အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၂) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 1377 / wefcl;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

jrefrmouU&mZf 1377 / wefcl;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;

uAsm aEGOD; tZPswW.... (acgif;pOfrJh) jrefrmjynf ta&jym;ay:u.... ordik ;f &J@0gus aEGuq kd efwyhJ ef; vrf;jyajryHk ajcaq;jcif;oD;cHyg a&$awGaewJh a&$Eikd if v H m; usKyf.. &Suw f ,fAsm

ae0if;jrifh &J+ird ;f rif;udkEdkif opPmeD rsdK;udkrsdK; armifnKd at; (yef;awm) armifped 0f if; (ykw;D uke;f ) jyifpnfatmif (c&mawm) tvuFm=u,f xGe;f +ird ;f (abmufaxmfom;)

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16

b*sr;f / ajrZm

pd;k jrifh

umwGe;f tifwmeufrS umwGe;f rsm;

ordik ;f qdik &f m okw/ &o ocifA[def;

Edik if aH &; okw/ &o &efuek w f uUov dk af usmif;om;or*~.... atmifxGef; wjynfv;kH ausmif;om;tzG@J csKyf .... atmifxGef;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

24 33

ausmif;om;awG&@J wckwnf;aomA[dk.. ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif a[mif;wpfOD; rwfvausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_tay:.. xGef;atmifausmf tm%m&Siaf wG &Sad eoIawmh... oef;xGÉfatmif vufyw H ef;rSonf.... &Sifa'0D zufqpfawmfveS af &;ESih.f ... a':jr&D (ausmufqnf) jynfo@l bufu&yfrS jynfo@l acwfuk.d ... vlxpk ed 0f if; jynfjrefrmu wpfacGwpf&mqdw k h.J ... armifomcsdK &Siaf ,mbESihf qdu k a&;wD; (od@k ).... *sifrD

50 53 58 62 70 83 86 89

0wˆKwdk o=ueF af &eJ@ a&;wJzh ;l pm um&efrnDaom b0uAsmwpfy'k f

rsdK;udkrsdK; jzLESi;f xdu k f

92 98

&ke;f xGucf &hJ aom jrefrmjynf

oef;0if;vd_if

101

tvif;tdrfrSwfpk

tvif;tdrf rD', D m

108

bmomjyef tcef;quf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS xkwaf 0+yD;aompmtkyrf sm;

109

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

tvif;tdrfpum; wefz;kd xm; pepfwus jyKpyk sKd ;axmifjcif;onf aemiftem*wf om,mvSy ar$;ys@H ap&efjzpfonf? vlom;wd@k vnf; Tod@k yifjzpfonf? *syefEikd if o H nf ,ae@ tzufzufrS xdyfwef;EdkifiHtjzpf &yfwnfaeonfrSm xdktusdK;qufyifjzpfonf? *syefvlrsdK;wdk@onf rnfonft h &mudrk qdk wav;wpm; wefz;kd xm; pepfwus jyKpyk sKd ;axmifygonf? xd@k a=umifh tzufzufrS vSy/ oefprG ;f ae=ujcif; jzpfonfukd rnforl # jiif;r&? uav;oli,f wd@k twGuf aemiftcg vlvm;ajrmuf &Sio f ef &yfwnfEikd af p&ef twGuf ud, k t hf m;ud, k u f ;kd pdw/f vltrsm;ESihf pkaygi;f nDnw G pf mG yg0if aqmif&u G v f pkd w d /f pnf;urf;wus vdu k ef musio hf ;kH aexdik w f wfaompdw/f t&m&mudk wefz;kd xm; jrwfE;kd pdw/f pepfwus pl;prf;wwfajrmufvpkd w d /f wav;wpm; todtrSwjf yK aygi;f oif;qufqpH w d f ESihf aumif;rGeaf om ud, k u f siw hf &m;ESihf vGwv f yfrr_ sm;udk ae&mwdik ;f / a'owdik ;f Y wajy;nD zefw;D ay;xm;=uonf? qmul&yef;onf *syefEikd if . H trSww f q H yd t f jzpf vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f tjrwfwEd;k &S=d uonf? Edik if t H ES@H pepfwus owfrw S f jyKpk ysKd ;axmif=uonf? csKd ;zsu/f ckwx f pfrnfo h rl &S?d tvSqif toH;k csrnfo h l r&Sad tmifyifwefz;kd xm; jrwfE;kd =uonf? xd@k a=umifyh if urBmausmf atmifyif todtrSwjf yK vSy/wifw h ,f=uonf? vl}u;D olr wd@k . tar#mt f jrif}u;D aom pdwaf pwemyifjzpfonf?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ESpf (50) ausmf ppfwyftkyfcsKyfr_atmufrS jrefrmEdkifiH. tzufzufrS edrfhus ysupf ;D aer_onf rnfo@kd qdrk nfenf;? twW/ ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm; avmif;&dyaf tmufrS arSmifru kd f aer_[yk if qd&k rnf? &moufyef pd;k rd;k Edik af &;twGuf tzufzufrS ydwyf ifwm;qD;/ uef@owf csKycf s,x f m;r_onf Edik if . H qd;k usKd ;cHpm;ae&r_yifjzpfonf jrefrmwd@k onf ydawmufukd cspcf if jrwfE;kd =u.? od@k aomf pdwaf pwem av;pm; wefz;kd xm;/ jrwfE;kd pdwrf &Sad om/ pepfwus jyKpyk sKd ;axmifr_ r&Sad om umv}u;D wGif tb,frmS &Sio f efxajrmuf ar$;ys@H =urnfenf;? yg;pyfu ajymaevd@k r& atmf aevd@k r& aยบuG;a=umfaevd@k r& pmuyf/ qdik ;f bkwaf xmifae&Hjk zifrh & pdwaf pwem av;pm;jrwfE;kd xm;wwfru _ kd t&if;cHpdwf&SdrS wu,fvufawG@vky=f urS vSy/ oefprG ;f / ar$;ys@H =urSmyg? ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;ap&rnf tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

aEGO;D aEGOD;opfawmxJ O=o O=o vnfacsmif;uGJ awmrD; avmif vsuyf ?J

ae0if;jrifh (World Poetry Day 11:54 Pm)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

tZPswW..... csppf w d ef J h wefz;kd xm; *¶kpu kd f +rwfE;kd wwfrS vSvyS y zl;yGihf a0qm=urSm? ydawmufwef; ydawmufurf; ydawmufO,smOfawGe@J +rKd i+f rKd iq f ikd q f ikd f a0qm vSy oif;ysŒH arG;xkaH ewJh arG;&yf ajrudk jzpfapcsifvSygbd?

&J+idrf; 30 / 3 /2015

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

(acgif;pOfr)hJ rsuv f n S yhf q JG w dk m oljywmyJ =unfah e&if zGux f m;wm rjrifawmhb;l rsupf v d si&f r,f taysmfwrf;qkd&ifawmh oljywmyJ =unf&h aHk ygh ai;....armh

tkdw&m;&Sif.... vlomrefw@dk pdwEf iS yhf if r=upH nf0ahH om &ufpuf&idk ;f pkid ;f r_tm; rnfonfv h ufeuftiftm; Om%feOD m%feuf trde@f ESiEhf w _ x f u G pf um;wk@d a=umifrh sS &Sio f efciG rhf jyKygEiS ?hf ,kwrf mnpfax;r_w@dk . &Jwu dk o f nf rnfrsS vkjH cKcH idk cf o hH nfjzpfap rSeaf om w&m;pD&ifjcif;u odrf;ykdufESdrfeif;Ekdifygap?

vlom;touf t&Suef @J odumQ jy;D awmh use&f pforl o d m;pk aqGrsKd;pk/ vlrsKd;pk jynfaxmifpk *k%o f u d mQ ? tkdw&m;&Sif.... opPmjrmS ;onf orm"dav;n_Œd rS ajzmifrh eS pf mG xGujf y;D t"rRjyKox l H aumif;pGmxdrSefygapownf;....?

rif;ukEd idk f ( 21/22-Jan-2015 )

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

jrefrmjynf ta&jym;ay:u zsurf &wJw h ufw;l a':cif0if;&JŒ OD;a%Smufukd aoG;eJŒ +rD;cJh+yD;wJhaemuf .... tJ'D....usnq f [ H m befaumufrmS aq;oGm;ukw,f tdb k m;rm;eJŒ pum;pjrnfajymw,f tom;pm;jcaoFh arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;vkyw f ,f (wcgwav w&m; xkid w f ufw,fvŒkd f [ H m ysi;f &if avmfbaD wGu ajym=uao;w,f?) tJ'D....usnq +rKd Œopfwnfwrf; upm;w,f f ,f tJ'D ....usnq f [ H m aygupf eD ŒJ ta&;awmfyakH wGukd }uKd uw hf a&;&ky&f iS rf mS ADved 0f ifvyk w f ,f? Adv k af e0if;&JŒ O,smOfu yGiw hf mwJh vlŒtcGit f [ H m olu "ruQ&m0,fv&D ŒJ " tJ'D....usnq f usuf zkwx f m;wJh "Ekid if OH aoSsmif" usr;f udk tvGw&f w,f rusuw ar&D t if w K d G i ; f euf ayg irf ek Œf jzpfw,f pwmvifeŒJ aqG&yd rf umif; rsKd ;&dyrf uif; tJ'D ....usnq f [ H m qJAif;*sLvdik f OD;oefŒ rdi_ ;f &mjynfh f ,f&h pS f awmfveS af &;rsm;&JŒ opfawm a&eH obm0 o,HZmw &Spq pkw, f rl &wJh um;pifjzpfw,f f [ H m bvuf[;kd vfjzpfw,f tJ'D....usnq b%fawGeŒJ vJ vufrxyfyJ jrefrmjynfta&jym;ay:u twlaevdu k af o;w,f? zsurf &wJh wufw;l ayg?h

opPmeD

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ordkif;&JŒ 0gus rwfv 5 &uf rwfv 10 &uf rvSywJh aEGO;D &ufrsm;[m rwfv 13 &uf rwfv 16 &uf vGecf w hJ hJ 27 ESpu f aEGO;D &ufrsm;vdyk J '%f&mtemw&eJŒ rcsw d ifuJ aoG;rsu&f nfeŒJ tvJtxyfvyk +f y;D tm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ twGi;f o&kyu f kd azmfxw k w f yhJ aJG yg?h ridkygeJŒ pdeyf ef;awG&ŒJ yGichf sed w f efumrS a=uu G sajrcvdŒk ridv k u kd yf geŒJ ? 'g[m wkev f y_ af csmufcsm;p&mr[kwf "g;rd;k tkycf sKyw f ahJ cwfrmS Ekid if aH &;vky&f if ausmif;xkwcf &H Ekid w f ,f zrf;qD;csKyaf ESmif axmifcsc&H Edik w f ,f toufq;kH &H;_ &wJh tjzpfq;kd txd }uKH &Ekid w f ,fqw kd hJ ta=umif; ra[mif;Ekid w f hJ awmfveS af &; ordik ;f tqufqufu vufqifu h rf;oif=um;cJ+h y;D om;rdŒk rif;wdŒk igwŒkd bma=umifh rsu&f nfpŒkd rvJ? rSwyf .... orkid ;f udk ay;qyfpeG Œf v$wrf _ 0guseŒJ om a&;zGŒJ w,f?

rsdK;udkrsdK; 10

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

aEGudkqefwJhyef; ydawmufawGu aEGwpfavSsmuf }uKd io f if;w,f? ikawGuawmh aEGuw kd v k Œkd awmufyw,f? aEGrSm ydawmufawG r}uKd icf if ikawGvi_d w f ,f? aEGrSm ydawmufawGajcaG =uG ikawGtae&J ra=ub G J rif;rlw,f? o=ueF w f ikd ;f rSm ydawmufawG ryef&ayrJh aEGpHikyef;awGu &ifurf;n$wrf sS yGijhf y&Smw,f?

armifnKd at;(yef;awm)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

vrf;jyajrykH a=urG mS a=umufvsS if ydawmufryGi?hf arSmufrmS pd;k vSsif rd;k oJav=urf; avSurf;rcGm? emrSmawG;vSsif aoG;vl;ajcaxmuf b,fqufavSsmufrvJ? a=upG rf; arSmufprf; yef;wdik af &SŒrSm a=uw G m[m yGijhf cif; avSwpfpif; arSmuf&if aemufrmS avSwpf&m ajc&meJ@ aoG;puf a&S;tqufqufcsef&pf (tJ'g.... ) vrf;jyajrykaH wG jzpfw,f?

armifpdef0if;(ykwD;ukef;)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ajcaq;jcif; onf;cHyg ESpcf gjyef a&csK;d cGirhf jyKwhJ jrpfwpfjrpf&ŒJ jyÏmef;r_ukd yk'rf awGe@J wrHww k f tkid v f yk +f y;D ajcaq;ae=uawmh ajc&mvnf; aysmuf a&vnf;aemufoeJ@ vrf;aysmufwmyJ tzwfwifw,f.... ? jrpfawGaumae+yD acsmif;awGaumcJh+yD ajrmif;awG aumcJ+h y;D +yD bmrSaump&m ruseaf wmhwmawmif igwaum aumcsi=f uwke;f &,f.... ?

jyifpnfatmif (c&mawm) Eternal Light Magazine March 2015 " Change "

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

a&$awGaewJh a&$EdkifiHvm; jrefrmEdik if q H w kd m w&m;yGaJ wG rsm;oavmuf w&m;rJ@aeaomEdik if H ? arwWmyd@k trsaS 0oavmuf arwWmiwfaeaomEdik if H ? bk&m;ausmif;uefawG aygoavmuf td;k rJ@ tdrrf @J awGrsm;aeaom Edik if H ? 'ger_awGrsm;oavmuf pm*r_awGenf;aeaomEdik if H ? bke;f awmf}u;D awG aygoavmuf bmom omoemtwGuf pd;k &draf e&aomEdik if H ? trsKd ;orD;awGukd apmifah &Smufovdv k ekd @J trsKd ;orD;r0if& qdw k @J qdik ;f yk'af wG rsm;vGe;f aomEdik if H ? ppfom;awGrsm;oavmuf vkjH cKH rr_ @J aeaomEdik if H ? Adv k rf LS ;/ Adv k cf sKyaf wG csr;f omoavmuf &JabmfawG iwfjywfaeaomEdik if H ? &Jom;awG rsm;oavmuf tr_tcif;awG rsm;aeaomEdik if H ? 0ef}u;D awG rsm;oavmuf 0efrjy;D aomEdik if H ? ajr,mawGa ygoavmuf ajrrJ@ ,mrJ@awG rsm;aeaomEdik if H ? ajraps;E_e;f awG azgi;f yGveG ;f aomEdik if ?H 14

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

'g'@kd jynf 'g'@kd ajr oDcsi;f udk ajrrJ@,mrJ@ uav;i,fawGu usL;ausmfwJav;awGay:uae oDqakd eaomEdik if H ? aps;uGufpD;yGg;a&; trnfcHjyD; vufoif&h m }u;D yGg;a&;pepfom xGe;f um;aeaomEdik if H ? jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ukd pdw"f mwfawGe@J az:aqmif&rnft h pm; a&S;a[mif;jywdu k af wG a&S;a[mif;e,fajrawGe@J om az:jyae&aomEdik if H ? ynmjrifrh S vlrsKd ;wifrh nf vd@k ajymjy;D ynma&;twGuf ok;H &mcdik Ef e_ ;f om rjzpfnpfus,f ok;H pGaJ eaomEdik if H ? jy;D awmh²²² tm*k&H rS tm*vl vd@k ajymjy;D tm*kHaqmifynma&;awG tm*kaH qmif rSwOf m%f&iS af wG aygoavmuf tm*vlawG &Sm;yg;aeqJEikd if H.... ponf ponf 'DEikd if H TEdik if u H kd a&$Eikd if v H @kd ac:oif/h rac:oifh oif Om%fjzifch siahf vmh.... ?

tvuFm}u,f 30 / 10 / 2014 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

usKyf....&Sufw,fAsm 'D acwfav usKyf vljzpfw@J 'Dacwf v,form;awGukd &du k Ef u S t f =urf;zuf ouf 80 v,fot l akd wG axmifcs w&m;rsw S r_r&Sw d @J acwf vlvmjzpf&wmudk usKyf.. &Suw f ,f ? ,morm;awGukd pnf;&d;k cwf bl'Zkd meJ@wdu k jf zwf OD;acgi;f udk aoewfe@J uyfjypfw@J acwf vlvmjzpf&wmudk usKyf.. &Suw f ,f ? rd&;kd zvm ajrae&mav; rdausmif;uef jynfol OD;wdu k , f al wmh &du k Ef u S u f efausmuf zaESmufe@J ayguw f @J acwf vlvmjzpf&wmudk usKyf.. &Suw f ,f ? tvkyo f rm;awG pm;0wfaea&; tqifajy pdwaf t;&atmif ae@wGuef eJ J tydak wmif;rdawmh a&nSpyf q k ;kd vdk vdrcf sKd ;cH&wJ@ acwf vlvmjzpf&wmudk usKyf.. &Suw f ,f ? owif;orm;awG tcif;rsm;ae&ma&mufawmh ,lcsit f ;kH owif;qd+k y;D ausmjyifaAsmwifzrf; t&rf;vkyf vufveG af wmh toufuek f tavmif;ygazsmufw@J acwf vlvmjzpf&wmudk usKyf..&Suw f ,f ?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ausmif;ol§om; a'gif;aygufpav;rsm;udk +rKd @v,facgif vnf+rKd npS zf rf; vufyw H ef;rSm t=urf;zuf&u kd Ef u S f em§ulr_ um;ygzsuw f @J acwf vlvmjzpf&wmudk usKyf..&Suw f ,f ? omoemawmfjyef@yGm; edAmŠ efa&mufa=umif; w&m;jywJ@ bmoma&;q&mrsm;udk acgi;f ay:vufwifcikd ;f t&dik ;f tpdik ;f awGvkd ESyd u f yG zf rf;csKyw f @J acwf vlvmjzpf&wmudk usKyf..&Suw f ,f ? 'DacwfrmS vlvmjzpf&wm rmwmyDwk udk ajAmif;qefatmif awmif;yef&if; usKyf..ud, k 0hf n d mOf ud, k f &Suv f @kd rqH;k awmhygvm; ? 62 rwf 2 &ufu pwJ@ abmif;bDc|w/f abmif;bD0wf ppftm%m&Sif acwfq;kd }u;D udk t&d;k xJuygawmfveS f zDqefum atmifjrifonfxd jynfoal wGtrSef &k;H uefumquf}uKd ;pm;pd@k 'd@k ..trsKd ;om; jrefrmjynf? ? (urBm@uAsmae@rSm t&SufeJ@cHpm;a&;wJ@ uAsmr[kwfwJ@ usKyf ESvHk;aoG;pufawGyg udk,fhvl&m )

xGef;+idrf;(abmufaxmfom;) 22 / 03 / 2015

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ocifA[def; (1917-1946)

pdk;jrifh jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;r_wiG f a&SŒwef;rS yg0ifco hJ l ocif A[de;f udk 1917 ckEpS /f ZGef 27 &uf/ Ak'[ < ;l ae@wGif tif;0+rKd Œ/ udik ;f wef;&yfY tzyGpJ m;}u;D OD;rSi/f trda':OD;wd@k rS arG;zGm;cJo h nf? rlvwef;udk tif;0wGif oif=um;cJ+h y;D tv,fwef;/ txufwef;udk rEœav;wGif oif=um;cJo h nf? 1935 ckEpS w f iG f wuUov kd 0f ifwef;udk jrefrm/ t*Fvyd /f &mZ0if oH;k bmom *k%x f ;l jzifh atmifjrifc+hJ y;D / 1935-37 wGif rEœav; OypmaumvdyYf ynmqufoifco hJ nf? 1936-37 wGif tdkifat txufwef;udk ygVd*k%fxl;jzifh atmifum/ 1937-38 wGif &efuek w f uUov kd o f @kd ajymif;a&$Œ ynmoifco hJ nf? 1938-39 ckEpS f bDat txufwef; wufaepOf a&eHajroydwf ay:ayguv f mojzifh Edik if aH &;avmuod@k tcsed jf ynfh ul;ajymif; a&muf&cdS o hJ nf? ¶kyf&nftm;jzifh Eke,fodrfarGŒum/ pmay/ *Dw/ tEkynm ESpfoufvkdufpm; aomfvnf; ,Hk=unfcsuf cdkifrmjyif;xef+yD; trsm;u cspfcifav;pm;cH&ol jzpfonf? txufwef;ausmif;om; b0uyif rsdK;cspfpdwfxufoefol jzpfonf? rEœav;wGif ygawmfrlae@ txdrf;trSwf qDrD;xGef;nSd v_@HaqmfcJhonf? 1935-36 ckESpf/ rEœav; Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;or*~ acgi;f aqmiftjzpf 1936 ausmif;om; oydwu f kd OD;aqmifco hJ nf? 1937 ar 9 &ufEiS hf 10 &uf wGif 'kw, d t}urd f ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m 20

