အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၉) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 1378 / 0gacgifv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

jrefrmouU&mZf 1378 / 0gacgifv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

rmwdum tvif;tdrfpum;

uAsm ido k Havvm; &,foHvm; aejynfawmfacwf umcsif;opf vufwpfzufudk +rJaeatmifudkifxm; rd;k awG ndK@ndK@r_ef wu,ft h jzpftysuf olr EdkifiHa&;

umwGe;f tifwmeufrS umwGe;f rsm;

ordik f; qdik &f m okw / &opHk

zqyv/ OD;Ek/ OD;oef@ESifh.... jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;ordkif;rS... jynfo@l tpdk;&tm;aumif;rS... +idrf;csrf;a&;A[dkudk jynfolw@dk u...

Edik if aH &; / okw / &opHk Ak'<bmomqdw k m bmomr[kwf pdkuv f ku d rf wfwwf jrefrmEdkifiHordkif; 2

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

rif;ok0%f armifpGrf;&nf armifjynfhrif; rif;udkEdkif =unfarmifoef; tkef;jrifhvd_if armif

6 8 10 12 13 14 15

ajrZm/ atmfyDus,/f Ath armifarmifazmifwdef

Tin Zaw Min

eef;n$ef@awZ rsdK;udkrsdK; aZmf+idrf;vwf

Nyein Khant

"rRab&Dt&Sif0D&d, a'gufwmwifhaqG

18 31 35 38

41 45 49

'*kefwm&mESifh +idrf;csrf;a&; (odk@)... owWEd Sifhppfom; ocifatmifqef;eJ@ r&ifat;wdk@... Adkvaf e0if;&J@ wudk,af &}u;D yGm;vdrk _ *VKefOD;apmudk u,fwif=uolrsm; ud, k t fh vkyf ud, k fvyk &f w,f usaemfra&;Edik fcJhwJh udpPw&yf/ 'kw, d wvSrf; tar a&muf&mt&yfu... rdom;pkoDcsif; 'Dru dk a&pDa&; wm0ef vzuf&nf=urf; (odk@) bH, k Ofaus;r_

xGe;f 0if;+idrf; udkaX; (ewfarmuf) ocifwifarmif (usHKrai;) vSausmfaZm eEN rif;ausmfausmfxGef; (armfv+rKd i)f zd;k oH (vlxk)

57 68 73 78 85 90

nDnDaZmf rif;udkEdkif ausmfausmfpdk; (*syef) *sifrD

104 110 114 117

0wË&#x2020;Kwdk xdak e@u rD;rvmyg

rpENm

119

bmomjyef tcef;quf &ke;f xGufc&Jh aom jrefrmjynf

oef;0if;vd_if

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS xkwfa0+yD;aompmtkyrf sm; rsufESmzkH;

131

137 yef;csDOD;0if;az tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

tvif;tdrfpum; urBmh vl@b0 ordkif; jzpfpOf wpfav#mufr Sm aumif;jcif;/ qdk;jcif;rsm;ESi fh ordik f;rSww f ikd f ajrmufrsm;pGm &Scd =hJ uygonf? xdk@twl urBmay:&Sd Edik if H a'otoD;oD;wd@k tjyif pkaygi;f pkpnf;+y;D aygi;f pnf;um vufwJG aexdik f &yfwnf=uonfh a'orsm;vnf; &S=d uygonf? cspfcif pnf;vHk;jcif;rsm;/ yËdyuQrsm;um; ae&mtESH@/ a'otESH@/ umvtESH@ jynfhESufae.? Tum; urBm/ vlwdk@.urBm/ vlw@dk &Gmjzpfonf? trd jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; xdkodk@yif? aumif;jcif;/ qdk;jcif;/ cspfcif &if;ESD;jcif;ESifh trkef;w&m;/ &efapmifr_rsm;/ aoGpnf;jcif;/ aoG;uGJjcif;/ zefwD;wnfaqmufr_ rsm;ESifh aoG;aqmif zsufqD;/ +zdKcGJjcif;/ tvSw&m;ESifh &kyfqdk;tusOf;wefjcif;rsm;/ "rR/ t"rR tpojzifh wdk@onf ordkif;pOf wpfav#muf. rSwfwdkif/ rSwfwrf;rsm;tjzpf xifxif&Sm;&Sm;/ rxifr&Sm;rsm; usef&pfcJhonf? jrefrmouU&mZf 1350 jynfhESpf/ 1988 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHtESH@vlxk vlwef;pm; toD;oD;rS +idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyawmifqdk wdkuyf GJ0ifcJh=uaom 'Drdkua&pD vlxk ta&;awmfyHk }uD;rSm 28 ESpf jynfhcJh+yDjzpfonf? ppfwyf ausmaxmufaemufcHjyK+yD; wpfygwD tm%m&Sif pepfEiS fh wdik f;jynfukd t=urf;enf;ESifha&m tEkenf;ESifhyg t"rRtkycf sKyfchaJ om rqv (jrefrmh qdk&S,v f pf vrf;pOfygwD) udk wGef;vSef uef@uGu+f zdKcsc=Jh uonf? xdo k w l k@d wifajrSmufcJhaom orw (3) OD;udkvnf; z,f&Sm; jzKwfcs EdkifcJh=uonf? jynfolvlxk wdk@. tiftm;jzpfonf? jynfov l x l . k pGr;f &nfjzpfonf? jynfow l @kd wpfceJ uf awmif;qdk wdu k yf 0JG ifc=hJuonfu "ygwpD kH 'Drdkua&pD pepf " ay:ayguf xGef;um;a&;jzpfonf? odk@aomf ppfwyfrSyif wpfygwD tm%m&Sif. pDpOf n$ef=um;csufjzifh t=urf;zuf ESdrfeif; owfjzwfum "tm%modrf;" cJhonf? wdkif;jynfudk tzufzufrS zdESdyf t=urf;zuf owfjzwf/ }uD;pdk;um "ppftm%m&Sifpepf" udk xlaxmifcJh=uonf? vdrfvnf vSnfhzsm; r_rsm;jzifh ae&mu¾ toD;oD;/ t&m&m tESH@ES@H wGif zdEdyS f t=urf;zuf/ owfjzwfrr_ sm;tjyif/ vm'fxdk;/ ay;urf;/ pnf;&Hk; +zdKcGJum aqmif&Guf &yfwnfcJh=uonf? "ppftm%m&Sifpepf" udk xm0& w&m;0if wnf+rJEdkifatmif vlom;rsm; touftdk;tdrf/ tEW&m,f usa&muf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

aeaom em*pfrkefwdkif;uscsdef "2008 ckESpf tajccHOya'"udk ZGwftwif; t"rR twnfjyK jy'gef;cJhonf? wdkif;jynfudk tzufzufrS ae&mtESH@ tvGJoHk;pm; vkyfv#uf tusdK;tjrwf xkw, f cl pH m;cJ=h uonf? wdkif; jynfESifh vlrsdK;onf tzufz ufrS qif;&J edrfhus ysufpD;um ppfwyf txufydkif;ESifh taygif;tyg vlenf;pk wcsdK@om tvGeftrif; csrf;om =u, G 0f cJh=uonf? wdkif;jynfonf urBmhtv,fwGif a=uG;+rDaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmjzifh EdkifiHwumywf+yD; acs;iSm; awmif;&rf; toem;cHum tultnD ,lcJh&onfh b0 a&mufcJh=u&onf? odk@&mwGif cdkifrmaom wnf+rJaom oH"dXmefrsm;jzifh +idrf;csrf;a&; Edkb,fqk&Sif a':atmifqef;pk=unf . OD;aqmifr_ aemufwiG f &yfwnfv#uf qufvuf +ird ;f csr;f pGm wdu k yf JG 0ifc=hJ uaom jynfov l x l . k jywfom;aom }uKd ;pm;&yfwnfcsu/f &ifqikd cf su/f pGr;f aqmifcsuf rsm;a=umifh wdkif;jynf. tzufzuf/ t&m&mrS edrfhus/ qif;&J rwnf+idrfr_rsm; tcsdefwGif "jynfol@tm%m jynfo@l xHodk@" qif;oufc&Jh onf? ppfrSefaom ygwDpHk a&G;aumufjcif;udk taumiftxnfaz:um vufawG@ aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uonf? "jynfol@ 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&" wpf&yfudk az:aqmif &yfwnfEdkifcJh =uonfudk rnfolr# r+iif;qdkEdkifyg? odk@aomf "ppfwyf. yg0ifywfoufr"_ qdkonfrsm;udku "2008 ckESpf em*pf tajccHOya'" t& &Sdaeao;onfudku tajctae tcsdet f cgt& em;vnf oabmayguf =uzd@k txl;vdktyfvyS gonf? arhav#mhaeIum; rjzpf? aygq h aeIum;rjzpf? "yef;wdik fonf c&D;qH;k ra&mufao;"? rkefwkid ;f vd_if;/ 0J*,ufawG=um; jzwfoef;ae&qJ? }uKd ;pm;ae=u&qJ? xdo k nfukd awmifatmf/ ajrmufatmfEiS hf b,fnm&rf;rae=uyJ wnfwnf+idrf+idrfESihf jynfo@l 'Drdkua&pDtm; 0dkif;=u/ 0ef;=u/ yHhydk; ulnD=u,Hk? wpfzufrSvnf; taESmuft,Suf ab;tEW&m,frsm;udk 0dik ;f 0ef; +zdKzsu/f wdu k fzsu=f u,Hrk S vGJv#io f m ,ckumv/ ,cktcsdefwiG f tjzpfoifhqHk;[k E_d;aqmfyg&ap? tm%m&SifrSefor# usqHk;ap&rnf tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm; (*syef)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

idkoHavvm; &,foHvm; rae@nu ZmwfyGJuI jidrfvSqdwfqw d f &GmvH;k wdwo f nf tdyfarmusvsuf ae@a=umifawmif ? cg;yef;tHk;I wHk;vHk;tdyfaysmf ol@acgif;ay:udk aeausmfusvm aomtcgY vGef@umzGifh=unfh aeenf;. [k udk,fvSnfhcg;r tdyf&mxonf nuyGJa&muf r,f pdwfaemuf ? qeftdk;xJwGif qefrjrifonf idkcsifvS. tdk trd ? idkavmhorD; tdk orD;iJh idkjcif;}uD;udk idkygavmh ? a&tdk;xJwGif a&rjrifonf idkcsifvS. tdk trd ? idkavmhorD; tdkorD;iJh idkjcif;}uD;udk idkygavmh ? rD;zdkxJwGif rD; rjrifonf idkcsifvS. tdk trd ? idkavmhorD; tdkorD;iJh idkcsif;}uD;udk idkygavmh ? 6

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

r,fpw d af emufvnf; tdrfatmufudkqif; armif;udkeif;vsSif qef&if;qefjzL azG;avonf ? r,fpw d af emufvnf; &GmaygufrSxGuf a&udk&GufvsSif tdk;cGufa&=unf at;avonf ? r,fpw d af emufvnf; xif;aygufrD;wdk@ xif;p&_dÅ&#x2019;vsSif rD;pdk@ rD;vsSH a=uG;avonf ? pm;yGJay:wGif xrif;jrifaomf &,fcsifvS. tdktrd ? &,favmhorD; tdk orD;iJh &,fjcif;}uD;udk &,fygavmh ? olwk@d cif;onfh tdrfwGif;jyZmwf wcef;&yfvsSif uGif;pyfqDrS w&G&GESifh ywfrnHnH zdwfac: jyefonf idkoaH vvm; &,foHvm; ?

rif;ok0%f ( tif;vsm;uefodk@ tdkukwdk@ uAsmrsm;rS )

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

aejynfawmfacwf umcsif;opf w&kwfvmonf ,dkif,dkifavm ,dkif,dkif ,dkif,dkif? jrm;rdk;&Gmonf jzdKifjzdKifavm jzdKifjzdKif jzdKifjzdKif? [kwfwnf; onf&if;/ onf&if;? [kwfwnf; &Sifcsif;/ &Sifcsif;? (jrifpdkif;acwf/ umcsif;rS) oDcsif;tp umcsif;u umcsif;tp jrifpdkif;u jrifpdkif;tp wdkufyGJu usK;ausmftp w&kwfu? yef;csDtp eH&Hu eH&Htp yk*Hu usK;ausmftp rGef*dku rGef*dkppfonf usK;ausmfjyD yk*Hyef;csD oufaownf euf0gndKeD aq;yef;csD? rGef*v dk monhf w&kwfjynf 'domygarmuf a&mufzl;onf? av;jrm; ajrSmufcsD wyf=uDnD usK;ausmfvmonf 'dk@jrefjynf? w&kwfajy;rif; yk*Hrif; w&kwfvku d fv@dk ajy;wJrh if; yk*HaysmufqkH; &_H;wJhrif; rif;oufjzwfwm w&kwfrif;? 8

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

w&kwfvmonf ,dkif,dkiaf vm? Armajy;onf a0a0;avm? a&$udk,lonf tjydKiftqdkif? aiGukd ,lonf tydkiftEdkif? pdefudk,lonf "t=udKif" "tydkif" u|ef;udk ,lonf tckdiftjrdKif? vkHrudk ,lonf tcsKdif tjydKif? {&mjrpfrif; uGif;avmh &Sif;avmh vufyHawmif;awmif a&Smifavmh &Sm;avmh "armifydkif" pD;wm rpD;ap& "r,fydki"f vSD;wm rvSD;ap& vnfrsKdeif;um reif;ap& {&mjrpfa& raemufap&/ umuG,f=u? oHviG fjrpfa& rwef@ap&/ umuG,f=u? u|ef;ysKd u|ef;ikwf rE_wfap&/ umuG,f=u? w&kwfajy;rif; ESpfrif; rjzpfatmif aemifvm aemufom;/ Armom;awG "vm;" ESihf ajy;ckef/ '*kefudk qkwf a&ork'frSm w&kwfajy;rif;/ aemufwrif; [k ajy;rif;wrsKd;/ armfuGef;xdk;vdk@ aomufusKd; renf;=uapownf;?

armifpGrf;&nf 12/ 12/ 12/ e,l;a,muf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

vufwpfzufudk jrJaeatmifudkifxm; rif;aewJh urBm}uD;u vnfw,f rxif&wJh aumifawGu vnfw,f [dkomG ; 'Dvmorm;awG vnfw,f uHta}umif;w&m;awG vnfw,f vufwpfzufudk +raJ eatmifuikd fxm;? [db k ufwk;d vdkuf 'Dbufwk;d vdkuf wdk;&if;eJ@ uvdu k f u&if;eJ@wd;k vdu k f vufwpfzufuadk wmh +rJaeatmifudkifxm;? *gxmawGu bvyfxuf ydkEl;aew,f t&yfom;awGu Zmwform;awGxuf ydv k nfaew,f vufwpfzufukd tjyifrxkwef J@ wpfckckudk +rJaeatmifudkifxm;? vufwpfzufukd wefzdk;&Sd&Sd toHk;cs aumif;uifjym}uD;udk +rJaeatmifuidk fxm;? vufwpfzufudk pdev f ufpGyf tjynfh0wf toufu,f abmuGif;udk +rJaeatmifudkifxm;? vufwpfzufukd ol@ykck;H zufvu dk f 0Suf,lvmwJh"g;udk +raJ eatmifukid fxm;?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

vufwpfzufudk zuf&u G v f dk oabmxm; udk,fhtoufudk +rJaeatmifudkix f m;? vufwpfzufukd tvdkrvdkufeJ@ "em;nnf;vdu k fwm"udk +rJaeatmifukx d m;? vufwpfzufudk cyfoGuo f u G v f _y&f mS ; ta&mif;t0,f pmcsKyfudk +rJaeatmifudkifxm;? vufwpfzufudk vufwpfzufu tav#mfjyefay; cspfpGmaom ZeD;av;udk +rJaeatmifudkifxm;? vufwpfzufudk oljrifatmif ajrmS ufjyvdu k f a&bl;eJ@ zdeyfudk +rJaeatmifukid fxm;? vufwpfzufudk vufwpfzufvykd q J ufqH ud, k fhvrf; udk,o f Gm;udk +rJaeatmifukid fxm;? rSwx f m; vufwpfzufudk +raJ eatmifuikd fxm;?

armifjynfhrif; zuf&Sifr*~Zif;/ 2005 Edk0ifbm

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

rkd;awG nKd hnKd hrSKef tjyifrSmvkdyJ ol[m csKd0wf&nf &eH@awG avnSmtxd jzef@a0zkd@ (uswfwD;ajray:) ajcAvmtwd &yfaewkef;

² ukd,fu 'kdifv=l uD;jzpfaeawmh ol=urf;ay: vJus&m ajy;rxlom trSwfpOf aES;aES; &Gwfay;jyD; bufvkduf &kHom

tjyifrSmvkdyJ ol[m olrkef;wJh vJjyK&d muyJ rsufESmzkH;awG jyufv;kH awG=um; uk, d f0rf;enf;rpk;d vkd@ / oljyKH;jy &Sm;yg;vufaqmif 'gujkd rifrS ukd,femusif&jyef ukd,f=uKu d fr,fxifwmav; a&G;jyaewkef; azmifzsufjyD;rS ppfjyefqkwzf kd@=uKH ukd,fcspfwwfwJh tarG;yGyG &ifbwfvkH;jynfh rkd;awGnKdŒ nKdŒr_ef 00av;waumif csDayGŒ jy 0uf0aH v;vm; oleJ@uk, d [ f m a=umifav;vm; rod tjyifrSmvkyd J jiif;rd=u ( b,fodrvJ) =uKd; rnSdvkduf&bl; ukd,=f unfah ewmu tm;azsmhwkef&DaewJh ol@vufacsmif;awG oleJ@ukd,f xGuaf jy;zkd@ um;wpD;&vku d fao;&JŒ tjyifrSmvkdyJ =uKd;0kdif;xJ 'gayr,fh rwufjzpfcJhbl; avmu"Hu ol@ukd xkd;wJhtcg tdyfrufxJrSm um;armif;&if ud, k hu f x kd o d vkd emw,f b,fvdrk Sb&dwef if;vkd@ r&bl;r[kwv f m; ?

rif;ukdEdik f 12

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

wu,fhtjzpftysuf ig ar#mfvifhcJhaomae@ ig awG@cGifh}uHKyghrvm; oli,fcsif;wdk@a&..... ig oufqdk;&Snfcsifw,f igh a&S@uvlawG rSmovdk igvnf; rSm;cJhygw,f a[m'D acwfjref}uD;xJrSm igt h oH b,favmufus,jf yef@rSmvJ? igrufarmwmu arwWmeJ@ tojym arwWmudk ae@pOfydk hwma=umifh tojymudk ae@pOfndKS @wma=umifh udk@&dk;um;&m; touf&Sif&w,f igwdk@&J@ atmifjrifr_[m nae t&uf0dkif; igwdk@&J@ ordkif;[m vzuf&nfqdkif pum;0dkif; rD=uGif; rD;usefu reufjzefqdk tqHk;tjzwf ay;vdrfhr,f Zdrfr&SdwJh pnf;pdrfrSm wcsdK@ usdefpmoifhae=u+yD ae@pOf arwWmyd@k ol wpfa,muftwGufawmh uav;b0u rdcifEk@d pdk@&ovdk Zdr&f Sdw,f?

=unfarmifoef;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

olr olr[m olrbmom olr &yfwnfEdkifavmufatmif acsmarmolyg tJ'Dae@u tusôeufausmjyifrSm qHyifeufvsm;vsm;wdk@ jzLvufuckeEf w _ fquf &Hk;qif;vm ESpfqifhcsdKifhav;qGJvdk@ z,f&Dacgif;&Snfum;pdrf; ay:uqif; nae ig;em&Drwfwif;0ef;usif tcsdefrSefpGm tvdk a&yk'fa&odk;awGay: idkufrsOf;aewJh 21 &mpk a*:uD&yfuu G x f J olr csdK;0ifoGm;awmh tdk q,faytdrfav;rsm;vm; tiSm;vm; tarGqdkifvm; "taraeaumif;vm;" "orD; jyefvm+y"D "az}u;D bmxl;vJ" reufjzef0wfz@kd 0wfpHk uref;uwef;avsSmf "anSmfa=umfr,f awmfa&Œ" tarilwlwl za,mif;wdkif ao;pG t&Judk; rdom;pkvufusefav; bmyJjzpfjzpf b,fvydk jJ zpfjzpf b,frSm bmha=umifyh jJ zpfjzpf xrif;pm;ae=uygw,f vufqHk?

tkef;jrifhvkiSd f 14

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

EdkifiHa&; ae@aysmuf ncsdefa&muf upm;rvm; em;rvm; naysmuf ae@csdefa&muf?

armif 8/ 7/ 2016

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

z.q.y.v/ OD;Ek/ OD;oef h ESifh OD;ae0if;. tdrfapmifhtpdk;&

Tin Zaw min OD;oef@ ukv or*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSK;csKyf jzpfvm+yD;aemuf urBmhjy\emrsm; ESifh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; jrefrmh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; pnf;vHk;r_ r&Sdjcif;udk OD;oef@taejzifh rESpf+rdKŒcJhay? OD;Ek wd@k u wpfzuf/ OD;baqG wdk@u wpfzuf tm%mvGeq f yJG rJG sm; wpfpwpfp }u;D rm;vmonfukd awGŒ jrifae&onf?

z²q²y²v ESpfjcrf;uGJjcif; 1958 ckESpfwGif z²q²y²v ESpfjcrf;uGJonf? oef@&Sif; ESifh wnf+rJ [k ESpfydkif; ESpfzGJŒ uGcJ o hJ nf ? wdik ;f jynf. tajctaet&yf&yfa=umifh Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;u wm0ef,v l u kd &f onf[k qdkonf ? xdktcsdefrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u tdrfapmifhtpdk;& tzGJŒzGJŒ+yD; tdrfapmifhtpdk;& tzGJŒwufonf? tdrfapmifh tpdk;&acwfwGifvnf; OD;oef@udk v$Jajymif;jcif; rjyKyJ rlvae&mtwdkif; ukvor*~ rSmyif qufvufcef@xm;cJhonf? 1960 jynfEh pS w f iG fa&G;aumufyYGJ ( Ek-wif )jzpfaom oef@&Si;f z²q²y²v tzGJŒu rJtjywftowfjzifh tEdkif&cJhonf? wnf+rJ z²q²y²v jzpfaom (aqG-+idrf;) wdk@ &H_;onf? xdt k cg oef@&Si;f z²q²y²v (Ek-wif) wd@k u tpd;k & zGŒJ jyefonf? yxr tpd;k & [lI trnfwyf+y;D OD;Ekuyif 0ef}uD;csKyf jyefjzpfvmjyefonf? 18

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

xdpk Oftcsdef OD;oef@rSmvnf; vuf&Sd wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom urBmh ukvor*~ qdkif&m jrefrm oHtrwf}uD; tjzpf qufvuf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeqJjzpfonf? OD;oef@onf UN Ywm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGi;f tvkyEf iS yhf wfoufI trsm;ESifh qufqH&mwGif vlrsdK; bmom tvdkudk vnf;aumif;/ EdkifiH t}uD; ti,f udkvnf;aumif; ponfwdk@wGif bufrvdkuyf J rSswpGm aqmif&Guf vkyu f dkifay;wwfaoma=umifh ukvor*~ a&muf Edik if aH ygi;f pHrk S ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; tm;vH;k onf OD;oef@tm; cspfcif av;pm;=uavonf ? vlcspv f cl if rsm;oavmuf OD;oef@uvnf; Edik if w H ikd ;f tay:Y &d;k om;ajzmifrh wfpmG qufqI H vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk aqmif&GufcJhavonf ?

OD;oef@ ESifh rdom;pk tar&duefEdkifiHodk@ pwifajccsjcif;; (1957, New York, United States of America)

xdk@=umifh OD;oefŒwdk@ rdom;pkonf tar&duefEdkifiH/ e,l;a,muf+rdKŒawmfodk@ a&mufomG ;cJo h nf? New York City . ta&SŒzuf 72 vrf;wGif OD;oef@ rdom;pkrSm tdrif mS ;I ae=u&onf? xdktcsed u f ukvor*~a&muf jrefrm t+rw J rf;ud, k fpm;vS,ftzGŒJ rSm tr_xrf; / t&mxrf; tvGefenf;onf? ukvor*~ tzGJŒ }u;D . taxGaxGnDvmcHwGif(xdktcsdefu) tzGJŒ }uD; 7 zGJŒ&Sdonf? xdt k zGJŒwdkif;wGif oufqdkifonfhEdkifiHrsm; tvSnfhus yg0if&avonf? OD;oef@ESifh jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,f tzGJŒ. wm0efrSm jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&. oabmqENudk ukvor*~wGif tzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;tm; today;aqmif&Guf&jcif;yifjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHta=umif;udk tar&duef ESifh tjcm;EdkifiHom;rsm; em;vnfap&ef }udK;pm;&ao;onf ? OD;oef@onf jrefrmhuk, d pf m;jyK qdkif&m jrefrm oHtrwf}uD;tjzpfjzifh tar&duefEdkifiH&Sd wuUodkvfrsm;odkŒ oGm;a&muf+yD; jrefrm ta=umif;od&Sd em;vnfap&ef a[majym&ao;onf ? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkiif HESifh qufo, G fI n$ef=um;v$mawmif;cHjcif;udpP rsm;udv k nf; aqmif&u G f&onf? wpfcgwpf&HwGif udk,fydkifpOf;pm;qHk;jzwfcsufjzifh aqmif&Guf&onfrsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf? tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkif}uHKawGŒ&onfh tcgwikd f;rSmvnf; OD;oef@onf wnf+ird jf ywfom;pGmjzifh atmifjrifpmG pOf;pm;qH;k jzwf vkyu f ikd f EdkifcJhonf?

OD;oef@ ukvor*~ taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_;csKyf jzpfvmjcif;

Y OD;oefŒ onf ukvor*~ qdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwf+uD; tjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifaepOftwGif; ukvor*~ taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_;csKyf ( Secretary General of United Nations ) tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeolrSm qGD'if weden EdkifiHrS rpPwm 'uf[rf;rm;&d;_ vf? jzpfco Jh nf? UN onf 1953ckEp S f {+yv D (10) &ufae@wGif qG'D ifEikd if rH S rpPwm 'uf[rf;rm;&d;_ vf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

udu k kvor*~ twGif;a&;r_;csKyf tjzpf cefŒtyfchjJ cif; jzpfonf? rpPwm[rf;rm;&d;_ vfonf UN . taxGa xGt wGi f; a&;r_; csKyf wm0efudk xrf; aqmifa epOftwGi f; 1961 ck ESpf/ pufwifbmv (8)&ufae@wGif uGef*dk Congo Edik fiHok@d +idrf;csr;f a&;udpt P wGuf oGm;a&muf cJhonf? xdkodk@ oGm;a&mufpOf rpPwm [rf;rm;&d_;vf pD;vmaom av,mOf ysufusojzifh ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r_;csKyf rpPwm 'uf[rf;rm;&d;_ vf rSm uG,v f GefomG ;cJah vonf? av,mOfay: Y ygoGm;=uaom ukvor*~ tr_xrf;/ 0efxrf;tm;vHk; toufqHk;&H_; cJ=h u&onf? xdt k xJY tar&duefvrl sKd ; wyf=uyf}u;D wpfa,mufom touf&iS u f secf o hJ nf? urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;jy\ em rsm;udak jz&Si;f aqmif&u G faepOftwGif; av,mOfysuu f sra_ =umifh 'uf[rf;rm;&d_;ESifhwuGukv tzGJŒ0if q,fhESpfOD; aoqHk;cJh&aoma=umifh urBmhvlom; tm;vHk;twGuf }u;D rm;aom qHk;&H_;r_}uD;jzpfchaJ yonf? rpPwm 'uf[rf;rm;&d_; uG,fvGef+yD;aemuf vpfvyfaeaom twGif;a&;r_; csKyfae&mwGif topfwpfa,muf cef@tyf wm0efay;&ef ukvor*~ tzGŒJ csKy}f uD;Y tawmfukd pOf;pm;& usyfae=u.? ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;csKyf wpfa,mufjzpf&efrSm vG,fulonfh udpPr[kwfay/ &dk;om;ajzmifhrwf+yD; usGrf;usifvdrRmI qufqHa&; aumif;rGef onfh yk*~dKvfrS jzpfrnf? xd@k aemuf ,m,Dcef@ twGi;f a&;r_;csKyf jzpfvmrnfo h rl sm;xJwiG f OD;oef@yg0ifco HJ nf? xdkudpPudk OD;oef@onfrsm;pGm pdwfra&mufcJhay? rdrdvkyf&rnfh tvkyfudkom tm&Hkpdkufum vkyf+rJvkyfaeonf? xdk@jyif OD;oef@onfuG,fvGefoGm;cJhaom rpPwm 'uf[rf;rm;&d_;vf udk +idrf;csrf;a&; Edkb,fvfqk csD;jrSifh&efyif wdkufweG f;cJhao;onf? xdktcsdefwGif vpfvyfaeaom ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;csKyf ae&mwGif 0ifa&muf vkyfudkifEdki frnfho ludk acgif;csif;qdkif wHcg;ydwftpnf;ta0;rsm; vkyf&mwGifvnf; jrefrmEdki fiHr S t+rJwrf; ukvor*~uk, d fpm;vS,}f uD; OD;oef@tm; cef@xm;&ef trsm;pku vdkvm;ae=uonf ? trSef pifppfqv dk sS if ukvor*~tajccHOya't& qdv k sS if ²²² vH+k cKH a&;aumifp0D ifrsm; jzpf=uaom qdkAD,uf/ jyifopf/ tar&duef/ +Adwdef ESifh w&kwf wdk@ oabmwlaxmufcHrS om jzpfonf? odk@aomf OD;oef@. eHrnfu xdyfqHk;rS ajy;aeqJ ²²²? at tufz f yD/ &dkufwm paom owif;Xmersm;. owif;a=unmcsuf rsm;rSmvnf; "vpfvyfaeaom ukv or*~twGi;f a&;r_;csKyf &mxl;wGif oufwrf;aphonf txd ,m,D twGi;f a&;r_;csKycf ef@&ef jrefrmEdkiif HrS oHtrwf}u;D OD;oef@.trnfom a&SŒqHk;rS ajy;aeygonf? taemuftkyfpk ESifh qdkAD,ufuyg oabmwlaeonf - [k qdk&onf? " [k yg&SdcJhavonf? ,if;uJhodk@ tcsdefwGif OD;oef@. pdwfaeoabmxm;/ t,ltq ponfrsm;udk EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u OD;oef@udk tuJprf;vSsuf&Sdonf? OD;oef@onf 20

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

tar&duefudk,fpm;vS,f rpPwm pwDAifqif ESifhvnf; aqG;aEG;cJH&onf ? qdkAD,uf&k&SrS ukvor*~u, kd pf m;vS,f rpPwm Zd&k if ESiv hf nf; aqG;aEG;cJ&h onf? ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf oabmwlnrD _ &cJ=h u+y;D tar&duef ud, k pf m;vS,Ef iS hf qdAk , D uf&&k mS ; ud, k pf m;vS,rf pPwm Zd&k if wd@k uvnf; OD;oef@udk axmufcHyga=umif; a=unmajymqdkcJh=uonf ? 1961 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv(14)&uf xkwfjyefonfh owif;wGif OD;oef@udk ukvor*~. taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_;csKyf cef@zdk@&efrSm 99 &mcdkifE_ef; aocsmae+yD[k owif;rsm;xGufay:vmcJhonf? 1961 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbm vqef;wGif OD;oef@tm; OD;oef@tm; ukvor*~ taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_;csKyf &mxl;wGif cef@xm;&ef vH+k cHKa&;aumifpDu a&G;cs,f wifoGif;onf? xdk@aemuf taxGaxGnDvmcHu cef@tyfrnfjzpfa=umif; twnfjyKowif;rsm; xGuaf y:vmcJo h nf ? OD;oef@tm; cef@xm;a&;/ rcef@xm;a&;udk ukvor*~ vH+k cKH a&;aumifpD. wHcg;ydwf tpnf;ta0;wGif qH;k jzwf twnfjyKc+Jh y;D / a&G;cs,fr_ udk twnfjyKcaJh om tcsed rf mS +AdwdoSs pHawmfcsdef n (8) em&DjzpfcJh+yD;/ jrefrm pHawmfcsdef eHeuf (2)em&DcGJ jzpfonf? xdktcsed rf S pI OD;oef@onf e,l;a,muf+rKd Œ&Sd urBmu h kvor*~yifr taqmuftOD }uD;wGif ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;csKyf &mxl;jzifh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk pwifvkyfaqmifvmcJhonf ? OD;oefŒonf urBmh ukvor*~tzGJŒ csKyf}uD;. wwd,ajrmuf taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_;csKyf jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0;qH;k jzwfcsuf t& OD;oef@tm; ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;cef@xm;&mY 1962 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv txdom oufwrf;&SdcJhavonf ? OD;oef@onf ol@tay:Y ay;tyfonfhwm0efukd opPm&S&d /Sd wm0efodod aqmif&Guf cJhonf? ormorwf rSswpGmaqmif&GufcJhonf? ukvor*~tzGJŒ }uD;. *k%foduQmudk aumif;rGefpGmxdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcJhonf ? OD;oef@ta=umif;udk ukvor*~qdkif&m tar&duefoHtrwf}uD; pwDAifqifu ajym=um;cJhonfr Sm "jrefr mEdkifi H oHt rwf}uD;OD;oef@rSm xl;jcm;ajymifajrmufwJh t&nftcsif;eJ@ ormorwfuswJh trltusifhawG &Sdwmudk u|efawmfwdk@awGŒ&w,f? qdkAD,uf&k&Su olŒudk ,m,Domcef@xm;csifw,fqdkayr,fh usGefawmfwdk@tjrifrSmawmh ol @ t&nf t aoG ; / ol @ aqmif & G u f r _ a wG u d k axmuf x m;+yD ; t+rJ w rf ; om cef@xm;oifhwho J lwpfa,mufjzpfw,f" [k rSwfcsufay;cJah vonf? OD;oef@onf ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;csKyf jzpfvm+y;D aemuf urBmjh y\ emtrsKd ;rsKd ;udk &ifqidk af jz&Si;f ay;cJ&h avonf? OD;oef@ wm0efxrf;aqmifaecJph OfumvtwGi;f usL;bm; ?#?Cuba? jy\emrSm urBm}uD;wpfckvk;H udk txdww f vef@jzpfatmif wkefvy_ f ajcmufjcm;zG,jf zpfco hJ nf? xdpk Oftcsed u f uGejf rLepf0g'usio hf ;Hk aeaom usL;bm;Edik if Htpd;k &udk tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

tar&duefjynfaxmifpku rdrd. &efolozG,f oabmxm;cJhavonf? usL;bm;. uGefjrLepf0g'onf rdrw d dk@Edik fiHtwGif;od@k wajz;ajz; 0ifa&mufv$rf;rdk; vmrSmudk tar&duef tpdk;&u tvGefpdk;&drfaecJhaomtcsdef jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif usL;bm;ESifh qdkAD,uf &k&Sm;wdk@ yl;wGJaeonfudkvnf; tar&duefu =unfhIr&jzpfaecsdef jzpfonf ? usL;bm;wGif tar&duefukd xd;k ppfqif&ef twGuf EsLuvD;,m; ESihf wdkucf u kd fa&; tiftm;rsm; pkaqmif;aejcif;udk wm;jrpf&ef tar&duef orRw uae'D u trde@f ay;vdkuf+yD [ka=unmonf? ta&;}uKH vsS if ppfjyifqif&eftwGuv f nf; tar&duefwyfrsm;udk trde@f ay; xm;cJh+yD;[kvnf; tar&duef orRw uae'Du ajym=um;cJhonf? usL;bm;odk@oGm;aom rnfonfo h abFmudrk qdk =um;jzwfum vufeufypPn;f yg ryg &SmazGppfaq;I vufeufypPn;f ygvmygu vmvrf;twdik ;f vSnjfh yefcidk ;f &ef wm;qD;=u&rnf[v k nf; uae'Du tar&duef a&wyfrawmfudk trdef@ay;vdkufonf ? 1961 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mv(2)&ufae@wGif uD;0uf attufzyf D owif;uvnf; "tar&duefw@kd ta&;,laeyHo k wif;rsm;udk &&S+d y;D aemuf usL;bm;Edik if w H iG f ppfwyftm;vH;k udk pk&Hk;ac:aqmifvdkuf+yD"[k [mAmem (Havana) a&'D,dkrS ,ae@ eHeufwGif a=unm vdkufonf? ,if;trdef@udk 0ef}uD;csKyf uufpx&dk udk,w f dkif trdefŒxkwfjyefvdkufonf[k od&onf? tar&duef orRw uae'D ESihf usL;bm;acgi;f aqmif uufpx&dk wd@k . tjyeftvSef ppfqifr_rsm;rSm wdk;Iwdk;Iom qdk;vmonf? tar&duefzufrSvnf; ppfoabFm tpif; 40 ESihf wyftiftm;20000 txdw;kd jriS I hf toifjh yifxm;cJo h nf? usL;bm;zufo@kd OD;wnfomG ;ae aaomqdAk , D uftyk pf krS oabFmrsm;onf orRw uae'D trde@f ay;onfhtwdik f; rvdkuef myJ tar&duefzufrS twif;tusyfjyKvkyfvmygu 4if;oabFmudk azmufcGJypfrnf [kvnf; ajymvmonf? xdkpOfu usL;bm;EdkifiH. 0ef}uD;csKyf uufpx&dkonf ppfOD;pD;csKyf wm0ef,l xm;onf? usL;bm;Edik fiH. oabFmqdyf t0if0rsm;ESifh oabFmusif;0rsm;wGif av,mOfypf tajrmuf}uD;rsm;udk jzef@usufwyfqif xm;vdkufonf ? ydkI qdk;onfrSm qdkAD,uf&k&Sm;. wefjyefr_yifjzpfonf? qdAk D,ufu atmufwkb d mv (23)&ufwGif qdAk , D uf wyfrawmfESifh wuG0gaqm ppfpmcsKy0f if Edik if rH sm;. ppfwyfrsm;udk wdkucf u kd fa&;twGuf toifhtaetxm; &Sdap&ef trdef@ay;vdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf? qdAk , D uf tpd;k &u a=unmcsuf xkwjf yefonfrSm "usL;bm; Edik if o H @kd vufeufrsm; wifydk@aejcif;rSm &efp usL;ausmf&efr[kkwf/ usL;bm;EdkifiH. umuG,fa&;twGufom tultnDay;ae&jcif; jzpfa=umif;/ wm;jrpfr_ jyKvkyfygu tar&duefEdkifiHudk qdkAD,ufu tjyif;xefqHk; wkefŒ jyefwdkufcdkufoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif;" tcdkiftrm a=unmcsuf xkkwfjyef vdu k fonf ? 22

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

Todk@jzifh oHk;yGifhqdkif tajctae wif;rmr_rSm ae@csif; ncsif; tqdk;&Gm;qHk;txd a&mufvmcJhonf? urBmol/ urBmom;wdk@vnf; ae@pOf &ifwxdwfxdwfjzpfae=u&onf? &kwfw&uff ppf}uD;jzpfvmcJhvSsif wpfzufESifhwpfzuf 'Hk;ysH vufeufrsm;jzifh wdkufcdkuf=urSm trSeyf if? xdpk pfy}JG u;D om jzpfvmcJv h sS if wwd,ur?mppf}u;D qDo@kd rvGrJ aoG OD;wnfomG ;Edik +f y;D ur?mh+idrf;csrf;a&;onfvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;Edkif+yD; tarSmifacwfodk@ usa&mufoGm;Edkif ayawmhonf? xdu k ho J k@d ta&;}uD;aom tajctaeodk@a&mufvmaoma=umifh urBmh ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;csKyf OD;oef@onf atmufwdkbmv (24)&ufae@ ae@pGJjzifh / (1) qdkA, D uf0ef}uD;csKyf u&l;a&Smx h Hodk@ vdyfrlI "usL;bm;EdkifiHodk@ vufeufrsm; wifydk@jcif; acwW &yfqdkif;xm;&ef" arwWm&yfcHaom o0%fv$mwpfapmifESifh (2) tar&dueforRw uae'DxHodk@vnf; vdyfrlI "usL;bm;tm; ydwfqdk@xm; jcif;udk &yfqdkif;xm;ay;yg&ef" arwWm&yfcHaom o0%fv$m wpfapmifpD ay;ydk@ vdkufonf [k &dkufwm owif;Xmeu azmfjycJhonf ? xdko0%fv$mysm;xJwGif ESpfOD; ESpfzufvHk;taejzifh &ufowW oHk;ywfcef@ qdkif;iHhxm;&efvnf; arwWm&yfcHcsufygavonf? xdktcsdefESifh wpf+ydKifeuf atmufwdkbm v(24)&uf wpfae@vHk; vH+k cKH a&;aumifpYD ae@a&m nyg ta&;ay: tpnf;ta0;rsm;jyKvyk +f y;D OD;oef@u rdrt d aejzifh oH;k ywfrsS qd;k iHx h m;&ef arwWm&yfcx H m;+y;D jzpfa=umif;ESihf xdjk y\ emudk rdrdtaeESifh at;csrf;pGmajz&Si;f Edik frnfjzpfa=umif;/ rdrt d aeESihf a&SŒquf aqmif&Guo f ifo h nf rsm;udk wwfEkid forSs qufvufaqmif&u G &f ef toifh&aSd =umif; aqG;aEG;cJh.? wpfqufwnf; rSmyif usL;bm;0ef}u;D csKyf udv k nf; ppfjyifqifr_wdk@udk acwW &yfqdkif;xm;&efESifh ukvor*~ tzGJŒ0ifrsm;. qENt& arwWm&yfc&H jcif;jzpfa=umif;udkvnf; o0%fvm$ Y azmfjycJah vonf? OD;oef@. aqmif&Gufc sufr sm;rSm rsm;pGmxda&mufr_&Sdonf[k qdk&ayrnf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf OD;oef@. aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_udk tar&duef ESifh qdkAD,uf wdk@u vHk;0 vufcHcJh=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf ? 'Hk;vufeufrsm;jzifh ppfqifE$J&ef em&Dydkif;tvdkcef@rSmyif tcsed frD aphpyf wm;qD;EdkifcJjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf ? xdktcsdefu OD;oef@onf urBmh+idrf;csr;f a&; rxdcdkufap&ef ae@rtm; nrem; tyifyef;cHaqmif&Gucf Jhavonf? tar&dueforRw uae'Du usL;bm;ESi fh jy\em&Si f;&mwGif usL;bm;&Sd 'Hk;ysHvufeuf}uD;pcef;udk &Sif;vif;ay;&ef udpPudk xnfhoGif;xm;. ? xdk@aemuf OD;oef@. arwWm&yfcHcsufa=umifh tar&duef. ukvor*~ udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwm pwDAifqif onf OD;oef@ESifh awGŒqHk aqG;aEG;&ef toifh&Sda=umif; ESifh yËdyuQudk +idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;vdak =umif; vnf; ta=umif;jyefcJhonf? qdkAD,ufrS u&k&Suf uvnf; &ufowW ESpfywf/ oHk;ywftxd usL;bm;odk@ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

ckwfarmif;vSsuf&Sdaom ppfvufeufwif oabFmrsm;udk &yfqdkif;xm;ygrnf? &yfwef@ ppfaq;jcif; udpP udkvnf; &yfpx J m;&ef oabmwlyga=umif; jzifh vufccH ahJ vonf ? xd@k aemuf u&k&Sufonf ?. oabFmrsm;udk tar&duef ppfoabFmrsm;ESifh vGwfuif;onfhae&mwGif a&Smifae&ef trdef@ay;vdkuo f nf? TuJhodk@ tajctaeodk@a&mufvmaomtcg OD;oef@onf tar&dueforRw uae'DxHo@dk udk,fwdkifoGm;a&mufI awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;onf? orRw uae'DESifh yGifhvif;pGm pum;ajymI awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;+yD;aemuf wpfquf wnf;rSmyifusL;bm;Edik if o H @kd oGm;a&muf+y;D 0ef}u;D csKyf zD',fvf uufpx&dk ESihf &if;ES;D yGiv hf if;pGm aqG;aEG;cJhjyefonf? aqG;aEG;yGJrsm ;rS tusdK;&v'fonf ESpfOD;ESpfzuf wif;rmI vdyfcJ wnf;vnf; jzpfaecJhaom jy\em rsm;udk taumif;qHk; ajzavSsmhEdkifcJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif usL;bm;rS 'Hk;ysHvufeufrsm;udk jzKwfodrf;I oabFmrsm;jzifh qdkA, D ufEdkiif Hodk@ jyefydk@vdu k fEidk fcJh+yD; wwd, urBmppf jzpfapEdik faom rD;prsm;udk a&at;jzifh ndrS ;f owfEikd cf ahJ vonf ? tar&duef/ usL;bm; ESihf qdkA, D uf wdk@t=um; wif;rmr_w@kd udv k nf; t+yD;wdkif avSsmhcsEdkifcJhayonf? xdkudpP}u;D ajz&Sif;+yD;aemuf 1964 ck rwfvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtygt0if/ tm&SEidk fiH rsm;ESifh ur?mhEdkifiH toD;oD;odk@ urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;qwGuf aqG;aEG;aqmif&Gufp&m &So d nfrsm;udk jyKvyk &f ef pDpOfxm;cJah omfvnf;/ oGm;rnfq h JqJ tcsed w f iG f qdu k yf &yfpf ta&;u wpfzef ay:vmjyefaoma=umifh urBmywf c&D;pOfudk zsufvdkuf&jyefonf? *&d tEG,f0if qdkufy&yfpf ESifh wl&uD tEG,f0if qdkufy&yfpf wdkŒ tcsif;csif; rnDrnGwjf zpf+yD; wpfzufEiS hf wpfzuf ppfjzpf&ef jyifqifaecJ=h ujyefonf ? wl&uDu ppfjzpf&ef pwifjyifqifaecJhonf? wl&uD. =unf;/ a&/ av wyfrsm;vnf; ppfwdkuf&ef toifhtae txm;od@k a&muf&adS eay+y?D xdk@a=umifh (7)Edik if yH g0ifaom ukvor*~ +ird ;f csr;f a&;wyfrsm;udk qdkufy&yfpfodk@ apv$wf&ef tjrefjyifqifcJh&jyefygonf? OD;oef@onf xdkudpPudkvnf; rsufajcrjywf xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzifh ajz&Sif;Edkif&eftvdk@iSm }udK;pm;aqmif&u G cf Jh&ayonf? ukvor*~ tzGJŒ 0if ckESpfEdkifi Hjzpfaom uae'g/ +Adwdef/ taemuf*smr%D/ qGpfZ mvef/ aemfa0/ 'de f;rwf/ *&dE dki fiH r sm;rS ppfw yfr sm;udk tvSs iftjrefp kpnf;I a&SŒajy;taejzifh uae'g wyfrsm;udk OD;pGmapv$wfI tajctaeudk tcsdefrD xdef;csKyf&if; OD;oef@onf +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ESpfzuf acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;pGm aqG;aEG;cJhonf ? xdk@aemufwGifawmh jzpfvkjzpfqJ ppfudk &yfwef@atmif }uKd ;yrf;tm;xkwfEdkifcJhonf? OD;oefŒonf urBmhuv k or*~taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_;csKyf b0Y TrSsavmuf aom +idr f;csrf;a&; tvkyfwdk@ udk vkyfcJhonfr[kwfa o;ay? ukvor*~wGif ,m,D twGi;f a&;r_;csKyftjzpf vkyu f ikd pf Of umv uwnf;uyif jy\em rsm;pGmudk udkifw, G af jc&Si;f 24

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

cJh&ayonf? xdkpOfu taemuf tD&D,H udk 'wfcsf tpdk;&u odrf;,lxm;cJhonfhtcsdefwGif tif'ekd ;D &Sm;u rdrw d @kd ydik o f nf[q k u kd m r=umc% u|e;f ay:od@k 0ifwu kd o f nf ? 'wfcsf tpd;k &u o,HZmwrsm;udk vufrv$wcf siI f tjyif;txef jyefvnfwu kd x f w k af oma=umifh r=umc% qdo k vdk wdu k yf rGJ sm; jyif;xefvmojzifh ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;aeaom tcsed f ESpfO;D ESpfzuf=um;Y OD;oef@acgi;f aqmifaom ukvor*~u =um;0ifI aphpyf ajz&Si;f ay;cJ&h onf? 1962 ckEpS w f iG f 'wfcsf ppfwyfrsm;onf taemuftD&D,H rS jyefvnf &kyfodrf;oGm;+yD;aemuf tif'dkeD;&Sm; ppfwyfukd jyefvnf ac:,lay;cJh&avonf? OD;oef@onff tjcm;aom jy\em aygif;rsm;pGm udkvnf; udk,fwdkif ajz&Sif;cJh&onfh t}urd frsm;vnf; renf;awmhay ? OD;oefŒonf wm0efxrf;aqmifae&if; tvGeftrif; pdwfESvHk; rcsrf;rom jzpfc&hJ onfh udpw P pf&yf &Scd zhJ ;l onf ? ,if;rSm AD,uferf ppfyJ}G u;D yif jzpfayawmhonf? xdpk Ofu AD,uferf ppfyGJ}uD;rSm ²²² tar&duefwdk@ qifE$JcJhaom usL;ausmfa&; ppfyGJrSsomjzpfonf? ,if;ppfyGJwGif AD,uferf jynfoljynfom;aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGm 'kuQa&mufcJh&ovdk / usL;ausmfonfh tar&duefwyfom;rsm;vnf; tustqHk;rsm;cJhonf? rnfo dk @ rSs wm;qD; I r&Edk i fa om xdkppfy GJE Si fh ywfo uf+yD; tvGe ftrif; pdwfxdcdkufaoma=umifh urBmh ukvor*~ &Hk;rS wm0efrsm;udk pGef@v$wf+yD; +idrf;csrf;pGm tem;,lawmhrnf[k qHk;jzwfcsucf schzJ l;yg. ? od@k aomf vuf&dw S iG f OD;oef@uJo h dk@ tzufzufrS awmfaom yk*~dKvfrSm ukvor*~ tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;wGif r&SdvSsif rjzpf ta&;ygaoma=umifh OD;oefŒudk tvkyfrS rxGuf&ef urBmh acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;u 0dkif;I arwWm&yfcH=uonf? xdk@a=umifh OD;oef@onf AD,uferf jy\ em ESifh ywfoufI tcsuf (3)csuf wifjycJhonf rSm ² ² ² (1) ajrmufAD,uferftm; AHk;}uaJ ejcif;udk jcGif;csufr&Sd &yfpJxm;&ef (2) awmifAD,uferftm; ppfa&;tm;jzifh wdkufcdkufaejcif;rsm;udk ESpfzufpvHk;rS &yfpJxm;&ef (3) AD,ufaumif; wd@k tygt0if ¡tar&duef / AD,uferf¢ ESpzf uf ud, k pf m;vS,f rsm; awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;I ppf&yfqJ&ef twGuf tajz&Sm&ef [laom t}uHay;csufudk xkwfjyefcaJh vonf? OD;oef@. t}uHay;csufudk OuUÏ tjzpfaqmif&Gufaeaom "rpPwm ty`'l&mref yufZ0yf" u axmufcHcsuaf y;cJI h OD;oef@ay;aom t}uaH y;csurf l oH;k &yfuu kd dkiaf qmifum AD,uferfta&;udk ajz&Sif;EdkifcJhayonf? OD;oef@onf ukvor*~Y ?wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf umvwpfavSsmuf jy\ em rsm;udk ajz&Sif;&mwGif udk,fydkif pOf;pm;nm%f tajrSmftjrif jzifhvnf;aumif; / pdwf&Snf onf;cHr_jzifhvnf;aumif; / oHwref enf;vrf;qdkif&m y&d,m,f =u, G f0r_ jzifhvnf;aumif; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

/jy\ em rsm;pGmwd@k udk nifom xda&mufpmG jzifh ajz&Si;f ay;Edik cf ahJ oma=umifh wpfur?mvH;k u av;pm;cJh&aom +idrf;csrf;a&; Adokum wpfa,muftjzpf *k%f,lxdkufayonf? OD;oefŒonf urBmt h a&;wdk@udk ydkiEf kid pf mG ajz&Sif;Edkif&krH Ssru rdrd. wdkif;oljynfom; rsm; tay:Yvnf; vGefpGmrS tav;xm;wwfolwpfa,mufjzpfayonf ? bmomw&m;ESifh rdb wdk@ tay:Yvnf; tvGef udkif;&d_if;olwpfa,mufjzpfayonf? 1964 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(25)&ufae@wGifOD;oef@onf jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf tpdk;&. {nfhonfawmftjzpf jrefrmjynfodk@ wpfacgufjyefvmcJhao;onf? jrefrmjynf a&mufvSsif a&mufcsif; {nfhonfawmfrsm;ESifh awGŒqHk E_wfquf&. ? owif;axmufrsm;ESiv hf nf; awGŒ&jyefao;onf? rdcif}uD;ESiw hf uG aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f wdk@ESihaf wGŒ&onfh tcsed rf Sm tvGef enf;vSonf? oH;k &ufrsS om ae&onft h csed &f ojzifh OD;oef@ onf oH;k &uftwGi;f vkyfoifh vkyx f u kd o f nfrsm;udo k m vkyI f ukvor*~ &Hk;csKyo f @dk jyef&jyef avonf ? ukvor*~ taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_;csKyf wpfa,muftaeESifh tvkyfvkyf&mwGif ur?mhta&; tm;vHk;twGuf pOf;pm;vkyfukid f &onfjzpfI udk,yf dkif tcsdefrSm enf;yg;vS ayonf? 1967 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D wGif jrefrmjynfo@kd tvnftywf wpfcg vmcJjh yefygonf? jrefrmjynfodk@ jyefa&mufvSsif oltawGŒcsifqHk;rSm touf 82 ESpf&Sd+yDjzpfaom rdcif}uD; a':eef;aomif yifjzpfonf ? OD;oef@ touf 14 ESpft&G,fwGif zcif}uD; qH;k yg;oGm;aoma=umifhjrefrmjynfo@kd acwWjyefvsS if rdcif}u;D udk xdik cf kH tjrifah y:wGif xdkifap+y;D rdrdonfrdcif}uD;.a&SŒ Y aqmifha=umifhxdkifum OD;oHk;}udrfcsvuf uefawmhrnf jzpfonf? +yD;vSsif &efukef+rdKŒ&Sd a&$wd*Hk apwDawmf}uD;udk oGm;a&mufzl;arSsmfrnf ? &efukefY &Sdaom nDi,foHk;a,mufwdk@ESifhawGŒum oma=umif;rma=umif; pum;ajymrnf? aqGrsdK;rsm;ESifh awGuqHkum E_wfqufpum;rsm;ajymrnf jzpfonf? OD;oef@onf jrefrmjynf a&mufvsif Tod@k jyKrnf[k pOf;pm;xm;onf? okd@aomf ,cktajctaerSm rdrdonf urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;wm0efaygif;rsm;pGmjzifh/ +idrf;csrf;a&; wrefawmftjzpf aqmif&Gufae&aoma=umifh rdcif}uD;xHodk@ OD;rvSnfhEdkif &jcif;jzpfonf? ,ck wpfacgufrSmvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&. {nfhonfawmftjzpf tcsdef tawmfrsm;rsm;ay;&vdrfhOD;rnf? {nfhonfawmfrsm;ESifh awGŒ&vdrfhOD;rnf? owif;axmuf rsm;ESifh awGŒ&ayvdrfhO D;rnf ? rdcif}uD;ESi fhawGŒ&onfh tcsdefrSmtvGefenf; vSonf? jyefvnfpOf;pm;=unfhvSsif rdcif}uD;. aus;Zl;rSm tvGef}uD;rm;vSayonf ?rdcif}uD;onf OD;oef@ touf 14 ESpft&G,f zcif}u;D qHk;yg;oGm;+y;D aemufyikd ;f om;rsm;tay:wGif aumif;pGm 26

