အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၄) by derric maw

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rif;ukEd idk f (6/ 10/ 2015)

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Khin Ya Thaw June 23 at 12:51am

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em;vnfoifhjyD jynfoal wGvckd siw f m &d;k om;wJt h pd;k & r&d;k om;wJh tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? jynfoal wGvckd siw f m =uKd ;pm;wJh tpd;k & cd;k pm;wJh tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? jynfoal wGvckd siw f m oef@&Si;f wJt h pd;k & nHzh si;f wJh tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? jynfoal wGvckd siw f m wdik ;f jynfaumif;pm;aprJt h pd;k & wdik jf ynfa&mif;pm;aewJh tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? jynfoal wGvckd siw f m pdew f &pf jrw&pfe@J tpd;k & uvdeu f uspef @J cGnpfwhJ tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? jynfoal wGvckd siw f m txl;tajymrsm;aewJh tpd;k & OD;apmom;awG&@J tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? jynfoal wGvckd siw f m vltc|ef vltrGeaf wG&@J tpd;k & vl&HG vl0yH ak vGawG&@J tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? 16

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

jynfoal wGvckd siw f m trsm;tusKd ; =uKd ;ukwx f rf;&Guaf erJ@tpd;k & "g;ird;k zd;k wkww f @kd vdk t=urf;zufaewJh tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? jynfoal wGvckd siw f m jyefvnfxal xmifaerJh tpd;k & &efp, G af wGe@J ylavmifaerJh tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? jynfoal wGvckd siw f m trSew f u,f +ird ;f csr;f a&;&apr,ft h pd;k & oH',frmS 'de;f 'vde;f uaewJh tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? jynfoal wGvckd siw f m a&&Snaf wG; trsm;oabmuswhJ tpd;k & a&$jynfat; w&m;a[m orRw&J@ tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? jynfoal wGvckd siw f m twGi;f om;o&kyu f tHyh cs;D ajrmS ufp&m tpd;k & rif;om;rvky&f ywfr}u;D xd;k azgurf mS qdw k hJ tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? jynfoal wGvckd siw f m t&m&m om,m+ird ;f aprJt h pd;k & wcgvm tm%modr;f aewJh tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? jynfoal wGvckd siw f m b0ifawG@ tajc}uKH raoGat;jraprJh tpd;k & jcaoFt h a&jcKH ajracG;/ v' awG&@J tpd;k &r[kwb f ;l ? cifAsm;wd@k &Suw f wf&if em;vnfoifjh yD jynfoal wGvckd siw f m ........ jynfoal wGvckd siw f m ........ jynfoal wGvckd siw f m ........

udb k ausmf 24

(vufyHawmif;ajr) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

vlxk a':trm twˆKy`wWd (29/ 11/ 1915 - 7/ 4/ 2008) arG;ouU&mZf - 29/ 11/ 1915 wevFm ae@ trnf&if; - trm Edik if H - jrefrm rdbtrnf - OD;xif/ a':pk uavmif trnfcGJrsm; - cifv0if;/ ZrŠL'Dyg atmifxGef;/ zcifatmifEkdif/ zkd;omatmif/ jrrOPL/ trm/ trm(wuUov kd f oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;ol)/ tif;vsm; ausmif;aqmifol wpfO;D tvkyt f udik f - pma&;q&m/ arG;zGm;&ma'o - rEWav;+rKd @/ *kEeœ &f yf xif&Sm;ausmf=um;r_ - vlxkcspfaom/ av;pm;xdkufaom xif&Sm;onhf pma&;q&mr }u;D wpfO;D ? jrefrmjynf vGwv f yfa&; v_y&f mS ;r_/ jrefrmjynf +ird ;f csr;f a&; v_y&f mS ;r_/ jrefrmh pmay pme,fZif; avmu&JŒ rD;¶_;wefaqmif/ tzdEydS cf H jynfow l @kd bufu tpOft+rJ &yfwnfcw hJ hJ aewpif;/ vwpif;jzpfol vlxkcspfwJh vlxkrdcif vlxk a':trm (touf 93 ESpf)/ tpm;xd;k p&mvnf; r&So d vd/k tpm;xd;k vd@k vnf; r&wJh r[mr_id ;f &JŒ tarGcH orD; tarrm 'grrS [kwf vlxck spw f hJ vlx&k ŒJ rdcif owif;pm/ pma&;q&mr}u;D vlxk a':trm&JŒ twWKyw ` dœ tusKO;f jzpfonf? vlxk a':trmonf trsK;d om; acgi;f aqmif}u;D Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;/ q&m}u;D '*Hw k m&mwd@k ESifh acwf+yKd if jzpfonf? uk, d af &;jzpfpOf²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²² - vlxak ':trmudk rEœav;+rKd Œ *kEeœ &f yf Y tb OD;xif / trd a':pk wd@k rS 1915 ck/ Ed0k ifbm 29 &uf wevFmae@ wGif arG;zGm; cJ+h y;D arG;csi;f 12OD?; &So d nhf teuf pwkwˆ ajrmuf jzpfonf? trnf&if; rSm trm jzpfonf? e*g;a':OD; ESifh nDtpfr awmfonf? - 1920 ckESpfwGif rEWav;+rdKŒ a':apmtkH. trsKd;orD; ae&Sife,fausmif;Y 'kw, d wef; txd ynm oif=um;cJo h nf? ABM (American Baptist Mission School) atbDtrf ausmif;wGif 1923 rS 1931 xd ynmqufvuf oif=um;cJ+h y;D q&m}u;D OD;&mZwf rEWav; A[kdtrsKd;om;ausmif;rS 1933 wGif qufwef;ukd atmifjrifcJhonf? q&m}uD; OD;&mZwf. ae¶Sief ,fausmif;wGif udAk [de;f wd@k ESifh ausmif;aebufrsm; jzpfonf? rEœav; 20

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

Oypmaumvdyw f iG f "mwk/¶yl / ocsmF bmom wG, J I l wufa&mufc+hJ y;D (1933-1935)/ &efuek f wuUov dk f (1936-1937) wkŒd wGif ynmqnf;yl; cJo h nf? 1936 wGif tif;vsm;aqmif o[m,ESihf pmzwf toif;. twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpf aqmif¶GufcJhonf? 1936 'kwd, ausmif;om; oydwf}uD;wGif wuf=uGpGm yg0if cJhonf? tdk;a0 r*~Zif;/ }uD;yGm;a&; r*~Zif;/ bm;rm; *sme,f wdkŒwGif 0wWK/ aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om; cJhonf? }uD;yGm;a&; OD;vSESihf pwif odusrG ;f cJ+h y;D / }u;D yGm;a&; r*~Zif;Y uavmif trnf cifv0if;/ jrrOPL uavmif trnfrsm;jzihf a&;om; cJo h nf? 1937 ckEpS w f iG f bDat aemufq;kH ESpf pmar;yGJ us¶;_H +y;D ausmif;xGuo f nf? xdak emuf rEœav;Y jrefrm puULqkid f zGicfh o hJ nf? - 1938 wGif arm&pf aumvpf (Maurice Collis) . Trails In Burma pmtkyu f dk "jrefrmjynfwiG f ppfaq;cJah om tr_tcif;rsm;" trnfjzihf q&m}u;D OD;&mZwf. wku d w f eG ;f csuf t& wuUov dk f oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;ol trm trnfjzihf bmomjyef xkwaf 0 cJ&h m ,if; pmtkyjf zihf pmaye,fwiG f trnf xif&mS ;vmcJo h nf? - 1939 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmv 13 &ufwiG f }u;D yGm;a&; OD;vSEiS fh vufxyf cJ+h y;D / om;orD; 5 OD; jzpfwJh udkpdk;0if; (&Jabmf xGef;ausmf)/ a'gufwm a':oef;&ifrm/ udkzdk;oHacsmif;/ a':wif0if;eJŒ ud+k ird ;f csr;f (pma&; q&m nDyak v;) wkŒd xGe;f um;cJo h nf? om;t}u;D qH;k udpk ;kd 0if;eJŒ wwd,om; udzk ;kd oHacsmif; wkŒd onf vufeufuikd f awmfveS af eonhf Armjynf uGejf rLepf ygwD (Auy) ESifh oGm;a&muf yl;aygi;f cJ=h uonf? udpk ;kd 0if;onf Auy&JŒ ygww D iG ;f tpGe;f a&muf jzKwf xkwf owf v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif toufpaw; oGm;cJ&h +y;D / udzk ;kd oHacsmif; uawmh AuyrSm &Sad eqJ jzpfonf? - Edik if aH &;a=umihf rdom;pk wpfcv k ;kH aouGaJ &m &Siu f yJG g tuGu J JG tjym;jym; =uKH awGŒ cJ&h aomfvnf; avmu"H txk taxmif;udk =u=hH uchH u H m aemufq;kH tcsed f txd Edik if aH &; vlra_ &; t& jynfol vlxb k ufu cdik cf ikd rf mrm &yfwnfco hJ l vlxk cspw f hJ pma&; q&mr}u;D wpfO;D jzpfonf? - 1942 - 44 ck 'kw, d urBmppf}u;D twGi;f uydik ¶f mG udk acwœ ajymif;a¶$Œ aexdik +f y;D / pmtkyf xkwaf 0a&; vkyif ef;awGukd qufvuf vkyu f ikd f cJo h nf? - 1945 Zlvidk rf mS vlxk *sme,f pwif xkwaf 0wJh tcg vufaxmuf t,f'w D m tjzpf aqmif¶u G f cJ+h y;D / 1946 {+yD 19 &ufaeŒrSm vlxk owif;pm pwif xkwaf 0wJh tcg t,f'Dwm tzGJŒ0if tjzpf aqmif¶Gufum "zcif atmifEdkif" uavmifcJGeJŒ "EdkifiHa&; aqG;aEG;cef;" yifwidk f aqmif;yg;udk a&;om; cJo h nf? 1946 arvrSm vlxk *sme,fukd &yfem; cJo h nf? - 1947 rSm vlxk OD;vSeŒJ twl vGwv f yfa&; twGuf OD;aqmif aewJh zqyv tzGŒJ &JŒ tmabmfeŒJ xyfwl a&;om; wku d yf 0JG if cJo h nf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

- 1949 rSm vlxk owif;pmeJŒ }u;D yGm;a&; yHEk ydS pf ufrsm; wnf&&dS m taqmuftODukd ppfwyfu 'dik ;f erdik ;f eJŒ azmufcGJ zsuq f ;D cJo h nf? 1949 {+yD 24 &ufaeŒrSm vlxk owif;pm ydwyf if cH&onf? cifyeG ;f onf vlxk OD;vS/ om; nDyak v; (ud+k ird ;f csr;f ) wdŒk eJŒ twl xde;f odr;f cH&onf? txdr;f odr;f cH&onfrmS 1 ESp/f 1 v/ 1 &uf =umjrihf cJ+h y;D / 1979 ck =o*kwv f 22 &ufaeŒ rSmrS jyefvnf vGwaf jrmuf cJo h nf? - 1950 Ed0k ifbm 1 &ufaeŒrSm ydwx f m;wJh vlxk owif;pmudk jyefvnf xkwaf 0 cJo h nf? =o*kwf 1 &ufaeŒrSm vlxk *sme,fukd jyefvnf xkwaf 0 cJo h nf? vlxk *sme,fEiS fh vlxk owif;pmukd wGI J jyefvnf xkwaf 0 cJch sed rf S pI cifyeG ;f ESit fh wl owif;pm/ *sme,f vkyif ef; rsm;ukd aZmufcs vkyu f idk f cJ+h y;D / vlxk a':trm [lI trnf wGiv f m cJo h nf? - 1953 ZGef 6 &ufwiG f urBmŒ 'Dru kd &ufwpf trsK;d orD; nDvmcH (udyk ifa[*if)/ 15 &ufrmS urBmŒ +ird ;f csr;f a&; nDvmcH ([efa*&D/ bl'gyuf)/ *sLvdik f 25 &ufrmS 'kw, d t}urd f urBmŒ vli,feŒJ ausmif;om; yGaJ wmf (¶lar;eD;,m;/ blcg&ufp)f wdŒk udk wufa&muf cJo h nf? - 1953 rSm vlxk OD;vS yk'rf 5 eJŒ tzrf; cH&ojzihf vlxk owif;pm acgi;f }u;D awGukd wm0efcH a&;om; cJo h nf? - 1959 rwf 12 &ufrmS vlxk owif;pm csw d yf w d f cH&onf? - 1960 ar 10 &ufrmS vlxk owif;pm jyefvnf xGu&f dS cJo h nf? - 1962 azazmf0g&D 3 &uf at¶dk zvkwf ava=umif; zGiyfh o JG Œkd owif;pm q&m ud, k pf m;vS,f tjzpf zdw=f um; cH& ojzihf armfpudo k Œkd oGm;a&muf cJo h nf? tjyefwiG f ta&SŒ *smr%D/ csuu f kd pvdAk ufu;D ,m;ESifh w¶kwf jynfoŒl orRw Edik if rH sm;udk vnfywf cJo h nf? 'D Oa&my c&D;pOf awGukd "qd&k , S v f pf wdik ;f jynf rsm;odŒk " trnfjzihf pmtkyf a&;om; xkwaf 0 cJo h nf? - 1964 wGif "jynfol cspaf om tEkynm&Sirf sm;" pmtkyjf zihf pmayAdrmef jrefrmh ,Ofaus;r_ tEkynm qkid &f m pmay yxrqkudk &&Sd cJo h nf? - 1967 Zlvikd f 7 &ufrmS vlxk owif;pm &yfpJ cH&onf? - 1970 rwfv 3 &ufaeŒrSm usi;f ywJh rEœav; uGeo f m,m pmwrf; zwfyrJG mS "Armh zefusD vkyfief;" pmwrf;udk zwf=um; cJo h nf? 1971 rEWav; "rR AdrmefrmS "uaeŒ Armobif" pmwrf;udk zwf=um; cJo h nf? 1976 =o*kwf 19 &ufaeŒ [Hom0wD owif;pm "pae pmay0dik ;f " pmwrf; zwfyw JG iG f "twWKyw ` dœ pmay" pmwrf; zwf=um; wifoiG ;f cJo h nf? - 1978 =o*kwf 21 &ufaeŒrSm cifyeG ;f onf vlxk OD;vS/ om; nDyak v; (ud+k ird ;f csr;f ) wdŒk eJŒ twl xde;f odr;f cH&onf? txdr;f odr;f cH&onfrmS 1 ESp/f 1 v/ 1 &uf =umjrihf cJ+h y;D / 1979 ck =o*kwv f 22 &ufaeŒ rSmrS jyefvnf vGwaf jrmuf cJo h nf? 22

