfw?hJ uGsEyfk . f tarrSm a': jrjzpfygonfw?hJ u|Eyfk w f iG f tpfuw kd pfa,muf&ydS gonf wJ?h uGsEyfk w f @kd onf o*F[vrf;/ tdrt f rSw(f 24)Y aeygonfwJh?a=omf²²²uav;tukefvHk; taz wl/ tarwl/ vdyfpmwl b0rsm;? tajccH ynmrlvwef;/ tv,fwef;tqifrh @kd onfvrkd sm; jzpfaeava&mhovm;vd@k qdu k m wuUov kd f &S&d mqD vSr;f =unfh awmhvnf; cyfqifqifyv J @kd qdk yg&ap? bmomaA'/ o'NaA'oif wJh q&mrwpfa,mufu toufatmifo h aH wG/ oH&yfoH awG (Glottal Stop)ta=umif; oifygw,f? uf/ pf/ wf/ yfawG [m oH&yfawGr@kd cspw f @kd / &yfw@kd / owfw@kd / vufw@kd udk q&mru om"u ay;ygw,f? ausmif;om;u ajzwJt h cg =uufw@kd / &pfw@kd / jzwfw@kd / pyfw@kd om"u aqmifwt hJ cg q&mru odyaf useyfyrkH &ygb;l ? olay;wJh om"u r[kwv f @kd wJ?h Creative Thinking udk tm;ray;wm[m rlvwef;upvk@d wuUov kd t f xdygy?J (oH;k ) vGecf w hJ EhJ pS af wGxrJ mS wke;f u ynma&;eJ@ywfoufv@kd jyK jyifoifw h mawGta=umif; ajym oH/ qdo k aH wG enf;enf;uav; xGuv f mwJt h cg wuUov kd af wG udk ud, k yf ikd [ f efyef wuUov kd f (Autonomous University) awG jzpfz@kd vdak =umif; ajymwJq h w kd hJ ynm&Siaf wG &Scd yhJ gw,f? ud, k yf ikd [ f efyefqw kd ahJ e &mrSm Academic Autonomy vd@k ac:wJh ynm&yfqidk &f m ud, k f ydik [ f efvnf; &S&d ygw,f? ud, k hf wuUov kd rf mS bmoifrvJqkd wmudk ud, k yhf garmuQ awGygwJh wuUodkvfynma&;tzGJŒ (Senate)uyJ qHk;jzwfwmyg? 'ga=umifh wuUodkvf wpfcek @J wpf ck oif¶;kd awG/ oifyo kH ifenf; awG rwlygb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd qDrmS u tm; vH;k twlwyl g? oifwt hJ yk'af wG wlygw,f? jyÏmef;wJh pmtkyf awG wlygw,f? oifwv hJ rf;a=umif;/ ar;wJv h rf;a=umif;/ ajzwJv h rf;a=umif; tukew f pf xyfwnf;yg? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ‘Desperately Weak’vdk@ oHk;ygw,f? tifrwef tm;enf ; wJ h ynma&;wJ h ? ‘Myanmar pays price for lost generation of educated’vd@k qdy k gw,f? ynm a&;qH;k ¶_;H cJ&h wJh rsKd ;quftwGuf jrefrmEdik if [ H m ay;qyf&vdrhf r,fw?hJ Richard Cockett u ol a&;wJ h Blood˜ Dreams and Gold qd k w J h jrefrmEdkifiHta=umif;oHk;oyfwJhpmtkyfxJrSm oif¶dk;qHk;&if owfrSwfwJhbGJŒudk t acsmif& w,fv@kd a&;xm;ygav &JŒ? Students could pick up the requisite degree at the end of a course wJ?h tqifjh rifyh nma&;[m jrefrmawG&ŒJ tcsut f csma'o awGrmS yg qk;d qk;d &Gm;&Gm; xkd;us oGm;+yD; awmifwef;a'oawGeJ@ wkdif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fpkawG&JŒ =um;rSmqdk&if taotcsmudyk J aZmufx;dk qif;oGm;cJ+h yv D @kd oH;k oyfygw,f? ola&;wJh 0gusu pdwx f cd u kd pf &m aumif;vd@k ul;a&;jyyg&ap? If the standard of higher education slumped badly in the Burman heartlands˜ among other ethnic groups and in the hill areas its posi-tively plummeted² wJc h ifAs?

&Sad o;w,f? All teaching was by rote learning wJ?h oif =um;r_tm;vH;k [m tvGwf usurf w S jf cif;ygyw J ?hJ wkid ;f opf/ jynfopfwnfz@dk twGuf jrefjrefajymif;&r,fh tvkyaf wG wpfyw kH pfacgi;f xJrmS pmoifcef;awGukd yd+k y;D jrefjrefajymif;zd@k vdyk gw,f? ausmif; om;awG&ŒJ toufu &yfxm; +y;D apmifah evd@k rS r&wm r[kwf vm;? wpfpuUe@f +y;D wpfpuUe@f u ae wpfEpS +f y;D wpfEpS f armif;ESif ae=u&wJOh pPm? jrefjref ajymif;=uygv@kd yJ wku d w f eG ;f &ygw,fAsm?

armifomcsdK

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

0wˆKwdk

u|efawmfESifh emembm0 wpfaumifta}umif; vGr;f a0Edik f

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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&kef;xGufcJh&aomjrefrmjynf Ba Maw BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA Memoirs Of a Revolution 1939 - 1946

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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oef;0if;vSdKif 96

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrrf *~Zif;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

100

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100

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(5)

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