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

au|;arG;apmifah &Smufcho J nf? t&m&mwGif wwfodem;vnfatmif jyKpyk sdK;axmifay;cJo h nf? OD;oefŒonf jrefrmjynfY oHk;&ufrSsomae&ef tcsdef&ojzifh vkyfoifh vkyfxdkuf onfrsm;udk aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? jrefrmjynfY oH;k &ufom ae&aom tcsed o f nf OD;oef@twGuf wdkawmif;vSo nf? tvky fw m0efrsm;rSm tvGefrsm;vSojzifh ukvor*~&Hk;csKyf&Sd&m e,l;a,muf +rdKŒodk@ jyefoGm;&ayOD;rnf ? c&D;a&mufrqdkufyif touf 82 ESp&f d+S yjD zpfaom rdcif}u;D a':eef;aomifukd xdik I f uefawmhonf? rdcif}uD; aeaumif; raumif;udk *g&0w&m;jzifh *&kwpdkuf ar;jzpfonf ?+y;D aemuf awGŒoifah wGŒxdu k o f l Edik if aH wmf t}u;D tuJrsm;ESiahf wGŒqHo k nf?owif;axmufrsm; ar;jref;orSsudk pdwf &Snfvuf&Snf jyefvnf ajz=um;onf? xdk @ tjyif jref rmEdki fiH Edik if jH cm;a&;wm0efcH OD;oD[efuvnf; OD;oef@udk vdak vao;r&Sad tmif aqmif&u G af y;cJo h nf? jrefrmh&dk;&m [if;vSsmrsm;udkom pGJ+rJpGm ESpfoufaom OD;oef@onf jrefrmjynfodk@ acwW a&mufcdkuf ol@udk jrefrm[if;udkom ae@pOfausG;yg&ef awmif;yef&Sm. ? jrefrm tpd;k &. {nfo h nfawmf tjzpf &efuek o f @kd a&muf&adS epOf aqGrsKd ;rsm;ESit hf wl av;ql"mwfyHk a&$w*d kH apwDawmf}u;D tm; oGm;a&mufz;l arSsmo f nf ? rdcif}u;D a':eef;aomif/ ZeD; a':odef;wifw@dk yg vdkuyf g zl;arSsmf=uonf? xdk@aemuf tmZmenfAdrmefY vGr;f ol@yef;acG csonf? xd@k aemuf pGe;f vGe;f *lausmif; rS qm;awmif q&mawmf}u;D tm;oGm;a&mufz;l arSsmu f m =o0g' cH,lonf? azazmf0g&Dv (26)&ufae@wGif ukuUdKif; r[mpnfomoemh&dyfom&Sd zvf,mOf "rRm&HkwGif rlv udk;uG,f&if;jzpfaom r[mpnfq&mawmf/ yef;waemf&Gm q&mawmf/ yef;waemf jrawmif q&mawmf tygt0if yifhoHCm 71 yg;udkqGrf; uyfv_cJhavonf? xdktxJwGif OD;"rR"Z (OD;Ek) vnf;yg0ifonf[k od&onf ? OD;oefŒonf r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;tm; avSsmufxm;cJhonfrSm ² ² ² ² ² "wynfhawmf ,ck jrefrmjynfodk@ vma&mufpOfq&mawmfbk&m;rsm;tm; zl;jrif&ojzifh tvGef 0rf;om =unfEl;jzpf rdygonf bk&m;? bk&m;wynfhawmf. &mxl; oufwrf; wpfavSsmufwGif urBmol urBmom;rsm;tm; pdwf.csrf;omjcif;/ udk,f. usef;rmjcif;ESifh jynfhpHkapI urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;&atmif qxufxrf;ydk; wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Gurf nfjzpfa=umif; q&mawmfbk&m;tm; uwday; avSsmufxm;tyfygonfbk&m;" [lI avSsmufxm;chJygonf? OD;oef@onf avmu0wf/ "rR0wfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufaeygaomfvnf;/ olŒb0rSm at;at; aq;aq; vGwv f yfpmG aecGihf r&cJyh gacs? ol&&dS maemufo@kd urBmjh y\\ emrsm;u vdkufvmwwf=uonf? OD;oef@onf awGŒoifhawGŒxdkufolrsm;ESifhawGŒ/ {nfhcHoifholrsm; udkvnf; tcsdefvkI {nfhcHcJhygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

rwfv (3)&ufae@ n 7 em&DwGif Adkvfae0if;{nfhcHaom tpdk;&a*[mrS *k%jf yKnpmpm;yGJodk@wufa&mufc+Jh yD;/ ta&;}uD; a=u;eef;wpfapmif a&mufvmaoma=umifh xdknrSmyif jrefrmEdik if rH S tar&duefEikd if H e,l;a,muf+rdKŒodk@jyefvnfxu G cf mG vm&awmhonf? OD;oefŒonf 1961 ckESpfrS 1971 ckESpftxd ur?mhukvor*~&Hk;csKyfY &Hk;xdkif+yD; / urBmh wpfvm$ ; wm0efrsm;udk q,fEpS w f m wm0efxrf;aqmifvmcJ+h y;D jzpfaoma=umifh olonf tem;,lcsifae+yD jzpfonf ? xdkŒa=umifh OD;oefŒonf 1971 ckESpfwGif urBmh ukvor*~ twGif;a&;r_;csKyf b0rS t+yD;wdkif t+idrf;pm; ,lvdkufygawmhonf? OD;oefŒonf t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aemuf ol0goemygonfhtwdkif; pma&;rnf[k qHk;jzwfchyJ gonf? ukvor*~wiG f q,fEpS w f m wm0efxrf;aqmifch&J aom awGŒt}uKH rsm;udk pmtkyt f jzpfa&;om;&ef &nf&G,x f m;cJo h nf? OD;oefŒonf ola&;csiaf om pmtkyu f kd t+y;D a&; +y;D rS jrefrmjynfo@kd jyefrnf[k qH;k jzwfvu kd yf gonf ? xd@k a=umifh e,l;a,muf+rKd ŒrS &DqifpuG, J m; wGif a':vmoHk;odef;wef tdrfwpfvHk; 0,favonf ? tdrfr0,fcif ydkuq f HrvHkavmufojzifh OD;oef@ESifh tvGefcifrif&if;ESD;aom acsŒpf ref[wfwef b%folaÏ;}uD; a';Apf a&mhzJvm;. tultnDjzifh b%frS aiGacs;I vufxJ&SdaomaiGjzifhaygif;pyfum xdktdrfudk 0,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? OD;oef@onf tdrf0,f+yD; aemufydkif; 1973 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 24 &ufae@wGif tar&duefEdkifiHrS a&'D,dk tpDtpOfwGif toHv$ifhcJhygao;onf? toHv$ifh tpDtpOfY OD;oef@.rdef@cGif;wGif ²² olonf "1961 ckESp frSpI 1971 ckESpftxd urBmh ukv or*~Y wm0ef xrf;aqmifchJ&if; ²² ur?mhordkif;udk pmwrf;jyKpkaeonfjzpf&m xdkvkyfief;}uD;udk 1974 ckESpftwGif; t+yD;owfa&;om;Edkifrnf [k ,lqa=umif;/ pmwrf; 'kwd,wGJudkrl 1975 ckEpS u f ek fyidk ;f avmufwGif +y;D pD;&ef &nf&, G yf ga=umif;/ xdk urBmo h rdkif;}uD;ESpfapmif jyKpk+y;D vSsif jrefrmjynfodk@ jyefvm+yD; vH;k 0 tem;,l&ef pDpOfxm;+yD; jzpfyga=umif;/ urBm h ukvor*~tzGJŒ csKyf}uD;Y av;ESpfa usmfrSs jref r mjynf. t+rJwrf; udk,fpm;vS,t f jzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh+yD;/ q,fESpfausmfrSs taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;csKyf tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifchaJ omfvnf; wpfae@rSs ud, k Efh dkiif Hudk rar@yga=umif;/ jrefrm jynfol jynfom;rsm;vnf; pdwf.csrf;omjcif;/ udk,f.usef;rmjcif;ESifh jynfhpHkap&ef tpOft+rJ qka wmif; arwWm ydk@ovSsuf& Sdy ga=umif; ESi fh bk&m;/ w&m;/ oHCm &wemoHk;yg;. *k%faus;Zl;a=umifh urBmhordkif; pmwrf;}uD;ESpfapmifudk +yD;qHk;atmif a&;om;+yD;aemuf/ jrefrmjynfodk@ t+yD;jyefI aqGrsdK; rdwfo*F[rsm;ESifh twlwuG jyefvnfaexdkif&efudkom pdwfapmvsuf&Sdaeyga=umif; ²² pojzifh rdef@cGef;ajcGpum; ajym=um;cJhygonf? 28

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

xdkrdefŒcGef;pum; ajym=um;+yD; &uftenf;i,frSmyif OD;oef@onf (1973 ckESpf/ atmuf wdkb mv wGi f) uHr aumif; pG m jzifh aq;&H kw uf&avawmho nf ? nmzuf yg;apmif(oGm;zH;k &if;)wGif temwpfv;Hk ayguI f jzpfonf? yxrqH;k oGm;q&m0efEiS hf wpfvcef@ ukocJhaomfvnf; raysmufojzifh aq;&HkwiG f ajymif;I ppfaq; ukor_ cH,v l u dk fonft h cgrS uifqm a&m*grSef; od&avawmhonf? q&m0efrsm;. aq;ppfcsufrw S w f rf;rsm;t& aq;&HkwufI cGJpdwf ukor_ cH,&l ef t}uHjyKjcif; cH&avonf? xdk@a=umifhOD;oef@onf aq;&HkwufI cGJpdwfuo k r_udk cH,lcJhonf? xdk@aemuf tenf;i,f oufomoGm;avonf? odk@aomfvnf; urBmh ordkif;0if pmwrf;}uD;udk qufvuf a&;om;jyKpkpOfrSmyif (1974 ckESp/f rwfv Y) xyfrHI aq;&Hk wuf&jyefao;onf? xdktcsdefwiG frSmawmh a&m*grSm qdk;&Gm;aom tajctaeodk@ a&muf&SdaecJh+yD jzpfonf? cHwGif;ydkif;rS uifqma&m*gonf vnfacsmif; qDo@kd ul;puf aecJ+h yjD zpfonf? xd@k a=umifh xyfrHI cGpJ w d f ukor_ cH,cl &hJ jyefonf? xdkt}udrfY vnfyif;/ ycHk; ESifh vufarmif;&if;Y&Sdaom uifqm uvyfqnf;aygif; 300 ausmfcef@udk q&m0ef}u;D rsm;u cGJpdwf z,fxkwcf h&J jyefavonf? OD;oef@. uifqma&m*grmS ydkI ydkI qdk;vmonfh tajctaewGifom &SdaecJhonf? xdk tcsdefumvrsm;Y OD;oef@onf pdwfudk wnf+idrfpGmxm;I &wem oHk;yg;udkom ESvHk;oGif;aeavh&Sdonf? wpfcgwpf&HY "rdcif}u;D udk awGŒcsio f nft h a=umif;/ a&$w*d kH apwDawmf}u;D udk zl;csiaf =umif; ESihf jrefrmjynfudk tjrefqHk; jyefcsifa=umif; " wdk@udkom ajymaeavh&SdcJhonf? cGJpdwfukor_ cH,l+yD; aq;&HkrS qif;aomfvnf; OD;oef@. usef;rma&;rSm odyf+yD;aumif;vSonfr[kwfay? tpm pm;Ir&/ tpm r0ifawmhaoma=umifh 1974 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 22 &ufae@wGif aq;&Hk jyefwuf&jyef onf? wwd, t}urd f aq;&Hk jyefwuf&jcif;rSm tqkwf tat;rdjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? ,cif usef;rmpOftcgu udk,ftav;csdefaygif 160 cef@ &Sd&mrS xdktacguf aq;&HkwufcsdefwGif aygif 100 ausmfcef@om &Sdawmhavonf? 1974 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 25 &ufwGif jzpfonf²²² OD;oef@onf pum; tenf;i,f ajymEdkifatmif owd &Sdaeao;aomfvnf;/ ae@ ESifh n cGJjcm;I odjrifEdkifpGrf; r&Sdawmh+yD jzpfonf? xdkae@ ae@vnf wpfem&Dcef@u OD;oef@. ckwif ab;Y apmifah &SmufvSsuf&adS eaom OD;oef@. orD; a': at;at;oef@ &Sad ecJah vonf? "orD; ²² b,fESpfem&Dxdk;+yDvJ ´ " [k orD;jzpfoludk OD;oef@u ar;avonf? orD;jzpfolu "wpfem&D xd;k yg+yD azaz " ²² [k ajzaomtcg OD;oef@u ²² "ae@ wpfem&Dvm;/ n wpfem&Dvm; ´" ²²[lI twdtus jyefvnf ar;cGef;xkwfcJhavonf? orD;jzpfol a':at;at;oef@u "ae@ rGef;vGJ wpfem&Dyg azaz" [k jyefvnf ajz=um;&m "a=omf ²²² ae@ wpfem&Dawmif xdk;+yDudk;" [k qdkum ndrfoufpGm rSdef;oGm;jyefonf ? Todk@ rSdef;pufjcif;rSm OD;oef@b0. tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

aemmufqHk;rSdef;csuf xGufoufyif jzpfayawmhonf ? AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;ESifhwuG tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;/ OD;oef@ onf vnf;aumif; olwdk@ tm;vHk;onf olwdk@ ordkif;/ jrefrmh ordkif; ESifh urBmh ordkif;udkyg aumif;rGefpGm ur`nf;wifEdkifcJh=uygonf ? AdkvfcsKyfwdk@onf jrefrmhta&;/ wdkif;&if;om; ta&;ESifh OD;oef@onf urBmhta&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;wdk@udk wm0efausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifcJh=uavonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@tm; wpfurBmvHk;&Sd EdkifihaH cgi;f aqmifrsm;/ urBmol urBmom;rsm;u cspcf if av;pm;cJh=uayonf? olwdk@ uG,fvGefavomtcgu jrefrm jynfol jynfom;rsm;omru EDkifiHtoD;oD;/ yk*~dKvf toD;oD;wdk@uyifvSsif 0rf;enf; a=uuGJ ESajrm wrf;w=u& avonf? udk;um; pmtkyfrsm; (1) urBmh +idrf;csrf;a&; Adokum OD;oef@ (wuUodkvf pdefwif) (2) ArmhOD;oef@ (taxmufawmf vSatmif) (3) ig;ESpf&moD Armjynf (OD;Ek ) (4)The history of the United Nations as an International Organization has its origins in World War II.

Tin Zaw min av;pm;vSsuf

18/07/2016 (Monday) 11:35 PM

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

jrefrmŒ vGwfvyfa&;orkdif;rS ajrjzLudkif tmZmenf ausmif;q&m}uD;rsm; eef;!Gef@awZ EkdifiHtoD;oD;rSm ynmudkay; a0r#aom q&m/ q&mrrsm;onf EkdifiHjyKyk*~dKvf rsm;yif? vkyf&yfwpfck . trSef/ trSm;udk qkH;jzwfay;Ekdif onfrSm ynmtm;jzifhom qkH;jzwf EkdifrSmjzpfonf? usqkH;oGm;onhf tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;udk;OD; wGif q&m}uD;OD;&mZwf/ 'D;'kwf OD;bcsKd/ ocifjr/ ref;bckdifESifh Akdvf csKyfatmifqef;.tpfudk}uD; OD;b0if;wdk@onf ajrjzLudkifvuf rsm;ESifh wkdif;jynftay: aus;Zl;&Sd cJh=uolrsm;jzpfonf? tmZmenf q&m}uD;rsm;. ynma&;ESifhquf E$,faom b0tpdwftydkif;tcsKdŒ ukdazmfjy&v#if²²²²²?

'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd (1903-1947)

ajrmif;jrom; 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd onf 1920 aemufykdif; trsKdom; ausmif;rsm; zGiv fh pS af omtcg tpd;k & 0efxrf;tjzpfrS E_wx f u G +f y;D trsK;d om;aumvdyw f iG f jrefrmpmq&m 0ifvkyfcJhonf? ,if;rwkdifrDu aygif;wnf+rdKŒESifh [oFmw+rdKŒwGif tpdk;&ausmif;q&mtjzpf tr_ xrf;cJhonf? tpdk;&taxmuftyHh r,la om trsKd; om;ausmif; q&m tjzpf wkdif;jynftwGuf}uKd ;yrf;cJh onf? t*Fvyd pf m/ ygVd/ jrefrmpm ayrsm;udk ESH@pyfu|r;f usio f jl zpf+y;D jref r mEk d i f i Hp ma&;q&mtoif ; OuU Ï / em,uwm0ef r sm;ud k xrf; aqmif cJh o nf ? vkyf}ucH H&csdefwGif jyef=um; a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJholjzpf onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

ocifjr(1897-1947) =unh f j rif w k d i f trsKd ; om; txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyf tjzpf aqmif&Gufc Jhol ocifjronf Oya' a&;&mwGif txl;ESH@pyfu|rf; usifoljzpf onf? ocifjronf vkyf}uHcH& csdefwGif jynfxJa&;0ef }uD;tjzpf wm0ef ,lcJhol jzpfonf? Armhvw G v f yfa&;twGuf awmf vSefa&;tzGJŒ }uD;jzpfaom jynfol@ta&; awmfyHk ygwzD JŒG pnf;&mwGif OD;aqmifyg0if cJ h o nf ? awmf v S e f a&;umvwG i f AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; u jynfyrS acgif;aqmifwm0ef,l cJh+yD; ocifjru jynfwGif;rS acgif; aqmifwm0ef,lcJhonf? ppftwGif; tpdk;&tzGJŒwGif 0ef}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 'kwd, 0ef}uD;csKyt f jzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? vkyf}uHcH&csdefwGif jynfxJ a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJholjzpf onf?

OD;&mZwf(1898-1947) 1921 ckESpfwiG f rEœav;A[kd trsKd;om; txufwef;ausmif;}uD;udk OD; pD ; zG i fh v S p f c J h+ yD ; xk da usmif ; wG i f txufwef;jyq&m vkycf hJ onf? 1922 rS 1941 txd A[k d trsKd ; om; txufwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;tkyf q&m}uD; tjzpf xrf; &G u fc Jho nf? vky}f ucH H&csdew f Gif jrefrmEkid fiv H ;kH qkid f&m zqyvt zGJ Œ csKyf O uUÏ / zG JŒ pnf; yk H tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;aumfrwD0if/ ynma&; ES i f h trsKd ; om;pD r H u d e f ; OD ; pD ; Xme 0ef } uD ; tjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh oljzpfonf? 32

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

OD;b0if;(1901-1947) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tpfudk t}uD;qk;H jzpfol OD;b0if; onf 1914 wGif ewfarmuf tv,fwef;ausmif;rS owWr wef; atmifonf? e0rwef;atmif+yD; aemuf tv,fwef;q&mtjzpf pmar;yGJ atmifaomtcg ewf armufausmif;Yyif ausmif;tkyf acwWvyk cf Jhonf? xkd@aemuf a&eHacsmif;wGif ausmif;q&m/ bDtkd pDp ma&;tjzpf usifv nf&if; t*Fv dy f pmtvGwfynmoifausmif;wwf onf? 1929 wGif &efukefwuUokdvf rS tpdk;& *k%x f ;l wef;atmifI bDtufpDbŒJG &onf? yxrqkH;bGJŒ&aom ewfarmufom;vnf;jzpf onf? bGJŒ&+yD; a&eHacsmif; trsKd;om; txufwef;ausmif;wGif txufwef;jyq&m/ jzL;+rdKŒ trsKd;om; txufwef; ausmif;tkyf tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1947 ckESpf wGif axmufyHha&;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif; 0,fa&; 0ef}u;D tjzpf wm0efxrf; aqmifpOf vkyf}ucH H&jcif;jzpfonf?

ref;bckdif(1903-1947) [oF m w+rd K Œ atbD t rf ausm if;wGif ynmoif,lcJh&m 1920 wGif owWrwef; atmifjrifcJh+yD; u&if bmomoifa usmif; wpfausmif;udk OD;pD;zGifhvSpfcJhol wpfOD;jzpfonf? u&ifvli,frsm;tpnf;t¶kH; OuUÏtjzpf ppf+yD;acwfwGif wifajrSmuf cH c J h & ol j zpf + yD ; vk y f } uH c H & csd e f wGi f pufrv _ ufrE_ iS hf tvkyo f rm; 0ef}u;D Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol jzpfonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

OD;&mZwf. wynfhjzpfcJhz l;ol pma&;q&mr}uD; vlxka':trmu ''u|efr pma&;q&mjzpfvm& wm q&m}uD;&JŒ wkdufwGef;tm;ay; r_a=umihf arwWmapwema=umifh vkd@ u|efrwpfoufvkH;wGif cH,l+yD; t+rJowd&aerSmyg? rEœav; trsKd;om; ae&Sife,f ausmif;xGufrSefor# q&m}uD;OD;&mZwfqkd&if rdbvdk wpfrsKd;/ q&morm;vkdwpfoG,f cspfa=umuf¶kdao av;pm;=uygw,f''[k q&m}uD;OD;&mZwf ta=umif; a&;om;xm;aom ''pHy,f =uL&if yefcsifolaumuf+rJ''pmtkyf trSmpmwGif a&;om;azmfjycJhay onf? ''tmZmenfqkdwm trsm;olimS raqmif&GuEf kdifwhJ udpaP wGudk pGe@f pm;aqmif&u G f cJhwJholawGudk ac:wmyg? tmZmenfjzpfzdk@qkdwm vufeufudkifzkd@rvkdbl;? wu,fwrf; vkdtyfaewJh tcsderf mS Ekid if H twGuf b,forl qkd yg0ifaqmif &GufEikd w f ,fqw dk mudk ynma&; u¾rSm aqmif&GufcJhwJh tmZmenfawGu oufaojycJhwmyJ''[k yJcl;wkdif;a'o}uD; txu(5)jynf rS q&mrwpfO;D u ajymjyonf? EkdifiH.vGwfvyfa&;orkdif; wGif ajrjzLudkif ausmif;q&mrsm;. vufrsm;onf rnfr#txd ta&;ygcJhonfudk jrifomavmuf+yD[k xifygonf? ajrjzLudkif tm Zmenf ausmif;q&m}uD;rsm;udk OD; !Gwfuefawmhvkduf&ygonf?

eef;!Gef@awZ

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

jynfol htpdk;&tm;aumif;rS 'Drkdua&pDtm;aumif;r,f

rsKd;udkrsKd; acgif;aqmifawG[m vlwkdif;aumif;vdrfhr,fvkd@ rqkEd dkifbl;? tJ'gudk wpfqdwf&Sd a0zef&wmeJ@/ tjypfajym &wmeJ@ tcsdefukefaewmyJ? ta&;}uD;wmu 'g[m udk,fu wpfuu G fpm;+yD; wpfzufvlu ESpfuu G fpm;rSmudk owdjyK&r,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 7/ 6/ 1946 2015 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv/ 8 &ufae@rSm jrefrmjynfolwdk@&JŒ wpfcJeufaxmufcrH _eJ@ vlxak cgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ NLD ygwD jywfjywfom;om; tEdik &f &Scd +hJ y;D jzpfw,f qkdwm urBmtodjzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufy&JG v'ft& ,cktcg orRwOD;xifausmef J@ Edkiif aH wmftwkid fyifcyH *k Kd~ vf a':atmifqef;pk=unf wkd@taeeJ@ jynfoljrifawGŒvkdwJh jynfol@tpdk;&wpf&yftjzpf EdkifiHudk OD;aqmifpDrHcef@cGJcGi&fh ae=u+yDjzpfygw,f? jynfol@tpdk;&wpf&yftjzpf wm0efpwif,l+yDqkdwmeJ@ jynfoltrsm; vufiif; tusKd;&Sdapr,fh ta&;udpP rsm;twGuf &uf 100 pDrHcsufcsrSwf taumiftxnf azmfaewmudk awGŒ&ygw,f? odk@&mwGif tpdk;&opfrS tm;pdkuftaumiftxnfazmfvsuf&SdwJh &uf 100 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

pDrcH suef @J ywfouf+y;D jrifom wJ&h v'frsm;xGuaf y:vmEkid af &;r&Sad o;wJt h ay:rSm a0zefra_ wG xGufay:aewmudkvnf; awGŒ&ygw,f? a0zefr_ rsm;[m 'Drkdua&pDpepf&JŒ jiif;y,f r&wJhtcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfwmrSefaomfvnf; orkdif;tarGqkd;udkqufcH&wJh oufwrf;Ek tpdk;&wpf&yftay:rSmawmh a0zefcsdefwefao;&JŒvm;qdkwm pOf;pm;p&mygyJ?

a&G;p&mvrf;ESpfoG,f yk*dK~ vaf &;cHpm;csuu f kd yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif;ajymqk&d r,fq&dk if a&G;aumufyt JG }uKd umv NLD ygwDrS 0ifa&mufa&G;cs,fcHzkd@ qENjyKwJh 88 rsKd;qufrsm;tay: NLD ygwD&JŒ rsufESm raxmufjiif;y,fcJhwJhqHk;jzwfcsuf tay: b,fvkdrSb0ifrusEdkifcJhygbl;? 'g[m tem*wf Ek d i f i H a &;tvm;tvm&S d w J h 88 rsKd ; quf r sm;tay: Ed k i f i H a &;t& tuG u f u sus pDpOf¶kdufcscJhw,fvd@k awmif cHpm;rdygw,f? odk@aomf wkdif;jynftusKd;udk vkdvm;olwpfOD;taeeJ@ jynfol@tpdk;& }uHŒckdif tm;aumif;rS jynfolrsm;vkdvm; awmifhwwJh 'Drkdua&pDpepfwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&; tm;aumif; r,fqw dk m ,H=k unfwt hJ avsmuf jynfo@l tpd;k & csnehf @J tm;enf;atmif&nf&, G w f hJ rnfonfh ajymqkv d kyfukid fru _ rkd qkd owd}u;D }uD;eJ@ a&Smif&mS ;&rSmyJjzpfygw,f? 'gqkd&if a&G;cs,fp&m vrf;ESpfoG,f &Sdae+yDqdkwmuawmh taotcsmygyJ? ,ae@tpdk;&opf[m a&G; aumufyGJtEdkif& NLD tpdk;&qkdwm rSefaomfvnf; jynfolawG udk,fwkdif vkdvkdvm;vm;a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufwJh jynfol@tpdk;&qkdwmudkvnf; vufcH&rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? jynfol@tpdk;&wpf&yftaeeJ@ jynfol@tusKd;udkazmfaqmif&mrSm tcuftcJeJ@ pdefac:r_awGjynfhESufaewm udkvnf; rsufuG,fjyKvkd@r&Ekdifygbl;? ajymqkdaeuspum;udkyJ xyfrHajymqkd&&if wkdif;jynf[m ESpfaygif;ig;q,fausmf pepfwuszsufqD;cHcJh&wJhtwGuf urBmhtv,frSm rsufESmi,f&zG,f tqif;&JqHk;wkdif;jynfjzpfcJh&wmudk tm;vHk;todyJ jzpfygw,f? t"duw&m;cHuawmh tm%m&Sipf epfygy?J xkpd epfuyJ wkid ;f jynfukd zsuq f ;D ovkd vluv kd nf;zsuq f ;D cJhygw,f? aemufq;kH tusK;d &v'fuawmh ajray:ajratmufo,HZmwawG qHk;¶_;H aysmufuG,f cJh&ovkd jynfolvnf; qif;&JwGi;f eufoxufeufc&Jh ygw,f? tkyfcsKyfcHjynfolawGrSm pm;p&mr&Sdatmifqif;&JoGm;=uayr,fh tkyfcsKyfol tm%m&Sif awGrSmawmh xm; p&mr&Sdatmif }u;D yGm;csrf;omoGm;wm[m tm%m&Sifpepf/ tm%m&Sifacwf&JŒ xif&Sm;wJhjy,k*fyJjzpfw,fqkdwm jiif;y,fr&ygbl;? 'ga=umifhvnf; jynfoal wGtaeeJ@ urBmt h v,frmS wkdi;f jynf*% k o f u d mQ &Spd mG 0ifx h nf&yfwnf Ekid af &;twGuf 'D rd kua&pD ud kvkdv m;awmifh wcJh= uwmjzpfy gw,f? 'D rk dua&pDud k vkd vm;awmifhw wma=umifv h nf; vSn;f aeavSatmif; jrif;aZmif;rusef jynfow l pf&yfv;Hk tH=k uaG wmif;qdw k Jh &Spfav;vHk; 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfyHk }uD;ay:aygufvmcJh&wmyJjzpfygw,f? 36

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

&Spfav;vHk; 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk vufeufeJ@+zdKcGif; tm%modrf;cJhwJh twGuf 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyGJ[m ydkrdk=urf;wrf;&Snfvsm;cJh&ygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD ta&;awmfyHk wyfom;rsm;taeeJ@ &ufpufcufxefwJhzdESdyfr_rsm; =um;xJu 'Drkdua&pDatmifvHrvSJbJ ay;qyfpGef@v$wfwkdufy GJ0 ifc Jh=uwJh&v'ftjzpf ,ae@jynfola &G;cs,fwif ajrSmufwJh jynfol@tpdk;&udkjrifawGŒcGifh&&SEd dik w f mjzpfw,fqkdwm yuwdtrSefw&m;yJjzpfygw,f?

wpfckwnf;aoma&G;cs,fp&mvrf; aocsmwmuawmh 'Dru kd a&pDvv kd m;olwdik ;f wkid ;f jynfaemufa=umif; jyefvn S hrf mS pdk;&GHŒ=uolawGcsn;f qkdwmygyJ? 'Drkdua&pDwkdif;jynfwpfckrSm vGwv f yfpGm oabmuGJvGJcGih&f Sd wmudk tod trSw f j yK&rS m jzpfa omf v nf ; ,ae@jrefr mjynf & J Œ tajctaeuawmh 'Drdu k a&pDvrf;av#mufoifcgp uav;i,fwpfa,mufe@J rjcm;em;ygb;l ? uav;i,fav;udk vrf;aumif;aumif; av#mufwwfatmif jyKpkysKd;axmifay;&ygOD;r,f? qkdvkdwmuawmh jynfol@tpdk;&}uHŒckdiftm;aumif;atmif wpfenf;tm;jzifh 'Drkdua&pDtmrcHcsuf ydkrdkckdifrm atmif jynfoltrsm;eJ@twl EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pktm;vHk;u 0dkif;0ef;yHhydk;ay;=uzdk@vkdygonf? ESpfaygif;ig;q,fausmf qk;d arGuq kd ufcH&wJh jynfo@l tpd;k &wpf&yftaeeJ@ bJOtp&Smr&ovkd jy\em aygif;aomif;ajcmufaxmif ajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf&mrSm tm;enf;csufawG&SdaeOD;rSm rvGJraoGygyJ? 'Dtm;enf;csuf awGudk &ufaygif;wpf&mrqkdxm;bd/ &ufaygif;wpfaxmif twGif;rSmawmif jyD; jynfhpHka tmifa jz&Sif; Ekdifzkd@ tcuf tcJawG/ t[ef@ twm;awG &SdaeOD;r,fqkdwm taotcsmyJjzpfygw,f? 'D=um;xJrSmrS rif;om;rvkyf&vkd@ ywfr}uD; xkd;cGJvkdolrsm;eJ@ aemufa=umif;jyefvSnfhvkdolrsm;&JŒ tEœ&m,fuvnf; 0dkif;aew,fqkdwm owdjyKrdzdk@ vkdygw,f? EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; rwnf+idrfr_awG}uHK&+yD; jynfol@tpdk;& Zmwford ;f cef;twGuf zefw;D ae wJv h ufonfawGuvnf; wpfpwpfpeJ@ay:xGuv f mwmudk av#mhrwGufoifhygb;l ? a&G;aumufyJt G Ekdif& NLD tpdk;& wpfenf;tm;jzifh jynfola7G;cs,f wifajrSmufwJh jynfol@tpdk;&tcuf}uHK&jcif;[m 'Drkdua&pDta&; tcuf }uHKae&jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? odk@ygaoma=umifh EdkifiHwnfoa&GŒ jynfol@tpdk;& odk@r[kwf t&yfom;tpdk;& rsm;om quf v uf w nf w H h ck d i f + rJ a &;twG u f Ed k i f i H o m;wk d i f ; ork d i f ; ay;wm0ef ausyeG pf mG xrf;&Gufaomtm;jzifh wif;jynfu h syjf ynfh 'Dru kd a&pD tpd;k &acwfa&mufonftxd ESpaf ygi;f 50 ausmfrS ay:aygucf iG &fh vmwJh yxrqH;k t&yfom;tpdk;&tm;aumif; }uŒH ckdifa&; twGuf rwla wmawGudka rhxm;+yD; tvHk; pHk0dki f; 0ef; axmufc Htm;ay;oifha=umif; a&;om;wifjyvkduf &ygw,f?

rsKd;udkrsKd; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

jidrf;csrf;a&; A[kdudk jynfolwkd hu }udKqkd}uonf

aZmf+idrf;vwf (1) jynfaxmifpkorRwjrefrm EkdifiHawmf/ EkdifiHawmforRw}uD; OD;xifausmfonf Zlvkdifv 11 &ufae@ 2016 ckESpfwGif trddef@ trSwf 50§2016 udkxkwfjyefI trsKd;om; jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;A[kdXmeudk zGJŒpnf;ay; cJhonf? xkd+idrf;csrf;a&;A[kdXmewGif tzGJŒ0iftiftm; (11)OD;yg&Sd+yD; OuUÏwpfOD;ESifh 'kOuUÏ(2)OD;/ tzGJŒ 0if&SpfOD;wkd@u vkyfief;wm0efrsm; ukd xrf;aqmif=u&rnfjzpfonf? trsKd;om; jyefvnfoifh jrwfa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;A[kdXmewGif OuUÏtjzpf EkdifiHawmf twkdifyifcHy*k dK~ vf a':atmifqef;pk=unfu wm0ef ,laqmif&Gurf nfjzpf+y;D 'kOuUÏESpf OD;ESifh use&f daS omtzGJŒ0if&SpOf D;wdk@ rSmvnf; vl¶adk o/ &Si¶f dak o/ oduQmorm"dwnf=unfaomyk*dK~ vf rsm;jzpf=u&m jynfoltaygif;u wdk@trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&; A[kdXmezGJpnf;jcif;udk vkdvm;ESpfoufpmG }uKd q=kd ua=umif; avhvmod&Sd&onf? (2) trsKd;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ESifh +idrfcsrf;a&; A[kdXmeOuUÏ/ EkdifiHawmf twkdifyifcHyk*~dKvf/ vlxk acgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unfonf vmrnfhZlvkdif 17 &uf (,ae@)wGif typf&yfvufrSwfa&; xkd;xm;jcif;r&Sdonfh wkdif;&if;om; vufeufudkif 38

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;. acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;rnf[k od&Sd&onf? typfcwf&yf oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xkd;jcif; r&Sdonhf wkdif;&if;om;vufeuf ukdiftzGJŒtpnf;rsm;u nD!Gwfaom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; zuf'&,faumifpD (UNFC) udk tzGJŒpnf;xm;&m Ekid fiaH wmftwkid yf ifcyH *k Kd~ vf taejzihf ,if;od@k awGŒqkrH o _ nf yxrqkH;t}urd jf zpfonf? jynfol vlxt k aeESihf tm;rvkt d m;r&jzpf &onfrmS xkdawGŒqkyH w JG iG w f atmif; vufeufuidk t f zGŒJ ESihf udk;uef@tzGJŒwkd@ yg0if&ef raocsmao;a=umif; =um;od&jcif;yifjzpfonf? (3) trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ESifh EkdifiHawmf xm0&+idrf;csrf;a&; wkd@twGuf vGw fvGw fvyf vyf a&;&+yD; 1948 ck ESpfa emufy dk i f; umv tpdk ;&tqufquf. vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udk jyefvnfavh vm=unhfonf? xkdtcg 1963 ckEpS f jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG; yGJudk owdjyKrdonf? awmfvSefa&; aumifpDtpdk;&ESifh ArmjynfuGefjrL epfygwD tygt0if wkid ;f &if;om; vufeufukid t f zGŒJ rsm; aqG;aEG;cJh =uonhf jynfwGif;+ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG; aEG;yGJrsm;rSm ratmifjrifcJhonfudk avhvmod&Sd&onf? xkdpOfu awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&tzGJŒESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;cJh=uaom tzGJŒrsm;rSm (Auo) ac: ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ autif,lygwD(u&if)/ rGefjynfopf ygwD(rGef)u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wdk;wuf a&;ygwD(u&ifeD§,cku,m;)wdk@ pkzGJŒxm;aom trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pD nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk/ tvHeD uGefjrLepfygwD/ (ocifpkd;OD;aqmif) &ckdifjynfuGefjrLepfygwD(bkHayguf omausmf/ ausmfZH&$D;OD;aqmif) ucsifvGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf (KIA ucsi)f ESihf SSA (pyf[ek f ppfwidk ;f ESihf EGpH a[efO;D aqmif/ &Sr;f ) wk@d jzpf=uonf? (4) +yD;cJhaomtpdk;&a[mif;toD;oD;. +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sd&ef }udK;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_ rsm;onf ratmifjrif ¶kHomru vufeufuidk ftzGJŒrsm; ydI k wkd;yGm;vmonfuko d m 0rf;enf; zG,fawGŒ&Sd&onf? e0wtpdk;& vufxufwGif AkdvfcsKyfcif!Gef@onf e0wtpdk;&tzGJŒ. twGi;f a&;rSL; (1)jzpfonft h m;avsmpf mG olO;D aqmifvsu/f wkid ;f &if;om ;vufeufuidk f rsm;ESihf typftcwf&yfpJ a&;udk vkyaf qmifco Jh nf? od@k &mwGif E_wt f m;jzifo h m wpfzufESifh wpfzuf oabmwlcJh=uaoma=umihf wenf;tm;jzifh (Gentelman agreement) ykHpH r[kwf aoma=umihf typftcwf&yfpJr_rSm aocsma&&mjcif; r&SdbJ vufeufukdiftzGJŒtpnf;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJo h nfukd awGŒ&Sd &onf? Tod@k jzpf&jcif;rSm ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;ay:rlwnfI tjyeft vSef tay;t,lvyk u f m Ekid if aH &; tjrwfxw k cf =hJ ujcif;a=umihjf zpf onf[k ok;H oyf&avonf? (5) 2010 a&G;aumufyJ&G v'f jzifh jynfcidk +f zKd ;ygwt D m%m&cJ+h y;D Ekdiif aH wmforRwtjzpf AkdvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; odef;pdefudk wifajrSmufcJh onf? orRwOD;odef;pdefonf 2011 ckESpf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

=o*kwfv 18 &ufae@ wGif wkdif;&if;om;vufeufudkif tzGJŒrsm;ESifh typfcwf&yfpJa&; jyKvyk &f ef w&m;0if urf;vSr;f cJo h nf? xkpd Of u Ekid if aH wmforRw OD;ode;f pdeo f nf ‚ud, k w f idk f OD;aqmifI jynfaxmifp+k ird ;f csr;f a&; azmfaqmifa&;A[kd aumfrwD (UPCC)udk zGŒJ pnf;cJh onf? xkdpOfu 'kwd,orRw pkdif;armufcrf;u OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,l+yD; ,if;uyif OD;aqmifI jynf axmifpk+idr;f csrf;a&; azmfaqmifa&; vkyfief;aumfrwDudk xyfrzH JŒG pnf; um ,if;tzGŒJ wGif orRw¶k;H 0ef}u;D rsm;(OD;atmifrif;ESihf OD;pd;k ode;f ) v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf wyfrawmft&m&S}d u;D rsm; yg0ifc=Jh uonf? xkad umfrwD0ifrsm;ESihf ,ckorRw}uD; OD;xifausmf zGJŒpnf;aom trsKd;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;A[kdXmeyg tzGJŒ0ifrsm;udk E_id ;f ,SOaf vhvm+y;D ,ckzŒJG pnf;aom +ird ;f csr;f a&;A[kd tzGJŒ. tm;omcsut f m;enf;csuf wd@k udk okH;oyf=unhfEkdifonf[k xifjrifygonf? (6) Ekdi fi Ha wmf orRw}uD; OD ;xifa usmf zGJŒ pnf ;ay;aom trsKd; om; jyefv nf oifjh rwfa&;ESihf +ird ;f csr;f a&; A[kXd me. vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;rSm pkpak ygi;f (6)csuyf g&do S nf? eHygwf wpfrSm rl0g'rsm;csrSwfa&;ESifh OD;aqmifvrf;!$efr_ay;jcif;jzpfonf? ,if;rSm trsKd;om; jyefvnfoihf jrwfa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;tm; ulnDaxmufyHhjcif;rsm; twGuf jynfwGi f;jynfy rStvSL&S i f rsm;/ tpdk; &rsm;/ tpdk;&r[k wfa om tzGJŒ tpnf ;rsm;/ EkdifiHwumtzGJŒ tpnf;rsm;ESifh aygif;pyfndSEd_if;rnfh rl0g'rsm; csrSwfay;jcif;jzpfonf? ta&;t}uD;qkH;tcsufrSm eHygwf (5)? jynfaxmifpkorRwjrefrm EkdifiHawmftm; 'Drkdua&pD zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkjzpfay:vma&;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm; &SmazGazmfxkwfjcif; jzpf&m 'Dru dk a&pDzuf'&,fjynf axmifppk pfppfay:xGef;&eftwGuf vlxt k ay:/ vl@tzGŒJ tpnf;toD; oD;u ,ckuyif pwif0kdif;0ef; aqmif&Guf=u&efvkd+yDjzpfa=umif; yef=um;E_d;aqmf a&;om; &ygonf?

aZmf+idrf;vwf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

Ak'<bmom qdkwm bmomr[kwf

Nyein Khant

"igbk&m;&JŒ w&m;awGudk awG;=uHEdkifpGrf;&SdolawGyJ odEdkifr,f" (Ak'<) usru bmomw&m; udkif;¶SdKif;vSw,fr[kwf/ Ak'<w&m;udkyJ usifh=uHw,fvdk@ ajymrdwdkif; ar;cGef;aygif;rsm;pGm jyefvmavh&Sdw,f? urBmay:rSm Ak'<w&m;udk bmom w&yfvdk@ trsm;u owfrSwfxm;ayr,fh usr twGuaf wmh 'Dvdk r[kwfbl;? yGifhyGihv f if;vif; qd&k &if/ 'Dw&m;ta=umif;udk bmrSrodcif/ 'D tawG;tjrife@J xH;k xrf;awGudk twGi;f usus ravhvmrdcifawmh usrvnf; 'Dvkyd J xifcw hJ ,f? yxrqHk;taeeJ@ "bmom" qdkwmudk t"dy`g,f zGifh&&if ",Hk=unf/ udk;uG,&f m pepf wck" eJ@ "vlomrmef r[kwf/ wefcdk;&Sif bk&m;ocifudk ,Hk=unfrSK" qdk&r,f? tdE, Nd eJ@ eDaygudk c&D;xGuf+yD; tJ'Du Ak'<ausmif;uefawGudk avhvm=unfhrdrS Ak'<bmomqdkwm ,Hk=unfrSKtay:tajccHwJh pepf r[kwfovdk wefc dk;&Si ftay: rSDwJh tzGJŒ tpnf;vJ r[kwfwmawG owdjyKrv d mw,f? Ak'<bmom0ifawGtaeeJ@ Ak'<ukd wefcdk;&Sif tjzpf rowfrSwfygbl;? olwdk@twGuf awmh Ak'<[m urBmay:u wjcm;olawGvdkyJ vlom; wa,mufygyJ? 'gayr,fh/ ol[m 'kuQawG&JŒ ta=umif;&if; t&_yftaxG;}uD;udk xkwfaz: &Sif;vif;cJh+yD;/ tJ'D t¶SKyftaxG;u vGw&f m vGwfa=umif;twGuf wdusaocsmwJh vrf;udk jycJw h ,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

tckvdk obm0 "rReJ@ oHo&mu vGwfa=umif;awG jyocJhwmawmif/ ol@udk udk;uG,w f m/ 0wfjyKqkawmif;wmawG rvdkcsifbl;vdk@ tav;teuf qdkcJhao;w,f? wckyJ olawmif;qdw k mu ol@&JŒ w&m;awGukd pl;prf;pdwjf zm=unfyh g/ ud, k ef @J udu k &f if ,l+y;D usio hf ;kH yg? tJ'Dvdk r[kwf&if 'Dw&m;udk vufrcHzdk@ tcGifhta&; tjynfht0&Sdw,f? bk&m;ausmif;uefawGrSm ¶dk;&meJ@ bmoma&; tcrf;tem;awG awGŒEdkifayr,fh/ 'gawG[m 0wfjyKwmawGudk tajccHwm r[kwfbl;vdk@ usrudk &Sif;jyw,f? "0wfjyKyGJ" awGtjzpf usrwdk@ awGŒ&wJh tpDtpOfawG[m trSefw&m;udk az:xkwfoGm;wJh vl wa,mufudk av;pm; aus;Zl;wifa=umif; jywmawGygyJ? usrwdk@ =um;ae=u qkawmif; &GwfzwfpmawGawmif wu,fu owW0g tm;vHk;udk c|if;csufr&Sd t=uifem arwWm rSsa0wmawGygyJ? Ak'<w&m;udk xyf+yD; tao;pdwf avhvm=unfh&if bmoma&; acgif;aqmif qdkwmawmif wu,fhawmh r&Sdbl;qdkwm taotcsm awGŒ&r,f? Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche (bl wefv lr sdK ; bmoma&;q&m/ 'g¶dku fw meJ@ pma&;q&m) t+rJajymovdk 'vdkif;vmrm;[m wdbufvlrsdK;awGtwGuf avmuDa&;&m acgif;aqmif/ urBmay:u Ak' <b mom0ifawGtyg t0if vltrsm;&JŒ t,l0g'qdki f&m OD; aqmifol qdkwmawmif ol@taeeJ@ Ak'<bmom&JŒ tm%mydkif r[kwfovdk b,folu Ak'<bmom0if tppf/ b,fou l Ak'b < mom0if twkqw kd mawG/ b,foal wGu tjypfom;awG/ b,foal wG uawmh tjypfom;r[kwfbl; qdkwmawGyg qHk;jzwfEdkifwJh tm%m r&Sdygbl;? 'Dawmh Ak'b < momu bmom r[kwf&if bmvJ? usr tjrift& Ak'<bmomqdkwm b0aeenf;/ avmu tjrifeJ@ avmu obm0 "rR awGygyJ? r&Sufwrf; 0efcH&&if Ak'<bmoma=umifh usr}uD;jyif;cJhwJh bmomtjyif urBmh bmomw&m;awGudk ydkjrifwwfvmw,f? Ak'<w&m;eJ@ rawGŒcif "usrf;pmtky"f qdkwm usrtwGuaf wmh w¶kwpf m zwfae&ovdk jzpfrw d ,f? bma=umifh 0wfjyK&w,f/ bmoma&; xHk;wrf;awG bma=umifh vkyf&w,f/ bmoma&; q&mawG&JŒ oif=um;csufawGudk wu,fem;rvnfyJ bma=umifh vdu k ef m&w,f qdw k mawGtwGuf tajz&Smr&bl;? Ak'w < &m;eJ@ rawGŒciftxd usr[m bk&m;ociftay: udk;pm;rSDcdk&ol jzpfcJhw,f? usr cENm&JŒ tjyifrSm awmufa&Smuf &SmvmcJhawmh usrudk usr &SmrawGŒEdkifcJhbl;? Ak'w < &m;a=umifh twGi;f udk jyef=unfw h wfvmw,f? Ak'w < &m;uyJ usr&JŒ vGwv f yf rSKe@J owdukd oifay;w,f? Ak'w < &m;uyJ usrudk usr qifjcifEidk zf k@d / wefc;dk &Sifukd tm;rud;k yJ udk,fhtjyKtrl/ tawG;t=uHeJ@ cHpm;rSKwdkif;udk udk,fwdkif wm0ef,lEdkifzdk@enf;vrf;awG ulncD w Jh ,f? 42

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

Ak'<w&m;a=umifh bk&m;ocifqdkwm aumif;uifbHkuae usrwdk@udk qHk;jzwf pD&ifr,fhol r[kwfwm odjrifvmw,f? udk,feJ@ bk&m; ESpfckuGJ b0udk tqHk;owfEdkifcJh+yD; bk&m;qdkwm vlwdkif;/ t&m0wˆKwdkif;/ ae&mwdkif;rSm udef;0yfw,f qdkwmvnf; qifjcif Edik cf w hJ ,f? bk&m;qdw k m tjyifrmS r[kw/f vufvrS ;f rrDEkid w f hJ t&mvnf; r[kw/f ud, k w f Gi;f rSm &SdwhJ w&m;om jzpfygw,f? 'gjzifh bmvdk@ Ak'<w&m;udk avhvm=unfhz@dk / 'grSr[kwf usi=fh u=H unfhzdk@ vdkovJvk@d awG;rd=urSmygy?J 'guawmh wa,mufp&D ŒJ cH,cl suf/ qH;k jzwfcsuaf wG ay:rSmyJ rlwnfw,fv@kd ,Hk=unfw,f? 'gayr,fh }uD;jrwfwJh ESvHk;om;eJ@ zGifhxm;wJh pdwfa=umifh tod wdk;vmr,f/ awG;awm =uHq vmEdkirf ,fqkw d m t&HSK;r&SdwJh udpv P k@d vnf; ,Hk=unfw,f? Ak'<bmom&JŒ wjcm;bmomawGeJ@ rwlwJh tcsufu bmom0ifawGtaeeJ@ ol@w&m;udyk J zufw, G x f m;&r,fv@kd rqdkxm;bl;? Ak'b < mom0if wa,muftwGuf wyg;ol wa,mufu b,fu vmw,f/ bmud, k =kH unf+y;D bmudk ud;k uG,o f vJ qdw k mawGu ta&; rygbl;? olwdk@ tav;xm;wmu oifhtaeeJ@ "t&mwdkif;[m r+rJbl;" qdkwJh "rRudk jrifEdkifzdk@qdkwmyJ? (pum;csyf/ Oyrm OD;*dktifum&JŒ urBm tEHSŒu w&m; pcef;awGrSm Ak'<bmom0ifyJ vm&r,fvdk@ r&Sdbl;/ Ak'<bmom0if jzpfvmzdk@vnf; rwdkufwGef;bl;? w&m;jyolawGuvnf; bkef;}uD;awG r[kwb f l;)? Ak' <w&m;udk avhv m=unfhwm tusdK ;rsm;ygw,f? bmvdk@ vnf; qdka wmh ol@&JŒyef;wdik fuudk bmomudk tusKd ;&Sad tmif r[kwyf J usi=hf uo H u l kd tusKd ;&Sdapzd@k jzpfvk@d ygy?J Ak'<w&m;&JŒ tusdK;awGuawmh obm0 "rR/ b0 &vmyHkeJ@ rdrdudk,u f kd wu,f em;vnf vmr,f? Dzognsar Khyentse (blwefvr l sKd ; bmoma&;q&m/ 'g¶u kd w f meJ@ pma&;q&m) ajymcJw h mwckuykd J jyefajym&&if "Ak'w < &m;[m a,musFm; rde;f r b,fEpS af ,muf ,loifw h ,f/ (bmoma&;cGef) b,fukd ay;oifw h ,f/ olc;kd udk b,fvkd tjypfay;&w,f pwJh avmuDa&;&m jyXmef;csufawGr[kwfbl;? Ak'<w&m;rSm r*Fvm b,fvdkaqmif&r,fqdkwJh xHk;wrf; owfrSwfcsufawmif &Sw d m r[kwb f l;"? Ak't < aeeJ@ vlawG =um;csiw f m ajymcJw h m r[kwyf gb;l ? obm0"rRukd jrifEikd af tmif tvif;zGifhay;cJh&HkygyJ? oifvnf; jrifEdkifzdk@ tqifoifh jzpf+yDvm;? ................... rl&if;pmrSm rygwJh jznfhpGufcsuf (1) Ak'<w&m;rSm "vlrsdK; (trsdK;)" r&Sd (2) Ak'<bmom[m "bmom" r[kwf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

(3) "omoem" (Sasana) &JŒ t"dy`g,fu Ak'<&JŒ oif=um;csuf w&m;"rRawG? 'Dw&m;awGudk trSeftwdkif; oif=um;ay;zdk@ oHCmawGu wm0ef,l&w,f? oif=um;wJh oHCmawG&ŒJ qGr;f uGr;f udk 'umawGu wm0ef ,l&w,f? ESpzf ufv;kH wm0efausz@kd vdw k ,f? bmomjcm;eJ@ ,lwm/ bk&m;yHk tusôvkyfwm/ bk&m;ay: zdeyfpD;wmawG/ {nfh}udK t0wftpm;awG twGufawmh "trsdK;/ bmom/ omoem" emrnfcHp&m rvdkygbl;? y&dwfowfu 'grsdK;yJ}udKufvdk@ 'grsdK;yJ ¶dkuf&ygw,fqdkwJh jrefrmh ¶kyf&Sifavmuvdk 'umawGu 'grsdK;yJ }udKufvdk@ 'grsdK;yJ a[m&ygw,fvdk@ vkyf&if omoem uG,fr,f? Ak'<bmom0ifr[kwfwJh rl&if; pma&;olu vGwfajrmufvrf;udk &SmawGŒw,f? usaemfwdk@u 'DbmomxJrmS tusOf;usaew,f? apwD r&Sd/ &SifjyK r&Sd/ oufaph r&Sd/ +*dKvfajy emrfajy r¶SdwJh a'oudk Ak'<bmom a&$ŒoGm;&if tHh=op&m r&Sdbl;? usaemfwdk@uawmh a&xdk;xm;wJh Ak'<bmomeJ@yJ quf pcef;oGm;&r,f?