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

- 1982 =o*kwv f 7 &ufaeŒ Y cifyeG ;f onf vlxk OD;vS uG,v f eG f cJo h nf? - 1984 rwf 4 rSm avmifu|r;f wJh rEWav; rD;}u;D rSm }u;D yGm;a&; pmtkyw f u kd /f yHEk ydS w f u kd /f puUL odak vSmif¶akH wG rD;avmif qH;k ¶_;H cJo h nf? 1985 Ed0k ifbm 29/ touf (70) jynhf arG;aeŒu p+y;D tr&yl& awmifav;vH;k ausmif;rSm arG;aeŒyGJ ESppf Of usi;f yonf? - 1992 ckEpS f twGi;f &eHŒopf r*~Zif;Y ZrŠL 'Dyg atmifxeG ;f uavmif trnfcjJG zihf Edik if w H um aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om; cJo h nf? - 1995 rEœav;+rdKŒ A[kd trsKd;om;ausmif; ausmifom;a[mif;rsm; OD;pD; xkwaf 0wJh (75) }urd af jrmuf trsK;d om;aeŒ pde&f wk txdr;f trSwf r*~Zif; wm0efcH t,f'w D m tjzpf aqmif¶u G f cJo h nf? - e'D jrefrm OD;atmifckdif/ a':ndKrD rdom;pkrS ema&;,mOf wpD; vSL'gef;+yD;/ awmifpvif; q&mawmf OD;wduu Q ausmif;0if; twGi;f ayESp&f m ywfvnf ajruGuu f kd toH;k jyKciG fh ay;ojzihf 1998 ar 7 &ufaeŒrSm jA[Rp&kd f vlr_ ulnaD &; toif;udk rEWav;wGif pwif OD;aqmif zGŒJ pnf; cJo h nf? 4if;toif;wGif em,u tjzpf wm0ef ,lonf? ema&; ulnrD _ tydik ;f rSm tom;us vmonhf tcg use;f rma&; ulnrD _ rsm;udk 2000 ckEpS f {+yv D 4 &ufaeŒrS p+y;D ulnD ay;cJo h nf? - xif&Sm;aom pmtkyfrsm;rSm jrefrmjynfwGif ppfaq;cJhaom tr_tcif;rsm; (1938)/ pENrmvm (1940)/ jynfol cspaf om tEkynmonfrsm; (1964)/ b0csi;f rwlonhf w¶kwjf ynf (1966)/ atmifAv zk;d pdef pdeu f wk;H (1967) / a&$¶;dk OD;buav; (1969)/ a&$ref; wifarmif (1970)/ t+ird fh (1973)/ a&$a'gi;f awmif aqmif;yg;rsm; (1975)/ q&m}u;D ocif uk, d af wmfrid_ ;f (1976)/ tmz&du 0wˆKwrdk sm; (1989)/ rEWav;ol rEWav;om;rsm; (1991)/ xkid ;f 0wˆKwrdk sm; (1992)/ xkid ;f 0wˆKwrdk sm; (2) (1993)/ &wemykH rEWav; u|erf wkŒd rEWav; (1993)/ omoemh wefaqmif q&mawmf}u;D rsm; (1994)/ u|erf wkŒd i,fi,fu (1994)/ tarh a&S;pum; (1997) wkŒd jzpf=uonf? b0ed*;kH ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²² vlxk a':trm (92)ESpo f nf 2008-ck {+yv D (7) &uf reuf 8 em&D 37 rdepfwiG f rEœav; aq;¶k}H u;D Y ESv;Hk a&m*gjzihf uG,v f eG f oGm;cJo h nf? uG,v f eG cf sed w f iG f om;orD; (4) OD;jzpfaom &Jabmf zdk;oHacsmif;/ OD;+idrf;csrf;(ac: )nDykav;(pma&;q&m)/ a'gufwm oef;&ifrmESifh a':wif0if;wd@k use&f pfonf? &kyt f avmif;udk orD;t}u;D jrrO…Ltdrw f iG f xm;&S+d y;D psmye tcrf;tem;udk eHeuf (10) em&DwiG f =umeDuef ok\mefwiG f rD;o+*K[ õ I f t&k;d jymudk {&m0wD jrpfvnfacgirf mS arSsmcJo h nf? yifu, kd af &; pmtkyrf sm;²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²² (1) urBmŒ t}u;D qk;H pmtkyf - 1945 ckEpS f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

(2) *sKEH iS fh ppfom; (y) - 1945 ckEpS f (3) oufwefŒa&mif (y/ 'k) - 1945 ckEpS f (4) orRw [kcd srD if; twWKyw ` dœ - 1950 ckEpS f (5) aumvpf }uKH chJ &wJh jrefrmjynf - 1960 ckEpS f (6) qk&d , S v f pf wkid ;f jynfrsm;okŒd - 1963 ckEpS f (7) tvSjyKjyifenf; - 1963 ckEpS f (8) jynfol cspfaom tEkynm&Sifrsm; - 1964 ckESpf (jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ESihf tEkynmqdik &f mpmay yxrqk&) (9) atmifAv/ zk;d pde/f pdeu f wk;H - 1967 ckEpS f (10) a¶$¶;dk buav; (y/ 'k) - 1969 ckEpS f (11) a¶$ref;wifarmif - 1970 ckEpS f (12) t+ird fh (y/ 'k) - 1973 ckEpS f (13) urBm@t}u;D qk;H pmtkyf (a'guw f moef;xGe;f rS t*Fvyd b f momjyef)- 1973 ckESpf (14) a¶$a'gi;f awmif aqmif;yg;rsm; - 1975 ckEpS f (15) q&m}u;D ocif uk, d af wmfrid_ ;f - 1976 ckEpS f (16) csi;f wGi;f rS yifv,fo@kd - 1985 ckEpS f (17) jrefrmh r[m*Dw - 1989 ckEpS f (18) aq;vdyef @J vlom; (vlxk ?;vSEiS fh wGv J su)f - 1990 ckEpS f (19) rEœav;ol rEœav;om;rsm; - 1991 ckEpS f (20) &wemykrH Eœav;/ rEœav; useG rf wk@d rEœav; - 1993 ckEpS f (21) omoemh wefaqmif q&mawmf}u;D rsm; - 1994 ckEpS f (22) u|erf wkŒd i,fi,fu - 1994 ckEpS f (23) a¶$a'gi;f awmif aqmif;yg;rsm; (a':,Of,Ofjr *syefbmomjyef) - 1994 ckESpf (24) urmB@t}u;D qH;k ausmufqif; xkawmf - 1996 ckEpS f (25) tarh a&S;pum; - 1997 ckEpS f (26) awmifav;vH;k rS ewfu|e;f xd - 1997 ckEpS f (27) jrefrmh acwfopf yef;csD - 1997 ckEpS f (28) 83 ESpf 83 cGe;f vufurf; pmapmif - 1998 ckEpS f (29) awmiftm&S jywif;aygurf sm; - 1999 ckEpS f (30) tarh a&S;pum; 'kw, d wGJ - 2000 ckEpS f 24

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

(31) i,fu u|r;f wJh cifyeG ;f onfoŒkd - 2001 ckEpS f (32) 12 yGJ aps;onfEiS fh u|erf wd@k tnm - 2002 ckEpS f (33) vGr;f ol@pm - 2003 ckEpS f (34) pmtkyq f idk u f vl0if vlxu G f tawG;tjrif aqmif;yg;rsm; - 2004 ckEpS f bmomjyef²²²²²²²²²²²²²² (1) jrefrmjynfwiG f ppfaq;cJah om tr_tcif;rsm; (Trails in Burma by Maurice Collis)(y/ 'k) - 1938 ckESpf (2) pENrmvm (Sandamala by Maurice Collis) (y/ 'k) - 1940 ckEpS f (3) *sKHESihf ppfom; (y) (War & Soldier by Ashihei Heno) - 1945 ckESpf (4) oufwef@a&mif (y/ 'k) (The Rainbow by Wande Wasilewska) 1945 ckEpS f (5) uGejf rLepf w¶kwjf ynf tiftm;+yKd iyf JG (The Challenge of Red China by Ganther Stein)(y/ 'k) - 1949 ckEp S f (6) +ird ;f csr;f a&;okŒd - 1953 ckEpS f (7) tk, d efu;D wdŒk - 1963 ckEpS f (8) b0csi;f rwlonhf w¶kwjf ynf - 1963 ckEpS f (9) aiGEiS fh vufeuf - 1963 ckEpS f (10) awmfveS w f hJ w¶kwjf ynf useG af wmf rSwrf o d rSs - 1978 ckEpS f (11) tmz&du0wWKwrdk sm; - 1989 ckEpS f (12) xkid ;f 0wWKwrdk sm; (1) - 1992 ckEpS f (13) xkid ;f 0wWKwrdk sm; (2) - 1993 ckEpS f trSww f & ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²² vlxk a':trm aoqH;k +y;D aemuf ol@tm; trSww f & *k%jf yKonhf taejzihf ar+rKd @/ tdraf wmfvrf;Y trSww f & ausmufpmwdik u f kd pdu k x f x l m;onf? udk;um; pmtkyf pm&if;²²²²²²²²²²² (1) vlxktar ESpf 90 trSwfw& pum;pk pmpkrsm; (29 Edk0ifbm 2005 xkwf)? (2) ESpfq,f&mpk jrefrm pma&; q&mrsm;ESihf pmpkpm&if;/ jyef=um;a&;ESihf jynfolŒ qufqHa&; OD;pD; Xme (¶Hk;csKyf) pmwnf; tzJGŒrS pkaqmif; jyKpkonf? (2003 {+yDv xkwf)?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

jrrO…L &kyfyHk a&;ol -'*kew f m&m

u|eaf wmf olrudk jrrO…L tjzpf pwifo¶d jdS cif;r[kw?f oydwaf rSmufausmif;ol rtrm tjzpfom pwifjrifzl;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf? 1936 ausmif;om;oydwfwGif e,frS u|eaf wmfw@kd yxrqH;k Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufpOfu olrudk pwifjrifz;l onf? *sLAvDa[mwGif usi;f yonf? ,if;nDvmcH}uD;rS yxrOD;qHk;aom ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~udk arG;zGm;ay; vdu k o f nf? ,if;nDvmcHwiG f tqdw k ifoiG ;f aom tif;vsm;aqmifol rtrmudk awG@&onf? pum;ajymaumif;onf[k cHpm;vdu k o f nf? xd@k aemuf u|eaf wmf &efuek w f uUov kd o f @kd a&muf¶o dS mG ;pOf "a'go" [laom 0wˆKwkd uav;udk wuUov kd af usmif;wdu k f r*~Zif;wGiv f m;rod zwfvu kd rf o d nf? a&;olu jrrO…L/ *smref0wˆK/ 0wˆKa&;q&m [mrd. Fury 0wˆKukd bmomjyefxm;aom 0wˆK? u|eaf wmf "a'go" udk }uKd uo f mG ;onf? xd@k aemuf jrrO…L 0wˆKrsm;udk rzwfr?d u|eaf wmfyJ rzwfro d vm;/ jrrO…LyJ qufra&;ovm; rodawmh? xd@k aemuf ppfrjzpfru D mvu }u;D yGg;a&;pmtkyw f u kd rf S "arm&pfaumvpf" . "tr_tcif; rsm;" pmtkyb f momjyefukd zwf&onf? xd@k aemuf ppf+y;D pwGif "0gqv D pk um;" 26

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

. "oufwef@a&mif"0wˆKbmomjyefudk zwf&onf? ,if; oufwef@a&mif 0wˆKtrSm a&;olu "ocifoef;xGe;f " oluvnf; pmta&;aumif;/ tzG@J tEG@J aumif;? 1950 'DZifbmvu rEWav;odk@ a&mufoGm;onf? pma&;q&m rdwfqufyGJ jzpfonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEku txufjrefrmjynf pma&;q&mESifh atmufjrefrmjynf pma&;q&m rdwq f ufyJG vkyaf y;onf? xdt k cgu a':trmudk awG@&onf? u|eaf wmfu touf 30 t¶G,/f a':trmu u|eaf wmfxuf 4 ESpcf ef@ }u;D onf? rdwq f ufyJG jzpfojzifh [d{k nfch yH o JG mG ;&/ onf{nfch yH o JG mG ;&ojzif/h a':trmESihf aumif;pGmyif pum; rajymjzpf? 1939 u|eaf wmf rEWav;a&mufpOf udAk [de;f u a':trmqD ac:roGm;? rawG@vdu k ?f a¶$jynfOD;bwifxHodk@ udkA[def;u ac:oGm;onf? a¶$jynfOD;bwifESifhtwl OD;xifudk awG@&onf? aemufrS OD;xifonf a':trm. zcifrSef; od&onf? a¶$jynfOD;bwifu u|eaf wmfw@kd ¶Sr;f jynfomG ;rnfqI kd ¶Sr;f jynfwiG f a&udk txl;*¶kpu kd af omuf&ef rSm=um; aeonf? OD;bwifrmS ,ck &o'g¶u kd w f m ud0k if;az. zcifjzpfa=umif; aemufrS od&onf? aemufawmh rEWav;a&muf vSsif OD;vStrd rf mS wnf;cdo k nf? owif;pmzufwiG f a&mufae+y?D xdt k cg a':trmonf vlxak ':trm jzpfaeyg+y?D (c) pmayb0 qdkonfu ajym&tcufom;? tuJjzwf&cufonf? rdrdwdk@. yk*~vdub0ESifh qufpyfaeonf? udkvSESifh ta=umif;ygaomtcg owif;pmq&mr jzpfomG ;[efwo l nf? udv k ES iS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd u cif=uonf? ausmif;om;b0 uwnf;u odu|rf;onf? u|efawmfxuf tawmfvnf;}uD;onf? ppfjzpfcgeD;u udkvS wm0ef,l xkwfaeaom }uD;yGg;a&;r*~Zif;wdkufodk@ 0wˆKwdkuav;wyk'f a&;ay;cJhonf? xdktcgu u|eaf wmf usKd uv f wf od@k a&mufaeonf? 0wˆKa&;q&m armygqGef;. "rGef;vdkuf" trnf¶Sd 0wˆKwdkuav;udk rSD;um a&;vdu k o f nf? "tvS*% k f" [k trnfwyfonf? }u;D yGg;a&;r*~Zif;rSm xd0k wˆKygvmonf? udkvSu u|efawmfzwf&ef pmtkyfrsm;pGm ydk@vdkufonf? 1946 u u|efawmf wm&m xkwaf 0aomtcg a':trmxHu pma&mufvmonf? u|eaf wmf. wm&mr*~Zif;twGuf ud, k pf m;vS,f vky&f efjzpfonf? od@k aomf u|eaf wmfu vlxw k u kd t f wGuf ud, k pf m;vS,f ray;jzpfyJ tjcm;wdkufodk@ ay;jzpfoGm;onf? u|efawmf tm;emaeonf? u|efawmfu vkyif ef;aumif;pGm rvkyw f wfI t&ifvmI ajymolukd ay;vdu k [ f efwo l nf? u|eaf wmfu rEWav; ta&muf enf;onf? xd@k a=umifh a':trmESihf txdtawG@ enf;onf? rEWav; a&mufvsS iv f nf; vlxw k u kd w f iG f udv k ES iS o hf m pum;ajymjzpfonf? udv k ES iS hf pum;aumif; aepOf a':trmu 0ifajymwwfonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

