အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၈) by derric maw

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2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

jyefvm&ifvnf; tJ'D iyda=umfwk@d bmwdk@u olu wcgwnf; cG, J o l mG ;wmyg? tJ'gudk olu &nf¶, G f+yD;awmh uAsmpyfwmyg? u|erf wd@k eJ@ ole@J twlwl aecJw h hJ wacwfrmS udn k Kd jr b,fausmif;ole@J rS rpGyH gb;l ? oly;kd wmawGuawmh a&wGuv f k@d rukeyf gb;l ? tif;vsm;uvnf; trsm;}u;D yJ? ae@ausmif;ol awG xJuvnf; trsm;}u;D yJ? Ed@k ayr,fv@kd olu t*Fvyd pf mawmfwmu vGv J @kd trsKd ;orD;awG pHkrufavmufp&m ol@rSm bmrS r¶Sdygbl;? olu npfywfw,f? pkwfyJhw,f? ypPvuQwf aewwfw,f? ol@=unhfvdkuf&if b,fawmhrqdk oef@oef@¶Sif;¶Sif; a=umha=umha&mha&mh rdef;uav;awG pdwf0ifpm;zdk@&m taetxdkif trlt&m bmrS r¶Sdbl;? aq;ayghvdyf}uD; wzGg;zGg;eJ@ jymawGeJ@ bmeJ@ tJ'Dvdk ¶_yfwD;¶_yfyGawG 'Dvdkaewm? tJ'Dawmh u|efrwdk@ ¶SdwJhacwfwkef;u ausmif;ol b,folurS ol@udk jyef+yD;awmh r}uKd ufbl;? olu ydk;wmawG uawmh ck a'pDwk@d vdk [mawGuawmh trsm;}uD;? olu 'dwfqkw d Jh [mawG tukefydk;wmyJ? u|efrwdk@ ausmif;uxGuf+yD;wJh aemufusawmhrS cifoif;EG,feJ@ &wmyg? tJ'D usawmhvnf; r,fwuUov kd f &w,fq+kdy;D u|erf wd@k qDukd =umG ;+y;D ta=umif;=um;wmyg? olu r,fwuUov kd ef @J &w,f? vSwmacsmwmudk olu }uKd uw f mud;k ? udn k Kd jru tJ'v D ykd g? udn k Kd jr i,fi,fwkef;u 'Dvdk[mawG }udKucf Jhayr,fvdk@ udkndKjr owif;pm ynmawmfoifuae jyefvm+y;D awmh ArmjynfrmS tvkyfciG x f J 0ifwt hJ cg usawmh udknKd jru tJ'Dvkd acsmwmawG/ vSwmawG/ a&ay:qDawGaemuf olrvdkuf¶Smygbl;? tcuftcJawGeJ@ &ifqdkifw,f? a&eufxJudk qif;avSsmufw,f? ol@ owif;pmq&mb0[m rajzmihfjzL; rom,mygbl;? [dw k ek ;f u ole@J tm%m&aewJh vlawGeJ@u zufvJw S uif; tifrwef w&if;wES;D ¶SdwJh vlawGcsnf;aygh? wa,mufrS vlpdrf;rygygbl;? tJ'gawGudk ol }uKd ufovdk ol@twGuf ol@udk,fa&;udk,fwm twGuf ol@owif;pmtwGuf toHk;cs+yD;awmh [dkvlawGt}udKuf vdu k +f y;D awmh olaqmifaer,fv@kd ¶S&d if udn k Kd jr[m olaX;wa,mufvnf; jzpfcsijf zpfaerSmyg? en;ftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ apmifrEdkifygw,f ol@udk [dkvlawGu? &mxl;ay;vdk@vnf; 0ef}uD;xdatmif jz pfEdkifygw,f? 'Dvdk r[kwf&ifvnf; pD;yGg;a&;t& tbufbufu ajyvnfa tmif ulnDEdkifygw,f? Edk@ayr,hf udkndKjru 'Dvrf;rsdK; rvdkufygbl;? ol,Hk=unfwm olrSefw,f xifwmudkyJ b,ftcgrqdk ajymqdk a&;om;+yD;awmh/ aygufqdefaygufyGJ usawmhvnf; ol@wdkufu a¶S@u cHcJh&wmyJ? tJ²²²² tmrcHwif?; [,f/ bm?;[,f qdkawmhvnf; ol@crsm tjcm;twdkuftcH owif;pmawGeJ@twl yg¶SmwmygyJ? udkndKjr[m om,mwJhvrf;/ yef;cif;wJhvrf;/ ajzmihfjzL;wJhvrf;udk b,fawmhrS ra¶G;ygbl;? trSefw&m;vdk@ ol,Hk=unfwJh bufu wavSsmufvHk; oGm;ygw,f? 'Dawmh oli,fcsif;wa,muftaeeJ@ a&;abmfa&;bufwa,muftaeeJ@ ol@udk pdwfxJu av;pm;ygw,f? OD;Zif;u tckvdk trSwfw&yGJav; vkyfw,fqdkawmhvnf; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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vlxka':trm

(vlxka':trm (82)jynhfarG;ae@ txdrf;trSwftjzpfxkwfa0wJh "awmifav;vHk;rS ewfu|ef;txd trSwfw& rSmpum;" pmtkyfrS ul;,lazmfjyygw,f? 'Dpmtkyfudk }uD;ygG;a&;pmtkyfwdkufrS 1997 ck/ Edk0ifbmvrSm yxrt}udrf ¶dkufESdyfwm jzpfygw,f?)

axmif ESi fh rdcif vlxk a':trm xGufjyD - udk,af wG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - zdk;oH (vlx)k trSmpum;ESifhtwl - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf? 26

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

vlxktar&JŒ EdkifiHa&; avmu"H xGef;0if;+idrf;

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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ql;iSuf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

&wemtppf&ŒJ t&dyfppf

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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roDwm (prf;acsmif;) (tnw&acgif;aqmif odk@r[kwf okpdwW&mrawm&ausmif;q&mawmf &JŒ oufawmf 50 jynfhtxdrf;trSwf pmtkyfxJrSm a&;jzpfwJh aqmif;yg;av;yg? tjyifrSm &Smzwf&rvG,fvdk@ wifay;jzpfygw,f?) (roDwm - prf;acsmif; FB rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

a':atmifqef;pk}unf tpdk;& xufvif;atmif

yOPrEdkifiHawmfopf yOPrEkdifiHawmfopfvdk@ wifpm;&r,fh 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHawmf opf}uD;[m jynfolawG wifajrSmuf vk d u f w J h jynf o l @ tpd k ; &vuf x J ud k a &muf & S d c J h y g+yD ? '%f & mA&yG e J @ pG e f @ ypf c J h w J h v l w pf p k & J Œ &uf puf r _ '%fawGudk enf;enf;oufomatmif }udK;pm;uko&if; jynfol@tpdk;&[m c&D;=urf;udk pwif w mxG u f c J h y g+yD ? ouf w rf ; ig;ES p f t wG i f; rS m aoaocsmcsm apwemygygeJ @ ukovku d &f ifawmhjzifh yOPrEdik if aH wmfopfv@dk jynfoal wGrufcw hJ t hJ dyrf ufawG[m w&dy&f dyef @J taumift xnfay:vm+yD; ppfrSe fwJh' Drkdua&pDE dki fi Ha wmfo pf}uD;udk u|efa wmfwdk@ wkdif;oljynfom;awG ydkifqkdif=u &awmhrSmyg? NLD

tpdk;&opf&JŒynmwwfyg0ifr_

tpd k ;&yJ a c:ac: a':atmif qef ; pk = unf tpdk; &yJa c:ac: jynf o l awG ,Hk=unfvdk@wifajrSmufvkdufwJh tpdk;&rSm tm;&p&mtaumif;qHk;tcsufu vl¶kdao &Sif¶kdao&SdvSwJh ynmwwfawG wyHkwyifyg0ifvmcJhjcif;ygyJ? PHD bGJŒ&trwfudk;a,muf/ ody`HeJ@r[mody`HbGJŒ&trwf 269 OD;/ r[m0dZ…mbGJŒ&trwfu 242 OD;/ Oya'bGJŒ&trwf 10 OD;/ tif*sifeD,mynm&Siftrwfu 66 OD;/ pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Siftrwf 32 OD;/ pdkufysKd; a&;ynm&Siftrwf 12 OD;/ uGefysLwmynm&Siftrwf 3 OD;eJ@ ausmif;q&m/ q&mrtrwf 34 OD;wdk@eJ@ yg0ifzGJŒpnf;xm;wmrkd@ jynfolawGw+yHK;+yHK;jzpfcJhjyefw,f? 'Dvkdynm&SifawG &Sdaewmrdk@ a0;vH&Snfvsm;=urf;wrf;vSwJhc&D;udkav#mufzkd@ ra=umufr&GHŒ qHk;jzwfcJh=u w,fxifygw,f? bufpHkaxmifhpku H aewku d cf kduv f mwJhypfuiG f;/ owfuiG f; awGudka&Smif&if; udk,foGm;csifwJhc&D;udkvnf;a&mufzk@d 'Dvkdyk*~dKvfawGudka&G;cs,fcJhwmaerSmyg? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

yGJr0ifcif a':pkuawmh pepf}uD;olyDyD b,ft&mudkrS tr_rJhtrSwfrJhrvkyfwwfolyDyD yGrJ 0ifcifuwnf;u ol@ trwfavmif;rsm;udk tppt&m&mavhusifhysK;d axmifay;cJhygw,f? wufoifhwJhoifwef;awGudkwufvkd@ usufoifhwJhpmawGudkvnf; usufapcJhygw,f? oludkifwG,fr,fhtpdk;&twGuf rvkdtyfwJhb¾maiGawG tydkrukef&atmif 0ef}uD;Xme tcsKdŒ udk aygif; pnf; zGJŒ pnf; cJh ygw,f? trwf rsm;qDu vnf ; &wJhv pm&JŒ &mckdi fE_e f; udjk zwfawmuf+y;D vkt d yfwahJ e&mrSmoH;k pGzJ @kd twdtvif;a=ujimcJyh gw,f? trwfrsm;udv k nf; 0ef}uD;ae&mrrufarm =uzdk@ cyfxefxefa v;owda y;cJhjyefw,f? 'DvkdpepfawGudk pwifusiho f k;H a=ujimcJv h @kd u|eaf wmfw@kd &JŒtrwfrsm;[m v$waf wmftwGi;f rSm b,foel @J rqkd &ifaygifwef;+y;D ajymqkdEidk fcJhygw,f? b,fta=umif;t&mudkyJajymajym Oya' awG/ yk'rf awG/ tydk'fcGJeHygwfawGudk u|rf;usifpGmtoHk;jyKajymqkdEdkifcJhovkd taetxkdifydkifqkdif&mrSmvnf; &mZrmefwufrae&Jawmhygb;l ? jynfo=l um;udo k mG ; jynfoel @J wpfom;wnf;jzpfv@dk auseyfp&m acwfumv}u;D qDukd a&mufvmawmhrmS rvGyJ gb;l ?