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (Auo) nDvmcHukd rEœav;A[dk trsK;d om; txufwef;ausmif;Y OD;pD;usi;f ycJ&h m xdn k v D mcHrpS I ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udAk [de;f . acgi;f aqmifrp_ rG ;f &nf xif&mS ;vmcJo h nf? 1937-38 wGif &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ (wuo)ESihf ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or*~(Auo). tvkyftr_aqmif jzpfvmonf? AuorS xkwaf 0onfh rsK;d !Ge@f r*~Zif; t,f'w D mtjzpf aqmif&u G o f nf? 1938-39 wGif wuo taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u G af epOf wuoESihf AuoESpcf v k ;kH . OuUÏjzpfol udkatmifqef;rSm wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;odk@ a&mufoGm;ojzifh 'kOuUÏ udkvSa&$ udk,fpm; OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ nf? 1938/ Ed0k ifbm 30wGif a&eHajr tvkyo f rm;oydww f yf}u;D &efuek o f @kd csw D ufvm&m/ rauG;rS qufvufcsw D uf&ef tcuftcJrsm; }uKH awGŒae&ojzifh wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk; XmecsKyfESifh ausmif;om; or*~acgif;aqmifrsm; tpDtpOft& or*~OuUÏ udAk [de;f ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL; ukAd aqGw@kd rauG;od@k oGm;a&mufonf? 1938/ 'DZifbm 12 &ufwiG f rauG;+rKd Œ rJx;D ausmif;wdu k w f iG f jyKvyk af om a&eHajr tvkyform;rsm; w&m;yGJwGif ocifpdk;/ ocifxdef0if; wdk@ESifhtwl wufa&muf w&m; a[monf? xdw k &m;yGw J iG f ausmif;om;or*~OuUÏ udAk [de;f }uKH ;0g;cJah om "jrif;cGmwpfcsuf ayguf&if rD;[kef;[kef; awmuf&r,f"[laom pum;rSm EdkifiHtESH@ vGifhysHoGm;I e,fcsJŒ t*Fvyd t f pd;k &udk ausmcsr;f apum tvkyo f rm; ausmif;om; jynfot l m;vH;k udk tm;wuf apcJhonf? xdkw&m;yGJt+yD;wGif ocifpdk;/ ocifxdef0if;/ udkAaqGwdk@ESifhtwl tzrf;cH&+yD; axmif'%f 3 vtcsc&H um tif;pdeaf xmifo@kd csucf si;f tyd@k cH&onf? ausmif;om; or*~ OuUÏESifh twGif;a&;rSL;wdk@ zrf;qD;cH&r_a=umifh 'kOuUÏ udv k aS &$EiS hf or*~ acgi;f aqmifrsm; OD;aqmifrj_ zifh 1938 ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D ay:ayguf vmcJ&h onf? 'DZifbm 15 &uf wGif yk'rf 144 udq k ef@usiI f or*~O;D aqmifrj_ zifh ausmif;om; rsm; &efuek +f rKd ŒtwGi;f vSnv hf nf qENjyum csKycf s,o f nfh Oya'rsm; y,fzsuaf &;/ OuUÏ udAk [de;f ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL; udAk aqGw@dk udk tjrefvw $ af y;a&; awmif;qd=k uonf? r&ojzifh 'DZifbm 20 &ufwGif twGif;0ef¶Hk;udk 0dkif;I qENjy&m/ udkvdkeDykvdyfwdk@ vufcsufjzifh or*~acgi;f aqmif *syq f ifaumvdyf ausmif;om; udak tmifausmf usq;kH cJ&h onf? 'DZifbm 27 &ufwiG f udak tmifausmf psmyetcrf;tem; usi;f y&m OuUÏ udAk [de;f u tif;pdeaf xmif twGi;f rSaeI udk atmifausmu f kd cs;D usL;*k%jf yKvm$ a&;yd@k cJo h nf? tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; tusOf;usaepOf "e&Sifavmu 1939/ ausmif;om; ta&;awmfykH 1939 ESihf urBmppf ESihf Armhaemifa&; 1939 pmtkyf 3 tkyaf &;om;cJu h m ocifvSaz (Adkvfvusfm). urBmhEdkifiHa&; ajryHk 1939 udk wnf;jzwfay;cJhonf? EdkifiHa&;pmayomru &opmay/ 0wˆKaqmif;yg;rsm;udk '*kefr*~Zif;/ e*g;eD*sme,fESifh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

vufa&G;pifr*~Zif;wd@k wGif a&;om;cJo h nf? pma&; aumif;ol tEkynmtm;aumif; oltjzpf owfrw S cf &H oljzpfum '*kew f m&m. ar 1940 0wˆKyg/ udAk [de;f . trSmonf jrefrmpm ayavmuwGif xif&mS ;onf? tif;pdefaxmifrS vGwf+yD; aemufwGif bDatpmar;yGJ qufrajzawmhbJ/ Edik if aH &;avmuod@k tcsed jf ynfh 0ifa&mufco hJ nf? 1939 =o*kwf 15 wGif ajreDuek ;f / ajrEkvrf;/ trSwf 14 &Sd udAk [de;f tdrw f iG f ocifatmifqef;/ ocifvaS z/ ocifp;kd / &Jabmfewf (*) wd@k ESit hf wl ajratmufueG jf rLepf ygwu D kd vSsKŒd 0Suzf ŒJG pnf;cJo h nf? 1939 atmufwb kd m 1 wGif Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f zGŒJ pnf;Edik af &; twGuf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif tjzpf yg0ifco hJ nf? 1940-41 wGif jrefrmhtvif; owif;pm bmomjyef t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufI wpfzufwGif EdkifiHa&;vkyfcJhonf? 1940 wGif q&mtwwfoif ausmif;ol rcif}uD;ESifh vufxyf+y;D ESpOf ;D pvH;k 'd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k od@k 0ifa&mufonf? 1940 rwf 12 wGif tdE, dN uGe*f &ufygw. D zdw=f um;csut f & ocifatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifwifarmif (yef;waemf)/ ociftek ;f jrif/h ocifcifatmif/ ociftek ;f az (0g;c,fr)wd@k ESit hf wl tdE, dN Edik if H &rf;*g;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufco hJ nf? 1941 rwf 10 &ufwGif yJcl;+rdKŒ Y usif;yaom yOPrajrmuf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m 'd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k 'kw, d tpnf;ta0;rS A[dak jratmufawmfveS af &;tzGŒJ (Underground Unit). 0g'jyef@yGm;a&; wm0efct H jzpf wm0efay;cH& onf? xdw k m0eft& ta&;awmf yH/k ArmhawmfvSefr_/ rD;yGm;pmapmif rsm;udk uGefjrLepfygwDtrnfjzifh vSsdKŒ0Sufjzef@a0cJhonf? vSsKd Œ0Suw f m0ef xrf;aqmifaepOf 1941 atmufwb kd mvwGif +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &. zrf;qD;jcif; cHc&hJ onf? 1941-42 wGif armfv+rdKif/ om,m0wD/ rEœav;axmifrsm;wGif tusOf;cs cHc&hJ onf? rEœav; axmifwiG f ocifp;kd / ocifausmpf ed /f ocifjroGi/f ocifEw k @kd ESihf twl zufqpfqef@usiaf &;vkyif ef;rsm; aqG;aEG;+y;D ocifEEk iS t hf wl jynfwiG ;f rS zufqpfawmfveS f a&; vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u G &f ef wm0ef,cl o hJ nf? 1942-45 wGif Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D ocifE. k 'kwd, twGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufI ocifoef;xGef;ESifhtwl zufqpf qef@usifa&; vkyif ef;wm0efrsm; ,lco hJ nf? 1944 pufwifbmwGif ocif A[de;f wk@d ZeD;armifEo HS nf udx k eG ;f vdi_ f roef;jrif[ h al om trnfjzifh zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuf jzL;+rKd Œe,fo@kd xGucf +hJ y;D jzL;+rKd Œe,fukd tajcpdu k I f zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuf pnf;¶H;k a&;/ u&if-Armcsp=f unfa&;/ ppf a &;/ oabmw&m;a&; oif w ef ; rsm; yd k @ cscJ h o nf ? zuf q pf a wmf v S e f a &;wG i f awmificl ¶dik af jymufusm; ppfwm0efct H jzpf yg0ifco hJ nf? zufqpfawmfveS af &;+y;D aemufwiG f uGejf rLepfygwAD [dk aumfrwD0if tvkyo f rm; or*~ OuUÏ/ zufqpfwkdufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJŒcsKyf(zwyv) A[dkOD;pD; 22

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifco hJ nf? xko d @kd wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf iSuzf sm;a&m*gEiS hf qif ; &J y if y ef ; r_ ' %f r sm;a=umif h usef ; rma&;csKd Œ wJ h v maomf v nf ; tem;r,l b J / uGefjrLepfygwDESifh jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwD yll;aygif;a&;/ uGefjrLepfygwD ESpfjcrf;ruGJa&; wd@k twGuf rem;rae aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1946/ azazmf0g&D 22 rS rwf 7 &uf txd usi;f yaom uGejf rLepfygwD tpnf; ta0;Y obmywdtjzpf jzifh ygww D iG ;f *k% d ;f cGrJ u _ sL;vGef onfh ocifp;kd . wynf&h if; 7 OD;udk ygwrD S xkwyf ,fco hJ nf? 1946 rwf 10 &ufwiG f ocifp;kd OD;aqmifaom uGejf rLepfygwD Armjynf(tvHeDygwD)onf Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDrS cGJxGufcJhonf? ocifA[def;rSm ocifoef;xGe;f / ocif ode;f azwd@k ESit hf wl Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD A[dak umfrwD0if tjzpf use&f pfonf? ygwu D +JG y;D aemuf ocifA[de;f . use;f rma&;rSm wjznf;jznf; qk;d 0g;vmojzifh ygwrD S cGiahf wmif;I rEœav;&Sd rdb&yfxjH yef+y;D rEœav;aq;¶H}k u;D wGif wufa&mufuo k aepOf 1946 Ed0k ifbm 2 &ufY zqyv tzGŒJ csKyu f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd xkwyf ,fvu kd o f nfh owif; =um;odc&hJ m tvGet f rif; pdwx f cd u kd f oGm;cJo h nf? 1946 Ed0k ifbm 20 &uf Ak'[ < ;l ae@wGif rEœav; aq;¶H}k u;D Y uG,v f eG cf yhJ gonf? Tum; touf 30 t&G,w f iG f uHuek cf &hJ onfh ocif A[de;f . wkad wmif;aom b0rS tvsirf jywf &Snv f sm;aom Edik if aH &; ¶kyyf v kH m$ jzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh qd&k vSsif olacwfu ol@tay: awmif;qdrk u _ kd tjynft h 0 wk@H jyef ay;qyfcahJ om vli,fwpfO;D . jzpfwnfr_yif? ol@aemuf rsKd;qufopf vli,frsm;u ol@udk "udkA[def;" [kyif odrSwf ac:a0:=u.? ,ae@acwf ausmif;om; vli,frsm;txd ol@udk olw@kd ESihf acwf+yKd iv f il ,f wpfOD;uJhodk@ &if;ESD;u|rf;0if ae=uqJ? Tonfyif ol@b0wefzdk; jzpfonf? xm0& EkysKd &iS o f efaeaom ordik ;f wpfcv k nf; jzpfygonf? ,ckuo hJ @dk 2012 ckEpS f ZGef 27 &ufwiG f usa&mufco hJ nfh "ocif A[de;f ". 95 ckEpS af jrmuf arG;ae@Y jrefrmhorkid ;f wGif ur`n;f a&;xd;k &ol wpfO;D tjzpf jrefrm tif'yD eJ 'f ifu h *k%jf yKazmfjyvdu k yf gonf? &nfn$ef;- jreffrmvlausmf 100

pdk;jrifh (Indenpendent News)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ (wuo)

atmifxeG ;f (u) 1930 ckESpfESihf 4if;ESpfrwdkifrD ausmif;om;rsm;tajctae 1930 rwdik rf D tajctaewGif ausmif;om;trsm;pkonf aumvdyaf usmif;om; v_y¶f mS ;r_wiG f yg0ifc=hJ uaomfvnf; wuUov kd t f m%mydik rf sm;. tajctaeudk aumif;pGm owdxm;ae&onf? ausmif;om;topf (z&uf¶Sm) rsm;udk ygarmuQESihf q&mrsm;. enf;y&d,m,fukd aumif;pGmem;rvnf/ wuUov kd t f ajctaeudv k nf; oabmrayguaf om a=umihf q&mrsm;ESihf XmerSL;rsm; csay;aomyHkpHxJodk@ a&muf¶Sd=uonfu rsm;.? ygarmu<tcsKd ŒESifh q&mrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;udk pmoifcef;ESifh rnfo@kd qGaJ qmif&rnfukd aumif;pGmem;vnf=uonf? ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSmvnf; q&mrsm;udk twkcdk;I q&mrsm;tay: pdw0f ifpm;=u+y;D ausmif;om;b0udk ydrk w kd yfrufvm=uonf? q&mwd@k . xl;jcm;aom pdwaf epdwx f m;/ t,ltq/ pOf;pm;yHpk Of;pm;enf;rsm;udk tzGŒJ rsm; tpkrsm;zGŒJ I avhvm=uonf? odk@aomfausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;Y Ak'<bmomESihf Armh,Ofaus;r_ xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm; xdawGŒvmaoma=umihf wuUodkvfa&mufaomtcg trsKd ;om;ausmif;rsm;rS atmifvmonfjzpfap/ rpf¶iS [ f u kd pf ul;ausmif;rsm;rS atmifvm onf jzpfap/ Ak'<bmomtoif;rsm; zGJŒpnf;I Ak'<bmomESihf vlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? 4if;wd@k onf yHrk eS t f m;jzihf a¶$w*d b kH &k m;od@k oGm;a&mufI wHjrufvn S ;f jcif;/ 0wfjyKjcif;rsm; jyKvyk af yonf? ausmif;om;tm;vH;k u xdv k yk if ef;udk wuf=upG mG yg0ifcjhJ cif; r[kwaf y? ausmif;om;tenf;pkrmS ,Ofaus;r_rhJ cJ=h uonf? 4if;tenf;pkrmS Oa&myEdik if H 24

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

rsm;wGif ausmif;aecJholrsm;ESihf Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;/ 4if;wdk@. rdbrsm;rSm AsL¶dku&uf +rdKŒ jyt&m¶Srd sm;/ w¶kwEf iS fh Oa&mywdu k o f m;rsm; jzpfaoma=umihf jzpfonf? trSeaf wmh xdv k el nf;pkrmS 4if;wd@k onf Oa&mywdu k o f m;vnf; r[kw/f Armvnf;r[kw/f 4if;vlenf;pkrmS 4if;wd@k txJwiG o f m 4if;wd@k auseyfae=uonf?

(c) wuo zGJŒpnf;jzpf&eftajctae 1930 ckESpf tpydkif;wGif wuUodkvfausmif;om; trsm;pkrSm aysmfyGJ¶$ifyGJ tm;upm;+yKd iyf rJG sm;ESio fh m wuUov kd af usmif;om; b0jynhpf akH eonf[k ,lqae=uonf? bGŒJ 'D*&D&+y;D vSsif tpd;k &tvkyf 0ifvyk &f efom pdw0f ifpm;=uonf? od@k aomf trsKd ;om;a&; pdwf"mwfrsm;onf wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; twGif;odk@ wdkif;jynfrS enf;rsdK;pHkjzihf 0ifa&mufvm=uonf? 4if;wd@k xJrS trsKd ;om;a&; pdw"f mwfxufoefaom udEk /k udAk pde/f udkav;armifwdk@onf wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk; pwif wnfaxmifcJh&mY ocifbaomif; (udkbaomif;) ESihftwl vnf;aumif;/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mvli,frsm;tzGJŒcsKyf zGJŒpnf;&m Yvnf;aumif; qufoG,fyg0ifcJh=u+yD; 4if;wdk@rSm trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wuUov kd rf S Edik if aH &; jyifqifrt _ aejzihf tzGŒJ tpnf;wck zGŒJ pnf;vd=k uonf?

(*) &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ taqmuftODjzpfay:vmyHk 1926 ckESpftxd &efukefwuUodkvfwGif ausmif;om;or*~tzGJŒ r¶Sdao;acs? xdt k csed u f wuUov kd t f "dywd qm[mukwb f wfwvm (Sir Harcourt Butler G.C.I.E. I.C.S)) . arwœm&yfcHcsuft& qefukefonfESihf qefpufydkif¶Sif OD;ndKonf wuUodkvf ausmif;om; or*~ jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf aiGusyf wode;f ckEpS af omif; (170000) udk 1926 wGif vSL'ge;f cJo h nf? 1929 ckESpfwGif or*~taqmuftODudk pwifaqmifvkyfcJh&m 1930 ckESpf aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f uf rprD (3) vcef@tvdw k iG f aqmufvyk +f y;D pD;oGm;onf? 4if;taqmuf tOD}uD;onf aemifwcsdefwGif e,fcsJŒtpdk;& qef@usifa&;XmecsKyfjzpfcJhvSsif e,fcsJŒu aqmufcGihfay;rnfr[kwf? OD;ndKvnf; a'gufwmbGJŒ r&awmhay? or*~taqmuftOD aqmuf v k y f + yD ; pD ; aomtcg ausmif ; tk y f } uD ; rpP w mpavmh (D.J Sloss) onf ,leDAmpDwDuGsrf;bm; tm;upm;¶Hkab;em;¶Sd jrufcif;jyifY vufbuf&nfyGJjzihf{nhfcH+yD; OD;ndKtm; *k%x f ;l aqmifa'guw f mbGŒJ tyfEiS ;f onhf tcrf;tem;[kajymvdu k o f nf? OD;ndKrmS aiGt¶Sed t f 0gjzihf a'guw f mbGŒJ &oGm;onf? a'guw f mOD;ndK (K.S.M, L.L.D) jzpfomG ;avonf? rSwcf su-f or*~taqmuftODukd a'guw f mOD;ndK (K.S.M, L.L.D) u vSL'ge;f +y;D 1927 ck/ 'DZifbm (5) &ufae@wGif wuUodkvft"dywd Armjynfbk&ifcH qm[mukwf bwfwvm (G.C.I.E, K.C.S,I.C.S) u tkwjf rpfcsonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

(C) &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ (wuo) pwifjzpfay:vmjcif; wuUov kd t f "dywd a'guw f ma*spavmhrmS +Aw d o d sS =oZm v$r;f rd;k cH&qH;k olwOD;jzpf onf? 4if;.oabmxm;rSm wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm; pmoifI bGŒJ ('D*&D) &+y;D aomtcg +AdwdoSstpdk;&. Xmetvkyfrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;/ tdEdN,tpdk;&. Xmetvkyfrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;/ +Aw d o d sS tifyg,m. &JwyfzŒJG wGif vnf;aumif;/ tdE, Nd tpd;k &. opfawmESifh ynma&;XmewGif vnf;aumif; paom tvkyrf sm;Yom 0ifvyk &f ef vdv k m;onf? od@k aomf xdkae&mrsm;Y ArmtrsdK;om;rsm; twGuf ae&mtenf;i,fom &¶Sd+yD; tvkyfvkyf&ef pdwx f ufoefaom vli,frsm; +yKd iq f ikd af e=u&onf? xdt k ajctaea=umihf ArmtrsKd ;om; rsm;rSm aus;¶Gmrsm;Y q&mtvkyo f m&¶So d nf? xdkodk@tajctaersm;Y trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwf jyif;xefaom udkEk/ udkApdef/ udak v;armifw@kd . v_y¶f mS ;r_a=umihf vnf;aumif;/ or*~tzGŒJ jzpfay:ap&ef or*~taqmuf tOD+y;D onhaf emuf 1930 pufwifbmvqef;wGif wuUov kd af usmif;om;}u;D rsm; tcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;+yD; ausmif;aqmifrsm;Y ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om;rsm; tpnf;ta0;/ ae@ausmif;om;rsm; +rKd ŒxJwiG f tpnf;ta0;usi;f yum 4if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;. wnDw!Gwf wnf; qHk;jzwfcsuft& 1930 pufwifbmv/ (12) &uf/ aom=umae@Y udkausmfcif (0dZm… ody)H` / udw k ihaf qG (0dZm… )/ udb k *sr;f (*syq f if) wd@k onf wuUov kd t f "dywdu, kd pf m; w&m;ol}u;D OD;btm; oGm;a&mufawGŒqHI k or*~zŒJG pnf;&ef/ zGŒJ pnf;yHpk nf;rsO;f a&;qGaJ &; twGuf aumfrwDzŒJG cGi&fh &ef awmif;qdck o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf AmpDwED iS fh ,k'oefausmif;om;rsm;pkaygi;f +y;D 1930 pufwifbmv (20) &uf/ paeae@wGif ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk wuUodkvf tm;upm;¶Hk opf}uD;wGif usif;ycJhonf? 4if;tpnf;ta0;rS &efukef wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~ pnf;rsO;f a&;qGaJ &; aumfrwD zGŒJ pnf;cJo h nf? udak usmcf if (0dZm… ody)H` u obmywdtjzpf aqmif¶u G o f nf? xdk@aemuf 1930 pufwifbmv (20) &uf/ paeae@wGif ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0; qH;k jzwfcsut f & (1) ausmif;om;xkqENjzihf tr_aqmifaumfrwD a¶G;aumufwifajrmS uf&ef (2) wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~. zGŒJ pnf;yHpk nf;rsO;f Oya'a&;qG&J ef (3) tr_aqmifaumfrwD a¶G;aumufwifajrmS uf&efw@kd jzpfonf? pnf;rsO;f a&;qGaJ &; aumfrwDtzG@J rSm (1) udak usmcf if OuUÏ (2) udb k *sr;f twGi;f a&;rSL; (3) udak usmo f ed ;f 26