a':trma&;aom ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f / jynfocl spaf om tEkynmonf pmtkyrf sm; xGuv f sS if u|eaf wmfx h H yd@k wwfonf? u|eaf wmf zwf&onf? a':trmu tpktaqmif; aumif ; ? rEW a v;rS tEk y nm¶S i f Zmwf q &mrsm;ta=umif ; / aph a ph i S i S a &;onf u d k zwf=unfjh zpfonf? u|eaf wmfonf Zmwfobif 0goemygojzifh zwfjzpfonf? a':trmonf Zmwfobifavmu/ *DwavmuESihf tu|r;f 0if em;vnfonf? ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f pmtkyq f v kd sS if txl}u;D ? ususeeavhvmum twˆKyw ` u dW kd a&;onf? u|eaf wmfu &opmayudk a':trmxHrS arSsmv f ifo h nf? jrrO…L. pmayta&;tom; tzG@J tEG@J udk odaeojzifh jrrO…LuJo h @kd 0wˆKrsm;udk bmomjyefapcsio f nf? od@k aomf jyefonfukd rawG@&? jrrO…Lu jyefvnf¶iS o f ef xajrmufjcif; r¶S?d vlxak ':trm[laom owif;pmq&m/ twˆKyw ` dW q&m oabmrsKd ;udo k m awG@ae&onf? pdwx f u J odwrf auseyf? (*) owif;pmq&mESihf pma&;q&m (0g)&opma&;q&m uawmh odyrf wl? owif;pm q&m qdkonfuawmh owif;udk tajcjyKI a&;zGJ@&onf? owif;qdkonfuawmh wu,fjzpfysuf aeonfh t&mwdk@udk rSwfwrf;wif&onf? &o pma&;q&m uawmh wu,ft h jzpftysuu f kd tajcjyKum Zmwfvrf; Zmwfuu G w f @kd jzifh jc,fo&onf? u|eaf wmfu jrrO…L jzpfapvdo k nf? olr. tawG@t=uKH EiS q hf v kd sS if olrjzwfoef; cJhaom/ olr jzwfoef;aeaom ordkif;tawG@t=uHKESifhqdkvSsif/ jrrO…LtzGJ@tEGJ@ESifhqdkvSsif 0wˆK¶n S af &;zG@J Edik f rnf[k xifxm;cJo h nf? od@k aomf owif;pmq&m tcef;uvnf; ol@tcef; ESio hf l ¶So d nfukd u|ef awmf em;vnfonf? ,ckvnf; r*~Zif;rsm;wGif olr. tawG@t=uKH rsm;udk tajccHum a0zeft uJjzwfaom pmrsm;udv k nf; zwfae&I jrrO…Ludk rawG@& aomfvnf; vlxak ':trmtjzpf awG@ae&I wrsKd ; auseyfae&onf? rESpfu tr&yl& *E<m¶Hkausmif;wdkufteD; awmifav;vHk;ausmif;wdkuftoGm; rEWav; blwmrS qif;vsif a':trmhtdrfodk@ 0if&onf? q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;. qDaq; um;csy}f u;D a¶S@wGif useG af wmfw@kd udk {nfch o H nf? c%wjzKwaf wmh pum;ajymonf? rEWav;u uAsmq&mESihf pma&;q&mrsm;vnf; ac:xm;I pHpk v kH ifvif? jrrO…Lta=umif; ajym&if; jrrO…LemrnfEiS hf a&;aom 0wˆKrsm; pkxw k rf nf[k =um;&I 0rf;omrdonf? pum;ajym =u&if; wm&memrnfEiS hf pyfxm;aom tqdak wmf pma&;q&mta=umif; a&mufomG ;onf? "rde;f uav;vm;/ a,musmf ;av;vm; rodb;l " [k u|eaf wmfu ajymvdu k &f m a':trmu jyHK;I "¶Siu f rde;f uav;jzpfapcsiw f mvm;" [k u|eaf wmfu h kd pvdu k o f nf? (C) jrrO…L. 0wˆK/ bmomjyefpaom pmrsm;udk rzwf&aomfvnf; ,ae@ xGuaf eaom r*~Zif;rsm;wGif a':trm. aqmif;yg;rsm;udk zwfae&onf? yxrrsKd ;quf/ 'kw, d rsKd ;quf 28

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

rsm;udk jzwfoef;oGm;+y;D wwd,rsKd ;quf udjk zwfoef;aeqJ? ,ae@ acwfay: tajctaeudk olr cHpm;onfhtwdkif; a&;om;xm;onf? ppfrjzpfrDacwfESifh ,ae@acwfudk Ed_if;,SOfI azmfjyxm;ojzifh todwdk;&onf? todqdkonfrSm Ed_if;,SOfcsufrsm;jzifhom rSefuefaom todukd awG@Edik o f nf?

csKd onf[k t&omudck v H sS if omrefxuf rcsKd aom&ocHpm;csuf rsm;omjzpfonf? omrefxufcsdKvSsif ,cktcsdKonf ayghoGm;ayrnf? olr. t,ltqrsm;/ olr. cHpm;csurf sm;udk ,ae@ wwd,rsKd ;qufrsm; ydI k zwfoifo h nf? od@k rSomvSsif olw@kd .tjrif olw@kd .v_y¶f mS ;r_ rnfonfah e&m a&muf¶adS e+yu D kd ydI k odEikd af oma=umifh jzpfonf? u|efawmfu trsdK;om;ae@ rsdK;qufjzpfjcif;jzpfI olr.t,ltq/ olr. cHpm;csuu f kd zwfcsiaf erdonf? 1936 ausmif;om;oydwfrS pwifawG@xdcJh&aom oydwfarSmufausmif;ol rtrmudk ,ae@ aps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepf [kac:aom acwfwacwfwGifvnf; pl;¶Sxuf jrufpmG / ¶$iv f ef;pGm/ a0zefpmG jzwfoef;aeonfukd awG@jrif&ayonf?

'*kefwm&m 1995 azazmf0g&D 10 (pmay*sme,f twGJ (3)/ trSwf3/ 1995 Edk0ifbmvxkwfrS ul;,lazmfjyonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

vlukd b,foul zefqif;ovJ

a&;ol - vlxak ':trm vlwa,mufqdk+yD;awmh tarwdk@ touf¶Sif v_yf¶Sm;ae=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh wa,mufe@J wa,muf vlawG[m rwln=D uwmawG ¶So d vd/k wln=D uwmawGvJ ¶Sw d ,f? rwln=D ur_ukd ta=umif;jyKy;D awmh tJ'v D &l @J yHyk ef;jzpfay:vmwmyJ xifyg&@J uG,?f Oyrm (1) olarG;zGm;}u;D jyif;&wJh acwfumv tajctae (2) ol@udk arG;zGm;vmwJh tcg ol@udk }uD;jyif;atmifarG;wJh rdbtodkif;t0dkif;&J@ pD;yGg;a&;tajctae (3) ol oif=um;zwfrw S &f wJh pmayA[kow k / +y;D awmh (4) ol vkyu f ikd pf m;aomuf&wJh touf arG;0rf;ausmif; (5) ol@ woufrSm }uHKawG@cJh&wJh tjzpftysufawG[m ol@b0udk yHo k iG ;f w,fv@kd tarawmh xifwmyJ? udk,farG;vmwJh acwfumvtajctae qdkygawmh? tarwdk@qdk&if +AdwdoSs usGefb0rSm arG;cJhawmh/ tJ'Db0rSm touf 25 ESpf xufrenf; aecJh&w,f? +AdwdoSs tpd;k &qdw k m tJ'w D ek ;f u urBmah jryHu k kd =unfv h u kd &f if tifrwef}u;D rm;vlO;D a&rsm;jym;wJh tdE, dN Edik if }H u;D eJ@wuG +Aw d o d sS tpd;k & ydik q f ikd w f EhJ ikd if aH wGukd teDa&mife@J azmfjyxm; wm[m 30

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

wurBmvHk;tESH@ enf;wmawG r[kwfbl;? +yD;awmh =um;ae&ao;w,f +AdwdoSs&J@ tifyikd , f m}u;D [m cktwdik ;f &yfraeao;bl;? qufquf+y;D vnf; us,w f ek ;f wJ?h wrdepfukd b,fESpf{uE_ef;eJ@ qufvufwdk;wufwkef;wJh? olwdk@&J@ a&wyf avwyf =unf;wyf qdw k mawGuvnf; rsm;rSrsm;? tarwd@k jrefrmEdik if aH v;u +Aw d o d sS tifyikd , f m }u;D xJu tdEdN,tpdk;&&J@ vufatmufjynfe,fwcktjzpf ae&wmwJh? tr,fav; tdEdN,eJ@ cGJ&ygr,fhta=umif; u|efwoD;woef@ jzpfvmygr,fhta=umif; cGJa&;wGJa&; qdkwmudk vkyv f u kd &f ao;w,f? 'd@k tcsi;f csi;f pdw0f rf;uG=J u&ao;w,f? tar 'Dta=umif;awGukd ajymaewmu +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &[m tiftm;aumif;w,f/ cdik rf mw,f qdw k mudk od&atmif ajymjywmyg? olw@kd u olw@kd cdik rf mw,f jrjJ rw H ,fv@kd odxm;awmh olwdk@ ttkyfcsKyfcHvlawGudk 'Drdkua&pD 50 om;avmufay;xm;w,f? olwdk@qDrSm ¶SdwJh wyd\mavmufudk w0uf/ tJ'gudk 'dk@ ttkyfcsKyfcHawGu enf;vdk@ xyfawmif;awmh 60 om;avmufxd wdk;ay;w,f? 'dk@u wdkufyGJ0ifvdk@ &rSef;odawmh xyfawmif;w,f? awmif;awmh 65d om;avmufxd ay;w,f? aemufawmh b,fvdk awmif;awmif;udk ray;bl;? tJ'g tarwd@k }u;D jyif;cJ&h wJh acwfumv tajctaeyJ? vlwa,muftzd@k qif;&JwhJ rdbu arG;au|;okwo f ifvmwmjzpf&if qif;&Jwm qdk aumif;aumif;em;vnfw,f? tJ'gu vlrsm;pk? rdb csr;f omwJq h u D arG;zGm;cJw h m/ ol }u;D jyifwt hJ xd rdbawGu csr;f omao;w,fq&kd if ol[m qif;&Jwmudk odyef m;rvnf bl;? pmemaxmufxm;wwf+y;D pdwaf umif;apwem¶Sw d v hJ u l enf;enf; em;vnfw,f? ud, k v f kd csifwck &zdk@twGuf b,favmuf ¶kef;uef&w,fqdkwm em;vnfod¶Sdr_rSm uGmjcm;csuf awG¶w dS ,f? ynma&;eJ@ ¶SmazGrw S cf &hJ wJh A[kow k uawmh vlb0rSm ta&;}u;D qH;k ygb?J tJ'rD mS vl @ tod y nmcsif ; awmf a wmf u G m jcm;oG m ;w,f ? uG m jcm;wmrS twl w l 'D p mud k zwfxm;wmcsi;f awmifrS 'DpmeJ@ygwo f ufv@kd qufvufawG;ac:&mrSm jcm;em;oGm;wwf ygao;w,f? txl;ojzifh aiGZeG ;f udu k f arG;cJw h ,fqw kd hJ vlcsr;f omeJ@/ rdqif;&J/ zqif;&Ju arG;zGm;}uD;jyif;cJh&oleJ@ oabmaygufyHkcsif;/ vufcH,Hk=unfyHkcsif; uGJjym;jcm;em;wwfyg ao;w,f? vkyu f ikd pf m;aomuf&wJh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef;uvnf;vlukd yHo k iG ;f &m rSm uGmjcm;csuf ¶SEd ikd w f ,fv@kd vl}u;D olrawGu ,H=k unf=uw,f? 'Dv[ l m acgu¶f ;kd usKd ; rSmayg/h ol@rSm q&mhq&mawGe@J ae&wmud;k vd@k ajymwwfw,f? a¶$ta&mif;t0,form; vd@k qd&k if odypf nf;urf;}u;D w,f? ESrEd aS jrm odw¶f w dS wfowJ?h bmvd@k vJv@kd ar;awmh olw@kd u a¶$ukd a&mif;&m 0,f&mrSm a¶$xad tmif wGucf suaf &mif;0,f&wmrd@k wJ?h a¶$qw kd m tzd;k wef ypPn;f [kwv f m;/ tJ'aD wmh 'D wrwfom;/ wrl;om;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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vlxka':trm (rm,mr*~Zif; Edk0ifbm/ 2003)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

tdkb,fh wuUodkvf

a':trm

"oH;k cgus ausmif;xkwpf eH pf zsufodrf;ypf? pmar;yGcJ sy;D - ausmif;rxkwef @J ? ynma&;toH;k p&dwf - wd;k ay;? 'd@k urkd zde@J - zd&if=uGr,f? 'd@k urkd xde@J - xd&ifcsr,f?" bwfpu f m; acgirf ;kd ay:awGu rwfwyf&yf vdu k v f maom ausmif;om;awGonf vufo;D vuf&;kH wef;v#uf wcJeuf atmf[pfae=uonfrmS tcsKd @vnf; toHrsm;yifjymI aeygjy?D olw@kd pdwx f YJ pmar;yGJ oH;k cgus pHepfonf rw&m;ausmif;xkwaf om pHepf[k jrifI ae=uavonf? olw@kd udk =unf&h onfrmS oem;p&m/ wuUov kd af umifpu D Tta&;udk uav;awG tay:Y tb,fa=umifh Tr# wif;rm&onfukd tH=h oaerdygonf? od@k tH=h ojcif;u ,ckwuUov kd af umifpYD aumifpv D mawGtjzpf yg0ifae=uaom 0ef}u;D rsm;/ ,ck tpd;k & tzG@J 0ifrsm;/ oHtrwf}u;D rsm; ud, k w f ikd f yg0ifqifEcJG o hJ nfh 1936 ckEpS f oydw}f u;D ESihf u|erf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