wmxGufc&D; rd k i f w pf a omif ; &J Œ c&D ; tp[m yxrqH k; ajcvSr f ; ygyJ? tpd k ; &opf u awmh yxrqH k; ajcvS r f; rSm rsuf ES m yef; vSv Se J@ wmxGu fc Jh y gw,f? tusOf; om;rsm;ud k jyefv$wfay;cJhygw,f? tusOf;om;vdk@qdkayr,fh ckd; qdk; vk,uf/ vlowfawGryg0ifbJ EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk;eD;yg; yg0ifcJhygw,f? ,Hk=unfcsufwl/ &nfrSef;csufwlnDpGmeJ@ 'D rkd ua&pD yef; wkdi fu dka v#muf vSr f; cJh wJh &Jabmf& Jb ufa wG&JŒ b0awGu dk jyefv nf vGwfvyfapcJhygw,f? 'kwd,ajcvSrf; taeeJ@uawmh ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; ¶kyfysufqif;ysuf eJ@pnfum;cJhwJh r[mo}uFefyGJawmf}uD;udk pnf;urf;wif;=uyf vkdufwJhudpPyg? tifwmeuf pmrsufESmay:rSm a0zefr _aygif;ajrmufr sm;pGmawGŒ&ayr,fh &v'frSmawmh wu,fyJ aumif ; rG e f c J h y gw,f? o¶ky f y suf 0 wf q if a exk d i f a qmh u pm;r_ a wG r&S d o avmuf atmifudkyJawGŒcJh&ygw,f? 'D&v'f awGay:rSmawmh jynfoljynfom;tawmfrsm;rsm; auseyfESpfoufcJh=uygw,f? &Snfvsm;wJhc&D;udkoGm;&rSmrdk@ tp aumif;apcsifygw,f? 'grSvnf; taESmif;ydkif;aocsmrSmrdk@vm;?

uwdpum; orRwtxufrSmaer,fqkdwJhpum;udk a':pku wu,fvkyfjycJhygw,f? orRw OD;xifausmfuawmh 'DudpP[m jy\emr&SdwJhoabmaqmifaeygw,f? remvdkolawG jypfwifykwfc wf ajymqkd=uwmawGudkvnf; b,fvkdr S oabmxm;cJh[efr wlygbl;? tpfrt&if;ozG,fcspfcifav;pm;&olrdk@ yDwdjzpfaeyHkyg? orRw}uD;u oabmxm;}uD; 40

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

Ekdi fcJha yr,fh tjcm;wpfzufvlawGuawmh orRwtwkdi fy ifc H&mxl; udk jyL;wl; +yJwJ uef@uGucf =Jh u ygao;w,f? "ud, k ¶hf LS ;ud, k fywf ud, k haf xmifacsmufuk, d feif;rdw"hJ jzpf&yfvdk rausreyfawGjzpf+yD; aygufuGJvm ygawmhw,f? "'Drkdua&pDtEdkifusifhcH&w,f"wJh? 'gayrJh aemufqHk;awmhvnf; "EdkifiHjcm;c&D;pOfawGoGm;wJhtcg rSmvnf; orRwab;u u|efr xkdifrSmayg"h qkdwhpJ um;udk vmtkdEdkifiHc&D;pOfrSm jyovkduyf gw,f? "trsKd;om; &if=um;apha&;qdkwJh rludkvnf; tckcsdefxd OD;xdyfyefqif aqmif&Guf aeqJyg? tajymvG,f tvkyfcuf? udk,fu b,fvkdyJ}udK;pm;}udK;pm; tjcm;oluygOD;rS? ud, k u f b,fvydk J vufqef@wef;apumrl tjcm;wpfzuf qkyu f ikd Of ;D rSqadk wmh vG,f ra,mif cuf wdrfra,mifeufaeygw,f? 'gayrJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf uawmh olay;xm;wJh uwdpum;udk b,faomtcgrSzsufr,fr[kwfbl;qkdwm NLD ygwDudkrJxnfhcJholwkdif; ,Hk=unfae=uygw,f? 'Dae&mrSmawmh bbOD;0if;wif&JŒpum;udkyJ jyefajym&rSmygyJ? "a':atmifqef; pk=unf&JŒEkdifiHa&;udk rcef@rSef;eJ@"qdkwJhpum;yg? yxrqHk;ajym&&ifawmh orRw wifajrSmuf wJhudpPyg? wu,fa wmh tckv uf&SdorRw}uD; OD;xifausmf[m orRwjzpfzkd@qkd+yD; a&yef;pm;wJhtxJrSmrygygbl;? twGif;pnf;rSmawmh ayguf=um;r_&Sd r&Sd rod& ayr,fh wkdif;oljynfolawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rod=uygb;l ? OD;udek /D bbOD;wifO;D / a'gufwmwifrmatmif/ OD;0if;xde f/ a'gufwmatmifxGe f;ouf pwmawG tv#Kdv#Kdo wif;xGufv mayr,fh OD;xifausmfemrnfrygcyJh gbl;? OD;udek D vk@d owif;=um;awmh tcsKdŒawmifqENawGbmawGjyzdk@ vkyfvkduf=uygao;w,f? aemufawmh tm;vHk;r[kwfawmh bl;qdkwmaocsmoGm;+yD; "t&yfom;ppfppf"vkd@ajymvkdufwJhtcg wpfa,mufomusefygawmhw,f? oluawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfuk, d fwkdiyf gyJ? 59§pudk jyifr,fqv kd @kd owfr,fjzwfr,fq+kd y;D }urd ;f armif;vku d =f uwm? 59§pvnf; rjyifawmhygbl;vdk@vnf;qdka&m orRw[m b,folrSef;rod=uawmhygbl;? tJ'DtcsdefrSm wpfzuftyk pf ku bmawGajymvJq&kd if "rsK;d ¶d;k udk =unf&h r,f/ ynmt&nftcsi;f }unf&h r,f? r[k w f v k d @ uawmh wG , f + yD o mrS w f " qd k + yD ; armif ; wif + yD ; apmif h a evk d u f w m? "OD;xifausmf"vnf;qkda&m "[m/ [if/ tkd/ tvdk"pwJh tmarÉdwfoHawG=um;xJrSm wifxm;wJh armif;awGjyefjyKwfusoGm;cJh&w,f? OD;xifausmfqkdwm wpfEdkifi HvHk;u av;pm;&wJh pmayynm&Sif}uD; Ak'<bmomvlrsKd;}uD;/ ynmwwf}uD;wpfOD;jzpfwJh q&m}uD; rif;ok0%f&JŒom;jzpfaevk@d yg? EkdifiHwumuulnDz dk@ / pD;yGm ;a&;&if;ESD;jrSKyfE SHz dk@ toD;oD; 0ifa &mufvmcJh jyefawmhvnf; a':pku "vlrsKd; twGuf tusKd;&SdrSom yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf Edkifr,f"qkdwJh

a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒEkdifiHa&;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

oabmeJ@ uef@xm;ypfcw hJ ,f? a':pktpd;k 7wuf&if olw@kd Edik if u H kd yxrqH;k vmcJyh gvk@d *syefu wwG i f w G i f z d w f y gw,f ? w¶k w f u vnf ; pD ; yG m ;a&;t& tquf q H & S d + yD ; om;rd k @ pkdwJhvufudkrajcmufapcsifbl;? 'DtcsdefrSmyJ a':pk[m "vmtk"d EdkifiH c&D;pOfudk a&G;cs,fcJh ygw,f? vmygv@dk ajymwJh *syefvnf; +ird pf if;oGm;ovdk *syefukd roGm;apcsiw f w hJ ¶kw}f u;D vnf; ESmap;oGm;cJhygw,f? 'Dtcsed rf mS "¶dk[if*sm"qdkwhJ toH;k tE_e;f a=umifh qENtjy cHae&wJh tar&duefawG yg;pyfydwfoGm;+yD; tar&duefEkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; *|efu,f&Dudk,fwkdif csufcsif;a&mufvm+yD; "jrefrmEdkifiH[m tm&Sr Sm tar&duef EkdifiH&JŒ OD;pm;ay;owfrSwfc suf"jzpfw,fvkd@ qkdcJh&ygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh orRw}uD;OD;xifausmf ¶k&Sm;EkdifiHudk oGm;vkdufvkd@ygyJ? b,folr S a&a&&m&m xifrxm;wJhtuGufjzpfwJhtwGuf bbOD;0if;wif ajymwm rvGefbl;qdkwm aocsmygw,f? abmvHk;avmueJ@wifpm;r,fqkd&ifawmh a':pk[m "rufqD " ygyJ ? wpfa ,muf wnf; ¶k ef ;w,f ? wpf a ,mufwnf; v_y fw ,f ? ol@ qDu abmvH;k xGufr,fqdw k modayr,fh b,folrS r[ef@wm;EdkifcJhbl;? ud, k fwkdif &&if udk,fwikd f *dk;oGif;ovkd oGif;cJhvdk@r&&ifvnf; vSvSyyav;zefwD;ay;wwfolyg? tJ'g a':atmifqef; pk=unf ygyJ?