Nyein Khant

(vufbEGef EdkifiHol c&D;oGm; pma&;q&mr tDvif; ,lqGwf &JŒ pmudk bmomjyefw,f)

rl&if;pma&;ol&JŒ zb taumifh

https://mobile.facebook.com/Elyane.Y

blwefu w&m;q&m (bkef;}uD;) ta=umif;

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/…/Dzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinp…

rl&if;pm

http://www.elephantjournal.com/…/buddhism-is-not-a-religio…/

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

pdkufvdkuf rwfwwf

"rRab&Dt&Sif0D&d,(awmifpGef;) ""'Dae@ jzLw,fxifv@kd "tjzL" vd@k ajymcJw h Jh udp[ P m jyefvnf qifjcif oH;k oyfwhJ tcg "trnf;" jzpfaewmawGŒvSsif "trnf;"vdk@ jyifqif ajym&rSmyJ?rdrdpum; rysuf apvkdwJhtwGuf "tjzL" vkd@k ZGwfrSdwf rjiif;vdkbl;"" (tbd"Zr[m&Ï*k¶k/ qÏo*ôwd oHCr[mem,u rpd;k &drfq&mawmfb&k m;}uD;) b,fudpPrqkd rdrdajymqkdvkyfukid fwJh udpPwpfckudkom wpdkufrwfrwf ajymwwf vkyfwwfoludk "pdkufvkdufrwfwwform;" vkd@ qkd=uw,f? "pdkufvdkufrwfwwform;" qkdwmeJ@ ywfoufvkd@ um,uH&SiftaeeJ@jzpfap/ ajymolrsm; taeeJ@jzpfap wcsKdŒu taumif;vdk@ xifrSwf+yD; "rif;wdk@pum; rkd;}udK;oGm;"/ "xGuf+yD;om;qifpG,f 0ifw,fr&S"d / "bl;qdk z¶HkroD;" pwJh pum;yHkrsm;eJ@ jznhfpGuf *k%f,lwwf=uw,f? wcsKdŒuawmhvnf; "usm;usm; rD;,yform;/ tarrSmwJh qefwpfcJG oH;k pdwfeJ@rvJ/ *sKd (csK)d ukwv f ufuikd f rv$w"f pwJh pum;yHkrsm;eJ@ ta=umif;jy+yD; tqdk;tjzpf ¶_jrifoHk;oyfwmvnf; &Sdw,f? ykxkZOfwdk@&JŒ tjrifqdkwm }uKd uf/ r}udKufqkdwJh cHpm;r_udkom pHxm;qHk; jzwfavh &Sdwmrkd@ ,kwfWdwef rSefpwrf;/ tajymoef Ekdifpwrf;vdk@yJ qkd&rSmjzpfygw,f? "t'GZ…0pe] pum;udk ESpfrsKd;rajymol" qkdwm w&m;tm;vHk;udk tukeftpif odjrif+yD;wJh oAŠnK bk&m;&Siw f @kd &JŒ oD;jcm;*k%fy'k fom jzpfv@dk wynhf om0ursm;xJu ynmt&mrSm "tomqH;k / tjrwfqHk;" qkdwJh vuf,m&H t&Sifom&dy kwW&m rax&fwkd@ vdk yk* ~Kdvfr sm;awmif r&Edik fw*hJ % k yf 'k yf g? 'ga=umihfvnf; t&Sio f m&dyw k &W mrax&fjrwf}u;D u p¶du k fe@J rudkun f DwhJ urRÏmef;udk ay;xm;wJh wynhfom0uwpfOD;twGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu jyKjyifay;cJh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

&wmrsKd;awG ydËuwfawmfrSm txift&Sm; &Sdaewmyg? qÏo*Fg,em wifpOfu o*Fg,em *d% k f;aygi;f pHk0efaqmif oHCOuUÏ/ oHCr[m em,u anmif&rf; q&mawmfbk&m;}uD; ysHvGefawmfrl+ yD;aemuf oHCOuUÏtopf wifajrmS ufz@dk udpP ay:ayguv f mawmh tpnf;ta0; =uaG &muf vm=uwJh q&mawmftrsm;pke@J tpdk;&ydkif; t&m&Sdrsm;u rpdk;&drfq&mawmf bk&m;}uD;udk OuUÏtopftjzpf wifajrSmuf&ef tm;vHk;avmuf eD;yg; oabmwl tqkdjyK=uw,f? rEWav;u xif&Sm;wJh q&mawmfwpfyg;uawmh oludk,fwdkif OuUÏ jzpfzkd@ arSsmv f ihcf suf xm;aewJt h wGuf rpd;k &drfq&mawmfukd oabmrwlcsib f ;l ? 'ga=umihf ""rpd;k &drf q&mawmf[m 'Dae@ "tjzL" vdk@ ajymxm;wJhudpPudk aemuf ae@rSm "trnf;" vkd@ ajymcsif ajymwwfw,f? pdwftajymif;tvJ jrefw,f? OuUÏ&mxl;eJ@ rxdkufwefbl;? OuUÏqkdwm pdwx f m;wpforwfwnf;&Sdz@kd vdktyfw,f? rdru d "jzLw,f" vk@d ajymxm;wJh udpw P pf&yfukd b,folu vmajymajym "rnf;w,f" vdk@ ajymif;vJ rajymqdkoihfbl;"" vdk@ ajymqkd uef@uGuv f mygw,f? tJ'D q&mawmf&JŒ pGyfpGJuef@uGufcsufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; rpdk;&drfq&mawmf }uD;u ""OuUÏ wifajrmS ufvu dk wifajrmS uf/ rwifajrmS ufvu kd ae? 'Dae@ jzLw,fxifv@dk "jzLw,f" vdk@ ajymcJhwJh udpPwpf&yf[m jyef+yD; qifjcifoHk;oyf vkdufwJhtcg "trnf;" jzpfaewmudk awGŒvSsif "trnf;" vkd@ jyifqif ajymqkd&rSmyJ? trnf;rSef; odvsufeJ@ rdrdpum; rysufap vdw k t hJ wGuf "tjzL" vk@d ZGwrf w dS f rjiif;vdb k ;l ? "rif;wk@d pum; rk;d }uKd ;oGm; xGu+f y;D om;qifpG,f 0ifw,fr&Sd" qkdwJh pum;&yfrsm;udk w&m;ao usihfoHk;vdkufemcJhwJhtwGuf trSm;rSm; t,Gif;,Gif; jzpfcJh&wmawG &mZ0ifrSm txift&Sm; awGŒEkdifw,f"" qkd+yD; jyefvnfacsy ajymqkdchyJ gw,f? aemufawmh rpdk;&drfq&mawmf}uD;udkyJ qÏo*ôwd oHCOuUÏ oHCr[m em,u tjzpfwifajrSmuf=u&ygw,f? (rpdk;&drfax¶kyw ` dfW/ pm 151) q&mawmf}uD;&JŒ pum;[m avmuusKd;/ omoemusKd;udk vdkvm;wJh olawmf aumif; wdk@&JŒ t¶dk;om;qHk; p¶dkufvuQ%m jzpfygw,f? rSefygw,f/ pum;udk aemufwpfcg xyf+yD; jyifp&mrvkdatmif wpfcgwnf;ESihf ajymEdkifpGrf; &SdwJh tm%m&[yk*f~Kdvf qkdwm (1) w&m;tm;vHk;udk trSeftwdkif; odjrif+yD;jcif;/ (2) }u;D rm;wJh u¶k%mw&m; a&SŒxm;+yD; csiG ;f csufr&SdwhJ aumif;usK;d n$efpum;udk ajym=um;avh&SdwJhtwGuf ta&;w,l tav;rlavmufwJh pum; yrm%&Sdjcif;qkdwJh tqihfjrihf pum;t*Fg&yfESpfyg;eJ@ jynhfpHkwJh oAŠnKbk&m; &Sifwkd@&JŒ t&momjzpfa=umif;/ oDvuQefËDumopf tm%m&[tzGihfrSm qkdxm; wJhtwkdif; oAŠnK bk&m;&SifrSwpfyg; b,fvdkyk*~dKvfrqkd pum;t&mrSm trSm; ygpjrJ jzpfygw,f? ta&;}uD;wmuawmh trSm;udk trSm;rSe;f odzkd@eJ@ od+yD;&if trSefudk jyifqifvufcH&Jzkd@om jzpfygw,f? 46

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

trSm;udk trSm;rSef;rod/ olwpfyg; axmufjyjyKjyifay;wmudkvnf; vufrcHbJ "'ar0 opPH/ armCrn H] ighpum;om trSef/ wjcm;pum; tvum;" vdk@ w&m;ao qkyfudkifxm; jcif;[m rdp?m'dÏd t,l&Sdolwkd@&JŒ p¶dkufvuQ%m jzpfa=umif;udkvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu owday; qHk;rawmf rlcJhygw,f? ...................... bk&m;&Sifw@kd &JŒ yg&rD c&D;=urf;}uD;udk avhvm=unhw f Jhtcg "pdu k fvku d f rwfwwf" qkw d meJ@ ywfoufv@kd &nf&, G cf suef @J vkyaf qmifcsufq+dk y;D ESprf sK;d ESppf m; jcm;em;wmudv k nf; owdjyKoihv f yS gw,f? jrwfpGmbk&m; tavmif;awmf okar"m &Sif&aohb0eJ@ 'DyuF&m jrwfpGmbk&m; ajcawmf&if;rSm ed,wAsm'dwf cH,l+yD;csdefu p+yD; oAŠnKwOm%fawmf &&Sda&;twGuf yg&rDawmfawG jznhfusihfcJhwJh av;oacsF urBmwpfodef; umvwpfavSsmufvHk; oAŠnKw Om%fawmf &&Sda&;qkdwJh &nf&G,cf sufudk b,fawmhrS rajymif;vJbl;? pdkufvdkuf rwfwwf jznhfusihfchyJ gw,f? vkyfaqmifcsuef J@ ywfoufvk@d usawmh trSm;eJ@trSefudk tjrJyJ a0zefykid f; jcm;+yD; trSeb f ufuko d m ajymif;vJ usio fh ;Hk awmfrcl hw J myg? aemufq;kH b0 awmxGu+f y;D w&m;&SmwJh tcgrSmvnf; yxrqHk;tmVm& &aohxHrSm enf;emcH =unhfw,f? 'Dvrf;pOf[m t¶ly wwd,psmefrmS yJ vrf;qH;k aew,f/ rdr&d ŒJ &nfreS ;f csujf zpfwhJ oAŠnKwOm%fukd ra&mufEidk b f ;l qkdwm odvmwmeJ@ wpf+ydKifeuf tmVm& &aohxHu pGef@cGmcJhw,f? aemuf O'u&aohxH a&mufawmhvnf; t¶lypwkwˆpsmefrSmom vrf;qHk;aewJhtwGuf pGef@cGmcJhjyefw,f? 'g[m ck tjzL/ ck trnf;qkd+yD; ajymif;vJw,fvdk@ rqkdEdkifygbl;? rdrdusihfoHk; aewJh vrf;pOf[m rdrd&nfrSef; csufeJ@ rudkufnDbl;qkd&if owfWd&Sd&Sd pGef@cGmajymif;vJ&rnhf a,musmf;jrwfwkd@&JŒ wdusjywfom;wJh vkyfaqmifcsufom jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd pGef@cGmajymif;vJ+yD; &nfrSef;csuf ra&mufrcsif; ravSsmhwJh ZGJv@Hk v eJ@ }udK;pm; &SmazGtm;xkwcf v hJ @kd om oAŠKnKwOm%fawmfudk &&Scd w hJ myg? tmVm& wk@d / O'uwk@d [m rdrw d @dk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tm;xkwfcJh&wJh psmeformywfawGudk bk&m;tavmif;awmfu ESpf&uf/ oH;k &uftwGi;f rSm &&dScw hJ t hJ wGuf tm* a,mufsm;jrwfq+dk y;D wav;wpm; ae&may;cJyh gw,f? tvkyt f aus;G wynhf rsm;udk wpf0ufpD cGaJ y;ovdk oH;k aqmifp&m ypPn;f toH;k taqmifawG vSL'gef; vmwJh tcgrSmvnf; a,musfm;jrwfudk tOD;qHk;ay;vSL+yD;vkd@ usefrSom olwkd@u oHk;aqmif=uwJhtxd ta&;ay;cJhygw,f? tavmif;awmf[m 'gawGudk rpGef@cGmbJ om,m aer,fqkd&if oAŠnK Om%fawmfudk &&SdEkdifp&mta=umif; r&Sdygbl;? tvm;wlyJ vuf0&J H/ vufsm&H tavmif;awmfrsm; jzpfwhJ Oywd\eJ@ aumvdw wkd@[mvnf; rao&medAŠmefudk &SmazGzkd@ vlŒabmifudk pGef@cGmvm=uwJhtcg yxrOD;qHk; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

odOn Pf ;f q&m}u;D eJ@awGŒ+y;D y&dAZdk &f [ef;tjzpfe@J ae=uwJt h cg olw@dk &JŒ Om%f&nfprG ;f ud=k unh+f y;D odOfPnf;q&m}uD;u y&dowfudk v$Jtyf+yD; ajrSmufpm; cJh=uayr,hf olwkd@ usihfoHk;aewJh vrf;pOf[m olwd@k &nfrSe;f wJh rao&m edAŠmefeJ@ ta0;}uD; qkdwm odvmwmeJ@ wpf+ydKifeuf odOPnf;q&m}uD;udk pGef@cGm+yD; &nfrSef;csufeJ@ udkun f DwJhvrf;pOfudk n$efjyEkdifrnhf q&mudk &SmazGcJh=u&mu t&Sif t\Zdrax&feJ@ pawGŒ+yD;aemuf jrwfpGmbk&m;xH a&muf=uum t*f~om0u}uD; rsm; jzpfcw Jh myg? t*~om0u tavmif;awmfrsm;[m t&Sift\ZdeJ@awGŒ+yD; w&m;em&vdk@ aomwmyeftqihaf &mufwt Jh cgrSm jrwfpmG bk&m;xH wef;roGm;ao;bJ olw@kd udk tm;udk;+y;D w&m;&Smae=uwJh tjcHt&H y&dAZkd f (250) eJ@ olwd@k &JŒ vufOD;q&m jzpfwJh odOPn;f q&m}u;D udk jyefac:ygao;w,f? wynhf y&dAZdk fawGu olwd@k eJ@twl jrwfpmG bk&m;xHvku d fz@kd oabmwl =uayr,hf odOPnf;q&m}u;D uawmh vdkufzkd@ jiif;y,fcJhygw,f? 'Dq&m}uD;uawmh &nf&G,f csufudk tav;rxm;bJ rdrd&JŒ vkyfaqmifaewJh 0g'vrf;pOfeJ@ rdrd&&Sdxm;wJh *kd%f;q&m}uD; tqihfudkom pdkufvdkufrwfwwf pGJudkifxm;wJhtwGuf &nf&G,fcsuf r+yD;ajrmufcJhygbl;? t*~om0u tavmif;awmf}uD;rsm;u vmac:wJhtcg ol ajymvdkufwJh pum;uawmh "oifwkd@ vdrRmolawG vdrRmwJh a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;xH oGm;vdku oGm;=u? iguawmh td;k p&nf; }u;D jzpf+y;D rS vufcHt;dk i,f jyefrjzpfvakd wmhb;l ? 'DrmS yJ aeawmhr,f"wJh? ud, k u f wJh yGJu arsmufyaGJ vmufjzpfaeae udk,hf ZmwfrSm rif;om;jzpfae+y;D rS olrsm;Zmwfukd ajymif;+yD; um;qGJb0u jyefrpcsiaf wmhbl;qdkwhJ oabmrsKd;ygy?J pdu k fvku d rf wfwwf rxm;oihf wmudk xm;rdwJhtwGuf odOPnf;q&m}u;D [mvnf; wjcm;yl&m%u\y pwJh *k% d f; q&m}u;D rsm; eJ@twl rdp?m'dÏdtjzpf Zmwfodrf;cJh&wmyg? tckajymcJhwJh jzpf&yfrsm;udk oHk;oyf=unhfwJhtcg rpdk;&drf q&mawmf bk&m;}uD; rdef@=um;wJhpum;[m avmuusKd;/ omoemusKd;twGuf aqmif&Guf ol rSeforSs rdrdwdk@&JŒ aumif;jrwfwJh&nfrSef;csufudk pdkufvdkufrwfwwfxm;=u +yD; vkyfaqmifcsuf/ qHk;jzwfcsuf rsm;eJ@ ywfoufv@kd awmh a,mufsm;aumif; tmZmenfrsm;rSm &So d ihw f hJ "&J" av;csuEf iS t fh nD tjrrJ jywf a0zefyikd ;f jcm; jyKjyif&=J uzk@d owday;vrf;n$ev f u kd w f ,fv@dk oabmaygurf yd gw,f? a,musfm;jrwf tmZmenfrsm;rSm &Sd&r,hf "&J" av;csufuawmh rSm;rSeftjzpf pdppf&Jap/ rSm;trSef a0zefod&Jap/ rSm;rSefa0cGJ ajym&Jwwfap/ trSm;vSef trSefusihf&Jap vdk@ jzpfygw,f?

"rRab&Dt&Sif0D&d,(awmifpGef;) 48

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

History of Burma

jreffrmEdkifiH ordkif;

a'gufwm wifhaqG yHkygowif;udk tckyJawG@&vdk@ tHh=owkefv_yfrdygw,f? ordkif;ar*smeJ@ atmifcJhwJh ZeD;udkajymawmh ol@q&m a'gufwmoef;xGef;udk trSwf&rdw,fwJh? ordkif;oifwmu r˜tatmifvdk@ajymcJhwJhq&m? tck ordkif;udk roif=uawmhwmu t˜csifvdk@r[kwfrSef; odygw,f? tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;udk pOf;pm;=u&wmjzpfEdkifygw,f? ynma&;qdkwm wdki;f jynf&ŒJ vdktyfcsut f & oifay;Edik f&ifaumif;w,f? uGseaf wmfuawmh (9) wef;txdom ordkif;oifcJh&ygw,f? odaeatmifawmh qufvkyfae&wkef;yJ?

jrefrmEdkifiHordkif; jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH[m ,Ofaus;r_eJ@ jzpfxGef;r_awG ESpfaygif; axmifeJ@ csDj yD; &S d w ,f? ordk i f; rwif r D u wnf ; u jrpf= uD ; awG e J @ awmif = um;vG i f j yif a wG r Sm vlawGaexdkifcJh=uw,f? tdrfeD;csif; w&kwfeJ@ tdENd,EdkifiHawGeJ@ ul;vl; qufqHcJh=uw,f? oD&dvuFmukefoabFmawGa&mufw,f? wjcm;a'oawGuae rav;u|ef;qG,f=um; c&D;waxmufem;&mt&yfjzpfcw hJ ,f? tdE, dN wdu k u f ae bmoma&;/ Edik fiaH &;eJ@ w&m;pD&ifa&;/ tEkynm/ vufr_ynmawG/ t,ltqawG&cJhw,f? 'gayr,fh tdENd,,Ofaus;r_v$rf;wm rodomyJ udk,fydkif,Ofaus;r_ukd xdef;xm;Edkiw f mu wjcm;ta&SŒawmiftm&SEdkifiHawGxuf xl;jcm;w,f? ausmufjzpf&yk =f uiG ;f ausmufe@J opfom;vuf&mawGt& jrefrmEdik if t H xufyikd ;f rSmomawG@&vdk@ (tnmom;) qdkwJh a0g[m&eJ@ qufpyfaew,f? 1969 rSmawG@&Sdcsuft& tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

&Sr;f jynfta&SŒydik ;f rSm tapmqH;k ESpf 11000 &Sdw,fv@kd ,lq&w,f? ausmufacwfu Oa&my ausmufa cwfe J@ pifjydKif& SdaecJhw,f? bDpD 1500 avmufrSm a=u;acwf &SdcJhw,f? pyg;pdu k yf sKd ;vm=uw,f? arG;jrLa&;vkyv f m=ww,f? bDpD 500 avmufrmS oHacwf&v dS mw,f?

ysLEdkifiHawmf bDpD 1 uae 9 &mpktxd wdbufwdk-bmrif; bmompum;ajym=uw,f? oa&acwœ&m/ [efvif;=uD;/ csif;wGif;jrpf0Srf;u jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;udkjzwfwJh w&kyftdENd,vrf; taemufzufrSm&Sdw,f? ysLEdkifiHu {&m0wDjrpf0Srf; ajrmufzufpGef;rSm&Sdw,f? jrdKŒ jyEdik fiaH wGwnfaxmifw,f? ysLvlrsKd ;[m jrefrmhordik ;f rSm tapmqH;k vlrsKd ;vd@k qdEk idk w f ,f? w&kw/f tdENd,EdkifiHawGe@J ul;oef;qufqH=uw,f? 4 &mpkrSm Ak'<bmom pwifvmcJhw,f? uae@ jynfjrdKŒawmifzufrSm wnfcJhwJh oa&acwœ&m jrdKŒ jyEdkifiHu t=uD;qHk;jzpfw,f? w&kwfordkif;t& ysLjrdKŒ jyEdkifiHaygif; 18 ckxd&Sdw,f? ysLacwf,Ofaus;r_rmS tdE, dN ,Ofaus;r_uaev$r;f rd;k cJhw,fv@kd ordik ;f uqdyk gw,f? yifv,fa&vrf; ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&;a=umifhjzpfr,f? awmifydkif;ujrdKŒemrnfawGuygVd (odk@) ooFu&kduf (ouUwbmom) (qef;pfc&pf) eJ@qdkwJhtcsuu f dkaxmufjyw,f? Oyrm oa&acwW&m (oD&dacwW&m) ? waumif;uawmh jrefrmvdkjzpfjyD; bk&m;avmif;vdk ousomuD0ifuaeqif;oufw,fv@kd rSw, f w l mvnf;&Sw d ,f? 4 &mpkuwnf;u pw,fv@kd vnf; qdyk gw,f? w&kwfordik f;rSmvnf; ax&0g'Ak'<bmomvdk@ rSww f rf;wifxm;w,f? 9 &mpkaemufydkif;rSm jrif;pDjrefolvdk@wifpm;wJh vlrsdK;awG ajrmufzufuae 0ifvmw,f? Armvdk@ac:w,f? 9 &mpk tapmydkif;uwnf;u ,leef Nanzhao Kingdom eefaZmif (eefacsmif) bk&ifawGeJ@ ysLawGppfcif;ae=uw,f? 832 rSm eefaZmif; bk&ifu [efvif;=uD;udk zsufqD;vdkuw f ,f? ysL 3000 a,mufudkzrf;ac:oGm;w,f? ysLwcsdKŒu yk*aH 'orSm tajccs=uw,f? ysLawG[m yk*o H m;awGe@J aoG;aESmoGm;awmhw,f? 12 &mpktxd ysLpmay usefaeao;w,f? yk*Hom;awGqdkwm ArmawGa&m/ ysLawGa&m/ rGefawGyg a&maESmaew,f?

rGefEdkifiHawmf rGe fpum;udk (atmfpxdkat&Sm ;wpf) vdk@ac:w,f? uarBm 'D,m;rSmoHk; wJh crmeJ@eD;pyfw,f? oxHkrSmA[dkjyKw,f? 4-6 &mpk tdEdN, (*kywm;) rif;qufeJ@acwf+ydKif jzpfw ,f ? 'd t&if 3 &mpk arm&D ,tif yg,m tmaomubk &ifu ae Ak' Qb mom &[ef;awmfawG apv$wfcJhw,f? oxHkudk ok0ÀbkrRdvdk@ac:w,f? rGefa&$acwfjzpfw,f? tdEdN,eJ@ qufqHayr,fh rGef,Ofaus;r_udk xdef;xm;Edki=f uw,f? rGefb&k ifhEdkifiHawGu 6 &mpkuwnf;upw,f? xdkif;rGefuaevmw,f? 9 &mpkrSm rG e f E d k i f i H 2 ck / yJ c l ; eJ @ oxH k r S m wnf a xmif w ,f ? ax&0g&Ak ' < b momud k 50

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

pwifwJhvrl sdK;vnf;jzpfw,f? ukeo f G,fa&;eJ@ =uG,0f =uw,f? oxHkukd ok0ÀbkrRd a&$EdkifiH awmfvk@d ac:wGifcJhw,f?

&cdkif a&S;a[mif;okawoeawG@&Sdcsuft& &cdkifa'orSm bDpD 3325 uwnf;u vlawGaecJh=uw,f? wdbufwdk-Amrif; trsdK;ursm;w,f? 10 &mpkrSma&mufvm=uw,f? bk&ifhEdkifiHawGrsm;w,f? **Fgjrpf0Srf;uae ae*a&tilxd us,fw,f? "n0wD/ a0omvD/ av;jrdK/ ajrmufOD;eJ@ 1784 Armbk&iford f;ydu k jf cif;vdk@ 7 ydik ;f cGJjy;D avhvmw,f? 1826 upjy;D 1948 vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtxd t*Fvdyftkyfpdk;w,f?

&Srf; uae@umvrSm &Sr;f pum;ajymolawG tdE, dN ta&SŒajrmufuae/ jrefrmEdik if /H xdki;f / uarBm'D,m;/ vmtd/k AD,uferfe@J w&kwjf ynfxrJ Sm aexdik =f uw,f? &Sr;f (pdik , f rf) [m jrefrm (Arm) xuf xdkif;eJ@ vmtdkwdk@eJ@ ydjk yD; qufEG,fr&_ Sdw,f? (wdkif) vd@k ac:w,f? tpOftquf apmfbGm;awGuae tkyfcsKyfvmcJhw,f? &Srf;ordkif;[m rsm;jym;&_wfaxG;w,f? yk*Hrif;quf (849-1297) yk*Htapmydkif;umv (1044 rwdkifrD) yk*Htifyg,m (1044-1287) yk*u H kd 849 rSmxlaxmifw,f? ArmvlrsKd ;awG acgi;f axmifvmEdik jf cif;vd@k &mZ0ifrmS tcef;wcktaeeJ@a&;w,f? wdbufwdk-bmrif;EG,fawG jzpfw,f? Armpum;ajymw,f? {&m0wDab;u yk* HudkA [dkjyKw,f? 9 &mpk tv,fupjyD; tiftm;=uD;EdkifiHtjzpf xlaxmifEdkifcJhw,f? 8 uae 9 &mpk w&kwfjynftaemufawmifydkif;rSm eefacsmifrif;quf pdk;pHaew,f? ta&SŒawmiftm&SudkcsJŒxGifw,f? 861 rSm [EGdKif;udkodrf;w,f? rGefeJ@ crmudkvnf; odr;f w,f? ysLjrKd Œawmf [efvif;=uD;odrf;w,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm jrefrmjynfatmufydkif;rSm rGefuom=uD;pdk;xm;w,f? ykodrfeJ@ yJcl;udkyg=uD;pdk;a&;vHk;yrf;aew,f? ax&0g'Ak' Qbmom tdEdN,uaeuG,fjyD? [if' lawGjyefjyD;v$rf; rdk;vmw,f uae@txdjzpfw,f? 1044 upjyD; taemf&xmrif;u yk*Hudkpkpnf;Edkifvmw,f? 1886 t*Fvdyfodrf;wJhtxd jrefrmjynf[m wufvdkufusvdkuf&Sdw,f? taemf&xmu &Srf;awGeJ@ rdwfaqGvdkqufqHw,f? pD;yGg;a&;awmifhwif;atmif a&oGif;pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfay;w,f? ax&0g'Ak'Qbmom ,loGif;vdkufw,f? uae@txd &SifoefxGef;um;w,f? 1057 rSm oxHkudkygodrf;w,f? usefppfom; (1084-1112) eJ@ tavmif;pnfolrif; (1112-1167) awG[m bkef;wefcdk;=uD;=uw,f? rGefynmonfawGa=umifh tEkvufr_ynmawG&w,f? apwDykxdk;awG 4000 avmufwnfxm;udk;uG,fw,f? &[ef;awmfawGrsm;jym;vdk@ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

wdik ;f jynf&JŒtiftm;pkwckjzpfvmw,f? wcsdew f nf;rSm tiftm;qkw, f w k frv _ nf; jzpfw,f? 13 &mpktukerf mS yk*t H iftm;usqif;vmawmhw,f? rGef*dkawG jcdrf;ajcmufvmw,f? 1250 rSm ulAvcef&JŒ rGef*w dk yfu zsuq f D;wmcHvku d f&w,f?

bk&ifhEdkifiHi,frsm; tif;0 (1364-1555) [Hom0wD yJcl; (1287 -1539/ 1550-1552) &Srf;jynfrsm; (1287-1563) &cdik f (1287-1785) avmif;=uufrif;quf (yk*rH u S if;vGw)f / 1429 rSm ajrmufO;D (17 &mpktxd) wnfaxmifjcif;/ ta&SŒb*Fvm;onf 1459-1666 txd ajrmufOD; atmufrSm&SdcJhonf? rGef-jrefrm ESpf 40 ppf (1385-1424) ('DtoHk;udk cspf=unfa&;ysufapw,fvdk@ axmufjywmvnf;&Sw d ,f?)

tif;0acwf (1364-1555) yk*HysufjyD;aemuf {&m0wDab;rSm qefxGuf&mausmufqnftem;u tif;0udk owdk;rif;zsm;u 1364 rSm xlaxmifw,f? yxrtif;0 (1364-1527) eef;qufopf ay:vmw,f? rGefawGuvnf; yJcl; (y*dk;) rSm jyefjyD; eef;wnfw,f? "rRapwDrif; (147292) rGefa&$acwfudk xlaxmifcJhw,f? tif; 0bk& if [ m yk *H v d k jzpfa tmifvk y fz dk@ pdw f a pmaew,f ? awmif z ufu [Ho m0wDr G efEdki fi HeJ @ ppfc if; w,f? ta&SŒzufr Sm vnf ; &Sr f ;awGe J@ppfw dkuf&w,f? taemufzufrmS &cdkifeJ@wdkuw f ,f? awmifileJ@ &Srf;udEk idk fcJhw,f? rGef-jrefrm tESpf (40) ppf (1385-1424) udk ratmifjrifbl;? tif;0 tm;tifukefcrf;vmwmom tzwfwifw,f? rif;ajymif;wdkif; vufatmufcHawGu ykefuefw,f? jynf/ &Srf;eJ@ awmifil (1510) vGwfxGufoGm;w,f? &Srf;awGu t=udrf=udrfjcm;em;w,f? 1527 rSm rdk;nSif;apmfbGm;u jynfeJ@aygif;jyD; tif;0udkzsufqD;vdkufw,f? 'kuQonfawG awmifilzufajy;&w,f? 1555 rSm bk&ifhaemifu tif;0udk odrf;vdkuw f ,f? awmifiltifyg,m (1531-1752) awmifilrif;quf (1510-1752) yxrawmifiltifyg,m (1510-1599) anmif&rf;jyefvnfpkpnf;jcif; (1599-1752) jrefrmjynfwGif;ppf (1740-1775) yxrawmifit l ifyg,m (1510-1599) eJ@ 'kw, d awmifit l ifyg,m (anmif&rf;) 1599-1752) txd &Snfw,f? awmifilrif;qufrSm wyifa&$xD;eJ@ bk&ifhaemifwdk@u 52

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

emrnf = uD ; w,f ? 1287 uwnf ; u ysuf o k O f ; oG m ;wJ h yk * H tif y g,mud k jyefjyD;pkpnf;Edkifc Jhwmjzpfw,f? anmif&rf;eJ@ taemufz ufv Ge frif;awGu jyefvnf pkpnf;cJhwm,f? awmifiltifyg,m&hJ txGwftxdyu f mvrSm r%dy&l / w&kwfv$rf;rd;kd xm;wJh &Srf;a'o/ (qdkif,rf) ac: xdkif;eJ@ (vefZef;) ac: vmtdkwdk@vnf;ygw,f? awmifil-[Hom0wDppf (1534-1541) jzpfw,f? 1539 rSm wyifa&$xD;u yJcl; (y*dk;) rSm xD;eef;ajymif;pHw,f? yk*Hudk 1544/ &cdkifudk 1545-47/ xdkif;udk 1547-49 rSm odrf;w,f? ol@aemufqufcHwJh bk&ifhaemifu tif;0udk 1555 rSm/ &Srf;udk 1562-63 rSm/ xdkif;udk 1564-69 rSm/ vmtdkudk 1565-74 rSmodrf;w,f? bk&ifhaemifewf&GmpHwJh 1581 aemuf/ 1584 rSm qdik , f rf (xdik ;f ) uykeu f ef+yD;/ 1605 uwnf;u jrefrmhajryHrk mS rygawmhb;l ? 1599 rSm ay:wl*DawGtultnDeJ@ &cdkifu yJcl;udkzsufqD;EdkifcJhw,f? ay:wl*DvlrsdK; zdvpf 'Db&pfwdku ol@ocif&cdkifawGudk ykefuefjyD;/ *dktmrSm&SdwJh ay:wl*DaxmufcHr_eJ@ 1603 rSm oefvsiu f kd xlaxmifvu kd w f ,f? 1613 {jyv D rSm taemufzufveG rf if;u oefvsiu f o kd dr;f jy;D / 'Db&pfwdkudk um;pifwifokwfoifw,f? ol@r[mrdwf awmifilbk&if/ ewf&Sifaemifudk uGyrf suv f u kd w f ,f? bk&ifah emifewf&mG pHjyD; 18 ESpft=um/ 266 ESpfwm&SnfcJhw/Jh ta&SÅ&#x2019;awmiftm&SrSm t=uD;qH;k jzpfcJhwJh awmifil tifyg,m=u;D ysufpD;oGm;awmhw,f? ukef;abmifrif;quf (1752-1885) +yefvnfpkpnf;jcif;/ xdkif;eJ@ppfjzpfyGg;jcif; (1785-1786/ 1787/ 1792/ 1803-1808/ 1809-1812/ 1849-1855) w&kwfeJ@ppfjzpfyGg;jcif;/ taemufEdkifiHrsm;u usL;ausmfcH&jcif;/ tavmif;bk&m; (1752-1760) uae yJcl;udk wdu k x f w k fvku d fw,f? &Srf;jynfukd vnf; jyef,lEdkifw,f? 1759 rSm r%dyl&udkjyef, lw ,f? weoFm&Dudkwdkuf,lw,f? xdkif;udkwdkufwmtjyefrSm oludk,fwdkifewf&GmpHw,f? om;awmf qifjzL&Sif (1763-76) eef;wufw,f? t,k',udk 1766 rSmEdkifw,f? w&kwfuvnf; 1766 uae 1769 txd usL;ausmfayr,fh ratmifjrifyg? &cdkifudka&m r%dyl&eJ@ tmoefudkygjyef,lEdkifw,f? tdENd,rSmtkyfpdk;aewJh t*FvdyfeJ@ e,fcsif;xdpyfvmjyD; 1824-26 rSm yxr t*Fvdyfjrefrmppfjzpfw,f? tmoef/ r%dyl&/ &cdkifeJ@ weoFm&Dukd vufv$w&f w,f? 'kwd, t*Fvdy f- jrefr mppf (1852) uawmh yJc l; &dk;roopfa wGvdkcsifwJh t*Fvdyfu&efpvdk@jzpf&w,f? jrefrmjynf atmufydkif;wckvHk; odrf;,lw,f? 1885 rSm wwd,ppfjzpfjyD; jrefrmhaemufqHk;rif; oDa yg (1878-85) udk zrf; ac:oGm ;w,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

wwd,t*Fvyd -f jrefrmppfu 2 ywfom=umvdkuyf gw,f? 1885 Ed0k bFmvrSm jAw d o d sS awGu rEœav;eefjrKd Œawmfudk odr;f ,lvku d w f ,f?

+AdwdosSudkvdkeDacwf yxrt*Fvdyf-jrefrmppf (1824-1826) 'kwd,t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppf (5-4-1852 rS 20-12-1852) wwd,t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppf (7 rS 29 Edk0bFm 1885) *syefacwf (1942-1945)

+AdwdoSsvufatmufujrefrmjynf (1885-1948) 1869 rSm pl;tufwl;ajrmif;zGifhvmawmh jrefrmjynfuqefpyg;udk ydkjyD;pdkufysdK;csif vmw,f? {&m0wD jrpf0u|ef;ay: a'oudk t"duxm;w,f? pdkuf{u 6 aomif;uae 10 oef;txd&Sdvmw,f? jAdwdosSawGu tdENd, EdkifiHom;awGukd ac:oGif;w,f? awmifydkif; cspfwD;,m;awGu aiGacs;pm;olawGjzpfvmw,f? qefpyg;aps;uGuu f kd w&kwfeJ@ tdENd, om;awGu tkypf D;xm;w,f? jrefrmawmifoal wG qif;&JwGif; eufoxufeufvm=uw,f? trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"gwf wuf=uGvmw,f? 1906 rSm YMBA Ak'Qbmom uvsm%,l0 toif;awG ay:vmw,f? tpdk;&qef@usifa&; r[kwfao;yg? 1920 &efukefaumvdyfudk wuUodkvftqifhjrSifhzdk@ wuUodkvftufOya' vkyfvmw,f? jrefrmppfppfawGudk ab;z,f xmwJhOya'jzpfw,f? ausm if;om;awGqENjy=uw,f? jyifay;&w,f? YMBA uae ausmif;awGxlaxmifw,f? trsdK;om;ausmif;awGvdk@ wGifvmw,f? 1930 ausmv f mvawGrmS v,form;awGukd q&mpHacgi;f aqmifjy;D olyek x f w,f? jAdwdoSsawGu tdENd,ppfom;eJ@ &Jom;awGeJ@ 2 ESpf=umESdrfeif;w,f? 1936 rSm wuUodkvf ausmif;om;awGxyfjyD;qENjy=uw,f? ausmif;om; acgif; aqmif udkatmifqef;eJ@ udkEkwdk@ay:xGufvmw,f? ocifv_yf&Sm;r_xJygvm=uw,f? 1937 rSm jrefrmjynfudk tdENd,uae cGx J kwv f u dk fw,f? 1939 rS m 'k w d, urB m ppf j zpfvmw,f? atmifq ef; u tul tnD &S m zdk @ w&kwjf ynfxGuo f mG ;w,f? *syefeJ@awG@jyD; &Jabmfo;Hk usw d f ppfynmoGm;oif=uw,f? 1941 'DZbFmrSm xdkif;EdkifiH befaumufudka&mufjyD; ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (bDtdkifat) udk zG@J vdkuw f ,f? t*Fvdyq f w k cf gG jy;D *syefjrefrmjynfut dk yk fp;kd w,f? 1937 tajccH Oya't& a'gufw mbarmftpdk; & acgif; aqmifjzpfvmw,f? ocifEka &m ocifa tmif qef; yg tpd;k &xJrmS ygw,f? 1943 rSm *syefu jrefrmjynfukd vGwv f yfa&;ay;w,fv@kd a=unmw,f? atmifq ef ; [m r[mrd wf w yf ta&S Œ awmiftm&S ppfO D ; pD ; csKyf armifh b uf wefe J @ vsdKŒ0SufqufoG,fw,f? 1945 rwfvrSm t*FvdyfeJ@jyefaygif;jyD; *syefudkawmfvSefw,f? ol@ wyfudk ArmumuG,fa&;wyfvdk@ emrnfajymif;&w,f? ppfwGif;rSmyJ zqyvudk 54

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

zGJ@xm;w,f? 1945 arvrSm *syefawGqw k cf GgjyD;/ t*FvdyfawGjyef0ifvmw,f?

vGwfvyfa&;&jyD; 1948-1962 uGejf rLepfawG awmcdjk y;D vufeufuikd yf ek u f efw,f? u&ifupjy;D wdkif;&if;om;awG tm;vHk;vufeufudkifw,f? jynfwGif;ppfjzpfw,f? uae@txd rjyD;ao;yg? 1949 rS w&kwfzufuaeajy;0ifvmwJh w&kwfjzLawGukd wdkufxkwf&w,f? 1958 rSm zqyv 2 jcrf;uGJw,f? OD;Eku AdkvfcsKyfae0if;udk tm%mv$Jw,f? 1960 rSm OD;Ektpdk;& jyefwuf vmw,f?

1962 rS ,ae@txd 2/ 3/ 1962 rSm Acuae0if;uppftm%modr;f w,f? 1972 {jyrD mS Acu ae0if;eJ@ ppft&m&SdawG ppf,leDazgif;c|wfjyD; rqvygwDemrnfeJ@quftkyfcsKyfw,f? 1974 upjyD; wygwDpepfzGJ@pnf;yHkt& rqv ygwDtpdk;&awGu tkyfcsKyfw,f? 1987 rSm jrefrmEdkifiH[m LDC tqifh Edk i fi H jzpf v mw,f ? 1988 rwf vupjyD; ausmif; om;awG pwifwJ h qENjyyGJawGjzpfw,f? rqvygwD orw 3 quf ajymif;jyD; aemufqHk; 18/ 9/ 1988 rSm ppfwyfu tm%modrf;jyefw,f? 1990 rSm a&G;aumufyGJusif;yayr,fh NLD udktm%mv$Jray;yJ ppfwyfu quftkyfcsKyfw,f? 2010 rSm a&G;aumufyGJeJ@twl vla[mif;awGuyJ t&yf0wfeJ@ quftyk cf sKyw f ,f? 2012 =um;jzwfa&G;aumufyrJG mS NLD ygvmw,f? 2015 a&G;aumufyrJG mS NLD u tjywftowftEdi k &f vdu k w f ,f?

ed*Hk; yk*Htifyg,mudk rGef*dkawGu zsufqD;cJhw,f? &Srf;awG=uD;pdk;cJhwJh tif;0rSm jrefrmpmayxGef;um;cJhw,f? tESpf (40) ppfa=umifh tm;tifukefcrf;jyD; ysufpD;&w,f? awmifiltifyg,m[m bkef;wefcdk;=uD;wJhrif;ewf&GmpHjyD; ysufpD;oGm;w,f? ukefabmif rif;quf[m eefwGif;a&;eJ@ nHhzsif;wJhrif;eJ@ taygif;ygawG tkyfpdk;csdefrSm u|efb0 a&mufcJh &w,f? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH[m vGwfvyfa&; &ayr,fh jynfwGif;ppfeJ@ EdkifiHa&;pepf nhHzsif;a=umifh tppqkwf,w k fusqif;cJh&w,f? 'Drw S w f rf;rSm rygwhJ wjcm;a'oqdik &f m ordik ;f awGe@J vlrsKd ;tvdu k o f rdik ;f awGvnf; trsm;=uD;&Sdao;w,f? b,fordkif;pmtkyfrqdk tajymrvGwfyg? 'DpmrSm trsm;tm;jzifh ausmif;oifordik f;rmwdumeJ@ t*Fvdyv f kd ud;k um;p&mawGuae ,lxm;wmomjzpfygw,f? - Political history of Burma

jref r mh E d k i f i H a &;ord k i f ;

http://doctor

tintswe.blogspot.com/2015/04/political-history-of-burma.html

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

- Glimpses of History of Burma

q&m0efxH ay;pmwapmi f

http://doctort

intswe.blogspot.com/2015/07/glimpses-of-history-of-burma.html

- Burmaâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Thailand relations jref r m-xd k i f ; quf q H a &;ord k i f ; http://doctor tintswe.blogspot.com/2015/12/burmesesiamese-wars.html - Burmeseâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Siamese wars ord k i f ; xJ u jref r m-xd k i f ; ppf y G J r sm; http://doctor tintswe.blogspot.com/2015/12/burmathailand-relations.html - Sino-Burma border agreement w&k y f - jref r me,f e d r d w f http://doctor tintswe.blogspot.com/2015/04/sino-burma-border-agreement.html - Stilwell Road pwD;0Jvfvrf;r=uD; http://doctor tintswe.blogspot.com/2015/03/ stilwell-road.html - Kokang background udkuef@e,fajrordkif; http://doctortintswe.blogspot.com/ 2015/02/kokang-background.html - Mongol and Myghal Emperors rGe f*dk tifyg,meJ@ rla *gvf tifyg,m http:// doctortintswe.blogspot.com/2015/04/mongol-and-myghal-emperors.html - Mongoloid rG e f * d k v G d K u f http://doctortintswe.blogspot.com/2014/10/ mongoloid.html - Sino-Burmese wars w&kyf-jrefrmppfyGJrsm; http://doctortintswe.blogspot.com/ 2015/12/sino-burmese-wars.html - Our Dynasties u|Ey kf w f @kd .rif;qufrsm; http://doctortintswe.blogspot.com/2016/ 06/our-dynasties.htm

a'gufwmwifhaqG 25/ 6/2016

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

'*kefwm&meSifh jidrf;csrf;a&; (odk h) EdkifiHa&; ,Ofaus;rSK tm; avhvmjcif;

xGef;0if;jidrf; ed'gef; q&m'*kefwm&monf ppfESifha wmfvSefa &;ukd jzwfcJh&onf? acwfrsm;udk jzwfoef;vm&if; edkifiHa&;t"dy`,u f dk ol. awG@=uHK cHpm;r_jzifh em;vnfch&J onf[k qdkonf? q&mu qef@usib f ufwd@k . nDnw G fa&;ukd &&Sad tmifaqmif&u G jf cif;onf edkiif Ha&;jzpfonf? &efoludk rdwfaqGjzpfa tmif vkyfjcif;onf edkfifiHa&;tvkyf[k ajymcJhzl;onf? jidrf;csrf;a&;Zmwfn$ef;wGif xkdt&mrsm;rSm tajccHoabmxm;[k qdkygonf? xdk@a=umifh edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_.&nf&G,fcsuf onf jidrf;csrf;a&;/ jynfolwdk@.jidfrf;csrf;a&;/ urBm@jidrf;csrf;a&;/ ppfrufr&Sd aom urBmonf xm0&jidrf;csrf;a&;/ xdk@a=umifh jidrf;csrf;a&; onf edik if aH &;,Ofaus;r_. pkpnf;vrf;jzpfonf[k qkcd ahJ om q&m'*kew f m&m. jird ;f csr;f a&; t,ltqukd Tpmpku ajc&maumuf =unfhjcif;rSsom jzpfygonf? (wpf) aygif;pyfa&; u|efawmfwdk@edkifiHonf 1948 ckeSpfvGwfvyfa&;&jyD; r=umrD yif jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;cJhonf? xkdtcsdefrSpI jidfrf;csrf;a&; ysufcJhonf ? jidfrf;csrf;a&;r&SdonfhtwGuf wdki;f jynfwnfa qmufa&; aumif; rGepf mG raqmif&u G fekid ?f jynfov l x l w k &yfvk;H . pm;0wfa ea&;jy\em udkvnf; ajz&Sif;Ir&? zGHÅ&#x2019; jzdK;wdk;wufa&;udpP&yfwdkif;rSm jidrf;csrf;a&; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

tajctaeay:wGif wnfonf[k q&m'*kew f m&mu ol.ordik ;f jzwfoef;r_ tawG@ t=uKH t& em;vnfodjrifxm;onf? xkda=umihf edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;rl[k oHk;e_ef; a&;om;vdkufaomtcg edifk if aH wmfw0Sr;f vH;k . (od@k r[kw)f wjynfv;kH . jird ;f csrf;a&;udk &nf&, G af =umif; '*kew f m&mu qdkcJhonf? edkifiHa&;qdkonfrSm"trsm;eSifh ywfoufaom teuf&onf? wOD;wa,muf aumif;pm;a&;r[kw?f trsm;aumif;pm;a&; jzpfonf? ,Ofaus;r_qo kd nfrmS &dik ;f &mrS,Ofvm onftxd wdk;wufvmjcif;yifjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_[koHk;pGJ&mY aygif;pyfjcif; oabmvnf; oufa&mufonf" udk q&mu ,ckuJhodk@ azmfjyonf? "edkifiHa&;onf trsm;twGuf/ jynfolwkd@twGufjzpfav&m {u0g'wkd@eSifhvnf; qef@usifaejyefonf? {u0g'eSifh qef@usif onfqdkvSsif A[k0g'atmufodk@ a&muf&SdaejyD? edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;rlonf A[k0g'. wGJzufteuf? A[k0g'qdkonfuvnf; trsm;eSihf ywfoufaeonf? trsm; qdkonfrSmvnf; aygif;pyfjcif;oabmw&m;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umihf edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_onf aygif;pyfjcif;oabmw&m;?" ('*kefwm&m/ edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_/ pm -3) q&m &nfn$ef;aom A[k0g'. tESpfom&rSm ygwDpkHpHepf/ t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;ESifh vpfb&,f'Dru dk a&pDukd ajymonf[k qkd jcif;xuf vlwOD;csi;f pD. tawG;tjrif/ t&nftcsi;f / usGrf;usifydkifEdkifr_rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm ysdK;axmifcGifh/ &Sifoef}uD;xGm;cGifh/ udk,fh =urRmudk udk,fwdkifjyXmef;cGifhwdk@ESifh vl. arG;&myg vGwfvyfr_rsm;tay: aumif;rGefpGm taumif txnfaz:aqmif&GufEkdifaom0g'ukd n$ef;qkdvkd&if;jzpfonf[k q&mjzwfoef;cJhaom acwfpepfrsm;. tawGÅ&#x2019;t=uKHcHpm;r_rsm;t& ,lqzG,f&m&Sdygonf?

(ESpf) nDnGwfa&;/ wef;wla&;/ vGwfvyfa&; wdkif;EdkifiHwdkif;wGif tkyfcsKyfcHjynfoleSihftkyfcskKyfolwdk@&Sdonf? tkyfcsKyfolr&SdbJ wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;uom tkyfcsKyfaom edkifiH[lIr&Sdao;? xkdtajctaerSm edkifiHom; wOD;csif;pD. ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef; tvGefjrifhrm;rSjzpfrnf? vlwdkif;todw&m; jrifhaerS jzpfrnf? vlwdkif;jidrf;csrf; om,mpnfyif0ajymaerS jzpfrnf? xdkokd@rjzpfEdkif? odk@aomf rnDnGwfjcif;udkrnfodk@ajz&Sif;rnfvJ[laom ar;cGef; &Sdvmonf? wef;wltcGifhta&;jzifh vGwfvyfjcif; pdwf"gwfuomvSsif/ vGwfvyfa&; tajctaeuomvSsif ajz&Sif;edkifonf? ,if;odk@ajz&Sif;jzif;jzifh nDnGwfa&; twdkif; twmwck&Sda ernfqdkvSsif jidfrf;csrf;a&; &&Sdrnf[kqdkedkifonf? xkdodk@ ajz&Si f;&mwGif t=urf;ywrf; enf;/ vufeufe nf;eSi fh jidfrf;csrf; pGm ,SOfj ydKifjcif;[lI eSpfenf;&Sdonf? jird ;f csrf;aomenf;jzifh ajz&Si;f rSomvSsif nDnw G af &;u cdik jf rJrnfjzpfa=umif; q&m'*kew f m&mu ,ckvdka&;om;onf? 58

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

"Edki fiHa &;,Ofa us;rlo nf jidrf; csrf;a&;[kqd ka wmh jidrf;csrf; a&;wnfjrJ&ef tajctaersm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;=u&ayvdrfhrnf? jidrf;csrf;a&;&&Sd&eftajctaersm;rSm wef;wltcGit hf &;/ vGwv f yfa&;eSihf nDnw G af &;jzpfonf? wef;wl tcGit hf a&;jzifh vGwfvyfa&; &&S d r S nD n G w f r nf ? nD n G w f r S jid r f ; csrf ; a&;&&S d r nf ? jid r f ; csrf ; a&;r&&S d j cif ; rS m wef;wltcGifhta&;jzifh vGwfvyfa&;r&&Sdjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? ,if;odk@ ta=umif;w&m; wdk@onf qufpyfrw SD G,af e=uayonf? rnDnGwfjcif;onf obm0awmhjzpfonf? odk@aomf nDnGwfa&;&&Sd& eftpOf v_y f&Sm ;tm;xkwfae&rnf? rnDnGwf&aom ta=umif;rSm wef; wltcGifh ta&;jzifh vGwfvyfa &; r&Sda om a=umihf jzpfonf?" ('*ke fwm&m/ edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_/ pm-12)

(oHk;) jyKpkysdK;axmifjcif; q&m'*kefwm&mu edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;rl[laom a0g[m&teufudk qufvuf zGifhqdk&mY ,Ofaus;r_. pum;&if;t"dy`,frSm jyKpkysdK;axmifjcif;teufvnf; yg0ifonf [kqkyd gonf? yef;yifpu kd af omtcg rsKd ;aphus&ekH iS hf csucf sif;yGiv hf monfr[kw?f aygi;f yifrsm;udk z,f&Sif;&onf? ajr=uD;udk el;nHhatmif/tyif=uD;xGm;edkifatmif vkyfay;&onf? tqifhqifh tao;pdwf jyKpyk sKd ;axmif ay;rSomvSsif jzpfxGef;jcif; tjzpf/ oD;yGijfh cif;tjzpfo@kd a&muf&onf? q&mu ,Ofaus;r_udk ,if;teufjzifh aumuf,la=umif; atmufygtwdkif;a&;onf? "vlw@kd .omrmefrsupf jd zifh jrifeifkd pf rG ;f r&Sad om tqifq h ihu f kd jzwfoef;jy;D aemufz;l &/ yGifh&/oD;&onf? xkdtcgrS &eHÅ&#x2019; jzpfxGef; vmonf? t&omjzpfxGef;vmonf? Todk@ tqifhqifhoabmjzifhyifvSsif edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_onf zGJ@pnf;jzpfxGef; vm&ayrnf? ,if;tqifhqifh [laom oabmrSm tcsdefumvudk jyonf? wpfyGifheSifhwpfyGifh wpfoD;ESifh wpfoD;wlonf awmhr[kwf? jrefvSsif jrefrnf? =umvSsif=umrnf? ,if;odk@ vlwdk@. owf rS wf a omtcsde fu mveSi fh rS wf om;edki fo nf? toD ; tyGi fh w dk @ . obm0onf wpfckeSihw f pfckw=l uonfr[kw?f xdk@a=umifh tcsed fjzifh ajymif;vJjcif;tqifhqifhudk zl;yGifhjcif;/ oD;jcif;tqifhqifhudk w&m;ao owfrSwfIr&aumif;? edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_onfvnf; ,if;twdkfif;yif jzpfrnf?" q&m'*kefwm&mu udkvkdeDacwf/ zufqpfacwf/ zqyvacwf/ vGwfvyfa&; &jyD;aomacwf/ 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;aom acwfponfjzifh acwfrsm;udk jzwfoef;vm&if; edkifiHa&;t"dy`,fudk ol.awG@=uHKcHpm;r_jzifh em;vnfcJh&onf[k qdkonf? udkvdkeDacwf u wjynfv Hk ; &dkf u fc wfc Jh a om 'd k @ArmoDc sif ; wG i f 'd k@ acwf u dka &muf &rnf rS m rvG J yg? 'dk@udk,fusdK;vHk;vHk;ryg[laom pum;rsm;udk =um;&ayvdrfhrnf? ,if;onf udkvkdeDacwfu od&SdcJhaom edkifiHa&;teSpfom&jzpfonf[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf? edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_onf ,if;edkifiH.ta&;eSifh jyKpkysdK;axmifjcif;oabmudk aygif;pyfIem;vnf&aom oabm tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

w&m;jzpfayonf[k q&mu zGifhqdka&;om;cJh onf? udkvedk aD cwf.Edik if aH &;rSm vGwv f yfa&;twGuf =uKd ;yrf;&aom e,fcsÅ&#x2019;J qef@usiaf &; jzpfonf? *syefacwfwiG f zufqpf qef@usiaf &;rSm edik if aH &;jzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&;acwfwiG f trsdK;om;edkfifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;rSm edkifiHa&;jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& acwfwGif 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf edkifiHa&;jzpfa=umif; q&mu axmufjyonf? 'Dru dk a&pD[laoma0g[m&rSm jynfolwkd@upkd;rd;k jcif;/ jynfo@l tm%m[k t"dyg` ,f &onf? jynfo l[la ompum;&yf. t"dy`m ,fr Sm vnf; a&S; acwfueSi fh rwlawmh? pdk; rdk; jcif;cH&aomjynf ol/ tzd e Sdy fc H&aomjynfol/ cskKyfc s,fjcif;cH&aomjynfo l[lI t"dy`,fzGifh=uonf? jynfolwdk@tm%mr&rcsif; (0g) jynfolwkd@.tpdk;&ray:aygufrcsif; Todk@em;vnf=urSmjzpfa=umif;eSifh ,ae@edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_. &nf&G,fcsufukd q&mu ,ckvkzd Gifhqdka&;om;cJhonf? ",ae@tvkdtyfqHk;/ jynfolwkd@tvkdtyfqHk;um; nDnGwfa&;/ jidrf;csrf;a&; yifjzpfonf? urBmjh ynfow l @kd uvnf; jird ;f csr;f a&;udk vdt k yfaeonf? jird ;f csr;f a&; &&Srd o S mvSsif jynfolwdk@.pGrf;tm;udk tukeftoHk;jyKydkifcGifh&Sdonf? jynfolwdk@.udkf,fpm; tkyfcskKyfa&; &SdrSomvSsif jidrf;csrf;a&;&efdkifonf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_. &nf&G,fcsufonf jidrf;csrf;a&;/ jynfolwdk@.jidfrf;csrf;a&;/ urBm@jidrf;csrf;a&;/ ppfruf r&SdaomurBmonf xm0&jird ;f csr;f a&;/ xd@k a=umifjh ird f;csr;f a&;onf Edik fiaH &;,Ofaus;r_. pkpnf;vrf;jzpf onf[k qdkcsifygawmhonf?" (&eH@opf/ atmufwdkbm/ 1995)