wd@k . ausmif;om;b0udk jyefvnfjrifa,mif rdygawmhonf? ud}k u;D Ek (,ck0ef}u;D csKy)f udk ausmif;xkwv f u kd o f jzifh ausmif;om;wavmuvH;k yGuaf vm&du k cf &hJ yH/k td;k a0or*~pmapmif t,f'w D m udak tmifqef; (Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;) udk ausmif;xkwv f u kd o f jzifh wuUov kd Yf acsmufcsm;oGm;r_/ T (2) a,muf ausmif;xkwrf _ a=umifh jynfv;kH u|wf ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D ay:ayguI f u|erf wd@k oydwaf rSmufcyhJ rkH sm;rSm tb,frmS arhEikd yf grnfenf;? OD;ausmfjidrf;/ Adkvfcifarmifav;/ rpPwm&m&Spf/ OD;xGef;0if;wdk@um; xdkpOfu oydwaf rSmuf aumifq,fvmrsm;/ ,ckaomf 0ef}u;D rsm;ESihf ,leb D mpDwD aumifq,fvmrsm;? "ynma&;pHepf - topfjyifay; ynma&; toH;k p&dwf - wd;k ay; ausmif;om;xk nDnw G af &; - wnfaqmuf=u" vrf;ay:rS um;wef;}u;D rSm rqH;k ao;ojzifh ausmif;om;wd@k . vufo;D vuf&;kH wef;I wcJeuf [pfatmf awmif;qdo k rH sm;rSmvnf; tvH;k tcJtvdu k f =um;aeqJjzpfygonf? u|erf wd@k oydwaf rSmufco hJ nfh 1936 ckEpS u f vnf; Ta=u;G a=umforH sKd ;yif a=u;G a=umfc&hJ onf? ,ckvnf; TtoHrsKd ;yif vrf;ay:Y ys@H vGiahf eqJ &Syd gao;onf? xd@k a=umifh u|erf wd@k .b0ESihf ,ckausmif;om;wd@k .b0udk u|erf u Edi_ ;f ,SOrf =unfb h J raeEdik af wmh?

[dkwkef;u wuUodkvf (1) ausmif;vc ay;&onf 12d? (2) ausmif;aqmif vHak vmufonf? (3) q&mvHak vmufonf? (4) tar&duefq&mrsm;/ ,l*pkd vyf ausmif;om;rsm;r&S?d (5) *k%x f ;l wef;ausmif;om;rsm; ygarmuQ}u;D rsm;udk az:vHzg;onf? (6) tdik af t/ bDatrsm;Yausmif;aqG;/ vlaqG; wwef;v#if 8 ESp/f 9 ESpaf eaom ausmif;om; rsm;&So d nf? pmar;yGcJ sI ausmif;xkwaf om pHepfr&S?d (7) or*~ukd vGwv f yfpmG pnf;&H;k cGi&hf o dS nf? ud, k 0f ifvrkd S 0if&onf? (8) ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif (2) a,muf (udEk Ek iS hf udak tmifqef;) ausmif;xkwo f jzifh jynfv;kH u|wf oydw}f u;D arSmufonf? (9) paumvvm;&Sp/f pwdik yf ifa=u;rsm; tenf;i,fomay;onf? (10) pmoifcef;xJwiG f pmoifom; tenf;i,fEiS hf at;at;aq;aq; oif=um;Edik o f nf? toHcs@J puf wyfqif&onfr&S?d (11) pmoifcef;rsm;Y cHak e&m vk&onfr&S?d aemufy;kd tcsKd @ 'kw, d cHw k ef;&&ef vkjcif;om&S. d ? (12) ,lbpD D ac: wuUov kd f taysmw f rf;wyfukd zG@J xm;aomfvnf; a=umfjimr_/ 0g'jzef@r_r&S?d 34

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

(13) ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ajr&Sit f &m&S}d u;D om;oR;D rsm;ursm;I vlvwfwef;pm; om;oR;D u enf;onf? befaumufvckH sD w&$r;f &$r;f ESihf ausmif;om;aygonf? (14) ae@ausmif;om;u tvGeef nf;I ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om; tvGerf sm;onf? (15) pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; tbd;k enf;I pHv k ifvakH vmufpmG 0,fI&onf? (16) tpd;k & 0g'jzef@pmayrsm;udk wrif&u kd o f iG ;f oif=um;ay;aejcif;r&S?d (17) ausmif;om;rS ppfom;jzpfvma&;od@k vkyaf qmifjcif; r&So d avmufjzpf.? (18) atmufwef;/ txufwef; [lI&Sad omfvnf; atmufwef;rSm tav;teufr&Sb d /J txufwef;udo k m t"duxm;I ajz=u.? (19) ausmif;om;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&; pdwf0ifpm;=ujcif;rSm e,fcsJ@pHepfudk qef@usifaom trsdK;om;a&; pdwfa=umifhomjzpfonf? ausmif;om;ta&;/ ausmif;om;vdkvm;csuf/ epfemcsurf sm;a=umifrh [kw?f ausmif;om;epfemcsuf enf;vS.? ,ck wuUov kd f (1) ausmif;vc tcrJ?h (2) ausmif;aqmif rvHak vmuf? (3) q&m rvHak vmuf? (4) tar&duef q&mrsm;&S/d ,l*pkd vyf ausmif;om;rsm;&S?d (5) 'Dtufpt f rkd sm;/ &Jacgirf sm; tcGit hf a&; ydI k &onf? (6) pmar;yGJ 3 }urd f ajzjy;D ratmifjrifu xGu&f onf? pmar;yGcJ sI ausmif;xkwaf om pHepf&. dS ? (7) or*~vw G v f yfpmG pnf;&H;k cGirhf &S/d od@k aomf or*~r0ifrae&? (8) ausmif; 1 ESpf xkwcf &H ol 10 a,muf/ &moufyef ausmif;xkwcf &H ol 60 a,muf/ yk'rf 5 ESihf tzrf;cH&ol 14 a,muf? oydwrf arSmuf? (9) axmufyahH =u;&&ef tvkt,uf av#mufxm;olawG 'ke@J a';xJu tvGeef nf;aom OD;a&om ppfxw k I f &&S=d uonf? (10) pmoifcef;wckv#if pmoifol 200 - 300 ausmfudk toHcsJ@pufjzifh wyfqif oif=um;ay;&onf? (11) a&S@em;uae&mudk &ygrnfhta=umif; yxr acgif;avmif;xdk;onfESifh wjydKifeuf 'v=urf;xGuI f aemufwcef;od@k tvkt,uf 0ifxikd Ef iS &hf onf? (12) ,lwpD D udk txl;tom;ay; a=umfjimonf? 0g'jzef@onf? bG@J ESi;f obif &H;k }u;D a&S@od@k vmI ppfa&;cif;usi;f jyonf? ausmif;tky}f u;D rSm ppf,el aD zgi;f r=umc% 0wf&&Sm.? (13) tvwfwef;pm;rS ausmif;vmaeol ydrk I kd rsm;jym;vmonf? aumvdyaf usmif;om; qdak omfvnf; jzpfovdk 0wfpm;/ ausmif;wuforl sm;vS.? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

(14) &yfa0;rS vmolrsm;yifv#if ausmif;teD; &yf&mG rsm;wGif tdr;f iSm;I aeolawG 'kEiS ahf '; &Sad eonf? (15) pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; tvGeaf ps;}u;D aejy;D / vdck sio f nfukd 0,fIr&? (16) tpd;k &ygw. D 0g'jzef@pmtkyrf sm;udk trsKd ;rsKd ; oif=um;&.? (17) ausmif;om;rS ppfxo J @kd a&mufvma&;wGif enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh vkyaf qmifaeonf? (18) tydik ;f (u) ESihf tydik ;f (c) [lI cGjJ cm;xm;um wydik ;f / wydik ;f udk oD;oef@tav;ay;I oif=um; a&;/ ajz=u&onf? (19) ausmif;om;rsm; EdkifiHa&; pdwf0ifpm;=uonfrSm e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; paom trsKd ;om;a&;/ wdik ;f jynfta&;twGux f uf/ ausmif;om;b0wGif tqifrajyr_/ zdEydS rf r_ sm;udk tajccHIom pdw0f ifpm;vm=ujcif;jzpfonf? "'d@k ukd rzde@J - zd&if=uGr,f 'd@k urkd xde@J - xd&ifcsr,f" qdak om toHrsm;onf pDwef;vSnv hf nfvmaom um;wef;}u;D u|erf wd@k tdrEf iS hf a0;IoGm;onfEiS t hf r# toHrsm;rSmvnf; ao;I/ ao;I oGm;ygjy?D aemufwiG f oJo h rhJ #om yJ@wifcwfI use&f pfonf? Arm wuUov kd rf sm;Y jird ;f csr;f pGm ynmoif=um;Edik af &; vdt k yfvo S nf? jird ;f csr;f pGm ynmoif=um;r_ rjyKEikd af o;or#/ ynma&; vGwv f yfr_ r&Sad =umif; xif&mS ;vSay.? jyefvnfz@JG pnf;r_ rjyK&ao;aom ,ae@ u|erf wd@k Edik if . H ynma&;rSm tpd;k &onf b,frEl iS v hf rS ;f I ynma&;onf b,fpcef;qdu k awmhrnfrodjy?D ausmif;om;awGtaejzifh qH;k &H;_ aom ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&;rsm;u jynfoal wG qH;k &Ha_ eaom jynfo@l tcGit hf a&;ESihf eifvm;/ igvm;yif &Sad eyg.?

a':trm (vlxk*sme,fwGif az: jyjyD;aom a':trm. "tdkb,fhwuUodkv"f rSaumufE_wfcsuf jzpfygonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

usGefr qHkcJh&onfh 36 ck ta&;awmfyHk

trm u|erf wd@k acwfu us (F) jy\emvnf; r¶S/d ausmif;aqmif jy\emvnf; r¶S/d pmoifcef; jy\emvnf; r¶Sd/ ausmif;om;oydwf}uD; ay:vmonfhtwGuf tcsdK@aom ausmif;om;rsm;u udv k ekd b D 0Y wou . OD;aqmifru _ kd odvo kd rl sm; ¶Sad yrnf? [kwfygayonf? ,ae@ ausmif;om;awG. tajctaeESifh u|efrwdk@acwfu ausmif;om;awG. tajctaerSm rsm;pGmrS jcm;em;ygonf? ,ck ausmif;om;awGudk ajymjyvSsif ausmif;om;awGu "a=omf²²²²² a¶S;a¶S;wke;f u wuUov kd q f w kd m 'Dvu kd ;kd " [k tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

awG;I a0;uGmvSaom umvqDo@kd wGe;f yd@k vdu k =f urnf xifygonf? u|erf wd@k ausmif;om;b0u udo k ed ;f az}u;D wd@k rsm; tifwm(Oypmwef;) wGif 9 ESpf aeygonf? us 9 us jzpfonfqI kd rnfonfh tm%mydik u f rSs rnfo@kd rSs ta&;r,lyg? ausmif;aqmifc rSerf eS af y;orSs taqmifuvnf; vufco H nf? ausmif;vc rSerf eS &f orSs wuUov kd u f vnf; vufco H nf? ausmif;vcrSm tifwmY 9d/ 0dZm… wef;Y 12d jzpfonf? taqmifcrSm wvvSsif 25d jzpfonf? ausmif;aqmifqo kd nfrmS vnf; wa,mufcef;wGif wa,muf/ 2 a,mufcef;wGif 2 a,muf/ wcgw&H 2 a,mufcef;}u;D Y yifvsS if wa,mufwnf; aevdu k ae&wwf ao;onf? 10 wef;atmifp ausmif;om;rsm; tzd@k om taqmifaea&;udk taqmifr;ª xH pmwifI avSsmufxm;&onf? wESpfaezl;onfh ausmif;om;a[mif;zdk@ avSsmufae awmif;aep&m rvdak wmh? taqmifziG I hf tcsed w f ef a&mufvmvSsif 0ifae¶Ho k m ¶So d nf? ,refEpS u f ud, k af e+y;D om; tcef;jyef&vdv k sS if olrsm;xuf 2 &uf 3 &uf apmI vmEdik v f sS if &onf? pmoifcef; qdkygvSsifvnf; u|efrwdk@ ausmif;olrsm;tzdk@ olrsm;enf;wl tajy;tv$m;oGm;I ae&m&atmif vkxikd af ep&m rvdyk g? acgi;f avmif;xd;k cge;D rS q&mESihf ra¶S;raESmif; 0ifvm=u+y;D ausmif;om;rsm;u wrifcseaf y;xm;aom a¶S@wef;cHrk sm;wGif 0ifxikd I f oif&ygonf? 1936 ckEpS u f jrefrmwEdik if v H ;kH Y ¶S¶d o dS rSs txufwef;ausmif;awG/ tv,fwef; ausmif;awGESifh ,leDAmpDwDaumvdyf/ *syfqifaumvdyfwdk@yif yg0ifonfh jynfvHk;u|wf oydw}f u;D ay:vm&jcif;rSm wuo OuUXudk ausmif;xkwrf nf[k qdak om=umifh jzpfygonf? 1936 ckEpS f jynfv;kH u|wf ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D ay:ayguv f m&onfh avmavm q,f ta=umif;&if;onf atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf? 1936 ck E S p f / Zef e 0g&D v 31 &uf a e@Y wuowG i f ausmif ; om;rsm;. pum;tacstwif a[majymyGw J &yf ¶So d nf? xdk pum;tajctwif ajymyG}J u;D Y wuo OuU X ud k E k u ausmif ; om;rsm;. ta&;ud p P t wG i f ; Y tcsd K @aom tm%myd k i f w d k @ pGuzf ufaer_EiS hf wuUov kd w f iG f ausmif;om;rsm;tm; u|epf w d /f atmufusaemufuspw d rf sm; oGi;f ay;aer_w@kd udk pum;vH;k cyf=urf;=urf;ESihf ajym=um;oGm;cJh onf? aemuf &uftenf;i,ft=umY tdk;a0r*~Zif; xGufvmonf? r*~Zif;wGif t*Fvdyfpm u¾Y t,f'DwmxH ay;pmwapmif ygonf? xdkay;pmrSm "i&JjynfrS i&JacG;waumif vGwo f mG ;&m wuUov kd Yf usupf m;aeonf=um;I i&Jjynfo@kd jyefy@kd vdu k yf g" [lI ",rrif;" qdo k u l a&;xm;onf? Tay;pmonf wuUov kd ¶f dS q&mwOD; wa,mufukd apmif;ajrmif; a&;om;jcif; ayavm[k tm%mydik af vmuY v_y¶f mS ;vmonf? 38