jynfoltrsm;

tckvuf&t dS csed x f ad wmhjzifh NLD tpd;k &&JŒ vkyaf qmifjyKral qmif&Gucf suaf wG[m }uD;}uD;rm;rm;vGJacsmf rSm;,Gif;r_r&Sdao;ygbl;? v#yfppfrD;eJ@ywfouf+yD; pdwftenf;i,f uoduatmufjzpf=uayr,fh "tcka&wGif;wl; tcka&=unfaomuf"csifvkd@ rjzpfEdkifbl; qkdwmudk em;vnfay;cJhw,f? v#yfppf0efxrf;av;awG rDwmvmzwf awmh jynfolawG&JŒ toHudk odcsifv@kd ar;=unfrh w d ,f? "u|eaf wmfwk@d wm0efuswhn J awGrSmawmh rD;ysuv f nf; t&ifvkdrsKd; zkef;w*Grf*Grfrvmawmhbl;? t&ifuqkd rD;c%ysufwmeJ@ zkef;oHudk wpf¶Hk;vHk; qlnaH ewmyJ"vk@d ajymjyygw,f? &yfuGufawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmvnf; wkdif;a'o}uD;u v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f awG[m jynfoleJ@tquf rjywfxdawGŒ aqG;aEG;aqmif&Guaf ewmawGukd tjyifrSma&m tifwmeufpmrsufESmawGay:rSma&m awGŒae&ygw,f? jynfola wGtaeeJ@uawmh udk,fhtcuftcJ/ &yfuGuftcuftcJrSefor# wifjycGifh&=uovkd udk,fpm;vS,fawmf }uiD;rsm;taeeJ@vnf; jynfol@ b0trSe fudk tpdk;&xHudk yGifhyGi fhvif;vif;wifjy&if; vd kt yf w mawG u dk j znfh q nf ; ay;zd k @ awmif ; cH = u&ygr,f ? 'grSo m jynf o l a wG& JŒ b0tcGit hf vrf;awG/ b0wkd;wufr_awGjzpfvmap+y;D rifpeG ;f cJw h v hJ ufoef;av;awGtwGuf xm0&*k%, f laerSmjzpfygawmhw,f?

xufvif;atmif 42

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

tck a&wGif;wl; tck a&}unfaomufzdk h rjzpfEkdifyg

OD;a0atmif (jrwf*k%f&nf) jrefrmhEkdifiHa&; jzpfay:ajymif;vJr_awGudk=unfh&if vG,fulacsmarGŒr_ qkdwm r&SdcJhwmaocsmygw,f? t*Fvdyf e,fcsJŒxHu vGwfvyfa&;udk *syefeJ@twl wkduf,l cJhwek f;uvnf; *syefnpfywfwmcH&/ t*Fvyd fnpfywfwmcH& wJh u|efawmfwdk@ jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ EkdifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_jzpfpOfygyJ? t*Fvdyfwdk@&JŒ npfywfr_xJrSm AdkvfcsKyfwdk@udkvkyf}uH cJhjcif;u jrefrmEkdifiHudkvGwfvyfa&;ay;+yD; evHrxla tmifowfvkdufwmeJ@wlaeygw,f? tck a&G;aumufyGJrSm tEkdif&vkd@tkyfcsKyfaewmuawmh t&yfom;ppfppftpdk;&ygyJ? 'guawmh vwfwavmjrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_ tajctaeyg? t&yfom;tpdk;&u b,fol@qDuae tm%mv$J,lchw J mvJ oHk;oyfzk@d vkv d myg+yD? ppfom;vlxGufrsm; trsm;pkyg0ifwJh t&yfom;tpdk;&xHrS tm%mv$J,lcJhwmyg? olwdk@u b,fol@xHutm%mv$J,lcJhwmvJqkdawmh olwdk@u olwdk@xHt m%mv$J,lcJhwmyg? tcktkyfcsKyfaewJhtpdk;&u a&SŒutkyfcsKyfcJhwJhtpdk;&&JŒaumif;arGqkd;arG udk cHpm;&ygw,f? 'gqd&k if aumif;arGeJ@qkd;arGb,ft&muydkrsm;rSmvJ? qkd;arGuydkrsm;rSmyg? ,kd,iG f;aewJhEidk fiH udk jyefwnfhatmifvyk fzdk@ tpdk;&opfrmS wm0ef&v Sd myg+yD? tcktpd;k &opfu yxr&ufwpf&mpDrHcsuu f dk e,fy,fprHk Smaqmif&Gufaeygw,f? &ufwpf&mqkdwm wkdawmif;wJhumvtydkif;/ tjcm;yg? &ufwpf&mtwGif; xl;jcm;wJh ajymif;vJr_awGjzpfvmzkd@ tpdk;&opf&JŒwm0ef &SdolawGu tpdk;&0efxrf;awG/ jynfol awGeJ@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufae=uwmudk awGŒ jrifae&ygw,f? 'gayrJh tcuf tcJawmh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

&S d r S m aocsmygw,f ? tpd k ; &opf &J Œ vk y f a qmif c suf a wG t wG u f b,f t &mawG u tcuftcJawGjzpfrSmvJ? yxruawmh 0efxrf;awGygy?J Ekid if 0hH efxrf;qkw d m Ekid if &H ŒJ ta&;}u;D wJt h iftm;pkyg? 'Dtiftm;pkawG tpd;k &eJ@twlyg0ifvmzk@d vkyd gw,f? Edik if 0hH efxrf;awG yxrtpd;k &vufxufu &yfwnf&Si foefr _eJ@ tcktpdk;& vufxuf &yfwnf&Sifoefr_u uGmjcm;aeygw,f? ,ciftpdk;&vufxufrSm vmbfay;vmbf,ludpPuwm;jrpf xm;ayr,fh &SdcJhwmtrSefyg? wcsKdŒ 'D a iG e J@ &yfw nf} uD ; yG m ;oG m ;ol rsm;vnf; &S d= uw,f? 'Dv kdt ajctaeuae+yD; vmbfay;vmbf,l vHk;0r&SdatmifzefwD;r,fh tpdk;&opftwGuf }uD;rm;wJhpdefac:r_ygyJ? EkdifiHh0 efxrf;awGuvnf; rdrdEkdifiHwkd;wufa &;twGuf rdrdb0wpfc kwnf;r=unfhbJ &wJhvpmeJ@b0udk&yfwnf+yD; tpdk;&opfeJ@twlvufwGJ oifhygw,f? bma=umifh'Dvkd ajym&wmvJqdk&if tpdk;&Xme&JŒ tm;omcsuf tm;enf;csufawGudk oufqkdif&m0efxrf; awG u yd k o d v k d @ ygyJ ? tpd k ; &opf p wif t k y f c sKyf w nf ; u ta=umuf w &m;r&S d z k d @ rdrdtvkyfwm0efudk rSefuefwduspGm vkyfzdk@ajym+yD;om;yg? 'gayrJh rEœav;u pnfyif 0efxrf;ajympum;uawmh oabmaumif;wJhox l u H ae tcGihf ta&;,lovkdjzpfaeygw,f? rEœav;uusL;ausmfawGudkzsufwkef; ajympum;u rif;wdk@rJxnfhcJhwJhtpdk;&zsufckdif; wmuGqadk wmh awG;=unf&h wm tajzawGtrsKd;rsK;d xGufaew,f? tm;vH;k jynfolawGtaeeJ@ wufvmwJhtpdk;&u ol@twGufvkyfaewmvm;/ trsm;twGufvkyfaewmvm; oHk;oyfzdk@ awmhvkdygw,f? tm;vHk;aumif;zdk@qdk&if rdrdtwWudkav#mh&ygr,f? rdrdcHpm;r_udk ab;z,f xm;&ygr,f? tpd k ; &opf t wG u f aemuf x yf t cuf tcJ u ,cif t pd k ; & vufx uf u csKyfcJhwJhpmcsKyfawGudk udkifwG,f ajz&Sif;jcif;ygyJ? vkyfief;taumiftxnfrazmf&ao;wJh wcsKdŒvkyif ef;awGukad wmh tpdk;&opfu jywfom;pGmyJ vHk;0&yfvkdufygw,f? Oyrmajym&&if t&iftpd;k &vufxufaqmif&u G cf w Jh hJ &efukef+rKd Œ/ vrf;rawmf+rKd Œe,f/ Adv k cf sKyv f rf;eJ@jynfvrf; axmifhrSm&SdwJh usef;rma&;0ef}uD;Xmeydkifajrtm; iSm;&rf;cJhjcif;u yGifhvif;jrifomr_r&Sd/ jynfolwdk@&JŒtusKd;pD;yGm ;udk azmfaqmifjcif;r&SdwJhyk*~vduaq;¶Hkwnfaqmufjc if;udk v$wfawmfrSmwifjy/ uef@uGuf olr&SdtwnfjyK+yD; &yfwef@cJh=uygw,f? tjcm;vnf; jynfol awGtwGut f usK;d r&Sw d phJ rD u H ed ;f awGuv kd nf; &yfwef@ Edik cf jhJ cif;u tpd;k &opf&ŒJ jynfo@l twGuf vkyfaqmifcsufygyJ? tpdk;&opf pwif&ifqkdif&wm[m o}uFefumvygyJ? t&iftpdk;&&JŒvufpudk rxifrSwfxm;wJhyHkpHeJ@ udkif wG,fajz&Sif;vkdufyHku tm;vHk;udktHh=ooGm;apcJh+yD; o¶kyfysufr_ awGvnf; r&Sdoavmufenf;cJhvdk@ jynfolawG aysmfcJh&w,f? aiGa=u;qHk;¶_H;olawGuawmh rauseyfjzpfcJh&w,f? 'Davmufawmhtrkef;cH&rSmaygh? trsm;twGuf vkyfwmyJ? 44