(av;) rwlaom ta=umif;t&mrsm; aygif;pyfjcif;

aygif; pyfj cif; qd ko nfr Sm rwl a omta=umif ; t&mrsm;udk a ygif; pyfj cif; [k q&m'*k e f w m&mu n$ e f ; qd k y gonf ? rwl j cif ; onf obm0w&m;jzpf j yD ; rwl I jcm;em;aejcif;rsdK;vnf; rjzpfoifhay? urBm=uD;wGif aygif;pyfae=u&onf? wOD;udkwOD; trSDo[JjyKI ae=u&onf? ,cifuuJhodk@aom awm awmif a& ajr jcm;em;aom wHwdkif;=uD;rsm;u jydKuGJoGm;jyD? r&Sdawmh? tDvufx&Gef;epf enf;ynma=umihfvnf; urBm=uD;onf ydkIeD;pyfae=uonf? eD;uyfae=uonfudk q&mu atmufygtwdkif; tao;pdwf wifjy cJhonf? "wa,muf,Ofaus;r_udk wa,mufu,lae=uonf? rdrdwdk@. trsdK;om; udk,fydkif,Ofaus;r_ &Sdvifhupm; ,if;,Ofaus;r_wk@d yifvSsif toGifajymif;pjyKvmonf? aygi;f pyfjcif;qko d nfrmS vn;f?f nDnw $ af &;oabmw&m;yifjzpfonf? rwlaomfvnf; aygi;f pyf vSsif nDn$wfEdkifonf? nDnw G o f Gm;jcif;qdo k nfrSmvnf; qef@usifr_rsm;enf;yg;oGm;onf[k ,lI&onf? qef@usifr_rsm; en;fyg;oGm;onfqdkvSsif &efjyKjcif;vnf; enf;yg;oGm;edkifonf? 60

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

&efjyKjcif;onf rwnfrjidrjf zpfjcif;udk tm;ay;onf? '\ewpf&yfwGif qef@usifbufwdk@. nDnGwfa&;[laom oabmw&m;yif ay:xGef;vmonfrSm trSefyif? rwl a omt&mrsm;aygif ; pyf I &oavm? &ed k i f o nf? &onf ? vl w k d @ . tawG;tac:onf urBmwnfpeSifhrwl/ ajymif;vJ wdk;wufvmonf? ajymif;vJjcif;onf obm0w&m;jzpfonf? ajymif;udkajymif;vJ&rnf? rwla omtiftm;pk rsm; aygif;pyfr dvS sif atmif jrifjcif; txG wftxdy fod k@ a&mufEdkifayvdrfhrnf?" ('*kefwm&m/ edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_/ pm-19/ 21)

(ig;) qef@usifbufwdk@. nDnGwaf &;

q&m'*kefwm&mu qefusifbufwd@k . nDnGwfa&;ukd &&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufjcif; onf edkifiHa&;jzpfonf? &efoludk rdwfaqGjzpfatmif vkyfjcif;onf EdkifiHa&;tvkyf[k ajymcJhzl;onf? jidrf;csrf;a&;Zmwfn$e;f wGif xkdt&mrsm;rSm tajccHoabmxm;[k qdkygonf? urBmajray:wGif vlwdk@onf trsdK;rsdK;&Sd=uonf? rwl=u? ae&ma'o/ vlrsdK;/ bmompum;rsm; wpfckeSifhwpfck rwledkif? xdk@a=umifh qef@usif bufqdkonfrSm&SdpjrJ? obm0usonf[ q k o kd nf? vlw@dk . b0vrf;a=umif; wavSsmufwiG f qef@usib f ufrsm;udk awG Œ &rnf ? a&S m if v $ J I r&? jynf a xmif p k t wG i f ; / tzG J Œ tpnf ; twG i f ; jzpf a p rwlaomt&mrsm;&Sdonf? tajccHaemufcHum;csyfrwl/ odk@aomfxkdodk@ rwlnDaom qef@usib f uf wd@k . nDnw G jf cif;onfomvSsif jird ;f csr;f a&;eSihf eD;pyfeikd af =umif; ,ckvadk &;om; azmfjy cJhonf? "edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_/ vlrla&;aemufcHum;csif;rwl? xkd@a=umiffhyif rwlaom t&mrsm;&SdaeonfrSm rwwfekid f? odk@aomf ,if;rwllaom qef@usifbufrsm;udk aqmif&Guf jcif;jzifh uGJvGJcsufrsm;&Sdvifhupm; nDnGwfpGmaqmif&Gufedkifaomtajctaeudk &,lzefwD; =u&rnf[k usGefawmf,lqxm;onf? &,lrzefwD;edkifvSsif tajctaeonf wnfjidrfrnf r[kwf? rnDnGwfvSsif jidrf;csrf;a&;eSifhvnf; a0;oGm;edkifonf?" ('*kefwm&m / edkifiHa&; ,Ofaus;rl/ pm-23) q&mu b0c&D;wGif qef@usifbuft&mrsm;eSifh yÉdyuQ=uHK&onfhtcg aphpyf a&;ESifh oifhjrwfatmif aexdkifcJhjcif;rSm ol.rl jzpfonf[k qdkonf? qef@usifbufudpPrsm; avsmhyg;oGm;atmif/ oifhjrwfatmif vkyf=u&rnf[k qdkonf? oluawmh rnfolŒudkrSs &efolvkdoabmrxm;/ wcgw&H ta=umif;tusdK; rcdkifvHkbJ/ ta=umif;wpHkw&mr&SdbJ &efvkyfjcif;rsm;eSifh =uHK&wwf onf? odk@aomf olu &efjyefrvkyfwwf? rwHkŒ jyef? &efudk a&Smifojzifh jy\emr&Snfawmh? TonfrmS q&m'*kew f m&m. &efolr&Sd/ rdwfaqGom&S[ d k oabmxm;edik v f sS if nDnGwaf &;vrf;eSifh eD;vmonf[k ,k=H unfxm;aom tcsuyf ifjzpfonf? xkd@a=umihf q&mu ol.,Hk=unfr_ukd ,ckvadk zmfjyonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

"t,ltqrwljcif;onf obm0jzpfI eD;pyfvmonftxd nSdeSdKif;rnfqdkvSsif &efolr&Sd/rdwfaqGom&Sd/ rkef;olr &Sd/ cspfolom&Sd tajctaeodk@ vHk;0a&muf&rnf[k u|efawmf. b0tawG@t=uHK/cordkif;tawGŒt=uHKt& ,Hk=unfvSsuf&Sdaeayonf?" (pHy,fjzL / Zefe0g&D 2014)

(ajcmuf) tcspfeSifh trkef; q&m'*kefwm&monf 1950ckeSpfavmufupI urBm@jidrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf? 1948 avmufu pjyD; urBm@jidrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ta=umif; a&;om;azmfjycJhonf? q&monf ,Hk,Hk=unf=unfeSifh a&;om;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf? jidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;wGif tm%mEdkifiHa&;orm;tcsdKŒ. jyKrlcsufudk pdwfysuf rdaomfvnf; qufvufyg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf[k qdkygonf? xk dtcsde fu vufe uffe dki f iH= uD; wcsdK Œonf wpf zuf u jidr f; csrf; a&;pum; ajymaeaomfvnf; ppfyGJrsm;cif;ae=uonfudk awGŒ&I pdwfysuf&aomfvnf; olonf jidrf;csrf;a&;w&m;"rRudkum; rpGef@v$wfedkifcJhay? ,Hk=unfjrJ,Hk=unfvSsufyif &Sdaea=umif; ,ckvdka&;om;onf? "EdkifiHawmfpepfcsif;rwlaomfvnf; jidrf;csr;f pGm twl,SOfwGJ aexdkifonf[al om w&m;udk u|efawmfeSpfoufonf? odk@aomf olwdk@onf rusifho;Hk =uay? vlw@dk .tiftm;(0g)trsm;pk=u;D jzpfaom jynfow l @kd .pGrf;tm;udk uk, d pf m;jyKaom/ wu,f=uD;rm;v$rf; rdk;aom acwfwGifum; jidrf;csrf;a&;onf xm0pOfwnf&Sdrnf[k ,Hk=unfrdayonf? xdkt cgvlom;wdk@. cspfjcif;arwWmw&m;onf v$rf;rdk;aernf[k ,H=k unfrdayonf?" ,if;,Hk=unfcsufjzifhyif q&mu 1981wGif "tcspfeSifhtrkef;" [laom uAsmudk a&;om;cJhonf? xkduAsm tykd'ftcsKdŒrSm ..................... ..................... ..................... tcspfyifysdK; pdkufysdK;olum;/ oem;=uifem nSmwmonf;cH/ pHvSsifa0rSs cHp&m&Sdu/ a&SŒrSol&yf rm;rm;rwfonf/ trsm;jynfol vlwumu/jrwfek;d cH& arwWmcH&/ &efolr&Sd 62

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

vkdvm;olom / 0ef;&Humvsuf eSpfoufcifrif/ vGwfvyfaysmf&$if pnfyif0ajym/ vSyvef;qef; jidrf;csrf;om,m/ at;jrjrJ? trkef;yifrsdK; onftrsdK;vSsif/ tcspfyifrayguf rkef;anSmufnGef@=uG / ol@b0. "rRw&m;/ oif=um;cJhonf oifb,fopfyifpu dk frnfenf;? (1981/ atmufwdkbm/ &_r0r*~Zif;) q&monf yef;yGifhcsdefudk arSsmfrSef;awG;ac:um a&;zGJ@jcif;jzpfonf? vlom;wdk@. arSsmfreS ;f csu/f vlom;wd@k . arwWmw&m;udk yef;yGichf sed fEiS hf udk,pf m;jyK wifjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf? tcspyf ef;yGihcf sedf fwiG f urBm=u;D onf jird f;csr;f om,m / tekynmwd@k vGwfvyfpGm zl;yGihaf 0qm rnfjzpfa=umif; a&;zGŒJ yHkudk xdkuAsmwGif awG@Edkifayonf?

(ckESpf) rJZmydk@jcif;ESifh 'dkifEkdaqm q&m'*kefwm&m. jidrf;csrf;a&;tay:oabmxm;udk ol.pm/ uAsmrsm;wGif awGŒ&onf? aqmif;yg;/ 0wˆKtaejzifh trsm;tjym;&SdjyD; Tae&mwGif xif&Sm;aom uAsmeSpfyk'frS pmyk'ftcsdKŒudk xkwfekwfwifjyvdkygonf? yxruAsmrSm rdrdukd,fudk rJZmodk@ ydk@@jcif; (rdk;a0/ =o*kwf 1986) jzpfonf? q&mu jrKd ŒawmfrcS I JG awmaus;vufwiG f oGm;a&mufaexdik pf Ofua&;om;cJah om uAsm? ol.,H=k unfcsuu f kd azmfjyaomuAsm? olonfordik ;f acwfrsm;/ ppfeiS ahf wmfveS af &;udk jzwfoef;jyD;aemuf &&Scd haJ omtawG;tac:vnf;jzpfonf? olaexdik f&m yJcl;&d;k rtpGet f zsm;rS opfyifawmtkyfpdrf;pdrf;/ yef;yGifhrsm;.ar$;&eH@/ pdrf;vJhaompyg;uGif;/ jymvJhvJh / eD0g0g acsmif;uav; paom aus;vuf0ef;usifwGif at;at;aq;aq; aexdkifaeyHkudk zGJ@onf? &kyfobm0ywf0ef;usif at;csrf;jcif;qdkonfxuf a0zefolr&Sd/ wdkufcdkufolr&Sd/ trdef@r&Sd/ avSsmufv$m r&Sd/ trke f; r&Sd/ ppfyGJ r&Sdo nfha 'oonfom yuwdpdr f;&dki f;vwfq wf/ vGwv f yfe,fajr/ jird f;csr;f ajr[k wifpm;xm;onfukd awG@&onf? ................... ................... TrJZmu|ef; pcef;omarm/ aus;vufawmwGif igvSsifarGŒaysmf/ wpfudkf,fawmfwnfh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

a&;azmfr&Sd/ zwfazmfr&Sd a0zefolr&Sd/ wdkfucf dkufolr&Sd trdef@r&Sd/ avSsmufv$mr&Sd ighukrd od/ ighpmrod trkef;r&Sd/ ppfyGJr&Sd yuwdxif[yf / pdrf&dkif;vwfqwf vGwfvyfe,fajr/ jidrf;csrf;ajr? ? 'kwd,uAsmwpfy'k frmS "'dik Ef akd qmeSihyf ef;vdyjf ym" (&ky&f iS af w;uAsm / rwf 1999) jzpfonf? 1990 ausmfumvrsm;u pmaye,fwGi f armf'ef/ ydk@ pfarmf' efa&m*grsm; onf;xefcJhzl;onf? xkdumvwGif armf'efuAsmq&mqdkolwOD;u q&m'*kefwm&mudk avSmifa jymifoa&mfum olu armf'ef/ q&mu *E<0if ouf&Sda usmufjzpf&kyf=uGif; 'dkifeadk qmESihw f ifpm;cJhonf? q&muawmh rsdK;quf bmompum; todcufom;[k a&;um ol.b0'\erSm tcspf/ jidfrf;csrf;a&;/ tvSw&m;jzpfa=umif; ol@udkf,o f l yef;vdyfjymESifh wifpm; a&;zGJŒcJhonfudk awGŒ&onf? ................. ................. ................. vlom;wk@. d tm&HkcHpm;r_/ rjcm;em;=u jcm;em;onfu/ yifv,fjzwful;ol urf;pyfa&mufol/ a&epf=uol jidfrf;csrf;a'o/ ppfyGJa'o vGwfvyfa'o/ csKyfaeSmifa'o tcGifhta&;&Sdol/ tcGifhta&;rJhol todrsm;ol/ todenf;ol jiif;ckH0d0g'/ &efrpJ? igwrlum; ae&mrysuf/ ,Hk=unfcsufrysuf +idrf;csrf;a&;bufwGif/ tpOf&SdvSsuf ordkif;oufao/ &SmazGedkifonf igonf opPmazmufoavm? ighb0um; 64

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

tcspf/ jidrf;csrf;a&;/ tvSw&m; trkef;r&Sd/ppfyGJr&Sd &efolr&Sd / rdwfaqGom&Sd ig.b0'\e? q&mu tcspfeiS t fh rkef;w&m;udk ol.tawG@t=uHK/ ordik f;acwftawGÅ&#x2019;t=uHKjzifh rkef;olr&Sd/cspfolom&Sd/ &efolr&Sd/ rdwfaqGom&Sd uAsmpum;vHk;rsm; &ifxJrS pD;usvmjcif; jzpfonf? xkd&oonfyifvsS if ol.b0'\ejzpfayonf?

(&Spf) &efolrS rdwfaqGodk@ q&m'*kefwm&mu ol@ud, k foEl kid if aH &;orm;[k rowfrSw?f od@k aomf Edik if Ha&;&m udpPrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;ol/ zwf&_avhvmol/ ,Ofa us;r_ a&;&mtzGJ@tpnf; rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhzl;ol tjzpfom owfrSwfxm;onf? ,if;odk@aom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ tawG@ t=uKH jzifh ol.b0'\eudk &&Scd o hJ nf? edik if aH &;qdo k nfrmS &eforl rS w d af qGo@kd ajymif;vJapa&; jzpfonf [lI.....? q&mu ol.jzwfoef;r_udk ,ckuJhodk@ oHk;oyf=unfhonf? "ppfjyD;acwfwGif =uD;jyif;vmolrsm;onf ppfat;umvudk jzwfoef; oGm;=uol rsm;jzpfonf? ppfat;acwfumvqdkonfrSm qef@usifzuftkyfpkrsm; wzufESifhwzuf oifhj rwfa ygif ; pnf; vma&;r[kw f b J qef @ usif w d ku fc dk u fv ma&;/ &efo l pd w f "gwf wdk;yGm;vma&;wdk@ omjzpfonf? xdk@a=umihf wzufudkwzuf taumif;rjrifedki f=u? trSefw&m;udk &SmazGavhvm pl;prf;aom umvr[kwf? wzufowftrSefw&m;[kom em;vnfaeaomacwfumv[k u|efawmfxifonf? ,if;umvonf pHkvifaxGjym; rsm;ajrmif&_yfaxG;onf? odk@aomf &_yfaxG;onfhtxJrSmyif &Sif;vif;vmatmif =unfhjrif =u&ayrnf? vG,fawmhrvG,?f tawG@t=uHK ordki;f jzpf&yfrsm;u oif=um;ay;aeonf"? ('*kefwm&m / edkifiH,Ofaus;r_/ pm-43) q&m'*kew f m&mu ppfat;vGeu f mvwGif urBm=u;D rSm tiftm;=u;D edik if rH sm;onf &efoludkrdwfaqGtjzpf ajymif;vJ&rnf[laom edkifiHa&;qef;opfvmjyD[k oHk;oyffonf? wenf;tm;jzifh edik if aH &;,Ofaus;r_xeG ;f um;pjyKvmjy[ D k ,lqonf? ppfvufeuftjyKd it f qdik f xkwfvkyf a&;/ wzuf&efoludk 0dkif;y,fa&;/ wzuf&efol.tjypfrsm;udk xkwfazmfum 0g'jzef@a&;/ tnpfta=u;rsm; uif;pifvmvSsif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrnf/ ulnDaxmufyHh rnf[laom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; pdwf"gwfwdk@ qef;opfvm&ayrnf[k cef@rSef;cJhonf? xkd@a=umifh q&mu ol.'\eudk ,ckvdk tem;owf&_jrifcJhayonf? "yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;onf urBm@vlom;wdk@twGuf wdk;wufa&;jzpfonf? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;onf wnfaqmufa&; jzpfonf? zsufqD;jcif;r[kwf? tekynm ody`Hynmwdk@ tcsif;csif;yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&if; vlom;wdk@. ,Ofaus;r_=uD; onfvn;f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

t&SdefvsifjrefpGmjzifh tm;aumif;pGm xGef;um;pnfyifvm&ayrnf? xdktcg &efolrS rdwfaqGodk@ajymif;vJaom edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_ 0g'onf &Sifoefvm&ayrnf? edkifiHa&; ,Ofaus;r_0g'onf Ak'<tvdkusarwWm0g'jzifhomvSsif tcspfurm?=uD;udk wnfaqmufEdkif ayvdrfhrnf?" (&eH@opf/azazmf0g&D 2002)

"q&m'*kefwm&m. EkdifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_ tawG;tjrif/ jidrf;csrf;a&; t,ltq jzpfaom &efolr&Sd/ rdwfaqGr&Sd? rkef;olr&Sd/ cspfol om&Sd? EkdifiHa&;vkyf w,fqkdwm &efolukd rdwfaqGtjzpf ajymif;vJatmifvkyfwm [laom t,ltqukd 2007 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 26 &uf nae 4;30em&Dtcsdefu awmfb k&m;uav;pmayqka y;yGJ pdrf; vef;pkda jywGif ajym=um;aom tzGit hf rSmpum;wGif ,ckvdk tus,w f 0ifh &Si;f vif;xm;onfudk awGŒ&onf? “+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf uGsefawmfhtawGŒt}uKHt&ajym&&if &efolr&Sd/ rdwfaqGr&Sd? rkef;olr&Sd/ cspfolom&Sd? EkdifiHa&;vkyf w,fqkdwm &efolukd rdwfaqGtjzpf ajymif;vJatmifvkyfwm? tJ'Dvykd J u|efawmfxyf+yD;awmh ajymcsifygw,f? t,ltquawmh wcsKdŒ }uKd uEf Spfoufjcif; &Sd [ efr wlb l; ? 'gayr,fh u|efa wmf u awmh 'guk d yJ xyf a jymcsif w J ht wGu f 'Da e@ trSmpum;ajym&mrSm &eforl &Sq d w dk hJ pum;twGuf enf;enf;av; &Si;f cGi&hf &if ajymcsiyf gw,f? &eforl &Sb d ;l vk@d qkw d muawmh uGsefawmfw@dk eJ@ qef@usizf uf r&Sb d ;l vkd@ ajymwmr[kwyf gb;l ? b,foŒl ukrd S &efov l @dk oabmrxm;wm jzpfygw,f? pum;taeeJ@ uAsmpum;vk;H av;tjzpf/ av;vk;H pyfuAsmxJrmS &eforl &Sv d d@k yJ u|eaf wmfoH;k E_e;f cJh ygw,f? &eforl &Sd rdwaf qGom&Sq d +dk y;D rdwaf qGawGv@kd tm;vkH;ukd oabm xm;&r,f? +idr;f csrf;a&;&zkd@qkd&if &eforl &S/d rdwfaqGom &S/d rkef;olr&Sd cspfolom&Sd/ EkdifiHa&;vkyfw,fqw kd m &efoludk rdwaf qG jzpf atmif vkyw f mvkd@ ajym&rSmyg? aemufwpfcsufu 'Dae@ u|efawmfwkd@EkdifiH[mvnf; r+idrf;csrf;bl;ayghAsm? tm;vk;H od=uwJt h wkid f;yJ? awmfawmfq;dk wJh ae&m awGrSmqk&d if owfwmjzwfwmawGawmif ae@wkdif;jzpfae=uwmyJ? tJ'gawGjzpf&wJhta=umif;&if;uawmh oabmxm;As? EkdifiHa&; oabmxm;aygh? wcsKdŒppfyGJjzpfwJh ta=umif;awGudk =unfh&if bmoma&;udpP/ pD;yGm;a&; udpPawG pwmawGukd awGŒ&rSmyg? EkdifiHa&; t& rajz&Sif;Ekid fcJh=uvkd@ ppfyGJawGjzpfcJh=uw,f? tJ'Dvkd ¶_yfaxG;wJh jy\emawG ajz&Si;f zk@d [m +ird ;f csrf;wJhenf;/ Ekid if Ha&;enf;t& ajz&Si;f rSom ajyvnfEidk yf gw,f? 'ga=umifhr@dk ppfe@J +ird f;csr;f a&;ukd wG+J y;D ajymae&wm jzpfw,f? tJ'ga=umifh &efolr&Sd rdwfaqGom&Sd ukd xyf+yD; ajym&OD;rSmyJ? tJ'gukd ukdifpGJ oGm;=unfhr,fqkd&ifjzifh uGsefawmfwkd@ EkdifiH[m trsm;}uD; =uG,f0 csrf;omwJh EkdifiHjzpfw,f? om,mwifhw,fwJh Ekid if jH zpfr,f? pmay ,Ofaus;r_awG vGwv f w G v f yfvyfe@J zGŒH +zK;d zl;yGiw hf EhJ dik if H jzpfr,f? tifrwef tqifhtwef; jrifhwhJ Ekid if aH &;,Ofaus;r_}u;D xGef;um;r,f? 'ga=umifh xyf+yD; ajymOD;r,fAsm?

ed*kH;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

Ekdiif Ha&; vkyw f ,fqdw k m &efou l kd rdwaf qGjzpfatmif vkyfwmvk@d ajym&if;eJ@yJ 'Dae@usi;f ywJh pmayqkay;yGJaygAh sm? uGseaf wmft h ac:t& rif;om;eDe@J uGseaf wmfaygi;f oif;cJhwhJ tawGŒt}uKH t& rif;om;eD[m pmay&JŒ tawG;tjrif tmedoifukd aumif;aumif;}uD; odwJhtwGuf olŒ&JŒ trnfeJ@ pmayqkay;jcif;ukd u|efawmf trsm;}uD; 0rf;omrdw,fvkd@ ajym&if;eJ@ ed*H;k csKyv f kdufygw,f?" [lI q&m'*kefwm&mu ol. jidrf;csrf;a&;t,ltqjzpfaom b0'\evnf; jzpfaom &efolr&Sd/ rdwfaqGom&Sd? rkef;olr&Sd/ cspfolom&Sd/ EdkifiHa&;vkyfw,fqdkwm &efoludk rdw f af qGjzpfatmifvkyfae=u&aom ,ae@acwfwGif q&mi,fpOfuwnf;u vdv k m;cJah om wef;wla&;/ vGwfvyfa&;/ ukd,h=f urRmukd,f zefwD;a&;wkd@ukd tajccHonfh jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJa&;ESifh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf; a&; &&Sd&eftwGuf }udK;pm; &kef;uef &ifqkdifae&qJyif jzpfygawmhonf?

xGef;0if;jidfrf; (4/ 5/ 2016) (q&m'*kew f m&m 97 ESpaf jrmuf arG;ae@tcrf;tem;/ r,fcadk wmif/ atmifyef;+rdKŒwiG f zwf=um;aom pmwrf;) pmukd; 1? pHy,fjzL r*~Zif; Zefe0g&D 2004 2? &_r0 r*~Zif; 1981/ atmufwkb d m 3? rdk;a0 r*~Zif; =o*kwf 1986 4? &ky&f Sifaw;uAsm r*~Zif; rwf 1999 5? &eH@opf r*~Zif; azazmf0g&D 2002 6? awmfbk&m;uav;pmayqkay;yGJ tzGifhtrSmpum; 2007 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 26 &uf 7? '*kefwm&m edkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_ wkd;jrpfpmtkyw f kduf yxrt}udrf ZGef/ 2010

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

owWd ESihf ppfom;

udkaX;(ewfarmuf) 1942 ck Armhv Gwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf pzJGŒ onfrS ,ae@xd owWd&dSaom ppfom;ESp fOD ; udk om awGŒ ygonf? 4if;wd k@rSm Adkv fc sKyf atmifqef;ESi hf Adkvf c sKyf}uD; armihfbufwefwdk@jzpfonf? xdkeSpfOD;tjyif twdwfypPky`ef usef&dSaeygu axmufjyjznhfpGuf apvdyk gonf? owWd ] pGr;f &nf/ &J&ihjf cif;jzpfI ppfom;wdik ;f 4if;udrk ydik q f ikd =f ubl; vm;tar;udk Margaret Mitchell . Gone With The Wind (q&mjroef;wihf bmomjyef av&l;okef okef) rS tuf&Sav. ppfajrjyifxGuf ppfom;wdk@ owWd zGihfqdkcsufudkazmfjyIajzvdkonf? rif;orD;pum;vufu tuf&Savudk owWdaumif;a=umif;/ owWda=umifol r[kwfI wdkufyJGwGif tajrmufa y:wufwdkifum wdkufyJG0ifojzihf ppfO D; pD;rSL;uyif cDs;usL;& a=umif;ajym&m "'gu owWdr[kwfbl; pum;vuf ppfwdkuf&wm[m t&ufaomuf&wmeJ@ twlwlyJ? t&uf[m aomufwJholwdkif;udk rl;apovdk ppfwdkuf&&if ol&J aumif;jzpfjzpf vla=umufjzpfjzpf owWad umif;vmrSmyJ? owWrd aumif;&if aooGm;rSmayg?h b,fraumif;bJ ae&Jyghrvm;" ('k-wJG pm-447) trsm;eSihftwl aoewfqJGum &efoludk &ifqdkif&J aom owWd a,musmf;wdkif; &dS=uonf? odk@aomf rw&m; zdEdSyfaomzufqpfeSihf zufqpfqef tpdk;&vufatmufrS 68

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf vufeufqdkI tyf wdkrSsrygbJ xdkrif;qdk;rif;npfudk awmfvSefvSsif ypfowfrnfrSef;odvsuf/ zrf;qD;ESdyfpufcH&rnfrSef; odvsuf/ b0eSihftouf ysupf ;D rnfrSe;f odvsuf &ifqikd cf =hJ uaom ol@uGsef acwfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;/ ppfuseG af cwf ta&;awmfyHkwyfom;rsm;ESihf rD;ukef,rf;ukef tpGrf;ukefedSyfpufppfa=umr_udk 'l;raxmuf tnHhr cHt efwkc Jh= uaom bbOD; 0if;wif/ OD;aomfu polwdk@. owWd rsKd; um; 10 &mcdkifE_ef;omomrSs&dSygrnf? Adkvfcksyfatmifqef;vdk &mZ0ifajymifaom tpGrf;owWdeSihf ppfom;uawmh jrefrmhajrrSm ,ckxd r&dSao;yg? ''qef;.owW/d qef;.orm"d/ qef;.ynm a[mp&mum; tvGerf sm;.''[k q&maZmf*sD qo kd nht f wdik ;f Adv k cf sKy. f rsm;pGmaomowWx d rJ S eSpfcu k dkomwifjyygrnf? 1? 1942 {+yv D wGif BIA eSifh *syefwyfa=umihf +Aw d o d sS w@kd jrefrmhajrrS qkwcf Gmonf? 1-8-43 wGif *syefay;aomvGwfvyf a&;&onf? t*Fvdyfajy;onfrS vGwfvyfa&; tcgvnfonfxd jynf olwb hdk 0onf ''usm;a=umufv@kd &Si}f u;D ud;k usm;xuf&iS }f u;D qd;k b0 }uHK&+yD; 'kuQa&mufae=uonfudk 1-8-44 vGwfvyfa&; eSpfywfvnftcrf;tem;wGif AdkvfcsKyfu zGihfcscJhonf? =unhfyg? ",ck vGwv f yfa&;&wm weSpaf phvm+y?D 'DtawmtwGi;f rSm uGsefawmfwk@d wawG bmawG&cJh=uovJ? trSefajym&&ifawmh u|ekfyfwdk@wdkif;oljynfom;awG[m vGwfvyfa&; t&omqdkwm rcHpm; &ao;bl;? cHpm;&wJhvlawG[mvnf; vlenf;pkomjzpfw,f? tJ'D vlenf;pkawGxJrSm b,folawGygvJqdkvdk@&dS&if uGsefawmftygt0if uGsekfyfwdk@txuf tpdk;&t&m&dS}u;D awG? 'DvlawGudk uyfajrSmifjyD; pm;aewJhvlawG? tjrwftpGe;f =uD;=uD;,l+yD; vlawG&Jh'kuQukd &if;eDS;+yD; pD;yGm;&SmaewJh acwfysufolaX;awG? tJ'gawGavmufy"J AdkvfcsKyfonf xdkpOfu jynfol@tyludk rSsa0cHpm;&I xdkpum;rsm; yGihftef vmjcif;jzpfygonf? rdrw d @kd jzwfoef;cJah om acwfu=kd unhv f sS if OD;ae0if;. (26)eSpf qd&k , S v f pf t&om jynfow l hdk b,fqaD erSe;f rodyg? OD;oef;a&$ ppfzed yfatmuf acwfrzD ŒHG +zKd ;wd;k wufaom b0 edkiif H vnf;rjzpfjynfov l nf;r&? OD;odef;pdeaf cwf/ 'Dru kd a&pD t&oma0;/ bl'kZd ma=umihf ajy;&onhf jynfow l @kd b0/ &[ef;&Siv f l ausmif;om;jynfol AavmifqltylawGeiS fh om? 1962 rS 2015 EkdifiHEiS hf jynfolw@kd b0 tajctaerSef rnfonhpf pfacgi;f aqmifrSs zGi[ hf rajym&Jch=J u? odk@ aomf tm%m&SiftusKd;wGufum; rrSefaompum;udk qdkcJh=uonf? (u) 1988 rS 2010 twGif; ppfu|efb0rS vGwfajrmufa&; ausmif;om; &[ef;&Sifvl jynfolwdkh@ ppftpdk;&qef@usifv_yf&Sm;r_jzpf&yfwdk@udk orRweSihf umcsKyfwdk@ odygvsuf 2008 zJGhpnf;yHkudk vlxk 92 &mcdkife_ef;ausmf axmufcHcJhonf[k qdk=ujcif;onf ordkif;udk vdrfvnfaompum;? (c) 16-3-2016 &ufppfudkif;&Gmopf=uD; zHGŒ+zdK;a&;wuUodkvfY orRw}uD; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

OD;odef;pdefu ''jynfwGif;ppf tusKd;oufa&mufr_a=umihf o,HZmwrsm;udk xdef;csKyf edik fchjJ cif;r&do S nhftwGuf o,HZmwrsm;omru rl;,pf aq;0g;eSihf w&m;r0ifukeo f G,rf r_ sm; xGe;f um;cJha=umif;''qdkcJhjcif;onf jzpf&yfrSefeiS hf uif;uGmae+yD; 1988 rS 2010 ppftpdk;&. ud, k u f sKd ;&Smr_ukd umuG,f onhf aemufq;kH vdrv f nf rkom;pum;? jrifomygonf? zqyveSifh rqvacwf jynfwGif;ppfrSm awmrjyKwf/ awmifrjyKef;yg? olh@u|efb0 ESpf 100 ausmf yJcl;¶dk;rawmifay: awmrajymif? ppfu|efacwf22eSpf awmawmiftp a&xGuftv,f/ wGif;xGuft qHk; qHk;&H_;cJh&jcif;eSihfjrpfqHk/ vufyHawmif; w&kwfudka&mif;pm;cJhjcif;onf jynfwGif;ppfa=umihf r[kwyf g? ppftm%m&Sifwk@d wzdk@wnf;=unhf ud, k u f sKd;&Smr_a=umihfom? xd kh j yif v ,f, mjcH a jr t"rRc JG a 0od rf ; ,lc J hI wdk i f; jynf e Si h f vl x k onf tm%m&S i f i,fvwf}u;D wdk@eSihf c&dkeiD ,f vwf}uD;wdk@twGufjzpfcJh&onfukd rnfonhfppfacgif;aqmifrSs roHk;oyf0Hhyg? wu,hfowWdonf jzpf&yfrSefudk vufcH0Hhjcif;/ wifjyjcif;/ trSm;0efcH0Hhjcif;/ azmfxkwjf cif;jzpfonf? ¶d;k ajzmihjf zLpifum ud, k f usKd;r=unho f rl v S nf; xdkowWdtjynh&f o Sd nf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf *syefacwftpdk;&eSihf jynfolb0 jcm;em;r_jzpf&yfrSefudkjrif+yD; jynfolh'kuQudk em;vnfcHpm;&I *syef"m;atmuf toufaysmufuG,foGm;edkifrSef;odvsuf jynfol@bufu yGix hf u G jf ycJhjcif;jzpfonf? 2? 1946 =o*kwfv tdE, Nd bk&ifccH sKyf ta&SŒawmiftm&S r[mrdwpf pfaoemywd avmh(pf)vl0Darmihb f ufwef *k%jf yKyGw J Gif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;owWu d kd jrifcJh&onf? xdkyw JG iG f Adv k fcsKyfukd acsmif xdk;xm;+y;D pum;ajymtpDpOfrmS ryg? uufpbDtpd;k &tzJŒG 0ifrsm; wvSnfph D *k%jf yKpum;ajym=uI aemufqk;H armihfbufwefajymonf? ol@rdef@cGef;rSm (Politics is the Refuge of Scoundrels) pum;vH;k ygvmonf? olajymt+y;D Adv k fcsKyrf t S y tm;vH;k =obm vufckyfay;onf? vufckyfoHtqHk; AdkvfcsKyfu armihfbufwefteD;oGm;um xdkpum; rSm;a=umif;ajymcJhyHkudk udk,af wGŒusKHrai; ocifwifarmifu Todk@ azmfjyygonf? "edik if aH &;avmuqdw k m vl,w k rf mwd@k cdu k ;dk &ma'ojzpfw,fv@kd bk&ifccH sKy}f u;D u ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'g[m taemufedkifiHrSmawmh rSefaumif;rSefr,f? usKyfwdk@ ta&SŒEdkifiH t,ltquawmh bk&ifcHcsKyf}uD; cH,lcsufeJ@ ajzmihfajzmihf}uD; qef@usifaeygw,f? usKyfwdk@qDrSm edkifiHa&;qdkwm y&[dwvkyfief;/ avmuwˆp&d,usihfwJhvkyfief;/ 'dG[dwf yk*~dKvfawGrvkyfedkifbJ wd[dwfyk*~dKvfrsm;omvkyfedkifwJhvkyfief; 'ga=umihf edkifiHa&;[m tifrwefrGefjrwfygw,f? ol,kwfrmawG[m tvpfrSm edkifiHa&;avmuxJ 0ifvmwwf ygw,f? 'Dvdk0ifvmwJhtcg uGsefawmfwdk@ edkifiHa&;orm;ppfppfawGu 'Dvl,kwfrmawGudk rsufjcnfrjy wf [ef@wm;ydwfyif 0dkif;y,fedkifonfe SihftrSs edkifiHa&; avmu=uD;[m oef@&Sif;pif=u,freG fjrwfvmvmygvrd frh ,f" armihb f ufwefu Refuge of Scoundrels pum;vHk;udk bma=umiho f ;Hk oenf;? 70

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

AdkvfcsKyfu bma=umihfacsyoenf;? TwGif olwdk@ ESpfOD;qufqHa&;udk avhvmrdygonf? armihfbufwefonf AdkvfcsKyfxuf 15 eSpfwdwd =uD;onf? (OD;b0if; vufxuf 1 ESpf }uD;onf? ) olonf Ad kvfc sKyf . &d k; ajzmihfr _/ jrefr mhvGw fvyf a &;twGuf cH, lcsuf/ pGe@f pm;r_owWw d @dk udk Adv k fcsKyfeSihfrawGŒrDuwnf;u odxm;onf? toufi,fi,fuav;eSihf vGwfvyfa&;OD;aqmifEidk rf u _ kd tHh=ocDs;rGrf;xm;oljzpfonf? 16-6 -45 wGif vlcsif;pawGŒ&m wOD;oabmwOD; odem;vnfcJhonf? uENDaqG;aEG;yJGY 7-9-45 wGif 'kwd, t=udrfqHk&m armih f b ufw ef u Ad k v f c sKyf u d k wyf x J a e&ef q EN & d S c J hj yD ; (cif A sm; csmcDs jzpf r vm; 0Jvifwefjzpfrvm;qdw k m qH;k jzwf&r,f? ppfom;wa,mufeJ@ edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifwa,muf w+yKd iw f nf;rjzpfEikd b f l;) [k av;pm;pGmyif ajymcJo h nf? Adv k cf sKyu f vnf; 25²9²45 ay;pmwGif (edkifiHa&;avmuxJ 0ifawmhrnfjzpfa=umif;) cspfcifpGm jyef=um;cJhonf? armihfbufweftaeeSihf Scoundrels (vl,kwfrm/ uvdrfuuspf npfywfol) pum;oHk;jcif;onf AdkvfcsKyfudk &nfn$ef;jcif;r[kwfqdkonfudk olwdk@eSpfOD;. eSpf}udrfrSsom awGŒqHrk _u jyqdkygonf? olŒtaeeSifh xdpk um;vH;k onf CAS(B) tpd;k &tzJŒG yg? jrefrmedik if aH &;pm;zm;rsm;ESifh AdkvfcsKyftay: tjrifr=unfaom jAdwdoSsppf ajy;tpdk;& (twGif;0efqm[ife&D/ ICS rpPwmyD;,m;) wd@k vdk Edik if aH &; twW}u;D olw@kd udk &H&G mS I oH;k avovm;[lrl tawG;yGm;rdonf? Adkvfc sKyfa tmifq ef;vdk &dk;om;ajzmihfrwfo ludkrl [efa qmifr_/ remvdkr _/ ajcxdk; r_/ vSnhfywfr_rsm;&dSonhf edkifiHa&;e,fy,fae&onfudk nDi,fwa,muftm; owday;vdkI vm;[kvnf; axGjym;rdjyefonf? AdkvfcsKyfuawmh armihfbufwef. jrefrmvlxt k ay:xm;apwemeSihf wyfrawmf tay:xm;arwWmudk aumif;pGmodaomfvnf; Refuge of Scoundrels pum;onf EdkifiHa&;avmuudk pGef;xif;apaomtcg qdka&;&dSu qdktyfpG[lonhftwdkif; acsyonf? odk@wdkif ,ae@ppftm%m&Sifwdk@vdk "ighpum;EGm;&rqdk" cdkifvHkpGm ajymonfrSm "qef;" . ynmjzpfonf? xdkpOfu AdkvfcsKyftoufonf 31 eSpf 6 v? "'dG[ dwf/ wd[dwf" a0g[m&oHk;vdkufjcif;onf edkifiHa&;pmayomru bmoma&;pmayyg ausnufjcif;udk jyygonf? (,ae@ NLD trwfrsm; t*Fvdyfpmcsnf; txifr}uD;ygeSihf? xdk 'dG[dwf/ wd[dwfpum; t"dy`g ,fy if ody govm;? &yfI pOf;pm;ygOD; ? q&mawmfwyg;ar;I &aomtajzudk atmufwGif a&;xm;ygonf?) wd[dwfyk*~dKvf ] avmb/ a'goenf;yg;I Om%fynm}uD;rm;aom yk*~dKvf 'dG[dwfyk*~dKvf ] avmba'goenf;aomfvnf; ynmrygol (pum;csyfI qdkcsifonfrSm 1962rS 2015 xd 'dG[dwfrsm ;yif wdkif;jynfudk rtkyfcsKyfcJh? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

1? avmb}u;D rm;I jynfol@ajr,modrf;edkifiHawmckwfawmif a&mif;cJh=uonf? 2? a'go}uD; rm;I tpd k;&qef@ usifo li geSi hf rwl igh& efol oabmxm;um; edSyfpufnSOf;yef;/ jypfr_eSihf jypf'%frrSsatmif eSpf&Snfaxmif '%frsm;csrSwfcJhonf? 3? arm[}uD;cJhI wdkif;jynftusdK;r&dSonhf ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;wdk@ taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf? Oyrm - jrpfqHkpDrHudef;) wd [ d w f y k * ~ d K vf r sm;om y&[d w trsm;tusKd ; avmuwˆ p &d , avmu aumif;usKd;udk aqmif&Gufedkifonf? wzef AdkvfcsKyfu Scoundrels ygrvmatmif edkifiHa&;orm; tppfwdk@u wm;qD;oihfa=umif; qdkcJhao;onf? AdkvfcsKyfpum;ajym+yD;aomtcg armihfbufwefu &yfvsuf=obmay;onf? olrSm;a=umif; 0efcHonf? AdkvfcsKyfrdef@cGef;onf tm;vHk;xJwGif taumif;qHk;jzpfa=umif; &J0HhpGmtodtrSwfjyKonf? ol&,farmp&majymcJhonhfpum;udk 0rf;enf;rda=umif; jyefvnf&kyfodrf;yga=umif; trSm;udk owWd&dSpGm jyKjyifqdkonf? Tjzpf&yfwGif trSm;udk azmfxkwf&JtrSefajym&Jaom AdkvfcsKyfowWdeSihf trSm;udk jyKjyif& J trS e fu dk 0efc H &J a om armih fb ufw efo wWdu dk jrif& ygonf ? tu,fIom Adkvcf sKyfowWdraumif;cJyh gu armihf bufweftqdo k nf jrefrmhajray:wGif useo f mG ;rnf? wcg armihfbufwefowWdr&dSygu 4if;wdk@ESpfOD; ajym=um;csufonf tqdkeSpfck tjzpf jiif;cHkae& OD;rnf? bk&ifccH sKyf}u;D yifjzpfaomfvnf; ppfaoem ywd=u;D yifrSefaomfvnf; nDav;t&G,f Adv k fcsKyfi,fuav;pum;udk pHxm;p&mtrSefpum;[k vufcHvu dk fjcif;u olonf owWdEiS hf ppfom; [k jyvdkufjcif;yif? od k @ jim;jrefr mha jrrS ppf o l = uD; rsm;uawmh jiif ; qd kr &aom trS m ;wd k@ ud k ajymifajymifyifajymqdck h=J uonf? (1) yk'fr 59 (p) qdkwm Adkvcf sk yfatmifqef;a&;qJcG hw J myg? (2) ta=uG;auszdk@ xrif;weyf avSsmhpm;yg? (3) aiG 2000d§ eSihf waehpmavmufi? (4) vSsyfppfawGydkvdk@a&mif;pm; (5) e,fvSnhfyg;¶dkufvmwm (6) qdkufum;eif;pm;vnf; csrf;omedkifw,f ponhf 0pDuHtrSm;wdk@udk ajymcJholwdk@udk,w f dkif 0efrcH&J=uao;? wdkif;jynfeSihfvlxktay:uHoHk;yg;rSm;,Gif;cJh=uonhf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;ESihf ,ae@ ouf&dS xif&Sm;&dS OD;oef;a&$/ OD;cifnGef@wdk@ edkifiH t"duae&m&cJhjim; vlxkwHaxG; yufwm cH&jcif;[m trSm;0efrcH&Jaoma=umihfjzpfonf? odk@jzpfI Adkvcf ksyfatmifqef;uJhodk@ owWdEiS hf jynhf pHk a om ppf om;r&d Sa o;[k qdk &a=umif; eS i hf Ad k vf c sKyfvd k owWd e Si h fppf om;rsm; aygrsm;&dSapcsifyga=umif;?

udkaX;(ewfarmuf) (apmifh=unfhowif;*sme,frS) 72

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

ocifatmifqef;eJ h r&ifat;wdk h Zmwfvrf; ocifwifarmif (usHKrai;) ocifatmifq ef; twGuf uawmh jrpf 0 u|ef ; ay: ¶G m }uD ; wpf ¶ G m u ajryd k i f & S i f puf o l a Ï; orD;uav; r&ifat; udk u|efawmf a¶G;ygw,f? r&if a t;ud k a¶G ; &wJ h ta=umif;&if;uawmh r&ifat;[m &kyf&nfacsmoavmuf oabmvnf; aumif;w,f? pdwv f nf; &Snfw,f? +yD;awmh ol@rSm tkyfxdef;olqdkvdk@ tarwa,mufwnf;yJ &Sdw,f? tarGqdkifuvnf; armifav;wa,mufy&J w dS ,f? tJ'D armifuav;uvnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd 'd@k Arm tpnf;t&k;H 0if ocifwa,muf jzpfw,f? ocifatmifqef;eJ@vnf; &if;eS;D w,f? ocifatmifqef;udkvnf; ausmif;om; b0uwnf;u =unfndKav;pm;cJhol jzpfw,fqdk+yD; a¶G;cs,fvdkuw f mygyJ? ocifatmifqef;eJ@ r&ifat;wdk@ Zmwfvrf;uav;[m awmfawmfuav; &ifeihfp&maumif;wJh tjzpftysufuav;vdk@ qdkvdkufcsifygw,f? 'DZmwfvrf;uav;[m um,uH&SifawG rqdkxm;eJ@/ pyf=um;u Zmwfq&mvkyfrdwJh u|efawmfawmifrS &ifem cJ&h ygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm Zmwfvrf;tpudk jyefaumuf&ygvrd rfh ,f? ocifatmifqef;[m tckvkd b0=uifaz: zl;pmbufukd &Smzd@k wd@k / bmwd@k udk vH;k 0 pdw0f ifpm;cJw h v hJ l r[kwyf gb;l ? ol@pdw[ f m [dkwcsdefwkef;u jzpfay:aewJh edkifiHa&; tajctaeeJ@ Armjynfolw&yfvHk; &ifqdkifae&wJh jy\emawGxJrSmbJ tm&kH pl;pdkuaf e&wJhvl jzpfygw,f? ab;u&JabmfawGu 'Dvdk 'Dvdkvyk f&r,f qdkvdk@om oluoabmwlvu dk &f w,f? ol@oabmuawmh 'DudpPukd a&;}uD;cGifus,f rxm;bl;? 'Dupd [ P m vkyfjzpfcsirf v S yk fjzpfcsifrS vkyfjzpfrSmbJvdk@vJ oabmxm;[ef wlygw,f? bma=umihfvnf;qdkawmh armfv+rdKif nDvmcH+yD;wJh aemufwvausmfavmuft=umrSm uGseaf wmf &efukefudk a&mufvmygw,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

ocifatmifqef;twGuf rSef;xm;wJh owdk@orD; r&ifat; &JŒ "mwfyHkudkvnf; r&ifat; wd@k +rKd Œudo k mG ;+y;D ,lcJhygw,f? r&ifat; eJ@ awG@awmhvnf; u|efawmhftay:rSm tpfudkt&if;vdk cifrifaewJh rdef;cav; jzpfwJhtwGuf u|efawmfu...... a[h ....r&ifat; / nnf;&JŒ aemifa&;twGuf tudk}uD; tpDtpOfwck vkyfaew,f? nnf;bmrS *sD;rrsm;&bl;aemf? tudk}uD;oabmtwdkif; pDpOfvdkufr,f? nnf;"mwfyHk wyHkom ay;vdkufayawmh r&ifat;u &Sufudk; &Sufuef;eJ@ .... [m....tudk}uD;uvnf; &Sufp&m}uD;? nDrtwGuf 'Dvdk tvkyfrsdK;udk vkyfae &ovm;vdk@ ajym+yD; ol@"mwfyHkudk xkwfay;vdkufygw,f? 'dk@Arm tpnf;t&kH;XmecsKyfrSm ocifatmifqef;eJ@ awG@=uawmh u|efawmfu.... uJ . ...q&m}uD ; / cif A sm;eJ @ rS e f ; xm;wJ h owd k @ orD ; avmif ; uav;&J Œ "mwfy Hkudk,lvmcJhw,f? cifA sm;uawmh }udKufovm; / r}udKufbl;vm; rodbl;? u|efawmhfrSmawmh wul;wuef@ oGm;,lcJh&w,f? xrif;a=uG;r,fom }uHayawmh vdk@ ajymvdkuaf wmh ocifatmifqef;u.... a[; ....cifAsm;wdk@ 'DudpPukd wpfu,fvyk fae=uwmvm;? usKyfu 'DudpP[m tvum; ajymae=uwmvd@k xifaewmAs? armfv+rdKirf mS ajym+y;D uwnf;u usKyjf zihf wcgrS rpOf;pm;rdygb;l Asm? ocifatmifqef;[m tdraf xmifa&;xuf Armh vGwv f yfa&;udo k m tav;teuf xm;w,f qdkwm[m xif&mS ;ygw,f? aemuf+yD; ocifatmifqef;u ajymao;w,f? t[kwfajymwmygAsm? usKyfawmh rdef;r,lzdk@ pdwfrul;ao;bl;? cifAsm;wdk@ ajymwmawGudkvnf; r,Hkrdbl;? tck cifAsm;u "mwfyHkawG bmawG ,lvmawmh tysuf ysufeJ@ eSmacgif;aoG;xGuf qdkovdkrsm; jzpfaewmvm;Asm vdk@ ajym+yD; "mwfyHkudk aoao csmcsm pdkuf=unhfaeygw,f? +yD;awmh oufjyif;&Snf}uD;csvdkuf+yD;.... "cufwmyJAsm? oluav;udk jrif&wm u|efawmfvdkaumifeJ@ rwefygbl;Asm? oem;p&m aumif;ygw,f? usKyfw@dk u a&SŒavSsmuf+y;D bmawGvyk v f @kd / bmawG jzpfr,frSef; rodedkifwJhvlpm;awGA s? olwdk@vdk EkE ke,fe ,fuav;awGe J@ usKyfwdk@ &JŒ c&D;=urf;eJ@ rjzpfao;ygbl;Asm? +yD;awmhvnf; usKyfwdk@u wpfu,hf arwœmeJ@ cspfvdk@ }uHpnf =uwmvJ r[kwf? ol@udk,l+yD; ol@ydkufqH eJ@ EdkifiHa&;vkyfzdk@ }uH=uwm? 'g[m rw&m;bl;As? rSefvnf; rrSefbl;vdk@ ZGwfjiif;aeygawmhw,f? tJ'DvdkeJ@ aemufr=umcifrSmyJ r&ifat;wdk@ c&kdifrSm 'dk@Armtpnf;t&kH; nDvmcH usif;yw,f? tJ'D nDvmcHudk ocifatmifqef;eJ@ u|efawmfwdk@ESpfa,muf XmecsKyf 74

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

udk,fpm;vS,t f jzpf wufa&muf=uygw,f? u|efawmfuawmh nDvmcHudkoGm;uwnf;u pdwfxJrSm wcsufckwf/ ESpfcsufjywf oabmeJ@ wufcJhwm jzpfygw,f? nDvmcHt+y;D rSm r&ifat;wd@k tdru f kd uGseaf wmfw@kd oGm;=uygw,f? nDvmcH usi;f ywJh +rdKŒeJ@u odyf ra0;vSb l; ? r&ifa t;wdk@ tdr f a&mufvdk@ r&ifa t;udkvnf; awG@ vdkufa &m / ocifatmifqef;[m rsufpdysuf / rsufeSmysuf eJ@ ²²²² a[hvl ....b,fvdk vkyfvdkufwmvJ? cifAsm; u|efawmhfudk wu,f a*smufus atmif vkyfae+yD xifw,f vdk@ ajymygw,f? r&ifa t; cjrmrSm awmh bmta=umif; rS rod&Sm ao;bl;? ol@ "mwfyHkudk u|efawmf,lvmwkef;u b,fol b,f0gukd jyzdk@ qdkwm rajymcJhawmh tajctaerysuf u|efawmfwdk@ pm;zdk@/ aomufzdk@awGuko d m vkyfudkifae&Smygw,f? r&ifat;wdk@ tar}uD; uawmh u|efawmfwdk@vli,fawG vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ae=uEkdifatmif bkef;}uD; ausmif;udk xGuo f Gm;ygw,f? ta=umif;rodao;wJh r&ifat;u tdajENrysufayr,hf ocifatmifqef; uawmh raewwf / rxdkifwwfeJ@ tdrftjyifbufudkom pdkuf=unhfae+yD; idkifae&Smygw,f? xrif;pm;aomuf+yD;awmh u|efawmfwdk@ESpfa,mufu tdrfacgif;&if; cef;rSm yufvufukvm;xkdifESpfvk;H eJ@ xkdifae=uw,f? r&ifat;u vzuf&nf=urf;eJ@ tcsdK tcsOfyGJ vmcsawmhrS u|efawmfu r&ifat;udk pum;ajym=u&atmifqdk+yD; tem;rSm xdkifcdkif; vdkufygw,f? r&ifat;uvnf; &kd&kdaoao tudk}uD;t&if;awGudk jyKpkau|;arG;ae&ovdk +yHK;+yHK;&$if&$ifeJ@bJ tem;rSm xdkif&Smygw,f? u|efawmfu r&ifat;eJ@ ocifatmifqef;udk rdwfzGŒJ ay;vdu k yf gw,f? r&ifat;uvnf; ocifatmifqef;rSef; odygw,f? owif;pmxJrSm "mwfyku H kd jrifb;l ygw,fv@kd jyefajymvdu k yf gw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS ocifatmifqef;u qdik ;f rqihf AHkrqihf eJ@ ..... "'Dr,f .....r&ifat; / cifAsm; tudk}uD; ocifwifarmif[m aumif;wJhvl r[kwfbl;As? cifAsm; "mwfyHkudk,lvm+yD; u|efawmhfudk jyw,fAs? u|efawmfu bmrS od&wmvnf; r[kwfbl;? olwdk@wpfawGu t}uH}uD; }uaH e=uw,f? cifAsm;&JŒ ydkufqHeJ@ u|efawmf EkdifiHa&;vkyfatmif qdk+yD; pDpOfae=uw,fAs" vdk@ ajymcsvdkufa&m? u|eaf wmfvnf; tht H m;oihaf e+y;D bmrS rajymwwfatmif jzpfaewke;f rSm r&ifat; [mvnf; wcgxJ rD; zdkcef;xJudk 0ifa jy;ygava&m? r&ifa t;aemufudk u|efawmf 0if v dku f o G m ;+yD ; tptqHk ; u|ef a wmfw d k @ &JŒ pD r H ud e f ; ud k zG i h f [ 0efc H v dk u f ygw,f ? r&ifat;udv k nf; pdwrf qdk;zd@k awmif;yef&jyefygw,f? r&ifat;[m awmfawmf=um=um}u;D awGaeygw,f? aemufawmh ol@[mol tdrfa&SŒcef;udk xGufoGm;+yD; ocifatmifqef; tem;rSmyJ oGm;xdkifygw,f? u|efawmfuawmh vdkufoGm;& aumif;rvm;/ rvdkufbJ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

ae&aumif;rvm; qd+k y;D a0cJv G @kd r&cifrmS bJ r&ifat;u u|efawmhu f kd vSr;f ac:vdu k yf gw,f? u|efawmfvnf; xdkifrda&m/ r&ifat;u wnfwnff+idrf+idrfeJ@ ajymvdkufyHkuawmh..... "'Dr,f....tudk}uD; / tudk}uD;wdk@ ESpfa,mufpvHk;udk tudkt&if;vdkyJ u|efr oabmxm;ygw,f? armifav;uvnf; tudk}uD;wdk@udk odyfcspfw,f? odyf=unfndKw,f? arar qdkwmuvnf; tudk}uD;wdk@wawGukd tifrwefav;pm;ygw,f? 'Dawmh tckvkd tudk}uD; pDpOfwm[m bmrS tjypfajymp&m r&Sdygbl;? 'DudpPrSm u|efroabmuawmh tudkatmifqef;eJ@ u|efreJ@[m rwefygbl;? u|efrwdk@[m awmolawGyg? awmrSmae+yD; awmolyyD yD J aewwf pm;wwfygw,f? tudak tmifqef;wd@k uawmh aemufq&dk if wdik f;jynf&ŒJ acgif;aqmif}uD;awG/ wdkif;jynf tkyfcsKyfwJh 0ef}uD;awG/ bmawG jzpf=uOD;rSmyg? 'Dawmh u|efrwdk@vdk awmolawGeJ@qdk&if rjzpfygbl;? 'Dvdkajymwm[m tudkatmifqef;udk u|efr rcspfvdk@/ rcifvdk@ ajymwm r[kwfygbl;? tudkatmifqef;wdk@ yg&rDudk nDrav;wa,muf taeeJ@vnf; jznhfv@dk &ygw,f? ydkuq f Hvcdk si&f ifvnf; awmif;=uyg? arar odatmifwrsKd ;/ rodatmifwrsdK; ay;&ifvnf; ay;vdk@ &ygw,f? u|efra&m/ armifav;ua&m tudk}uD;wdk@ Edik if aH &; vkyw f mudk av;pm;ae=uwmyJ? aemufq;kH ....tud}k u;D wdk@vdw k hJ aiGu odyrf sm;ae&if arar rodatmif nDray;rSmayg"h vk@d yGihfyGihfvif;vif; ajymvdkufygw,f? u|efawmfu b,fvdk jyefajym&rvJvdk@ pOf;pm;aewkef; ocifatmifqef;u.... "[kwfw,f? cifAsm;ajymwm rSefw,f? rSefw,f qdkwmu edkifiHa&;yg&rDudk b,ftaeeJ@yJ jzpfjzpf/ jznhfqnf;vdk@ &w,fqdkwmudk ajymwm? cifAsm; ajymovdk nDrwa,muf taeeJ@yJ jznhyf gr,f qdkwmukd }uKd uyf gw,f? 'gayr,hf usKyw f @kd u 0ef}u;D awG/ bmawG jzpfrSmrd@k cifAsm;wd@k vdk awmolawGeJ@ rwefygbl;qdkwJh[muawmh r[kwfao;bl;? 0ef}uD;qdkwJhaumifua&m bmaumifrk@dvJ? rdk;us a&$udk,fvnf; r[kwfygbl;? awmom; ygyJAs? awm¶Gm Zeyk'fu awmrSmarG;cJhwJh taumifygAs? cifAsm;ajymwJh awmolrdk@vdk@ rwefygbl; qdkwJhpum;udk jyef&kyfodrf;vdkufygAsm" qdk+yD; [J [J....[J[J eJ@ oabmusae ygawmhw,f? u|efawmhf 0rf;xJrSmawmh udk,hfvlu 'Dvdkawmhvnf; tajyvnfom;yguvm;? cspaf &;qdyk u kH av;uvnf; racyguvm;vk@d yDwd jzpfvu kd rf yd gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd jyefcge;D rSm r&ifat;u ol@ararqDrSm u|efawmfwdk@twGuf taxGaxGoHk;zdk@aiG 100 usyf ay;vdkuf r,fvdk@ ajym+yD; u|efawmfwdk@udk pmtdwfeJ@ xnhfxm;wJh ydkufqHudk ay;vdkufygw,f? oabFmay:a&mufvdk@ zGihf=unhfvdkufawmhrS &mwef (3) ¶Guf jzpfaewmudk awG@&ygw,f? [dkacwfu aiG 300 usyfqdkwm enf;enf;aemaemwefzdk; r[kwfyg? ocifatmifqef;eJ@ r&ifat;wk@d Zmwfvrf;uawmh tcktwdkif;yJ tqifajyajyeJ@ pcJ=h uwmygy?J 'gayr,hf r=umygb;l ? tJ'n D v D mcHrmS a[mcJhww hJ &m;a=umihf ocifatmifqef; 76