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

(4) udw k ihaf qG (5) udx k eG ;f wif (6) udb k ode;f (7) ud&k m¶Spf (8) udak rmiftek ;f (9) rpPwm yumqif (10) udpk aH zmfatmif (11) udb k az (12) udak rmif!eG @f wd@k yg0ifavonf? 4if;tzGŒJ onf Ed0k ifbmv (24) &ufae@wGif pnf;rsO;f a&;qG+J y;D I tpD&ifcpH mudk ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;odk@ rwifjyrD wuUodkvfaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;xHrS rSwcf suEf iS fh a0zefcsurf sm; awmif;cHco hJ nf? 1930 'DZifbm (17) &ufwiG f qmb*srif tdycf sf [Dvf (Sir Benjamin H².Heald Kt,M.A, I.C.S) u aumfrwDudk,fpm;vS,fESihf ausmif;tkyf}uD;rsm;tm; tpnf;ta0; w&yfjyKvyk I f ajymif;vJ&ef wifjyavonf? wuUov kd f tm%mydik rf sm;onf or*~pnf;rsO;f udk atmufpzd@k pf or*~twdik ;f jzpfvo kd nf? 1931 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&D (9) &ufwiG f ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;Y udkodef;armif (*syfqif) u obmywdtjzpf aqmif¶GufI rl=urf;udk oabmwlncD o hJ nf? 4if;tzGŒJ tpnf;u (9) OD;ygaom tvkyt f r_aqmiftzGŒJ udk a¶G;cs,w f ifajrmuf cJo h nf? 4if;wd@k rSm (1) udak usmcf if (2) ud&k m¶Spf (3) udx k eG ;f wif (4) udb k az (5) rpPwm yumqif (6) udak usm'f if (7) udo k ed ;f armif (8) udpk aH zmfatmif (9) udAk pdef wd@k jzpfonf? 4if;tr_aqmifaumfrwDonf or*~taqmuftODEiS fh yufoufaomudp&P yfrsm;/ or*~u, kd pf m;aqmif¶u G cf iG /fh pnf;rsO;f Oya' rlacsma&;qGaJ &;ESifh wuUov kd t f m%mydik rf sm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef tcGit fh m%m¶Sv d monf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

or*~ESihfwuUodkvftm%mydkif=um; oabmxm;uGJvGJaom t"dutcsufrSm wuUov kd af usmif;om;a[mif;rsm;ESifh bGŒJ &ausmif;om;rsm;tm; or*~tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf vufc&H ef udpPjzpfonf? wuUodkvftm%mydkif wuUodkvfaumifpDrS wifjyaom 4if;tcsufrSm or*~pnf;rsO;f Oya'ESifh qef@usiaf =umif; or*~u wifjyaomfvnf; wuUov kd f tm%mydik f rsm;u oabmrwlay? od@k aomf t}urd af ygi;f rsm;pGm aqG;aEG;I 0wfvakH wmf& OD;pd;k !Ge@f (M.A, M.L.C) ESifh wuUov kd af umifpD tr_aqmifv}l u;D tcsKd Œ tultnDay;I 'k-t"dywdu vufc+H y;D zGŒJ pnf;yHpk nf;rsO;f tacsmudprP mS ajyvnfomG ;avonf? 1931 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&D (27) &ufwiG f usi;f yaom or*~tvkyt f r_aqmifEiS fh wuUov kd t f m%mydik w f @kd oabmwlncD suf jyifqifcsurf sm;udk vufct H wnfjyKvu kd o f nf? azazmf0g&Dv (28) &uf/ eHeuf (11) em&DwGif pnf;rsOf;tm; twnfjyKvdkufaomtcg zGJŒpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;Oya'onf twnfjzpfvmonf? wuo taqmuftODudk q&m}uD; ygarmuQ OD;azarmifwifu &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ OuUÏ udkausmfcifxH v$t J yfay;vdu k o f nf?

(i) pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;tzGJŒ. oabmxm; pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;tzGJŒ. ajym=um;csufrSm "ausmif;om;rsm;tay: vH;k 0}uKd ;udik yf ikd cf iG Œf onf pnf;rsO;f Oya'. aomŒcsuyf if jzpfa=umif;/ tem*wf ArmEdkifiHom;wdkh. udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfonfESifŒtnD wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; Edik if aH wmftusKd ; xrf;¶Guaf p&ef/ vGwv f yfa&;pdw"f mwf oGi;f ay;&efEiS fh wm0efopd w d "f mwfrsm; zefw;D ay;&ef }uKd ;yrf;oGm;rnf jzpfa=umif;? wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tm; vlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm; pDpOfay;jcif;/ rdwfquf awG@qHkyGJrsm; pDpOfay;jcif;/ pm;aomufqdkifrsm; xm;¶Sdjcif;/ upm;ckefpm; pnf;¶Hk;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifI pnf;¶Hk;jcif;/ ydkIta&;}uD;aom trsdK;om;a&; pdwf"mwfoGif;ay;jcif;ESifŒ vl@avmu0ifa&mufaomtcg udk,fa&;udk,fwmqdkif&m b0wavSsmufvHk;twGuf jynfŒpHak p&efjzpfonf? or*~wckonf vGwfvyfpGm awG;awm=uHqjcif;ESifŒ vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmf ajymqdak &;om;a&;twGuf &yfwnfae+y;D ausmif;om;vli,fwo hkd nf Edik if . H tem*wfukd ydkifqdkifaeonfomru 4if;wdkh. pdwf"mwfonf trsdK;om;a&;ESifŒ rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf tajccHyifjzpfonf" [k yg&o dS nf?

&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ (,m,D) OuUÏ OD;ausmfcif B.Sc, B.L (1930-31) &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (,m,D) yxrqH;k OuUÏjzpfonf? &cdik t f rsKd ;om; wOD;jzpfI oHw+JG rKd ŒwGif zGm;jrifc. hJ ? oHw+JG rKd Œ tpd;k &txufwef; 28

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ausmif;wGif owœrwef;txd ynmavhvm qnf;yl;cJo h nf? &efuek +f rKd Œ A[dt k pd;k &txufwef;ausmif;odk ajymif;a¶$Œynmqnf;yl;+y;D / 1925 ckEpS w f iG f (10) wef; pmar;yGu J kd atmifjrifchJ onf? &efuek w f uUov kd w f iG f qufvuf ynmoif=um;cJo h nf? 1929 ckEpS w f iG f olaX;OD;ndKu or*~taqmuftOD aqmufvyk v f LS 'ge;f &m/ 1930 ckEpS w f iG f +y;D pD;cJ. h ? or*~taqmuftOD ¶Sad omfvnf; or*~tzGŒJ tpnf; r¶Sjd zpfaeojzihf OD;ausmcf if onf or*~ jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf }uKd ;yrf;r_wiG f acgi;f aqmifco hJ l wOD;jzpfonf? or*~tzGŒJ tpnf; ray:ayguaf p&ef acsm/h ajrmS uf/ +crd ;f ajcmufjcif;udk cHc&hJ .? wuUov kd af usmif;om; ynmwwf rsm;. "rufv;kH " jzpfaom tdE, Nd yÉdnmOfcH 0efxrf; tdik pf t D ufpf &mxl;jzihf acsmjh rLjzm;a,mif;jcif; cHc&hJ .? OD;ausmcf ifum; r,dr;f ,dik /f or*~jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf acgi;f rmpGm }uKd ;yrf;cJo h l om jzpfonf? or*~jzpfajrmufap&ef &efuek w f uUov kd ¶f dS ausmif;om;}u;D rsm;onf yxrqH;k aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifc. hJ ? xdak qG;aEG;yGw J iG f OD;ausmcf ifonf obmywdjzpf.? or*~pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDzGJŒpnf;&ef wuUodkvfudk,fpm; t"dywdESihf aqG;aEG;yGw J iG f ud, k pf m;vS,o f ;kH ?;teuf yg0ifow l OD;vnf; jzpfayonf? or*~pnf;rsO;f a&;qGaJ &; aumfrwDzŒJG pnf;aomtcg OD;ausmcf ifonf obmywd tjzpf wm0ef,l vkyaf qmifc. hJ ? or*~pnf;rsO;f a&;qG+J y;D aemuf wuUov kd t f yk cf sKyaf &;tzG@J ESifh awGŒqHak qG;aEG;yGw J iG f ud, k pf m;vS,f tjzpfjzihf yg0ifco hJ nf? or*~pnf;rsO;f udk twnfjyKaom 1931 ck/ Zefe0g&v D (9) &ufaeŒwGif usi;f y onhf ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;rS/ wuotr_aqmif (9) OD; a¶G;cs,af omtcg OD;ausmcf if onf wuo OuUÏjzpfvm cJah yonf? 1931 ckEpS w f iG f Oya'oifwef;rsm;udk atmifjrifco hJ nf? rdrZd mwd+rKd Œ jzpfaom oHw+JG rKd ŒwGif a¶SŒaetjzpf vkyaf qmif&if;/ jrLeDpyD ,ftzGŒJ 0if/ jrLeDpyD ,fOuUÏtjzpf +rKd Œ jya&;&mrsm;udk aqmif¶u G cf o hJ nf? ppf+y;D acwf 1951 ckwiG f jynfoŒl v$waf wmftrwftjzpf &efatmifrq J ENe,frS a¶G;aumuf wifajrmS ufjcif; cH&+y;D / qGpZf mvefjynf bef;+rKd Œ Y usi;f yaom urBmv h w $ af wmfrsm; nDvmcHo@kd jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ udk acgi;f aqmifum wufa&mufczhJ ;l avonf? OD;ausmfcifonf ,ck &efukef+rdKŒwGif v$wfawmfa¶SŒaetjzpf vkyfaqmifvsuf ¶Sad yonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

yxrqH;k wuoOuUÏ OD;xGe;f pdef B.Sc, B.L (1931-32) &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~. yxrOD;qH;k a¶G;aumufwifajrmS uf cH&aom OuUÏjzpfonf? &cdkifjynf oHwGJ+rdKŒ Zmwd jzpfonf? 1924 ckESpfwGif &efukef wuUov kd w f iG f pwifynmqnf;yl;I 1928 ckwiG f 0dZm… odyH` bGŒJ xl;udk qGwcf ;l cJah vonf? 1931-32 ckESpfwGif Oya'ynmrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;aepOf wuoOuUÏtjzpf a¶G;aumufwifajrmS ufjcif; cHc&hJ oljzpfonf? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒorm; bkef;rD;aevawmufyonhf umvjzpfI tpnf;ta0;yGJ rsm;wGi/f a*smb h &k ifrif;jrwf. bke;f awmfbŒJG rsm;udk oDqu kd m tpnf;ta0; zGiv fh pS cf =hJ u&.? OD;xGe;f pdef wuoOuUÏ jzpfvmaomtcg/ a*smb h &k if bke;f awmfbŒJG tpm; wd@k ArmtrsKd ;om; oDcsi;f jzihf zGiv fh pS cf ahJ vonf? wuUov kd f bGŒJ ESi;f obifcef;ronf jrefrmrqef/ w¶kwb f &k m;ausmif;ESifh wlaeI jrefrmtrsKd ;om; o¶kyaf y:ap&ef jcaoF¶h yk rf sm; xm;&ef awmif;qdck . hJ ? wuUov kd t f aqmuf tODrsm;wGif t*Fvefjynfvyk f oHwcH g;rsm;udk oH;k rnhf tpm;/ jrefrmjynfjzpf opfom;wHcg; rsm;udk toH;k jyK&efvnf; awmif;qdck o hJ nf? 1931 ckEpS w f iG f trsKd ;om;atmifyaJG eŒ pwifusi;f y&m trsKd ;om;atmifyaJG eŒwGif a'gi;f tvH (cGyaf 'gi;f tvHr[kw)f udk or*~rS pwiftoH;k jyKc. hJ ? pD;u&ufoydwaf rSmuf a&;wGif or*~onf ArmEdik if v H il ,frsm;tpnf;t¶H;k (,ckAvp r[kw)f / wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k wd@k ESifh yl;wGJ vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? OD;xGe;f pdeo f nf or*~OuUÏtjzpf oufwrf;rukerf D Ekwx f u G o f mG ;cJo h nf? wuorS xGuf+yD;aemuf ausmif;q&mtjzpf vnf;aumif;/ Oya'pmar;yGJ atmifjrif+yD;aemuf a¶SŒaetjzpf vnf;aumif; vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? *syefacwfwiG f c¶dik 0f eftjzpf Edik if w hH m0efukd xrf;aqmifcJh.? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; t*Fvdyfrsm; jyef0ifvmaomtcg OD;xGefpdeftm; axmif'%f (25) ESpf tjypfay;cJ. h ? (9) v ESifh (4) &uf t=umwGif vGwaf jrmufco hJ nf? ,ck &efuek +f rKd ŒwGif v$waf wmfa¶SŒae}u;D wOD;tjzpf aqmif¶u G v f suf ¶So d nf? 1931 ckESpf &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~ yxrOD;qHk; tr_aqmiftzGJŒ udx k eG ;f pdef OuUÏ udb k *sr;f taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; udx k eG ;f wif udkcspfwif udAk pdef 30

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

udOk ;D wkwf udw k ifarmif udx k eG ;f wif q&mOD;vlaz0if; aiGxed ;f

1932 - 33 wuotr_aqmiftzGJ@ 1? udpk aH zmfatmif OuU‘Ï 2? udAk pdef taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; 3? udak tmifoef; 4? udx k eG ;f atmif 5? ud&k m¶Spf 6? udck spf 7? udo k ufwif (udo k ed ;f armif) 8? ud[ k efaomf 9? udb k wif

1933-34 wuo tr_aqmiftzG@J 1? udo k ed ;f armif OuUÏ 2? udak usmx f eG ;f twGi;f a&;rSL; 3? udOk ;D wkwf 'k-OuUÏ 4? udv k aS rmif or*~r*~Zif; t,f'w D m 5? udak tmifwif pm=unhw f u kd rf LS ; 6? Mr, Zorn Swingh aygi;f oif;qufqaH &;rSL; 7? udv k aS rmif tm;upm;rSL; 8? udak rmiftek ;f 9? udck sr;f jr 10? udak pmpdeu f DG

1934-35 wuo tr_aqmiftzGŒJ 1? udzk ;kd at; OuUÏ 2? udak usmx f eG ;f (aemif udEk )k 'k-OuUÏ 3? udo k mxif taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; 4? udo k ed ;f az (pm=unhw f u kd rf LS ;/ ode;f azjrih)f 5? udak usm+f ird ;f (vlxq k ufqaH &;ESifh 0g'jzef@csad &;) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

6? udek ef;EG,f (t,f'w D m/ or*~r*~Zif;) 7? udb k oef; (aiGxed ;f ) 8? ud0k if; (tm;upm;rSL;) 9? udo k rd ;f armif (pnf;¶H;k a&;)

1935-36 wuo tr_aqmiftzGJ@ 1? udEk k OuUÏ (?;pD;acgi;f aqmif[ak c:onf) (aemif 0ef}u;D csKy)f 2? ud&k m¶Spf 'k-OuUÏ (aemif 0ef}u;D ) 3? udo k [ D ef twGi;f a&;rSL; (aemif 0ef}u;D ) 4? udak tmifqef; td;k a0pmwnf; t,f'w D m (aemif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;) 5? udt k ek ;f aiGxed ;f (aemif oHtrwf) 6? udx k eG ;f tHk pm=unhw f u kd rf LS ; (aemif &efuek jf rLeDpyD ,frif;}u;D ) 7? udo k mvS Edik if jH cm;qufo, G af &;rSL; (aemif &efuek w f uUov kd t f yk cf sKyaf &;rSL;) 8? udb k quf tm;upm;rSL; (aemif Edik if jH cm;a&;Xme) 9? udx k eG ;f wif aygi;f oif;qufqaH &;rSL; (aemif vSsypf pftyk t f zGŒJ OuUÏ

atmifxGef; (jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;pmtkyfrS xkwfESkwfazmfjyonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;ESihf wjynfv;kH ausmif;om;tzGŒJ csKyf}uD; " Auo " ay:aygufvmyHk atmifxeG ;f

1936 azazmf0g&v D (25) &ufae@/ ae@vnf (2) em&Dausmrf pS I wuUov kd ef ,fajr v_yfv_yf¶G¶G jzpfvmonf? or*~taqmuftODY ausmif;om;rsm; [dkwpk/ 'Dwpk pkpk¶Hk;¶Hk;jzpfaeonf? xdkae@eHeufxkwf jrefrmowif;pmrsm;wGifvnf; ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0; nae (4) em&DwiG f jyKvyk rf nht f a=umif; ygvmonf? udak tmifqef;udv k J ausmif;xkwfvdrhfrnf[k owif;xGufaeonf? xdkowif;a=umihf ausmif;om;rsm; ydI k rauseyf=uay? " igwhkd tepfemcH=urS aemifvmrnfŒ ausmif;om;rsm; aumif;pm;rnf" [k ausmif;om;rsm; oabmaygufvm=uonf? ,Hk=unfvm=uonf? rcHcsifpdwfrsm; wzGm;zGm; jzpfay:vmonf? pdwt f m;xufoefonfxuf xufoefvmonf? qENjya&;xuf oydwaf rSmufa&;yg pdw0f ifpm;vm=uonf? nae (4) em&D tpnf;ta0; rwdik rf t D csed f oydwo f nf rd;k csKe;f ouJo h @kd jrnf[;D I ay:vmayonf? nae (4) em&D/ or*~tpnf;ta0;cef;r}u;D wGif ausmif;om; 700 ausm¶f o dS nf? trmcH ausmif;om;tcsKd Œ or*~a¶SŒ jrufcif;jyifY pk¶;kH ae=uonf? tpnf;ta0;cef;r OuUÏ. ukvm;xdik f aemufausmbufwiG f o&Jatmifvu H kd tvsm;vdu k f csxm;onf? OuUÏudEk k 0ifvmaomtcg ausmif;om;tm;vHk; vufckyf em;uGJvkrwwf wD;=uonf? udk&m¶Spf 0ifvmaom tcg yxrenf;wl tm;ay;=uonf? udEk o k nf ausmif;xkwcf &H +y;D ausmif;om; r[kwaf wmhI tpnf;ta0; obmywd rvkyb f J owif;axmufrsm;. a¶SŒqH;k tv,fwef;Y xdik o f nf? udEk . k nmbufY udak tmifqef;xdik o f nf? ud&k m¶Spu f obmywd/ udo k [ D efu twGi;f a&;rSL;vkyo f nf? ud&k m¶Spo f nf tpnf;ta0;ac:&onhf ta=umif;&if;udk t*Fvyd v f kd tus,w f 0ihf ¶Si;f jyonf? udk&m¶Spfu " udkEk ausmif;xkwfcH&onfŒ udpPESifŒywfoufI tm;vHk;od+yD; jzpfa=umif;/ udak tmifqef;udv k nf; pmar;yGrJ vkyrf D rwfvavmufY ausmif;xkwrf nf[k tcdik t f vHk od¶x dS m;a=umif;/ aemif or*~tr_aqmif 3/ 4 OD; udv k nf; ausmif;xkwv f rd Œf rnf[k tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

tcdik t f vHk od¶x dS m;a=umif;/ xd@k a=umifŒ 4if;wdhk xkwcf &H onfukd uef@uGuo f nfŒtaeESihf rdrdtr_aqmiftzGJ@onf pmar;yGJrajz=u&ef qHk;jzwfa=umif;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; wdu k w f eG ;f vdak =umif;/ od@k aomf Ttpnf;ta0;rS qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd vufcrH nfjzpfa=umif;" ajym=um;oGm;onf? udck ifarmifuav;u " ausmif;tky}f u;D rpPwmpavmh jyKrcl surf sm;onf tvGeyf if emusnf;p&maumif;onf? usaemfwdk@onf vlnHŒawGr[kwf/ oHr%drsm;jzpfonf? oHr%dpw d "f mwf¶adS =umif; ,ckjy&rnf" [kajym&m =obmoH}u;D rsm; qlno H mG ;onf? udkpdefwdk;u " udkEkESifŒ udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;xkwfvdkufonfŒ twGuf rpPwmpavmŒtm; aus;Zl;wifa=umif;" tqdw k ifoiG ;f onf? udo k [ D efu axmufco H nf? udv k aS zu " ausmif;tkyf}uD;. jyKrlcsufrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;udkomru Armjynfuykd g apmfum;&m a&mufonf? ausmif;qufaeI tusKd ;r¶S/d oydwaf rSmuf=uyg" [k tqdw k ifoiG ;f onf? udak tmifjrihu f axmufcv H u kd o f nf? " pw¶du k /f pw¶du k f" " oydwaf rSmuf/ oydwaf rSmuf" toHrsm; tpnf;ta0; wcef;vH;k qlnaH eonf? udkausmf+idrf;u olonf arSsmfvifŒcsufrsm;pGm pGef@v$wfI ausmif;rSxGuf&ef qHk;jzwf+yD;jzpfonf? olhuJŒodk@ ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;rSxGuf&ef tqdkjyKvdkufonf? udkvSazu axmufcHonf? tpnf;ta0;wckvHk; oydwfarSmuf/ oydwfarSmuftoHrsm; qlnHvmonf? udkvSazu azazmf0g&Dv (23) &ufaehuyif or*~tr_aqmifrsm;/ tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifŒtwl pmar;yGJrajzbJ udk,fcsif;pmoydwfarSmufrnf[k uwday;xm;+yD; jzpfonf [kajymonf? udo k mvSu olonf tvGeq f if;&J.? ol@OD;av;u ausmif;xm;I ausmif;ae&onf? ausmif;rS axmufyŒH =u; awmif;cHae&onf? ol.b0&nfreS ;f csuu f kd pGe@f v$wI f pmar;yGu J kd oloydwaf rSmufvu kd +f yD [kajymonf? udpk ;kd jrihf (rd;k ndK) u ,aeh 'kw, d trsKd ;om;ae@ [kajymonf? xdktcg udkEku " nDtudk armifESrwdk@/ usaemfausmif;xkwfcH&I ,ckuJhodl@ qlylae=uonfrSm xef;oD;a=uGcdkuf usD;em;vdkufwJŒ oabmomjzpfw,f? tdEdN,u yJpm;wJŒukvm;awGv@kd ac:ayr,hf ukvm;rsm;onf bDatbG@J rsm;/ tdik t f ufp&D mxl;rsm; jyeftyf=uonf? usaemfwdk@onf bDatbGJ@avmufom jyeftyfEdkifojzifŒ ¶Sufp&m aumif;onf? tdE, Nd bk&ifccH sKyf armifŒavmŒ'ftm0ifu " tdE, Nd jynfonf uGseo f uf¶n S ¶f n S f aeoGm;&ef ynma&;Xmeudk tkyfcsKyfa&;XmeuJhodkh tkyfcsKyf&rnf? ynmoif=um;a&; p&dw}f u;D }u;D xm;&rnf" [kajymoGm;onf? 'Dtcsuf (2) csu¶f adS eorSs umvywfv;kH oydwaf rSmufzhkd wifoiG ;f &rSmyJ" [k udEk u k ajymvdu k af omtcg 1930 urBmph ;D yGm;ysuu f yfEiS fh Armjynf pD;yGm;ysuu f yf usa&mufaecsed f jzpfI wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;u ausmif;vcESifh 34