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

tpdk;&opfu &moDOwk&JŒ'kuQay;jcif;udkvnf; cH&ygw,f? t,fen D dK oufa&muf r_jzpfpOf&JŒtusKd;quf tjzpf tylcsdefjrifhrm;r_eJ@ c&rf;vGefa&mifjcnf n$ef;udef;jrifhrm;r_ obm0'%fukd jynfolrsm;cH&ygw,f? tylcsdef jrifah wmh avat; ay;pufwyf/ jzpfcsiaf wmh rD;uysuf/ jynfolawGpdwfnpfcJh&wm trSefyg? 'gayrJh u|Efawmf wdk@jynfolawG t&if tpdk;&&JŒtusKd;quf/ &moDOwk&JŒ'%fqkd+y;D ajzcJh=u&ygw,f? t&iftpdk;&vufxufu zrf;xm;cJhwJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudkv$wfay;cJhvkd@ tm;vkH;jynfolawG auseyfcJh=uygw,f? tpdk;&tzGJŒopfu t&ifwnf;u }udKwif avhvm xm;+y;D tpdk;&zGJŒ+yD;wmeJ@ qufwkdufvkyf aqmifcJh=uwmaocsmygw,f? 'g jynfol@tpdk;&&JŒ jynf o l a wG t wG u f v k y f a qmif c suf y gyJ ? tpd k ; &opf }ud K wif rvk y f a qmif E dk i f b J awG;=unfx h m;vd@k om&wJh pmcsKyfawGvnf;&Sdygao;w,f? jrpfqHkpmcsKyfvdak ygh? jrpfqkHpmcsKyf rSm b,fvkdtcsufawGygw,f/ b,fvkduwdawGygw,fqkdwm pmcsKyfudk=unfhEkdifwJholawG/ csKyfcJhwJholawGom odEkdifygw,f? orRwa[mif;OD;odef;pdefuawmh ol@vufxufrSm qkid ;f ihx H m;cJh+y;D ajz&Si;f cJw h ,f? 'DpmcsKyfu olwk@d csKyfcw Jh hpJ mcsKyf olwdk@&Si;f cJo h ifw h m? tckawmh tpdk;&opfacgif;ay:a&mufvmyg+yD? 'gudk tpdk;&opfu udkif wG,fajz&Sif;&awmhrSmyg? b,fvkdajz&Sif;rSm vJ jynfola wGrodygbl; ? pmcsKyfy gtcsufa wGudk=unfh+yD; okH;oyf qHk;jzwf&rSmu tpdk;&opf&JŒtvkyjf zpfoGm;yg+y?D jrpfqu kH dpPu tvGefEl;nHh/ odraf rGŒwJu h pd v P k@d qkd&rSmyg? jynfol@ rsufESmudkvnf;=unfh&r,f? pmcsKyftajctaevnf;=unfh&rSmyg? jynfoal wGu {&m0wDudk trd{&m0wDv@dk ac:=uwmyg? jrefrmhvrl t _ odik ;f t0ef;xJrmS rdbudk trd/ tzvkd@ac:wmyg? trdua&SŒuvmwmyg? {&m0wD uvnf; jy nfol@twGuf tJ'Dvdkjzpfaeygw,f? tpdk;&opftaeeJ@ trdvkd@ac: jcif;cH&wJh {&m0wDeJ@ jrpfqkHpmcsKyf ygtcsufawGudkoHk;oyf+yD; ajz&Sif;&awmhrSmyg? 'gudk tpdk;&opfEidk fiHtwGuf jynfol@twGuf orkid f;opfjzpfatmif aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf ,fvk@d ar#mv f ifrh yd gw,f? jynfoal wGu tpd;k &uku d n l zD @kd toifhapmifhaeygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@ jynfolawG owdjyKrdzdk@u tpdk;&vkyfief; rSm a&wkdvkyfief;eJ@ a&&Snfvkyfief; qkd+ yD; ESpfr sKd;&Sd ygw,f? tcsKdŒvkyfief;awGu ESpfrsm;pGm tcsdef,l+y D; vkyfaqmif&ygw,f? Oyrmajym&&if ynma&;vkyfief;vkdaygh? 'Dvkdvkyfief;awGudkawmh tpdk;&taeeJ@ wm0ef&SdolawGtaeeJ@ aoaocsmcsmavhvmoHk;oyf+yD; aqmif&Gufoifh ygw,f? ,ciftpdk;&vkd ynma&;prf;oyfvkduw f m/ aemufqHk;tzwfq,fr&jzpfcJh&w,f? 'Dwpfcg tJ'DvkdrsKd; rjzpfoifhawmhygbl;? EkdifiHawmfvkyfief;pDrHcsufvnf; ESpfrsK;d &Sdygw,f? ESpfwkdpDrHudef;eJ@ ESpf&SnfpDrHudef;yg? 'ga=umifh c%wmav;udkr=unfhbJ tcsdefay;+yD; apmifh=unfhoifhygw,f? tcktpdk;&opf&JŒtjzpfu wpfppDjzpfaewJh¶kyfjrif oH=um;pufukd jyefwyf&r,f/ jyif&r,f/ toHvnf;aumif;&r,f/ ¶kyfvnf;=unf&r,f? tJ'grSjynfolu tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

=unfjzLr,f? vufcHr,f? jynfoluvnf; NLD tpdk;&wuf&if jrefrmEdkifiH}uD;+idrf;csrf;+yD/ tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;awG rsm;+yD/ wkd;wuf+yD/ tm%m&SifatmufuvGwf+yDqkd+yD; rJay;cJh=uwmyg? 'Da r#mfvifhcsufa wG jynfolawGqDr Sm&Sd aew,fqkdwm tpdk; &opf odxm;zdk@vkdygw,f? jynfolawGvnf; rdrdar#mfvifhcsufawGtwGuf rdrdrSmvnf;wm0ef &S d y gw,f ? rd r d u vnf ; tr_ d u f a umuf j cif ; vk d r sKd ; tajccH t a=umif ; w&m;up pwifajymif;vJzk@d vdkae+y?D jynf o l a wG & J Œ ar#mf v if h c suf u d k jynf h0 atmif t&yf o m;ppf p pf t pd k; &u aqmif&GufEkdifrSmaocsmygw,f? 'gayrJh u|efawmfwdk@awG wpfckawmhowdjyKoifhygw,f? tJ' gu tcka &wGi f; wl; tck a &=unfa omuf vkd @ &rSm r[k wf ygbl; ? tcsd e ft wkd i f; twmwpfckawmh apmifh&ygvdrfhr,f? tpdk;&opfudk ulnD&if; EkdifiHopfqDodk@ ta&muf oGm;=uygp@kd vk@d wdkufweG ;f vkduf&ygw,f?

OD;a0atmif (jrwf*k%f&nf)

0J}oCrSmaw;oHjydKifvkd h

A[kviG jf yif 88 rsdK;quf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wpfOD;. axmifwGif;jzpf vufawG@b0 EdkifiHa&;aemufcH 0wÎKopf t vif ; td rf r *~ Z if ; rS pD p Of x kwf a 0 jz ef@ csd o nf ? 46

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

Oya'jyKa&; tm%mxJu vHkjcHKa&; qdkif&m tawG;rsm;

udkxdu k f od+yD;vnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f? odk@aomf aqG;aEG;awG;ac:Ekdifapzdk@ a&;&wmyg? jrefrmjynf[m 'Drdkua&pD pepfudk ajymif;vJ toufoGif;zdk@ =uKd ;pm;cgp t&G,f? 'Drku d a&pD ppfppf wdik ;f jynftjzpf ajcvSrf; rvSrf;&ao;wJh umv jzpfwmeJ@ tnD tm%m& tzGJ@tpnf;awGtwGuf vrf;rvGJ&atmif tawmf=udK;yrf;&wJh tcsdefjzpfygw,f? wwd,t=udrf ppftm%modrf;cJhwJh umv jzpfwJh 1988 uae 'Dae@umvudk jyef=unfhr,f qdk&if jrefrmEdkifiHrSm "Oya'jyKcGifh tm%m" udk usifhoHk;Edkifwm[m 2010 u pw,fv@kd ajymvd@k &rSm jzpfygw,f? Oya'jyKciG hf tm%m usio hf ;kH r_[m jrefrmhordik ;f wpfcv k ;kH rSm jyef=unfh&if ,ckwpf=urd f[m wwd,t=udrf vdk@ ajymvd@k &ygw,f? t*Fvdyf vufatmufuae vGwfajrmufvmcJh+yD;aemuf jynfolu a&G;aumuf wifajrSmufwJh zqyv ygwD=uD;&JŒ t&yfom; tpdk;& vufxufrSm v$wfawmfuae Oya' jyKciG hf tm%mudk usio hf ;kH cJyh gw,f? tJ'aD emuf 1962 ckEpS f rwfv (2) &ufae@rSm OD;ae0if;u 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&&JŒ EdkifiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyf OD;Ek xHuae 'kwd, t=udrf tm%modrf;,l+yD;/ v$wfawmfudk zsufodrf;cJh+yD;aemufrSm Oya' jyKcGifh tm%musifhoHk;r_ &yfqdkif;cJhygw,f? tJ'aD emufawmh 1974 ckEpS f tajccH Oya'eJ@ wpfygwD tm%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS OD;ae0if; pdwfwdkif;us v$wfawmfuae Oya'jyKcGifh tm%mudk udkifpGJ+yD; Oya'jyKwmawG vkycf Jhygw,f? 1988 rSmawmh jynfou l wpfygwD tm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ rw&m;r_awGukd vufrcHEikd f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