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

xd@k a=umifh Zefe0g&D 31 &ufae@u wuoOuUX. rde@f cGe;f onfvnf;aumif;/ ,ck tdk;a0r*~Zif;yg ay;pmonfvnf;aumif;/ wuUodkvfausmif;om;wdk@. pnf;urf; ao0yfrE_ iS rhf nD? xd@k twGuf wuo OuUXonf ajymcJo h nfh rde@f cGe;f twGuf xkacsvm$ ay;&rnf? tdk;a0t,f'Dwm udkatmifqef;uvnf; aqmif;yg;¶SifrSm rnfolrnf0g jzpfonfqjkd cif;udk azmfxw k &f rnf[k tm%mydik w f @kd u awmif;qdv k monf? wuopmapmif / td k ; a0t,f ' D w m ud k a tmif q ef ; u xd k a qmif ; yg;ud k xnfo h iG ;f jcif;rSm rSm;onf[k qdyk gvsS if t,f'w D mtaeESihf 0rf;enf;pum; awmif;yefygrnf? od@k aomf t,f'w D mwd@k apmifph nf;tyfonfh urBmx h ;kH wrf;pOfvmESit hf nD aqmif;yg;¶Siu f m; rnforl nf0gjzpfonfukd razmfxw k Ef ikd yf g[k qdak vonf? Tjyef = um;csuf u d k rauseyf / OuU X xH r S xk a csv$ m ray;onf u d k v nf ; rauseyfaom tm%mydkifrsm;u OuUXudkEktm; ,leDAmpDwDaumvdyfrS xkwfy,f vdu k o f nfqakd om pmwapmif 21-2-36 ae@wGif ay;vmonf? pifppf wuoOuUXrSm 'Du&D&+y;D jzpfI Oya'wef;wufaeonfh 'kw, d ESpjf zpf&m tm%mydik w f @kd u ausmif;rSxw k o f nf qdck sed Yf pmoifcef; jzKw+f y;D +yD jzpfI OuUXonf bDt,f pmar;yG0J ifajzI us¶;H_ apOD;awmh aemufEpS Yf ausmif;qufI ae&ef rvdak wmhygay? xd@k a=umifh tm%mydik w f @kd . TtjyKtrlonf wuo. *k%o f u d mQ udk usatmif wrifoufouf jyKvkyfjcif;/ apmfum;jcif;[lI ausmif;om;xku jrifonf? (xdk@jyif aemufqufwJG owif;pum;tjzpfEiS hf td;k a0t,f'w D m udak tmifqef;udv k nf; ausmif;rS xkwyf ,fvrd rhf nf[k twGi;f usus cdik v f pkH mG =um;od&onf? od@k aomf tm%mydik rf sm;onf oydwfarSmufoGm;=uonftxd udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;xkwfonfh trdef@ ray;cJh? oydwfarSmuf+yD;I wv=umrS wuUodkvfa=umfjimoifykef;wGif udkatmifqef;tm; 3 ESpyf ,fvu kd o f nfqakd om trde@f uyfxm;onf?) wuUov kd f tm%mydik w f @kd u OuUXudk ausmif;xkwo f nf qdjk cif;a=umifh ¶_wcf s uef@uGuaf om oabmjzif/h tr_aqmiftzG@J u wzG@J vH;k pmar;yGrJ ajzyJ oydwaf rSmufrnf[k pOf;pm;onf? tr_aqmifrsm; taejzifh TrSsom tpDtpOf¶adS omfvnf; ausmif;om;xk rSmum; wuoudk Todk@ apmfum;&ygrnfvm;[k jyif;pGmrcHr&yf jzpfae=uavonf? xd@k a=umifh tajctae t&yf&yfukd wifjy&ef ac:,lonfh ausmif;om;xk pnf;a0;yG}J u;D udk azazmf0g&v D 25 &ufae@Y ac:,lwifjy ¶Si;f vif;onft h cg ausmif;om;xk. tH=k urG }_ u;D xde;f r&awmhbJ ayguu f &JG avawmhonf? wuUodkvf or*~cef;r}uD; vSsHxGufaeaom xdkausmif;om;xk pnf;a0;yGJY ,leDAmpDwD tufOya'. tjypftemrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ u|efynma&;. rzG,fr&m yHrk sm;udv k nf;aumif;/ jynfjh ynf0h 0}u;D azmfxw k I f ocifynma&;/ trsKd ;om;wuUov kd pf onfh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

wu,f h vG w f v yf a om Ed k i f i H w Ed k i f i H . arS s mf r S e f ; csuf } uD ; rsm;ud k azmf x k w f I awmif;qdkvm=uawmhonf? xdk@aemuf udkvdkeD ynmudkom ay;onfh TwuUodkvfY raevdkyg+yDqdkum wuUodkvfoydwf}uD; ay:aygufvmawmhonf? *syfqifaumvdyfuyg oydwx f J a&mufvm&onf? wuUov kd Yf pmar;yGaJ wGrmS azazmf0g&v D (28) &ufae@wGif p=urnf jzpf&m oydwaf rSmufcsed rf mS pmar;yG}J u;D ajz&ef ESp&f uftvdw k iG f jzpfygonf? rnfo@kd rSs }uKd wifppD Ofxm;jcif;r¶Sad om xdo k ydwu f kd wuo˜ u aumif;rGepf mG xde;f odr;f Edik f cJo h nf? Armwjynfv;kH ¶Sd txufwef;ausmif;rsm;ESihf tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;. ulnaD xmufcH oydwu f v kd nf; ay:ayguaf pEdik af yao;ojzifh awmf¶rkH eS u f efaom pnf;¶H;k a&; rsKd ;ESihf rjzpfEikd o f nfrmS aocsmygonf? xdk@jyif u|efrwdk@ acwfu wuUodkvfausmif;om;qdkonfrSm ajrydkif¶Sifwdk@. om;orD ; rsm;/ t&m¶S d t &mcH w d k @ . om;orD ; rsm;u vl r sm;pk jzpf y gonf ? Tod k @ vlwef;pm;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;udk wuo˜ u rnfo@kd pnf;¶H;k xm;I Tod@k v_y¶f mS ;Edik jf cif; jzpf&ygoenf;? jynfov l x l u k wuoudk rnfo@kd axmufco H enf;[lI ar;zG,&f m ¶Syd gonf? vGwv f yfae+yjD zpfaom TacwfY jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; &¶Sad &;onf jynfow l @kd . t"dujy\em jzpfouJhodk@ usGefacwfu jynfolwdk@. wckwnf;aom jy\emrSm wrsKd ;om;vH;k vGwv f yfa&;/ ud, k =hf urRm ud, k zf efw;D Edik af &;yif jzpfygonf? Tod@k trsKd ;om; t"dujy\emudk wuo˜ u b,fawmhrS rsuaf jcrjywf onfomru/ tjrw J rf; qkyu f ikd I f ¶Syd gonf? wuo OuUXu rde@f cGe;f ay;onf[k qdv k sS if jrefrmEdik if YH wESpv f sS if 10 wef; pmar;yGu J kd ajzqdo k l 3000 om¶SI d 33 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f cef@ atmifjrifaoma=umifh ausmif;om; 1000cef@ ESppf Of pmar;yGJ atmifonf? od@k atmif&mY atwef;rS atmifonf/ bDwef;rS atmifonf[lI ESpfqifhcGJI atmifap+yD;/ atwef;rS atmifoludkom wuUodkvfodk@ 0ifcGifhay;aoma=umifh rEWav;Oypmaumvdyf/ *syfqifaumfvdyfwdk@ tygt0if &efukef wuUov kd Yf eSppf Of txufwef;ynmoif ausmif;om; 1400 xufryd?k vlO;D a& 17 oef;Y wuUov kd yf nm oif,El ikd o f l 1400 om ¶Sad ponfh udv k ekd D ynma&;onf pkwyf EhJ ckH smvSonf? xGuv f mjyefawmhvnf; touf arG;0rf;ausmif; ynmr[kwI f +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &. tkycf sKyaf &; ,EW&m;Y u|ew f a,muftjzpfEiS o hf m vcpm;b0wGif 0ifa&muf tr_xrf;&onf? +AdwdefY wuUodkvfaygif; rnfrSs¶SdI ynmoifEdkifonfh OD;a& rnfrSs¶Sdonf? pufrv _ ufr_ rnfo@kd xGe;f um;onf ponfrsm;udk Edi_ ;f ,SOI f jywwfonf? u|eyf nmrSonf ocifynma&;od@k / u|ew f uUov kd rf o S nf trsKd ;om;wuUov kd o f @kd / u|ev f cpm;b0rS pufr_ vkyif ef;}u;D rsm;xlaxmifEikd af &;od@k ponfrsm;udk wuorS azmfxw k I f pnf;¶Hx k m;ygonf? wuo. pnf;¶H;k a&;aumif;yHu k kd om"uwck jyygrnf? oydw}f u;D arSmufaom tcg +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &. tkycf sKyaf &; puf,EW&m;}u;D twGi;f rS t&m¶St d &mcHw@kd . om;orD;awG 40

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

trsm;}uD; oydwfxJ ygvmonf? +AdwdoSstpdk;&onf TrSstxd oabmaumif;aom e,fcs@J orm; r[kwI f ol@ vcpm;rsm;tm; om;orD;awGukd oydwrf S jyefac:ay;&rnf[k zdEyfdS af wmif;qdyk gonf? TwGif rdbrsm; crsmrSm tvkyjf yKw&f awmhrnfh tEW&m,f}u;D ESihf &ifqdkifae&onfjzpfI om;orD;rsm;udk acsmharmhI vnf;aumif;/ ajcmufaigufI vnf;aumif; jyefac:,lonf? xdktcg om;orD;rsm;crsm rdbrsm; tvkyfjyKwfrnfh ab;uwzuf/ wuoudk opPmrazmufEikd o f nfh ,H=k unfcsuu f wzuf jzpfae+y;D aemufq;kH Y rsu&f nfpufvufEiS hf rdbawGukd ausmcdik ;f +y;D wuoudk zufI tptqH;k axmufco H mG ;=uol trsm;}u;D ¶Syd gonf? xdk@a=umifh u|efrwdk@acwf wuoonf ,ck ppf+yD;acwf wuorsm;uJhodk@ wdkufyGJawG trsm;tjym; r}uD;us,faomfvnf; pnf;¶Hk;a&;tm;jzifh rnHhyg? wuo OD;aqmifr_onf ajymifajrmufonfom jzpfygonf? ausmif;om;awG. rSDcdktm;xm; vJavsmif;&m vnf;jzpfygonf? pifppf xdt k csed t f cgonf 1300 jynfh Armhtvkyo f rm;/ v,form; ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ay:awmhrnfh qJqJ jzpfI 1936 ck wuo. oydwf ta&;awmfyo kH nf 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfy. kH yrm% jzpfygonf? wuoonf Armhvw G v f yfa&;wdu k yf YJG jynfoEl iS hf tjrw J rf; vufwv JG suf &Hzef wyfO;D rS/ &Hzef wyfq, G rf /S &Hzef wyfv,frS vdu k cf o hJ nf? aemufwGifvnf; wuoonf jynfol@ tonf;ESvHk;tjzpfESifh t"Gef@¶SnfI xm0pOf wnfygapownf;?

trm (tdk;a0r*~Zif; wuo ESpf 30 ajrmuf 1959-60 rS) (jrefrmopf r*~Zif;/ trSwf 19/ 2010ckeSpf/ 'DZifbmv rS ul;,lazmfjyygw,f)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

0HomEkacwf a&;ol - vlxak ':trm

tarwkŒd i,fi,fwek ;f u wkŒd tazu jrefrmbdvyf&nf pufrmS refae*sm vkyw f ,f? olrsm;u trma& nnf;tazu bmvkyw f mvJ´ vkŒd ar;&if bdvyf&nfpufu refae*sm&Sihf vkŒd vl=u;D awGu ajymjyxm;wJt h wkid ;f jyefajzwmyJ? tarwkŒd tdref m;u udpk 0H if;qkw d hJ vl=u;D wpfa,muf &Sw d ,f? olu tarhudk odypf wm? nnf;tazu bdvyf&nfpufu refae*sm r[kwyf gb;l / bdvyf&nfpufrmS wefum; armif;wmyg wJ?h wefum;qkdwm bdvyf&nf ykvif;awGwifjyD; jrdKŒay:u qkdifwumvnfykdŒwJh av;bD;wyf jrif;wpfaumifqw JG hJ ukew f if ,mOfayhg? ausmufvrf;ay:rSmqkd wa*smif;a*smif;eJŒ? [kw d ek ;f u uwW&map;vrf; r&Sad o;bl;? ukpd 0H if;u tJovkad jym&if taru odypf w d q f ;dk wm? r[kwyf gbl;/ r[kwyf gbl; eJŒ jiif;wmyJ? ukpd 0H if;uvnf; "[kwyf gw,f- nnf; rodvŒdk yg/ ig ajymjyr,f reuf reuf tdru f oGm;&if bdvyf&nfpufa&mufawmh pufaemufaz;u 0if;xJrmS csnx f m;wJh jrif;=u;D ukd 42