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

[m qkaiG (5) usyf txkwfcH&wJh b0udk a&mufch&J ygw,f? tJ'D 0&rf;udk a&Smif&if;wde;f &if; uae+yD; Armjynftjyifbufudk a&mufoGm;&w,f? aemuf &JabmfoHk;usdyfukd OD;aqmif vmcJw h hJ Adkvcf sKyfatmifqef;/ Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf ppfaoemywd Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; tjzpfeJ@ Armjynfudk jyefa&mufwt hJ csed rf mS r&ifat;uawmh arSsmw f vihv f ihef @J &Sad e&Smayr,hf Ad k v f c sKyfa tmifq ef ; uawmh txuf A rmjynf od r f ; yd k u f e d ki f z d k @ twG u f qufv uf ppfcsDae&Smygw,f?

ocifwifarmif (usHKrai;) (tdk;a0*sme,f / trSwf - 25 ? (15/ 8/ 1969) ae@xkwfrS)

0J}oCrSmaw;oHjydKifvkd h

A[kviG jf yif 88 rsdK;quf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wpfOD;. axmifwGif;jzpf vufawG@b0 EdkifiHa&;aemufcH 0wÃ&#x17D;Kopf t vif ; td rf r *~ Z if ; rS pD p Of x kwf a 0 jz ef@ csd o nf ? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

Adkvfae0if;&JŒ wudk,fa& }uD;yGm;vdkrSK

vSausmfaZm ar+rdKŒ u&ifawGvufxJrSm nwxdwfxdwf ae@wxdwfxdwfaecJh&w,fvdk@ araruajymcJhayr,fh ESpfveD;yg; t=umrSm arar[m cvkwfrxd ql;r+idyJ &efukefudk jyefa&muf vmcJyh gw,f? ta=umif;uawmh arar oGm;a&mufcdkvH_aecJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef; (u&if trsKd ;om;}u;D ) rsuEf mS vnf;yg? azazh rsuEf mS vnf; ygy&kH ygw,f? tJ'u D mv ar+rKd Œudo k rd ;f wJh u&ifwyf[m ,cifArmhwyfrawmfxJu wyfrsm;uyJjzpfwJh twGuf azazeJ@ wpHkw&m qufqHzl;olrsm;jzpfygw,f? azazhtay: tjrifaumif;=uyHk&ygw,f? araru &efukefu av,mOfysHvmac:+yD/ vleJ@ t0wftpm; tenf;tusOf;yJ,lygvdk@ rSmvdkufwJhtwGuf t0wftpm;aowœmwvHk;eJ@ orD;ti,fudkcsD+yD; om;trdESpfa,muf av,mOfysHuGif;udk qif;cJh&ygw,f? ol@udkvdkufydk@wJh u&ifppfAdkvfav;udk araru "Adkvf}uD;&,f u|efrawmh &SdorSsypPnf; 'DvdkyJ yHkxm;cJh&ygw,f" vdk@ajymawmh tJ'DppfAdkvfav;u ararhukd tpfr}uD; pdwfcsyg? tyfwdkwacsmif; raysmufap&ygbl;? AdkvfrSL; (azazhudk &nf!$ef;wmyg) u u|eaf wmfw@kd eJ@ qufqw H aJh e&mrSm 'Dvq kd ufqHoyl g? (vufnKS ;d udk ajzmifah jzmifw h ef;jyw,fw)hJ ? wcsdKŒppfAdkvaf wGvdk 'Dvq dk ufqHol r[kwfygbl; (vufnSK;d udk aumufjyw,f) vd@k qdkowJh? wu,fvnf; ararwdk@ azazwdk@ypPnf;awGudk um;wpif; eJ@wif+yD; r*Fvm'Hkudk 78

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

ydk@ay;cJhygw,f? tJ'DppfAkv d fav; uwday;cJo h vdkyJ tyfwdkwacsmif;awmif raysmufcJhygbl;? wu,fawmh ar+rdKŒudkodrf;wJh u&ifwyfu trsm;pkwyfom;rsm;[m azaztapmydkif;u vufeufjzKw+f y;D ar+rKd Œ tcsujf ywyf&if;xJrmS tus,cf sKyef @J aeaeolrsm;yg? Armhwyfrawmf xJu u&ifwyfawG v_yf&Sm;vmawmh ppf¶Hk;csKyfu ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rSL; azazhudk vSrf;+yD; u&ifwyfawGudk vufeufjzKwfcdkif;ygw,f? azazu olwdk@wawGudk tcsuf jywyf&if; abmvH;k uGi;f xJrmS pka0;ap+y;D jrpf0u|e;f ay:tajctaeawG wdik ;f jynftajctaeawG &Si;f jy+y;D ,m,D oabm vuf e uf a wG t yf z d k @ a[majymwJ h t wG u f tomtw=unf vufeufawGtyfch=J uygw,f? 'D=um;xJ olwdk@u&iftrsdK;om; t}u;D tuJwOD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;udk,fwkid f ar+rdKŒa&mufvm+yD; azazhqDrSm cdkvH_aexdkifaewJhtcg azazu *¶kwpdkuf wav;wpm; qufqHay;aer_awGukv d nf; olwk@d u jrifawG@cJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;[m tJ'Dumvu Armhwyfrawmf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfyg? uENDpmcsKyf csKyfqdkt+yD; zGJ@pnf;wJh Armhwyf rawmfxJrSm ygvmwJh ,cif +AdwdoSswyfu ppfAkv d frsm;jzpfygw,f? Armhwyfrawmfukd topfjyefvnfzJ@G pnf;&m rSm acgif;aqmiftawmf rsm;rsm;u u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;yg? tm;vH;k +Aw d o d sS wyfrsm;u vm=u+y;D t*Fvefu ppfwuU odkvf ausmif;qif;awGyg? vGwfvyfa&;&+y;D csdefrSm 'k0ef}uD;csKyfe@J umuG,af &;0ef}uD;[m Adkvv f usmfjzpf+y;D / Armhwyfrawmf umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfuawmh AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;jzpfygw,f? 1948 ckESpf jynfwGif;ppfpwif+yD; ArmhEdkifiHa&;awG ¶_yfaxG;vmcsdefrSmawmh tcGifhaumif;acsmif;aewJh Adkvfae0if;eJ@ qdk&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;[m Adkvfvusfmudk twif;zdtm;ay; EkwfxGucf dkif;+yD; wjcm;u&if ppft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;udkawmh +cdrf;ajcmufEkwfxGufcdkif;wmawG vkyfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;vnf; Ekwf xGufpmwif+yD; ol@arG;&yfajruavmrSmjyefaezdk@ r*Fvm'Hk avqdyftqif;rSm tif;pdefapmfbGm;}uD;ukef;rSm aoewfeJ@ acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwfjcif; cH&ygw,f? azazhtxifuawmh vkyf}uHjcif;r[kwfbJ +cdrf;ajcmuf¶Hk+cdrf;ajcmufyHk&w,fwJh? 'DrSmwif AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;vnf; 'DtcsdefrsdK;rSm Armt&m&Sd}uD;wa,mufa,mufqDrSm cdkvH_aerSjzpfr,fvdk@ o abm&+yD; ol@av,mOfysHudk uavmudkrysHapbJ azaz&Sd&m ar+rdKŒudkysHcdkif;+yD; ar+rdKŒudka&mufvmwmyg? azazeJ@ ol u odyf&if;ESD;vSwmr[kwfayr,fh wyfawGppfaq;zd@k olvma&mufwt hJ cgwikd ;f azazu aumif;aumif;rGefreG f av; av;pm;pm; qufqHxm;vdk@ olu tEœ&m,f=uHK&csdefrSm tm;udk;w}uD;eJ@ azazhqDa&mufvmwmyg? (Adkvfc sKyfprpf'G e f; [m autif' Dtdka cgif ; aqmif apmbOD; }uD; eJ@ u u&if trsdK;om;csif;vnf;jzpf/ t*Fvefudk ynm awmfoif twloGm;zl;wJh oli,fcsif;rsm;vnf; jzpfavawmh autif'Dtdkv_yf&Sm;r_awG jyif;xefvmcsdefrSm ppfom; pdwftjynfh&SdwJh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef; taeeJ@ EdkifiHa&;t¶_yftaxG;xJ rygcsifawmhbJ ppfwyfu tem;,lzdk@ vkyfawmhwmygyJ? wjcm;ta=umif;awGvnf; &SEd dkifygao;w,f?) wu,fawmh azazwdk@wawG &JabmfoHk;usdyftjzpf [dkifeefu|ef;rSm ppfynm oif=um;cJhpOfuwnf;u ocif*% dk ;f 2 *dk%f; (q&m}uD;rd_if;tzG@J eJ@ ocifApde/f ocifxeG ;f tkyf tzG@J ) ESpzf @JG u vlrsm;tjzpf yg0ifc=Jh uwmyg? *d% k f;*% pdwu f if; &Si;f wJh ocifatmifqef;[m a&SŒvGwfvyfa&;c&D;}uD;twGuf wdk@vli,fawG nDnGwfzdk@vdkw,fqdk+yD; olacgif; aqmif wJh tzGJ @ udk pnf; ¶Hk ;ajymqdk +yD; wjcm;tzGJ@uvla wGudkvnf; aumif; rGe fo ifhw ifhp Gm qufqcH w hJ myg? Adv k af e0if;[m tJ'DocifApdet f zG@J uyg? tzG@J rSL;[m ocifxeG ;f tkyjf zpfayr,fh olu wdu k sKd rSmyJusecf +Jh y;D tkyfcsKyaf &;ynmyJ avhvm r,fvdk@ qdck yJh gw,f? 'ktzG@J rSL;uawmh Adkvfp=uFmyg? oluvnf; ppfa&;ppf&m ppfavhusif;cef;awG 0goemrygvSwJh twGuf Adkvfae0if; u tJ'DtzGJ@&JŒ acgif;aqmifj zpfvmygw,f? Adkvfa e0if; udk, fwdkifuvnf; ocifa tmifqef; udk (tJ' Dumvu ocifa tmifqef;[m ausmif;om;acgif; aqmif wOD;tjzpfyJ vlawGod=uwmyg) wav;wpm; quf qHavawmh azazwdk@wawGuvnf; ol @ ud k wjcm;tzG J @ uacgif ; aqmif t jzpf ae&may;quf q H v mcJ h w myg? Ad k v f c sKyf atmifqef;udk,fwdkifuvnf; ocif 2 zGJ@ nDnGwfa&;udk t+rJOD;xdyfxm;avawmh Adkv fae0if ;udkv nf ; t+rJae&may; qufq Hc J hy gw,f? 'gayrJh Ad kv fc sKyf a tmifq ef; txl;owdxm;vkyfaqmifcJhwmuawmh Adkvfae0if;udk b,fvdktqifh ae&myJay;ay;/ AdkvfcsKy&f ŒJ vl&if;vl,kH Adv k fvusmt f xufrSmawmh b,fawmhrS ae&mray;r_ygyJ? AdkvfcsKyf&JŒ vuf atmuf eHygwf2 ae&mrSm AdkvfvusmfudkyJ t+rJworwfwnf; ae&may;cJhwmygyJ? Adkvfa e0if; pdkifa umfvdk@ csHKay:a&muf&wJhtjzpfu dk ydkodvm&wmuawmh udkudkarmif}uD; (OD;cspfvd_if) tckwavm a&;om;xkwfa0vdkufwJh w&Ha&mtcgrsm;u pmtkyfxJrSm *syefoGm;zdk@ a&G;cs,fcH&ol[m ocifnD (Adkvfae0if; - OD;av;) jzpfayr,fh oGm;cgeD; ocifnDzsm;oGm;vdk@ Adkvfae0if;u tpm;oGm;cJh&wmjzpfw,fqdkwJhta=umif; ygygw,f? 'ga=umifh uGsefrwd@k t&ifu =um;zl;wJh "ocif¶a_ rmifqw dk heJ mrnf[m *syefomG ;zdk@ oabFmay:wufrS Adkvfae0if;,lcJh wJhemrnfyg" qdkwJh qdkpum;[m trSefjzpfzdk@rsm; oGm;ygw,f? Adkvfa e0if; [m tJ' DumvwavSsmuf tawmf aoao0yf0yfa ecJhayr,fh *syefacwfa&mufawmh &mxl;XmeEœ&awG cdkif+rJvmwJhtcg ol@rl&if;p¶dkufawGa y:+yD; taysmftyg;vdkufpm; pm&dwœawG,drf;,dkifvmygw,f? 'DvdkudpPawGtjyif EdkifiHa&;t& xl;jcm;csuaf wGvnf; awG@vm&ygw,f? tJ'guawmh Adv k af e0if;&JŒ *d% k ;f *%vky[ f efawGyg? Adkvfc sKyfa tmifqef;[m Armhwyfr awmfudk acwfr Dwyfrawmfw&yftjzpf wnfaxmifzdk@ &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ 1942 ckESpf rSm ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (bD'Dat) udk 80

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

zGJ@+yD; ynmwwftajrmuftjrm; ppfwyfxJ0ifvmatmif pnf;¶Hk; vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? tJ'u D mvrSm ynmwwfawG vSrd 0hf ifvmygw,f? tJ'v D al wGxrJ mS aemifjynfol@ta&;awmfykH ygwD (qdk&S,fvpfygwD) udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif=ur,fh vltkyfpkawGygvmw,f? tJ'DrSm Adv k af tmif}u;D wdk@ Adv k af rmif armifw@kd ygvmwmyg? Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;[m Adv k af rmifarmifukd odyfoabmusygw,f? ^m%fynmxufjruf+yD; vkyf&nfudkif&nf&SdwJhtwGuf tawmf tm;xm;+yD; arG;jrLygw,f? odk@ aomf tJ' Dy nmwwftkyfpk[m azazwdk@ tygt0if *syefjyefawGudka&m/ bDtdkifatumvu &Jabmftrsm;pkudkyg (olwdk@ vdk wuUodkvf ynmwwfawGr[kww f t hJ wGu)f tawmftxiftjrifao;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ't D zG@J eJ@ Adv k af e0if; aygif;rd= uygw,f? yxrawmh *syefa wmfvSe fa&;vky fz dk@ tm;r&vdk@ avSsmufa jym ae=uwmyJvdk@xif&ayr,fh aemufydkif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;qef@usifa&;yg ygvmygw,f? Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ud, k w f ikd f 'Dupd P 0ifa&mufajz&Si;f cJ&h zl;ygw,f? 'Dta=umif;awGukd azazu ol@pmtkyx f JrSm a&;+yD;yg+y?D azazh t jrif u awmh Ad k v f a tmif } uD ; wdk @ *d k % f ; [m wyf w G i f ; tm%mud k ausmfv$m;,lvdk=uygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm xif&Sm;wJh acgif;aqmifwa,mufukd rSDcdkzdk@vdkvdk@ Adkvfae0if;udk ajrawmifajr‡mufay;+yD; Adkvfae0if;t&dyfcdkum wyfxJAdkvfusvm cJhwm/ Adkvfae0if;udk,fwdkifuvnf; ol@&JŒt&nftcsif;r&Sdr_/ tusifhpm&dwœtm;enf;r_wdk@a=umifh &Jabmfo;kH usyd ef @J wyfwiG ;f trsm;pk&@J av;pm;jcif;rcH&vd@k rdr&d yfwnfa&;/ wd;k wufa&;twGuf 'DvlawGudk rSDcdktm;xm; zdk@ vdktyfw,fvdk@ wGufcsuf+yD; aygif;zuf*dk%f;zGJ@cJh=uwmyJvdk@ awG@qHkar;jref;cef;wckrSm ajymzl;ygw,f? "zufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD; &efukefrSm awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifawG jyefvnf pka0;rdawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m Adkvfae0if;tay: tawmfrausreyfawG jzpfae+yD; wyfuxkwfypfzdk@awmif pdkif;jyif;cJhzl;ao;w,f? wdwdusus t a=umif;&if;awGawmh u|eaf wmfrodbl;" vdk@vnf; azazu aqmif;yg;wapmifrSm a&;cJhzl;ygw,f? "Adv k fae0if;&JŒ tEœ &m,f u dk tapmqHk ; od&S do l [ m Ad kv f c sKyfa tmif q ef; yJj zpfw ,f? Adk v f ae0if; u aemiftcGifhta&;&&if e,fcsJŒorm;eJ@ aygif;+yD; ppftm%m&Sif vkyv f mEdkifw,f? wdkif;jynfeJ@ vlrsdK;awG xdcu dk fepfemEdik fwhJ *d% k f;cGJa&;/ aoG;cGaJ &; qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; udpaP wG vkyfvmEdik fw,fv@dk AdkvfcsKyfujrif+yD; wyfu xkwfypfzk@d vkyfcJhwm" vdk@ azaza&;zl; ajymzl;wmawG &Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh Adkvfae0if;&JŒ tuif;yg;+yD; aumufuspfvSnfhpm;Edkifr_awGu ol@&JŒ wud, k &f nf }u;D yGm;vdrk t _ yd rf ufukd t aumiftxnfazmfay;cJEh ikd yf gw,f? ol[m b,fo@l udk b,ftcsdefrSmaygif;&r,f/ b,ftcsdefrSm cGm&r,f/ b,folawGudk eif;ypf&r,f/ b,fol awGukd a&&Snfxm; qufqH&r,fqdkwmawGudk aumif;aumif;wGufcsufEdkifolyg? ol@twGuf tcGifhaumif;awG ay:vmwmuawmh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; usq;Hk oGm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

&wm&,f/ vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;aemuf wdkif;jynftm%mudk zqyv vuf,m*dk%f; qd&k S,v f pfygwDu tkypf ;D rdvu kd w f m&,f/ Armjynf&ŒJ udv k edk t D &Siaf [mif; +Aw d o d sS e,fcsŒJ wd@k u wynfo h pf&Smvmwm&,f pwmawGjzpfygw,f? 'DrSmwif Adkvfae0if;[m qdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;eJ@aygif;+yD; rwnfr+idrfjzpfpjyKaewJh wdkif;jynftajctaeudk ydkrdkwif;rm ydkrdk aygufuGJvmatmif jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? autif'Dtdk udpPawGrSmvnf; olwdk@vufcsuf trsm;tjym;yg[ef&Sdygw,f? (ararhudk av,mOfuGif; vdkufydk@wJh u&ifppfAdkvfav;ajymwJh olwdk@udk aumufaumufauG@auG@ qufqHwJholawG qdkwm tJ'Dqdk&S,fvpfwyfrSL;awGudk qdkvdkwmyg?) tcktcsdefxdawmh oufaooufuef& ay:ay:xifxif ajymEdkifjyEdkifwJ htcsufawG r&Sdao;ayr,fh wcsdKŒtpteawGuawmh wjznf;jznf;ay:vmaeyg+yD? oG,f0dkuf taxmuf txm;rsm;vnf; &Sdaeyg+yD? e0wtpdk;&vufxufuxkwcf hw J Jh wyfrawmfordik f; pwkwˆwJrG mS uGefjrLepfawG awmcdk+yD; autif'Dtdkjy\em ay:aygufvmwJhtcg tJ'Dumv umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; Adkvfvusmfudk 'Djy\emawG rajz&Sif;Edkifr_udk ta=umif;jy+yD; Adkvf ae0if;&JŒtaygif;yg Armt&m&Srd sm;u a0zefajymqd+k y;D Adv k v f usmf Ekwx f u G af y;a&; awmif;qdck hw J ,fv@kd a&;xm; ygw,f? Adkvfvusfmudk EkwfxGufcdkif;¶Hkru autif'Dtdkv_yf&Sm;r_ ay:ayguf aewm awGudk ta=umif;jy+yD; Armhwyf rawmfxJu xdyfydkif;&mxl;awG &&Sdxm;wJh u&ifAdkvfcsKyfawGudk EkwfxGucf dkif;vdkuyf gawmhw,f? 'DrSmwif Adkvaf e0if; ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwmyg? ol ppfOD;pD;csKyf jzpfvmwmeJ@ autif'Dtdkv_yf&Sm;r_awGudk ta=umif;jy+yD; ArmhwyfrawmfxJ&SdwJh u&ifwyf&if;awGudk vufeufjzKwfcdkif;ygawmhw,f? wcsdKŒwyfawG (Oyrm ajrmufyikd ;f wdkif;) u tomw=unf vufeuftjzKwcf H ay r,fh wcsKd Œwyfrsm;uawmh vufeufjzKwrf cHbJ tpd;k &udk ykeu f efawmfveS +f y;D autif't D akd wGeJ@ aygi;f oGm;ygawmh w,f? 'Dwif Armjynf&JŒ jynfwiG f;ppf}uD;[m ydkrdkeuf¶_id ;f us,jf yef@oGm;ygawmhw,f? 'Daemufyikd ;f rSmvnf; ArmhwyfrawmfrmS yJ *k%x f ;l aqmif Adkvrf LS ;csKyt f qif&h xm;wJh OD;wifxÉG f vky}f uo H wfjzwf cH&ygw,f? 'gvnf; Adv k af e0if;wd@k *d% k ;f u vkyaf qmify&kH ygw,f? azazuawmh tJ'Dqdk&, S fvpf wyfrSL;tkyfxJu "Adkvf...." udk tcdik ftrm vkyaf qmifolvk@d xifa=umif;udk u|efrudk ajymzl;ygw,f? "tJ'D umvawGwkef;u olwdk@ qdk&S,fvpf awG=um;rSm "Adkvf...." uawmh odyfaoG;at;wm/ vkyfwmudkifwm odyfyd&dwmeJ@ t}uD;tus,f csD;usL;aeoHawG =um;&w,f” vdk@ qdkygw,f? t*Fvdyfvl&if; OD;wifxGÉf [m olwk@d &JŒ wufvrf;rSm ydwq f @dk aeyH&k ygw,f? Adkvfae0if;udk,w f dkifuvnf; rqvacwfuyGJwckrSm olrausrvnfjzpfaewJh rdk;}udK;OD;tkef;cif (zqyvacwfrSm wkef;uawmh ArmhacwfOD;tkef;cif) eJ@ awG@awmh pum;ajymae&if;u "a[h udktkef;cif rif; OD;wifxÉG f b,fvdkao oGm;vJ od&JŒvm;" vdk@ 82

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

+cdr;f ajcmufajymqdzk l;a=umif; u|efr=um;zl;cJyh gw,f? 'gt h jyif jynfwGif;ppftwGi;f rSm Adv k af e0if;[m EdkifiHjcm; (txl;ojzifh) t*Fvefukd xGu+f y;D jynfwiG ;f ppfwu kd zf @kd vufeufrsm;0,f,&l mrSm tH=h opzG,af wmif;wmawG tukev f ;kH &vmcJhw,fvk@d azazu ol@pmtkyrf Sma&;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? +Aw d o d sS e,fcsŒJ orm;awG[m Armjynfu qkwcf mG oGm;&ayr,fh ArmjynfxrJ mS &Sw d hJ olwdk@ tusdK;pD;yGm;awGudk umuG,fay;r,fh olwdk@tvdkawmf&dvkyfr,fhvlrsdK;awGudk &SmazGodr;f oGi;f cJyh gw,f? Armhvx l krsupf x d rJ Sm yGiu hf s+y;D om; vla[mif;awGudk roH;k awmhbJ ArmjynfolvlxkrsufpdxJrSm tjrifaumif;aeao;wJh awmfvSefa&;awGxJrSm wpHkw&m yg0ifcJhzl;wJh vlopfawGudk &Smwmyg? 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ Armhacwfopf EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fxJu OD;Ekwdk@/ Adkvfae0if;wdk@udk &SmazG awG@&SdoGm;wmygyJ? 'gayrJh Adkvfae 0if;[m b,fawmhrS wvufudkifrvkyfbJ wjcm;e,fcsJŒ orm;rsm;/ azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;eJ@vnf; qufqHyl;aygif;cJh wmygyJ? rqvacwfrSm taemufEdkifiHaygif;pHku ol@udk tm;ay;cJhwmawGukyd J=unfhyg? wdkif;jynf}uD;udk ol@yk*~dKvfa&; udk,fusdK;twGuf 'DvdktoHk;cs+yD; zGH@+zdK;r_ tedrfhqHk; Edik if jH zpfatmif vkyo f mG ;cJw h hJ Adv k af e0if;udk tcktcg wcsKd Œu aus;Zl;&Sit f jzpf jyefyakH zmfaewm awGudk tHh=ozG,f/ &GH&SmzG,f awG@ae&ygw,f? a=omf &nf&G,fcsufawG &SdyHk&ygw,f? wdik f;jynftwGuaf wmh aumif;wJherd dwrf [kwfygbl;? rESpfu 2010 aqmif;wGif;rSm azaz tonf;toef rusef;rrmjzpfygw,f? tqkwfa&mif+yD; cGsJawGusyfvm tylawGwufvmeJ@ toufu,fc ef;oGif; +yD; ESpfcg toufu,f,l&ygw,f? &moDOwkaEG;vmawmhrS emvefxlyg w,f? azaz pdwfajy vufaysmuf&Sdatmifqdk+yD; u|efru Armjynfu tckaemufydkif;xkwfvmwJh pmapmifawG (u|efrarmif atmifa usmfa Zmu a&$vDrSmaevdk@ tJ'Duae rjywfydk@ay;aeygw,f? tifwmeufuvnf; wcgwav &ygw,f?) xJu azazpdwf0ifpm;r,fh aqmif;yg;awG/ a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfa&;xm;wmawGudk zwfzwfjyygw,f? wcgawmh touf 80 wef; Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;}u;D awGp+k y;D rqvacwfta=umif;/ 8 av;vH;k ta&;awmfykH ta=umif; pk a qG ; aEG ; wJ h ta=umif ; t&mawG u d k rSwf w rf; wifx m;wJ h a qmif ;yg;udk azazhu dk zwfjyrdygw,f? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfta=umif; pwmawGvnf; tawmfrsm;rsm; ygygw,f? tJ'Daqmif;yg;zwf+yD;awmh u|efru "azaz&,f Adkvfae0if;u qdk&S,fvpf pum;awGajymawmh olw@dk wawGvnf; rsupf v d nfomG ;[efwlygw,f" vd@k ajymrd ygw,f? tom;jzLzyfjzLa&mfeJ@ aq;¶Hk;ckwifay: yufvufvSJ+yD; atmufqD*sifydkuf wef;vef;eJ@ azazu "r[kwfygbl; orD; &,f/ olwdk@vufeufcswmrSefa=umif; w&m; xlaxmifaewmyg? tJ'aD cwf tJ'u D mvudk jzwfoef;vkyu f ikd fcw hJ hJ Edik if aH &;orm;awGtm;vH;k tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

Adkvfae0if; b,fvdkvlrsdK;qdkwm od=uygw,f"vdk@ toHaysmhaysmheJ@ qdkygw,f? uJ azazu vlwef;pm;tjrif tJoavmuf jywfom;wmyg?

vSausmfaZm 5/ 10/2011 rSwfcsuf - trSm;jyifqifcsuf u|efraqmif;yg;rSm ,cifArmhwyfrawmfumuG,af &; OD;pD;csKyf (1946-49) AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;&JŒ arG;&yfajrudk uavm vd@k a&;rdygw,f? &Jabmfwa,mufu axmufjy+yD; trSejf yifqifay;cJyh gw,f? AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;&JŒ Zmwd[m {&m0 wDwdkif;/ usHKaysmf+rdKŒe,f/ tif;&Ju|ef;&Gmjzpfygw,f? ydk;u&ifbmomeJ@ tef;&JuvHk;vdk@ ac:ygw,f? olwyfu tem;ay; jcif;cH&+yD;aemufawmh &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; uavm+rdKŒrSm toufxufqHk; aexdkifoGm;wmjzpfa=umif;yg? u|efrtrSm; twGuf awmif;yeftyfygw,f? (vSausmfaZm) u|efr qufIa&;jcifaom azazta=umif;rsm; aqmif;yg;trSwf (24)

vlxk a':trm xGufjyD - udk,af wG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - zdk;oH (vlx)k trSmpum;ESifhtwl - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf? 84

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

*VKef OD;apmudk u,fwif}uolrsm;

eEN AkdvfcsKyaf tmifqef;ESifh tmZmenfacgif; aqmifrsm;udk vkyf }urH j_ zifh ao'%fay;cH &aom *VKefOD;apmudk wpfwdkif;wpfjynfvHk;u rkef;wD;cJh=uaomfvnf; 4if;udk u,fwif vdk=uolr sm; vnf; xdkacwfu&SdcJh=uonf? tqdkygudpPESifh ywfoufI jrefrmjynf bk&ifcHa[mif; qma':refprpfu jrefrmEdkifiHawmf orRw}uD;xH OD;apmudk ao'%fay; xm;onfhudpPESifh ywfoufI oufnmS EdkiforSs oufnSmpGm pOf;pm;I y,fzsufyg&ef oH}udK; pmwpfapmifay;ydk@cJhonf? xdk@jyif OD;apmtoufcsrf; om&m&a&;twGuf bdvyf (+Adwdef)&Sd Ak'<bmom toif;}uD; ESpfoif;uvnf; 0ef}u;D csKyf OD;EkxH ta=umif;jycsuo f Hk;csufjzifh arwWm&yfcHonfh a=u;eef;ESpfapmifydk@cJh=uonf? ta=umif;jycsuf oHk;csufudk azmfjy&vSsif OD;apmuJhodk@ jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;cJhaom acgi;f aqmifwpf OD;udk toufcsr;f omay;cJv h sS if 0ef}u;D csKyf ocifEk. jrifhjrwfaom apwemrSm &mZ0ifwGif&pfvdrfhrnf[k eHygwf (1) ta=umif;jy cJh=uonf? eHygwf (2) ta=umif;jycsufrSm t*FvefwGif ao'%fpD&ifjcif;udk y,fzsuf &ef&daS e&m OD;apmudk ao'%frS vGwf+idrf;cGifhjyKygu t*Fvdyf jrefrmcspf=unfa&;ajzmifhjzL; zG,f&Sda=umif; xdkodk@ r[kwfygu t*Fvdyfjrefrmcspf=unfa&; ysufjym;zG,f&Sda =umif; +crd ;f ajcmuf[efygco hJ nf? aemufq;kH ta=umif;jycsurf mS ao'%f ay;onfhupd rP Sm Ak'<bmom w&m;awmfESifh qef@usifonf[l I jzpfonf? OD;apmudk rowf&ef arwWm&yfcHonfhtxJwGif ,dk;',m; (xkdif;)ygvDrefvnf; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

yg0ifcJh onf? ,dk;',m;ygvDrefvl}uD; ckepfOD;. arwWm&yfcHpmwGif EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk ydkrdk*k%f&Sdonfh xGufaygufzGifhay;xm; oifhonf[k yg&Sdonf? q&mawmf}uD;rsm;uvnf; *VKefOD;apm. toufukd tvSL cHcJhao;onf? 1948 {+yD 5 &ufwGif OD;apm. ZeD; a':oef;cif ESifh aqGrsKd;wpfpku a&$wd*HkapwDawmfwGif OD;apmtwGu&f nfp;l um oHCmawmftyg; 50 udk qGr;f uyfc=Jh uonf? OD;apm. wlawmfpyfol OD;cifarmifvwf u OD;apmeef;&if;0efjzpfpOfu pmrsufESm 20 ausmf&Sd tvSLpm&if;udk zwf=um;um a&puf oGef;cstrSsa0cJh=uonf? xdk@ aemuf q&mawmfrsm;u tpnf;ta0; wpf&yfjyKvyk fum orRw xHtqdkwifoGi;f cJh=uonf? tqdkwGif a&S;Armrif;rsm; vufxufu &mZ0wfom;rsm; tm; oHCmawmfrsm;/ q&mawmf}uD;rsm;u toufcsrf;om cGifh&&ef tvSLcHonfhtcg cGifhjyK cJh=uzl;a=umif;/ +Aw d o d sS tpd;k & vufxufuvnf; tv,f awm&q&mawmf}u;D }u;D rSL;um &mZ0wfaumif rsm; . ao'%fudk tvSLcH&m &&Scd hzJ ;l a=umif;/ od@k twGuf OD;apm twGuv f nf; tvSLcH&&ef tqdk wifoGif;a=umif;yg&Sdonf? 1947 Zlvdkif 19 &uf vkyf }uHr_}uD;udk atmufwdkbm 8 &ufwGif tif;pdefaxmif twGi;f &Sd txl;cH¶k ;Hk Y pwifppfaq;+y;D 1948 arv 8 &ufwiG f w&m;cH rsm;udk }uKd ;ay;cJhonf? tr_&if qdik pf OfumvtwGif; OD;apm bufrS a&SŒaevdu k u f m OD;apm toufudk u,fwif&ef }udK;pm; cJh=uonfha&SŒaersm;rSm (1) rpPwmum;wpfbifeuf (bdvyfrS awmf0if 0wfvHk awmf}uD;)/ (2) rpPwm rmwm;epf (bdvyf0wf vHk)/ (3) OD;pH0if; (om,m0wD) ESifh (4) OD;ode;f ausmf (}uKd Œyif aumuf)wdk@ jzpf=uonf? od@k aomf tmZmenfrsm;udk vkyf}uHonfh rdu k v f ;Hk }u;D vSol rsm;. rdkuZf mwford ;f udk rnfolrSs rwm;qD;EdkifcJhygacs? OD;apm onf olrvGwfajrmufEkdifawmh onfudk odvdkuf a=umif;udk ol.ZeD;xHay;ydk@aom axmifwGif;rS ay;pmwpfapmifY awGŒ&onf .............. rmrDcif u|eaf wmft h avmif;udk tdro f @dk r,lygESi?fh b,fo@dk rS vnf;r,lygEiS h?f ao+y;D aom t ykyaf umif}u;D [lI w&m;ESifh ajzyg? owdoaH 0*jzpfyg? tedpw P &m;ESihf tewWw&m;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;yg? ao+y;D jzpfI rxl;yg? xdk@a=umifh rmrDwdk@ 'kuQr&SmygEiS hf awmh? aoolukd &nf&, G I f yOPif;cHjcif;/ &SifjyKjcif;/ qGrf; au|;jcif;paom ukodkvfaumif; r_rsm;udk jyKvkyfygu rmrDwdk@rSm ukodkvf&Ekdifygonf? trSst wef;a0ygu ukodkvf&Ekdifyg onf? Todk@aom ukodkvfa&; rsm;udkom *¶kpku d fyg? (yHk) armifapm .............. 86

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

ZeD;onfxHydk@aom tjcm; pmwpfapmifYrl 4if;ydkifqdkif onfh t0wftxnfESifh ykqdk; awmif&Snf/ ydk;tusô/ ouUvwf tusôrsm;udk zHkESifh rSDtHk;rsm;jyK vkyf+yD; q&mawmf bk&m;}uD;rsm;tm; vSL'gef; trSsay;a0&efrSm =um;onf? 4if;ydkifqdkifaom taemufwkdif; 0wfpHkrsm;ESifh ¶SL;zdeyfrsm;udk +Adwdef&Sd nDjzpfol armif*sKd;/ OD;jr&if/ armifvSjrwf pdk;wdk@udk a0iSvSL'gef;&ef ZeD; a': oef;cifESifh orD; abbDapmwdk@ ydkifqdkifxdkuaf om tdrf/ a&$/ aiG/ pdefrsm;udk xkcJo G ifo h avmufxk cGJI vSL'gef;&ef rSm=um;xm; onf? OD;apmu pmudk rdwfaqG o*F[rsm;tm; E_wfqufjcif; jzifh tqHk;owfxm;onf? eef;&if;0efa[mif; OD;apm onf atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyu f kd uef@uGuo f lrsm; xJwGif yg0ifonf? ajreDukef; pdefzavmfcDemausmif;teD;wGif bk&ifcH tdrfrSjyefvmaom OD;apmudk *spf um;ESifh vltcsKdŒu aoewfjzifh ypfcwf&m OD;apmrsufpd'%f&m &cJhonf? OD;apmu AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;udk txifvGJonf? odk@aomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; onf OD;EkESifhtwl OD;apmudk oGm;a&mufar;jref;tm;ay;cJh onf? odk@aomf OD;apmonf rdkuf wGif;eufcJhonf? OD;apmrdkuf wGif;eufr_onf jrefrmhordkif;udk tusnf;wefapcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfwdk@usqHk;r_. tusKd;qufonf ,ckwdkifoufa&mufaeqJyif? OD;apmonf aESmif;aemif w&cJah omfvnf; ol@twGuf a&m jrefrmjynftwGufyg t csnf;tESD;yif? "orD;wpfouf vHk;wGif olwpfyg;toufowf jcif;a&Smif=uOfyg"[k orD;jzpfol abbDapmxH axmifwiG ;f rSay; yd@k aom pmwGif qH;k rxm;onf? xdk@jyif OD;apmonf tarGqdk; qufcHcJh&yHkudkvnf; abbDapm xHay;pmwGif zGifh[xm;onf? "',f'Dwdk@ trsKd;wGif taz bufu trsKd;/ tarbufu trsKd;[lI ESpfzuf &S=d uonf? xdktrsK;d rsm;onf tvGepf w d f qwf=uonf? pdwaf umif;&Sd=uonf? apmfum;vSsif rcHcsiaf om pdw"f mwftvGet f m;}u;D onf? pdwjf yif;vGe;f =uojzifh olrsm; u wpfcsu¶f u dk v f sS if udk,fu tcsuf 20 jyef¶dkufcsifonf? ol wpfyg;wpfcsufxkvSsif udk,fu tcsuf 50 avmufjyefx&k rS auseyf=uonf? vufpm;jyef racs&vSsif wpfoufvHk;rarhEdkif[k qdkovdk &Sdc=hJ uonf? ol rsm;udk oGm;rapmfum;ESifh/ apmf um;vmvSsif wpfqifh wpfqifh jyefcs&rnf[k tpOfwpdkuf ',f'Dwdk@wpfrsKd;vHk;u tarGay; cJh=uonf? 'ga=umifh 'Dvdkapmf um;vdrfhr,f xifwJholudk taygif;tazmfrvkyfygeJ@? &efrl vmvSsifonf;cHyg? orD;vSL'gef;EdkiforSs oHCmawmft&Si fjrwf rsm;twGuf vSL'gef; yg? Tum; ig. cspforD;udkay;Edkifaom tarGrsm;jzpfownf;"[k orD; xHo@kd ay;pmwGiyf g&o dS nf? od@k aomf tm;vH;k onfaemufuschJ av+y?D 1948 arv 8 &ufwGif tif;pdefaxmifAl;0Y vufeufudkif ppfwyfESpfwyf csxm;onf? Adk vfc sKyfa tmifq ef; ESifh tmZmenfa cgif;aqmif r sm;udk vky f} uHo lr sm; ?wd@k tvSnjhf yefa&mufvm+yjD zpfonf? OD;apmonf &Sr;f yd;k abmif;bDtjym/ pyd@k &Syt f jymuGuu f kd tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

0wfqifI armfv+rdKifa&$xD;zdeyfudkpD;um }udK;pif&Sd&modk@ vSrf;vmonf? }udK;pifwGif ESpfa,mufwpf+ydKif wnf;owf&ef pDpOfxm;aomf vnf; OD;apm. awmif;yefcsuf a=umifh OD;apmwpfa,mufwnf;yxrpwif}uKd ;ay;&ef pDpOf=u &onf? }uKd ;piftxufavSum; teD;&Sd bk&m;pifa&SŒodk@a&muf aomtcg axmifydkif}uD;. owday;r_a=umifh OD;apmu bk&m; 0wfjyKum qkawmif;ao;.? eHeuf 5 em&DcGJonfhtcg OD;apmonf axmifydkif}uD; tcsufay; vdkuo f nfESifh axmifyikd }f u;D OD;pHwifw@kd ESiw hf uG rdrt d m; ao'%fcsrSwaf om txl;cH¶k ;Hk w&m; 0ef}u;D rsm;tm; ?t+idK;tmCmwrxm;yga=umif;/tm;vHk;tm; *Gwfbdkif[k E_wfquf+yD; av;vHaom ajcvSrf;jzifh }udK; pifodk@ wufoGm;awmhonf? }udK;pifay:ajcpHk&yfrdonfESifh axmif rSL;}uD; OD;pHwifonf vufjyef }udK;ESpfqifhwkyf+yD; OD;apm. vnfyif;udk }udK;uGif;pGyfvdkuf onf? aocsmpGm pGyf/ rpGyf axmifrSL;}uD; OD;pHwifu ppfaq;+yD;onfESifh wpf+ydKifeuf 5 em&D/ 32 rdepftcsdefwGif "a'gif"[k jrnf[nf;um a'gufjyKwf oGm;awmhonf? OD;apmonf }uKd ;pifay: Y r&Sad wmhay? }uKd ;pifatmufwJG avmif;jzpfaeawmhonf? }uKd ;onf v_yfjcif;r&S?d puUe@f tenf;i,ftwGi;f aoqH;k oGm;awmh.? teD;wGif toifh&adS om axmifq&m0efonf OD;apmtm; ppfaq;jcif;r&Sdao;ay? em&D 0ufrSs wGJavmif;xm;awmh onf? tcsed af phI OD;apmtm; }uKd ;rSjzKw, f v l u dk af omtcg wpfu, kd v f ;kH rnf;aeawmh onf? vSsmum; tenf;i,f xGufvsuf&Sdonf? rnfo lrSs ru,fE dki fa wmho nhf OD;apm. Zmwford ;f yifjzpfawmhonf? OD;apm aoqHk;oGm;aomf vnf; ol. rsKd;qufrdom;pk0if rsm;onf olxm;&pf cJhaom t&dyfqdk;. ajcmufvSef@r_udk ESpf aygif;rsm;pGmcHcJh&onf? OD;apmudk u,fwif=uol rsm;onf ratmifrjrifjzpfcJh=u aomfvnf; OD;apm rdo m;pk0if rsm;udk t&dyfqdk;rS oufo m&m &atmif u,fwifc Jholr sm;&SdcJhyg onf? tmZmenfacgif;aqmif }uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. rdom;pk0ifrsm; jzpfonf? "vlxkudk uGsefrajymvdkwm uawmh rdrdwdk@tm;udk;,Hk=unf av;pm;aom acgif;aqmif}uD; udk &uf&ufpufpufvkyf}uH vdkuf=uwJhtwGufa=umifh a'goxGuf+yD; pd w f v k du f r mefy g rvk yf = uzdk @ ajymvd ky gw,f " [k Ad kv f c sKyf . ZeD ; a':cif = unf u AdkvfcsKyfusqHk;+yD;aemuf ajymcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyf. orD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tjypfr&Sdol rdo m;pk0ifr sm; tjypf&Sdovdk cHpm;ae&jcif;udk pdwfr aumif;jzpfrda=umif; u¶k%m pum;qdck o Jh nf? "udk,frvkycf Jhwu Jh dpPt wGuf 'DvdkcHpm;&wmudk pdw d fraumif;bl;? uav;awGu bm rSvyk fcJhwmrS r[kwfwm? olwdk@ tbdk;uvnf; olŒtjypft wGuf Oya't&cHoGm;+yDyJ? usef wJhvlrSm bmtjypfrSr&Sdbl;? 'D uav;awGudk at;at;csrf; csrf;eJ@ aeapcsifw,f? 88

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

olwdk@ udk,folwdk@vnf; tjypf&SdwJhvl awG&,fvdk@ rowfrSwfoifhbl;" [k a':atmifqef; pk=unfu 2014 wGif 7Day *sme,fESifh oD;oef@awGÅ&#x2019;qHkar;jref;cef;Y ajymcJhonf? rd o m;pk 0 if r sm;ES i f h o mr[k w f OD ; apm tay:ud k y if rnf od k @ rS s oabmrxm;a=umif;udk a':atmifqef;pk=unfu "azazeJ@ ywfouf+yD;awG;&if OD;apm a=umifh azazqHk;oGm;w,fvdk@ b,fwkef;urS rjrifbl;? +yD;awmhvnf; EkdifiHa&;rSm 'DvdkyJ jzpfwwfygw,f"[k qdkcho J nf?

eEN

udk;um; - owif;pmrsm;u ajymaom EdkifiHawmfvkyf}uHr_? OD;armifarmifOD; (yefawmfquftEkynmrSww f rf;pHk) ( 7 &uf ae@pOfowif;pmrS)

vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD jyef=um;a&;XmeESifh tvif;tdrf pmaytiftm;pk ylaygif;xkwfa0jzef@csdonf?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

udk,hftvkyf udk,fvkyf&w,f

rif;ausmfausmfxGef; (armfv+rdKif) udk,ft h vkyf udk,v f ky&f w,f? udk,f,x l m;whJ wm0ef ud, k fod&w,f? ,lxm;whJ wm0efudk ausyGefatmif aqmifÂ¶Guf&w,f? wdk;wufwhJ vl/ wdk;wufwhJ tzGJ@tpnf;/ wdk;wufwhJ EdkifiHawG[m 'gukd em;vnfw,f? rwdk;wufwhJ vl/ rwdk;wufwhJ tzGJ@tpnf;/ rwdk;wufwhJ EdkifiHawGu udk,hftvkyf udk,frvkyfyg? udk,hfwm0ef udk,fem;rvnfyg? em;vnfoa,mifeJ@ wu,fwrf;u em;rvnfyg? bmoma&;eJ@ qdkifwhJ yk*d~Kvfu bmoma&;[m ol@tvkyf/ ol@ wm0efjzpfw,f? pD;yGm;a&;orm;uvnf; pD;yGm;a&; tvky[ f m ol@tvky/f ol@wm0ef jzpfw,f? ausmif;om;u ausmif;pm/ q&m0efu aq;uk/ jcHorm;u oD;ESHpdkuf/ v,form;u v,fvkyf tJ'g ud, k fpDtvkyf/ udk,pf Dwm0efyg? tar&dum;rSm ppfwdkufwhJ ppfom;awG vlr_a&;vkyfief;rSm 0ifulwm rawG@yg? vlr _ a &;vky fi ef ; twGu f wm0ef a y;xm;ola wGu om vk y f= uw,f? a&}uD; w,f ? rkew f ikd ;f usw,f? jynfoal wG 'kueQ @J &ifqikd &f w,f? tJ't D wGuf vlr_ ulno D al wG vm=uw,f? ulno D lawGu ol@wm0efeJ@ol wm0efu, dk pf D vkyo f Gm;=uw,f? &Ju &Jwm0efukd vkyw f ,f? rD;owfu rD;owfwm0efudk vkyfw,f? &Ju rD;owfwm0efudk 0ifr,lyg? rD;owfuvnf; &Jae&m 0ifryg? 'kuaQ &mufoludk u,fq,fzdk@ vlr_ u,fq,fa&;orm;awGu vkyfw,f? udk,fpDwm0efeJ@ ausyGefatmif ulnD=uw,f? ol@ae&meJ@ ol/ ol@tvkyf olvkyfwm 90

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

awG@&w,f? vlawG ao=uwhJtcg bmoma&; t}uD;tuJawG bmoma&;t& 0wfjyKwm/ qkawmif;wm vkyf=uw,f? bmoma&; t}uD;tuJu vlawG u,fq,fa&;vkyfaewhJ vkyfief;rSm 0ifr¶_yf? tar&dum;&JŒ pepfrSm vlwdkif; wm0efudk,fpD ausyGefatmif vkyfwhJ tavh tom;usaewm awG@&w,f? rwd;k wufwJh Edik if aH wGrmS tpd;k &u tpd;k &tvkyf rvkyw f wfwm awG@&w,f? tpd;k & tvky fu dk jynf ola wG vdku fv ky faewm awG @&w,f ? vla wG vk yf&r,hf tvky fu dk bmoma&;yk*K~d vaf wG vdu k v f yk af ewm awG@&w,f? 'gukd cs;D rGe;f =uw,f? aumif;wm vkyv f @kd csD;rGef;=uwm vlawG&JŒ obm0yg? csD;rGef;jcif;&JŒ aemufrSm rqef;ppfrd=uwmu ol@tvkyf olvyk &f ŒJ vm; qdw k myg? udk,t fh vkyu f kd wm0efrausyJ olrsm;tvkyfukd 0ifvyk af y;aewm[m rSm;aewm jzpfw,f? tawG;tac: rSm;wm jzpfw,f? rSm;vkyfaewm odvsufeJ@ csD;rGef;&if trSm;udk tm;ay;jcif; jzpfw,f? tJ'D tawG;tac:awG xGe;f um;oGm;&if tJ'D vl@tzG@J tpnf;/ tJ'DEdkifiH rwdk;wufawmhyg? tm¶SEkid if H wcsKdŒrSm ppfwyftm%modrf;wmawGukd avhvm=unhyf g? vkjH cHKa&;t& acwWxdef;wmrsKd;om jzpfoihfw,f? 'gayr,hf tm%mudk t=um}uD; ,lxm;vdkuf&if ppfwyf[m ol@wm0ef olem;rvnfa=umif; azmfjyvdkufwm jzpfw,f? 'gudk axmufcH tm;ay;&if rSm;,Gif;whJ vkyf&yfukd tm;ay;wmeJ@ wlw,f? tJ'D EdkifiH rwdk;wufyg? wdk;wufaewhJ tar&dum;rSm ol@tvkyfol vkyfwwfatmif avhusihfay;w,f? ausmif;aepOf uwnf;u wm0efu, kd pf , D w l Jh tavhukd avhusiafh y;w,f? ausmif;om;awG avhvma&; oGm;=uw,f? rdbae&mu wm0ef,l+yD; vkyftm;ay; vdkuzf dk@ u|efawmhfukd tultnDawmif;w,f? u|efawmf ulnDzdk@ oabmwlvdkufw,f? ausmif;om; 100avmuf oGm;=uw,f? 10-a,mufudk wpfz@GJ pk+y;D rdb wpfa,mufpu D dk wm0ef,al pw,f? ausmif;om;awGu tkyfcsKyfol rdbudk av;pm;ovdk tkyfcsKyfol rdbuvnf; ol@ae&mrSm olae+yD; xdef;ay;whJ tvkyfuko d m vkyfw,f? wjcm; bmudkrS tm%myg0gjywm rvkyfyg? rqdkifwmudk 0ifr¶_yfyg? Oyrm &D;pm;twGJawG ygw,f? olwdk@ wGJoGm;wm udk,feJ@ rqdkifyg? ol@udk,yf kid f vlr_a&; jzpfw,f? pnf;urf;eJ@ tnDoGm;&if bmrS 0ifajymcGihf r¶dSyg? 0ifajymvdk@ r&yg? udk,feJ@ rqdkifwhJ vlr_a&;rSm yg0ifp&m rvdkyg? b,fudk oGm;r,f? b,fvdk oGm;r,f? b,fae&mudk oGm;r,f? bmvkyrf ,fqw kd hJ vkyif ef;wm0ef om rdbeJ@ qdik w f ,f? rqdik w f mudk 0ifr¶_yfzdk@ owdjyK&w,f? tJ'Dvdk aexdkif avhusihfwm umv=umvmawmh udk,ft h vkyf/ udk,hfwm0ef ausyGefatmif vkyfwwfwhJ tavh usihfom;&vmw,f? rwdk;wufwhJ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSmu udk,hfwm0ef bmvJqdkwm em;rvnfyg? acgif;aqmif vkyfoluvnf; igacgif;aqmifqdk+yD; rqdkifwm 0if¶_yfw,f? bmoma&; yk*d~Kvfuvnf; vltvkyfawG 0ifvkyfw,f? ppfom;uvnf; vlr_a&;awGrSm 0ifvmw,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