awmhwma=umifh vlxkawmfvSefa&; qifEGJ+yD; wpfygwD tm%m&Sif pepfudk zsufodrf;apcJh ygw,f? 'kwd,t=udrf Oya'jyK v$wfawmf[mvnf; 1988 ckESpfrSm ysufoGm;cJhygw,f? tJ'aD emuf jrefrmhordik ;f &JŒ wwd,t=udrf ppftm%modr;f yGjJ zpfwhJ 1988 tm%modr;f r_uae 2010 txd Oya'jyKciG hf tm%mudk w&m;r0if tpd;k &jzpfwhJ ppftpd;k &u &,lEikd jf cif; r&Syd gbl;? trde@f awG/ a=ujimcsufawGe@J om wdkif;jynfudk csKyfuidk f udik fwG,cf w Jh mudk owdxm;rdrSmyg? aemufqHk; 2008 tajccHOya't& jzpfay:vmwJh tpdk;&opf eJ@ v$wfawmfopf[m 2010 rSm touf0ifvm+y;D Oya'jyKciG hf tm%mudk v$waf wmfuae jyefvnf+y;D awmh pwifusio fh ;kH ygawmhw,f? 2010 uae p+y;D a&wGufr,f qdv k Ssif ,ae@ 2016 txd Oya'jyKcGifh tm%mudk usifhoHk;wm[m 6 ESpf oufwrf;&Sd+yDvdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f? odk@aomf yxr 5 ESpf oufwrf;rSm v$wfawmfu t&if ppftpdk;&vufxuf vlawGuom v$r;f rdk;xm;wma=umifh v$waf wmf&ŒJ Oya'jyKtm%m[m trsm;jynfoltwGuf Oya'a=umif;udk pOf;pm;w,f qdkwmxuf tkyfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;udk tumtuG,fay;zdk@ &nf&G,fcsufawG yg0ifaewma=umifh trsm; jynfol&ŒJ ,H=k unfuk;d pm;r_u xifoavmuf r&&SdcJhygbl;? Oyrm +ird ;f pkpv D @kd vltrsm;odwJh yk'rf 18 vdk Oya'rsKd ;[m qENjyolawGukd zrf;qD;zd@k &nf&G,fwJh Oya' jzpfw,f qdkwmudk awG@&rSm jzpfygw,f? +idrf;pkpD Oya'[m vGwfvyfpGm qENxkwfaz:cGifhudk cGifhjyKay;w,f qdkayr,fh rl&if; &nf&G,fcsufuawmh qENjyolawGudk xde;f csKyzf @kd &nf&, G w f ,fqw dk mudk jrif&Edik fygw,f? qENjyolawG[m oufqkid f&m &Jpcef;xHrkS =uKd wifciG jhf yKcsuf awmif;cH&rSmjzpf+y;D / &Jpcef;u cGijhf yKygrS cGijhf yKwhJ ae&mrSm cGijhfyKoavmufom qENxw k faz:cGifh &rSmjzpf+yD;/ &Jpcef;u cGirfh jyKbJ qENxw k af z:&if (od@k r[kw)f cGijhf yKcsux f uf ausmv f eG f+yD; qENxkwfaz:vSsif w&m;pGJ ta&;,lcH&r,fvdk@ Oya' jyXmef;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'g[m vGwfvyfpGm qENxkwfaz:cGifhxuf/ qENxkwfaz:olawGudk vHkjcHKa&; ta=umif;jy+yD; xdef;csKyfzdk@/ uef@owfzdk@/ zrf;qD;ta&;,lEdkifzdk@ jyXmef;xm;wm jzpfw,f qdkwmudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@jrifEidk fygw,f? jynfol@ qENxw k af z:cGifhukd A[dkjyK pOfpm;wm r[kwfbJ/ qENjyolawGudk vHkjcHKa&; ta=umif;jy uef@owfzdk@eJ@ qENjycH&olawGudk tumtuG,f ay;zdk@ qdkwJh bufudk tav;xm;aewmudk awG@&ygw,f? odk@aomf ,ckumvrSmawmh jynfou l wifajrmS ufxm;wJh jynfo@l udk,fpm;vS,f trsm;jym; v$wfawmfxJ a&mufvm+yD;aemuf v$wfawmf[m jynfol@ udk,fpm;jyKr_ tm;aumif;aeygw,f? jynfot l rsm;pk[mvnf; rdrw d @kd ud, k w f ikd f a&G;cs,w f ifajrmS ufvu kd fwhJ jynfol@v$wfawmf[m rdrdwdk@jynfolawGtwGuf tusdK;&Sdr,fh Oya'awGudk jyXmef;ay;zdk@ arSsmfvifhcsuf xm;ae=uwmudk jrifawG@Edkifygw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfolawG arSsmfvifhovdk jynfol@tusdK;twGuf OD;wnfwJh Oya'jyKr_ 48

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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udkxkduf 26 ar 2016

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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oifcef;pm 3 ? zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' nDvmcH[m EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;udk zuf'&,fpepfrlabmifxJuae wef;wltcGihf ta&; rsm;udk tmrcHEdkifbdk@ vuf&dS tajccHOya'udk jyifqifzdk@ 'grSr[kwf topfa&;qJGzdk@ tm¶kHpdkuo f ihfygw,f? 1947 ckESpf tajccHOya'rSm qufpyfyg0ifwJh yifvHkoabmwlnDcsufxJu tajccHrl wckuawmh e,fjcm;a'ojynfolrsm;&JŒ a'owGif;tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm udk,fykdif tkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufcHtodtrSwfjyKxm;wmyJ jzpfygw,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

tajccHOya'u e,fjcm;a'ojynfolrsm;udk 10 ESpfjynhfwJhtcg cJGxGufvdku cJx G Gucf Giu fh kd tmrcHxm;cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,hf 1947 ckEpS f Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; vky}f ucH &H jcif;u e,fjcm; a'ojynfolrsm;&JŒ arsSmfvihfcsufudk ysufjym;apcJhw,f? Adk vf csKyf atmif qef; usqH k ;+yD; aemuf Armhw yf r awmf [ m e,fj cm;a'o jynfolrsm;&JŒ udk,yf dkiftkyf csKyfa&;udk qef@usifzsufodrf;cJhygw,f? tajccHOya'udk av;pm;¶kdao&r,hftpm; wyfrawmf[m 1962 ckESpfrSm tm%modr;f +y;D wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKycf v hJ @kd qlyal omif;use;f r_rsm; wd;k yGm;vmcJw h ,f? tJ'aD emuf wyfrawmf[m wdik f;&if;om;awGudk zdESdyfcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ orD;jzpfwJh atmifqef;pk=unftaeeJ@ 21 &mpkyifvHk nDvmcHudk OD;pD;usif;ywJhtcg yifvHknDvmcH&JŒ tm;enf;csufrsm;udk rSefrSefuefuefoHk;oyf a&Smif&Sm; Edkifvdrhfr,fv@kd rsm;pGmarsSmfvihfrdygw,f? wcds ef wnf; rSm yJ wyfr awmf tygt0if wjcm;aomt"du Edk if i Ha &;ygwD acgif;aqmifrsm; u axmufcHr_r&dSjcif;qkdwJh csdKŒ,Gif;csufrsdK;vnf; }uHKawG@&Ekdifygw,f? q,fpEk pS f ig;ckavmufpw d yf su0f rf;enf;zG,&f mawG }uKH awG@cJ&h +y;D wJah emuf/ tm;vHk; twGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;apr,hf +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ wnf+idrfa&;twGuf tckvdk arsSmfvihfcsuf a&mifjcnfoef;vmwJhtajctaerSm EdkifiHwumtodkuft0ef;u 0dkif;0ef;ulnDoihfygw,f?

&JxGef; (oDayg) rl&if; – EPOCH TIMES wGif azmfjyyg&dSaom Dr. Nehginpao Kipgen . Conference to Chart Burma’s Future Must Learn From Past Mistakes udk wku d ¶f u dk jf yefqydk gonf? Dr. Nehginpao Kipgen is an assistant professor and executive director of the Centre for Southeast Asian Studies at Jindal School of International Affairs. O.P. Jindal Global University. He is the author of “Myanmar: A Political History˜” “Democratisation of Myanmar˜” and “Democracy Movement in Myanmar: Problems and Challenges²” Views expressed in this article are the opinions of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Epoch Times.