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

tjcm;p&dwrf sm;avSsm&h ef awmif;qdck ahJ omfvnf; ausmif;tkycf sKyaf &;tzGŒJ u vspv f sL¶_co hJ nf? 1934-35 wGif ausmif;p&dwfavsmhaygha&;udk xyfrHawmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; wuUodkvf tkycf sKyaf &;aumifpu D ausmif;om;tcsKd Œudk ac:,lEpS o f rd jfh zm;a,mif;um uwdrwnfrr_ sm; jyKcahJ vonfrmS ¶Sad ecJI h tpnf;ta0;cef;onf tkwt f w k u f suu f suEf iS fh " oydwaf rSmuf/ oydwaf rSmuf" atmforH sm; yJw h ifxyfomG ;onf? tcsKd Œausmif;om;rsm; aemufaz;avSum;rS jyef=u&ef ajy;=uonf? aemufaz;avSum;Y udx k eG ;f tH/k udb k qufEiS fh trmcH ausmif;om; wcsKd Œ¶So d nf? 4if;wd@k u " usaemfw@kd udk eif;+y;D qif;oGm;yg" [k avSum;xdyYf xdik cf svu kd o f nf? udkodef;azu xdktcsdefwGif vufwdk@I bwfpfum;rsm;udk urm¶Gwf*wfwJteD;rS or*~ taqmuftODa¶SŒod@k armif;0ifvmaponf? obmywd ud&k m¶Spu f oydwaf rSmuf wifoiG ;f xm;onht f qdu k kd jyefpOf;pm;&ef (3) }urd af jymonf? udck ifarmifuav;onf a'gow}u;D xdik &f mrSx+y;D " a[Œ &m¶Sp/f rif;pum; ¶kyo f rd ;f / r=um;csib f ;l uG" [kajym&if; ausmif;om;rsm;bufo@kd vSn&fh if; " oydwaf rSmuf tqdu k kd b,fvo kd abmxm;ovJ " [kar;vdu k &f m ausmif;om;rsm;onf " pw¶du k /f pw¶d k u f / oyd w f a rS m uf / oyd w f a rS m uf " [k jyef a tmf = uonf ? ud k & m¶S p f u oydwaf rSmuftqdu k kd jyefpOf;pm;&ef ajymjcif;onf ausmif;om;rsm; pdwu f kd qGay;jcif;jzpfonf? ausmif;om;rsm; pdw"f mwfjyif;xefvmatmif vHŒ_ aqmfay;jcif;jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0;onf w¶ke;f ¶ke;f ESifh wa0ga0gjzpfaepOf ausmif;om;wa,mufonf or*~cef;ra¶SŒbuf jyLwif;aygufudk vufnSdK;xdk;I tif;vsm;aqmifrS ausmif;olor*~ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; (15) OD;cef@ - rcifjr (aemif uxdu/ ynma&;wuUov kd )f / jcif;=um;rr}u;D (udx k eG ;f tHZk eD;)/ rtrm (aemif vlxak ':trm)/ rode;f =unf (ykord )f wd@k ESifh ausmif;ol (15) a,mufcef@ - tm;jy+yD; " rde;f cav;awGyg&if a,musm;f av;awG bmowWad =umifwmvJ/ xrde0f wf=ua[h/ pw¶du k f pw¶du k f" [k atmf=ujyefonf? ausmif;om;tcsKd Œonf udEk t k m; ykc;kH xrf;I atmufo@kd ac:oGm;onf? ud&k m¶Spu f " uJ oydwaf rSmufzhkd qH;k jzwf+y;D +y/D or*~&aJ bmfw@kd / vdu k yf gz@kd awmŒ rwdkufwGef;vdkygbl;/ 'gayr,fŒ 'DudpPrSm igwdk@ wm0ef¶Sdw,fvdk@ ,lq+yD; trsdK;om; pdwjf yif;xefwŒJ olawG vdu k yf gEikd yf gw,f/ tpnf;ta0; +y;D qH;k a=umif;" tEdik Ef ikd af jym&if; ausmif ; om;tcsd K Œu csd K if ; ES p f b uf r S r ,l I atmuf o d k @ ac:aqmif o G m ;=uonf ? tif;vsm;aqmif¶dS ausmif;olrsm;onfvnf; Rightly or Wrongly My Country is My Country

-[laom aqmify'k t f & oydwaf rSmuf&efxu G v f m+y;D oydwaf rSmufausmif;om; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

rsm;udk vufcyk w f ;D I }uKd q=kd uonf? oydwf oydw/f arSmuf arSmuf pavmŒ pavmŒ/ xGuf xGuf udak tmifqef;udk ausmif;rxkwef @J udEk u k kd ausmif;rxkwef @J u|eyf nma&;pepf/ zsuyf pf zsuyf pf ocifrsKd ;a[Œ 'd@k Arm a=uG ; a=umf o H r sm; a=uG ; a=umf I t"d y wd v rf ; rS ausmif ; tk y f } uD ; td r f o d k @ vnf;aumif;/ ausmif;aq;¶Hk a¶SŒodk@ vnf;aumif;/ a¶$wd*HkapwDawmf &m[kaxmihf wefaqmif;}uD;qDodk@ w+rdKŒvHk; vSnhfvnf+yD; oydwfpcef;zGihf&ef xGufvm=uonf? &efuek w f uUov kd }f u;D onfum; oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm; xGuv f m+y;D aemuf +ird o f uf ajcmufaoGŒuse&f pfco hJ nf? *k%x f ;l wef;rS ausmif;om;}u;D rsm;vnf; yg0ifc=hJ uonf? bDat/ bDtufpD rufarmIvnf;aumif;/ axmufyahH =u; jyKwrf mS a=umufaom ausmif;om;tcsKd ŒrS vGI J 80µ ausmf oydwaf rSmuf=uonf? xdak usmif;om;rsm;xJwiG f aemiftcg 0ef}u;D / I.C.S / B.C.S/ oHtrwf/ wdik ;f rif;}u;D / twGi;f 0efjzpf=urnho f rl sm; ygvmayonf? ud, k u f sKd ;udk pGe@f oihf pGe@f xdu k o f nhf tcsed w f iG f ud, k u f sKd ;pGe@f &J0ahH om ausmif;om;rsm;a=umihf 1936 ck/ 'kw, d t}urd af usmif;om;oydw}f u;D jzpfay:vm ayonf?

oydwft&Sdefwufvmjcif; ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;xJwGif tdEdN,wdkif;&if;om;rsm;/ t*Fvdyfujym;rsm; yg0ifco hJ nf? ajcwzufjywf [dELN vlrsKd ; ausmif;om;wa,mufvJ " trsKd ;om;jcif; cs;D jriS Œf yg" [laom jrefrmpmwrf;udk udkifaqmifvmI oydwfrSm t¶Sdefjrihfvmonf? ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm; pdwfxJwGif rdrdwdk@oif=um;&ef,lxm;aom bmom&yfrsm;udk jyefvnf pOf;pm;&m aemif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;udk rwwfEdkifaom bmom&yfrsm;/ rdrdwdk@pdwf ,Ofaus;odraf rGŒatmif rjyKvyk Ef ikd af om bmom&yfrsm;/ ZmwdaoG;/ Zmwdrmef wazG;azG; wufaprnhftpm; arG;oaE<yg pdwful;pdwfjrwfrsm;udkyif aysmufuG,fapEdkifaom bmom&yfrsm;udk ,lxm;rda=umif; odvm=uonf? trdArmjynfu ppfreS af om acgi;f aqmif Edik rf nho f l wOD;udk trSew f u,f vdt k yfaeonf/ tvsit f jreftvd¶k adS e.? Armwdik ;f twGuf ar;cGef;jzpfae.? wOD;wa,muf pdwfaysmhnHhr_a=umihf ArmawGudk aumuf¶dk;rD;[k rpGypf rJG yd gapESi?fh oifwa,muf aoG;a=umifra_ =umihf Armh*% k f rysuyf gapESi?fh oifwa,muf wudk,faumif;qefr_a=umihf Armqdkwm tpmjyac:&wmyJ[k olrsm;tqdk rcH&ygapESihf? oifwa,muf opPmysufr_/ uwdysufr_a=umihf wrsdK;om;vHk; repfemygapESihf? oif. 36

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

aemufweG @f r_/ owdeœ nf;r_/ ZGaJ ysmrh a_ =umihf aqmif¶u G cf surf sm; raESmihaf ES;ygapESi?fh tm;vH;k wnDwnmwnf; aqmif¶u G =f u&ef ta&;}u;D ayonf? oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;onf ud, k t fh yk pf Ek iS u fh , kd f wm0ef,Il oydwrf arSmuf ao;aom rpf¶Sifausmif;rsm;ESihf tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;odk@oGm;um oydwfwm;=uonf? oydww f m;aom ausmif;om;pku oydww f m;I oydww f &m;a[maom ausmif;om;pku oydwt f iftm;jznhw f if;&ef }uKd ;yrf;=uonf? a¶$w*d akH pwDawmf oydwpf cef;Y use&f pfaom ausmif;om;xkrmS vnf; oydwaf rSmufausmif;om; &Jabmfopfrsm;tvmudk 0rf;omtm;& qD;}udK=uonf? oydwfarSmuf umvtwGif; wae@wmukefqHk;onhf tcsdefwdkif;wGif oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;tm; acgi;f aqmifrsm;u aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;/ enf;!$ev f rf;jy ynmay;w&m;rsm; a[majymavh¶o dS nfukd oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;tm;vH;k pdwt f m;xuf oefpmG pka0;em;axmif=uonf? 1920 wuUov kd f yxrausmif;om;oydwf tawGŒt=uKH &cJhovdk oydwfarSmufausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tzdk@vnf; tawGŒt=uHK &ihfusuf cJh+yDjzpfonf? +AdwdoSse,fcsJŒenf;y&d,m,fudk 1936 oydwfausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; em;vnfxm;=uonf? oydwt f ¶Sed jf rihw f ufvm&m tifvsm;aqmifrS ausmif;ol (150)/ udo k rd ;f armif acgi;f aqmifaom ,leAD mpDwD *syq f ifausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifvmonf? udb k ZH acgi;f aqmif aom &cdik t f rsKd ;om;rsm;vnf; ygvmonf? aq;aumvdyf oydwu f kd udv k aS ¶$ (udv k aS znD tm%m¶Siu f v kd aS ¶$) acgi;f aqmifco hJ nf? +rdKŒvHk;u|wfausmif;om;rsm;/ txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;yg 0ifa&mufvmI oydwt f ¶Sed jf rihv f monf? te,fe,ft&yf&yf¶Sd ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; pGrf;tm;¶SdorSs yg0ifulnDI wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;uvnf; te,fe,f t&yf&yf¶Sd tpnf;t¶Hk;cGJrsm;odk@ !$ef=um;csuf rsm;ay;yd@k I yg0ifun l aD ponf? jynfv;kH uGswaf usmif;om;oydwo f @kd a&mufc&hJ ef axmuful oydwaf rSmufay;cJah om ausmif;rsm;rSm jynf/ }uKd Œyifaumuf/ vufyw H ef;/ oH;k q,f/ rif;vS/ aysmfbG,f/ rEWav;/ rHk¶Gm/ armfv+rdKif/ ajrmif;jr/ yJcl;/ jrif;jcH/ ykodrf/ rdwˆDvm/ zsmyHk/ a¶$bdk/ anmifav;yif/ yckuUL/ rif;bl;/ tif;pdef/ awmif}uD;/ aygif;wnf/ usdKufvwf/ [oFmw/ awmifi/l rk'+kH rKd Œrsm;¶Sd ausmif;aygi;f (45) ausmif; yg0ifcahJ vonf? oydwo f rm;rsm;pcef;udk *spD b D aD t orw}u;D OD;pd;k odr;f a&mufvmonf? olonf *sDpDbDatwGif e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; tjyif;xefqHk; acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfum &mxl;r,lbJ tm;vHk;udktwdkuftcHvkyfcJhonf? " rif;wdk@ atmifqef;wdk@vdk vkyf&r,f/ 'grsdK;rS igwdk@ ydak umif;r,f/ ydw k ;kd wufr,f" [k ajym=um;cJhonf? udkEk/ udk&m¶Spf/ udktkef;ESihf tjcm; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf +rdKŒrsm;odk@oGm;a&mufI awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wifjyum vlx tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

t k pnf;ta0;}u;D rsm; jyKvyk af vonf?

awmif;qdck suf (10) csuf rdef;uav; (36) a,mufyg vl (700) ausmfESihf (25) &uf/ nbufY *syq f ifaumvdyrf S vl (20) xyfrH a&muf¶v dS m+y;D oydwpf cef;rSm tiftm;rsm;jym;vmonf? xdn k wGif tcsuf (10) csuyf g awmif;qdck suf a&;qGcJ o hJ nf? 4if; (10) csurf mS 1? ,leAD mpDwt D ufOya'udk jyifay;&ef/ 2? aumvdyaf usmif;raeaomfvnf; ,leAD mpDwu D ppfaq;aom pmar;yGrJ sm; 0ifa&mufajzqdkcGihfay;&ef/ 3? ausmif;vc/ xrif;zd;k ESiw fh uG pmar;yG0J ifciG rfh sm; avsmch s&ef/ 4? or*~rS ausmif;om;rsm;ud, k pf m; epfemcsurf sm;udk ajymqdck iG Efh iS fh ausmif;om; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk ausmif;tkycf sKyaf &;u vufcaH jymqdrk nfr[kwq f akd om qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd zsufodrf;ay;&ef/ 5? udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;xkwfypfrnfqdkaom trdef@twnfjzpfvSsif xdktrdef@udk y,fzsufI ol@tm; pmar;yGJ0ifcGihfay;&efESihf ausmif;xkwfcHausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyefwufcGihfay;&ef/ 6? ausmif;tkyfq&m}uD;. vufwGif;Y ausmif;om;rsm;udk xkwfy,fEdkifaom tcGit fh m%mudk ¶kyo f rd ;f I tkycf sKyaf &;tzGŒJ Yom xdt k m%mxm;¶S&d ef/ 7? tpd;k &ESifh wuUov kd af usmif;u rEWav;aumvdyu f kd rzsuyf g[k wm0efccH suf ay;&ef/ 8? ausmif;om;rsm; rdrw d @kd pmar;yGt J ajzpmtkyu f kd =unhcf iG afh y;&ef/ 9? oydwaf rSmuf&yfpaJ omtcg ausmif;om;rsm; pmusucf sed &f &eftwGuf pmar;yGJ udt k enf;qH;k wva¶$Œqdik ;f &ef/ 10? oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;tm; wdkuf¶dkufjzpfap/ oG,f0dkufIjzpfap ppfa=umar;jref;jcif;/ tjypfay; jcif;rsm; jyKvyk rf nfr[kw[ f k 0efccH suaf y;&ef/ ponfw@kd jzpf.? txufygawmif;qdck surf sm;udk 'dik t f mcDtpd;k &/ ,leAD mpDwaD usmif;tkycf sKyaf &;tzGŒJ ponfwdk@udk ay;ydk@awmif;qdkaomfvnf; ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJŒu usif;yae=u pmar;yGJudkom tcsdefrSefusif;y&ef pDpOfcJhonf? wuUodkvftkyfcsKyfa&; aumifpDonf azazmf0g&v D (28) &ufwiG f ausmif;om;rsm;udk ta&;,lc&H rnf jzpfa=umif; ajym=um;cJo h nf? xdkpOfu0ef}uD;csKyf (2) OD;jzpfaom OD;babESihf a'gufwmbarmfu wwfEdkiforSs vkyfaqmifay;rnf[kajymaomfvnf; Oya'aumifpDwGif *VKefOD;apm. uef@uGufr_jzihf oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;. awmif;qdck surf sm; r&¶Sad y? 38

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

1936 ref;Oypmaumvdyf/ udkA[def;ESihf ppfudkif;0dkif;pOfu 1936 &efuek w f uUov kd rf S udEk /k ud&k m¶Sp/f udak tmifqef;wd@k OD;pD;+y;D oydwaf rSmuf aomtcg ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;onf azazmf0g&v D (27) &ufwiG f aemifawmf wuUov kd f ausmif;om;}u;D rsm;udk ulno D nht f aeESifh 0dik ;f 0ef; oydwaf rSmuf=uonf? 1934 ckwiG f ref;OypmaumvdyYf ausmif;om;or*~ zGŒJ pnf;+y;D jzpfonf? OuUÏrSm udAk [de;f jzpfI/ twGi;f a&;rSL;rSm udck ifarmifwif jzpfonf? udkA[def;ESihf udkcifarmifwifwdk@onf ta&;awmfyHktwGif; rEWav;+rdKŒay:rS ausmif;rsm;od@k vSnv fh nf+y;D oydwaf rSmuf&ef vH@_ aqmfonf? oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk Oypm aumvdyaf usmif;om;}u;D rsm;u OD;aqmifI xde;f ay;=uonf? txufwef;ausmif;rS ausmif;om;aygi;f (2000) ausmf yg0ifco hJ nf? oydwpf cef;rSm ouso[ D bk&m;twGi;f / taemufawmifaxmihf tkwZf &yf}u;D jzpfonf? xdktcsdef rEWav;+rdKŒ ESihf teD;qHk;jzpfaom ppfudkif;txufwef;ausmif;rSm oydwfrarSmufao;ay? ref;OypmaumvdyfwGif ppfudkif;rS ausmif; om; (10) OD;cef@ ¶Sdaomfvnf; ppfudkif;ausmif; oydwfarSmuf&ef r}udK;pm;Edkifay? ppfudkif;ausmif;wGif ae@ausmif;om;rsm;rSm (350) cef@/ (120) cef@rSm taqmifausmif;om;rsm;jzpfonf? ae@ausmif;om;rsm;om pnf;¶Hk;I&ojzihf ae@ausmif;om;rsm;u ref;Oypmaumvdyf¶Sd ausmif;om;rsm; tultnDESihf oydwfarSmuf=uonf? pmar;yGJrsm;jyKvkyfI rEWav;wGif oydww f m;&m ppfuikd ;f wGiv f nf; oydww f m;&ef vdv k mayonf? xdktcg ref;oydwfodk@ tultnDawmif;&m udkA[def;ESihf udkcifarmifwif acgi;f aqmifI oydwaf usmif;om; (100) cef@onf ppfuikd ;f od@k oGm;a&muf oydww f m; =uonf? ppfuikd ;f ausmif;0if;twGi;f ydwq f @kd ¶Hrk sS rvHak vmufbJ pmoifcef;rsm; udyk g ydwq f @kd &ef vdkvmonf? tb,fa=umihfqdkaomf ppfudkif;ausmif;0if;rSm oGwfeef;}udK; av;wef;um xm;Ijzpfonf? ausmif;xJudk udkodef;armif (aemif AdkvfrSL;odef;armif) ESihf udkjrihfu tvHudkifI0ifoGm;onf? xdk@aemuf q&mrsm;ESihf pum;ajym&ef udkjrihfESihf udkA[def; ae&mvJvu kd o f nf? ausmif;tkyf}uD; rpPwma'gif;u udkA[def;wdk@udk oydwfrwm;&efESihf ausmif; ayguf0udk ¶Sif;vif;ay;&ef " rif;wdk@ xGufoGm;" [kajymqdkaomtcg udkA[def;u " usaemfrxGuEf ikd af =umif;/ oydwaf rSmufaumifp. D trde@f t& vma&mufjcif;jzpfyga=umif;/ xGurf oGm;Edik yf g cifAsm;/ tu,fI usaemfw@kd usL;vGeo f nfxifygu ykvyd u f kd ta=umif;=um; ay;yg" [kajymonf? xdt k cg ausmif;tky}f u;D u " ig ykvyd u f kd *¶krpdu k f" [kajym+y;D ol@nmvufz0g;jzihf udkA[def;yg;udk ¶dkufcsvdkuf&m udkA[def;rSm Tae&mY acGusoGm;onf? oydwfwm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ausmif;om;rsm; ¶kw¶f w k o f o J jJ zpfaepOf rpPwma'gi;f onf tcsed q f rJG aebJ ausmif;aqmif twGi;f Y toihaf pmihaf eaom ol.tvdak wmf&d abmf'gausmif;om;rsm; bufo@kd vSn+fh y;D " wynfw@kd / cs=ua[h/ cs=ua[Œ" [k xyfraH tmf[pfum trde@f ay;vdu k o f nf? abmf'gaqmiftwGi;f rS uif;axmuf ausmif;om; (50) cef@onf cavmufww k f }uD;rsm; qGJudkifum ajy;xGuf vm+yD; oydwfwm;ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vHk;udk odrf;usHK;+yD; ¶du k Ef u S =f uonf? oydww f m;ausmif;om;rsm;onf oydwaf umifpD tpnf;ta0; qH;k jzwfcsuf t& bmrS jyefrvky=f uay? ausmif;om; (12) OD;cef@ '%f&mtjyif;txef&¶S+d y;D / udAk [de;f tygt0if ausmif;om;trsm;pk '%f&m&¶S=d uonf? tjyif;xefq;kH '%f&m&olrsm;rSm udw k if (aemif Adv k rf LS ;}u;D wifp;kd ) ESifh udyk k (xdpk Ofu 0ufpvD,ef ausmif;om;) wdŒk jzpfonf? ppfudkif;aq;¶HkwGif aq;0g;uko&m roufomI rEWav;aq;¶Hkodk@ ydk@Iuko&avonf? oydwfwm; ref;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;om; udkcifndK (aemif 'k-AdkvfrSL;}uD;) rSmvnf; t¶du k cf &H ol ausmif;om;rsm;tm; umuG,&f ef vltyk x f o J @kd ajy;0ifomG ;I ppfuikd ;f tpd;k & ausmif;om; uif;axmufrsm;. wkwpf mjzpfomG ;onf?