=umawmh ppfom;qdkwm EdkifiHumuG,fzdk@qdkwhJ todpdwf aysmufvmw,f? ppfom;u t&yfom;tvkyfawG vdkufvkyfw,f? rSm;,Gif;whJ tawG;awG acgif;xJ xnhfay;vdkufovdk jzpfomG ;w,f? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm bmoma&;yk*d~Kvaf wG vlr_a&;/EdkifiHa&;awGrSm 0ifvmwm[m tJ'D tawG;tac:awG v$rf;rdk;vmwhJ vuQ%myg? ppfom;awG t&yfzuf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm ae&m,lvmwm tJ'D rSm;,Gif;whJ tawG;tac:awGa=umihf jzpfw,f? umv=umvmawmh rSm;,Gif;whJ tawG;tac:awGu trSefawGvdk ae&m,lukef=uw,f? trSm;udk vufcHwhJ tawG;tac: jznf;jznf;csif; ae&m&vmw,f? rwd;k wufbufukd OD;wnfomG ;whJ ta¶GŒawGyg? udk,fvkyf&r,hf wm0eftrSefudk rodbJ wjcm;ol&JŒ tvkyfawGudk udk,hfwm0ef trSwfeJ@ vkyfaejcif;[m rSm;,Gif;jcif;jzpfw,f? rSm;wmudk rSm;rSef odrS jyifvk@d &w,f? trSm;udk tcsed f t=um}u;D usio fh ;Hk ch&J if trSev f kd jzpfomG ;wwfw,fqw kd m owdjyKoihw f ,f? odom jrifomwhJ tcsufawGu bmoma&;yk*d~KvfawG vltvkyfawG vkyfvmwm/ ppfom;awG t&yfbuf tkyfcsKyfa&;awG 0ifvmwm/ &JawG vlr_0efxrf;tvkyfawG vkyfvmwmawG[m xif¶Sm;whJ tcsufawG jzpfw,f? wd;k wufwhJ Edik fiaH wGrSm ppfwyfudk Edkiif u H muG,fa&;twGuf zG@J xm;wm jzpfw,f? EdkifiHwumeJ@ ppfjzpfwhJtcg EdkifiHudk umuG,fzdk@ jzpfw,f? wpfyg;EdkifiHu 0ifa&muf usL;ausmfvm&if umuG,fzdk@ jzpfw,f? +rdKŒwGif; vkHjcHKa&;eJ@ r_cif;awGtwGuf &JtzGJ@udk zGJ@xm;w,f? r_cif;eJ@ qufpyfwmudk &Ju umuG,f&wmjzpfvdk@ &J[m jypfr_qdkif&mOya' em;vnfo/l wwfusrG ;f ol jzpf&w,f? ppfom;udak wmh Oya' oifray;yg? wdu k cf u kd af &;udo k m oifay;ygw,f? tar&duef tpdk;&[m rsm;jym;vSwhJ vla bmiftzGJ@tpnf; awGudk xde;f odrf;Edkifzk@d vlr_a&;tzGJ@rsKd;pkH vGwv f yfpGm zGJ@cGifah y;xm;w,f? tJ'D tzG@J awGudk tpdk;&u ulnDw,f? Oyrm aiGa=u;tm;jzihf ulnDw,f? +rdKŒ¶Gm wnf+idrfzdk@ &Judk wm0ef,lapw,f? EdkifiHumuG,fzdk@ ppfwyfudk wm0eftyfESif;w,f? olwdk@u olwdk@ wm0ef olwdk@vkyfw,f? vlr_a&;twGuf vlr_a&;tzGJ@rsKd;pkH ¶dSw,f? tpdk;& tzGJ@awGeJ@ vlr_a&;tzGJ@awG [efcsufnD ol@wm0ef ol,+l y;D wm0efausatmif vky=f uw,f? 'ga=umihf tkyfcsKyaf &;twGuf t&yfbuf tzGJ@wpfck tar&dum;rSm r¶dSyg? tJ'DtwGuf EdkifiHawmf bwf*sufvnf; okH;p&m rvdkyg? ud, k w hf m0ef udk,af usyeG v f mwhJtcg t&m&m[m [efcsufnD wd;k wufvmw,f? bmoma&; yk* d~Kvfu bmoma&;wm0efausawmh bmoma&; wdk;wufvmw,f? vlr_ulnDa&; tzGJ@awGu vlr_ulnDa&;awG wm0efausawmh vlr_a&; wdk;wufvmw,f? ppfwyfu EdkifiHudk tiftm;jynhf umuG,fxm;wma=umihf EdkifiHvkHjcHKw,f? +rdKŒ vkHjcHKa&;eJ@ r_cif;awGukd &Ju Oya'eJ@tnD aqmif¶u G w f ma=umihf jynfo@l b0awG vkjH cHKvmw,f? 'g[m udk,hfwm0ef udk,f,+l yD; wm0efausatmif aqmif¶u G jf cif;&JŒ &vm'fyg? 92

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

rwd;k wufwJh Edik fiaH wGrmS vlra_ &;vnf; wm0ef rauswm awG@&w,f? bmoma&; rSmvnf; wm0ef rauswm awG@&w,f? tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ umuG,fa&;rSmvnf; wm0ef rauswm awG@&w,f? rwdk;wufwhJ vlawG[m olrsm;tvkyf 0ifvkyf&wmudk oabm usw,f? tm;usw,f? 'g[m rSm;,Gi;f whJ tawG;tac: v$r;f rd;k oGm;wmyg? 'ga=umihf rSm;aewhJ tawG;tac:awGudk rSefvmatmif t&ifvkyfzdk@ vdkw,f? rqdkifwm 0ifvkyfaewmudk tm;uspdwf rjzpfzdk@ vdkw,f? t&yfpum;eJ@ ajym&if udk,hfae&m ukd,fraeyJ olrsm;ae&m 0if¶_yfwmudk oabmruszdk@ vdkw,f? Oyrm bmoma&;yk*d~Kvfu bmoma&; rvkyfyJ rqdkifwmudk vkyfae&if tm;rus&yg? ppfom;u ppfom;tvkyf rvkyf/ &Ju &Jtvkyf rvkyfwmudk tm;rus&yg? vlr_a&; tvkyfawGudk vlr_0efxrf;tzGJ@awGu rvkyfyJ rqdkifolawGu 0ifvkyfaewmudk tm;rus&yg? tm;uspdwf rSm;aewhJ umvywfvkH; udk,hftvkyf udk,frvkyfyJ wjcm;oltvkyfawGudk vdkufvkyfaerSm jzpfw,f? udk,ft h vkyf ud, k frod jzpfae=ur,f? udk,hfwm0ef udk,frausyeG fwhJ olawG jzpfae=ur,f? wdk;wufcsifw,fqdk&if udk,hftvkyfbmvJ qdkwm pOf;pm;yg? udk,f,lxm;whJ wm0efudk pOf;pm;yg? tJ'D wm0efudk ausatmifvkyfyg? rqdkifwmudk 0if¶_yfwhJ tavhudk a¶Smifyg? ud, k ef @J rqdkiw f mawG@&if qdik w f Jh olawGukd ta=umif;=um;yg? ac:yg? oufqkid o f al wG ol@tvkyfol vkyfwwfatmif wm0efay;yg? ol@tvkyf ol@udk vkyfcdkif;yg? 'grS =umvm&if vlwdkif;[m udk,ft h vkyfudk,f vkyfvmr,f? udk,fw h m0ef ud, k fausyeG f vm=urSmyg?

rif;ausmfausmfxGef; (armfv+rdKif) 2016 ZGefv 10 &uf

(7) Zlvdki f atmifapmOD; (rd_if;&mjynfh)/ OD;ynmoD&d 0if;wifhxGef;/ ref;&Smvm;zef;/ wifhaZmf/ ZGefrd_if;/ OD;atmifxl; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef@csdonf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

usaemf ra&;Edkicf hwJ Jh udpPw&yf / 'kwd, wvSrf;

zdk;oH (vlxk) 'DudpPudk usaemf tckawmh a&;vdk@&yg+yD? 1978 ckEpS rf Sm usaemhftaz/ tareJ@nD/ oH;k a,mufpvHk; tzrf;cH&wke;f u tazeJ@ bdk!dkudk t&ifv$wf+yD; tarhudk aemufqHk;rS tcsdeftawmf=um csef+yD;v$wfw,f? tJ'g bmvdk@vJvdk@ usaemhfudkar;wm r=umc%}uKH&ygw,f? aqG&if; rdwf&if;awGxJu ar;=uwmawmif ¶Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh usaemhfrSm axmufxm;p&mawG ¶Sdaevdk@ b,fol@udkrS ajymrjycJhygbl;? tckawmh taruG,fvGefoGm;+yDrdk@ usaemfa&;Edkif oGm;yg+yD? 1976 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 30&ufae/ usaemhu f kv d mzrf;wJah e@rSmyg? rSwfro d avmuf qdk&if tJ'g we*FaEGae@}uD;yg? rEWav; Axl;tm;upm;uGif;rSm +rKd@rtoif;eJ@ &Jtoif; wdk@ upm;r,hf ae@yg? yGJ u vnf; yG Ja umif; jzpf vdk@ wa=umif; / udk , fw dki fu vnf ; +rKd@ r abmhvk;H toif;om;a[mif; jzpf¶rkH u +rK@d rtoif;udk urux jyKo/l OD;pD;olawG tm;vH;k [m usa emhfrdbrsm;eJ@ ruif;olawG jzpfaevdk@uwa=umif; usaemfu tJ'D abmhvHk;yGJudk oGm;=unhfzdk@ tm;cJxm;ygw,f? olrsm;awGeJ@ tazmfawmif ndSxm; ygao;w,f? ae@vnf 2em&D/ 3em&D avmufxifyg&J@ usaemftdrfomwufa ewke f;rSm 94

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

usaemfwdk@tdrfrSm um;armif;wJh udkat;u usaemfhukd tjyifuae wHcg;ykwf+yD; ac:ygw,f? usaemfxGufvmawmh "cifAsm;udk cifAsm;taru ac:aew,f/ atmufudk qif;vmcJhygwJh" vdk@qdkwmeJ@ csufjcif; ol@aemufu vdkufoGm;ygw,f? atmufa&mufawmh {nfhcef;xJrSm taz&,f - tar&,f/ &yf u G u fx J u vl } uD ; 3-4a,muf & ,f / wcgrS r awG @ zl ; wJ h rsufEmS xm;wif;wif;eJ@ vlwcsKd @&,f xdik af e =uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? tazeJ@taruvnf; rsufESmrom=uygbl;? 'geJ@ usaemfvnf; tajctaeudk csufjcif;&dyfr dvdkufygw,f? usaemfa&mufawmh usaemfhtazu usaemhfudk "ighom;tcef;udk enf;enf;¶Smcsifvdk@wJ"h vdk@ajymygw,f? tazajym+y;D wmeJ@yJ tJ'v D al wG tm;vH;k rwfwyfx&yf vdu k =f uygw,f? usaemfu aemufjy efv Sn hfvdkufwmeJ@ tm;vHk;tay:wufwJh avSum;qD xGufvm=uygw,f? tdrfom;awGygaygif;&if 10 a,ufavmuf vltyk }f u;D yg? avSum;ay:wuf&if; wa,mufu usaemhfukd "+y;D &ifar;csifjref;csifwmav;aw&Sv d dk@ usaemfwdk@eJ@ vdkuf&atmif tdyf&mvdyef J@ t0wftpm;vnf; jyifyg" vdk@ajymygw,f? usaemfeJ@ taru twlwl wufvmwmrdk@ tarhukd ajymwJhoabmvnf; aqmifaeygw,f? tJ'Daemufawmh olwdk@ usaemhftcef;xJrSm ¶Sm=uawmhwmygyJ? Edk@ayrJhtvGef}uD; ¶kyfysufqif;ysuf ¶SmwmrsdK; r[kwfygbl;? =unhf&wm wckckukd twdtus owif;&xm;vdk@ ¶Smwm [kwf[efrwlygbl;? usaemfeJ@taru tcef;tjyif wHcg;0em;rSm &yfaeygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfhnD bdk!dktdrfrSm r¶Sdygbl;? c&D;oGm;aeygw,f? usaemhftreJ@ ESrwdk@ ¶S d = uygw,f ? ol w dk @ vnf ; yJ usaemfh t em;rS m ¶S d= uygw,f ? usaemh f tazuawmh atmufu{nhcf ef;xJrmS vmzrf;wJh axmufvrS ;f a&; Adkvrf ;ª udk {nhcf Hpum;ajymaecJhw,fv@dk ,l q &ygw,f ? usaemh f tyg;rS m &yf a ewJ h aemuf wa,muf u awmh vmzrf; wJh axmufvSrf;a&;uvlyg? touf 20 eJ@ 30=um; avmuf¶Sdygr,f? o@lcg;u ykqdk;xJrSm aoewftwdkwvufudk xdk;xm;ygw,f? olwdk@ vSefavSm¶Smaewmudk =unhf&if;usaemfu rifrysuf armif;rysuf tarhem;udkuyf+yD; "usaemfajy;rSjzpfr,f" (I must flee) vdk@ t*Fvdyfvdk ajymvdkuyf gw,f? tem;u axmufvSrf;a&;ieJ[m bmrS *¶krxm;wJh [efeJ@ ¶SmazGaewJh vlawGqu D ykd J =unhaf eygw,f? usaemfw@kd ajymwmudk olem;rvnfwm trSeyf gy?J 'Dawmhtaru "olwdk@rSmaoewfawGygw,f" (They have guns) vdk@jyefajymygw,f? 'Dawmhusaemfu "usaemfow d ,f/ 'gayrJh b,fvydk jJ zpfjzpf usaemfawmh ajy;rSjzpfr,f" (Yes, I know, But Imust flee at all cost) vd k@ xyf ajymvd ku fygw,f? om;trdc sif; ajymwmqdkawmh 'gavmufqdk vHkavmufyg+yD? ajymvdk@om ajymw,f usaemfe*dku pOf ; pm;xm;wJ h xG u f a jy;wJ h e nf ; vrf ; awG u yd w f a eoavmuf jzpf a eygw,f ? usaemfjyifxm;wmu 1966 ckEpS fwkef;u usaemfhudk zrf;ovdk nrSm zrf;vmcJh&if/ usaemfu tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

vufOD;cJh&if qdkwmrsdK;awGyg? tckawmh tdrfomxJa &muf aewJhvl[m b,fvdkrS vufrOD;Edkifygbl;? tJ'DaemufrSm usaemfhtcef;xJu odrf;,lwJh pmtkyfawGeJ@twl usaemfhudk atmufxyfudk ac:oGm;ygw,f? ckeu {nhfcef;qD jyefac:oGm;wm jzpfygw,f? tqif;rSm usaemfu tarhem;uyf+yD; usaemfwdk@wdkuf&J@ awmifbufu wHcg;aygufukd zGifhxm;ay;zdk@ ajymvkduyf gw,f? usaemfwdk@ tdrfu *4vrf;eJ@ 33vrf;axmifhrSmqdkawmh ESpfrsufESm¶SdwJh taqmuftODvdkjzpf aeygw,f? taemufzufrsufESmrSm t"du wHcg;ayguf}uD;jzpf+yD; awmifzufrsuEf SmpmrSmawmh wHcg;ayguf ao;ao;wcke@J um;*dak 'gif ¶Syd gw,f? tJ't D csed u f tJ' Dwcg;ayguf[m t0iftxGuf r¶Sdoavmuf eD;yg;rdk@ bm*smwHcg;udk t+rJvdkvdk a=u;0gaomhcavmuf}uD;wvHk;eJ@ cwfxm;ygw,f? aemuf+yD; tJ'Daomh[m tarhqDrSmyJ ¶Syd gw,f? atmufjyefa&mufawmh olwdk@u e*dkae&mawGrSm jyef0ifxdkif=u+yD; usaemhfudk {nhfcef;t0if wHcg;aygufrSm xdik fapygw,f? ckeu axmufvSrf;a&;u vlu usaemhfab;rSm uyfvsufxdkifygw,f? tcef;v,frSmawmh &yfuGufvl}uD;awG[m usaemfh tcef;xJu odrf;vmwJhypPnf;awG (trsm;tm;jzifhpmtkyfawG) udk pm&if;jyK aeygw,f? usefwJhvlawG uawmh xdik =f unhaf e =uygw,f? pmtkyaf wGxrJ mS armfpw D ek ;f vufa¶G;pifusr;f awG ygygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm tcef;zGJ@pnf;yHkukd enf;enf;ajymzdk@vdkygw,f? usaemfwdk@ tdrftay:udk wufwJh avSum;[m tazhtvkyfcef;xJrSm ¶Sdygw,f? tazhtvkyfcef;eJ@ {nhfcef;u uyfvsuf/ qufvsuyf g? t=um;rSm eH&w H cke@J wHcg;aygufwck ¶Sdygw,f? tazh tvkycf ef;&J@ wzufrmS u tcef;i,fwck¶Sd+yD; aemufaz;aygufu tJ'Dtcef;uae xGuf&wm jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; taz tvkyfvky fwJh pm;yGJywfvnfrSm pmtky fawG xnfhxm;wJh vlw&yfa usmfjrifh rSefbD'dk}uD;awG ¶Sdygw,f? 'ga=umihf usaemfheJ@ tJ'D axmufvSrf;a&;uvl xdkifaewJh ae&muae=unhf&if tazhtvkyfpm;yGJudkvnf; rjrif&/ wzufcef;udk ul;wJhwHcg;udkvnf; rjrif&ygb;l ? tJ'w D zufcef;rSm tjyifxu G zf @kd wHcg;zGix fh m;w,f qdw k muawmh ydrk jzpfEidk yf gb;l ? tay:u qif;vm=uawmh taru aemufuenf;enf;csef vdkufvmygw,f? aemuf+yD;rS pmtkyb f 'D }dk uD;awGaemuf 0ifvu kd +f y;D bm*smwHcg;aomhukd oGm;zGihf vdkuw f myg? tJ'aD emufrmS olu {nhfcef;qDudk jyefvm+yD; usaemhfudk acgif;wcsuf +idrhfjy vdkufygw,f? zGifh+yD;+yDqdkwJh t"dy`m,fyg? +yD;rS ol[m {nfhcef;xJu ol@e*dk ae&mrSm 0ifxdkifaeygw,f? usaemfu usaemfhESrudk tpmtdrfaq;aomufzdk@ aq;eJ@a&wcGuf oGm;,lcdkif; vdkufygw,f? 'gudk tm;vHk;ujrifod=u ygw,f? olu tay:xyfudkwufoGm;ygw,f? c%=umvdk@ usaemfhESru rvmawmh usaemfu "'Daumifrav;uvnf; =um vdkuw f m" vkd@ tm;vHk; =um;atmif nnf; +yD; ol@ aemufvdkufz dk@ [efjyKvdku fy gw,f? ab;u 96

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

axmufvSrf;a&;[m a0;a0;oGm;r,f rxifvdk@xifyg&J@ ol@ae&muyJ xdkif=unhfaeygw,f? usaemf rSefbD'dk}uD;awG aemufauG@0ifvdkufwm[m bmjzpfEdkif w,f qdkwm olb,fvdkrS wGufrd[efrwlygbl;? usaemfu tJ'D aemufaz;ayguu f ae wpGwx f J xGufajy;oGm;wmu usaemfhb0wckvHk; tajymif;vJ}u;D ajymif;vJoGm; awmhwmygyJ? usaemf ta¶S@ajrmuf tajccHa'oudka&mufawmh rEWav;ajratmufvkyfief;u vmwJh vleJ@awG@ygw,f? usaemfeJ@ vkyfazmfvkyfzufa[mif;/ oli,fcsif;a[mif;yg? ol@udk ygwDA[dkuae wcsdK@vkyfief;awG rSmvdkuf&mrSm usaemfuwqifh rSmcdkif;ygw,f? 'DtcgrSm oluvnf; rEWav;rSmusefcJh/ jzpfysufcJhwmawGajymjy&if; usaemhftwGuf tifrwef pd k ; &d r f c J h = ua=umif ; ajymjyygw,f ? usaemf u vnf ; usaemf b ,f v d k v G w f x G u f vmw,fqkw d mawG ol@udak jymjyygw,f? vl&if;awGrdk@yg? tarha=umihf vGwfvmyHkukd vnf; ajymjyvdkufygw,f? 'gayrJhjzpfcsifawmh rEWav;,l*sDwckvHk;eD;yg; tzrf;cH &awmh 'Dvlvnf; ygoG m ;ygw,f? ol u tuk e f a zmf / tuk e f a zmuf y gw,f ? 'ga=umih f ppf tpd k ; &[m usaemhftaryg0ifwJhtcef;udk odoGm;wmjzpfygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ tarhudk ppftpdk;&u !SdK;p&m udpPwckwk;d oGm;wmygy?J 'DjzpfpOfwckvHk;rSm usaemf/ usaemfhrdz/ usaemfhtreJ@ESr/ vmzrf;wJhvlawGaxmufvSrf;a&;/ tufpfbDeJ@ &yfuGufvl}uD;awG/ wOD;pD-wOD;pDrSm b,fvdk cHpm;csufawG jzpfay:ae=ur,fqw dk m jyefpOf;pm;vdu k &f if tifrwefrS pdw0f ifpm;p&m aumif;rSmyg? pmzGJ@&if pmwtk y f r sm; &rvm;yg? usaemf t wd t us od w muawmh usaemf w OD ; wnf ; &ifxJucHpm;csufudk omygyJ? ajym&&if tJ'Dtcsdefu usaemfh acgif;xJrSm tvkyfoabm pOf;pm;enf;u v$rf;rdk;aeygw,f? qdkvdkwm b,fvdk vGwaf tmifxGuf&rvJ/ b,fol@qDu bmowif; ayguf o vJ/ ol w d k@ bmawG o d x m; ovJ pwmawG y gyJ? wjcm;bmrS awG;raeEdkifygbl;? nrSm rEWav;+rKd@u cGm+yDqdkawmhrSyJ udk,hfcHpm;csufzuf tm¶HkvSnhfrdygw,f? yxrqHk; acgif;xJrSm ay:vmwmu rmwmyDwk *kaEWmteaEWm qdkwmygyJ?

'kwd, wvSrf;

zdk;oH(vlxk)

usaemhft ar qHk;+yD;aemuf usaemf yxrqHk;a&;wJh aqmif; yg;wyk'fxJrSm usaemft arh& J@ tul t nD e J @ axmuf v S r f ; a&;/ tufp f b De J@ &yf u G u f v l } uD ; awG vmzrf;wJh=um;u xGufajy;cJhyHkukd a&;cJh+yD; aqmif;yg;udk 'Dvdk tqHk;owfxm;ygw,f? "nrSm rEWav;+rKd@u cGm+yDqdkawmhrSyJ udk,hfcHpm;csufzuf tm¶HkvSnhfrdygw,f? yxrqHk; acgif;xJrSm ay:vmwmu rmwmyDwk*kaEWm teaEWm qdkwmygyJ?" tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

usaemf qufa&;ygr,f? 'gvnf; tckrS a&;Edkifwmrdk@yg? tdrfu xGufvm+yD;aemuf usaemfwnvHk; c&D;ESifygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfh pOf ;pm;enf;u rEW av;+rKd@ e,fed r dw fxJuae tjrefq Hk ; xGu fc Gm zdk@/ vufe ufud kif awmfveS af &;a'oxJ/ txl;ojzifh usaemfw@kd ygw&D @J vufeufuikd af 'owckcx k u J kd tjrefq;kH a&mufzk@d jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkt d csed rf mS usaemhf twGuf bmrS awGa0aep&m/ a0cGJr& jzpfaep&m r¶Sdygbl;? &J rif;jzpf qdkwJhvrf;udkyJ vdkuf&awmhrSmyg? usaemf 'Dvkx d Guaf jy; vGwaf jrmufvmwJhtwGuf axmufvSrf;a&;[m tifrwef tcJra=u/ tao¶Smvdrfhr,f qdkwmudk wGufrdvdk@ usaemfwdk@ ,l*sDu vlawGydk@aewJh ajrmufykid ;f vrf;udk toH;k rjyKyJ oGm;aeus/ oH;k aeus r[kww f hJ vrf;a=umif;uae oGm;r,fv@kd pOf;pm;+yD; ¶Srf;jynfawmifydkif; ausmuf*la'o (108ppfa'o) udk &nfrSef;csufxm; xGufcJh ygw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemf[m aemufwae@ naeapmif; (31-8-76) rSm awmif}uD;udk a&mufygw,f? usaemfeJ@twl abmhvHk;avmurSm tifrwefcifcJhwJh udkawmf0if; ygvm ygw,f? olu EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ywfoufvm&if bmrSrod/ bmrSvnf; pdwfr0ifpm;/ bmrSvnf; rvkyfzl;olyg? usaemf tultnD vdkw,fqdkvk@d tukefpDpOf+y;D vdkufydk@wm jzpfygw,f? um;ay:u qif;qif;csif;awG@wJh wuUpD q&mwa,mufudk ar;vdkufygw,f? usaemf vrf;ay:rSm =um=um&yfae&if wa,mufa,mufu awG@oGm;rSm pdk;vdk@yg? "acgi;f wacgi;f vH;k jzLaewJh wuUpD armif;wJh OD;xGe;f jrifah v;tdru f kd odovm;As?" rodb,fol ¶SdyghrvJ? usaemf¶SmwJh OD;xGef;jrifhav; qdkwmu ¶Srf;jynfe,f&J@ 'kwd, urBmppf 'Dzuf EdkifiHa&;rSm tifrwefwuf=uG/ emrnf}uD;wJh yk*dK~ vw f OD;yg? yifvHkpmcsKyf jzpfay:a&;rSmvnf; ta&;ygwJh tcef;u yg0ifcJholjzpf+yD; 1962ckESpfrSm Adkvfae0if;wdk@ tm%modrf;awmh apmfbGm;awGeJ@twl tzrf;cH&+yD; Adkvfae0if;u &ef!d_;eJ@ aemufqHk;rS v$wfay;wmcH&ol jzpfygw,f? axmifxJrSmyJ ol@ acgif;wacgif;vHk; jzLoGm;wm jzpfygw,f? ol@tdru f kd usaemfa¶G;&wJh ta=umif;udv k nf; ajymjyoifw h ,fxifvk@d enf;enf;a&; jyyghr,f? yxrqHk; pa&;oifhwmu olwdk@ rdom;pkeJ@ usaemfwkd@ rdom;pk&J@ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; aESmifwJaewJh oHa,mZOfyg? usaemfhtzGm;eJ@ }u;D a':u aq;vdyv f yk fief; vkyo f lawGqadk wmh tJ'Dwkef;u ArmjynfrSm wckwnf;aom oeyfzufxGuf&m a'ojzpfwJh ¶Srf;jynfe,feJ@ tquftoG,frsm; ygw,f? tJ'DvdkeJ@ oeyfzuf yGJpm;}uD;awGjzpfwJh yifvHkpmcsKyfrSm vufrSwfa&;xdk;ol wOD;jzpfwJh OD;cGefxD;wdk@vdk yk*~dKvfawGeJ@ &if;ESD;cJh ygw,f? aemuf+yD; ¶Srf;jynfe,fu vlawG[m bk&m;zl; tygt0if ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umihf rEWav;udk r=umc% qif;vmae=uwmyg? tJ'DvdkeJ@ toGm;tvmawGrsm;/ udk,hftdrfolwnf;/ ol@tdru f , kd w f nf;eJ@ yd&k if;ES;D vm=uw,f xifygw,f? aemufawmh OD;cGex f ;D vdk vlawGuwqifh vlxkarmifESH[m ¶Srf;jynfe,fu EdkifiHa&;orm;awGeJ@vnf; &if;ESD;vmcJh =uygw,f? 98

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

tJ't D xJrmS t&if;ES;D qH;k u vlxkowif;pmeJ@ *sme,frmS t,f'w D mvkyo f mG ;wJh ol&(¶Sr;f jynf) ac: OD;xGef;azeJ@ OD;xGef;jrifhav; wdk@ vdk@qdk&if rrSm;ygbl;? 'Dvked J@ OD;xGe;f jrifhav;eJ@ ol@ZeD; a':(a':)apmtkef;=uLwdk@ rdom;pk[m usaemfwk@d rdom;pk tzdk@ omrefaqG;rsdK;xufru &if;ESD;wJh rdom;pkwpk jzpfvmygw,f? OD;xGef;jrihfav; axmifxaJ &mufaewJh umvawGrmS a':a':apmtke;f =uL[m ESppf Of aEG&moD ausmif;ydw&f uf a&muf&if uav;awGudk ac:+yD;rEWav;udk qif;vmavh ¶Sdygw,f? olwdk@ uav;awG[m usaemhx f uf enf;enf;i,fygw,f? 'gayrJh upm;azmf upm;zuf vkyv f @kd &ygw,f? aemuf+y;D ¶Srf;jynfawmifykid ;f u tpm;tpmawGudkvnf; a':a':u rSefrSeyf k@d ay;avh ¶Syd gw,f? usaemf aumif;aumif; rSwfrdaeygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u ae@cif; 3em&D/ 4em&D avmuf usaemfwdk@ tdrfa¶S@rSm arref;um;}uD; &yfy[Jhqdk&if um;ay:u olwdk@rdom;pkawG qif;vm/ 'grSr[kwf olwdk@ydk@vdkufwJh acgykwf/ axmywfoD;/ oZifyef; pwmawG ,lvmwmygyJ? ydk@vmwmu enf;enf; r[kwfyg/ awmif;}uD; awmif;i,feJ@ jzpfygw,f? usa emf axmifuxGufvmawmh/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm OD;av;OD;xGef;jrifh axmifu xGufvmwm 2ESpf-3ESpfavmuf ¶Sdyg+yD? usaemhfudk a':a':apmtkef;=uLu awmif}uD;uae wrifwum vmawG@ygw,f? usaemhfudkjrifawmh wHcg;aygufrSm&yf+yD; rsuf&nfawG awGawGpD;us&if; jyKH;=unhfaewJh a':a':hyHk[m 'Dae@txd usaemhfrsufpdxJu rxGufygbl;? usaemfhukd tJ'Dvdk wrifvmawG@+yD; rsuf&nfusolawG&J@ aemufESpfOD;u ausmufqnfu (ocifwifa¶$@ZeD;) a':jr&De@J a¶$bakd ':rdr}d u;D yg? olw@kd om;awGu usaemfe@J tifrwefu&kd if;wJh wuUodkvaf usmif;aebufawG jzpfygw,f? OD;av;OD;xGef;jrifh/ a':apmtkef;=uLwdk@tdrfudk usaemfoGm;wJh wjcm;ta=umif; &if;wcku olw@kd &J@ 'kw, d om;jzpfwhJ usaemfw@kd tac: nDnD (emrnf&if;u pdik ;f aZ,satmif) [musaemfaxmifxrJ mS ¶Sw d ek ;f u &vvztzG@J &J@ vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;xJukd vdu k o f mG ;+y;D qDqdkifum;vrf; wdkufyGJrSm usqHk;oGm;cJh ygw,f? olOD;pD;wJh 'DwdkufyGJrSm &efoltm;vHk;udk acsr_ef;+yD;vdk@ wdkufyGJ+yD;wJh aemufusrS ppfajrjyifudk wuf¶Sif;wkef;rSm '%f&meJ@vJaewJh &efolppfom;wa,mufu vJae&muae acgif;aqmif jzpfavmuf w,fvk@d rSef;+yD;ypfvdkuf wmeJ@ usqk;H oGm;wmyg? 'ga=umifh Edik if aH &;tpOftvm}u;D wJh OD;av;[m usaemft h wGuf vrf;¶Smay;r,fv@kd ,lq+y;D olw@kd qDukd wef;ajy;wm jzpfygw,f? usaemfu olw@kd udk tajctaetm;vH;k ajymjy+y;D usaemf jzpfc sifwmudkvnf; ajymjyvdkufygw,f? 'Dwcgawmh a':a': rsuf&nfr us tm;awmhygbl;? csufjcif;yJ usaemhftwGuf xrif;csufygawmhw,f? OD;av;uawmh tjyifudkxGufoGm;+yD; tquftoG,f/ enf;vrf; ¶SmazGygw,f? odyfrapmifhvu kd &f ygb;l ? narSmifumprSmyJ OD;av;jyefa&mufvmygw,f? "&+yu D mG / tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

100

rif;reufzef xGuf&r,f" wJh? b,fudkvJvdk@ usaemfu tm;wufoa&m ar;vdkufawmh "eufzefrmS ytdk@trsKd ;om; tzG@J csKyOf uUÏ OD;ausmpf ed w f @dk qDukd oGm;r,fh pdwfcs&wJh vl=uKH¶Sdw,f? rif;udkolu OD;ausmfpdefqDudk ac:oGm;vdrfhr,f" wJh? "[m/ tJ'DtzGJ@[m usaemfwdk@ygwDeJ@ wdkufaewJh tzGJ@yJ/ b,fjzpfrvJ" vdk@ pdk;&drw f }uD; jyefajym vdkufawmh olu "rif;uvnf;uGm? udak usmpf ed yf /J wjcm;vlrw S v f @kd ? olu OD;vSa':trmom;udk bmrSrvkyfygbl;uG? olrEWav; axmifxJrSm ae&wkef;u rif;wdk@tdrfu tultnDay;cJhwJh aus;Zl;awGukd olrarhygb;l uG/ rif;tJ'rD mS t&ifomG ;ae/ aemufrS rif;oGm;csiw f hJ uGejf rLepfygwD vufeufudkifa'oudk oGm;Edkifatmif igwdk@ tquf¶Sm+yD; qufay;r,f?" vdk@ ajymygw,f?

(awmif}uD;OD;xGef;jrifhav; ESifhZeD; a':a':apmtkef;=uL)

[kwfygw,f? ig;q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; OD;ausm fpdefaxmifxJ a&mufaeawmh usaemfhtaru vufaqmifypPnf;av;awGeJ@ axmif0ifpmoGm; awG@avh¶Sdygw,f? aemuf OD;ausmfpdefaxmifu vGwfvmawmh ol ¶Srf;jynfe,fudk rjyefcif usaemfw@dk tdrfrSm 3-4 n td y f o G m ;wmud k usaemf rS w f r d a eygw,f ? ol u tom;jzLjzL/ ezl ; us,f u s,f / pum;enf;enf;yg? 'geJ@yJ 'DtpDtpOf twnfjzpf oGm;ygw,f? usa emfuawmh bmrSxl;xl;axGaxG pOf;pm;raeawmhyJ oGm;¶dk;oGm;pOfc&D;/ vky f¶dk;vky fpOf tvkyfvdk oabmxm;+yD; vufcHvdkufygw,f? a':a':u usaemhfudk 1 0 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

101

apmapmtdyfcdkif;ygw,f? usaemf uvnf; 'dt&ifwnu vHk;0rtdyfcJh&wmrdk@ tdyf&may: wufvv JS u dk w f m reufrmS olw@kd vmEd_;rS Ed;k ygawmhw,f? a':a':u nwke;f u olcsKyx f m;wJh {&mrvG,ftdwf}uD; wvHk;udk vmay;ygw,f? tvG,fwul ¶SdwJh rD;cdk;a&mifzsifpeJ@ csKyfxm;wmyg? tJ'Dacwfu tckvdk bufcfyufcf (ausmydk; tdwfawG) r¶Sdao;/ acwfrpm; ao;ygbl;? aemufwae@reufu sawmh usaemfvnf; a':a':udk E_wfquf+ yD; csmueJ vSnhfxGuv f mcJhygw,f? olrsuf&nfuswm/ 0rf;enf;pum;awG ajymwmawG rjrifcsifvdk@yg? OD;av;u usaemfhudk um;qdyfudk vdkufydk@ygw,f? awmif}uD;+rKd@v,facgifu *spfum;av; awGyg? tJ'rD mS usaemfe@J twlomG ;r,hv f l 2OD;u a&mufEiS fh aeygw,f? OD;av;u usaemhu f kd olwdk@ vuftyf+yD; bmrS axGaxGxl;xl; rajymawmhyJ jyefoGm;yg w,f? oluvnf; pum;enf;olav? usaemfw@dk u um;eJ@tqHk;txd rvdu k fyJ vrf;rSmqif;ygw,f? aemuf+yD;usawmh awmifay:udk wufawmhwmygyJ? awmif q dk w Jh twd ki f ; awmif & J@ obm0/ awmif &J@ tvSa wG v$r f; rdk; aewJ h ae&mawGaygh? rkd;¶Gm+yD;p/ 'gayrJh wcgwcg rSmawmh rdk;pufav;awGuswm rSwfrdaeygw,f? awmyef;awG/ pdkufcif;awG/ oeyfzuf+cH awGeJ@ wawmvHk;pdk/ wawmifvHk; pdrf;aewmyg? wcgw&HrSm wdrfom;awG[m wHcsLeJ@ csL,lvdkuf&if &awmhrwwf edrfhedrfhav; arsmpD;ae wmvnf; awG@&ygw,f? ywf0ef;usif wckvHk;[m vScsifwdkif;vS aew,fvdk@yJ qdk=uygpdk@? rdk;wdwfcgp tcsdefrdk@ iSufoHav;awGuvnf; ydk+rKdifygw,f? bmiSufawG rSef;awmh usaemfrodyg? 'D=um;xJrSm tifrwef em;pdrf;ayrJh tifrwefom,mwJh qGJqGJiifiif [pfa=u;G oHwckudk pl;pl;¶S¶S =um;vdkuf&ygw,f? usaemfhpdwfxJrSm b,fvdkcHpm;vdkuf&w,fqdkwm ajymawmif rajymwwfavmuf atmifjzpfoGm;ygw,f? qef;vdkufwJh toHvdk@ om atmufarhrv d u kd yf gw,f? ¶d;k &maw;oHqkd jzpf&r,fv@kd vnf; awG;rdygw,f? toHu vloyH g? 'gayrJh 'DtoH[m udk,hfywf0ef;usifrSm awG@ae&wJh pdrf;vef;pdktd aewJh obm0tvSbHkeJ@ cGJr&wJh tpdyftydkif;wckvdk xifrSwfvdkufygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ 'g[m igwdk@ vlpdrf;awG 0ifvm/ a&mufvma=umif; wae&meJ@ wae&m tcsuaf y; ta=umif;=um;wmvm;vd@k vnf; awG;rdygw,f? ta=umif;u wae&mu 'Dvk[ d pfa=uG;oH ay:vm+y;D wJah emuf wjcm;awmif/ wjcm; awmifapmif;uvnf; cyfqifqif [pfa=u;G oHawG ay:vmvd@k ygy?J wcgw&Hrsm;qd&k if yJhwifoHawGawmif ygaewwfygw,f? aemufrS od&wmu 'g[m ytdk@vlrsdK;wdk@&J@ ¶dk;&m "aigufwuf" aw;jzpfw,f qdw k mygy?J vli,fawG oeyfzuf+cHawGxJrmS tvkyfvyk =f u&if; tjyeftvSef tcsDtcs/ twdkiftazmufqdk=uwm jzpfygw,f? em;0ifyD,H ¶Sdygbdawmh? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

101

102

rSefwmajym&&if tJ'Dtcsdefwke;f u usaemhfacgif;xJrSm usaemfwdk@[m OD;ausmfpdef aewJh ¶Gmw¶Gm udo k mG ;aewm qdw k muvGv J @kd a¶S@a&;udk bmrS rSe;f r&ovdk pOf;pm;awG;awm aewmvJ vkyrf aeawmhyg? rqv axmufvrS f;a&; vufuvGww f m aocsm+yq D w kd hJ tode@J yJ acgif;xJ/ &ifxJrSm tawmfav; ayghyg;aewJh oabm¶Sdygw,f? 'DtzGJ@tpnf;uae wqifh ausmuf*al 'orSm ¶Sw d Jh usaemfw@kd ygw&D @J aysmuf=um; tajccHa'oudk ta&mufomG ;r,fv@kd yJ jywfjywfoabmydu k f xm;vdkuyf gw,f? um;ay:u qif;+y;D aemuf 4-5 em&D avmufaeawmh twlygwJh vlwa,mufu a¶S@u ukef;av; ausmfvdkuf&if ¶Gmudk a&mufawmhr,fvdk@ ajymvdkufygw,f? 'DawmhrS usaemfvnf; awmifawG; ajrmufawG;/ obm0¶_cif;udk cHpm;aewmawGuae vufawG@ tajctaeqDudk jyefa&mufvmcJhygw,f? usaemhfacgif; v_yf¶Sm;ygawmhw,f? awmifay:u ¶Gmqdak wmh tawmhfukd qif;&J@=urSmyJ? oufu,fr;kd 0g;uyf wJawGyrJ sm;rSm/ olw@kd OuUÏae&m ¶Gmtem;udk uyf+yDqkad wmh uif;yke;f eJ@rsm; wdk;aetke;f rSmvm;/ olw@dk wawG uGejf rLepfawGukd odyfrkef;ae=uovm;? udk,hftar;awGeJ@udk vHk;vm;axG;vm;eJ@ awmifapmif; ay:wuf vmwke;f rSm "nmzufu[m ¶Gmubke;f }u;D ausmif;ayg"h wJh? vSn=fh unhv f u kd af wmh- trav;/ {&mr wdkifw&mausmif; }uD;? ysOfaxmifumoGyfrdk; ausmif;}uD;? wrl;&vdk@ wyJvª/ wd@k ¶Srf;awmifol wlEdkif¶;dk vm; qdkwmudk ajy;owd&rdw,f? tJ'Dvdk ausmif;awmf}u;D udk vnfwapmif;apmif;/ acgif;wvSnhfvSnehf J@ =unhf&if; pkyfoyf vrf;avSsmufaewkef;yJ "a¶S@u[m usaemfwk@d ¶GmyJ" wJh? [m? awmifapmif;¶Snf}u;D wckay:rSm ¶GmoHk;¶Gmqufaew,f? tm;vH;k oGyrf ;dk awG w0if;0if;eJ@? oGyfrdk;r[kwfwJh tdrf[m &mcdkifE_ef; 30rS ¶Sdyghrvm; rodbl;? tm;vHk; uGsef;tdrf}uD;awG? 0g;uyftdrfqdkvdk@ ¶SdvS w¶GmrSmrS 3-4 tdrfyJ? tm;vHk; ytdk@¶GmawG jzpfygw,f? "tckoGm;rSm b,fzuftqHk;u ¶GmyJ" wJh? =unhfvdkufawmh ¶GmoHk;¶GmxJrSm 'kwd,t}uD;qHk;/ tdrfajc 70-80 avmuf ¶SdwJh ¶Gm}uD;jzpfygw,f? vrf;qHk;awmh ¶GmawG@&r,fqdkwmodayrJh 'gavmuf}uD;wJh oGyfrdk;w0if;0if; ¶Gmjzpfvdrfhr,fvdk@ xifrxm;wmudkawmh 0efcH&rSmyg? 'DvdkeJ@ rdk;av; wajzmufESpfajzmuf usaewJh t=um;rSmyJ usaemfw@dk tm;wufoa&m wufomG ;=uw,f? vrf;u enf;enf;awmh acsmfw,f? 'gayrJh rdk;wGif;aygif; &maygif;rsm;pGmudk jzwfoef;cJhwJh vrf;rdk@ vdktyfwJhae&mrSm racsmfatmif ausmufwHk;awG/ opfwHk;awG eJ@ txpfawG vkyfxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? wdkwdkajym&&if usaemfwdk@ OD;ausmfpdefaewJh tdrfudk wef;oGm;=uygw,f? tdrfu wjcm;tdr}f u;D awGvykd J ysOu f moGyrf ;kd / ajcaxmuftjrifeh @J tdr}f u;D jzpfygw,f? a&eHacs;a&mife@J 1 0 2 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

103

awmifapmif;rSm tda+EN tjynhfeJ@ wnf¶SdaewJh tdrf}uD;yg? usaemfwdk@ 0ifoGm;awmh OD;ausmfpdef[m tJ'Da'ou tdrfawG&J@ xHk;pHtwdkif; rD;vH_vdk@&wJh tcef;tv,fu rD;zdktxufrSm pmzwfaewm awG@&ygw,f? olu ol@a¶S@rSm vmxdkifwJh/ vlpdrf;awGjzpfwJh usaemfwdk@udk wcsuf=unhf+yD; bmrSrajymygbl;? twlygvmwJh vlukdyJ b,fvdkvJqdkwJh oabmrsdK;eJ@ vSrf;=unhfygw,f? twlygvmwJhvlu ol@udk ytdk@pum;eJ@ tusdK;ta=umif; ajymjyvdkuyf gw,f? olajymwJh txJrmS vlemrnfawGyJ usaemfem;vnfvu dk fwmyg? 'DawmhrS olu usaemhfzufudk vSnhf=unhf/ jyKH;+yD; "atmf/ cifAsm;u OD;vSa':trm om;vm;/ 'DrSm }uKdufovdkaeAsm" wJh? rmwmyDwk*kaEWm-teaEWm? usaemf tJ'Duae 108 ppfa'ovdk@ac:wJh uGefjrLepfygwD&J@ vufeufudkif tajccHa'oudk oGm;Edkifatmif ajratmufvkyfief;uwqifh qufoG,fydk@ay;cJh oluawmh oludk,fwdkif usaemf¶Sd&m awmifay:udk wufvm+yD; ajymjywJh OD;cGefxD;jzpf ygw,f? oleJ@ OD;xGef;jrihfav;wdk@&J@ aus;Zl;yg?

zdk;oH(vlxk)

vlxk a':trm xGufjyD - udk,af wG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - zdk;oH (vlx)k trSmpum;ESifhtwl - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

103

104

tar....a&muf&mt&yfu tjrefqufoG,fyg

nDnDaZmf

"om;[ef0if;atmif aus;Zl; qyfcGifhjyKygtar" "taraysmufv@dk &SmaewJhom;yg? vGefcJhwJh 42 ESpfuyg? tar&Sdao;w,fqdkwm om;odygw,f? om;atmufrSm armifESrav;a,muf &Sdw,fqdkwmvnf; om;odygw,f? om;emrnf [ef0if;atmifyg? 1336 ckESpf 0gacgiv f qef; (4)&uf/ 21²8²1974 (Ak'[ < ;l om;yg)/ zkef;eHygwf 09-253999985/ 09777378505" atzdk;qdk'fpuULjzL wpf&Gufay:wGif txufygpmom;rsm; a&;om;xm;um yvwfpwpfavmif;xm;onfh a=umfjimpm&Gufrsm;udk &efukef+rdKŒae&mtcsdKŒ&Sd opfyifrsm;/ vrf;ab;"mwfwidk frsm;wGif csdwfxm;onfukd awGŒ&rnfjzpfonf? xdka=umfjimt& trdaysmufaeaomom;wpfOD;u rdcifjzpfot l m; vdkufvH&SmazG aerSe;f odomygvdrrfh nf? ud[ k ef0if;atmifqo dk lu touf (42) ESpaf &mufcgrS rdcifjzpfou l dk bmha=umifhoJ}uD;rJ}uD; vdkuf&Smae&ygovJ? udk[ef0if;atmif&JŒ rdcifuaum b,fa&muf oGm;cJhwmygvJ? ,cktjzpftysuf rjzpfyGm;rD vGecf Jhonfh ESpaf ygi;f av;q,fausmu f jzpfygvdrrhf nf? &efuek +f rKd Œ *sirf cgemaq;¶H}k u;D wGif trsdK;orD;wpfO;D om;i,fwpfO;D arG;zGm;cJyh gonf? od@k aomf rnfuJ@odk@aom vlr_a&;jy\emrsm; &SdcJhIvnf;rod? xdkom;i,fonf rdciftem; =um=umaecG ifh r&cJ hy g? vl@ b0odk @ a&muf +yD; r=umrD xd ko m;i,fo nf rdc if&ifc G if twGif;rSwpfqifh arG;pm;rnfhol vufxJokd@ bkrodbrod ygoGm;cJhonf? ol@udkarG;pm;cJhol uawmh uvDurf;em;qdyf&Sd trsdK;orD;tvkyform;acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfavonf? 1 0 4 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

105

arG;pm;tara&m arG;pm;tazuyg om;orD;r&SdI ol@udktawmfav; tvdk vdkufonf? om;t&if;uJhodk@ oabmxm;onf? aiGa=u;tqifajyolrsm;rdk@ rkef@zdk;yJzdk; vHak vmufpmG ay;onf? [ef0if;atmif trnfukd xdkarG;pm;rdbESpyf g;u ay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? ol@udkvnf; arG;pm;xm;wm[k vHk;0todray;? ywf0ef;usifudkvnf; a&iHkE_wfydwf aeapcJhonf? om;t&if;[kyif xifrSwfapcJhonf? odk@jzifh [ef0if;atmifonf arG;pm;rdb rsm;ESifh r&rf;ukef;+rdKŒe,frSm at;csrf;pGmaecJh=uonf? arG;uwnf;u tqifrajyr_rsm;ESifhtwl vl@avmutwGif; a&muf&SdvmcJhonfh [ef0if;atmifonf arG;pm;rdbrsm;ESifh [efusyefus =um=umaecGifhr&cJhyg? ol@touf (6) ESpft&G,fwGif jzpfonf? arG;pm;rdbrsm; tdrfwGif;a&; t¶_yft&Sif;awG jzpf=uonf? xdkudpPawGa=umifh ol@tm;cspfcifvGef;ol ESvHk;a&m*gonf arG;pm;rdcif=uD; uG,fvGefoGm; cJhonf? [ef0if;atmif. b0c&D;vrf;rkefwdkif;awG pwdkufcwfonf? arG;pm;zcifuvnf; 'Duav; paeom; jzpfrnf? ol@ukdarG;pm;+yD;rS wdk@rdom;pk cdkufonf[k ,lqvmonf? aemufqk;H awmh [ef0if;atmiftm; arG;pm;xm;cJjh cif;udk zGif@ajymvdkufawm@onf? wpf&ufawm@ arG;pm;zcifu [ef0if;atmifukd +rKd ŒxJvnf&ef vdkufydk@ay;rnf[k ajymvmonf? +rdKŒxJoGm;vnf¶Hkvnfrnfudk arG;pm;zcifu tdwfwpfvHk;jzifh ol@t0wf tpm;awG ol@toHk;taqmifawG xnfhaejcif;udk uav;om&Sdao;onhf [ef0if;atmif em;rvnf? ok@d aomf uav;obm0twdik ;f vnf&rnfqo kd jzifh aysm&f i$ pf mG vdu k yf gvmcJ@onf? arG;pm;zcifu ol@tm; wd&p>mefO ,smOf vdkufy dk@ +cif; r[kwfy g? ¶kyf&Sif¶Hk/ upm;uGif;yef;O,smOfwGif;vnf; r[kwfcJhyg? urBmat;&Sd vlr_0efxrf;OD;pD;Xme. vli,f oifwef;ausmif;od@k ac:vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ola&mufcJhonfah e&mrSm ol@t&G,fuav;awG trsm;}uD; &Sdaewmudk awGŒ&onf? arG;pm; zcifu ol@tm; rif;'DrSm aecJh&r,f[k ajymvmonf? zcifu aecJh&r,fajymawmhvnf; uav;qdkawmhvnf; bmrSjyefrajymEdik f? aecJq h dk aecJh¶o kH m? +yD;awmh ol@t&G,u f av;awG trsm;}u;D rdk@ tazmfrufwm a=umifhvnf; ygEdkify gvdrfhrnf? odk@ jzifh ESpfxyfuGr f;pGef@ypfr _ cHc Jh&onfh [ef0if;atmifav;onf vli,foifwef;ausmif;wGif b0udk topfu jyefp&ygawmhonf? ausmif;a&mufawmhrS ol@vdb k 0wl uav;awG 'DrmS awmfawmfrsm;rSe;f odc@J &onf? wcsdKŒu *sifrcgemaq;¶Hk}uD;rSm rdcifuxGufajy;oGm ;I usef&pf&onfh uav;awG vnf;ygonf? vrf;ab;rSm jcif;awmif;jzifh pGef@ypfcJhI onfXmea&mufvmonhf uav; awGvnf; &So d nf? arG;prSmawmh vlr0_ efxrf;. uav;jyKpak &;XmerSm ae&onf? (5) ESpjf ynfhrS vli,foifwef;ausmif;udk ydk@jcif;jzpfonf? ta=umif;aygif;rsm;pGmwdk@a=umifh [ef0if;atmifwdk@vdk pGef@ypfjcif;cHcJh&onfh uav;rsm;onf 'Dae&mav;rSm vmpk=uonf? xdk@twGuf wpfa,muf b0wpfa,muf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

105

106

em;vnf=uonf? ausmif;u q&m}uD;awGuvnf; olwdk@udk nDtpfudkawGvdkyJ cspfcspf cifcifaexdkifzdk@ t+rJqHk;ronf? q&mawGudkvnf; tazvdka&m tarvdkyg oabmxm;zdk@ tm;ay;onf? wu,fvnf; q&mawGu olwdk@tm; rdb&if;awGozG,f apmifha&Smuf cJh=uygonf? om;orD;&if;awGvdk csufjyKwfauGs;onf? *¶kpdkuo f nf? wpfckawmh &Sdonf? q&mawGu wyfrawmfu t+idrf;pm;,lcJholawGqdkawm@ enf;enf;awmh =urf;onf? &efjzpfvSsif =udrfvHk;jzifh ¶dkufum qHk;rwwfonf? xdk@a=umif@ ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;vnf; &efrjzpf&J? tjyifu uav;awGESifhvnf; &efrjzpf&J? [ef0if;atmifwdk@ausmif;u uav;awGudk arG;pm;vdkI uav;vm=unfh=u olawGvnf; &Syd gonf? uav;arG;pm;vdo k rl sm; vm=unfrh nfqv kd sS if ausmif;uq&m}u;D u reufjzefa&rdk;csdK; oyfoyf&yf&yfaezdk@ }udKrSmxm;onf? vm=unfhrnfh olawGu aiGa=u; tweftoifhwwfEdkifolrsm;om jzpfonf? wcsdKŒqdk tpdk;&XmerS t&m&Sdrsm;udk,fwdkif uav;r&I arG;pm;&ef vm=unfhwmrsdK;vnf; &Sdonf? xdk@a=umifh ighrsm;arG;pm;zdk@ ac:oGm;&ifaumif;rSm[k uav;awGu pdwu f ;l ,Of=uonf? arG;pm;rnfo h al wG vmrnf&h ufqdk uav;awG a&wAGr;f AGr;f csdK;um cE<mud, k o f ef@ pifxm;=uonf? oeyfcg;udk wpfudk,fvHk; ajcqHk;acgif;qHk;vdr f; um acgif;udkqD&$J&$J vl ; xm;=uonf ? vtwef = umrnS y f b J xm;cJ h o nf h ajconf ; vuf o nf ; awG tvkt,ufajy;nSyf=uonf? udk,ftdyfonfh tdyf&mcif;udk tjyef@qHk;cif;/ acgif;tHk;udk ae&mwusxm;/ ajc&if;rSm apmifudk tusteacgux f m;=uonf? +yD;aemuf ckwifay:rSm tomav; xdik fae=u&onf? arG;pm;rnfholawGu uav;awGudk wpfa,mufcsif;vdkuf=unfhonf? uav; awG&JŒ pdwfxJrSmawmh ighac:ygap ighac:ygap[k qkawmif;aeygvdrf@rnf? uav;awG tukefvHk;=unfh+yD;csdefrSmawmh 'Duae@twGuf uHtaumif;qkH; uav;wpfa,mufudk arG;pm;rnfo h lawGu a&G;cs,af y;cJ=h uonf? xdt k cg useu f av;awG rsu&f nfvnf&$Jjzpf=u&onf? xlyed f;aeatmif vdr;f xm;onfh yg;ay:u oeyf cg;jyif}u;D ay: rsuf&nfawG waygufayguf jzwfoef;pD;qif;ukef=uonf? wcsdKŒu atmf}uD;[pfus,f idkwmrsdK;vnf; &Sdonf? xdkt cg q&mawGu pdwfraumif; ayonfh oHaowWmay: }urd fvHk;wjzef;jzef;¶dkuu f m [ef@&awm@onf? }udrfv;kH oH=um;Iom toHww d fomG ;&onf? uav;awGuawm@ wtifhtifhjzihf ¶d_ufidkI umif;wkef;jzpfonf? [ef0if;atmifuawm@ ol@udkarG;pm;rnhf ola wGrac:wmudk pdwfxJxl;I rcHpm;awm@? olESp}f urd f tpGef@ypfcH&+yD;av+yD? olaemufxyf tpGe@f ypfcH&rSmudk a=umufae av+y?D ol@rSm wjcm;uav;awGvdk idk&efta=umif;r&Sdawm@? idv k nf; rsu&f nfu usEidk frnf r[kwfawm@? odk@jzifh arG;pm;rnfholudk rarSsmfawmhbJ ausmif;rSmwifaysmfatmif aevmcJh 1 0 6 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