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

wefum;rSmwyfjyD;/ wefum;ukd bdvyf&nfpufa&SŒ armif;vma&m/ jyD;awmh bdvyf&nf ykvif;awGwifa&m/ ig jrifaewmyJ" wJ?h ukdpH0if; 'Dvkdajymawmh ukd,hfpdwfxJ Za0Z0gawG jzpfukefwmaygh? EkdŒayr,fh tarwkŒd u ajymwmu refae*smyJ? refae*smqkw d m vl=u;D ygqjdk y;D udpk 0H if;ukd jiif;wmyJ? udpk 0H if;uvnf; qufqufjy;D p wmyJ? =umawmh olŒukd Ekid af tmif rajymEkid v f Œdk qGq J w d /f vufo;D eJŒ xk? wcgwavvnf; udpk 0H if;qDu ikjd y;D jyefc&hJ w,f? wu,fuawmh udpk 0H if;u tazwkŒd bdvyf&nfpufrmS wefum;armif;wmyg? tarhudk uav;rkŒd olu wrif p wm? tarwkŒd rEWav;rSm tJ'aD cwfwek ;f u bdvyf&nfac:wJh aomufp&m tcsK&d nf vkyif ef;ukd AVID & EZRA Bros: a';ApfeŒJ tDZ&m b&m;om;qkw d hJ ukr% ` =D u;D u wpfO;D wnf; vuf0g;=uD;tkyf vkyfukdifygw,f? olŒacwfeJŒ olŒtcg olwkdŒbdvyf&nfpuf vkyfief;[m tvGe=f u;D ygw,f? olwŒdk bdvyf&nfpufudk 1904 ckEpS u f pwnfaxmifwmwJ?h rEWav;rSm "gw&f xm; ajy;wmeJŒwpfEpS w f nf;ayg?h puf=u;D wpfcv k ;Hk bdvyf&nfyv k if; aq;wm/ t&nfow G w f mu tp tm;vk;H vSsypf pfeŒJ csn;f vnfywfvyk u f idk w f hJ puf=u;D ayg?h pufuvnf; tvGeaf cwfro D wJ?h bdvyfu aemufq;Hk rSmwmwJ?h use;f rma&; twGuf tk;d awGcu G af wGu tm;vk;H aiG&nfow k t f ;dk cGuaf wG? ykvif;aq;wmvnf; pufeŒJ aq;wm? wpfaeŒwpfaeŒukd bdvyf&nf ykvif; 'gZif 500 usw,f? tvkyo f rm; vl 20 eJŒ xkwv f yk w f hJ puf=u;D wJ?h [kv d eG cf w hJ hJ ESpaf ygi;f 90 u taetxm;av? tJ'aD wmh bdvyf&nfqw dk mukd t*Fvyd 0f ifvmrS aomufz;l olrsm;tzkŒd u tvGef txif=uD;p&m/ prf;aomuf jrnf;aomuf =unfhcsifp&m/ 'g aomufwwfrS acwfrD txufwef; usw,fvŒdk xifp&m=u;D jzpfaewmayg?h 'Dbv d yf&nfudk jrefrmawGuvnf; aomuf=unfah wmh awmfawmf =uKd uv f m=ujy?D tarwkŒd odyif ,fi,fu tajctaeukd ajymjyOD;r,faemf "wkŒd txuf jrefrmEkid if H u &Sifbk&if ygawmfrloGm;jyD; olŒu|efjzpfvm&wJhtcsdefrSm jAdwdoSstpkd;&u u|ef;opf ta&mif;t0,f/pyg; ta&mif;t0,f/ a&eHvyk if ef;pwJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; t=u;D pm;=u;D awGudk olwŒdk vlrsK;d vkyif ef;&Siaf wG vufxJ a&mufapjy;D wJah emuf ta&mif;t0,fvyk if ef; tvwf pm;eJŒ ti,fpm; pD;yGm;a&;awGudk olwŒdk u rvkyaf wmhbJ pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;=u;D us,u f s,f zGifhay;vkdufawmh t&if;tESD; odyf&SdjyD; tquftoG,f aumif;=uwJh vlrsKd;jcm;awGu 0ifvmjy;D tm;vk;H 0ifvyk =f uwmayg?h tarwkdŒEkdifiHu vlOD;a&awG odyfrsm;wJh EkdifiH=uD; 2 ck=um;rSm&SdwJh EkdifiHi,f r[kwv f m;? tJ'aD wmh 'D ESpEf idk if u H pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGu wkŒd Ekid if x H J wk;d 0ifvm=uwmayg?h tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

jy;D cJw h t hJ ywfwek ;f u vkycf aps;aygaygeŒJ atmufwef;pm;tvky=f urf; trsK;d rsK;d ukd tdE, dN u vmvkyw f hJ tvkyo f rm;aumf&if*saD wGta=umif; a&;cJjh y/D 'Dtywf txufwef; tvkyt f ukid af wGrmS vlrsK;d jcm;awG vky=f uwmukd a&;OD;r,fav? tarwkŒd &JŒ taemufbufrmS uyfaewJh jynfe,f/ b*Fvm;vkŒd ac:wJh BENGAL bifa*gvu f bef*gvv D rl sK;d uqk&d if tarwkŒd Ekid if u H &k;H toD;oD;rSm vky&f wJh pma&; pmcsD tvkyaf wGxrJ mS olwŒdk trsm;=u;D 0ifvyk af e=uwmyJ? olwŒdk u t*Fvyd pf mwwfawG? [kw d ek ;f u rD;&xm; Xme=u;D xJrmS qk&d if jrefrmu odyef nf;wm? rD;&xm;Ïmeudk bef*gvD vlrsK;d awG tkypf ;D xm;w,fvŒdk awmif ajym&rwwfy?J jy;D awmh a&$/ pdepf wJh t&if;tES;D =u;D wJh ta&mif;t0,fvyk if ef;/ txnftvdypf wJh ta&mif;t0,fvyk if ef;awGuadk wmh rm&0g&u D v k m;olaÏ;awGu vkyu f idk =f uw,f? jrefrmawGu olwŒdk vufa0cH vufvq D idk af vmuf tenf;tyg; &Sw d m? oGi;f ukef vkyif ef;=u;D a&m/ vuUm; ta&mif;t0,f=u;D rSma&m olwŒdk csn;f vky=f uwmyJ? tarwkdŒ {&m0wDwkdŒ/ oHvGifwkdŒ/ csif;wGif;wkdŒqkdwJh jrpfa=umif;eJŒ yifv,f urf;&k;d wef;udk oabFm oGm;vmwJh vkyif ef;=u;D ud1k 865 cku pwnfaxmifwhJ {&m0wD zvkyfwDvm ukr`%Dqkdwm=uD;u wpfOD;wnf; vkyfukdifw,f? tJ'DrSm tvkyform; oabFmom;awGu tm;vk;H ac:awm ukvm;awGcsn;f yJ? wjcm; bmvlrsK;d rS ra&maESmbl;? jrefrmqkw d m wpfa,mufrrS &Sb d ;l ? oabFm wpfpif;vk;H xdyq f ;Hk u atmufq;Hk txd ac:awmukvm;awGyJ vkyu f idk =f uwmyJ? tJ'g olwŒdk &JŒ py,f&, S v f idk ;f wJ?h jyD;wmh bmoma&;tvkduf vkyfukdifpm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;awG &Sdao;w,f? Oyrm EGm;arG;jrLwm/ EGm;EkŒd a&mif;wm qkyd gawmh't D vkyu f kd [dELN ukvm;awGucsn;f vkyyf gw,f? EGm;wkŒd /qw d w f Œdk pwJh om;owfvyk if ef;ukd rGwq f vifawGucsn;f vkyu f idk w f ,f? 0ufowfwhJ vkyif ef;ukad wmh w&kwu f vkyu f idk w f ,f? w&kwu f vnf; ukvm;vkyd u J ŒJG / [kw d ek ;f u a'ouGv J Œdk trsK;d uGw J hJ olŒvlrsK;d eJŒ ol/ olwkdŒ vkyfukdifwJhtvkyfwoD;wjcm;pD &Sdw,f? Oyrmqkdygawmh uGrf;wkHvlrsKd;vkdŒ ac:wJh uefwek jf ynfe,fu w&kwaf wGu wkŒd Ekid if rH mS vuform; vkyw f ,f? w&kwv f uform;qkw d m jrefrmvuform;xuf vkycf yk;d ay;&wJh u|r;f oltqifu h ayg?h csr;f omwJh uGr;f wku H opfpuf wnfw,f? jy;D awmh uGr;f wkaH wGu taygiq f idk f vkyif ef; rSeo f rSsudk olwŒdk csn;f vkyw f muGŒJ ? taygiq f idk f qkw d hJ w&kwpf m=u;D wpfv;Hk wnf; {&mrukd qkid af &SŒu vrf;ay:rSm axmif xm;vku d w f myJ? tJ'gudk tarwkŒd jrefrmawGu rzwfwwfygb;l ? Al;oD;a=umfvŒdk yJ zwfvu dk w f myJ? 'gayr,fh vlŒtok;H taqmif bmypPn;f udrk qkd twk;d =u;D =u;D eJŒ vmaygiv f Œdk &wJah e&m 44

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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vlxka':trm (uvsm r*~Zif;/ trSwf 109/ 1994 rwfv?) (vlxka':trm/ tarha&S;pum;/ yxrwGJrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

wdk hya,m* rtrm (wuUov dk )f

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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vlxk a':trm xGufjyD - udk,fawG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - zdk;oH (vlxk) trSmpum;ESifhtwl - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf? 66

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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usaemfw@kd tdrrf mS um;armif;wJh udak t;u usaemfu h kd tjyifuae wHcg;ykw+f y;D ac:ygw,f? usaemfxu G v f mawmh "cifAsm;udk cifAsm;taru ac:aew,f/ atmufukd qif;vmcJyh gwhJ" vd@k qdw k meJ@ csujf cif; ol@aemufu vdu k o f mG ;ygw,f? atmufa&mufawmh {nfch ef;xJrmS taz&,f - tar&,f / &yf u G u f x J u vl } uD ; 3-4a,muf & ,f / wcgrS r awG @ zl ; wJ h rsuEf mS xm;wif;wif;eJ@ vlwcsKd @&,f xdik af e =uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? tazeJ@taruvnf; rsufESmrom=uygbl;? 'geJ@ usaemfvnf; tajctaeudk csufjcif;&dyfrdvdkufygw,f? usaemfa&mufawmh usaemft h azu usaemhu f kd "ighom;tcef;udk enf;enf;¶Smcsifvdk@wJh" vd@k ajymygw,f? tazajym+y;D wmeJ@yJ tJ'v D al wG tm;vH;k rwfwyfx&yf vdu k =f uygw,f? usaemfu aemufjyefvn S v fh u kd w f meJ@ tm;vH;k tay:wufwhJ avSum;qD xGuv f m=uygw,f? tdro f m; awGygaygif;&if 10 a,ufavmuf vltkyf}uD;yg? avSum;ay:wuf&if; wa,mufu usaemhu f kd "+y;D &ifar;csijf ref;csiw f mav;awG&v dS @kd usaemfw@kd eJ@ vdu k &f atmif tdy&f mvdyef @J t0wftpm;vnf; jyifyg" vd@k ajymygw,f? usaemfe@J taru twlwl wufvmwmrd@k tarhukd ajymwJo h abmvnf; aqmifaeygw,f? tJ'aD emufawmh olw@kd usaemht f cef;xJrmS ¶Sm=uawmhwmygy?J Ed@k ayrJt h vGe}f u;D ¶kyyf suq f if;ysuf ¶SmwmrsKd ; r[kwyf gb;l ? =unh&f wm wckcu k kd twdtus owif;&xm;vd@k ¶Smwm [kwf[efrwlygbl;? usaemfeJ@taru tcef;tjyif wHcg;0em;rSm &yfaeygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfhnD bdk!dktdrfrSm r¶Sdygbl;? c&D;oGm;aeygw,f? usaemhftreJ@ ESrwdk@ ¶S=d uygw,f? olw@kd vnf;yJ usaemft h em;rSm ¶S=d uygw,f? usaemht f azuawmh atmufu {nhcf ef;xJrmS vmzrf;wJh axmufvrS ;f a&; Adv k rf ;_ udk {nhcf pH um;ajymaecJw h ,fv@kd ,lq& ygw,f? usaemhf tyg;rSm &yfaewJh aemufwa,mufuawmh vmzrf;wJh axmufvrS ;f a&;u vlyg? touf 20 eJ@ 30=um; avmuf¶ydS gr,f? o@lcg;u ykq;kd xJrmS aoewftwdw k vufukd xd;k xm;ygw,f? olw@kd vSeaf vSm¶Smaewmudk =unh&f if;usaemfu rifrysuf armif;rysuf tarhem;udu k yf+y;D "usaemfajy;rSjzpfr,f" (I must flee) vd@k t*Fvyd v f kd ajymvdu k yf gw,f? tem;u axmufvrS ;f a&;ieJ[m bmrS *¶krxm;wJh [efe@J ¶SmazGaewJh vlawGqu D ykd J =unhaf e ygw,f? usaemfwdk@ ajymwmudk olem;rvnfwm trSefygyJ? 'Dawmhtaru "olwdk@rSm aoewfawGygw,f" (They have guns) vdk@jyefajymygw,f? 'Dawmh usaemfu "usaemfow d ,f/ 'gayrJh b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf usaemfawmh ajy;rSjzpfr,f" (Yes ,I know, But I must flee at all cost) vd@k xyfajymvdu k yf gw,f? om;trdcsi;f ajymwmqdak wmh 'gavmufqkd vHak vmufyg+y?D ajymvd@k om ajymw,f usaemfe*du k pOf;pm;xm;wJh xGuaf jy;wJeh nf;vrf;awGu ydwaf eoavmuf jzpfaeygw,f? 68