oydwfarSmufaphpyfjcif;ESihf oydwfvSefjcif; wuUodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDonf tpnf;ta0;Y OD;apmESihf EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;onf pHkprf;a&;aumfr¶Sif zGJŒpnf;&ef }udK;yrf;cJh=uonf? {+yDvtxd oydwfrvSef=uojzihf e,fcsŒJ tpd;k &onf [du k u f w k rf S w&m;ol}u;D OD;jrbl;udk OuUÏtjzpf xm;I pHpk rf;a&;tzGŒJ zGJŒonf? wuUodkvfaumifpDY 4if;tzGJŒ¶Hk;xdkifI oydwfarSmufausmif;om; r[kwfaom olrsm;udk pHpk rf;ar;jref;cJah vonf? eef;&if;0ef a'guw f mbarmfonf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;I xdak umfrwDxw J iG f ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifapvdo k nf? xdktcsdefwGif oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf [dkufpul;ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vHk; pnf;¶Hk;ap+yD; oydwfarSmufaumifpDwGif 4if;txufwef;ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifapavonf? arvwGif tpd;k &ESifh oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm; aphpyf&m toiht f wiho f m ajyvnfonf? wuUodkvfaumifpDwGif ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyefwufa&;udpPwdk@ ajyvnfonf? oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk tjypfray;&? pmar;yG0J if&ef pmusucf sed f vHkavmufpGm &¶Sda&;/ ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;qufwnfjrJa&;udpPwdk@ ajyvnf.? od@k aomfjyifyrS wuUov kd pf mar;yGJ ajzcGiu fh kd a'guw f mbarmf. ynma&;Xmeu oabmrwl/ ausmif;vc taqmifvcvnf; ravsmah y;/ wuUov kd t f ufOya'udk jyifqifay;&efupd u P kd ¶kwfw&uf raqmif¶GufEdkifao;I w&m;ol}uD; (OD;jrbl;) }uD;rSL;aom aumfrwDodk@ v$t J yfvu kd o f nf? xdt k cg ajyvnfaom tcsurf sm;tay:rlwnfI oydwpf cef;Y tkypf k 40

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

(2) pk uGJoGm;onf? udktkef;/ udk&m¶Spfwdk@u oydwfvSef&ef oabmwlnD+yD; udkvSaz/ udn k Kd xeG ;f wd@k u oydwq f ufvo kd nf? aemufq;kH oydw&f yf&ef oydwaf umifpu D oabmwl+y;D 1936 ck arv (10) &ufwiG f oydwv f eS f vdu k o f nf?

oydwf. tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; 1? rwfv tv,fwGif ausmif;tkyf}uD; rpPwmpavmh ae&mwGif ygarmuQ OD;azarmifwifukd ausmif;tky}f u;D tjzpf cef@vdu k o f nf? 2? 1920 jynhf ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D xuf 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D onf ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH . Ed;k =um;r_ pdw"f gwf odoo d mom xifxif¶mS ;¶Sm; wd;k wufjynh0f r_ ¶Sv d monf? 3? 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D onf tcsed , f }l uKd wifjyifqifI oydwaf rSmuf vdu k af om oydw}f u;D r[kw?f e,fcsŒJ tpd;k &. ESyd u f yG v f eG ;f r_a=umiho f m jzpfc&hJ aom oydw}f u;D jzpfI oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;xk}u;D onf wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k ESiw fh uG e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; Edik if aH &; tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf }u;D rm;aom Edik if aH &; tiftm;opf}u;D w&yf jzpfay:cJo h nf? 4? aemiftem*wfwiG f e,fcsŒJ udw k eG ;f vSeI f vGwv f yfa&;}uKd ;yrf;rnf[k ocifatmifqef;/ ocifE/k ocifoed ;f az (ode;f azjrih)f / ocifvaS z/ ocifA[de;f / ocifAaqG/ ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k ay:vm&onf? 5? ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D rSm aemufq;kH oydwv f eS cf ahJ omfvnf; vli,fobm0udk azmfjyo¶kyaf qmifaom jiif;cHrk r_ sm; ay:aygujf cif;ESifh t,ltqjyif;xefow l @kd u wuUov kd u f kd &moufyefpeG @f v$wo f mG ;=uonf? udkEk/ udkvSaz/ udkodef;az/ udkxGef;tHkESihf ausmif;om;tcsdKŒ ausmif;jyef rwuf=uawmhay? udkodef;azESihf udkxGef;tHkonf owif;axmufESihf aus;¶Gmjyefvnf xlaxmifa&; ynmawmfoifq&k aomfvnf; pGe@f v$w+f y;D Edik if jH cm;od@k roGm;cJah cs? 6? oydwfacgif;aqmifudkEk. +AdwdoSstpdk;&uzGifŒay;wJŒ wuUodkvfrsm;[m vcpm;u|eu f av;awG arG;xkwf ay;&ef u|ex f w k u f ek v f yk if ef; puf¶akH wGjzpfw,f} [laom pum;onf ausmif;om;rsm;pdwx f w J iG f pGu J se&f pfco hJ nf? 7? wjynfv;kH ¶Sd ausmif;om;xkpnf;¶H;k v_y¶f mS ;r_ ydrk o kd yd o f nf;cdik rf mvm+y;D " Arm Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm; or*~ (Auo)" "All Burma Students Union - ABSU" trnfjzihf azmfxw k Ef ikd cf o hJ nf? Auoonf e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;ordik ;f pOfwiG f yxrOD;qH;k t}urd f zGŒJ pnf;vdu k af om wjynfv;kH ausmif;om;tzGŒJ csKy}f u;D jzpfonf? 8? wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;.=oZm ausmif;om;xktwGif; us,fjyef@pGm xdk;ESuf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

0ifa&mufoGm;+yD; wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;ESihf ausmif;om;or*~rsm; ydkrdkcdkifrmpGm yl;aygif;rd vmonf? 9? 'kw, d t}urd f jynfv;kH u|wf ausmif;om;oydww f u kd yf }JG u;D onf awmif;qdk csurf sm; vufiif;tm;jzihf tjynht f 0 r&aomfvnf; Edik if aH &; atmifjrifcsurf sm;rSmum; ¶H;_ edr&fh jcif;rsm;xuf omvGeu f m ordik ;f wGi&f pfrnhf atmifjrifcsurf sm; &¶Scd o hJ nf? 10? 1920 jynhfwGif tufOya'udk jyifqifcsuf oydwfwdkufyGJrS r&¶Sdaom ,leAD mpDwD tufOya'udk 'kw, d ausmif;om;oydwu f atmifjrifpmG jyifqifEikd cf o hJ nf? 11? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf a'gufwmbarmf/ wuUodkvf aumifpD 0ifrsm;/ Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESifh awGŒqHak qG;aEG;r_a=umihf todOm%frsm; zGŒH +zKd ;vm+y;D / rdrdudk,frdrd ,Hk=unfvmum tpdk;&ESihf ygvDref vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; em;vnfvmonf? Edik if aH &;v_y¶f mS ;r_/ wGe;f vSerf E_ iS Œf awG@qHak qG;aEG;a&;udk em;vnfvmonf? awmif;qdck suf rsm;udk rnfodk@uehfowf&rnf/ wdk;csJ@&rnfudk em;vnfvmonf? tcsdefuehfowfr_/ vlxak xmufcrH . _ tquftoG,/f ud, k Œf ud, k u f x kd ed ;f csKyjf cif;ESifh +ird o f ufpmG vdv k m;csurf sm; qGq J ehw f ifjyEdik yf u kH kd oabmayguv f mayonf? 12? trsKd ;om;wuUov kd f ay:ayguv f mayonf?

1936 yxrt}udrf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (Auo) nDvmcH (arv 8 &uf/ 1936) oydwaf rSmufumv (3) v=umaomtcg &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm; or*~ (wuo) onf trsdK;om;a&; us,fjyef@aomv_yf¶Sm;r_odk@ ajymif;vJa&muf¶Sdvm+yD; ausmif;om;or*~onf trsKd ;om;vli,frsm;udk acgi;f aqmifvmum tusKd ;aus;Zl;taeESifh Auoay:vmayonf? yxrqH;k t}urd f AuonDvmcHukd 1936 arv (8) &ufae@wGif oydwf arSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;yg0if+yD; *sLAvDa[mY usif;y&m yxrqHk; OuUÏtaeESifŒ udk&m¶Spfudk cef@tyf+y;D / udak tmifqef;udk 'k-OuUÏtjzpf cef@tyfvu kd o f nf? udkA[def; (txufArmjynf udk,fpm;vS,f)/ udkjyef@ (aemif ocifjyef@/ ucsif jynfe,f)/ udx k eG ;f ¶Sed f (aemif Adv k &f efEikd )f / udAk aqG (aemif 0ef}u;D csKy)f / udv k aS ¶$ (aemif tm%m¶Siv f aS ¶$)/ udo k ed ;f atmif (aemif ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif)/ udv k aS rmif/ udx k eG ;f tHw k @kd wufa&mufc=hJ uonf? 4if;tpnf;ta0;rS trsKd ;om;a&;tzGŒJ csKyf tpnf;ta0; us,jf yef@ ap&efEiS fh trsKd ;om;wuUov kd f wnfaxmif&ef/ wdik ;f &if;om;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynfwiG ;f ae vlrsdK;jcm;ausmif;om;rsm; aoG;pnf;&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcscJhonf? 1936 oydwfumvwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf xifjrifcsufrsm; uGjJ ym;onf¶adS omfvJ trsm;qENukd vdu k ef mcJ=h uonf? aoG;pnf;nD!w G pf mG jzihaf tmifjrifru _ kd 42

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

a¶S;¶_co hJ nf? udEk o k nf pHjyacgi;f aqmif wa,mufjzpfco hJ nf? 4if;. Oya'oifwef;rS &¶Sad om tawGŒt=uKH rsm;jzihf ud, k u f siw fh &m;/ tao;pdwaf qG;aEG; r_/ pkpnf;r_rsm; jyKvyk Ef ikd cf o hJ nf? nbufrsm;wGif rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mY oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm; rdrdudk,frdrd ,Hk=unfr_¶Sdap&efESihf wm0efrsm; ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmif&ef a[majymonf? udk&m¶Spf/ udkatmif qef;/ udkausmf+idrf;/ udkxGef;tHkwdk@ tjcm;udpPrsm; tvkyfrsm;aepOf udkEkonf oydwpf cef;udk aumif;rGepf mG tkycf sKyEf ikd o f nf? oydw+f y;D aemuf 4if;wd@k tm;vH;k onf trdajr vGwv f yfa&;twGuf qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifc=hJ uonf? r=umrDumvwGif wuUov kd af jrrS aeI vGwv f yfa&;twGuf tpDtpOf}uKd ;yrf;r_ukd yH=k urf;azmfEikd cf ahJ yonf? Tod@k jzihf Auoonf awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif; (+Aw d o d sS e,fcsŒJ vufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;) vrf;a=umif;od@k csO;f uyfco hJ nf? wuouJo h @kd ud, k yf ikd f zGŒJ pnf;yHpk nf;rsO;f udk a&;qGEJ ikd cf o hJ nf? e,fcsŒJ vufa0cH ynma&;udk pGe@f v$wI f ausmif;om;rsm;onf vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf x JG o J @kd a&muf¶cdS =hJ uonf? 1937 ckEpS w f iG f ausmif;om; oydwaf cgi;f aqmif udEk /k ausmif;q&m udo k ef;xGe;f wdk@onf jrefrmvGwfvyfa&;twGuf taxmuftul&ap&ef e*g;eD pmtkyftoif;udk xlaxmifco hJ nf? 4if;toif;rS udo k ed ;f az. q&mvGe;f twˆKyw ` /dW udEk . k qd¶k , S v f pf0g'/ +rKd Œr q&m[de. f bd&k pfta&;awmfykH ponhf pmtkyrf sm; qufwu kd f xkwaf 0cJo h nf? ausmif;om; rsm;tzd@k xdpk mayrsm;uvnf; aemufrS aphaqmfco hJ nf? zdEydS rf a_ wG/ vlra_ &; tqifrajyr_ awGvnf; wck+y;D wck =uKH awGŒae&onf? e,fcsŒJ tpd;k &qef@usiaf &; pdw"f mwft[keo f nf ydI k ju G vmcJo h nf? 1936 ck oydwf}uD;onf e,fcsJŒrsm;ESihf trsdK;om;a&;tiftm;pkrsm; t=um; tm;+yKd irf w _ ckjzpf+y;D ordik ;f qdik &f m ,SO+f yKd if wd;k wufrw _ ckjzpfonf? ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; AuotzGJŒvufatmufwGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf pdwyf g0ifpm;pGmjzihf yg0ifvm=u+y;D atmifjrifrr_ sm; &¶Scd o hJ nf? 1936 ck oydwv f eS v f u kd o f nf rSeaf omfvnf; 4if;ausmif;om; rsm;onf 4if;wd@k t&nftcsi;f rsm;udk xde;f odr;f Edik pf rG ;f ESifh 4if;wd@k . tiftm;tajctaeESifh vkyaf qmifcsu/f tusKd ;oufa&mufrr_ sm;udk oabmayguf vm=uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k tajccHtxufwef; tygt0if yxrOD;qH;k AuotzGŒJ csKyf atmufwiG f pkpnf;rd=ujcif;jzpfonf? Auorsm;tzGŒJ . pdw"f mwfqikd &f mrsm; jrihrf m;vm+y;D / tiftm;rsm;wdk;csJŒvmEdkifonf? wuUodkvf}uD;onfvnf; trSefw&m;. tdrfawmf/ trSew f &m; wdu k yf 0JG if&mae&m jzpfvmonf? 1920 ESifh 1936 ausmif;om; oydwrf sm;a=umihf wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;onf 4if;wdk@pdwfxJrS pnf;pdrfcHcsifaom om,m ,pfrl;onhf pdwf"mwfrsm;tpm; 4if;wdk@. tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

xufjrufaom OD;aESmufjzihf qH;k jzwfI/ xdt k csed u f mvESifh udu k n f aD om e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; pdw"f mwfrsm; ajymif;vJco hJ nf? 1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf}uD;onf r&ihfao;aomfvnf; 1936 'kwd, ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;rS ydkI pnf;¶Hk;vm+yD; atmifjrifpGm oydwfvSefEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? wuorsm;tzGJŒonf taemufEdkifiHrS or*~rsm;uJhodk@ ausmif;om;v$wfawmf zGJŒpnf; EdkifcJhonf? (7) wef;rS (10) wef;xd tajccHausmif;rsm;wGiv f nf; or*~toif;rsm; ay:xGe;f vmcJhayonf? 4if;wdk@pdwfwGifvnf; awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; pdrhf0ifysHŒESH@vmonf? e,fcsŒJ AsL¶du k a&pD ynma&; pepfukd +crd ;f ajcmufvmcJo h nf? AuotzGJŒacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;/ awmifolv,form;rsm;/ e,fcsJŒ pepfqdk;atmuf 'kuQa&mufaeolrsm;udk aumif;pGmpkpnf;EdkifcJhonf? Auo acgif ; aqmif r sm;onf 'D r d k u a&pD t cG i h f t a&;rsm; &¶S d a &;ES i h f vG w f v yf a &;twG u f trsdK;om;a&;v_yf¶Sm;r_ acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf wGJzufEdkifcJhonf? ordkif;pmrsufESmopf zGihfEdkifcJhonf?

Auorsm;tzGJŒ. r[mAsL[mESihf enf;AsL[m Auorsm;tzG J Œ onf vl w ef ; pm;cG J j cm;jcif ; r¶S d a om e,f c sJ Œ qef @ usif a &; ausmif;om;trsm;pk. tzGŒJ jzpfonf? Auorsm;tzGJŒonf trsdK;om;a&;v_yf¶Sm;r_udk qef@usifonhftzGJŒrsm;udk ,SOfjydKifwdkufcdkufrnf jzpfonf? xdk@twl vlrsdK;ESihf bmoma&; cGJjcm;r_udkvnf; &ifqdkifwdkufcdkufoGm;rnf? 4if;qef@usifr_rsm;udk v_yf¶Sm;r_rsm;/ rdef@cGef;rsm;/pm¶Guf pmwrf;rsm;jzihf qef@usio f mG ;rnf? aemufvufwbufjzihf vlrsKd ;EG,rf sm;/ vlrsKd ;pkrsm; AuotzGŒJ od@k pdwyf g0ifpm;pGm yg0ifvmEdkifa&;twGuf aumfrwDrsm;wGif yg0ifvmEdkifa&;twGuf tjrJowd}uD;pGm aqmif¶GufoGm;rnfjzpfonf? 4if;uJhodk@ tiftm; awmihfwif;aom/ xufjrufaom t¶Sed t f [kejf zihf ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k od@k ysŒH ESŒH pGm pdr0fh ifap+y;D ausmif;om;tm;vH;k udk owif;odap&ef }uKd ;yrf;aprnf? ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k yg0ifvm&ap&ef }uKd ;yrf;+y;D ryg0ifao;aom ausmif;om; rsm;udv k nf; tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk zdw=f um;+y;D wufa&muf&ef }uKd ;yrf;rnfjzpfonf? Auorsm;tzGŒJ ESifh tjcm;or*~tzGŒJ rsm; tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGiv f nf; Auorsm; tzGŒJ . atmifjrifrr_ sm;udk wifjyrnf? tm;upm;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m pnf;a0;yGrJ sm;wGiv f nf; Auo. tajctae rsm;udk wifjyrnfjzpfonf? 44

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

Auo tzGŒJ onf ausmif;om;trsm;pkqENukd av;pm;vdu k ef m+y;D ausmif;om; tenf;pkqENukd tav;xm;um or*~crJG sm;. qENEiS fh ar;cGe;f rsm;udk vsijf refpmG ajz=um; aqmif¶u G rf nf jzpfonf? AuotzGŒJ onf 'Dru kd a&pDvrf;a=umif;ay:Y tajccHwnfaqmuf+y;D ausmif;om; trsm;pkqENukd vsijf refpmG taumiftxnfazmf aqmif¶u G rf nfjzpfonf? tajccHynmESifh wuUov kd af usmif;rsm; tm;vH;k Y ausmif;om;rsm; ae@pOfvy_ ¶f mS ;r_ rsm;udk acgi;f aqmifae&mY &¶Sad p&ef }uKd ;yrf;oGm;rnf jzpfonf? ausmif;om;or*~cJG toif;tm;vH;k onf toif;tpnf;ta0;udk yHrk eS f usi;f y aqG;aEG;+y;D aus;vufrsm;txd pnf;¶H;k a&;qif; aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; yHrk eS jf yKvyk &f rnf jzpfonf? 4if;a'orS ausmif;om;rsm; pdwfyg0ifpm;&efESihf v_yf¶Sm;r_rsm; yg0ifvmap&ef }udK;yrf;& rnfjzpfonf? ausmif;om;or*~tzGJŒcGJ acgif;aqmifrsm;/ +rdKŒe,f/ aus;¶Gm acgif;aqmifrsm; taeESifh tvkyt f r_aqmiftzGŒJ .qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk yHrk eS o f wif;v$mrsm; jzef@csI d ausmif;rsm ;wGif vdu k ef map&ef aqmif¶u G &f rnf? or*~a¶G;aumufyrJG sm;udk usi;f y+y;D AuonDvmcH qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk rvdu k ef m aom/ yg0ifvyk af qmifr_ r¶Sad om or*~ tzGŒJ cGrJ sm;udk ta&;,lppd pf&rnf? Auorsm;tzGŒJ onf tzGŒJ 0ifwOD;OD;u trsKd ;om;a&;v_y¶f mS ;r_ukd qef@usiv f sS if aomfvnf;aumif;/ or*~ukd qef@usiv f sS iaf omf vnf;aumif; 4if;udk vsijf refpmG pHpk rf; ar;jref;I or*~rS trsm;pkjzihf qH;k jzwfcsucf sum 4if;udk or*~rS xkwyf ,fEikd o f nf? ponfw@kd jzpfonf?