(DVB 20 May 2016)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

EdkifiHawmf EdkifiHom;rsm;. *k%of duQmESihf w&m;Oya' pdk;rkd;a&; udkuk}d uD; ( 2012 ckESpf/ ZGefv 1 &uf/ nae 3 em&D w G i f awmf 0 if E S i f ; qD Y jyKvkyfaom "a&SŒaersm;uGef,uf" . Oya'a&;&m aqG ; aEG ; yG J w G i f 88 ausmif;om; acgif;aqmif udkudk}uD; zwf=um;onf? ) EdkifiHawmf[lonhf pum;&yfonf owif;pm/ a&'D,dk/ &kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;wGif t}udrfa& trsm;qHk; oHk;pGJonhf a0g[m&jzpfrnf xifonf? &mpkESpf0uf&Sdonhfwdkif "EdkifiHom;rsm;" taejzihf t"dy`m,f AvHk;AaxG;jzihf zwfcJh/ =unhfcJh/ =um;cJh&+yD; jzpfonf? trSefppfppf "tpd;k &" ESifh "Edik if aH wmf"udk vH;k axG;oH;k pGjJ cif;om jzpfonf? Edik if aH wmf t=unfndKysufatmifvkyfjcif;- yk'fr 124 (u) udk usihfoHk;Edkif&eftwGuf "EdkifiHawmf qdkonfrSm zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'jzihf wnfaxmifcefŒtyfaom tpdk;&" [lI t"dy`m,f zGihfqdkonf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'qdkonfrSm EdkifiHom;rsm;ESihf tpdk;&=um; &ydkifcGihf/ wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;/ vkyfykid cf iG fh tyfEiS ;f jcif;/ ta&;,l &kyford ;f jcif;rsm;udk oabmwlcsKyq f akd om yÉdOmOfpmcsKyfyif jzpfonf? yÉdOmOfpmcsKyfwpfck w&m;0if cdkifrmr_ &Sdap&efrSm jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ zsm;aqmif aoG;aqmifjcif; wpfpHkwpf&mrygyJ udk,fpdwfESpfyg; usef;rmvsuf&SdpOf rdrdqENoabm tavsmuf csKyfqdkaom pmcsKyfjzpf&ef vdktyfonf? Ttcsufonf pmcsKyf. *k%foduQm jzpfonf? zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'. *k%foduQmjzpfonf? zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccH Oya'udk vdkufemazmfaqmif&rnhf EdkifiHom;rsm;ESihf tpkd;&tzGJŒtpnf;tqihfqihf. *k%foduQm jzpfonf? 2008 zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGifyifvsS if "EdkifiaH wmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%monf EdkifiHom;rsm;xHrS qif;ouf+yD; EdkifiHawmf wpf0ef;vHk;Y wnfonf" [lI EdkifiHawmf tajccHrlrsm;/ tcef; 1/ yk'fr (4) wGif twdtvif; jyÏmef;xm;onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

xdk@a=umihf EdkifiHwGif;&Sd Oya'tm;vHk;. tjrihfqHk; Oya'yg jyÏmef;csuft& EdkifiHr sm;om;xHrS qif;oufjcif;r[kwfbJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk usihfo Hk; jcif;onf w&m;r0ifa=umif;/ EdkifiHawmf[lI owfrSwfac:a0: jcif; rjyKEdkifa=umif; xif&Sm;ay:vGif+yD; jzpfonf? jypfr_qdkif&m Oya'yk'fr (121) EdkifiHawmf opPmazmufzsufr_/ yk'fr 124 (u) EdkifiHawmf t=unfndKysuaf pr_ qkdif&m jyÏmef;csufrsm;t&vnf; "zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'jzihf wnfaxmifcefŒtyfaom tpdk;&" [lI twdtvif; zGihfqdkjyXmef;csuft& tjcm;enf;jzifh wnfaxmifzGJŒpnf;aom tpdk;&rsm;udk EdkifiHawmf[lI rowfrw S af =umif; odom xif&Sm;+yD; jzpfonf? EdkifiHa &; ody`Hynm&yft& "EdkifiHawmf" udk t"dy `m ,fz Gihfqdk&mwGifvnf; EdkifiHawmf. t*Fg&yfrsm;tjzpf 1? yx0De,ferd dwf 2? EdkifiHom; 3? tpdk;& ESihf 4? tcsKyftjcm tm%m[lI &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onfudk awGŒ&onf? ,if;zGiq fh ckd suo f nfyif Edik if aH &;pepftm;vH;k twGuf +cKH izkH iG q fh ckd sujf zpf+y;D 'Dru kd a&pD pepfudk azmfaqmifusihfoHk;onhf EdkifiHrsm;twGufom oD;jcm; jyÏmef;csufrsdK; r[kwfay/ xdk@a=umihfvnf; oufOD; qHydkifbk&if tpdk; &/ wpfygwD tm%m&Sif/ ppftm%m&Si f tpdk;&rsm;onfyifvSsif Edkifi Hawmf. tpdwftydki f;wpfckom jzpfo nf? rdr dudk,frdrd EdkifiHawmf[lI rowfrSwfEdkifay/ tpdk;&ESihf EdkifiHawmfudk xyfwljyKI r&ay? "EdkifiHawmfqdkwm igyJ/ ighudkqef@usifwm[m EdkifiHawmfudk qefŒusifwmyJ" [lI ordkif;wGifonhf pum;udk oH;k pGcJ o Jh lrmS jyifopfEkid if HrS (16) qufajrmuf vl0Dbk&if jzpfonf? ed*Hk;raumif;cJhyg? tm%m&SifEdkifiHrsm;wGif tpdk;&rsm;u "EdkifiHawmf" qdkonhf a0g[m&udk yk*~vduydkif jyKvkkyfoHk;pGJcJh&mrS "trnfcHEdkifiHawmf" . tcef;u¾rSm twdkif;tqr&Sd }uD;rm;ae+yD; EdkifiHom;rsm;. tcef;u¾rSm arS;rSdefaysmufuG,f cJh&onf? ,aeŒacwfopf vlŒtzGŒJ tpnf;wGif 'Dru kd &ufwpfvŒl tzGŒJ tpnf;onf wpfpwpfp us,fjyefŒ }uD;xGm;vmae+yD jzpfonf? 'Drdku&ufwpf vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;wGif EdkifiHom;rsm;. tcef;u¾}uD;rm;ta&;ygvmjcif;/ Edki fiHom;rsm;. *k%foduQm jrihfr m;vmjcif;onf EdkifiHawmf. *k%foduQmudk jrSihfwifjcif;yif jzpfonf? EdkifiHom;rsm ;. tcef;u¾udk ypfy,fonhf tpdk;&rsm;/ EdkifiHom;tcGihfta&;rsm;udk ydwfyif nSOf;yef;onhf tpdk;&rsm;udk Edki fiHwum rdom;pkrsm;u a0zefjypfwifjcif; / ta&;,ly dwfq dkŒ jcif;rsm;onfv nf; txift&Sm;yifjzpfonf? 56

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

EdkifiHawmf. yHk&dyfxdcdkufedrhfusjcif;onf EdkifiHawmf. *k%foduQmudk xdcdkuf apjcif;vnf; jzpfonf? xdkŒa=umihf EdkifiHom;rsm;. *k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;jcif;jzihfom EdkifiHawmf. *k%foduQmudk jrSihfwifEdkifayrnf? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;onf EdkifiHawmfESihf EdkifiHom;rsm;. *k%foduQm jrihfrm; a&;twGuf tajccHtw k fjrpfjzpfonf? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdo k nfrSm vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf/ tzGJŒtpnf;wpfck. pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfjcif;ESihf vHk;0qefŒusifjcm;em;onf? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;onhf tajctaewGif vlyk*~dKvf/ tzGJŒtpnf;tm;vHk;onf w&m;Oya't& owfrSwfxm;onhf tcGift h a&;/ wm0ef/ vkyyf kid cf iG frh sm;twdik ;f om usio hf ;Hk aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfonf? 'Dru dk a&pD EdkifiHom;rsm;udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf&ef/ EdkifiHom;tcGihfta&;rsm;udk tmrcHEdkif&ef Edki fi H o m;rsm;. tusd K;ud k a&S; &_j yÏmef; &rnf jzpfo nf ? wnfq J Oya'rsm;onf Ed k i f i H o m;rsm;buf u &yf w nf o abm/ tk y f c sKyf o l r sm;buf u &yf w nf o avm jyefvnfqef;ppfa0zef&if ta&;w}u;D vdktyfae+yD jzpfonf? txl;ojzihf EdkifiHawmfESihf EdkifiHom;rsm;. *k%foduQmudk xdcdkufnSdK;EGrf;apaom Oya'rsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfI jyKjyify,fzsuaf y;yg&ef wifjyawmif;qd&k rnhf tcsed v f nf; jzpfonf? okŒd jzpfygI Edik if aH wmfESifh Edik if o H m;rsm;. *k%fodumQ udk xdcku d fnKSd ;EGr;f apaom Oya'tcsdKŒudk wifjy aqG;aEG;oGm;rnf jzpfygonf?