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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xGef;0if;+idrf; 15/ 04/2008 (rl&if; jALwDr*~Zif; - rm,mtGefvdkif;r*~Zif;rS ul;,laz: jyygw,f?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

tarhqDupm zd;k oH (vlx)k 90

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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udk }u;D xGm;cGijhf yKxm;vSsif wkid ;f jynf. tem*wfudk vky}f uH owfjzwf&m a&mufygvrd rhf nf? xkt d cg u|eaf wmfonf Ekid if H awmfocD si;f uko d wd&rdygonf? txl;ojzifh Ekid if aH wmf oDcsi;f xJrS pmom;rsm;ukd jzpfonf? tqdyk g pmom;awG ta=umif; rajymrD Ekid if aH wmfoD csi;f jzpfay:vmyHu k kd =unf&h efvkd ygonf? 1947 ckEpS f ZGev f 10&ufwGif yxrqHk; wkdif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfnDvmcHukd usif;yI zJGŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' tygt0if vGwv f yfawmhrnfh Ekid if t H wGuf tem*wftpDtpOfrsm;udk aumfrwD toD;oD;zJŒG I a&;qJ=G uonf? ,if;aumfrwD rsm;xJwiG f Edik if aH wmftvH/ oDcsi;f ESihf wHqyd f a&;qJaG &; aumfrwDvnf; yg0ifonf? EkdifiHawmfoDcsif;a&;om; pyfqdk&eftwGuf vkdtyfonfh tajccH vrf;!$efcsuf rsm;ukd wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw $ af wmf nDvmcHu csrw S af y;onf? ,if;vrf; !$ecf suq f o dk nfrmS (1) wkdif; &if;om;tm;vHk; vufcHEkdifonfh oDcsif;jzpf&ef (2) wkdif;&if;om; tm;vHk;. pdw"f mwfudk xl;jcm;pGm wuf=uaG pEdik rf nfh pmom; ESihf toH toGm;tvmjzpfap&ef (3) umvay: oDcsi;f rsm; ESihf uJjG ym;jcm;em;ap&ef (4) oD csi;f udk wpfred pfcEJG iS hf ESprf ed pf twGi;f oDqkd+yD;ap&ef tp&dS onfh tcsufrsm;yg0ifonf? EkdifiHawmfoDcsif;. yxrqHk;ajcqif; pmom;ukd u|eaf wmfw@dk qkd =unf&h atmifyg? "w&m;rSsw vGwv f yfjcif;eJ@raoG 'k@d ajy(jynf) 'd@k ajr ² ² ²" oDcsi;f . ajcqif;pmom; tpuyif =uufo;D xzG,&f m jzpfygonf? oDqo kd . l ESv;kH om;ukd v_dufzdkvmaponf? pmom;t"dy`m,fuvnf; &Sif;onf? w&m;rSswjcif;/ vGwf vyfjcif;rsm;rS aoGznfjcif;r&dS aom igw@k ad jy(jynf) igw@dk ajr [lI? 'gwifruao;yg? "rsm;vlcyford ;f +ird ;f csr;f apzd@k cGiw hf n l rD sS 0g'jzLpifwahJ jy (jynf) 'k@d ajy(jynf) 'k@d ajr ² ² ²" 'Dpmom;ta&mufrmS awmh tckevdu _ zf v dk maom ESv;kH om;onf w'kw'f w k Ef iS hf tckejf refvmyg+y?D ckev f monfh ESv;kH ESihf twl ylaEG;aom aoG;awGu vnf; u|eaf wmfw@dk . uk, d x f rJ mS vSnyhf wfp;D qif;vmonf? aemufwpfacgu x f yfq=dk unfyh gO;D ? "rsm;vlcyfodrf; +ird ;f csr;f apzd@k cGiw hf n l rD sS 0g'jzLpifwahJ jy"wJ?h rsm;vlcyfodrf;qdkaom pmom;rSm vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;/ tkyfpkwpfpk +idrf;csrf;apzdk@ usL;&ifjh cif; r[kwo f nfrmS xif&mS ;onf? jrefrmjynfaxmifpt k wGi;f aexdik =f uol uk;d uG,&f m bmomw&m;/ vlrsKd ;/ "avhx;kH wrf;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_pEH e_ ;f awG rwln=D uonfh wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;pkrsm; tm;vH;k ukd &nf!e$ ;f jcif;/ xkd tcsuu f dk av;eufap&ef aemufu uyfxnhf xm;onfh pum;vH;k u "cGiw hf n l rD sS 0g'jzLpif" jzpfonf? bmom/ vlrsKd ;/ "avhrwl=uolrsm; tcsi;f csi;f +ird ;f csr;f pGmtwl ,SOw f aGJ exkid zf @kd qko d nfrmS wef;wltcGit hf a&; &d&S rnf? igv h rl sKd ;rS igv h rl sKd ;/ igh bmomrS igb h mom t,ltpGJ xufoefv@dk rjzpf? Ekid if t H wGi;f rSw D if;aexdik =f uol 100

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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Ekid if o H m; tm;vH;k wef;wlnrD sS ap&rnfqo dk nf tjrifus,I f ESv;kH om;}u;D aom t,ltq ckdifrmtm;aumif;;&rnf? xk@d a=umifh igw@k w d idk ;f jynf onf rsm;vlcyford ;f +ird ;f csr;f ap&eftwGuf cGiw hf n l rD sS 0g' oabmxm;jzLpifaom jynf/ oef@pifaom ajr[lI Edik if aH wmf oDcsi;f u &nf!e$ ;f onf? 'g+y;D vSsiaf wmh aemufxyfpmom; wpfcx k yfq&dk ef jzpfonf? tck vdjk zpfygonf? "jynfaxmifpt k arG t+rw J nf whaH p/ t"dÏmefjyKay xde;f odr;f pd@k av ² ² ²" 'Dpmom;uvnf; &Sif;ygonf? uGsefawmfwdk@. vGwfvyf a&;wkdufyJG0if acgi;f aqmif}u;D awGu vGwv f yfaom jynf axmifpEk idk if aH wmftjzpf xl axmif&ef rl0g'rsm; csrw S cf =hJ u jcif;jzpfonf? 1947 ckEpS zf ŒGJ pnf; tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya'u wkid ;f &if;om;rsm; tm;vHk; tcGifhta&; nDwlnDrSs&dSonfh jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmfukd tmrcHxm;cJhonf? Ekid if aH wmfocD si;f u xdt k csuu f dk rarhravsmh owday;onf? oDcsi;f . a&SŒu pmom;rsm; jzpfonfh "w&m;rSsw vGwfvyfaom" "trsm;jynfol twl +idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJ aexdik Ef idk o f nfh cGiw hf n l rD sS 0g' jzLpifaom" jynfaxmifpEk idk if H awmfudk u|eaf wmfw@kd . tarG tESpt f jzpf cH,+l y;D t+rw J nfwhH aeatmif xde;f odr;f =uygqo dk nfh oabm? Ekid if aH wmfocD si;f . oH+yKd it f yk'd u f vnf; txufazmfjyyg vGwv f yfw&m;rSsw+y;D wef;wlnDrSsaom jynfaxmifpkukd u|efawmfwdk@taejzifh cspfjrwfEkd;xdef;odrf;=u&ef Ed;k aqmfvu kd o f nfh pmom;rsm; jzpfygonf? "jynfaxmifpu k kd toufay;vd@k wd@k umuG,f rav"wJh? u|efawmfwdk@ wkdif;jynfrSmawmh 'Dtcsufu orkdif;. avSmifajymifoa&mfr_ wpfckyrm &dSaeqJ? jynfaxmifpkukd toufay;umuG,fzdk@xuf jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmf wnfaqmufEkdifzdk@ukd yif renf;vSonfh toufaoG;ac|;awG tckxd ay;qyfae&qJ? bmyJjzpfjzpf Ekid if aH wmfocD si;f wpfy'k v f ;kH ukd u|eaf wmfw@dk jyefq=kd unf&h atmifyg? (ajcqif;) w&m;rSsw vGwv f yfjcif;eJ@ raoG 'd@k ajy/ 'd@k ajr? rsm;vlcyford ;f +ird ;f csrf;apzdk@ cGifhwlnDrSs 0g'jzLpifwJhajy/ 'kd@ajy/ 'kd@ajr? jynfaxmifpk tarG t+rJwnfwhHap t"dÏmefjyKay xde;f odr;f pd@k av? (oH+yKd i)f urBmraus Arm (jrefrm) ajy/ 'd@k bk;d bGm;tarG ppfr@kd cspjf rwfE;kd ay? jynfaxmif pkudk toufay;vd@k 'k@d umuG,f rav? 'g 'd@k ajy/ 'g'@kd ajr/ 'k@d ykid f eufajr? 'k@d ajy/ 'd@k ajr tusKd ;ukd nDnmpGm 'd@k wpfawG xrf;aqmif ygp@kd av 'd@k wm0efay/ tzd;k wef ajr? tqkdygt"dy`m,fav;euf onfh pmom;awGu u|efawmfwdk@ EkdifiHom;awG pdwt f m;wuf =upG &m oDqzkd @kd wpfcw k nf; oufouf a&;pyfcjhJ cif;r[kw?f Ekid if aH wmfocD si;f udk qdk=uwkdif;rSm u|efawmfwdk@ EkdifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pDu oDcsif;pmom;xJu wefzdk;awGudk xrf;aqmifygrnf [lI opPmt"dÏmefjyKonfh oabmvnf; ouf0ifygonf? w&m;rSsw tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

101

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

105

jzpfaeawmh vufxyd ef mapcsi&f ifvnf; vufonf;qdwaf y;&Hyk ?J vufcsi;f csw d x f m;wmav; jzKwo f mG ;apcsi&f ifvnf; vufct JG aumifeh @J yifv h ufo;D xd;k vdu k &f ykH ?J vufayguu f yfwhJ taumifah wGuakd wmh owdxm; &wmayg?h vuf0ifatmif }uKd ;pm;rS olw@kd u vufurf;}uKd wwfw,f? 'gawmif vufzGJ@tif;tdkifrsdK;awG wifxm;wJh vufordkif; &Sdae&ifolwdk@u vufrcHcsif wwfb;l ? tJ'v D akd wGu vufco H mG ;jyef&ifvnf; wpfcgwav vufaqmifpum; awGu vuf=um;,drk wwf vSsu H swwfao;wm? b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf vufawG@vky=f unfw h hJ tcg vufeufuikd af wGtay: vufeufrahJ wGu b,favmuf pdwyf suv f ufysujf zpfaewmvJ qdw k m ay:vmwmyJ? rd;k }uKd ;ypfwek ;f xef;vufe@J umvd@k r &ovdyk ?J vufprG ;f vufp tukeef @J vufeufukd ,H=k unfa&; trsKd ;rsKd ;}uKd ;pm; =unfah yrJh vufe@J a&;/vufe@J zsuv f @kd pum;yHt k opf ajymif;&rwwfyJ vufa&;rxifjzpf&w,f? vuf&dS vufeufuikd w f if rubl; vufeufuikd f vlxu G q f &kd ifukd xm0&vufeufrahJ wGu vufzsm;cg atmhtefae=uwmvnf; vufawG@ rsujf rify?J bmyJjzpfjzpf udk,fhvufeufudkifeJ@ vufeufudkif vlxGufawG =um;rSmawmh vufyef;ayguf cwf+y;D vufa0S@a&; jyjyae =u&ao;w,f? tJvrkd S r[kw&f if vufuek +f yD xif+yD; aemufwufvmr,fh cGifvufxufrSm vmbfydwfrSmpdk;vdk@? vufajymif;vufv$J vkycf ge;D av urf;vufxuf z,fvufawG rsm;vmavqdak wmh ud, k v hf ufukd ae&mcs&wm w,frvG,b f ;l ? vufae&m rus&if vlae&mrusEikd b f ;l av? vufyaH wmif;awG vufyw H ef;awGrmS vnf; vufpvufe ruseaf tmif b,fvykd J vufpazsmufazsmuf vuf&eH@u axmif;varmif xaeavawmh udk,fhvufeufudkif om;csif;=um;rSmawmif vuf&nfwpfjyifwnf; r&SdawmhbJ udk,fhudkvufndSK;xdk; yHkcszdk@ vufa&;wjyifjyif jzpfae=uwmvnf; jrifae&wmyJu;kd ? vufoyd x f ;kd vufvx J$ m;wJh ydik q f ikd rf a_ wGuvnf; vufvrS ;f rrDw h rD ae&mrSm wefz;kd awG usvmawmh vufwek af jcwkef ESv;kH wkeaf cg if;rl; jzpfvmwm bmqef;ovJ? 'Dvufxuf uae[dv k ufxuf udv k nf; a=uw G pfvn S hf =uufwpfcek f a&mufomG ;Edik af jcu eD;eD;vmawmh vufxu J &So d rSsa&m vufwpfurf;u odr;f xm; &if;xm;orSsa&m twGuf pdwcf svufcs &Sad ecsiw f mvnf; bmqef;vJ? vufZ&Sw d o hJ al wGukd vufywfwyfz@JG }u;D zG@J +y;D vufwpfurf;rSm xm;xm;ayrJh rvH+k cKH wmvnf; &Sad ewmyJ? tDvufxa&mepf avmurSmvnf; vuftm;vd@k ,yfoiG ;f cdik ;f wmutp vufnKS ;d xdk; ajymcHvm&awmh 'Dvufajrjyif ppfrsufESmudk t&ifudkifcJhzl;wJh vufeuf}uD;rsdK;eJ@ wpfvufpwnf; vufpodrf;oGm;atmif xkypfcsifwm? vufpGrf;jyypfcsifwm? 'Dvdk aZmawGuvnf; tawmrowfEikd af tmifayg?h tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

105

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a[mtck &vdkufwmawGu vufckyfoHawG? wajzmif;ajzmif; w'dkif;'dkif;? wajzmajzm wazmif;azmif;? wzkef;zkef; wazmufazmuf? awmuf²²&yfr&yfEdkifbl;? vufcyk o f aH wG vufcyk o f aH wG?a=umufp&mh vufcyk o f aH wG? wpfcgwavawmif vufa&; roDoal wGutp vufpvufe&So d al wGa&m/ ajcqvufqjyif;olawGa&m/ vuf&m=urf;ol awGa&m/ vufpGrf;xufolawGa&m/ vufoD;ykef;awGa&m /vufajzmifhorm;awGygrusef "vuf" &SdolawGtm;vHk;u vufckyfawGwD; vdkuf=uwmrS r[myx0Dajr}uD;awmif wke[ f ;D oGm;ygayg?h vufzsm;cgavmufatmif vuf&nfwpfjyifwnf; wD;=uwJh vufcyk o f aH wG wJAh sm? ta=umif;uawmh u|efawmfrsdK;}uD;udk q&m0efawGu vufavSsmh&awmhr,fh tajctae jzpfaevd@k wJ?h vlwpfa,muf/vufwpfpkH uHuek rf wwf jzpfaecsed rf mS vufeufrhJ taygi;f u wpfceJ ufw;D wJh vufcyk o f aH v? 'Dwpfcg olw@kd u vufcyk u f kd rac|wmawmhb;l ? vufcyk o f aH wG[m wajzmif; ajzmif; w'dkif;'dkif;? wajzmajzm wazmif;azmif;? wzkef;zkef; wazmufazmuf? vufcyk o f aH wG[m vufeufawGjzpfvm? vufcyk o f aH wG[m vufeufawGjzpfvm? vufcyk o f aH wG[m vufeufawGjzpfvm?

roDwm(prf;acsmif;) (acwf&eH@ r*~Zif;rS)

(7) Zlvdki f atmifapmOD; (rd_if;&mjynfh)/ OD;ynmoD&d 0if;wifhxGef;/ ref;&Smvm;zef;/ wifhaZmf/ ZGefrd_if;/ OD;atmifxl; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef@csdonf 106