1936-37 AuoESifh wuo tr_aqmiftzGŒJ The working committee of the All Burma Students' Union (Auo) The first working committee 1937-38 ( 1936 May to 1937 April) 1936-37

Auo tr_aqmiftzGJ 1? ud&k m¶Spf ²²² &efuek w f uUov kd f (&efuek )f OuUÏ 2? ud! k eG @f ²²² &efuek w f uUov kd f (ppfuikd ;f ) twGi;f a&;rSL; 3? Mr, T.K. Boon ²²² &efuek w f uUov kd f (rEWav;) aiGxed ;f 4? udx k eG ;f tHk ²²² &efuek w f uUov kd f (rEWav;) tr_aqmif 5? udak usm+f ird ;f ²²² &efuek w f uUov kd f (uom) arrS pufwifbmtxd 6? udak tmifausmf ²²² &efuek w f uUov kd f (ykord )f 7? udb k pH ²²² &efuek w f uUov kd f (ppfawG) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

8? udt k ek ;f ²²² &efuek w f uUov kd f (awmifi)l arrSpufwifbmtxd 9? udak tmifqef; ²²² &efuek w f uUov kd f (ewfarmuf) 10? udv k aS rmif ²²² *syq f ifaumvdyf 11? udAk [de;f ²²² ref;Oypmaumvdyf (rEWav;) 12? udak usmjf rihf ²²² &efuek w f uUov kd f ( &efuek )f (pufwifbmrS {+y)D 13? udv k aS ¶$ ²²² &efuek w f uUov kd f (zsmyH)k (pufwifbmrS {+y)D 14? udo k [ D ef ²²² &efuek w f uUov kd f (aygi;f wnf) (pufwifbmrS rwf) 15? udck ifarmifwif ²²² ref;Oypmaumvdyf (rEWav;) (rwfrS {+y)D 1936-37 wuo tr_aqmiftzG@J 1? ud&k m¶Spf OuUÏ 2? udak tmifqef; 'k-OuUÏ 3? udv k aS ¶$ twGi;f a&;rSL; 4? udn k Kd xeG ;f td;k a0r*~Zif; wm0efcH 5? udo k ed ;f wif pm=unhw f u kd rf LS ; 6? rpPwmwDaubGe;f aiGxed ;f 7? udn k Kd jr t,f'w D m vlxq k ufqaH &; owif;Xme 8? ud0k if;armif Indoor aG mes Ofif cer 9? udck ifarmifa*;vf twGi;f a&;rSL; 10? Mr, Varma Editor, Union News 11? udw k ifarmif=u;D OuUÏ/ vlrq _ ufqaH &; aumfrwDcJG 12? udw k if pma&; wd@k jzpfonf? ud&k m¶Spo f nf or*~ (2) ckpvH;k . OuUÏjzpfvm+y;D / udak tmifqef; wuo 'kOuUÏ jzpfvmayonf?

'kwd,t}udrf AuonDvmcH 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydwfwGif udkA[def;onf 4if;. }udK;yrf;r_ESihf vkyf&nf udik &f nfrsm;a=umihf xif¶mS ;vmayonf? 1936 ckwiG f Arm[ko;kH I 1937 ck tpydik ;f Y jrefrm/ aemufyikd ;f 1938 ck aemufyikd ;f rSpI 1962 cktxd Arm[kac:onhf ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ihu f kd rEWav;wGif usi;f yonht f cg udAk [de;f onf {nhcf aH &; aumfrwD OuUÏ jzpfvmonf?

Auo nDvmcH usif;yjcif; jrifuGif; (arv 9-10 &uf 1937) rEWav;uGefz&ihf jzpfajrmuf&ef udkatmifqef;/ udkA[def;/ udkodef;atmifwdk@ 46

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

wESpfausmf =udK;yrf;cJh&avonf? udkatmifqef;qdkvSsif twGif;usus acgif;aqmifydkif; taeESifh uGezf &iht f pDtpOf/ rde@f cGe;f twdrk sm; nSEd i_d ;f aqG;aEG;vsmxm;csurf sm;/ rEWav;rS ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@nSI d / &efuek af &mufvmwJh e,fausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGukd ¶Sif;jy+yD; pnf;¶Hk;cJh&onf? &efukefrvmEdkifaom e,fausmif;om;awGqD pma&;¶Sif;csuf xkwjf cif;/ ar;jref;csuaf wG jyef=um;jcif;/ pDpOfvsmxm;yHk t=urf;zsi;f ay;yd@k jcif;rsm; pmt}urd f }urd f tjyeftvSef qufwu kd v f yk cf &hJ onf? rEWav;uGefz&ihf atmifatmifjrifjrif +yD;ajrmufoGm;jcif;onf {nhfcHaumfrwD xJwGif yg0ifaom rEWav;ausmif;om;rsm;. }udK;yrf;r_ESihf udkatmifqef;/ udkvSaz/ udo k ed ;f atmifw@kd . tultnD/ pnf;¶H;k r_/ {nhcf aH umfrwD cs,, f mrif udAk [de;f . raerem; vH;k yrf;tm;xkwrf /_ qufqaH &; acsmarmajyjypfr/_ tajymtqdk odraf rG@El;nHrh w _ @kd a=umihf te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS vm=uaom ud, k pf m;vS,f tm;vH;k vdv k u kd todtrSwjf yK=uavonf? udAk [de;f onf {nhcf aH umfrwD zGŒJ +y;D +y;D csi;f Armjynf t+rKd Œ+rKd Œu ausmif;om;or*~awGu wufju G aom ausmif;om; w?;csi;f awGqD pmtwefwef }uKd a&;+y;D pnf;¶H;k vH@_ aqmfco hJ nf? 1937 arv (9) &uf/ eHeuf (8) em&D tcsed rf pS I rEWav;+rKd Œ/ A[dt k rsKd ;om; ausmif;0if;}uD; twGif;Y ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ihf 'kwd,t}udrf usi;f y.? xdu k eG zf &iho f @kd +rKd Œay:rS vl}u;D vlaumif;rsm;ESifh yef'pf*sm0gvmae¶l; pum;ajym qdck suu f kd em=um;&efvmaom ukvm;vlrsKd ;wd@k rSm rsm;jym;vS.? tpnf;ta0;rprD eHeuf (9) em&D tcsdefcef@Y 0wfvHkawmf& OD;ausmfjrihf/ or*~toif;OuUÏa[mif; udk&m¶Spf/ OuUÏopf udkatmifqef;/ {nhfcHtzGJŒcs,f,mrif udkA[def;wdk@u yef'pf*s0gvmae¶l;ESihf 4if;.orD;tm; tpnf;ta0; pifjrihfay:odk@ ac:aqmifI eHeuf (9) em&Dx;kd onfEiS fh w+yKd ief uf wd@k ArmoDcsi;f udk wnDwnmwnf; tm;vH;k rwfwyf&yfI oDq=kd uonf? 1937-38 AuoESifh wuo tr_aqmiftzGŒJ The Working Committee of All Burma Students' Union (1937-38) Auo tr_aqmiftzGJ@ (1) udak tmifqef; OuUÏ (2) udv k aS ¶$ 'k-OuUÏ (3) udjk rpdef twGi;f a&;rSL; (4) udAk [de;f td;k a0t,f'w D m (5) udo k ed ;f [ef aiGxed ;f (6) udv k aS rmif tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

(7) udak usmjf rihf (8) udx k eG ;f wif (9) udo k ef;wif (10) udx k eG ;f pdef pma&; (11) udzk ;kd tHk (12) udb k ZH (13) udpk ;kd armif wuo tr_aqmiftzG@J (1) udb k *sr;f OuUÏ (2) udv k aS ¶$ 'k-OuUÏ (3) udv k aS rmif (4) udak t;ausmf pm=unhw f u kd rf LS ; (5) udn k Kd jr Editors and publicity ofif cer (6) udb k ¶Sr;f aiGxed ;f (7) udak tmifqef; (Ex Office) (8) udAk aqG (Manager away) (9) udw k ifarmif (t,f'w D m Union News) (10) udjk r¶Sed f (Inter University Affairs) (11) udx k eG ;f az (Chairman-social Sub Committee) (12) udAk [de;f (13) udpk ;kd armif 1938-39 AuoESifh wuo tr_aqmiftzGŒJ All Burma Student's Union (Auo) 1? udak tmifqef; OuUÏ 2? udAk [de;f twGi;f a&;rSL; 3? udpk ;kd armif aiGxed ;f 4? udv k aS ¶$ tr_aqmif 5? ud=k unfarmif tr_aqmif 6? udb k pH tr_aqmif 7? udak usmjf rihf tr_aqmif 8? udjk rpdef tr_aqmif 9? udck spaf t; tr_aqmif 48

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

10? udak rmifarmif tr_aqmif ( All Nationalist Members of the House of Representative and of the Senate 12 September 1938)

wuo (Rangoon University Students' Union) 1? udak tmifqef; OuUÏ 2? udv k aS ¶$ 'k-OuUÏ 3? udAk [de;f twGi;f a&;rSL; 4? udo k ed ;f atmif aiGxed ;f 5? udak pmpHau; t,f'w D m (td;k a0) 6? udak tmifw;kd (Business Manager) 7? udb k oef; pm=unhw f u kd rf LS ; 8? udx k eG ;f ¶Sed f (Executive Committee member) 9? udak t;ausmf (Executive Committee member) 10? ud=k unfarmif (Executive Committee member) 11? udak omif;cif (Executive Committee member) (All National members of the House of Representative and of the sentate)

atmifxGef; (jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f pmtkyf ( OD;atmifxeG ;f ) rS xkwEf w kS af zmfjyonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

wpfckwnf;aomor*~ ausmif;om;awG&J hwpfckwnf;aomA[dk

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifa[mif;wOD; wpfacwfwpfcsed u f ArmjynfrmS wpnf;wvH;k eJ@ ausmufaqmifausmufom; yrm }u@H cdik cf w hJ hJ ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ukd t+yKid t f qdik af wG/ tuGt J +yaJ wGe@J awG@&awmhrvdv k kd tajctaeawG awG@jrifae&wm pd;k &drpf w d rf aumif; p&myJ jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzihf wcsdefu ausmif;om;or*~&,fvdk@ ArmEdkifiHrSm xD;xD;rm;rm;wnf&Sd+yD; ausmif;om; ta&;/ rdbjynforl sm;ta&;udk aqmi&Gucf w hJ mawG udk awG@jrifo&d o dS al wG tzd@k toJeihrf sS cHpm;&ygw,f? ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~qdkwm[m wdkufyGJwGif;rSm arG;zGm;/ wdu k yf w JG iG ;f rSm &Sio f ef/ wdu k yf x JG rJ mS }u;D xGm; cJw h myg? udv k ekd aD cwfupvd@k uae@txd wdkif;jynfudk zdESdyfolawGutkyfpdk;aewJh ESpfaygif; 60 ausmf=um umvwavSsmufrSm ausmif;om;or*~wu kd yf v JG @kd qd&k rvdak wmif jzpfaecJyh gw,f? or*~acgi;f aqmif wjzpfvJ ocifawG[m ocifaygupf axmif ajcmufvacwfrmS axmifx0J ifc=hJ u&ovdk vGwv f yfa&; acwf aemufyikd ;f rSmusawmh or*~acgi;f aqmifawGtzd@k axmife@J tdr[ f m tdrOf ;D eJ@=urf;jyif jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? rvdo k al wGu uG,&f mrSm olw@kd udk "axmifpmav;awG" vd@k ac:wmawmif &Scd yhJ gw,f? 'Dawmh ausmif;om;xke@J jynfov l x l [ k m ausmif;om;or*~awGukd olw@kd twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifwhJ tzG@J tpnf;vd@k jrifxm;=uovdk q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f zG@J usL;cJw h hJ "xqifx;l udk wjrnfjrnfoifcw hJ hJ xDrxif" wdu k yf 0JG ifwhJ vlawG (wenf; wdu k yf u JG kd ra&SmifwhJ vlawG) eJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wmyJ jzpfapcsif=uygw,f? 'geJ@ ajymif;jyef zdESdyfol tm%mydkif awGuawmh ausmif;om;or*~qw kd mudk rwwfomvd@k wnf&adS eap &w,fq&kd if olw@kd udk 50

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

qef@usiw f mawG rvkyw f hJ &yfuu G "f rRm&Ht k oif;/ o[m,eJ@pmzwf tzG@J tpnf;av;avmuf jzpfapcsiw f myg? 'Dae@ ArmjynftES@H tjym;rSm zG@J pnf;zd@k vH;k yrf;ae=uwJh ausmif;om; or*~awG uom "ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; rajymygbl;/ Armjynf&J@ uarmufur ynma&; tajctaeudk jypfwifa0zefwm rvkyyf gb;l / ausmif;om;tcGit fh a&;awGtwGuf wdu k yf JG r0ifygbl;/ tifef*sDtdkawG&J@ tpDtpOfawG udkom vkyfaeygr,f" vdk@ uwday;cJh&if; Adv k o f ed ;f pdet f pd;k &u 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om csujf cif;yJ wnfaxmifciG fh ay;rSmyg? or*~ taqmuf tODawG udv k nf; olw@kd uawmif aqmufay;ygvrd Ofh ;D r,f? jyefpOf;pm;vdu k &f if ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ordik ;f rSm ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awG uGJ +ycJ w hJ m renf;ygb;l ? 'gayrJh Auo uGw J ,f? ausmif;om;or*~ uGw J ,fqw kd m r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? ausmif;om; avmuxJrmS ausmif;om;nD!w G af &;wyfO;D / 'Dtufpt f /kd wyfO;D opf/ tiftm;pojzihf rwlwhJ tiftm;awG +yKid q f ikd cf =hJ uayrJh b,fou l rS ud, k [ fh mud, k f or*~ xaxmifw,fv@kd rvky0f /hH rvkyfcJhygbl;? or*~&J@ t&Sdeftapmfu }uD;vGef;vdk@ tm;vHk;yJ ausmif;om; xk&J@qENudk av;pm;&ygw,f? aemuf+y;D vlxu k vnf; 'grsKd ;udk r}uaH umif;rpnf&mqd+k y;D ESmacgi;f &H@_ =urSmyg? aemuf a xmuf j yoih f w ,f x if w J h tcsuf w csuf u Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; / ocifA[def;/ Adkvfatmifausmf polawG wnfaxmifcJhwJh/ ordkif;rSm tpOftvm}uD;cJhwJh ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*~udk emrnfajymif;zd@k qdw k mrsKd ;vnf; b,forl S rawG;0H/h r}uHpnf 0hHcJh=uygbl;? Adkvfae0if;eJ@ ppftm%m&Siftqufqufu or*~awGeJ@ or*~ tpOftvmwdk@udk ordkif;pmrsufay:u aysmufoGm;atmif &mpkESpfw0ufavmuf vkyv f mawmh ordik ;f udrk od/ ordik ;f udk xdu k w f efpmG wefb;kd rxm;wwfoal wGu 'gawGukd ravmufav; ravmufpm;rsm; vkyv f movm;vd@k pOf;pm;p&mjzpfaeygw,f? Adv k af e0if;[m Armpum;a0g[m&/ owfyakH wGe@J Edik if aH &;tjrwfxw k af vh &Sw d ,f qdw k mudv k nf; rarhoihf ygw;l ? ausmif;om;or*~awG ruGJcJh? pif+yKdifawG ray:cJhwm&J@ t"du ta=umif;&if; wckuawmh or*~awG&@J ordik ;f rSm b,f oH&;kH / b,fEikd if &H @J (tife*f st D kd qdw k m tJ'w D ek ;f u ray:ao;yg)/ b,fjyify tiftm;pk&@J tultnD taxmuftyHu h rkd S r,lcw hJ m jzpfygw,f? or*~awG[m jynfolvlxkeJ@ ausmif;om;xkqDu tvSLcH+yD; touf&Sifv_yf&Sm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? azmufjyefwhJ tm%mydik af wGu ausmif;om;or*~ acgi;f aqmifawGukd ud, k v fh l tjzpf arG;zd@k / 0,f,zl @kd }uK;d pm;&mrSm &mxl;ay;/ aiGay;vkyw f hJ enf;awGuv kd nf; wGiw f iG f us,u f s,f toH;k jyKcyhJ gw,f? axmifxrJ mS zrf;xm;+y;D tvkyt f udik af y;r,f/ &mxl;ay;r,f/ vufeufcsv@kd t=uyfuikd w f mrsKd ;awGvnf; &Syd gw,f? ausmif;om;or*~awG[m ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtjyif pmayynm&Sif awGukd tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

zdwaf c: a[majymapwmeJ@ ynma&; ES;D aESmzvS,yf /JG wuUov kd f aiG&wkobifyJG pwmawG usif;ycJhayrJh aps;a&mif;yGJeJ@ aiG&SmwmrsdK; rvkyfygbl;? &yfuGufxJ/ aps;xJ/ tvSLcH xGufwmawmhvkyfygw,f? ausmif;om;or*~/ txl;ojzihf wuUodkvf ausmif;om; or*~awGukd Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u aiGa=u;axmufyw hH hJ tpOftvm udk +Aw d o d sS uv kd ekd t D pd;k &u olwdk@EdkifiHrSmenf;wl pepfwcktjzpf owfrSwfcJhygw,f? 'gudk vGwfvyfa&; aemufydkif; tpdk;&rsm;uvnf; vdkufemusihfoHk;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh Adkvfae0if;u tm%modrf;+yD;wJh aemufrSmawmh or*~awGvnf; Oya'abmif tjyifbufa&muf/ 'D tpOftvmvnf; aysmufjzpfcJh&ygw,f? trSefrSm tpdk;&uay;w,f qdkwJhaiG[m pmoifESpftprSm ausmif;om;awGqu D aumufcx H m;wJh aiGawGjzpfv@kd ausmif;om;awGuay;wJh aiGv@kd qkrd S ydkrSefrSmyg? 'gayrJh 'DaiG[mor*~&J@ wESpfpm toHk;twGuf rvHkavmufygbl;? 'ga=umihf tcgtm; avsmpf mG ausmif;om;awGqrD mS cGux f ;kd tvSLcHwm/ vlxq k rD mS jzwfyikd ;f jzwft vSLcHwmawG vky&f ygw,f? or*~qw kd m[m 'Dvekd nf;eJ@ &HyakH iGawG&cJw h m jzpfavawmh ausmif;om;xkrsuEf mS eJ@ jynfol vlxrk suEf mS uvGv J @kd bmrSaxmufxm;p&m rvdak wmhygb;l ? 'Dvkd ta=umif;&if;awGa=umihyf J Armjynf aemufyikd ;f ordik ;f rSm udv k ekd D e,fcs@J orm; a&m ppftm%m&Siaf wGtyg zdEydS w f hJ tpd;k &awGtzd@k ausmif;om; or*~awG[m t}u;D rm;qH;k ypfrw S w f ck tjzwfwnf&cdS yhJ gw,f? 'ga=umihrf @kd olw@kd [m ausmif;om;or*~ukd enf;rsKd ; aygi;f pHek @J olw@kd tydik jf zpfz@kd vH;k yrf;cJ=h uygw,f? 'gukd zqyvtpd;k & vufxufwek ;f u qd&k , S v f pfygwu D enf;rsKd ;aygi;f pHek @J npfw;D npfywf vkycf o hJ vdk &Spaf v;vH;k aemufyikd ;f rSm Adv k cf if!eG @f wd@k axmufvrS ;f a&;uvnf; aiGyakH y;wm tyg enf;vrf;aygi;f pHk toH;k jyKcyhJ gw,f? 'Dvt kd cgrmS wcsed w f ek ;f u wckwnf;aom ausmif;om;or*~qw kd rhJ l tay:rSm rm;rm;&yf+y;D temcHcw hJ hJ or*~acgi;f aqmife@J ausmif;om;tqufqufukd owd&rdygw,f? wygwnf;rSmyJ 'Dae@acwf ausmif;om;r*~azmfxkwfa&;/ or*~ tvHawmf atmufrmS wdu k yf 0JG ifa&; wd@k twGuv f ;kH yrf;ae oltm;vH;k udv k nf; ausmif;om;or*~ukd pwif wnfaxmifcJholeJ@ o,faqmifcJholawG&J@ qENeJ@ arSsmfrSef;csufawGudk owd&=uyg/ ausmif;om;awG&J@ 1936ckESpf upvdk@ 1962ckESpf Zlvdkif(7)&uf ta&;awmfyHktv,f &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyt kH xd jzpfwhJ *k%af jymifvw S hJ ausmif;om;awG&@J wdu k yf }JG u;D awGe@J tJ'w D ek ;f u pdw"f mwfawGukd owd&=uygv@kd owday;vdyk gw,f? olw@kd awG[m ausmif;om; or*~awG wnfwHha&;twGuf toufawmif ay;cJh=uwmyg? wu,fawmh 'Dae@txd touf0ifwnf&SdaewJh ausmif;om;or*~[m Armjynfordkif;rSm oufwrf; t&SnfqHk; tzG@J tpnf;jzpfr,f qdw k m udv k nf; rarhoihyf gb;l ?