107

onf? ausmif;uq&mawGom rdbawG[k pdwfxJxifrSwfxm;EdkifvmcJ@onf? od k@aomf bmrS rpOf ;pm;Edki fa o;onfh uav;b0t&G, ftvGef rS m awmh ol@acgif;xJrSm rdbqdkonfh pum;&yftay: pOf;pm;rdvmcJ@onf? wjcm;&G,fwluav;awG tarawGtazawG ac:ae=uwmawG ol=um;wdkif; ol@em;u vHk;0vufcHvdk@ r&wJhtxd jzpfvmonf? odk@aomf tazqdkwma0;vdk@ taryif b,folrSef; rodao;onfh ol@b0? wpfcgawmh rdbrJjh zpf&jcif;udk tem=unf;&qH;k tcsed w f pfck jzwfoef;cJ@&onf? ol&pS w f ef;ESpu f ausm if;aygif;pHkabmvHk;+ydKifyGJrSm jzpfonf? [ef0if;atmifyg0ifonfh olwdk@ausmif;u toif;ESihf +rKd Œe,ftwGif;&Sd txufwef;ausmif;rStoif;wd@k abmvH;k upm;&awm@rnfh tcsed ?f wcsdKŒy&dowfawGu olwdk@toif;udk csdK;csdK;zJhzJhajymwmawG =um;vm&onf? tvum; uavuacstoif;/ tkwf=um;jrufayguf toif;[kqu dk m rwlrwefovdk ajymqdkwmawG &Sdvmonf? aemuf+yD; t+ydKifuef&rnhf toif;uvnf; ydkufqH wwfEdkifolawGcsnf; wuf=uonhf wu,fhxdwfxdwf}uJ ausmif;utoif;? wcsdKŒuawmh rdbrJhuav;awG toif;rdk@ [ef0if;atmifwk@d toif;udk tm;ay;=uwmvnf; &Sdonf? xd@k a=umifh +yKd iq f kid rf u _ jyif;xefvk@d vmcJo h nf? [ef0if;atmifwk@d rdbrJ@uav;awG wpfa,mufukd wpfa,muf =unfh=uonf? tjyeftvSef tm;ay;=uonf? olwdk@udkESdrfonfh pum;awGudk olwdk@u tiftm;jzifh jyeftoHk;csonf? aemufqHk;awmh [ef0if;atmifwdk@ rdbrJhuav;awG&JŒ toif;u wpfzuf toif;udk tEkdif&&SdcJhavonf? odk@aomf ausmif;om;wpfa,mufuawmh ol@tm;wjcm;ausmif;rS ausmif;om; wpfO;D u ¶H_;rJrJum rdbrJhwpfOD;tjzpf ESdrfESdrfcsdK;csdK; ajymvmaoma=umif@ pdwrf xdef;Edkifum xdk;=u=udwf=uonf? ausmif;a&mufawm@ &efjzpfonfh xdkausmif;om;tm; q&mu oHk;yifvdrf}urd fvHk;+zif@ ¶dkufonf? aemufqHk; ausmif;pnf;urf;twdkif; ausmif;rSxkwfypf cJhavonf? &efjzpfvSsif =udr fvHk;jzihf t¶dkufc H&rnf/ ausmif;rStxkwfc H&rnf[laom todpdwfu [ef0if;atmifwdk@vdk rdbrJhuav;awG&JŒ pdwfxJoHrd_jzifh ¶dkufxm;ovdk pGJaecJhonf? xdk@a=umifh b,fvdkyif rdbrJ@[k ESdrfESdrfcsdK;csdK; ajymqdkqufqHcH&ygap bmrS jyefrajymawm@? ol 10 wef;atmifI ,mOfarmif;pufjyifoifwef;wufawm@vnf; oifwef;rSm ol@udkt+rifr=unfvifI 'kuaQ &mufatmif }uHpnfolESifh qHkcJhzl;onf? ol@tm; [ef0if;atmif udk,fxdvufa&muf jyefvkyfrnftvkyf q&mjzpfol ajymvdkufonfh pum;a=umifh xd;k rnfhvufoD; aemufjyefqkwcf J@&onf? "rif;wdk@ b0awGu edrfhaewm? oGm;rvky&f bl;? onf;cH" wJ@? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

107

108

b0wpfavSsmufvHk; rdbr&SdI tESdrfcHcJ@&onfh jzpfpOfawGuawmh trsm;}uD;? ud k , f x d v uf a &muf rusL;vG e f v monf t xd a wm@ [ef 0 if ; atmif w pfa ,muf onf;cHEikd cf yhJ gonf? i,fpOfuwnf;u ynma&;rSm xl;cGsecf o hJ nfh [ef0if;atmifwpfa,muf t&G,af &mufI ausmif;rSxu G cf h&J +y;D aemuf ,mOfarmif;puf+yif ynmoif,l+y;D ,mOfarmif; b0jzihf b0udk qufavSsmufvmEdik cf o hJ nf? armif[ef0if;atmifb0rSonf ud[ k ef0if;atmif b0 vli,ft&G,rf mS yif zsmyHo k El iS @f ta=umif;ygum vufxyf+y;D rdom;pkwpfck wnfaqmuf EdkifcJ@onf? om;wpfa,muf orD;wpfa,muf &vmcsdefrSmawm@ udk[ef0if;atmif rdcifjzpfoludk ydkIyifowd&vmcJhonf? ol@om;awG/ orD;awG tarjzpfou l dk awGŒcGifhjrifcGifh &ovdk olvnf;tar+zpfot l m; awGŒcsijf rifcsipf w d af wG wzGm;zGm; ay:vmcJ@&onf? om;awG/ orD;awG ol@vdk rdrzhJ rJh b0ra&mufapzd@k ol@tdrfaxmifa&;udk oltaumif;qkH; wnfaqmuf cJhonf? rdom;pk0rf;a&;+zif@ jrefrmjynfwpfeHwpfvsm; um;tarmif; xGufcJhonf? ola&mufav&mawGŒonfh tart&G,f trsKd ;orD;}u;D awGqkd tar[kyif ac:onf? tultnDvdktyfvSsif tultnDay;onf? tar}uD;awG qkjyefay;onfhtcg oljyefawmif; onfh qkuawm@ wpfckwnf;? "rdbtpHktvifeJ@ ae&ygvdk."[kom? wjznf;jznf; t&G,fa&mufvmavav tarudkawGŒcsifpdwfawG jyif;jyvmav jzpfvmonf? tarvdk@ ab;em;u ac:oH=um;onfESifh tarhudk tcsde fwdki f; vdkvdk owd&vmcJo h nf? rdbESiyfh ufoufI cHpm;csuf jyif;xefpmG &Scd I hJ rdbarwWmzJŒG um;rsdK;qdv k sS if olv Hk;0=unfhI r&edki fo nftxd cH pm;cJ h&onf? rd brJh[ lonf h pum;vHk; udkv nf; b,fvdkrSr=um;csif? owif;pmxJ/ tifwmeufpmrsufESmawGxJrSm uav;pGef@ypfonfh owif;awG zwf&jrif&vSsif ydkIyif emusif&avonf? wjznf;jznf;ESifh udk[ef0if;atmifwpfa,muf tarESif@jyefawGŒzdk@ qENjyif;xef vGef;vmcJhonf? aemufq;Hk awmh taraysmuf&SmykHawmf xGuaf wmhonf? &efuek +f rdKŒtESH@rSm tarjyefqufo, G zf @kd a=umfjimawGvu kd u f yfonf? od@k aomf xdpk m&Gux f yJ gonhf ol@atmufrmS armifErS av;a,muf&o dS nfqw kd mawG ol@arG;ouU&mZfawG tm;vk;H u vufawGŒavmurS &cJhonfr[kwf? ol@udk*sifrcgem aq;¶Hk}uD;uae arG;pm;cJ@wkef;u vluvGJI bmtcsuf tvufrSygrvmcJh? ol@udk ac:aqmifvmcJhonfh arG;pm;rdcif}uD;uvnf; vl@avmuxJrSm r&Sdawm@? ajym&vSsif ol@rSmrdcif&if;ESifhyufoufI wpfckckod&zdk@ rajymESif@ olb,fae@arG; wmawmif rodcJ@? a=umfjimxJrSmygonfh udef;*%ef; tcsuftvufawG &&SdyHku *rDB&qef aeonf? ol@trsdK;orD;ESif@olu odkuftoD;oD;u vmolawGjzpf+yD; txufyk*d~Kvfrsm;xH ar;+ref;xm;csuft& arG;ouU&mZftygt0if olESifh yufoufonf@ tcsuftvufawG &xm;wm[k qdkonf? ajym&vSsif bmoJvGefprSrcsefbJ ajc&mazsmufxm;&pfcJhonfh 1 0 8 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

109

rdcifudk&onfhenf;jzihf }udK;pm;um &SmazGae&jcif; jzpfavonf? ud[ k ef0if;atmif rdcif&mS azGonfh a=umfjimpm&Guaf wGawGŒawmh te,ft&yf&yfu zkef;awGvmonf? wcsdKŒu 88 t a&;cif;umvrSm aysmufoGm;onhf om;rsm;vm;[k xifrw S u f m vSr;f ar;=uolawGvnf;&So d nf? wcsKd Œu emrnfwl [ef0if;atmifaysmufomG ;I &Sm=uolawGvnf; ygonf? udk[ef0if;atmif zkef;awG ae@a&mnyg ajzae&onf? odk@aomf ol@rdcif&if;uawm@ ,cktcsdeftxd rawGŒao;? okd@aomf tm;ravSsmhao;yg? ol@txufyk*d~Kvfrsm;tqdkt& touf (44) ESprf jynfch if rdcif&if;ESihf awGŒay;rnf[k qdx k m;aoma=umif@ oltm;awG &Sad ecJo h nf? rdcifukd &SmazG&onfrSm b,favmufyif yifyef;yifyef; rdcifudk pdwfruGufcJh? olvnf; rdcifESifh tcGJcH&ovdk rdcifonfvnf; om;ESif@tcGJcHcJh&jcif; jzpfavonf? Ak'b < momt,ltqt& twdwu f aH =umifo h m om;ESihf rdcifucJG &hJ onf? 0Ëfa=u;G ukefvSsif jyefqkHrnf[k udk[ef0if;atmifu ,lqonf? xdk@a=umifh wjcm;uav;awGudk ol@vdk 'kurQ sdK;awGcHpm;&rSm udk[ef0if;atmifpdk;&drfonf? "b,fvdk tcuftcJyJ&Sd&Sd owdWd&Sd&Sd&ifqdkifyg? tarqdkwJh *k%fudk,lprf;yg" [k udk[ef0if;atmifu wdkufwGef;onf? udk[ef0if;atmif taejzifh tar&if;ESifh jyefqHkvSsif tarvnf;touf}uD; olvnf;touf&vm+yDrdk@ vkyfau|;jyKpkum aus;Zl;qyf&ef tcsdefuenf;oGm;+yDjzpfonf? xdk@a=umif@ol@taejzihf avmuDenf;jzifh aus;Zl;qyfjcif;xuf avmukwW&menf;jzif@ aus;Zl;qyf&ef qH;k +zwfxm;+yD;+zpfonf? tjcm;r[kwf? tarudk awGŒ+yDqkdwmESihf vlŒabmifavmuudk t+yD;pGef@cGmum &[ef;b0odk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;&ef pDpOfxm;+yD; jzpfonf? tarhudk &[ef;tr}uD;tjzpf a&muf&Sd&ef ol&nfrSef;xm;onf? rdom;pkudkvnf; xdkufoif@onfhpD;yGm;&Sm xm;ay;cJ@+yD;rdk@ &[ef;t+yD;0wf&efvnf; trsdK;orD;qDrS cGif@jyKcsuf&xm;+yD; +zpfavonf? taronfavmurSm &SdaeOD;rnf[kvnf; udk[ef0if;atmif pdwfu ,Hk=unf aeonf? tartjref qufo, G v f mawmhrnf[v k nf; olu arSsmv f ihaf eygonf? xdk@a=umifh taraysmuf a=umfjipm&Gufav;awGudk udk[ef0if;atmif &mcsD+yD; rdwWLul;xm;onf? pm&GufawG rdk;tpdkcHEdkifatmifvnf; yvwfpwpfavmif;xm;onf? tarrawGŒrcsif; +rdKŒtESH@vSnfhum taraysmufa=umfjim pm&Gufav;awG udk[ef0if;atmifwpfa,muf vdkufuyfaeOD;rnfuawmh aocsmaeygawmhonf?

nDnDaZmf (7 &uf ae hpOfowif;pmrS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

109

110

rdom;pk oDcsif;

rif;udkEidk f taemufwkdif;u rdom;wpfpk[m tm;vyf &ufrSm rdom;pkvdkuf Oa&mywpfcGif c&D;xGuf =uygw,f? um;eJ@ wwfEidk af yr,fh pufb;D ud, k pf D pD;+y;D xGu=f uwmygw?hJ bma=umifh 'Dvkd a&G;ovJar;awmh rdom;pk v_yf&mS ;r_awG vdkcsifvk@d zefw;D ,lwmygw?Jh (rl&if; ol@pum; uawmh Family Activites vd@k oH;k ygw,f)? }uKH vmrnfh pdeaf c:csuaf wGuv kd nf; rdom;wpfpk vHk; twl&ifqkdif ajz&Sif;csifvdk@ygwJh? tdrfrSmyJ yHkrSefae&if 'Dvdk pGef@pm;cef;awG }uHKrSm r[kwb f ;l wJh? rd;k &Gm&ifvnf; rd;k um 0wf+y;D oGm;=uw,f? }uKH orSs[m b0rSm trSww f &awG tjzpf usefwmrsdK; vdkcsifvdk@ ygowJh? 'gudk =um;wJh u|efawmfwkd@ EkdifiHu rdcifwpfOD;uawmh 'Dvdk rSwfcsuf csygw,f? jy\emrsm; pufbD;pD;+y;D vkdu&f Smae& ao;w,f? igwkd@rsm; rdk;vif; rsufpd ESpfv;Hk zGifhwmeJ@ aomuaygif;pHku tdyf&mab; vmEdk;wm ntdyf&m0ifwJh txdyJwJh? ckeu rdom;pk c&D;rSm &SpfESpf/ q,fESpf uav; ESpfa,mufudk wpfae@ q,fem&D avmuf pufbD; eif;cdkif;wm tEœ&m,frsm; w,fvkd@ rSwfcsufay;awmh/ [dku jyefajz&Sif; ygw,f? 'Dvdk avhusifhay;rS tcuftcJudk ajz&Sif;wwfr,f/ tawGŒt}uHK rsm;r,fwJh? olw@kd uav;awG[m bmyJvmvm rvkyf wwf rvkyf&b J ;l qkw d mrsdK; r&Sdap&bl;/ vky=f unhf r,fav qkdwmrsdK;yJ jzpfaeap&r,fwJh? tJ'D c&D;[m &ufowWywf q,fhoHk; ywfrSs =umcJhygw,f? rdom;pk pGef@pm;cef; 1 1 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

111

awGukd tvkt,uf +yefajymaewJh olw@dk rsuv f k;H awG[m aemufxyf pdeaf c:r_awGukd jyefx;l zd@k t+rJ toifh&Sdw,fqdkwJh t"dy`m,f awGeJ@ vufyvdk@yg? u|efawmfwkd@qDu tar}uD;uawmh at;av/ olwkd@u jynfhpHkaeawmh c&D;xGuf Ekdifao;wmudk;/ wkd@rsm;awmh pm;0wfaea&; ynmoifa&;eJ@yJ touf vk¶SLae&wmvkd@ nnf;nLygw,f? 'Dta=umif;udk u|eaf wmfwd@k qDu tjcm; jynfph w kH hJ rdom;pkwpfpu k dk ajymjywJh tcg tm;uswm awGŒ&ygw,f? tweftoifh =uG,0f vmwJh rdom;pkawGrSm cifyGef;onfawG tjyifrSm taysmf&Smwm/ ajcvSrf;ysufwm pwJh jy\emawGudk }udKumuG,fEkdifr,fvdk@ awG;rdygowJh? cifyGef;acgif;xJrSm rdom;pk b0 rxdcdkufbJ aysmfp&m &Sdw,fvkd@ em;vnfap r,fwh?J wu,fawmh aysmpf &m wifruygb;l / tdraf xmifOD;pD; wpfa,muf&ŒJ rdom;pktay: yJu h ikd f xde;f ausmif;&wJh t"dy`m,f/ wm0ef,rl a_ wG[m yifyef;w,fv@kd rcHpm;bJ/ rdom;pkqw dk m bmrqkd twlqkdwJh cHpm;,Hk=unfr_rsdK; &apr,fvdk@ u|efawmf ,lqa=umif; ajymrdygw,f? rjynfhpHk rwwfEkdifolrsm;uawmh b0qdkwm pm;0wfaea&; twGufyJ ¶kef;uef &if; +y;D oGm;&r,f? rdom;pk taysmcf &D;awG zefwD;,lwhJ pGe@f pm;cef; &ifckepf &m qkw d m awG[m wkd@awG b0eJ@ bmrSrqkid fbl;vkd@ cHpm;aumif; cHpm;=urSmyg? c&D;xGurf S zefwD;,lrSvdk@ rqdk vkyd gb;l ? tESpo f m&tm;jzifh atmifjrifwhJ rdom;pk/ atmifjrifwhJ b0 qkw d mudk &SmazG=unf¶h ykH g? c&D;xGu+f yD; pGef@pm;zkd@ rajymao;ygbl;? u|eaf wmfw@dk qDrmS tweftoifh oH;k pGEJ idk w f hJ tvwfwef;pm; rdom;pkuykd J =unf=h u &atmifyg? nbuf odk@r[kwf tdrfrSm vlpHk &Sdaeygvsuf vl}u;D awGu wpfckckudk awmifhw aer,f/ i,folawGu zkef;udk,fpD xkdifyGwfaer,fqkdwm tdrftawmfrsm;rsm;&JŒ jrifuiG f;yg? taz tar wkd@rSm jynfhpHkatmif xm;ay;xm;wmyJvdk@ rrSwf,lapcsifygbl;? vl}uD;awGrSm pum;vHk;eJ@ ajymjyzdk@ cufwJh " rdom;pk b0wefzdk; "udk arSsmfvifhaewm &Sdwwfygw,f? i,folawG tjypfcsn;f yJ r[kwyf gb;l ? zkef;yGwaf ewJh uav;awGu jyefajymw,f/ vl}u;D awG udk&;D ,m;um;yJ xdki=f unfhaewmudkvnf; ajymygO;D wJh? wcsdKŒ rdom;pkawG usawmh ajymif;jyef/ uav;ukd vl@toHk;taqmifawG pHak tmif 0,fay; xm;+yD; wm0efaus+yDxifaewJh rjynfhpHkaom tawG;tac:awG &Sdaeygao;w,f? ynmoifay;w,f/ ynma&;p&dwf vHkavmufatmif &Smay;w,f/ igw@dk vdck siw f hJ vkid f;&atmif rif;wkd@ pmusuf/ ajz=u qdk¶HkeJ@ *dwfqHk;aewwf=uvdk@ rajyvnfr_awG rsm;pGm zefwD; rdovdv k nf; &Sdaeygw,f? rdbvdck sifwv Jh kid ;f (toufarG;r_ twwfynm wuUokv d fbGJŒ ) eJ@ ausmif;+y;D cJhwJh vlvdrRmuav; wpfa,mufudk =unfhyg? tdrfrSm raebJ t+rJ tjyifxGuf ai;idkif aew,f? ol@pum;u tdrq f w kd m aep&mrS raumif;wmwJ?h bGJŒvGeaf wG quf,/l tvkycf iG x f J &mxl;}u;D / tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

111

112

0ifaiGaumif;aewJh om;orD; awGeJ@ zGJŒpnf; xm;wJh tJ'D rdom;pk[m udk,fhta=umif; jycsufeJ@udk,f tdrfeJ@ t=um}uD; cGJae=u/ rawGŒwm=umvdk@ c% awGŒvdkufwmeJ@ jy\em wpfckck ta=umif;u pvdkufrd+yD; &Sif;r&/ aemufudk rvm&Jawmhbl;/ rvm jyef&ifvnf; zkef;quf+yD; jy\emawGudk ajymaejyefawmh rdom;pk0ifawG tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef a=umufwJh a&m*g}uD; jzpfae wmygwJh? tJ'D rdom;pk0if wpfa,mufu pOf;pm;rdorSs ckvdk ajymw,f? tdrfrSmu vuf&Sd jy\emudk r&Sif;bJ aemufa=umif; awG jyefjyef aumuf+yD; csmvywf vkyfaewm/ vuf&Sd jy\emudk&Sif;wJh tqifh b,fawmhrS ra&mufbl;wJh? rdom;pk ta&;wif ru ygbl;uGm/ 'Dxuf ydkus,fjyef@wJh ta&; awGrSmvnf; 'Dvkyd gyJvk@d u|efawmfvnf; a&ma,mif nnf;nL rdygw,f? rdbawGuvnf; 'Davmufaumif;cJhwhJ rdbawGudk ypfxm;w,f qkdwhJ cHpm;csuf &Sdovdk om;orD;awG zufuvnf; ajymp&m awG trsm;}uD;vdk@ qkdygw,f? rdbawG vkdcsifwJhvdkif;/ bGJŒ&atmif ,lcJh+yD; b0udk b0ifrus jzpfaewJh om;orD;awGrSm wlnDwJh cHpm;csuf pdwftemw&awG &Sdwwfygw,f? olw@kd [m ausmif;pm wpfckwnf;udk tcsdefjynfh eD;yg; ay;cJ&h awmh olwd@k &JŒ i,fb0 'dkif,m&DawG[m pmusuf usL&Siw f uf qdkwm awGe@J csn;f jynfhaecJhwmyg? rdom;pk aysmfyGJpm; c&D; awGtjyif (Childhood ac:wJh) uav;b0 aysmufqHk;jcif; qkdwm txdtemqHk;ygwJh? }uD;cgrS olrsm; i,fb0awG em;axmif&if; igwkd@ qHk;¶H_;cJhavjcif;vdk@ awG;rd+y;D emusifolawGvnf; &Sad eovdk/ bmrSef;rodaomfvnf; b0udk rausreyf jzpfaewJh ynmwwf 0ifaiGaumif; awGvnf; rsm;pGmyg? "atmifjrifr_qkdwm bmvJ/ atmifjrifwJh b0qdkwm bmvJ" vdk@ ar;cGef;xkwf vmwJh bGJŒvGef& 0ifaiGaumif; awG&JŒ nnf;nL oH[m em;axmif& tcufqHk;yg? *k%f&Sd/ 0ifaiGaumif;olawGudk rdwˆL ul;cJhawmh aemifweJ@ jyKvkyfxm;wJh o&zl}uD; aqmif;&cuf c|wf&cufawGvnf; awGŒ&ygw,f? avmuwpfck pepfwpfckrSm *k%f&Sd 0ifaiGaumif; tvkyf[m wpfrsdK; ESpfrsdK;yJ &Sdw,fvdk@ rSwf,lcsif tJ'D wpfayguf ESpfayguf udkyJ pk+yHKwdk;=u&if; temw&awG jzpf=u &w,fvk@d awG;rdygw,f? pmpk tprSm azmfjycJhwJh rdom;pk (pdefac:csufawG rSeforSs twl ajz&Sif;zkd@ avhusifhcJhwJh rdom;pk) rSm zcifjzpfol[m txl;ukq&m0ef}u;D yg? ol@orD; txufwef; ausmif;+yD;awmh olemjyKynm oifr,f qdkwJh tcg =unfjzL=uygw,f? b,ftvkyf b,f toufarG;r_[m edrfhw,f jrifhw,fvdk@ rcH,=l uygbl;? toufarG;r_ udk,pf D[m ol@twkdif; twmeJ@ol wifhw,f w,fvdk@ tawG; us,fjyef@ vm&if i,folawGtwGuf a&G;p&m rsm;vmr,f? wpfaygufwnf; pk+yHKwGef;xdk; 1 1 2 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

113

rwdk;&awmhbl;? udk,fhb0 udk,f auseyf+yD;om;yg qkdolrsm;twGuf txl; qdkp&m r&Sdyg? udk,b hf 0udk ud, k phf w d ftemw&eJ@ oHk;oyf rdaewJh olawG twGuyf g? olw@kd eJ@ zGŒJ pnf; xm;wJh rdom;pkawG twGuyf g? b,ft&muawmh rjzpfrae b0wkid ;f twGuf vdt k yfwhJ jznfq h nf;r_/ b,ft&m uawmh rwefrq paw;cJh&wm pojzifh }udKwif uGJjym;Ekdif=u&if oufomzG,f &Sdygw,f? 0g;wluav;awGeJ@ tdrftvSawG vufzsm;cgatmif aqmufjyaewJh q,fausmf oufuav;&JŒ vufprG f;udk=unfh&if; awG;p&m awG &ygw,f? udk,fh rdom;pk0ifq&kd if cs;D usL; rvm;/ wm;jrpf+yD; ausmif;pmyJ vkyfckdif;rvm;/ *k%f&SdwJh toufarG;r_ qkdwm t"dy`m,f wl=u&JŒvm;? rdom;pk0ifawGxJ em;vnfr_ pHEe_ f; wefzk;d awGtay: t"dy`m,f zGihq f kcd suf wl rwl? tm;vyf&uf taysmfc &D ;jzpfjzpf/ b0 c&D; jzpfjzpf b,fv dktwlo Gm ;rvJ / b,f vdk oabmxm;rvJ? wu,fawmh "rdom;pk oDcsi;f " [m wpfO;D wnf; qk&d wJh aw;rsK;d r[kwyf g? Choir vkd pkzGJŒoDqkd&wJh aw;rsKd;vkd@ cH,lygw,f? xkdaw;rsKd;[m Bass (tedrfhoH)/ Alto qkdwJh (tjrifhoH) wpfrsKd;/ Tenor qkdwJh a,mufsm;}uD; tjrifhoH/ Baritone ac:wJh =um;oH awGeJ@ zGJŒpnf;&ygw,f? 'gawmif trsKd;om;rsm; pkzGJŒ qkdwJh Choir yJ &Sdyg ao;w,f? trsKd ; orD ; awG y g ygvm&if Soprano, Mezzo-soprano, Contralto pwJ h trsKd;tpm;awGawmif &Sdao;qkdyJ? rwlnDwJh toHawGukd ajyjypfatmif ndSE_dif; pkzGJŒqkd&wJh trsKd;tpm;ygvm;? rdom;pkoDcsif; qkdwmvnf; 'DvkdyJ +zpfoifhw,fvkd@ cHpm;rdygw,f?

rif;ukdEkdif (+ynfol@ta&;*sme,f twGJ2/ trSwf 90/ aqmif;yg;rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

113

114

'Drdkua&pDa&; wm0ef

ausmfausmfpdk; (*syef) 'Dae@ nae tvkyfxJrSm owif;bmomjyefzdkŒ apmihfaewkef; [dkawG; 'DawG; awG;rdcw hJ ,f ? 'Dru kd &uf wpftpd;k &w&yftaeeJŒ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyw f t hJ cg rjzpfraevkyfzdkŒ vdktyfwJhtcsuf awGukad ygh? 'Drdku&ufwpf tzGJŒtpnf;awGudk tm;aumif;vmatmif vkyfzdkŒ[m tpdk;&&JŒ wm0efyJ ? jynfov l x l u k 'Drku d a&pD tavhtusifhawGukd vufawGŒ rSerf eS fuefuef usiho f ;Hk vma&;udk tm;ay;zdkŒ[m tpdk;&&JŒwm0efyJ ? rlvwef;tqifh tv,fwef;tqifhup+yD; 'Drdkua&pD&JŒwefbdk;awGudk oifhavsmfwJhenf;vrf;awGeJŒ jyXmef;oif=um;ay;edkifzdkŒtwGuf vdktyf wJhjyifqifr_awGudkvkyfzdkŒ[m tpdk;&&JŒ wm0efyJ ? tJ'Dvdk awG;rdw,f? tpdk;&taeeJŒ tJ'w D m0efawGukd xrf;aqmifEkid zf dkŒqd&k if ynmay; vkyif ef;awG[m a&SŒwef;udk a&mufvmwmygyJ ? ukvor*~&ŒJ urBmvH;k qdki&f mvlŒtcGit hf a&;a=ujimpmwrf; / pD;yGm;a&; vlr_a&; ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumyËd^mOf / uav;oli,frsm; qdkif&mtcGihfta&; / trsKd;orD; rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHr_ tvHk;pHk yaysmufa&;yËd^mOf/ roefpGrf;olrsm;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;eJŒ wjcm;qufEG,faeaom oabmwlpmcsKyfawG pwmawGt& vlwdkif;vlwdkif;[m ynmoif,lavhvmydkifcGifh &Sd&r,f? 'Dawmh jrefrmtpd;k &rSeforSs[m 'gawGudk taumiftxnfazmfzdkŒ wm0ef&Sdw,f? 'Drdkua&pDjyKjyif ajymif;vJa&;udk vkyfae+yDjzpfwJh vuf&Sdtpdk;&[m tJ'Dukor*~yËd^mOfawG 1 1 4 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

115

t& vkyfaqmif&r,fh wm0ef&Sdae+yDaygh ? jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒyuwdtajctaeawGt& 'gxuf ta&;}u;D wmawG&w dS ,fvkŒd ajymwmawG&w dS ,f ? [kww f maygh ? tJ'gawG &Sw d mukd em;vnf vufcHw,f ? 'gayrJh vufawGŒ vkyfaqmif&r,fh wm0efawGvnf;&Sdw,fav? t&iftpdk;&u ppfwyfausmaxmufaemufcH&SdwJh =uHhcdkifzGH@+zdK;a&;ygwD tpdk;&av/ aemuf+yD; ppftm%m&Sifa[mif;awG&JŒtpdk;&av? olwdkŒtm%m&,lxm;wJhumvrSm 'gawGajymvdkŒuawmh u|yJ g;apmif;wD;ovdk jzpfaerSmaocsmw,f? tcktpdk;&u vlxktpdk;&tppf / vlxkcspfwJhtpdk;&tppf / vlxkaxmufcHwJh tpdk;&tppf ? 'Dawmh 'Dtpd;k &[m vlxt k wGuf ta&;}u;D wmvky&f r,ft h pd;k & / vlx=k um;xJ 'Drdkua&pDtavhtusihfawG vufawGŒvkyfvmatmif a&SŒuae wufwuf=uG=uGe JŒ vkyf&r,fhtpdk;& / aemifrsKd;qufawGrSm 'Drdkua&pDrsKd;aph tjrpfwG,fatmif vkyf&r,fh tpdk;&aygh? wcsKŒd awGu ajym=uw,f? tpd;k &opfay:wm 3 v 4 vyJ &Sad o;w,f/ b,fvv kd yk f &v'fxGufrSm vJwJh / rSefvdkufwJhpum; / &v'fuawmh csufcsif; b,fxGufygrh vJ / ESpf 50 ausm=f um&SdaecJhwJh jy\emawG udk ajz&Sif;ae&vdkŒav? 'Da e&mrS m Ad kv fc sKyf a tmifq ef; ajymcJh w Jh pum;wpf c Ge f ; owd&rd a o;? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhaemuf vkyf&rSmawGeJŒywfouf+yD;ajymcJhwJhpum; ? bmwJh ....? olrsm;EdkifiHawG ajcwpfvSrf; ESpfvSrf; vSrf;&if usKyfwdkŒEdkifiHu 10 vSrf; tvSrf; 20 avmufvSr;f rS awmfumusr,f qdw k phJ um;yg ? tJ'pD um;udk Adv k cf sKyaf jymcJw h meJŒywfouf+y;D usaemfem;vnfxm;wmu AdkvfcsKyfrSm qifajcr&Sdbl; / vGwfvyfa&; udkvkdcsifvdkŒ / &atmif,zl Œdk oleŒJ wjcm;acgi;f aqmifawGvyk af qmif }uKd ;yrf;cJw h ,f ? jynfolvx l k uvnf; vGwfvyfa&;uae wpfjym;om;rS ravSsmhcJhbl; ? tJ'Dpdwf"mwfawGeJŒ vkyfcJh=uw,f ? Adv k cf sKy&f ŒJ vkyaf zmfuikd b f ufawGa&m / Adv k cf sKy&f JŒbufawmfom;awGa&m/ Adv k cf sKyu f kd axmufcw H ho J l awGyg t*Fvyd fuv dk ked Datmuf vHk;vH;k usa&muf cJhwJh 1886 ckESpfuae 1947 ckESpftxd eSpfaygif; 60 umvudk ta=umif; rjybl; / qifajcray;bl; / vGwfvyfa&;&zdkŒ twGuf jzpforSsudk cg;pnf;cHcJh w,f? jywfom;wJh oEMdXmefeJŒ ZGJaumif;aumif;eJŒ }udK;yrf; cJ=h uw,f? aemifESpf 70 eD;yg;=umvmwJhtcg a':atmifq ef;pk=unf&JŒ NLD tpdk;& ay:vmw,f? NLD a&m / a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&m udk,fpGrf;^m%fpGrf;&SdorSs }udK;yrf; tm;xkwfae=uw,f? 'DaeŒtxdawmh qifajcay;wJh pum;vHk;udk r=um;od&ao;bl;? (usaemfrodvu dk f r=um;vdu k w f mawG &SdEidk fygw,f) qifajc[m jy\em&JŒtajzr[kwfbl;qdkwmudk usaemfwkdŒtm;vHk; odem;vnf vufcH&r,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

115

116

vuf&Sdtpdk;&vkyf&r,fhftvkyfxJrSm 'Daqmif;yg;tprSm a&;xm;ovdk yg0ifwm awGukd arhae=urSm pd;k vdŒk / owdrxm;rdrmS pdk;vdkŒ a&;&wmyg ? ocGyyf ifu rD;wusnu f snv f Œkd rqd=k uygeŒJ ? tm%m&SifpepfvGef yxrOD;qHk;ay:aygufvmwJhtpdk;& [m jy\emaygif; aomif;ajcmufaxmifudk &ifqdkifajz&Sif;&r,fqdkwm obm0yJav ? =uHK&r,fht&mawGyJ/ pOf;pm;=unhf&if rxl;qef;ygbl; ? usaemfwdkŒwawG nnf;aevdkŒrjzpfbl; / 'Drdkua&pD[m usaemfwdkŒ vdkcsifwJht&m / 'DtwGuaf vSsmuf r,fvdkŒ usaemfwdkŒ a&G;cJh=uwm? 'Dawmh udk,fw h idk ;f jynf ud, k hjf ynfoljynfom;awG yd+k yD;pdwcf srf;om / ae&xdkif&wm ydk+yD;tqifajy atmif / toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyK&wm ydk+yD;vG,fual tmif tjrJawG;awm vkyfukid f&rSmyJ / tJ'g[m EdkifiHa&; orm;awG/ Edik fiHa&;v_y&f Sm;olawG&ŒJ t"duwm0efyJav? udk,fu|rf;usi&f m / ud, k f pdwf0ifpm;&m udk,ftm;oef&me,fy,fawGrmS ZGJaumif;aumif;eJŒ vky&f r,f? ZGJ&Sdr,f / enf;vrf;odr,f / razmufrjyefvkyfr,f / yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf r_awGeJŒ vkyfr,f / axmufcH tm;ay;olawG rsm;oxufrsm;atmif }udK;yrf;r,fqdk&if atmifjrif r,fvŒkd ,H=k unfw,f? IDEA vdkŒ ac:wJh International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance &JŒ 'Dru dk a&pD zGHŒ+zKd ;wd;k wufa&;eJŒ ywfouf+y;D tajccHrl 5 csuu f kd vufqifu h rf; csifygw,f? 1 ? 'Drdkua&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkwm tcsdefay;&r,fh pdw&f Snv f uf&Snf&Sd&r,fh vkyfief;pOf jzpfw,f? 2 ? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&Hk wpfckwnf;eJŒ &&SdatmifjrifEdkifwm r[kwb f l; ? 3 ? 'Dru kd a&pDa&; tavhtusiq fh w kd m[m E_id ;f ,SOv f Œkd &ayrJh tJ't D wdik ;f vkduv f yk f &r,fvŒdk ajymvdkŒ&wJh udpPr[kwb f l; ? 4 ? 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd mudk ud, k v fh rl t _ odik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f uyJ wnfaqmufvŒdk &w,f? 5 ? 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m wifoiG ;f vdkŒr&ovdk wifyŒkd vdŒk vnf;r&bl; / 'gayrJh axmufcH tm;ay;vdkŒawmh&w,f?

ausmfausmfpdk; (*syef) 2016 ckESpf Zlvdkif 22

1 1 6 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

117

vufzuf&nf_urf; okdhr[kwf bkH,Ofaus;rSK

*sifrD a&aEG ; =urf ; aomuf w J h tavh tx[m vl r sKd ; wk d i f ; vk d v k d r S m &S d y gw,f? a&aEG;qlqlxJukd cyfxm;wJh t&GufajcmuftrsKd;tpm;awG rwl=uayr,fh a&aEG;=urf; aomufwmcsif; wlygw,f? a&aEG;=urf;ay: rSmxm;wJh oabmxm;awGvnf; odyfruGJ =uygb;l ? a&aEG;xJudk cyfxm;wJh t&GufajcmufawG[m aq;zuf0if&r,f? t&omxl;& r,f? tm¶kH=unfvifvef;qef;&r,f? t,kwftvwftjrwfra&G; {nfhokH;yg;vkH;udk {nhcf EH idk &f r,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk ta&SŒwkid ;f rSmawmh vufzufajcmuf[m a&aEG;=urf;ukd zefwD;wJh t&GufajcmufygyJ? vufzuf&nf=urf;/ vufzuf&nf tcsKdpojzifh t&omxl;xl;jcm; jcm;awGukv d nf; zefw;D Ekdi=f uygw,f? tck u|efawmfwifjyrSmuawmh ukd&D;,m; vufzuf&nf,Of aus;r_jzpfygw,f? ukd&D;,m;awG[mvnf; wjcm;vlrsKd;awGvkd@ orkdif; tpOftvm}uD;ygw,f? a&aEG;=urf; aomufo;Hk olawGxJ olw@dk vnf; yg0ifygw,f? orkid ;f udk ajc&mcH=unf&h if bDpD 2737 uwnf; u udk&D;,m;awG a&aEG;=urf; aomufcJhwmygwJh? orkid f;rSww f rf;wGif t&awmh vufzuf&nf,Of aus;r_ukd w¶kwaf wGu pcJw h ,f vkd@qkdygw,f? w¶kwf{u&mZf}u;D &Sefaemif;[m O,smOfawmfxJrSm a&aEG;tjzLxnf}u;D udk tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

117

118

aomufa ewke f ; t&Gu fa jcmuf awG vG if h ysH v m+yD; a&aEG ; cGu f xJu dk jyKwfu s&mu vufzuf&nf=urf;udk &SmawGŒ cJw h myg? tckq&dk if tJ'v D ufzuf &nf=urf;udk &SmawGŒcJw h m[m ESpf aygif; 4700 ausmfoGm ;yg+yD? udk&D;,m;awG vufz uf&nf,Ofaus;r_ uvnf; vl}uKd ufrsm;wJh ud&k D;,m; vufzuf&nf/ *sifqif;vufzuf &nf/ vufzuf&nftcsOw f dk@[m tckqkd&if urBmrSm tawmfysHŒESH@ae yg+yD? vufzuf&nf aomufjcif;tm;jzifh ae@pOfb0awG/ tavhtusifh aumif;awG jzpfay:ae+yD; use;f rm a&;eJ@vnf; nD!w G fygw,f? reuf vufzuf&nfaomuf&if ta&;t &mawGudk ajym=uqkd=uygw,f? atmufxpfqkH; oma&;ema&;u tp tjrifhqkH;pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ bmoma&;udpPawGtxd =unf=unfvifvif ajymqdkEkdif=u ygw,f? bDpD 57 u at'D 935 txd wnfwHhcJhwJh qDvmEkdifiHawmf }uD;rSm Ak'<bmom bke;f awmf}u;D awG[m armyef;EGr;f e,fra_ wGukd ajyaysmufz@kd pdwfyikd ;f ¶kyyf idk ;f awG vef;qef;zk@d w&m;usifh}uH&mrSm taxmuftuljzpfapzdk@twGuf aomufokH;=uygw,f? 'ghtjyif *sKdqD,Gef;rif;vufxuf (1392-1914)rSmqkd&if vufzuf&nfudk tdrfokH;aq;tjzpf tokH;jyK=uygw,f? tpmra=uwmwkd@/ tat; rdwmwdk@qkd&if vufzuf&nf=urf;udk aomuf=uygw,f? orkdif;rSwfwrf;awGt& a&S;bk&ifawG[m acgif;udkufa0'em/ pdwfzdpD;r_a&m*g awGrjzpfatmif vufzuf&nfukd aomuf=uygw,f? acwfopfoyd `H &JŒ awGŒ&Scd sut f &vnf; vufzuf&nfrmS ADwmrifp/D ADwmrift;D qmAked ife@J tm[m&jzpfp&m"mwf awGyg0ifaewmudk awGŒ&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif aoG;wkd;a&m*gudk um uG,fEkdif+yD; uifqma&m*gudkvnf; wm;qD; ay;w,fvkd@ od&ygw,f? qD;csKdudkawmif avsmhusapygw,fwJh? vufzufcl;+yD;wJh tqifhuae vufzufajcmuf xGufay:vmwJh tqihftxd =unfhr,fqkd&if tjcm; pm;okH;ukefypPnf;awGeJ@ rwluJjG ym; wJhcHEkdif&nftm;udk awGŒ&rSmyg? vufzufcl;+yD;&if t&GufawGudk a&G;r,f? tylcsdefxdef;ndSxm;wJh tkd;awGxJrSm tylay; tajcmufcH r,f? +yD;&if xkyfyk;d r,f? b,fvkd bufwD;&D;,m;ydk;rS 0if+yD;'kuQ ray;&Jb;l qkw d m acwftqufquf tmrcHcsuf ay;xm;wmudk=unhf&if usef;rma&;twGuf aq;wpfcGuf qkdwm aocsmaeyg+yD? vufzuf&nf=urf; }udKufwwfwJh u|efawmf aexkdifcJh&m &Gma[mif;av;u rdwfaqGawGudk owif;aumif;wpfckygyJ? (uJ....ukd,pfwkd@/ tbkd; }uD;/ ukdaZmfxufwdk@/ aumf&S,f/ armifyg}uD;/ jrifhEkdif/ udkajymif}uD; wkd@a&...."mwkaq;0g;&Sm;yg;wJh twGuf pdwfryl=uygeJ@? jrefrm vufzuf&nf=urf;[mvnf; aq;}uD;wpfyg;ygyJvkd@ &Gmom;awGudk wpfqifh yg;vku d f=uygO;D ?)

*sifrD 1 1 8 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

119

0wˆKwdk xkdaeŒu rD;rvmyg

rpENm "u|efr tvkyfvyk w f m [dk;a&SŒu uGGef'kH;=uD;rSmav" vlxljyq D dv k Ssif a':ukvm;ru rsuEf mS udk rodromav; armhum *k%fw,l,El iS hf ajymwwfavonf? "uGef'kH;rSmqkdawmh rD;ysufrSmudk ydkjyD; a=umuf&w,f? vpfxJa&mufaewkef; rD;ysufvkd@uawmh ydwfrdaea&m? rD;pufE_d;w,f qkdayrJh csufcsif;r&? vpfxJrSmqkdawmh zkef;uvnf; rrd" a':ukvm;r. bmomaA't& uGe'f ;Hk [lonfrmS uGe'f jdk zpfjy;D / vpf [lonfuawmh "mwfavSum; jzpfavonf? olŒwGif vufudkifzkef;wpfvkH;&dSa=umif; od&atmifawmh "vpfxrJ mS qkad wmh zke;f uvnf; rrd" [laom pum;udak wmh rysurf uGuf xnfah jym&onf? ol xkdokd@ ajymavwkdif; &SufwufwufESifh rtDrom jzpfoGm;wwfoluawmh ol.cifyGef; udkukvm;=uD;jzpfonf? udkukvm;=uD;u oH&kH;wGif armfawmfum; armif;oljzpfojzifh t*Fvdypf um;udk awmfawmfav; wD;rdacgurf donf? "uGe'f v dk @dk rSerf eS u f efuef ajymprf;yg[m/ eif[ h mu vl=um;vk@d raumif;vku d w f m" a':ukvm;ru "'kH; " avwkdi f; ukdukvm;=uD;u 0ifjyD; "'dk" wwfonf? odk@ygaomfvnf; a':ukvm;ru r'dka&;cs r'kdxJurkd@ 'kH;jyD;&if; 'kH;jyD;/ 'kH;jrJwkdif; 'kH;aewwf avonf? olu xkd uGe'f ;Hk / tJ xkduGef'=dk u;D wGif aexkdiaf om olaX;rdom;pktwGuf reufvm/ naejyefpepfESifh tcsuftjyKwfwm0efudk xrf;aqmifol jzpffavonf? vG,fvG,fajymvSsif "xrif;csu"f [k ajymI &aomfvnf; ayghao;ao;awmh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

119

120

rxifvkdufapvkdyg? aoG;wkd;&dSaom olaX;/ qD;csKd&dSaom olaX;uawmf/ tom;rmrm rpm;Edkifaom olaX;a,muQr/ tuif=udKufaom olaX;om;/ tqDa&Smifaom olaX;orD;/ yifv,fpmrS pm;csifaom olaX;a,mufz paom oltm;vkH;twGuf tqifajyatmif csufjyKwf pDpOfay;&ol jzpfonf? csufjyKwfay;&onf [k qkdojzifh tkd;aq;/ yef;uefaq;/ =uufoGefE$m/ i&kwfoD; axmif; vkyef &onf[k xifrnfqv dk sS if a':ukvm;r pdwq f ;dk &ygvrd rhf nf? xkt d vkyrf sm;twGuf vufn_d;xkd;ckdif;p&m aumifrav;wpfa,muf tqifoifh &dSaeygonf? olu 0,fjcrf;vm aom tom;ig;rsm;udk wkH;wpf/ e,fzwfjyD; vkdovkd csuf&kHom jzpfavonf? "abm tdrfrSmu *wfeJ@ csuf&wm" abm [lonfrmS abmhpfukd ajymjcif; jzpfonf? udu k v k m;=u;D u ol. t&m&drS sm;udk abmhpf[k ajymavh&dSojzifh oluvnf; ol. olaX;udk abm[k ac: jcif; jzpfonf? *wf[lonfuawmh "mwfaiG@/ *ufpfudk &nfn$ef;jcif; jzpfavonf? olaX;udk abm[k trnfwyfvdu k jf cif;tm;jzifh olaX;uawmfonf abmuawmf jzpfoGm;avonf? xkdenf;wlpGm abma,muQr/ abmom;/ abmorD;/ abma,mufzrsm; wpfoD=uD; xGufvmonf? udkukvm;=uD;uawmh "eif tvkyfvkyfwm uGef'kH;rSmaewJh abmrdom;pkqDrSmayghaemf" [k pdwfysufvufysuf ajym&Smavonf? "[kww f ,f/ abmrdom;pku tm;vkH; aumif;=uw,f" txl;ojzifh abmuawmfu ydkI aumif;onf[k a':ukvm;r xifonf? ol csufaom [if;rsm;udk wGifwGif csD;usL;wwfonf? aps;zkd;udk ESpfaxmifrsKd; okH;axmifrsKd; wifawmif;vSsiv f nf; rodovkyd if aevku d w f wfonf? wpfa,mufwpfrsK;d pm;csiw f wfaom ol. tdrfom;rsm;twGuo f mru pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;twGuf r=umc% zdwaf uGs;&aom {nfhonfapmifo nf rsm;twGufyg a':ukvm;ru r&dSr jzpf vkdtyfvSoljzpfonf? xk@d a=umifv h nf; vcaumif;aumif; ay;xm;um rodrom tvkdvu dk x f m;jcif; jzpfavonf? rnfonft h om;/ rnfonfih g;udk / rnfonfh tqmyvmESihf e,fI rnfrsS =umatmif ESyfxm;&rnfudk a':ukvm;r aumif;pGm uGsrf;usifonf? rD;zkday:odk@ [if;tkd;a&mufjyD; vSsifvnf; rnfonfhtcsdefwGif rD;tm;jrSifh/ rnfonfhtcsdefwGif rD;tm;avSsmh/ rnfonfh tom;udk a&ylxnf/h rnfonft h om;udk a&at;xnfh/ rnfonft h csed w f Gif tzk;H udk vkv H t Hk yk /f rnfonfhtcsdef tzkH;vSyf/ rnfonfhtcsdefwGif ememar$ paom paom csufjcif; jyKwfjcif; enf;ynmrsm;u renf;vSacs? abmuawmfuawmh a':ukvm;r csufjyKwfaeonfudk waphwapmif;=unf&h if; "a':ukvm;rwk@d u a&ay; rD;ay; odyaf wmfwm" [k ajymavh&o Sd nf? wpfaps;wnf;/ wpfqkdifwnf;u 0,fvmaom tom;csif;/ ig;csif; rnfrSsyif wlaeygap [if;jzpfomG ;vSsif a':ukvm;r. [if;u t&omydI k aumif;aewwfonfuawmh 1 2 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

121

trSefyif? ,kwfpGtqkH; jrif;cGm&Gufoky/f c&rf;csOfoD;oky[ f k qkdvSsifyif olokyaf om tokyu f ydkjyD; pm;aumif;aewwfonf? qefjyKwfcsif; wlvSsifyif a':ukvm;r qefjyKwfu ta&mif/ tqif;/ teH@/ t&om xl;uJrnfuawmh taotcsmyif jzpfonf? "ig pkrdaqmif;rdjyD; t&if;tESD; rsm;rsm;&&ifawmh xrif;qkdif=u;D zGifhcsifw,f" "EkjzL a':apm&Dvkd xrif;qkdifcGJaygif; rsm;pGmudk OD;pD;jyD; zGifhvSpfvkdjcif;onf a':ukvm;r. pdwu f l;tdyfrufjzpfonf? ""tJ'Dus&if uGsefrudkvnf; tulac:aemf/ qkdifemrnfudkvnf; olrsm;xuf qef;atmif "a':ukvm;r=uD;&JŒ apwem" qkdjyD; ay;=u&atmifav"" ol. vufaxmuf ydeaf jcmufajcmuf aumifrav;u tm;&yg;& axmufcHonf? qkdifemrnfudkyif a&G;vkduaf o;onf? "a':ukvm;r=uD;. apwem" wJh? "eifeh mrnfu qef;wmawmh qef;yg&JŒ/ 'gayrJh igu ukvm;rtppf r[kww f mu cufaew,f" ukvm;aoG; wpfpufwavyif rygbJESifh ol@udk tarwkd@/ tazwkd@u bmvkd@rsm; ukvm;r[k ac:cJh=uoenf;/ ol rpOf;pm;wwfacs? ESmwHay:ay:/ rsufvkH;jyL;kjyL;av;ESifh rsufESmus vSaoma=umifh "ukvm;reJ@ wlw,fa[h" [k ac:cJh=ujcif; jzpfonf[lIawmh taru ajymzl;avonf? ol@xuf qk;d onfu ol. a,musmf ; udu k v k m;=u;D jzpfonf? olw@dk nDtpfudk av;a,muf&dS&m olwpfOD;wnf; tom;rnf;aeaoma=umifh ukvm;av;[k ac:cJhjcif; jzpfonf? xkdukvm;av; =uD;vmawmh vlaumifxGm;xGm;rkd@ ukvm;=uD;[lI jzpfvm&onf? armifat;rif;0if; [laom emrnfvSvSonf oef;acgifpm&if;xJwGifom &dSawmhonft xdyif? xkd@a=umifh jrefrmppfppfjzpfaom olwdk@ZeD;armifESHESpfO D;onf udkukvm;=u;D ESihf rukvm;r [lI ukvm;armifESH jzpfvm=u&onf? "ol@tazu rnf;ayrJh rD;rD;av;u jzLw,f[Jh" "a':=u;D eJ@ wlovm;" "tif; wlw,f? tckykH=uD;eJ@awmh b,f[kwfrSmvJ[m? ig i,fi,fwkef;u ykHeJ@ wlwmaygh? igu ynmrwwfayrJh ighorD;av;u pmay;pm,leJ@ bGJ@&awmhr,f? ighvkdyJ tcsut f jyKwf 0goemygw,f? oifwef;awG wufjy;D qkvnf; &zl;w,f? igx h uf trsm;=uD;? omw,f" "olua&m xrif;qkdif zGifhrSmwJhvm;" "rD;rD;av;udk aA'ifa[mzl;wmuawmh =u;D vm&if aumif;pm;r,fw/hJ rif;uawmf pdk;uawmf jzpfr,fw"hJ orD;uav;onf a':ukvm;r. 'kw, d tdyrf uf jzpfonf? orD;av; txufwef; ususESifh aumif;pm;vSsif olvnf; txufwef; a,muQr jzpf&rnfrkd@ awG;=unfhvSsif tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

121

122

=unfE;l p&myif? "t[d rif;uawmf pdk;uawmfqkd&if u|efrvnf; jzpfcsifvkdufwm" aumifrav;u &l;aygaygESifh ajym&if; E$mjyD;om; =uufoGefeDrsm;udk w&Syf&SyfESifh cyfoGuo f Guf vSD;onf? "'gayrJh tJ'gu vSvyS y/ awmifah wmifw h if;wif;av;rS jzpfEidk rf Smayghaemf/ u|erf u rvSbl; a':=uD;&JŒ" aumifrav;u tm;i,fpGm ajym&Smonf? "tif; eif tm;i,fr,f qkd&ifvnf; tm;i,fp&mygy"J a':ukvm;ru pdwfxJrS ajymrdonf? aumifrav;u ydefydefuspfuspf rnf;rnf; onf;onf;av; jzpfonf? udk,fvkH; rvSI rsufESmaygufuav; tm;udk;&rvm; [k qkdawmhvnf; rsufayguu f sOf;jyD; yg;pyfusawmh tawmfav; jyJ&Smavonf? abmuawmfu jzLjzLpifpif/ vSvyS y/ pdkpjkd ynfjynf rdef;uav;rsm;udk ac:vmavh r&dSonfudk a':ukvm;r owdxm;rdaeonfrSm twefi,fyif =umaeacsjyD? olac:vm vkdufvSsif ykykuGuG/ ydefydefajcmufajcmuf/ rnf;rnf;jymjym/ ESmacgif;vefvef/ oGm;acgacg uav;rsm;om jzpfaewwfonf? "ol@rSmu a,musfma&m/ armifa&m/ om;a&m &dSaeawmhvnf; pdk;&drf&Smwm ayghav? 'gawmif taz=uD;u ckepfq,fem; uyfaewJh tbdk;=uD;rkd@vkd@ pdk;&drf&r,fh olwpfa,muf avsmhoGm;wm" odk@aomfvnf; xkdtoufckepfq,feD;yg; tbkd;=uD;udk ol. ajr;ESpfa,mufu "armf'efbkd;bkd;" [k ac:=uavonf? tbkd;=uD;u ajr;rsm;ESifhtjydKif ,ckacwfpm;aeaom a':ukvm;r. tac: azhpbkwf qkdonfudk okH;jyD; w,fvDzkef; yGwfaewwfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? ol@wGif vufudkifzkef;wpfvkH; &dSaomfvnf; a':ukvm;ru tifwmeufwkd@ azhpbkwfwkd@udk rokH;wwf&Smay? "w,fvDzkef;qkdawmh w,fvDzkef;ajymzkd@ okH;&&if awmfa&mayg"h [lIvnf; pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ cH,x l m;ol jzpfonf? tckawmh ol@crsm tdrjf yefa&mufvsS if pum;ajymazmfyif r&dS&Smacs? a,musfm;a&m/ orD;uyg w,fvDzkef;wpfvkH;pDESifh oJoJrJrJ yGwaf ewwf=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? abmuawmfuvnf; wyGwfwnf; yGwfaeaom ol@zcifudk =unfh&if; pdwfnpf [ef&So d nf? "tazuvnf;av tm;&if ykwD;vnf; pdyf/ w&m;av; xkdifygvm;" [k r&Jw&J ajymaomtcg “[ eif bmodvkd@vJ/ urBmŒta&;/ jrefrmhta&; 'gav;xJuaejyD; tyf'dwf 1 2 2 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

123

tukefodae&wm urBmjym;aejyq D kdwm eifod&JŒvm;"[k tbkd;=uD;u xatmfavonf? tbkd;=uD;u orD;ESifhtwl aeonf[k qdkaomfvnf; rSDckdaeol r[kwfay? tqifhjrifhwkdufcef; tawmfrsm;rsm;udk ydkifqkdifxm;jyD; iSm;caiGrsm;udk okH;rukefEdkifatmif &aeol jzpfonf? xk dok d@ csrf ;omol jzpfo jzifh vnf ; om;orD ;rsm;tay: omru oruftay:rSmyg =oZmanmif;jcif; jzpfrnf[k a':ukvm;r xifonf? ,ck olwkd@aeaom wkdufcef;=uD;udkvnf; tbkd;=uD; 0,fay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? orD;wpfcef;/ om;wpfcef; uyfvsuf0,fum =um;xJu eH&Hudk jzdKcsjyD; pkpkpnf; pnf; aexkdifjcif; jzpfonf[k abmuawmfu pdwv f v dk uf& ajymzl;onf? wku d fcef;us,f ESpcf ef;pmjzpfojzifh tdycf ef;csn;f ajcmufcef; yg0ifum wpfa,mufwpfcef;pD; us,fus,f0ef;0ef; aeEdkifjcif; jzpfonf? wHjrufpnf; vSnf;/ =urf; wkdufjyD; tdrfoef@&Sif;a&; vkyf&aom ydefajcmufajcmuf crsmwkd@rSmawmh roufom=uay? tbkd;=uD;. om;/ abma,mufzuawmh b0udk tvkdrus jzpfaeol jzpfonf? ol=uKd uaf om rde;f rudk ol@zcifu r=uKd uIf toufav;q,fem; eD;onftxd tdraf xmifrjyK jzpfao;ay? ol@zcif=uKd uaf om rdef;rusjyefawmhvnf; olu vkH;0 r=uKd ujf yefay? xk@d a=umifh om;tzESpfa,muf cyfwef;wef; jzpfae=uonf? xkdta=umif;tcsufrsm;onfum; pyfpyfpkpk odyrf vkyf&ygbJESifh olwkd@tcsif;csif; ajymaeqkdae=uonfrsm;udk qufpyfum a':ukvm;r odxm;jcif; jzpfavonf? ................. a':ukvm;r rodonfuawmh abmuawmfonf ol. a,musmf ;/ ol. armifEiS hf ol. om;wkd@udk pdk;&drfaoma=umifh tdrfazmfaumifrav;rsm;udk rsufpda'gufaxmufjyD; =unfhaejcif; r[kwfyg [lonfhtcsufudk jzpfonf? abmuawmf wu,fpdwfrcsonfu toufajcmufq,fh&SpfESpf&dSaejyDjzpfaom ol. zcif=uD;udk jzpfavonf? EdkifiHjcm;ESifh qufoG,fum oGif;wefaom ukefudk oGif;/ yd@k wefaom ukeu f kd yd@k / ay;wefaom olukd ay;jy;D pD;yGm;a&;avmuwGif ajcoGucf o hJ l jzpfonf? od@k ygaomfvnf; ajcvSrf;wpfcsurf mS ;jy;D tzrf;tqD; cH&rvkd jzpfch&J onft h wGuf taz ol. ajcvSr;f rsm;udk avSsmv h u dk o f nf? ol. aiGyifaiG&if;rsm;udk pdwcf s&olw@kd xHwiG f tawmftweff jrSKyfESHjyD; tcsKdŒudkvnf; tqifhjrifhwkdufcef;rsm;udk =udKyGdKifhESifh 0,f,lcJhonf? "pD;yGm;a&;vkyv f @dk raumif;bl;uG,"f [k ajymjyD; tdrw f Giyf if wDAaDG v; =unfhvu dk /f tacGav; =unfhvkduf/ wpfcgwpf&HwiG fvnf; taygif;toif;rsm;ESifh qkHvdu k Ef Sifh at;csrf;pGm yif aecJhonf? tazu ajcmufq,fh&SpfESpf jynfhawmhrnf jzpfaomfvnf; usef;rmonf? rnfonfha&m*grSsvnf; axGaxGxl;xl; r&dSay? eHeufwkdif;vnf; vrf;rSefrSefavSsmufqJ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

123

124

"ckacwfu oGm;ryg&if aeygap/ um;ygzkd@om ta&;=uD;wmwJh? igwkd@tazu oGm;awmif rusKd;ao;bl;? oGm;a&m/ um;a&m/ wkdufcef;a&m/ atwDtrfuwfa&m ydik fw,faemf? touf=uD;jyq D djk yD; pdwfcsraeeJ@" armifjzpfou l wD;wkd;uyfI ajymwwfonf? "olu wpfcgwav ae@cif;xGufoGm;wwfwm tpnf;ta0;qkdayrJh tpnf; ta0;rS r[kwfwm? ig odom;yJ/ tenf;tyg;awmh &dSrSmayg[ h m/ a,musfm;yJ[m? aemufjyD; tazhta=umif;vnf; eif odom;yJ" "odv@kd ayg[ h " olw@dk . zcif Z uav; &daS =umif; olw@dk i,fpOfuwnf; odc=hJ u&onf? r=umc% usdwfI idk&&Smaom tarh. 'kuQudkvnf; rSsa0cHpm;cJh=u&zl;onf? odk@aomf taru tvGefvdrRmonf[k qkd&rnf jzpfonf? olcHpm;ae&aom tdrfaxmifa&;jy\emrsm;udk armifESrt&if;rsm;udkyif todray;cJhay? tazh*k%foduQmudk vkH;0 rxdyg;apbJ usdwfjyD; &Sif;avh&o dS nf? xkd@a=umifh trsm;.tjrifwGif olwkd@. zcif=uD;onf tvGefopPmjrJjrHaom wnfwnf=unf=unf tdrfaxmifOD;pD;wpfa,muf jzpfaecJhavonf? tarawmfojzifh olwdk@wGif tarGjydKifvkrnfh tazwl ratuGJ armifESrrsm; &dSrvmcJhjcif; jzpfonfudk olwkd@armifESr aumif;pGm oabmaygufavonf? abmuawmfuvnf; ol@tarvkdyif tvdrRmzufol jzpfonf? taz. Z uav;udk ol. a,musfm;yif rod&atmif =udKjyD; umxm;Edkifol jzpfonf? taz [efaqmifaumif;jcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? olwum tbkd;=uD;rsm;vdk um&mtdkau qkdifoGm;jyD; yef;ukH;rpGyfwwfojzifhvnf; wpfzufrS aus;Zl;wif&onf? tar rqkH;rDu tazhoduQmudk taru vkdufxdef;ay;ae&aomfvnf; tarqkH;oGm;aom tcsdefwGifawmh tazjidrfvmonf? ol@oduQmudkvnf; ol@[mol xdef;wwfvmonf[k abmuawmf xifonf? 'Dtouf 'Dt&G, ftxd emrnfysuf r&dScJh&jcif;rSm tarhaus;Zl;a=umifh [lonfukv d nf; oabmaygufvm[ef &dSonf? okd@aomf olu tazhudk r,kH&Jao;onfuawmh trSefyif? &S,f,m0ifxm;aom ukrR%Drsm;rS tpnf;ta0;ac:vSsif/ ta=umif;=uD;i,f&dSI tjyifxGuf&vSsifyif um;usyf vGef;aom vrf;rsm;a=umifh tazu pdwfnpfonf? jrdKŒxJ oGm;&rnfudkvnf; 0efav;jyD; tdrfjrv J monf? taz tdrjf raJ ejyefawmh tdraf zmfvv S rS xm;&Jaom abmuawmf. 'kuu Q =u;D vmavonf? "toufuvnf; =u;D vSygjyD[m/ igwd@k tazvnf; jidrfavmufjyD xifyg&ŒJ " xko d d@k ajymrdvSsif ol. armifu [J[J [uf[uf &,fwwfonf? "a,musmf ;qkw d m a&ozef;yifvydk J tkad v oD;avwJh cifAs/ ajcmufq,fh&pS f qkw d m jzpfonf?