1? 1907 ckESpf aus;&GmESihf +rdKŒ jytufOya'yg {nhfpm&if;wdkif=um;jcif; TOya'udk xkwfjyefjyÏmef;cJhaom tpdk;&onf +AdwdoSsudkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtpdk;& jzpfonf? oufwrf;tm;jzihf 105 ESpf &SdcJh+yD jzpfonf? 1885 ckESpf oDaygrif; tpdk;&udk zrf;qD;uGsefjyK+y;D aemufyidk f; jrefrmrsdK;cspfrsm;. vufeufudkif ykefuefr_udk "m;jyr_/ vk,ufr_/ aomif;use;f r_rsm;tjzpf csdK;ESdrpf yG pf J+G y;D jyif;jyif;xefxef ESdrf;eif;cJo h nhf umvvnf;jzpfonf? 1904 ckEpS f &k&mS ;-*syefppfyw JG iG f *syefu tEdik &f cJ+h y;D jrefrmrsKd ;csprf sm;t=um; tm&Som;rsm;. atmifyGJtjzpf trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwfrsm; pwifEdk;=um;vmonhf umvvnf; jzpfonf? xdk@a=umihf tk y fpdk; ol tpdk;&. vHk+cHKa&; vdktyf c suft& ud kvdkeD Ed kifi Hom;rsm;. c&D;oGm;vmcGihfudk xdef;csKyf&ef Oya'wGif xnhfoGif;jyXmef;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? TOya' tESpfwpf&mausmfvmonhf tcsdeftxd qufvufusihfoHk;aejcif;udk tav;teuf jyefvnf oHk;oyf&awmhrnf? jrefrmEdkifiHom; wpfa,muft aejzihf EdkifiHu;l vufrSwfjzihf xGufcGmonhftcg jynfyEdkifiHrsm;wGif {nhfpm&if; wdkif=um;&jcif; r&SdyJ rdrdEdkifiHwGif; c&D;oGm;vm vnfywfonhftcg {nhfpm&if;wdkif=um;&rnf qdkonhftcsufudk Ed_if;,SOfoHk;oyf&ef vdkayvdrhfrnf? EdkifiHom;tm;vHk; oef;aygif; 60cefŒonf jypfr_usL;vGef EdkifzG,f&Sdonhf oHo,jzihf apmihf=unhfcH&olrsm; ( suspects ) tjzpf owfrSwfcH&onhf oabmjzpfonf? {nhfonftjzpf oGm;a&mufvnfywfwnf;cdkonhf {nhfonfrsm;onf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

vnf;aumif;/ vufcHcGihfjyKonhf tdrf&Sifrsm;onf vnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;onf ,Hk=unfpdwfc szG,f&m r&Sdonhf jypfr_wpfpHkwpf&m usL;vGefE dki fzG,f &Sdolrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcH&jcif; jzpfonf? &Hzef&Hcgjzpfay:cJhonhf AHk;uGJr_ wpfcsdKŒ&SdcJhjcif;twGuf EdkifiHom; oef; 60 u 0efxkyf0efy;dk tjzpf vku d ef mae=u&jcif; jzpfonf? {nhpf m&if;Oya'a=umihv f nf; ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;udk umuG,Ef idk jf cif; r&Sdyg? Edkiif w H iG f; t*wdvku d fpm;r_rsm;/ jcpm;r_rsm;a=umihf trSefwu,fusL;vGeEf ikd rf nho f rl sm;twGurf l ,if;Oya'udk ausmfvm$ ;Edik rf nhf tajctaersm; &Sd a e+yD; jzpfy gonf? wpfE dk i fi Hv Hk; twdk i f; twmjzih f= unhfv Ss if ,if; Oya'a=umih f pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;/ tcsdef/ vkyftm; qHk;&_H;r_rsm;onf EdkifiHawmftwGuf avvGihfjyKef;wD;r_ rsm;yif jzpfonf? tqdk;&Gm;qHk;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; taejzihf &Hk;jyifuem;qdkvSsif txdwfxdwf tvefŒvefŒ jzihf pdwfydkif;qdkif&m/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&m odrfi,fr_/ *k%foduQmqdkif&m xdcu dk rf _yif jzpfonf? rl&if; aus;&GmESihf +rdKŒ jy tufOya'yg +rdKŒ jytufOya'yk'fr (4) wGif "TOya' tm%moufa&muf&rnhf +rKd Œrsm;udk Edik if aH wmf orRwrS trdeŒf a=umfjimpm xkwjf yefowfrw S f Edkifonf" [k oD;jcm;jyÏmef;xm;onfudk awGŒ&Sd&ygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tpdk;&. vHk+cHKa&; vdktyfcsufa=umihf xkwfjyefaom tufOya'wGifyifvSsif wpfEdkifiHvHk;twGuf &nf&G,fjcif; r[kwfbJ TOya'usihfoHk;&ef vdktyfrnhf umvwpfavSsmuf vdktyfrnhf+rdKŒrsm;udkom owfrSwfusihfoHk;&rnf[k txift&Sm; jyÏmef;xm;onfudk owdjyK&efvdktyfayvdrhfrnf? rl&if; jyÏmef;usihfoHk;cJhonhf wdkif;wyg;tpdk;&yifvSsif 4if;. vHk+cHKa&;twGuf pdk;&drf&onhf +rKd Œrsm;rSty tjcm;jynfol (Edik if o H m;rsm;) tm;vH;k twGuf 0efxyk 0f efyk;d rjzpfap&ef *&kwpdkuf owfrw S jf yÏmef;rnf[k qdv k ko d nf? odŒk aomf vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D ESpaf ygi;f 60 ausmf =umcJo h nhf tcsdefwGif EdkifiHe,fedrdwftwGif; umv/ a'ora&G; oufa&mufaeonfudk awGŒ&onf? w&m;Oya'qdkonfrSm rjyÏmef;rD Oya'csdK;azmufolr&SdbJ jyÏmef;vdkufonhf tcsdefwGifrS Oya'csKd ;azmufolrsm;tjzpf a&muf&do S mG ;&jcif; jzpfonf? jyÏmef;&ef rvdt k yfonhf Oya'rsm;/ vdkufe m&ef rvG,fulonhf Oya'rsm;udk jyÏmef;vdkufjcif ;onf Edki fiHom;rsm;tm; Oya'csdK;azmufolrsm;tjzpf wGef;ydkŒvdkufonhf oabmvnf;jzpfonf? EdkifiHom;rsm;. *k%o f duQmudk xdyg;apjcif;vnf; jzpfonf? txufyg Oya'. Oya'yk'fr (15) ydk'fcGJ (2) wGif {nhfpm&if;wdkifxm;onhf {nhfonfjyefoGm;vSsif tdrf&Sifu owif;ydŒk wdkif=um;&rnf[k qufvufjyÏmef;xm;onfudk awGŒ&Sd&onf? odkŒaomf rnfonhf tdrf&SifurS {nhfonfjyefoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; owif;ydkŒ wkdif=um;avhr&Sday? qdkvdkonfrSm EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;aejzihf odvSsufjzpfap/ rodI jzpfap ,if;Oya'udk csdK;azmufrdvSsufom; jzpfaeayrnf? xdk@a=umihf 1907 ckESpf aus;&GmESihf +rKd Œ jytufOya'yg {nhpf m&if;wdik =f um;&jcif; Oya'onf Edik if o H m;tm;vHk;tm; (supsectes) 58

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

tjzpf *k%o f dumQ xdyg;ap+yD; Oya'csKd ;azmuforl sm;tjzpf wGe;f ydŒk aeonfukd 0rf;enf;zG,&f m awGŒ&S&d ygonf?

2? 1950 jynhfESpf ta&;ay:pDrHr_ tufOya' TOya'udk jyÏmef;onhfumvonf 1948 ckESpf/ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;p a&mifpHk vufeufudkifykefuefr_rsm;a=umihf &efukeftpdk;&[lIyif ac:a0:orkwfcH&onhfumv (ta&;ay: tajctaejzpf a y:aeonh f u mv) jzpfo nf? trSe f ppfp pf TOya'yg jyÏmef; csufr sm;onf omref tajctae (w&m;Oya'pd k; rdk;onhf tajctae) wGi f jypfr_qdkif&mOya'rsm;jzihf ta&;,laqmif&GufEdkifonhf jypfr_rsm;yifjzpfonf? odkŒaomf ,if;umvu wnfqJtpdk;&taejzihf w&m;Oya'qdkif&m yHkrSefvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk tcsed f,u l sio fh ;Hk Edik o f nhf tajctaer&Sjd cif;a=umihf ta&;ay:pDrrH t _ ufOya'udk ta&;w}u;D jyÏmef;usihfoHk;&jcif;jzpfonf? EdkifiHawmfwpf0ef;vHk;onf ta&;ay:tajctaeatmufwGif wnf&Sdaeonf/ yHkrSeftajctaersm; ysufjym;aeonf[k qdkvdkonf? acwftqufquftpk;d &rsm;taejzihf ,if;Oya'udk zsuo f dr;f jcif;/ qdik ;f iHjh cif;r&Sb d J tpOfwpf pdku fusihfoH k; cJ honf r Sm ESpf aygif ; 60 ausmfc J ha y+yD? wdk; wufv monf rSm rl&if;Oya't& tjrihfqHk;jypf'%f (7) ESpftpm; 1988 ckESpf ppftm%modrf;+yD;aemuf tESpf (20)/ wpfoufwpfu|ef; jypf'%ftjzpf wdk;jrSihfj yÏmef;jcif;yifjzpfonf? EdkifiHwum rdom;pktv,fwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf yHkrSeftajctaer&Sdonhf EdkifiH/ ta&;ay: tajctae jyÏmef;xm;&onhf Edik if aH wmftjzpf Edik if aH wmf. *k%o f u d mQ udk t}u;D tus,f xdcu kd af paom Oya'yifjzpfonf?