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifa[mif;wOD; (Aye Win facebook 52

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

uae jyeful;,laz: jyygw,f?)

rwfv ausmif;om;vSKyf&Sm;rSK tay: oHk;oyf}unfhjcif;

xGef;atmifausmf (74 rsdK;quf) 1? rEW a v;+rd K Œuae ausmif ; om;awG u d k OD ; aqmif + yD ; AuoeJ @ wuo ausmif;om;awGu csw D ufvmw,f? jynfoal wGuvnf; vrf;wavSsmuf axmufc=H uw,f? aemufajrvwfausmif;om;awG/ xm;0,f ausmif;om;awG/ {&m0wD ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ ppfa=umif;awG ay:vmjy;D yl;aygi;f yg0ifvmvd@k tiftm;}u;D vmwJt h cg ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ awmif;qdrk a_ wGukd vspv f sLxm;wJh tpd;k & acgi;f rrmEdik af wmhbJ tay;t,l vkyv f m&w,f? 'Dvedk @J yJ ausmif;om;awGawmif;qkx d m;wJh 4 yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;r_ ay:vmcJw h ,f? 2? 4 yGifhqdkif aqG;aEG;yGJrSm ausmif;om;awG awmif;qdkcsuf 11 csufudk oabmwl+y;D rl=urf;udk wufa&muforl sm; twlwuG a&;qGjJ y;D v$waf wmfudk wifoiG ;f cJw h ,f? ausmif;om;oydwfrSm yg0ifwJh ausmif;om;awGeJ@ tm;ay;axmufcHolawGtm;vHk;ukd ta&;r,lb;l qkw d hJ uwdukd tpd;k &qDu&cJw h ,f? 3? ausmif;om;tkyfpk/ NNER / t&yfzuf vl@tzG@J tpnf;awG/ Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG/ ausmif;om;oydwf ppfa=umif;udk tm;ay;axmufco H al wGe@J wpfz@JG pD =um;emr_awGvyk +f y;D aqG;aEG;ndES i_d ;f r,fv@kd trsKd ;om; v$waf wmf Oya'=urf;aumfrw D D OuUÏu ajymcJw h ,f? 4? wpfcsdefxJrSmyJ wuUodkvfawG aumvdyfawGudk n$ef=um;csufxkwf+yD; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ausmif;om;awGudk aqG;aEG;yGJawG zdwfac:+yD; ygarmuQawG/ q&m/ q&mrawGu oydwq f ifEaJG ewJh ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ awmif;qdrk a_ wGukd rvdv k m;a=umif; raxmufcaH =umif; =uKd ;pm;wmudk ausmif;om;awGuvufrcHbJ y,fcscw hJ t hJ wGuf tpd;k &&JŒ wefjyefvyk af qmif csuu f kd &yfwef@Edik cf yhJ gw,f? 5? wzef v$ w f a wmf r S m wif j ywJ h y nma&;Oya'=urf ; ud k NNER eJ @ ausmif;om;awGuom a&;qGw J hJ Oya'=urf;tjzpf tpd;k &ydik o f wif;pmawGrmS az: jyovd/k tJ'D tm;vH;k oabmwlxm;wJh Oya'=urf;eJ@ ynma&;Xmeu a&;qGx J m;wJh Oya'=urf;udk yl;wGjJ y;D v$waf wmfukd wifoiG ;f vmwmudk ausmif;om;awGe@J NNER u uef@uGuv f @kd 4 yGifhqdkifoabmwlnDcsuf rl=urf;udkyJ v$wfawmfrSm wifoGif;zdk@ jyefoabmwlcJhwm ausmif;om;awGtwGuf atmifyw JG ckjzpfygw,f? 6? wuoeJ@ {&m0wD/ ajrvwf/ xm;0,fppfa=umif;awGu ausmif;om; awmif;qdck suaf wGukd v$waf wmfrmS =um;emaepOf oydwu f kd &yfem;xm;r,fv@kd qH;k jzwfjy;D Auo OD;pD;wJhyifrppfa=umif;u qufvufcsDwuf r,fqdkjyD; usefppfa=umif;awGeJ@ oabmwlncD surf &bJ jzpfcw hJ m/ ausmif;om;awG=um;rSm tufa=umif; pxif vmjcif;vd@k jrifrw d ,f? tpd;k &u Auo ppfa=umif; wpfcx k u J kd ypfrw S x f m;Edik cf iG hf &oGm;cJw h m tJ'D rnDnw G jf cif;&JŒ tusKd ;vd@k xifygw,f? wu,fv@kd Auou tjcm;ppfa=umif;awGe@J nS+d y;D csw D ufru _ dk &yfem;r,f? um;eJ@ &efuek t f a&mufomG ;+y;D atmifycJG rH ,fq&kd if 'Dvkd r+yKd uyJG gb;l ? 'Dnn D w G rf u _ kd tpd;k &taeeJ@vnf; +zKd czJG @kd cufrmS jzpfw,f? ylyal EG;aEG;tcsed rf mS um;awGe@J csDwufr,f/ vrf;ravSsmuf awmhbl;qdk&if tpdk;&taeeJ@ jiif;y,fzdk@ cufygw,f? ausmif;om;awGtaeeJ@vJ ryifyef;bJ um;pD;jy;D vrf;wavSsmuf +rKd Œ&GmawGrmS rif;udEk ikd w f @kd vGww f ;kH uvdk vlx&k ŒJ aomif;aomif;zszs=uKd qw kd m cH&rJt h jyif vrf;rSm w&m;a[majymcGihf awGvnf; tcsed w f w kd ekd ŒJ &+y;D &efuek u f kd a&mufvm=urSmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJhAuo acgif;aqmifawGu &efukefa&mufzkd@xuf vrf;avSsmufjyD; +rKd Œ&GmawGrmS w&m;a[mcsw D uf a[majymwmudk OD;pm;ay;cJ=h uw,f? t"du&nfreS ;f csuf ynma&;Oya'jyifqifa&;u &eku f ek t f a&muf csw D ufa&;atmufrmS aysmufomG ;cJw h ,f? 7? wcsed x f rJ mS yJ &efuek rf mS qENjyaewJh tvkyo f rm;awGukd tpd;k &u +zKd cv JG u kd w f ,f? pGr;f tm;&Siaf wGukd wm0efvufywfeaD wGudk tcGit hf a&;ay;jy;D tvkyo f rm;qENjyolawGukd &du k Ef u S zf rf;qD;cJw h ,f? tvkyo f rm; acgi;f aqmifawGukd rv$waf y;bJ w&m;r0if pDwef; vSnfhvnfr_awGeJ@ xdef;odrf;vdkufw,f? ausmif;om;eJ@ tvkyform;yl;aygif;oGm;rSmudk =uKd wifumuG,v f u kd w f hJ oabmvd@k ,lqw,f? tvkyo f rm;oydwu f kd jzKd ccJG w hJ m ausmif;om; oydwef @J vH;k 0qufpyfr_ &Scd w hJ ,f? 8? aemufwae@ rwfv 5 &ufae@rSm jrKfd Œawmfcrf;ra&SŒrSm jird ;f csr;f pGmqENjyaewJh 54

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ausmif;om;awGukd vufywfe0D wfawGu t=urf;zuf zrf;qD;cJ=h uw,f? 'Dvyk &f yfrmS *sy;kd olc;kd vlrdkufawGudk wm0efay;cJhwJhtwGuf tpdk;&udk rsm;pGm*k%foduQm usqif;apcJhw,f? 'Dtcsuaf wG[m a&SŒvmr,fh rkew f ikd ;f &JŒowday;csuaf wGyJ jzpfw,fv@kd rSw, f El ikd yf gw,f? 9? Auoppfa=umif;udk ydwq f @kd xm;wJt h wGuf NNER eJ@ tjcm; ppfa=umif; ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGu v$waf wmf=um;emyGu J dk rwufEikd af =umif; ajym=um;wm[m nDnw G af &;udk jyvdu k w f mjzpfv@kd v$waf wmf Oya'=urf; aumfrw D t D wGuf tawmft=uyf &du k o f mG ;cJw h ,f? rlv oabmwlncD su rf =l urf;uae vGaJ csmEf ikd w f hJ r&d;k rom;vkyrf a_ wGukd rvkyEf ikd af tmif [ef@wm;ovdk jzpfomG ; cJw h ,f? 10? Auoppfa=umif;udk vufyw H ef;rSm&yfem;+y;D aoG;at;oGm;csed rf mS &JawGe@J pepfwus ydwfqdk@zdk@ tcsdefukd tpdk;&u &oGm;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh ausmif;om;awG r&SKH ;ao;ygb;l ? at;at;aq;aq; rdrw d @kd oGm;r,fq h u D kd qufvufawmif;qdk aeEdik yf gw,f? 'gayrJ h Auoacgif ; aqmif y d k i f ; u vrf ; wavS s muf v H k ; vnf ; twm; tqD ; awG u d k jzwfausmfvmcJh Edkifwma=umifh &ekfukefukd&atmif azgufxGufr,f qdkjyD; rdrdudk,fukd ,H=k unfcsuu f &So d ifw h mxuf ydv k eG af ejy;D tpd;k &&JŒtiftm;eJ@ vkyyf idk cf iG u hf kd avsmw h u G f cJh=uw,f? aemufqHk; &efukefa&mufa&;rSm wjcm;enf;udk rpOf;pm;EdkifbJ xdyfwdkuf &ifqdkifa&;udk a&G;cs,fcJhwJh twGuf tpdk;&u vufnSdK;xdk;EdkifwJh tcGifhtvrf;udk &&So d mG ;cJw h ,f? wenf; axmifacsmufxu J somG ;cJw h ,f? 11? ausmif f ; om;awG u d k jynf x J a &;u 5 a,muf w wG J p D oG m ;&r,f / tvHraxmif&bl;/ ezl;pnf;rwyf&bl; um;wpD;eJ@ wpD;cGm+y;D oGm;&r,fqw dk hJ tcsuaf wG[m vufrcHEikd pf &mjzpfayr,fh twif;xd;k xGurf ,fv@kd qH;k jzwfvu kd w f m[m olw@kd qifxm;wJh axmifacsmufxu J kd wnfw h nf0h ifomG ;wmbJ? 'Dae&mrSm - (u) roGm;Edkifbl;? 'Dtwdkif; qufaer,fqdk+yD; aevdkuf&if bmrSvyk v f @kd r&bl;/ vky&f ifvJ xif&mS ;wJh vl@tcGihf ta&;csKd ;azgurf j_ zpfr,f? tJ'v D q kd ufae&if qufjyD;nSdKEd_if;awmif;qdkvdk@&w,f? aqG;aEG;aevdk@&w,f? aqG;aEG;ae&if; um;wpD;csif; cG J j yD ; oG m ;vd k @ &w,f q d k w m jzpf v mEd k i f w ,f ? ausmif ; om;awG yif y ef ; aeovd k tpd;k &twGuv f nf; 'Dvykd w d q f @kd xm;wm wm0ef&w dS ,f? 'ga=umif ah qG;aEG;yGu J kd vrf;zGix hf m;jy;D =um;cH NNER tul t nD e J @ quf v uf n S d E d _ i f ; +yD ; twif ; wd k ; rxG u f b J a e&rS m ud k xdyw f u kd &f ifqikd rf u _ kd vkyrf cd =hJ uw,f? (c) ausmif;om;vli,fawGudk acgif;aqmifwJholu ausmif;om;awGqDu oabmxm; awmif;wmxuf bmjzpfr,fqdkwm =udKwifwGufjyD; qHk;jzwf&J&r,f/ rdrq d ;kH jzwfcsuu f v kd nf; wm0efc&H &J r,f? trsm; oabmwl vdu k v f yk w f m acgi;f aqmiftvkyf r[kwb f ;l ? acgi;f aqmifqw kd m rdrv d al wG txdrematmife@J rdrw d @dk &JŒ &nfreS ;f csuu f &kd atmif tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

b,fvdkvkyfr,fqdkwm wGufxm;Edkif&r,f? udk,fhatmufu i,fom;awGu tpkd;& qef @ usif a &;yJ od = urS m bmvk y f & if b mjzpf r ,f od = uwmr[k w f b l ; ? ud k , f u tiftm;aumif;vdk@ azgufxGufwmuudpPr&Sd? udk,fhrSmc&D;&SnfcsDwufae&wJhtwGuf vlawGemae=u+y?D yifyef;EGr;f e,f ae=u+y?D &JawGu axmifausmf vufeuftjynfh ud, k u f vltiftm; 200 avmufyJ&Sdwm/ b,fvdkrSrwdk;Edkifbl;? jzdKcGJcH&wJhtwGuf&wJh&vm'f ausmif;om;vli,fawG &uf&ufpufpuf t&dkuftESufcH&w,f/ OD;csdK;cH=u&w,f? pdwf"gwfa&;&mt& trsm;}uD; xdcdkufoGm;=uw,f? tpdk;&udk emusOf;wmu wykdif; rdr&d ŒJ pdwu f u kd odrif ,fomG ;=uw,f/ axmifxrJ mS yHpk x H ikd cf ikd ;f wm vltrsm;pku 0dik ;f &du k f wma=umifh wcsKd Œpdwef ek ,fwu hJ av;awG wcgwnf; OD;usKd ;oGm;cJ&h w,f? 'gawG[m udk,fzufu ay;vdkuf&wJh wefzdk;awGbJ? 'ghtjyif cH0efxdk;+yD;rS v$waf y;wJt h wGuf wcgxyf+y;D OD;usKd ;&jyefw,f? tpd;k &eJ@ v$waf wmfrmS pm;yG0J ikd ;f xdik +f y;D ynma&;Oya'eJ@ywfoufwmawGukd acsyaqG;aEG;Edik w f hJ tay:pD;&xm;wJt h cGit hf a&; (Leverage power) [efcsux f ed ;f Edik rf _ tiftm;avsmu h somG ;cJ&h w,f? 'gu ausmif;om;awG ay;qyfvu kd &f wJh tcsuaf wGb?J jzdKcGJcJhwJhtwGuf &wJh&vm'f tpdk;&uaum bmawG&jyD; bmawGay;qyf vdkuf&vJvdk@ar;&if tpdk;&u ausmif;om;awG csDwufyGJudk &yfypfvdkuf Edkifw,f? ausmif;om;awGukd t=urf;zufjzKd ccJG w hJ t hJ wGuf jynfwiG ;f jynfyu tjyif;txef a0zefc&H +y;D *k%o f u d mQ usqif;cJ&h w,f? t&ifacwfe@J 'Dae@acwf jzwfoef;yHjk cif;rwlwmudk tkycf sKyo f l ppfAdkvfcsKyfa[mif;awG owdvpfoGm;yHk&w,f? 'gubmvJqdkawmh ,ae@acwf[m tifwmeufacwfukd a&mufaejy;D vlwikd ;f zH;k udik Ef ikd /f uifr&mudik Ef ikd jf y;D / tpd;k &zH;k wifru atmf&'D ;l eJ@ w,fvaD emyg jynfwiG ;f rSm oH;k pGaJ e=ujy/D vli,fawG wurBmvH;k eJ@qufo, G f owif;zvS,Ef ikd jf yD jzpfv@kd owif;arSmifcsr[ _ m t&ifuvdk jzpfEikd zf @kd cJ,Of;oGm;+yq D w kd mygb?J 'ga=umif h 88 rS m *syef o wif ; axmuf u ppf o m;awG q EN j yaewJ h ausmif;om;awGukd ypfowfwm wpfcx k u J ykd J urBmuaum jynfwiG ;f uyg odEikd cf w hJ ,f? 'gayr,fh vufyw H ef;t=urf;zufrr_ mS &Ju b,favmuf qd;k 0g;pGmjyKcw hJ ,f? vlwifru um;awGuykd g t=urf;zuf zsupf ;D cJw h ,fqw kd m urBmu rsu0f g;xifxifjrifomG ;cJ&h ygjy?D 'g[m tpdk;&twGuf tvGef*k%foduQmusovdk jynfol@&Jvkd@ trnfcHxm;wJh 0efxrf;awG twGuv f nf; trJpuf=u;D wpfct k jzpf ordik ;f wifusecf w hJ mygy?J acwf t quf q uf tjid K ;=uD ; cJ h w J h a usmif ; om;-ppf t pd k ; &oH o &mud k yd k r d k euf&KdS i;f apcJw h ,f? jynfov l x l }k u;D u jynfo@l &Jukd ppfwyfukd &GŒH rke;f ovdk &GŒH rke;f oGm;=uwm tzwfwifw,f? aemufq;kH vmrJh 2015 a&G;aumufyrJG mS tm%m&ygwD b,favmufyJ rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;ayr,fh jynfolvlxk=uD;&JŒ toJ=um;u rJwjym;[m tvSrf;a0;oGm;jyD 56

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

jzpfwma=umifh vuf&dS OD;ode;f pdef tpd;k &taeeJ@ Edik if aH &;tydik ;f rSm =u;D rm;wJh qH;k &SKH ;oGm;r_=u;D vd@k jrifygw,f? 'Dvdkjzpfysufr_awG[m tpdk;&drf=uD;r_/ jyKusifhae=u tjyKtrla[mif;jzpfwJh t&m&mudk tiftm;oH;k t=urf;zuf ajz&Si;f vdrk a_ wG a=umifh jzpfw,f? tpd;k &taeeJ@ jynfo&l ŒJ axmufcrH &_ zd@k vkyaf qmif&mrSm owW&d &dS dS vkyaf qmifEikd zf @kd vdyk gw,f/ Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;awG v$waf y;wH;k uvJ "g;pmcHawGukd v$waf y;aeovdk tukev f ;kH v$waf y;rJt h pm; vjcm;+y;D enf;enf;pD v$waf y;+y;D tusO;f om;awGa&m olw@kd rdom;pkawGuykd g pdw'f u k aQ y;cJw h mawG/ pdwf'g%f&m&atmif wrifvkyfaeovm; qdkvkd@& avmufatmif vkyfcJhwmawGa=umifh jynfoal wG&ŒJ aus;Zl;wifwm/ ,H=k unfwmudk vufvw $ cf &hJ jyefw,f? Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; tm;vHk;udk wjydKifwnf;v$wfay;vdkuf&if vlawGb,favmuf0rf;om=urvJ? tpdk;&u wu,foabmxm;ajymif;+yDa[hvdk@ ,kH=unfvmrSmudk rvkyfcJhwJhtwGuf aemufqHk; tm;vH;k eD;yg; v$wo f mv$wv f u kd &f w,f aus;Zl;wifrcHc&hJ / ,H=k unfr_ r&&Sb d J jzpfc&hJ w,f? tcGit hf a&;aumif;wpfck tv[o qH;k &SKH ;oGm;cJ&h zl;w,f? tck ausmif;om;awGe@J jzpfwhJ udprP mS vnf; v$waf wmfu ausmif;om;awG awmif;qdkxm;wJh tcsufawGxJu pum;vHk; toHk;tE_ef;jyifqif+yD; obm0uswJh jyKjyifr_awGudk y&d,m,froHk;bJ tjrefqHk; twnfjyKay;Edkifzdk@ vdkovdk ausmif;om;tpdk;&xdyfwdkufawG@r_udk jyefvnfaygif;pnf;a&;rSm t"duuswJh ausmif;om;or*~rsm; w&m;0ifwnfaxmif zGJŒpnf;cGifhudkvnf; ydwfyifxm;pD;jcif;r&SdbJ cGifhjyKay;jcif;eJ@ acwftqufquf ausmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdkcJh=uwJh ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuf ttHk}uD;udk tpdk;&/ ausmif;om;/ jynfolwdk@ yl;aygif;tkwfjrpfcswnfaqmufay;jcif;eJ@ trsKd ;om;ynma&;udk jriS w hf ifEikd o f vdk ausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ jird ;f csr;f a&;udk wnfaqmufEikd rf mS jzpfw,fv@kd jrifryd gw,f? ta&;}uD ; qH k ; vwf w avmjyKoif h w muawmh zrf ; qD ; xm;ol t m;vH k ; ud k oabmxm;=uD;=uD;eJ@ tjrefqHk; jyefv$wfay;zdk@ygyJ? 'gqdk&if vuf&Sdwif;rmaer_ukd yxrtqift h aeeJ@ ajzavsmah y;Edik rf mS jzpfygw,f? trsK;d om;&if=um;apha&;ukd a&SŒ&SLvsu?f

xGef;atmifausmf (74 rsdK;quf)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

tm%m&SifawG &SdaeoIawmh u|efawmf[m ausmif;om;ygyJ

oef;xGÉaf tmif (1) u|eaf wmftouf 52 ESp&f adS eyg+y?D u|eaf wmfrarG;cifuwnf;u tm%modr;f +y;D ppftm%m&Sit f yk cf sKycf w hJ hJ Ekid if [ H m tckxufxd tm%m&Siw f pfyikd ;f Edik if t H jzpf &Sad ewke;f ygy?J vlO;D a&&JŒ 5 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f rjynfw h hJ vufwpfqyk pf m vlwpfpek @J tcGit hf a&;&aewJh a&ay:qD tv$mawGuvGJvdk@ usefwJholawGtzdk@ wdkif;jynfbma=umifh atmufwef;aemufwef; usae&ovJ/ jynfolawG&JŒb0 bmvdk@ qkwfjywfrGJaw+yD; zdESdyfcHae&ovJ/ u|efpkyfwJh o&ufaphavmufawmif rajymifa&mifwhJ b0awG/ tm&Swu kd rf mS tedru hf sq;Hk eJ@ 'kw, d ajrmuf tqif;&JqkH;EkdifiH? wdkif;jynfcspfwJhvlwdkif; udk,fcsif;pmpdwfeJ@ vlom;ESvkH;om;&Sdolwdkif; od=uygw,f? tm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ ESpaf ygi;f 53 ESpt f wGi;f 'Dta=umif;udk todq;Hk u acwftquf qufu wuf=uw G hJ ynmwwf ausmif;om;vli,fawGygy?J ppftm%m&Siaf wG ta=umuf qk;H u ausmif;om;awGyJ jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;awG Edik if aH &;Ed;k =um;vmrSmudk tm%m&Sief @J ol@todik ;f t0dik ;f u t&rf;a=umufygw,f? acwftqufqufu ay;qyfcw hJ hJ ausmif;om; awG&ŒJ 0d^mOfawG[m olw@kd udk t+rw J rf; ajcmufveS @f aeqJ jzpfygw,f? tck ausmif;om; oydwu f kd tiftm;ok;H +zKd ccJG w hJ m/ 0g'jzef@csad &; ,EW&m;udk tvGet f u|H tok;H jyKc&hJ wm[m 58