1 2 4 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

125

ckacwfrmS bmrsm;=uD;ao;vkd@vJ" "roD;awmhygbl; xifyg&JÅ&#x2019;[m? wpfcgwavawmh tjyifrSm wpfcgwavrSmaygh/ a,musfm;yJ[m? [kd;t&ifwek f;uvkd pGJpGJjrJjrJ jzpfrvm&if jyD;a&maygh" abmuawmfudk tazhudk r,kHr&J jzpfae&jcif;twGuf udk,fhudk,fudk,fvnf; tjypfwifrdonf? tazhtwGufvnf; pdwfraumif;vSay? tazhudk usdwfjyD; txiftjrif ao;aeovkd/ apmfum;aeovkdrsm; jzpfaervm;[k awG;rdwwfonf? tarqkH;pOfu tazhtouf ajcmufq,fausmfcgpav;yif &Sdao;onf? aemuftdrfaxmifxlrnfqkdvSsif xlEkdifao;aomfvnf; tazu rpOf;pm;cJhay? xkdwpfcsufwnf;ESifhyif aus;Zl;wifp&m aumif;vSjyD jzpfonf? "tck at;aew,f qkw d m rD;eJ@ rawG@ao;vk@d [/ rD;jyif;jyif;eJ@rsm; awG@=unfyh gvm;? igwkd@taz za,mif;wkdif=uD; [kef;ceJ x awmufjyD; t&nfaysmfoGm;rSm/ avmif;awmif avmif;vkdufcsifao;" tazhukd rauseyf&if;pGrJ @dk ol. armifu cyfzdzdajymjcif; jzpfonf[k abmuawmf u ,lqonf? rnfrsS yif use;f rmonf qkdqdk tazhqDok@d csif;eif;0ifa&mufvmaom Z&m. t&dyfta,mifrsm;u wjznf;jznf; xif&Sm;vmaejyD jzpfonf? aq;rsm; rulvSsifawmh tazhqyH ifrsm;onf azG;azG;jzLaejyD jzpfavonf? =unfyh gOD;/ tazhcrsm vrf;avSsmufvsS ifyif cg;uav; rodrom udkif;aejyDjzpfonf? em;rav;ao;[k xif&aomfvnf; ajymorSs pum;rsm;udk tvGJawG =um;wwfaejyD jzpfonf? wpfae@wkef;uyif w&kwfEdkifiHrSvmaom wnfoD; 0g0g=uD;rsm;udkl aps;rSmawG@I 0,fvmcJhonf? "tazpm;zdk@ w&kwfwnfoD;awG ygvmw,f" [k ajymawmh "w&kwf=u,foD;udk igu bmvkd@ pm;&rSmvJ" [k bkuef@vef@ jyefajymao;onf? "toufckepfq,fjynfhzdk@ ESpfESpfyJ vkdawmhw,f? rsufpdr_ef/ cg;udkif;jyD; em;vnf; av;aeygjyD[m? igwkd@taz at;csrf;jidrfoufaeygjy"D olu ajymawmh armifjzpfolu &,faejyefavonf? ajymr,fhom ajym& aomfv nf; abmuawmf. pdw fx JwG i fa wmh "igwkd@ tazu zGJ wpfq ky f rubl; / wpfawmif;vkH;awmif xrf;Edkifaeao;wmawmh trSefy"J [k awG;aerdavonf? ................... zGJwpfawmif; xrf;Edkifao;aom za,mif;wkdi f=uD;onf r=umrDyif rD; ESi fh awG@avawmhonf? jy\emu a':ukvm;r jzpfavonf? abma,muQr=uD; rD;ESifh rawG@rD olu tvsif a&ESihf awG@oGm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? naeydik ;f rkd;oJorJ rJ J&mG aom ae@wpfae@wGif a':ukvm;r rkd;rdavonf? rkd;a&awG wkwfwkwf&$Jum tdrfjyefa&mufvmjyD; nusawmh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

125

126

zsm;avawmhonf? a':ukvm;r zsm;avawmh OD;pGm 'kuQa&muf&olrSm abmuawmf jzpfavonf? a':uk v m;r a&muf r vmavawmh eH e uf a pmapmpmrS tpjyKI naepmtxd tqifrajycsifawmhay? a':ukvm;r. vufaxmuf ydefajcmufajcmufuav;u tkd;ol=u;D 0ifvkyaf vawmh rqvmawG azmazmoDoD cwfxm;aom =uufom;[if;u trnf;a&mif oef;aeonf? tpdrf;a=umfu aysmhjyD; jyJaeonf? rkefvmOcsOf&nf[if;u aygh&$wf&$wfESifh t&om r&dSvSacs? naeusawmh a':uk vm;rudk zke f; quf j yD ; tusKd ;ta=umif ; ar;onf? ud, k af wGvufawG udu k cf jJ y;D acsmif;vnf; r&yfrem;qk;d aeojzifh rvmedik af o;a=umif; qufjy;D cGi fhwkdi fonf? abmuawmfu tzsm;ul; rSm pkd;ojzifh twif;rvmckdi f;aomfvnf; csLoHygatmif nnf;&Smavonf? "'Dvkdqkd&if rD;av;udk v$wfay;r,f tpfr/ olu jydKifyGJawGrSmawmif tjrJ qk&aewm? u|efrxuf ydkjyD; tcsuftjyKwf aumif;w,f" "atmifrav; aus;Zl;wifvkdufwm a':ukvm;r&,f/ qufquf v$wfay; vkdufprf;yg" odk@ESifhyif Zmwfvrf; p cJh=ujcif; jzpfavonf? ................... abmuawmf rodonfu rD;rD;av;onf a':ukvm;rxuf q,fq ydkvSum q,fqru ydkI vl&nfvnfonf[laom ta=umif;udkyif jzpfonf? a':ukvm;ru &ifarmufarmuf/ wifaumufaumufESifh Adkufuvnf; awmfawmfylavonf? ol@udkrsm; ab;wkduf=unfhvkdufvSsif pmwwfcgp uav;wpfa,muf =udK;pm;yrf;pm; a&;xm;aom ykHpHcyfysufysuf ei,f=uD;ESifh wlavonf? rD;rD;av; =uD;vmvSsifawmh ol@rdcifvkd jzpfaumif; jzpfrnf[k xifp&m &dSonf? odk@ygaomfvnf; ,cktcsdefrSmawmh ol. tcsKd;tpm;onf a':ukvm;r. tcsKd;tpm;udk av;ESifh pm;xm;onfESifh wlavonf? xkd@a=umifh tom;av;jzLjzL/ t&yfav; jrifhjrifh/ cg;usOfI Adkuf&Syfum &ifuav; rodrom armuf/ wifuav; rodrom aumufaom ol. aumufa=umif;uav;u awmfawmfav; vSavonf? rsucf ;Hk / rsuv f ;kH vSonft h jyif E_wfcrf;uav;uvnf; tjrJjyKH;aewwfao;onf? rD;rD;av;udkawG@awmh abmuawmfcrsm &ifawmfawmf yloGm;&Smonf? "a':ukvm;r&JŒ orD;u tvSpm;av;ygvm;" [k tmarËdwf jyK&if; tdrfwGif &dS&dSorSs yk&dorsm;twGuf pdk;&drfoGm;onf? odk@ygaomfvnf; "okH; av;&ufeJ@awmh udpP r&dSavmufygbl;av" [k jyefawG;&if; ajzodrfh&onf? 1 2 6 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

127

rD;rD;av;. vuf&monf ol@tarvkdyif pm;aumif;ygonf? vuf&majymif; uav;jzpfI ydkIyif cHwGif;vkduaf eao;avonf? rD;rD;av;udk,fwdik f apmif=h unfhjy;D vko d rSs vkdufxnfhay;aeawmh a,musmf ;om;av;OD;u tdajEN=uD;ae=uonf? cgwdkif;vkd qlqlnn H H pum;oHrsm; r=um;&bJ xrif;0dkif;u jidrfaeonf? "nusrS pdwful;&vkd@ wpfckck pm;csif&ifvnf; rD;qDudk zkef;qufvkdufygaemf/ aemufae@twGuf tm;vkH;tqifajyatmif rD; pDpOfay;yghr,f" rD;rD;av;u ol.zke;f eHygwfudk ajymonf? "ig;uif a':=uD;ukvm;r uifay;wmrsKd;" abmom;uav;qDrS toHu OD;pGmxGufvmonf? rD;rD;av;u jyKH;jyKH;av; acgif;ndwfonf? "ydkaumif;ap&r,f" [lIvnf; tmrcHvkdufao;onf? abmuawmfu tazudk OD;pm;ay;um "tazua&m bmav;rsm; pm;csifovJ[if" [k ar;onf? abma,muQr=uD;u "bmav;jzpfjzpf &ygw,fu, G /f rsm;rsm;vnf; rpm;Edkifygbl;" [k at;aq;pGm ajymonf? xkd@aemuf "ae@cif;us&ifawmh EGm;Edk@ylylav;wpfcGuf tcef;xJ ydk@ckdif;ay;yg orD;&,f" [k ajymonf? rD;rD;av;udk vSnfhapmif; Iyif r=unfhbJ ol@ orD; udkom ol tdajEN&pGm ajymonfhtwGuf tazudk tuJcwfaeaom abma,mufzyif twefi,f auseyfoGm; avonf? od@k aomf ol@zcifu ol@xuf wpfuu G rf u rsm;pGm omaea=umif; abma,mufz rod&mS ay? abmuawmfu "ae@cif;us&if bl;xJu aumif;[uf EGm;Ed@k udk ylatmif jyefusKjd y;D tazhqDudk ydk@ay;aemf" [k ydefajcmufajcmufuav;udk rSmjyD; abmESifhtwl tjyifxGuf oGm;onf? abma,mufzuvnf; xkH;pHtwkdif; ol.w,fvDzkef;qkdifudk oGm;onfrSm naeapmif;rS jyefa&mufawmhrnf jzpfonf? abmom;ESihf orD;wk@d vnf; qdik &f moifwef;rsm; oGm;=uonf? xkdtcsdefwGif rD;rD;av;qDok@d w,fvDzkef;owif;u wdefceJ a&mufvmonf? "EGm;Edk@&jyDvm;" wJ?h rD;rD;av;vnf; vSpfceJ jyKH;vkdufrdonf? xrif;0dkif;wGif ajymvkdufaom ol. w,fvDzkef;eHygwfudk wpfcsDwnf; tvGwf&atmif rSwfvkduEf dkifaom bkd;bkd;. OD;aESmuf udkvnf; csD;usL;vkdufro d nf? "&ygjyD OD;? qm;av;eJ@ aomufrvm;/ o=um;av;eJ@ aomufrvm; =udKufwm ajymygaemf" tbk d ; [k ac:oif ha omfv nf; rD; rD ; av;u "OD ; " [k y if ac:vk d u fo nf? tjyefpum;uvnf; csufcsif;yif a&mufvmonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

127

128

"bmeJ@yJjzpfjzpf rD;av;ud, k fwikd f vmyd@k ygvm;" "[kwf OD;" rD;rD;av;u EGm;Edk@ylylav;udk o=um;cwfjyD; ydefajcmufajcmufuav;udk tazmf ac:um ud, k w f idk f oGm;yd@k onf? tbk;d =u;D u ydeaf jcmufajcmufukd a0hceJ wpfcsuf =unfv h u dk jf y;D "at; xm;cJh/xm;cJh" [k at;aq;pGm ajymonf? rD;rD;av;uvnf; "vkdwm&dS&if ajymyg bkd;bkd;" [k &dk&dkusKd;usKd; ajymvkdufonf? tar wpfpGef;wpfp ajymzl;I abma,muQr rnfrSs csrf;omoenf; rD;rD; odxm;onf? okd@ygaomfvnf; olu tarodoavmufyif od&onfrkd@ &dk;&dk;at;at; tbkd;=uD;[k xifxm;cJhonf? ig;jrSm;csdwfudk t&ifqkH; ajy;[yfrnfh ig;=uD;[k rxifcJhrday? tckawmh ajrGajrGcsif; ajcjrifvkdufjyD jzpfonf? a':ukvm;r. orD;onf a':ukvm;rvkd [if;csuf&ef wpfckwnf;udkom pdwf0ifpm;aeol r[kwfa=umif;udk bkd;bkd;=uD;uvnf; tuJcwfwwfvdrfhrnf[k xifygonf? rD;rD;u rqvmudk omru tojymudkvnf; pdw0f ifpm;wwfygonf? yde fajcmufa jcmufonf a':ukvm;rudk ulovkd rD; rD;udkvnf; ul&onf? a':ukvm;rESifhtwl csuf&pOfu pum;wajymajymESifhrkd@ aysmfp&maumif;aomfvnf; rD; rD ;uawmh ol@ ukd vSn fhIyif r=unfhE dki f&Sm ay? wwdefwde fE S ifh a&mufv maom rufaqhcsfrsm;udk wpfcsdefvkH; ajzae&Smaoma=umifh jzpfonf? "rrrD;u rD;zdkacsmifxJuawmif rxGufbl;/ bkd;bkd;=uD;twGuf EGm;Edk@udkawmh u|efreJ@twl oGm;ydk@w,f? bk;d bkd;=uD;u vSnfhawmif r=unfhbl;? at; xm;cJh/ xm;cJh qkdvd@k xm;jy;D csufcsif; jyefxGufvmcJh=ua&m" abmuawmf jyefa &mufvmawmh yde fajcmufa jcmufuav;u olodorSs tpD&ifcH&onf? abmuawmfvnf; twkdif;xuftvGef auseyfoGm;&Smavonf? xkdtcsed w f iG f rD;rD;u ol@qDa&mufvmaom "rD;u vSw,f" [laom pmwef;av;udk zwf&if; jyKH;aeavonf? xdk@aemuf "OD;vnf; i,fwkef;u acsmrSmyg" [k jyefydk@vkdufonfudk odrsm;odvSsif abmuawmfcrsm tawmf=uD; tonf;em&Smrnf jzpfonf? "tqifajy&JŒvm; rD;rD;&,f" ol@orD; jyefa&mufvmawmh a':ukvm;ru pdwfylyifpGm ar;onf? rD;rD;u "tqifajyw,f qkdwmxufawmif ydkjyD; ajyao;w,f tar&JŒ" [k jyefajzvkdufonf? "at;uG,/f tarawmh aemufokH;&ufavmufawmh em;rS jzpfr,f xifw,f? tzsm;usayr,fh acsmif;qkd;wmu ckxd raysmufbl;" "&ygw,f tar&,f/ at;at;aq;aq; em;yg? rD;vnf; vkyfEdkifygw,f? tm;vkH; rD;wm0ef xm;vkduf" 1 2 8 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

129

rD;rD;u wm0ef,lawmh ol@zcif udkukvm;=uD;a&m/ a':ukvm;ryg aus;Zl;awG wifae=uonf? uku d v k m;=u;D u "orD;av;wpfa,mufqdk qko d avmuf tm;ud;k &w,fu, G /f tarudk tifrwef nSmwJh orD;" [k wzGzG csD;usL;aeawmh a':ukvm;rvnf; yDwda0ae &avonf? "rdbudk odwwfwJh om;orD;rsKd;[m b,fawmhrS rqif;&Jbl;? vkdtifqEN tjrJ jynfh&rSmyJ" [lIvnf; =uKHorSsvludk ajym&OD;rnf? rD;rD;. vkdtifqEN jynfh0onfuawmh trSefyif? av;&ufajrmufae@wGiaf wmh "rD;av; bmvkcd siv f "J [laomtqifh jzpfvmonf? rD;rD;uvnf; vkd&if;wkd&Sif; jyefajzvkdufonf? "tkdifzkef;" [k...? tbkd;=uD;qDrS tajzu csufcsif; jyefrvm? xkd@a=umifh rD;u xyfydk@vku d fonf? "tar aeaumif;jyD OD;/ eufjzefqkd&if rD; rvmawmhb;l aemf wmh wm" rD; rvmawmhbl; [laom pum;u [wfxo d mG ;ykH &onf? csufcsif;ay:vmaom pmwef;av;u "awG@csifw,f" wJh? "b,frSmvJ" "tjyifrSm" "[ifhtif;" "......[kdw,f rSmav/ ae@cif; wpfem&D" "[ifhtif;...." "OD; apmifhaer,f" "[ifhtif; ....." "rD;jyef&if tdrft0if0u r,fawmf=uD; *rkef;yifaemufukd =unfhvkdu"f "wu,fvm;" "vmrSmvm;" "tif; ....." rD;rD;jyefawmh r,fawmf=uD; *rkef;yif=uD;. t&Gufzm;zm;rsm; =um;xJodk@ tom uJ=unfhvkdufonf? yvwfpwpftdwf trnf;av;ESifh oyfoyf&yf&yf xkyfxm;aom txkyfuav;wpfckudk awG@&onf? rD;rD;u auseyfpGm jyKH;I tom aumuf,lum vufukid ftw d x f J xnfhvkduaf vonf? ................... aemufwpfae@usawmh rD;ysuo f nf? rD;ysufawmhvnf; avat;pufrsm; rvnfEkid f awmhay? ol@tcef;udk ESpfq,fhav;em&DywfvkH; avat;pufzGifhxm;aom zciftwGuf abmuawmf pdwfraumif; jzpf&onf? "'Dae@ taz uHraumif;bl; xifw,f" reufwek ;f uawmh tazu tpnf;ta0;oGm;&rnf[k ajymonf? tdrrf S xGuo f mG ; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

129

130

pOfuawmh &$if&$ifvef;vef;yif?tazhqDrS a&ar$;e@H&I olu usdwfjyD; jyKH;rdao;onf? nae av;em&Da vmufusawmh taz jyefa&mufvmonf? ol@ tcef;xJ wef;0ifoGm ;jyD; jyefxGufrvmawmh? rsufESm=uD;vnf; ykyfaeavonf? um;armif;oludk wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwf ar;=unfah wmh "tpnf;ta0;rSm rD;rvmbl;wJh rr" [k ajymonf? a[m....tckvnf; 'DrD;u ysujf yefjy?D tazhcrsm 0&efwmxGujf y;D ,yfawmif wzsyzf syf cwfae&&Smonf? abmuawmf u oHy&m&nfat;at;av; azsmfjyD; tazhudk oGm;ay;onf? "taz tylenf;enf; oufomoGm;atmif oHy&m&nfat;at;av; aomufvu dk f ygvm;[if" ol@pum;xJwiG f bmtrSm;rS rygbEJ iS hf taz bmvk@d 'Davmuf pdwq f ;dk oGm;&oenf; abmuawmf pOf;pm;I r&&Smacs? oHy&m&nfcGufudk aqmifhwGef;ypfvkdufjyD; x atmfvkduf onfrSm wpfwkdufv;kH yif wkefoGm;avmufonf? "oufomrvm; [/ rD;rS rvmwm" wJh?

rpENm

(2015ckepf/ Ekd0ifbmvxkwf a&$tjrKawr*~Zif;rS)

1 3 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

131

bmomjyef tcef;quf a'gufwmbarmf .

&kef;xGufcJh&aomjrefrmjynf

Ba Maw BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA Memoirs Of a Revolution 1939 - 1946

oef;0if;vSkdif (jyefqdkonf) rl&if;pma&;q&m a'gufwmbarmf. (Breakthrough in Burma) vuf&mjzpfonf?a'gufwmbarmfonf udkvdkeD acwfynmwwf 0wfvHka&S@aewpfOD;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH.udkvdkeDacwf 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;wpfOD;/ zufqpf*syefacwf t"dywdtm%m&SifwpfOD;/ twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD; jzpfcJhbl;olwa,mufjzpfum/ oljzwfoef;}uHKawG@cJh&aom jrefrmjynf. EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfudk tajccHI a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf? pma&;q&m oef;0if;v_difrS bmomjyefI a&;om;xm;onfudk tvif;tdrfrStcef;quftjzpf az:jyvdkufygonf? acwfwpfacwf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;ordkif; jzpfpOfudk acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf jzpfcJhol. a&;om;csufudk avhvmod&SdEdkif&ef wifjyvdkufygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;

,cifvrStquf

vlrsdK;a&;yÃ&#x2039;dyuQ

ppftwGif; jrefrm*syefqufqHa&;jy\emrSm ta&;ygonfhtav#muf ae&m tcsdK@wGif u|eyfk fazmfjycJh+yD;jzpfygonf? odk@wdik f u|ekyf ftaejzifh ydkIjynfph pHk Gm azmfjyvdkygonf? Tjy\emwGif bufESpb f uf &Sdaeovdk axmifhEpS faxmifph vH;k rS u|eyfk af jymygrnf? *syefEiS fh jrefrmwdk@ xdawG@vdku&f csdefrSm wpfwdkif;wjynfvHk; tkyfcsKyfa&;ysufjym;I wyftrsdK;rsdK;rS ta,mifaqmifolcdk;/ "g;jyrsm; x=uG aomif;usef;aeaom A&kwfA&uf umv}u;D jzpfonf? xdkumvtwGif; *syefESifhjrefrmwdk@twGuf vlrsdK;a&; awmfvSefa&;ESifh yk*~dKvfa&; ponfwdk@rSmvnf; avsmh&J&Jjzpfvmonf? trSeftm;jzifh ppfumvtwGif; EdkifiHjcm; wyfrsm;odrf;ydkufxm;onfh e,fajrtwGif;jzpfwwfonfh tajcaewpfckvnf; jzpfonf? vufeuf&do S lwk@d v$r;f rd;k onfh umvvnf; jzpfonf? jrefrmjynfYvnf; tvm;wljzpfonf? tjcm;jy\emwpfcrk mS jrefrmESifh*syefppfwyfESpfckrSm olwdk@ar#mv f ifhrxm;onfh tajctae wpfckwGif &kwfw&uf awG@vdkuf=u&ovdk tjzpfysufwdk@uvnf; jrefqefvGef;vSonf? olowdk@vuftwGif; a&mufvmonfhatmifyGJESifh =oZmtm%muvnf; }uD;rm;onf? &v'frlum;ESpfzufvHk;rSm olwdk@vHk;0rodyJ tajcaew&yfwGif ydwfrdae+yD; olwdk@udk,fwdkif tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

131

132

&kef;xGufr& xdef;csKy fr& jzpfaeonf? aemufqufwGJ &v'fwpfckrSm t=uGif;rJhppf. &ef@&if;=urf;wrf;aom &dkufcwfr_rsm;a=umifh jzpfymG ;&onfh vlrsdK;a&;xdyfwu dk f wdk;rdjcif;jzpf onf? qdkcJhaomta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm a,bl,tm;jzifhrSefuefygonf? odk@wdkif yËdyuQ udk zefwD;ay;vdkufonfh oD;jcm;tcsufESifhjzpf&yfrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? ,if;wdk@teuf ta&;ygonfhtcsufrSm ppftwGif;*syefwdk@. trltusifhjzpfonf? ajym&v#if *syefppfwyf twGif;rS *syefppf0g'Dwdk@u jrefrmwdk@tay: rdkufrdkuf&dkif;&dkif; qufqH&Hkomr[kwf jrefrmh t&if;tjrpfwdk@udk ppftwGuf xifovdk oHk;pGJcJhonfrSm oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkyg? ppfESifhppfyGJu zefwD;ay;vdkufonfh t&yf&yftajcaetm;vHk; &ke f@ &if;=urf;&So nfrSm rSefy gonf? od@k wdik *f syefw@kd . =urf;wrf;r_rsm;rSm urf;ukeaf e+y[ D yk if qdk&ygrnf? od@k twGuv f nf;jrefrmESihf ta&S@awmiftm&SvlrsdK;rsm;. trSwfonmwGif *syefppf0g'Dwdk@. armufrmr_ &dkif;pdkif;r_ESifh =uGm;0gr_wdk@udk trSwfxifxifpGJusefae&pfcJhjcif; jzpfonf? qdkcJhovdk tcsuftvufESifh tjzpftysufwdk@udk a&S@qufavhvmrnfqdkv#if yuwdtaetxm;udk u|efkyfwdk@taeESifhydkI em;vnfvdrfhrnf[k xifonf? txl;ojzifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;wae&mwGif t=uGif;rJhppfyGJudkE$J=u&onfh ppfwyfrsm;enf;wl jrefrmjynfa&muf *syefppfwyfrsm;rSm *syefEdkifiH&Sd tqdkygwyfrsm;rSm tapmydkif; atmifyGJrsm;ESifh &rf;rl; vm=uonf? t"rRtr_udp Pr sm; usL;vGef vm=uonf? ydkIqdk;0g;onfr Sm tqdkyg ppfwyftwGif;rS pdwf}uD;0ifaeaom ppf0g'Drsm;. tjyKtrlrsm;jzpfonf? yxrydkif;wGif ppf0g'Dtenf;i,fr#om&Sdaomfvnf; ta&@zsm;a'orS *syefwyfrsm; a&mufvmonfhtcg olw@kd vlprk mS rsm;vmonf? ‚tkypf u k kd ud&k ;D ,m;tkyfp[ k k a&S@wpfae&mY &nf!e$ ;f cJhjcif;rSm ‚wdk@taeESifh w&kwfrefcsL;udk;ESifh udk&D;,m;wdk@wGif udkvdkeDppfyGJrsm ;ESihf tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif wm0efxrf;cJh=uonfhtwGuf jzpfonf? TuJhodk@ tr_xrf;ae&if; tm&Swdkufom;tm;vHk;onf *syefwdk@udk OD;!Gwf&rnf [laomayga=umifa=umif pdwful;rsm;&vmcJh=uonf? vufawG@atmifjrifr_rsm;uvnf; ol w dk@ twG uf wvd r fh v d r f hv maeonf ? ‚wdk@ wGi f trl tusif hE S i fh tmom&ruf a[mif;rsm;ESifhtwl tdyfrufopfrsm; &Sdaeonf? tm&S.uH=urRm (odk@) tm&S.=oZm tm%mud k ol w dk @ ,H k = unf o nf ? tqdk y g uH = urR m twG u f a&mufa v&m&mwG i f olw@kd tvkyv f yk zf @kd qHk;jzwfxm;=uonf? TwGit f a&S@awmiftm&S. a&wyfpcef;XmecsKyu f kd puFmylwGif wnfaxmifvdkuo f nfhtcg ‚wdk@.tm%mpufrSm ydkIus,fjyef@vmonf? tqdkyga&wyfpcef;rSm {u&mZf.aqGrsdK;om;csif;jzpfonfh +rdK@pm; wm&m*kcsD. uGyfuJr_ atmufwGif &Sdonf? ‚tcsufwpfckwnf;onfyif ta&S@awmiftm&S. udk&D;,m; ay:vpDtwGuf tqHk;tjzwfjzpfawmhonf? trSeftm;jzifh udk&D;,m;tkyfpktaeESifh jrefrmjynfESifhywfoufI jywfom;onfh 1 3 2 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

133

ay:vpD &So d nfr[kw?f +Aw d o d #w@dk udk wdkux f w k fI wdik ;f jynfukd jrefrmwdk@vufxJ jyefxnfzh dk@ ppfwdkufaeonfvm;/ olwdk@twGuf ppfwdkufaeonfvm; qdkonfudkyif uGJuGJjym;jym; em;vnfxm;olrsm;r[kw?f udk&D;,m; (odk@) refcsL;ud;k wd@k udk &cJo h nfeh nf;wl jrefrmudv k nf; wenf;enf;ESifh &vdrrfh nf[kom pOf;pm;rdorl sm;jzpfonf? jrefrmwd@k . ordik f;a&;ESihf Edik if Ha&; a&cHajrcHwdk@udk tenf;i,fr#yifavhvm xm;jcif;r&SdyJ olwk@d .udkvedk DppfyEGJ iS fh udv k edk De,fajr rsm;wGif vkyfaeusenf;twdkif; jrefrmwdk@udk qufqHvmonf? jynfolwdk@xHrS tcGifhxl;udk awmif;qdv k monf? ypPn;f ud, k o l nf/ vluq kd o JG nf/ jrefrmjynfow l @kd udk !Si;f yef;ESyd pf ufonf? yg;&du k fonf? olw@kd udk,o f lw@dk ocifvrl sdK;rsm;[k =umG ;vH;k xkwfI jrefrmwdk@udk emcHcidk f;onf? tqdkygtajcaeum; {+yD /ar / ZGefv rsm;wGiftawmfqdk;0g;vmonf? jrefrmwdk@twGuf rcHr&yfekid fjzpfvmonf? od@k wdik f T'kux Q ufyq kd ;kd onfh 'kuu Q m; jrefrmtcsif;csif; ay;onfh 'kujQ zpfonf? txl;ojzifh bD tdkif at twGif;rSrolawmfrsm;ESifh ‚wdk@.uyfyg;rsm;u *syefppf0g'Dwdk@udk "g;&dk;urf;cJh=uonf? Oya'rJh&rf;um;r_rsm;udk ESdrfeif;&efqdkonfh ta=umif;jycsufjzifh ydkItwifh&Jvm=uonf? +Aw d o d #wk@d r&Sdawmhonft h wGuf vlrsKd ;a&;t}uw d t f cJrsm; ydkI}u;D xGm;vmonf? t&yf&yf c|wfcsHKusvmonfh qkwf,kwfr_r sm; onf;xefvmonfESi fhtr# *syefESi fh jrefrmwdk@um; olwk@d rvdkvm;onfh yËdyuQtwGif; ydwfrdaeawmhonf? odk@wdkif xdkvrsdK;wdk@ rwlnDonfhp&dkufvuQ%mrsm;ESifh ordkif;wdk@twGif; tm;aumif;armif;oef &Sdaeonfh tiftm;rsm;rlum; a&SmifvGJIr&awmhacs? pifppfyËdyuQjzpf&onfhta=umif;rsm;wGif jrefrmwd@k .c|w, f iG f;csurf sm;vnf;&Sdonf? bDtdkiaf t wyf}u;D um; }uKH &musyef;pkaqmif;I avsmh&davsmh&J zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh vufeufudkif vltkyf}uD;xufrydka=umif; u|efkyf&Sif;vif; azmfjycJ+h y;D jzpfonf? olw@kd YvufeufEiS hf pm;a&&dumQ rjynfph kH vHak vmufonfh ppfoifwef;r&S?d odk@twGufvt kd yfor#udk &wwf&m&mae&mrsm;rS qGJ,pl ak qmif;cJh =u&onf? TtajcaerSm vdktyfonfxuf ydkuJvmonfhtcg w&m;vufvGwf aomif;usef;r_rsm; jzpfvmonf? bD tdkif at wGif rjynfhpHkr_ rsm;pGm&Sdonfhteuf t}uD;rm;qHk;c|wf,Gif;csufrSm rSefuefonfh acgif;aqmifr_jzpfonf? *syefwdk@.atmifjrifr_ESifhtwl wpfpwpfpus,fjyef@ vmonfh vufeufudkif vltkyf}uD;udk xdef;csKyfEdkifrnfh uspfvpfonfh acgif;aqmifr_r&Sd? bD tdik f at . tm%mtm;vH;k um; Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ;wpfO;D wnf;vufxw J iG &f adS eonf? olu, kd w f ikd u f Oya'jzpfaeonf? ol.wpfckwnf;aom qENrSmvnf; bD tdkif at udk tjrefqHk;ESifh jzpfEikd o f r# }u;D xGm;vmzd@k jzpfonf? od@k twGu? f &wwfor# rpDppfra&G;cs,yf J vufccH o hJ nf? ydkIqdk;0g;onfum; rpDppfra&G;cs,fbJ vkyfydkifcGi fh tm%mrsm; ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? jref r mt&m&S d r sm;taeES i fh v nf ; ol w dk@ .wyf p ki ,f av;rsm;tay: xd a &mufo nfh xdef;csKyfr_r&Sd? odk@jzifhwyfzGJ@rsm;rSm olwdk@oabmESifholwdk@ v_yf&Sm;vm&m bD tdkif at rSm tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

133

134

udk,fhae&m udk,fha'oESifh udk,fpDrHcef@cGJaeonfh vufeufudkifrsm;ozG,fjzpfvmonf? ‚tky fpkr sm;twGi f; &Sda eonfh acgif; aqmifqd konfrSm vnf; wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk; wpfckwnf;. OD;aqmifr_omjzpfonf? *syefwdk@u &efolwdk@udk t+yD;tjywfacsr_ef;aeovdk ocifw@dk uvnf; tjcm;ygwED iS hf tzG@J tpnf;wd@k udk T&nf&, G cf sujf zifh qufqHvm=uonf? tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf; ygwDwdk@. axmufcHr_udkvdktyfaeonfh tcsdeftcgrsdK;wGif olwdk@u &efvkyfae=uonf? odk@jzifh &v'ftaeESifhum; wpfwdkif;wpfjynfvHk; zGwfzGwfa=u oGm;onf? vlrsdK;a&;ESifhygwDtcsif;csif; yËdyuQrsm; pwifawmufavmifvmawmhonf? tvm;wl bD tdkif at ESifh*syefppf0g'Dwdk@ t}udwftcJrsm;vnf; }uD;xGm;vmonf? arvwGif Adkvrf ;dk }udK;ESiAhf v kd fcsKyaf tmifqef;wdk@ tajcaet&yf&yfudk oabmayguf ojz ihf Aef;armfw Gi f avhusifha &;ausmif;zGifhI bD tdki f at udk jyKjyifa jymif;vJz dk@ }udK ;pm;cJh= uonfhw dki f tcsde fu m; aemufu soGm ;+yD jzpf onff ? TwGi f uifa ywdk if =um;0ifvmum +rdK@rsm;rS bD tdkif at wyfzGJ@rsm;udk xkwfypfzdk@}udK;pm;vmonf? TY tajcaewpf& yfvHk;udk oabmaygufem;vnfzdk@&m jrefrmESi fh*syefwdk@. vlrsdK;a&; tajccHppf}u;D tay: xm;onfo h abmxm;/ ,Hk=unfr_wk@d udk oabmaygufzk@d vdkayvdrrfh nf? qdck ho J vdk wpfzufEiS w hf pfzuf yËdyuQ wif;rmvmonft h av#muf *syefw@dk wdu k cf u kd faeonfh ppf}u;D rSmvnf; ppfyef;vmonf? ysupf ;D qH;k &H_;r_awGrsm;vmonf? ta&S@zuf ppfrsufESmwGif h*syefwdk@&H_;edrfhpjyKvmonfhtcg tEdkifbufajy;uyfcsifonfhqENrsm; jrefrmwdk@t=um;wGif rodrom jzpfay:vmovdk *syefw@dk taeESifhvnf; ppf&H_;rnfudktxdwfwvef@jzpfvmonf? Ttcsufonf jrefrmESifh*syefwdk@ qufqHa&;udk ydkIwif;rmvmovdk *syefwdk@tcsif; csif;vnf; oabmxm;uGJvGJvmonf? tprSjyefaumuf&v#if *syefwdk@rSm ppfEdkifolrsm;tjzpf a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? txl; ojz ifh ppf0g'Drsm;taeESifh ta&S@tm&SrSm rdrdwdk@ajcz0g;atmufwGif&Sdonf[k tpG&J Sd=uonf? odk@wdik f jrefrmwd@k taeESihf *syefw@kd rSm tm&Swku d o f m;rsm; jzpfonft h av#muf tm&SEdkifiHw@dk . vGwv f yfa&;twGuf ulnDaeonf[laom tawG;xuf bmr#rydk? TYyif vlrsKd ;ESprf sKd ;wd@k . oabmxm;rsm;u awmifEiS afh jrmufjzpfaeonf? tjcm;tcsuw f pfcsufrmS ‚wd@k .tjyKtrlw@kd udk rvGrJ aoGyakH zmfay;aeonfh vlrsKd ;a&;todjzpfonf? twdwo f rdik ;f u yHkoGif;ay;vdkufonfh b0ay;todvnf;jzpfonf? Oyrm jrefrmwdk@wGif acwfrDppfa&; tawG@t}uHKr&Sd? ,ckvdkurBmESifhcsDI wdkucf dkufae&onfh t=uGif;rJhppf}uD;udk rqdkxm;ESifh rsKd ;qufaygi;f rsm;pGm wdu k cf u kd cf &hJ onfh ppf[I l yifr&S?d ‚wd@k }uKH awG@bl;onfh ppfyq JG o kd nfrmS (a'oppfyrGJ sm;)omjzpfonf? TtxJwGif vtenf;i,ftwGif; atmifyGJ&cJhonfh *syefwdk@ atmifyGJvnf; yg0ifonf? odk@twGufppfyGJqdkonfrSm jrefqefIvG,fulvdrfhrnf[lIvnf; ,Hk=unfae 1 3 4 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

135

=uonf? ,ckvnf; *syefwdk@.wyfaemufqG,frSvdkufum atmifyGJtoD;tyGifhwdk@udk aumuf,cl Jh=uonf? *syefw@kd u rD;uke, f rf;ukef a&S@rSwu kd cf u dk af ecsed w f iG f jrefrmwdk@twGuf atmifyGJESifh+yD;qHk;oGm;onfh ppf}uD;taejzifh aeEdkifcJh=uonf? Todk@ayghayghvG,fvG,f oabmxm;&onfrSmvnf; ta=umif;&Sdonf? jrefrmwdk@rSm&mpkwpfESpfvHk;vHk; udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif aexdkifcJh&olrsm;yDyD ppfESifh,Ofyg;I }uD;jyif;vmzdk@ ta=umif;r&SdcJh? ppfa&;tawG@ t}uHK tavht usifhwdk@ESifh uif; uGm ae=u&onf? odk@ wdkif* syefwdk@ rl ppfESifh,Ofyg;I wdkifcsifcdkufcsifolawGjzpfonf? ppf.onf;xef}uD;rm;aom ta=umif; w&m;wdk@udkodo nf? olwdk@.&Sifoefwnfwef@r_twGuf wpfa ,mufusefonftxd wdkufcdkuf&rnfudk b,fawmhrSrarh? odk@ES,f jrefrmwdk@ESifhqufqH&mwGifvnf; tqdkyg oabmxm;rS wpfqcH snrf # tav#mrh ay;/ wu,fawmh olw@kd ud, k o f lw@kd tav#mhray;ovdk tjcm;olrsm;udkvnf; tav#mhay;zd@k pOf;pm;cJh=uonfr[kwf? od@k jzifhtem*gwf tusw d t f cJ rsm;ESifh aemufqHk;aygufuJrG _twGuf tqdkygenf;vrf;udk jyifqifcJh=uonf? tjcm;tcsufwpfckrSm jrefrmESifh *syefwdk@wGifvufawG@ ta=umif;w&m;rsm; ud k, f p D& Sd= uonf? jref r mwd k@ .tod t & vGw f v yfa &;wdk u f y G J twG u f *syef w d k @ u ulnDaeonf[lIjrifonf? odk@wdkif vufawG@rSmrl *syefwdk@.tultnDr&onfhtjyif jrefrmwdk@uom *syefwdk@. ppfa&;&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf &Sdor#yHkatm ulnDae&onf? odk@jzifh jrefrmwdk@taeESifh *syefwdk@ESifh vufwGJppfwdkufae&aom &nf&G, fcsufrsm; aysmufuG,foGm ;+yD; *syefE Si fhjrefr mwdk@udk vufawG@ pkpnf; xm;onfh yËdnmOfr sm; uif;rJo h Gm;awmhonf? odk@jzifh jrefrmESih*f syefw@dk rSm rodrom cGmjyJvmovkd jrefrmtrsmpkrmS rdrdwdk@tay: usL;vGefazmufzsufr_wdk@udk oabmayguf em;vnfvm=uonf? aemufqHk; tqdkygtajctaeudk apmifhaeonfh taemuftiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;buf yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ul;ajymif;oGm;=uawmhonf? Todk@uaomif;ueif;jzpfaeonfh tajcaet&yf&yfudk +Aw d do#wdk@u 0g'jzef@csDI u|rf;usifpGm toHk;cscJh=uonfudkv nf; u|efky fwdk@ em;vnftyfygonf? *syefwdk@. =urf;=uKwf&ufpufr_rsm; azmufzsurf _rsm;udk yuwdtajctae xufcsJ@um;I v$ifhch=J u+yD; rdr dw dk @ bufy gatmif pnf; &H k; cJh =uonf? ppf 0g'Dr sm;taeESi fhr l tcsd K@rS m vlr sdK;a&; tpGo J eforl sm;jzpfovdk wapmufuef; wpfa=umif;qGJ tjrif&o dS lrsm;jzpfonf? tjcm;olwk@d udk em;vnfzdk@ r}udK;pm;ovdk rdrdwdk@udkvnf;em;vnfatmif rpGrf;aqmifEdkifolrsm;jzpfonf? odk@twGufa=umifyh if ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkiif Hrsm;wGif ‚wdk@vkyfukid fcJhonfh tr_udpPrsm;rSm rSm;onfjzpfap rSefonfjzpfap jynfolwdk@tjrifY trSm;[lIom xifjrifaeawmhonf? ppf0g'rD sm;u t&m&mudk *syeftjrifEiS o hf m=unfo h nf? ydI k qd;k onfum; olw@kd ESiq hf ufqo H nfh tjcm;olrsm;udkvnf; TtjrifESifhom =unfhcdkif;onf? ‚wdk@rsufESmrlaeonfh yef;wdkifESifh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

135

136

tusdK;pD;yGm;rSmvnf; wpfckwnf;om&Sdonf? ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;twGuf wpfckwnf;aomuH=urRmESifh *syefwdk@. tusdK; tjrwfjzpfonf? *syefux dk m0&rSaD e&onfh refcsL;udk;ESifh udk&D;,m;wd@k vdk EdkifiHawGjzpfonf? Todk@vlrsdK;a&;wpfzufapmif;eif; tajctaet& *syefppf0g'Drsm;ESifh ta&S@awmiftm&S jynfolwdk@. qufqHa&;rSm wpfzufESifhwpfzuf em;vnfEdkifp&mta=umif;r&Sdawmhay? trSet f m;jzifh *syefEikd fi. H uH=urRmonf a=uuGzJ , G faumif;onf? ordik f;t&=unfrh nfqkv d #if vljzLwdk@v$rf;rdk;r_rSm tm&SudkvGwfajrmufapzdk@ rnfonfhEdkifiHr# *syefvdkrvkyfcJhzl;yg? tm&Som;wdk@twGuf pHerlem tawmfrsm;rsm;udkvnf; ay;cJh=uonf? odk@ESifhwdkif rdrdwdk@ tultnDay;cJhonfh EdkifiHom;rsm;u rdrdwdk@tay: em;vnfr_ vGJcJhonfh EdkifiH[lIvnf; *syefwpfEdkifiHom&Sdonf? pifppf*syefudk opPmazmufcJhonfrSm ppf0g'Drsm;ESifh ‚wdk@. rsufuef;rsdK;cspf vlrsdK;a&;tpGJoefr_yifjzpfonf? *syefwdk@.tm&Swdkufom;pdwf"gwfrSm rSefuefcJhrnfqdkv#if tapmydkif;ua=unmcJhovdk tm&Sonf tm&Swdkuo f m;wdk@twGuf [laomt,ltqudk opPm&Sd&Sdqkyfudkix f m;rnfqdkv#if *syef.uH=urRmum; vHk;0ajymif;vJ oGm;ayvdrrhf nf? tm&Swu kd f wpf0uf (od@k ) wpf0ufausmaf usmu f *syefw@kd tay:xm;&So d nfh ,Hk=unfr_ESifh aus;Zl;w&m;wdk@rSm ppf&H_;jcif;[laom ta=umif;wpfcka=umifhESifh ysufpD;oGm; Edkifrnf r[kwfyg? Tr#ru ppf+yD;acwf *syefEdkifiHopfwnfaxmif&mwGif ydkIyif ta&;ygvmOD; rnfjzpfonf? ,ckvnf;qdck o hJ vdk jzpfysucf o hJ nfw h ikd f udv k ekd jD ynfow l @kd twGuf vGwv f yfa&;udk aqmifusOf;ay;cJhonfh *syef.tcef; u¾udk rnfodk@r# jiif;uG,fr&Edkifyg? ypdzdwfa'oESifh ta&S@awmiftm&Swdk@wGif *syef.atmifyGJrSm e,fcsJ@udkvdkeD0g'tm;vHk;udk ajrjrSKyfo+*FKdvf vdu k fonfh tpOD;ajcvSrf;wpfvrS f; jzpfcw Jh ,f? ppf umvtwG if ; *syefwd k@ ulnD r _j zifh wnf aqmufc Jh= uonf h trsd K;om; wyfrawmfrsm;u tm&Sa'o tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif pdwf"gwfopfwdk@udk zefwD;ay;cJhonf? &efvdkaeonfh e,fc sJ@ Edkifi H}uD;rsm;u vGwfvyfa &;pum;udkyif ajymcGifhrjyKcsdefwGif ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'orS Edik if t H rsm;tjym;udk *syefw@kd u vGwv f yfonfEh idk if rH sm; wnfaxmif ay;cJhovdk vGefvyfaom tdENd,. a'tpdk;&udkvnf; todtrSwfjyKcJhonf? aemufqHk; taeESifh jymyHktwGif;rS acwfopf*syefEdkifiHawmf}uD;udk wnfaqmuf&onfh tr_udpPY tm&Swdkuo f m;wdk@. usdK;raygufEdkifaom cdkif=unfonfhpdwf"gwfudk *syefjynfol wdk@u vufawG@jyocJh=uonf? Tt&mrsm;um; ordki f;udkaemufqHk; tESpfcsKyfvdkufcsde fY ppfumvtwGif;rS jzpfysufcJhaom t&kyfqdk;tusnf;wefr_rsm; opPmazmufr_rsm;ESifh yËdyuQwdk@udk zHk;v$rf;oGm;ayvdrfhrnf? qufvufaz: jyygrnf? 1 3 6 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

oef;0if;vd_if

137

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

137

138

zdwfac:tyfygonf EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tawG;tjrifaqmif;yg;rsm; a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; uAsm/ 0wË&#x2020;Kwdk/ umwGef;/ yef;csDrsmudk

rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGm ay;yd@k Edik fygonf? pmrlrsm;udk (15) &ufae@ aemufq;Hk xm;+yD; ay;yd@k =uyg&ef arwWm&yfcHtyfygonf?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;

1 3 8 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

139

t,f'Dwm &J+idrf;/ cifarmifaZmf tHharmf

pmtkyfcsKyf/ xkwfvkyfa&; ausmfrkd;Ekdif / aX;0if; wifEidk f / [efaZmf0if; rif;olatmif

tr_aqmif t,f'Dwm rif;rif;odef;/ ausmfcdkif0if; / 0if;Edkif (Lin Po Yin)/ Anm;b&dik f,efuif; &Jjrifhatmif

owif; ESifh rD'D,m xGef;+idrf; / at;okduf

jynfwiG f;/jynfy jzef@csda&; ta0;a&muf t,f'Dwm

atmif=unf / ausmfrsdK;xGef; udk=unfpef;

aZmfaZmfatmif (t*Fvef) ABFSU (88)rsKd;quf

&Hk;tzGJ hESifhbÂ¾ma&; pmpDpm&dkuf pnfoljrifh

atmifaZ,smndK / xGef;xGef;0if; atmifrsdK;rif; r0if;oEWmatmif

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

139

140

tvif;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef

POST 169-0075 TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10 303,HIGARI BLD TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178 Japan. TEL Ye Nyein - 080-5070-0080 Khin Maung Zaw - 080-4797 7462 Kyaw Moe Naing - 090-6528 9292 Ant Maw - 090-8486 2161 Min Min Thein - 090-9954 5070 Banya Brian King - 080-9177 6885 Aung Zay Yar Nyo - 080-3423 3773 Win Naing (Lin Po Yin) - 080-4633 7859 Kyaw Khine Win - 080-6608 1246 Tun Nyein - 090-7198 4763 e-mail

1 4 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)

- aalinneain@yahoo.com

jrefrmouU&mZf 1378 / 0gacgifv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (9)