3? 2008 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya' jyifqifjcif; tcef; (12) zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'qdkonfrSm EdkifiHawmf. tjrihfqHk;Oya'jzpfonf? zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccH Oya'yg jyÏmef;csufrsm;/ EdkifiHom;rsm;. tcef;u¾ owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf Edik fiaH wmfEiS hf Edik if Hom;rsm;. tqihftwef; *k%o f u d Qmudk xif[yfazmfjyjcif;vnf; jzpfonf? zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'yg tcsuftvufrsm;wGif tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m vufrcH Edkifonfrsm;vnf; yg0ifaejcif;/ a&;qGJpOfu oabmwlnDcsufr&I csefvSyf xm;cJh&jcif; rsm;vnf; jzpf ay:avh&Sdy gonf? ajymif;vJvmaom vlr _a&;/ pD; yGm ;a&;/ Ed kifi Ha &; vdktyfcsufrsm;t& zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk jyifqifjcif;udk tcef;wpfcef; oD;oefŒa&;qGJ jyÏmef;&ygonf? EdkifiHawmfudk xdcdkufemusifr_ enf;EdkiforSs enf;vrf;jzihf jyKjyifajymif;vJ &mwGif ta&;}uD;vSojzihf a&aEG;aiGŒ AdGKifvmtdk;rsm;wGif zdtm;rsm;vGef; onhftcg aygufuGJr_rjzpfap&ef toHk;jyKonhf vHk+cHKa&;tqdkŒ&Sif (safety valve) tjzpfvnf; wifpm;oHk;E_ef;avh &Sdygonf? wif;usyfvGef;vSsif aygufuGJxGufEdkifonhf tEW&m,frSm tcsdefra&G; jzpfay:vmEdkifayonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'oHk;ck ay:aygufcJh+yD; jzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&;}udK;yrf;r_umvwGif trsKd ;om; acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;u vGwv f yfump jrefrmEdik if aH wmfudk ygwpD k'H rD u kd a&pDpepf/ vGwaf wmfEpS &f yfpepfukd tajccH 1947 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccH Oya'udk a&;qGJcJh=uonf? 1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'jyifqifjcif;/ tcef; (11)/ yk'fr (209)/ tydk'fcGJ (3) wGif v$wfawmfESpf&yf&Sd trwfrsm;. oHk;yHkESpfyHkatmuf ravSsmhaom trwfrsm; (67 &mcdkif;E_ef;) u twnfjyKvsS if ²²² [k jyÏmef;xm;aoma=umihf EdkifiHom;rsm;. tvdkqENESihf tnD zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk jyifqifEdkif&ef oihfwihf avsmufywfonhf tcGihfta&;&Sdonfudk awGŒ&ygonf? odkŒaomf 1962 ckESpf/ ppfwyfrS tm%modr;f ydu k rf a_ =umihf 1947 zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rSm ysujf y,fomG ;cJ&h +y;D zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccH Oya't& zGJŒpnf; wnfaxmifxm;aom jynfaxmifpk tpdk;t&tzGJŒ/ wnfqJv$wfawmf ESpf&yfEiS fh EdkifiHa&;ygwrD sm;/ toif;tzGJŒrsm;tm;vHk;udk zsuo f rd ;f +y;D wpfygwDpepf/ v$wfawmf wpf&yfpepfudk tajccHonhf 1974 zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk twnfjyKjyÏmef;cJhonf? ,if;Oya' jyifqifjcif; tcef; (15)/ yk'fr (194) wGif tydkifcGJ (u)yg yk'frrsm;udk jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;. (75) &mcdkifE_ef; oabmwlnDcsuf&,l+yD; jynfoŒl qENc, H yl u JG sif;yI xuf0ufausmaf om axmufcrH j_ zihf jyifqif&rnf[I l jyÏmef;xm; ayonf? 1988 ckESpfumv EdkifiHom;rsm;. jyKjyifajymif;vJvdkaom qENt& EdkifiHawmfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJEikd f&ef cufcJwif;usyfonhf zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' jyifqifjcif; vkyx f k;H vkyef nf; rsm;a=umihf tHk=uGayguu f J+G yD; 1974 zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccH Oya'udk zsufodrf;um ppfwyfu tm%modrf;,lr_ xyfrHjzpfymG ;cJ&h ayonf? +yD;cJhonhf ,if;zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'ESpf&yfpvHk;. v$wfawfmrsm;rSm EdkifiHom; rsm;xHu wdkuf&dkuw f ifajrSmufaom v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f 100 &mcdkifE_ef;jzihf zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya't&rl EdkifiHom;rsm;u wdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,fwifajrSmufvdkufaom v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGufonf v$wfawmf ESpf&yfpvHk;. 75 &mcdkifE_ef;om &Sdonf? 2008 zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya' jyifqifjcif;/ tcef; 12/ yk'fr 436/ tydk'fcGJ (u) wGif jynfaxmifpk v$wfawmf 75 &mcdkifE_ef;u jyifqif&ef oabmwlvufcH+yD;aemuf jynf vHk; usGw f qENcH ,lyGJusif; yI qENr Jay; ydki fc Gi hf&Sdoltm;vHk; . xuf0 ufa usmf qENrJay;ydkifcGihf &Sdoltm;vHk;. xuf0ufausmfqENrJjzihfom jyifqif&rnf[k jyÏmef; xm;ayonf? 1974 tajccHOya'wGif a&G;aumufyGJcH udk,pf m;vS,ftm;vHk;. 75 &mcdkifE_ef; ausmf[k jyÏmef;xm;+yD; ,ck 2008 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'yg 75 &mcdkifE_ef;qdkonfrSm a&G;aumufcH udk,pf m;vS,f 100 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f (&mcdik Ef e_ ;f jynh)f u jyifqifvo kd nhw f ikd f jyifqifciG fh r&Sd[k t"dy`m,f oufa&mufayonf? EdkifiHom;rJqEN&Sifrsm;. qEN/ *k%foduQmudk 60

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

xdyg;ndK;EGr;f aponhf oabmudk aqmifaeayonf? zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccH Oya'yg tcsut f vuf tao;pdwfrsm;ESihf ywfowfI raqG;aEG;vdkao;onhfwdkif acwfumvtvdkuf ajymif;vJ aeaom EdkifiHom;rsm;. vkyfief;csufESihftnD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif EdkifiHom;rsm;. tcef;u¾/ *k%foduQm arS;rSdefxdcdkufaejcif;yif jzpfonf? xdkŒa=umihf 2008 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya' tcef; 1/ yk'fr 4 yg "EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%monf Edik if o H m;rsm;xHrS qif;ouf+y;D Edkiif aH wmf wpf0ef;vH;k Y wnfonf" [laom jyÏmef;csuf ppfrSepf mG touf0ifcefŒ jim;vmap&ef Edik if w H pf Edik if u H rdom;pktv,fY Edki fiHawmf. *k%foduQm udk jyefvnfjrSihfwifEdkifap&ef Edki fi Hom;rsm;. tcef;u¾/ *k%o f u d mQ jrihfrm;vmap&ef w&m;rSswaom Oya'rsm; &Sio f efxeG ;f um;vm&ef vdt k yfonf? ,ckwifjyaqG;aEG;cJhonfrsm;rSm EdkifiHawmf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;. *k%foduQmESihf wdku&f u kd q f ufpyfaeonhf Oya'tcsKd Œudk aumufEw k f azmfjycJjh cif; jzpfygonf? w&m;Oya'udk tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJŒtpnf;rsm; pdwf}udKuf vdkovdk t"dy`m,fzGihf toHk;csaeonhf/ toHk;cs Edkifonhf Oya'rsm;udkvnf; qufvufaqG;aEG;Edkif=u&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf? w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k a&;onf Edik if aH wmfEiS fh Edik if o H m;rsm;. *k%o f u d mQ twGuf tajccH tkwfjrpfjzpfonhf tm;avsmfpGm Oya'a&SŒarSmufwGif EdkifiHom;wdkif; wef;wljzpfygonf? Oya'txufwGif rnfolrS r&Sdap&yg?

udkudk}uD;

vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD jyef=um;a&;XmeESifh tvif;tdrf pmaytiftm;pk ylaygif;xkwfa0jzef@csdonf?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

u|efr&GmrS trsdK;orD;rsm; ajymjyonhf olwdk h twGif;a&;

+zdK;0if;udkudk (bmomjyef) &Srf;jynfe,frS toufrjynhfao;aom rdef;uav;rsm;onf xdkif;ESihf w¶kwfEdkifiH wdk@odk@ vdifvyk o f m;tjzpf oGm;a&muf vkyfukid =f uonf? "mwfykq H &m &Sijf rihfr&kd o f nf &Srf;jynfe,f ta&SŒydik ;f &Sd usKid ;f wk+H rdKŒwGif aexdik o f nf? ,if;a'oonf jrefrm/ xdki;f ESifh vmtdEk kid if w H @kd e,ferd w d cf sif; xdpyfaeaom a¶$}w*d aH 'owGif yg0ifonf? xdka'orSm wcsdefu w¶kwfjynfrS ukefonfrsm;vmI bdef;ESihf bdef;jzLrsm;udk a¶$jzihfyif 0,f,lr_rsm; &SdcJhaom a'ojzpfonf? &Sr;f ESifh u&ifujym; &Sijf rihrf &kd o f nf yx0Dbmomjzihf bG@J &xm;+y;D trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;rsm;. tcGihfta&;udk jrSihfwifay;aom a'owGif;rS tpdk;&r[kwfonhf tzGJ@tpnf; tifef*sDtdk wpfckwGif tvkyfvkyfaeol jzpfonf? &Sifjrihfrdk&fonf Framing the Transition project [k trnfay;xm;aom jrefrm"mwfykq H &m 12 OD;. vuf&mrsm;udk jyornhf "mwfykjH yyGJtwGuf jrefrmEdik fiH e,fpyfrS xdik ;f Edik fiEH iS fh w¶kwf Edik if w H @kd od@k vdiv f yk o f m;tjzpf oGm;a&mufvyk u f kid af om jrefrm trsKd ;orD; rsm;ta=umif; azmfjyEdkifrnhf "mwfyHkrsm;udk ¶dkuful;rnf[k qdkonf? "jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'DvdkjzpfaewmawG &Sdw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;odxm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh 'DudpPudk vlawGu xkwfrajym=ubl;? 'gu azsmufzsufypf&cufwJh t¶dk;pGJaewJh "avh xHk;wrf;vdk jzpfaew,f? ¶Gmu vlawGu olwdk@ &ydkifcGihf&SdwJh tcGihfta&;awG/ olwdk@&JŒ a¶G;cs,fp&m vrf;awGudk rod=ubl;? 'D"mwfyHk tufaq;eJ@ olwdk@udk tod^m%f zGihfay; 62

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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ausmfausmfpdk; (*syef) 74

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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Ba Maw BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA Memoirs Of a Revolution 1939 - 1946

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;

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111

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1 1 2 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (8)

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