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

107

ajymrSod xdrSem

Anm;

atmf . .....'D t ouf t &G , f } uD ; a&muf r S oem;vd k u f w mAsm? cif A sm;wd k @ u|waf wmfw@kd &J@ tarawG jrefrmEdik if rH mS touf (60) avmufa&muf&if use;f rma&; ta=umif;jy/ a&m*gta=umif;jyeJ@ om;orD;awG vufnKdS ;xd;k cdik ;f jy;D bk&m;oGm;/ ausmif;wufe@J b0&J@ aemufq;kH tcsed af wGukd at;at;vlvel @J awmfawmfrsm;rsm; jzwfoef;ae=uygjyAD sm? 'DvdktcsdefrSm tartdkwpfa,mufjzpfwJh tefwDpk (a':atmifqef;pk=unf) wa,mufuawmh [dkae&majy;/ 'Dae&majy;eJ@ u|efrwdk@udkrJay;yg/ u|efrwdk@ NLD udk axmufcyH ge@J ajymaewmawGu olwpfa,mufxt J wGu/f ol@tzG@J twGuf vkyaf ew,f vd@k rsm; cifAsm;wd@k xifaevm;? 1990 wke;f uawmh carmufrS carmufygAsm? tckvv kd J [dak jy;/ 'Dajy; rJq, G f aep&m rvdyk gb;l ? trSeq f &kd ifAsm bmrS rJq, G af ep&mrvdb k ;l ? [dw k ek ;f uvdyk J rsupf rd w S jf y;D rJxnfhvdkufyg? odef;pdeftpdk;&xuf atmufrusatmifawmh EdkifiHudk jyKjyifajymif;vJ ay;ygvrd rhf ,fAsm? u|efawmfwdk@ tck=um;ae&wm wpfckajymjyr,f? tck EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%DawGu tefwpD Ek ikd rf mS / rJ&rSmudk a=umufaewm&Sw d ,f? bma=umifv h v J @kd ar;=unfv h u kd af wmh tefwpD k wufvm&if olw@kd taeeJ@ jrefrmEdik if rH mS pD;yGm;a&;vky&f if vkycf siw f ikd ;f vkyv f @kd r&rSm pd;k vd@k wJ?h tckaumvd@k ar;=unfah wmh tcku aiGay;&if vkycf siw f m vkyv f @kd &ao;w,fw?hJ Edik if w H um pHcsed ef @J rnDvJ udprP &Sb d ;l wJ?h uJ tJ'gy=J unf?h olw@kd vkycf siw f m vky&f zd@k u|eaf wmfw@kd awGu EGm;yJ jzpfay;&r,fyh kH tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

107

108

ayguaf ew,f? tJ'g cifAsm;wd@k odvm;? aemufwwcku bmwJh LN D u trwfavmif;awGukd r}uKd uv f @kd qENjy=uw,fw?hJ &D&w,fAsm wu,f/ uvdrxd;k yJe@J &D&wm? jrefrm[mo AD', D kd =unf&h ifawmif uvdx;kd &OD;r,f? NLD u a&G;xm;wJh trwfawGudk }udKufonfjzpfap/ r}udKufonfjzpfap/ rJt&ifxnfh =unfyh g? NLD rJ tpd;k &jzpfatmif t&ifvyk =f uygO;D ? 'DtrwfawG r}uKd u&f if aemufawmh tcsed f ra&G; jzKwcf scikd ;f vd@k &w,fqw kd m odxm;yg? 'DavmufrwH;k =uyge@J Asm? tckawmif NLD tpdk;&jzpfzdk@ toJtoef odef;pdefwdk@eJ@ zdkufae&wJhtxJ rD;avmif&m avyifhaewJh cifAsm;wdk@uvJ wpfarSmifhAsm? odef;pdefwdk@xJu wpfa,muf/ ESpaf ,mufavmuf u NLD xJ 0ifa&mjy;D rD;pav; xd;k ay;vdu k w f meJ@ rD;ravmif=uyge@J / 'kerf a0;=uyge@J ? tck u|eaf wmfajymaewmu NLD udk rsupf rd w dS f ,Hv k @kd ajymaewmm r[kwb f ;l ? 'gayr,fh tckavmavmq,frmS jrefrmEdik if t H wGuf ppfreS w f hJ 'Dru kd a&pD vrf;a=ummif;ay:udk a&mufatmif vkyaf y;Edik w f hJ tzG@J tpnf;qdw k m NLD wpfcyk J &Sw d ,f? wjcm;r=unfyh ge@J tefwpD k urBmwpfywfavmufyJ ywfvu kd w f ,f jrefrmEdik if t H ay: wjcm;Edik if aH wGuxm;wJh oabmxm; b,fvjkd zpfomG ;ovJ? jrefrmEdik if &H @J &if;ES;D jrKS wEf rHS _ awGrmS b,fvEkd ikd if aH wG 0ifvmovJ? b,fEikd if aH wGu 0ifjy;D pD;yGm;a&;vkyzf @kd }uKd ;pm;vmovJ? cifAsm;wd@k avhvm=unfyh g? t&ifwek ;f uawmh w&kyu f kd tm;xm;cJv h @kd rEWav;vJ w&kyjf ynfvkd jzpfv@kd Asm? ud&k ;D ,m;rSm rEWav;vdyk J a&S;a[mif;jrKd @av; wpfjrKd @&Sw d ,f? tJ'rD mS zGiw hf hJ qdik af wG/ ukr% ` D awG&@J qdik ;f bkwaf wGukd ud&k ;D ,m;bmom wrsKd ;wnf; wyfciG jhf yKxm;w,f? olw@kd &J@ &d;k &m"avh rysuaf tmif xdr;f odr;f xm;wmwJ?h tck u|eaf wmfw@kd &J@ rEWav;jrKd @eJ@ ,SO=f unfv h u kd yf g? cifAsm; b,fvckd pH m;&vJ? 'gawGu aiGay;jy;D vkyv f @kd &aevd@k / Edik if w H um pHcsed /f pHne$ ;f awG rodv@kd cHc&hJ wmawG? 'grsKd ;awG aemufrjzpfatmifv@kd cifAsm;wd@k &J@ aemifvmaemufom;awGtwGuf "cifAsm;udk vufw@kd jyD;awmh ajym&OD;r,f cifAsm; }udKuf}udKuf r}udKuf}udKuf NLD udrk aJ y;yg"?

Anm;

108

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

109

acG;t armifvSrsKd;(csif;acsmif;+cH) "0Spf"(av;cGrS avmufpmvH;k xGuo f mG ;aomtoH) "cGyf" (acG;.OD;acgi;f od@k r[kwf cE<mud, k . f rmausmonfh wpfae&m&mod@k avmufpmvH;k xdreS o f )H "*def" "udef" "tkid f tkid f tkid f"(acG;rsm;. emusiaf tmf[pfnnf;wGm;oH) ............. OD;w¶kw}f u;D . tdraf &S@wGif ae@pOfjrifawG@ =um;odae&aom toHAvHrsm; jzpfayonf? "acG;trsKd;rsKd; &Sdw,fuG? acG;olckd;/ acG;0Jpm;/ acG;avacG;vGifh/ acG;om;tkyfr/ acG;olawmif;pm;/ acG;¶l; trsK;d rsK;d yJ? b,facG;rS ig=unfv h @dk r&bl;? tukev f ;kH bmrStoH;k 0ifwhJ aumifawGr[kwb f ;l "[k OD;w¶kw}f u;D ajymzl;.? "wcsK@d acG;awGu tdrv f ykH gw,fAsm? aemuf+y;D trJvu dk af cG;wk@d / ppfacG;wd@k qk&d if toH;k 0ifwahJ umifawGygAs? tckq&kd if rsurf jrifawG uav;awGtwGuf xde;f ausmif;vrf;jy ay;wwfwahJ cG;rsK;d awGawmif &Sad eyg+yD"[k acG;wd@k .bufrS *k%, f u l muG,u f m u|eaf wmf jyefajymjyzl;.? "a[haumif bmacG;jzpfjzpf tpmpm;&vk@d [efaqmif+y;D vku d ef mjyaewm? igvnf; 'DacG;awGe@J b,fvadk &pufvJ rodb;l ? acG;jrif&if av;cGe@J udyk pfcsiaf ewm" "cifAsm; acG;udkufcHzl;vkd@vm;" "rcHzl;ygbl;" tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

109

110

"cifAsm;rdom;pk/ aqGrsK;d om;csi;f xJu wpfa,mufa,mufa&m acG;tudu k cf zH ;l vd@k vm;" OD;w¶kw}f u;D u rJu h m&G@J um acgi;f cgjy.? "cifAsm;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ olawGa&m cifAsm;ud, k w f idk af &m acG;tudu k rf cHz;l bJe@J bmjzpfv@dk vm; acG;awGukd rke;f ae&wmvJ OD;w¶kw}f u;D &,f" "ighudka&m/ ighrdom;pk aqGrsKd;om;csif;awGudka&m acG;tudkufrcH&zl;ayr,fh wjcm;vlawGukd acG;udu k w f m igc%c%jrifz;l w,fav? acG;tudu k cf &H wmcsi;f twlwl awmif acG;avacG;vGihf tudu k cf &H olq&dk if yd+k y;D tcH& cufw,f" "wjcm;vlawGukd udu k w f mrsm;Asm? cifAsm;u =um;xJu0ifemae&ao;" "[Jah umif rif;Armr[kwb f ;l vm;" "[kwyf gw,f" "rif;wd@k Arm&mZ0ifrmS pum;wpfceG ;f c%c%ajym=uw,fav? vluakd cG;owf avjcif;/ vluakd cG;owf avjcif;qkw d m =um;zl;w,fr[kwv f m;" "=um;zl;wmayg"h "tJv=dk um;zl;awmh rif;rembl;vm;" "Asm" "vluakd cG;owfw,fqw dk hJ pum;=um;=um;csi;f rif; vlawGbufu rembl;vm;" "tJ'gawGu &mZ0iforkid ;f xJu udpaP wGavAsm? pdwt f em}u;D awmh remrdygb;l ? pdwrf aumif;awmh jzpfwmaygh" "rif;rodrw D hJ orkid ;f xJuvlukd acG;owfwu hJ pd P rif;remcsiaf euGm? tck rif;od rDaewJu h mvxJrmS awmh vluakd cG;udu k &f if vlawGbufuae+y;D rif;emay;oifw h maygh" "bmudek m&rSmvJ" "vlawGuu kd u kd w f ahJ cG;? b,facG;udjk zpfjzpf rif;pdwef may;&rSmaygu h G" "u|eaf wmfrS tudu k rf cHz;l wm? b,fvv dk yk ef m&rSmvJ" [moo¶kyaf qmif trsK;d orD;}u;D wpfa,muf E_wcf rf;rJo h uJo h @kd OD;w¶kw}f u;D u ol@E_wcf rf;udrk u hJ m "ud, k t f udu k cf &H rS em&aumif;rSe;f odwv hJ ?l ud, k ahf cgi;f ay: rpifwuftpGe@f cH&rS ud, k u hf pd v P @dk xifwv hJ [ l m ud, k t hf +r;D wufeif;cH&rS xudu k w f wfwahJ cG;eJ@ twlwyl "J "OD;w¶kw}f u;D cifAsm; usKyu f kd acG;eJ@E_id ;f aewmvm;" "E_ id ;f p&maumif;wJah umifawGxrJ mS rif;udrk ygapcsiw f muG? ig acG;tudu k rf cHz;l ayr,fh tjcm;vlawG tudu k cf &H wm igc&H ovkrd sK;d cHpm;ay;zd@k rif;udpk mempdwf zvS,af y; aewm" "acG;awGukd cifAsm; awG@u&meJ@ aumufaumufypfaewm? acG;awGvnf; owW0g 110

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

111

yJAs? olw@kd vnf;em wwfwmyJ? olw@kd udv k nf; cifAsm;pmemay;aygh" " [m; [m; [m;? vufpowfawmh rif;u acG;bufawmfom;ud;k uG? [m; [m; [m; [m;" ................ (2) tifrweft=hH op&m aumif;vGe;f aom jrifuiG ;f jzpfonf? OD;w¶kw}f u;D acG;wpf aumif udt k pmau|;ae.? "cHpm;csuaf wGajymif;oGm;+yv D m; OD;w¶kw}f u;D " "ig 'DacG;udk tpmau|;aevk@d rif;'Dvadk r;wmr[kwv f m;" "'gaygh" "wjcm;acG;awGukd igaqmfyavmfw;D aewke;f yJu?G 'gayrJh 'Daumifu h akd wmh igrwD; awmhb;l " olau|;aomtpmudk +ird o f ufpmG pm;aeonfah cG;udk &nfne$ ;f Iajym.? "rif; 'Daumifu h w kd pfcsuaf vmuf¶u kd =f unfv h u dk pf rf;" "tm - r¶ku d cf siyf gb;l " "rif;r¶du k &f if ig¶u dk jf yr,f" ajymajymqkq d dk OD;w¶kw}f u;D u tpmpm;aeaomacG;udk 0g;jcrf;jym;jzifh cyfqwfqwf ¶ku d jf y.? ¶du k cf &H aomacG;u tpmrpm;awmhbJ aemufo@kd wGe@f oGm;.? "vmpm; vmpm;"[kac:.? tem;od@k jyefvm.? xyf¶u dk jf yonf? acG;u aemufjyef qkwo f mG ;jyef.? "uJ - ¶ku d rf jyyge@J awmhAsm? ol@bmom tpmpm;ygapawmh"[k u|eaf wmf wm;&onf? acG;u tpmcGu&f &dS mod@k jyefvm+y;D tpmpm;aeawmhrS OD;w¶kw}f u;D u "rif; owdxm;rdvm;" "bmudv k J" "ig b,favmuf¶u dk ¶f u dk f 'DaumiftoHrxGub f ;l ? ig cGe@J vnf;ypfw,f? cJe@J vnf; xkw,f? wkwef @J vnf;¶ku d w f ,f? wjcm;acG;awG wudeu f ed f wtkid t f idk ef @J atmf=uw,f? 'Daumif vH;k 0ratmfb;l ? ol b,favmuf emem bmoHrrS xGub f ;l " "[kwv f m; tJ'gbmjzpfwmvJ" "'Daumif t-aew,fu?G 'Daumif acG;t" "acG;t [kwv f m;" "at; [kww f ,f" "acG;tu awmxJrmS yJ&w dS mygAsm" tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(4)

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