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

olw@kd &JŒ twdww f ap>awG ajcmufveS @f cH&vd@k yJ jzpfygw,f? jrefrmEdik if u H ppftm%m&Siaf wGe@J olw@kd &JŒ todik ;f t0dik ;f uawmh ckxufxd ausmif;om;awGukd olw@kd &JŒ tm%mpnf;pdru f kd xdyg;r,fh t"du&efov l @kd awG;xifqjJ zpfygw,f? (2) 1962 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 7 &ufae@rSm ordik ;f 0if ausmif;om;or*~ukd Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; ppftpd;k &u Ak;H cGzJ suq f ;D +y;D wJah emuf q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f u ESpaf ygi;f &mcsD wnfwEhH idk rf ,fh pum;udk ajymcJyh gw,f? "or*~ukd zsuq f ;D vd@k &ayr,fh tarmifw@kd &ifxu J or*~pw d "f mwfuakd wmh rzsuq f ;D Ekid yf gb;l "? rSeyf gw,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m acwftquf quf ausmif;om;awGukd ypfowfw,f? axmifxyJ @kd w,f? b0awG zsuq f ;D ypfw,f? edru hf swhJ ynma&;eJ@ ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ tod^m%fe@J qifjcifww Hk &m;udk owfypfw,f? 'gayr,fh trSew f &m;udk jrwfE;kd wwfw/hJ ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynfe@J vlrsK;d wd;k wufcsiw f /hJ ¶d;k om;+y;D &J&ifw h hJ ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ &J&ifw h hJ pdw"f mwfawGukd csK;d ESrd v f @kd r&cJyh gb;l ? 1962 Zlvikd f ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;rSm yg0ifwhJ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG/ ausmif;om;awG tawmfrsm;rsm; r&Sdawmhygbl;? &Sdvnf; 70-80 &Sdaeyg+yD? 1974 OD;oef@ta&;tcif;/ r_id ;f &mjynfh ta&;tcif;u vlawGu 60-65/ 1988 ta&;tcif;u ausmif;om;awGu 45-50 0ef;usifawG jzpfaeyg+yD? 'gayr,fh ausmif;om;awG&JŒ or*~pw d "f mwf &Sio f efqjJ zpfygw,f? (3) trSeaf jym&&ifawmh trsK;d om;ynma&; Oya'udk u|eaf wmfa=ua=unufnuf rodygb;l ? 'gayr,fh jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ ynma&;[m odoo d mom jyKjyifajymif;vJz@kd qdw k myJ odygw,f? 1988 ta&;tcif; +y;D wJah emufrmS ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m ausmif;om;awGukd axmifcs/ ausmif;awGukd ydwyf pf/ ynmt&nftaoG;awGukd avSsmch s/ ynma&; tok;H p&dwu f kd jzwfawmufcyhJ gw,f? ausmif;om;awG&JŒ awG;ac:pOf;pm;EdkifpGrf;udk csKd;ESdrf+yD; ausmif;awGtm;vkH;udk wif;=uyfwJh vkHjcHKa&;atmufrSm ausmif;pmoifcef;awGudk axmifomom ajymif;vJ ypfcyhJ gw,f? ajcmufv wpfwef;/ ok;H wef; bGŒJ wpfc&k wJEh pS af wGawmif &Scd yhJ gw,f? taqmif awGuae ausmif;om;awG armif;xkw/f wuUov kd af wG +rKd Œ jyifxw k /f t&nftcsi;f xuf ta&twGuu f kd OD;pm;ay;cJw h hJ ynma&;pepfukd ¶du k o f iG ;f cJyh gw,f? ausmif;om;ausmif;ol awGomru q&mq&mrydkif;rSmvnf; jrifjriforSs ygarmuQ/ awGŒorSsvl yg&*lqdkwJh qd¶k ;kd pum;jzpfatmif t&nftaoG;ydik ;f rSm ar;cGe;f xkwpf &m jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? ESpfaygif; 20 ausmftwGif; acgif;aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,lcJhwJh OD;apmarmif/ OD;oef;a&$/ usef;rma&;ynma&; aumfrwDOuUÏawGjzpfwJh OD;cif!Gef@/ OD;odef;pdef/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

OD;wifatmifjrifOh ;D wd@k ynma&;pepfe@J ausmif;om;awGtay: b,fvakd pwemrsK;d xm;cJo h vJ ydo k rd mS yg? ESpaf ygi;f 20 vk;H vk;H wkid ;f jynf *s'D yD &D ŒJ wpf&mcdik Ef e_ ;f atmuf ok;H pGcJ w hJ hJ tusK;d quf/ 'DEdkifiH&JŒ ynma&;pepf&JŒ xkwfukefawG b,fvdkjzpfcJh&ovJqdkwm olwdk@em;vnfrSmyJ jzpfygw,f? tm%m&Sifpepf &Sdae&if/ tm%m&SifawG &Sdae&if touf 52 ESpf&SdwJh u|eaf wmfvnf; ausmif;om;jzpfaeOD;rSmyJ? ausmif;om;rjzpfz;l wJo h l r&Sb d ;l ? ausmif;om; r&SdwJh rdom;pk r&Sdbl;? tm%m&Sifpepf rcsKyf+idrf;ao;wJh EdkifiHawGrSm EkdifiHudk wdk;wuf apcsio f al wG/ Ekid if u H kd cspw f o hJ al wG tm;vk;H [m ausmif;om;awGyJ jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vk;H [m ausmif;om;awG jzpfygw,f ² ² ² ² ² ausmif;om;awG Ekid if aH &;eJ@ uif;uif;&Sad &; &nfreS ;f csuaf wmh atmifjrifygw,f? ord k i f ; tpOf t vm}uD ; rm;wJ h ausmif ; om;awG Ek d i f i H a &;uae tES p f 20 eD ; yg; uG,faysmufoGm;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh jrefrmEdkifiHuawmh ta&SŒawmiftm&S EdkifiHawG&JŒ bku H |eaf wG (a&$Œajymif;tvkyo f rm;awG/ wpfoufv;Hk jrefrmynmwwfbŒJG & trsK;d orD;awG rvkyb f ;l wJh tdraf zmftvkyaf wG) u|eo f mom b0awG ydik q f ikd w f t hJ jzpfukd a&mufc&hJ ygw,f? 2013-2014 pm&if;t& tajccHynmtqifh ausmif;om; 8 'or 6 oef;/ tqifhjrifhynmausmif;om; wpfoef;/ pkpkaygif;ausmif;om; 10 oef;&SdwJh EdkifiHrSm ynma&;tokH;p&dwfu oef;aygif; 892873 (890 bDvsH) yJ &Sdygw,f? 2011-2012 wkef;uqdk&if okH;ykHwpfykHom &SdcJhygw,f? qdkvdkwmu ausmif;om;wpfa,mufudk aiGo;Hk aomif;uae ud;k aomif;txdyJ ok;H cJw h ,f? wpfa,mufukd a':vmwpf&matmufyJ ok;H cJw h ,fv@kd qdw k myg? 'Dae&mrSm tdref ;D csi;f Ekid if aH wG&ŒJ tok;H p&dwef @J E_id ;f ,SOv f @kd &Ekid yf gw,f? 'Dvdk tpdk;&ausmif;awGrSm ausmif;om;awGtwGuf a':vmwpf&matmuf ok;H aewJt h csed rf mS Adv k cf sKy}f u;D &JŒ om;orD;ajr;awG/ c¶dek aD wG/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sif }u;D i,fawG/ tcGix hf ;l cH vlwef;pm;awG&ŒJ om;orD;awG trsm;pkaewJh Ekid if w H um yk*v ~ u d ausmif;awGrmS ausmif;om;wpfa,muf&ŒJ ausmif;vc[m wpfEpS af ':vm 5000 uae 15000 twGi;f &Sdovdk 'Dausmif;awGomru tpdk;&ausmif;awGuae EkdifiHwum wuUodkvfawGrSm wufr,fqdk&if a':vm 20000 uae 100000 txd ukefusEdkifygw,f? EkdifiHwum ynm&yfawGukd oif=um;cGi&hf wJh 50000 xufrydw k hJ ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ ynmoifp&dwf ukefusaiG[m a':vm oef; 500 uae 700 avmuf &SdEkdifygw,f? qdkvdkwmu 'Duek u f saiG[m ausmif;om; 10 oef;twGuf ok;H pGw J hJ aiGa=u;eJ@ wlaewmudk azmfjywmygy?J edru hf swhJ jynfwiG ;f ynma&;udk ud, k o hf m;orD;awGukd ay;cJo h vm;? tm%m&Sif todkif;t0dkif;udk ar;cGef;xkwf&ygr,f? cifAsm;wdk@ om;orD;awG b,fvdkynma&;rsKd; &ae=uygovJ? uGseaf wmfo h m;awG taumif;qk;H Edik if w H umausmif;rSm aer,f? tar&duefu 60

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

taumif;qk;H wuUov kd rf mS wwfawmhr,f? 'gayr,fh u|eaf wmf ESpf 30 ausmu f wwfz;l wJh txufwef;ausmif;av;uawmh t&ifuvdkyJ cyfpkwfpkwfjzpfae&if u|efawmfhtzdk@ vdyjf ymvkpH &m r&Syd gb;l ? (4) ynma&;qdik &f m jcpm;r_awGukd wm;qD;Ekid rf ,f/ ynma&;vGwv f yfciG hf (Academic Freedom) ud k tmrcH r ,f / ord k i f ; tpOf t vm }uD ; rm;wJ h ausmif ; om;or*~ a wG zGJŒpnf;cGifhay;wJh ynma&;Oya' vdktyfygw,f? tao;pdwf tcsuftvufawGudkawmh v$waf wmfrmS nSEd id_ ;f &ygr,f? tckjzpfay:aewJh ausmif;om;oydwf 'Davmuftxd tajctaeqdk;&wm[m tpd;k &xJrmS &Sw d hJ tm%m&Sipf w d "f mwf rysujf y,fao;wJh orRwteD;tem;u vlwpfpak =umifh jzpfw,fvdk@ uGsefawmfjrifygw,f? ausmif;om;awG EkdifiHa&;tpOftvm Ekd;=um;r_udk a=umuf&ŒHG +y;D 0g'jzef@csad &;,EW&m; r_id ;f wdu k af ewJh vlwpfpu k kd orRwtaeeJ@ ta&;,l&ygr,f? ausmif;om;awGukd jciG ;f csurf &Sd v$waf y;&ygvrd rhf ,f? rSm;,Gi;f r_twGuf wm0ef,&l ygvrd rhf ,f? 'grrS [kwb f ;l ? zdEydS rf a_ wGukd qufvyk rf ,fq&kd ifawmh wdik ;f jynfrmS a=uuG0J rf;enf;p&mawG ay:vmygvrd rhf ,f? (5) taxGaxGzEd ydS rf a_ wGukd qufvyk rf ,f? rajz&Si;f bl;? zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'udv k nf; rjyifb;l ? a&G;aumufyu JG v kd nf; npfr,f? ¶_;H &ifvnf; tm%mrv$b J ;l ? qlyt l =Hk urG j_ zpf&if tm%modr;f r,f? tm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ vrf;a[mif;}u;D udk avSsmuf&ifawmh tm;vk;H &JŒ tem*wf raumif;Edik af wmhb;l ? rvkyyf ge@J ? tm%m&Siaf wGukd ordik ;f tpOftvmt& tHwEk idk o f al wG[m ausmif;om;awG jzpfygw,f? tm%m&Sifpepf &Sdae&if/ tm%m&SifawG &Sdae&if touf 52 ESpf&SdwJh u|eaf wmfvnf; ausmif;om;jzpfaeOD;rSmyJ? ausmif;om;rjzpfz;l wJo h l r&Sb d ;l ? ausmif;om; r&SdwJh rdom;pk r&Sdbl;? tm%m&Sifpepf rcsKyf+idrf;ao;wJh EdkifiHawGrSm EkdifiHudk wdk;wuf apcsio f al wG/ Ekid if u H kd cspw f o hJ al wG tm;vk;H [m ausmif;om;awGyJ jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vk;H [m ausmif;om;awG jzpfygw,f? or*~taqmuftODvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;? or*~tqufquf wm0ef,lcJhol awGvnf; tm;r&Sad wmhb;l ? 'gayr,fh or*~pw d "f mwfuawmh vufqifu h rf;aeqJ jzpfygw,f?

oef;xGÉfatmif (tvJAif;rD'D,mrS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

vufyHwef; rSonf ²²²

&Sifa'0D usr &Sifa'0D yg? toufarG;0rf;a=umif;u documentary filmmaker (rSww f rf;¶ky&f iS f ¶du k u f ;l ol) jzpfygw,f? 10 &ufae@ vufyw H ef; t=urf;zufrt _ wGuf rsufjrifoufao wa,mufvnf; jzpfcJhygw,f? wdwdususajym&&if vufyHwef;rSm uifr&meJ@a&muf&aSd ecJw h m[m owif;Xmewckct k wGuf tvkyv f yk w f hJ media orm;tjzpf r[kwb f J jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ ajymif;vJrj_ zpfpOfawGukd rSww f rf;wif pkaqmif;aewJh image collector tjzpf a&mufcw hJ myg? 'ga=umifrh @kd usr[m wjcm;aom media orm;awGvkd usi0hf wf apmifhxdef;p&mrvdkbJ ausmif;om; ausmif;olawGudk 0ef;&HEdkifoltjzpf usrudk,f usr cH,yl gw,f? tpuajym&r,fq&kd if ynma&;ajymif;vJz@kd trSew f u,f vdt k yfv@kd ausmif;om; ppfa=umif;udk axmufcyH gw,f? olw@kd pxGuv f muwnf;u vH;k 0 oabmwl axmufcH ygw,f? tckrrS p&if usrwd@k b,favmuf xyfapmif&h OD;rwke;f ? wb0vH;k apmifch &hJ wm? usaemfo h rD; pmusuaf ew,fv@kd at;csr;f pGm ynmoif=um;a&;udk xdcu kd af paom qlyrl q _ w kd chJ , H cl suaf wGukd =um;od&wJt h cg usr i,fpOfu wpdww f ydik ;f udyk J rSsa0csiyf gw,f? usr&J@ tkyx f ed ;f olu jynfoyl ikd f rodr;f cif eef,efausmif; (tck x 2 A[ef;rSm 10 wef;xd om ynmoif=um;cJo h yl g? bG@J r&ygb;l ? 'gayr,fh usrudk rlvwef;uae tv,fwef;txd tdrrf mS pmjyay;Edik yf gw,f? usrwd@k acwfumvuvnf; usL&Siaf wG 'Davmuf acwfrpm;ao; 62

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ygb;l ? t"duajymcsiw f mu usr tkyx f rd ;f ol usr tar&JŒ pmoif=um;[efyg? ordik ;f / jrefrmpm pwmawGukd yHak jymovdk ajymjyygw,f? pmudk 0gustvdu k f rusucf ikd ;f bl;? em;vnf+yD qdk&if udk,fhbmom jyefa&;cdkif;ygw,f? q&mray;wJh rSwfpkeJ@ enf;enf;uGm[ayr,fh tcsut f vuf uawmh twlwyl gy?J tdru f oif=um;ay;wJh rl[efe@J yJ rlvwef;uae tv,fwef; (oli,fwef;uae 8 wef;txd) usr ESppf Of xl;cseG af usmif;ol jzpfciG &hf cJyh gw,f? aemuf 9 wef;a&mufwt hJ cg usrwdk@om;trd tcufawG@&ygawmhw,f? usr taru ZD0aA'/ "mwkaA' pwJh oifcef;pmawGeJ@ r&if;ESD;ygbl;? jAKef;ceJajymif;oGm;wJh t*Fvdyfvdkoif¶dk;awGudk taru roifjyEdik af wmhygb;l ? tJ'rD mS usrvnf; tvGwu f su&f wJt h jzpf a&mufc&hJ ygawmhw,f? 'Dtcgup+y;D usr&JŒ ynma&; a&$a&mifae@&ufawG +y;D qH;k cJ&h ygw,f? ynma&;a&$a&mifawG tndKa&mif ajymif;vmovdk jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ tarSmifx}k u;D xJ pke;f pke;f jrKyw f hJ 1988 udv k nf; usr e0rwef; ausmif;olb0rSm =uKH c&hJ awmhwmygy?J 'D v d k e J @ tarS m if a cwf x J u tvif ; a&mif a wG & vmEd k ; wd k u f y G J 0 if & if ; 10 wef;pmar;yGJajz&r,fhtcsdefrSm axmifxJa&mufaewmrsKd;/ aemufESpf pmar;yGJrajzcif vaygif;rsm;pGmzrf;xm;cJh+yD; pmar;yGJeD;rS uyf+yD;vGwfwmrsKd;eJ@ =uHKcJh&ygw,f? 10 wef; ratmif&if wuUov kd q f w kd m ra&muf&rSmrd@k tvGwu f suw f ef usu/f ul;cswef ul;cse@J 'Dvekd @J 10 wef;udk 1993 rSm atmifcyhJ gw,f? q,fwef;atmif+y;D wJt h cg usr trSwef @J a&G;p&muu ¶lyaA'/ ocsmF / owWaA'/ ¶kuaQ A'qdw k mawG a&G;Edik yf gowJ?h usrjzpfcsicf w hJ m a&SŒae? usr Oya'udk wufciG rhf &ygb;l ? tJ'Dawmh usr u jrefrmpmudk wufcsifcJhjyefygw,f? 'gayr,fh usru ody`HwGJeJ@ 10 wef;atmifwmrd@k 0dZm… wGaJ jymif;zd@k cufjyefygowJ?h 'Dvekd @J usreJ@ b,fvrkd S pdwrf 0ifpm;wJh owWaA'bmomudkyJ bGJ@wck&Edkifzdk@ oif=um;cJh&w,faygh? ynma&;twGuf usrwdk@ tcsed af wGay;cJ&h w,f? aiGawGay;cJ&h w,f? usrwd@k bG@J vufrw S u f vG&J if bmawG&cJo h vJ? bmrSr&wmawmh r[kwyf gb;l ? vlrq _ ufqaH &;e,fy,fwckawmh pmoif=um;&if; &cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh 'gawGeJ@awmh vHkavmufauseyfaezdk@ rjzpfEdkifygbl;? rwwfomvkd@ acgif;iHk@ tH}udwfaecJh&+yD; tckawmh acwfausmif;om;awG wpcef;x OD;aqmifvdk@ ynma&;pepfajymif; awmif;qdq k ENjyaewmudk awG@jrif&wJt h cg usraeeJ@ axmufc0H ef;&H r,fv@kd qH;k jzwfcyhJ gw,f? 'Dae&mrSm ajymp&m&dSvmjyefygw,f? ausmif;om;awG=um;xJ touft&G,f }uD;wJholawG 0ef;&Hay;aewm jrif&wJhtcg 'gvm; ausmif;om;vm;vdk@ jypfwifoH/ ysu&f ,fjyKoaH wG =um;ae&ygw,f? 'Dvt kd oHukd omref a0zefoal wGqu D omru jyef§=um; 0ef qDuyg =um;&awmh ajymjy&zd@k jzpfvm&ygw,f? wjcm;vdu k yf gwhJ ouf}u;D ydik ;f awGrmS tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

olw@kd &JŒ ud, k yf ikd cf , H cl suef @J ta=umif;jycsuf ud, k pf &D ESd ikd yf gw,f? bma=umifh ausmif;om; oydwpf pfa=umif;rSm ygae&ovJqw kd hJ ar;cGe;f twGuyf g? usr touf 40 yg? ouf}u;D ydik ;f vd@k qdyk gp@kd ? bma=umifh ynma&;ajymif;vJwm[m usr twGuf ta&;}u;D ae&ao;wmygv?J rsK;d qufopftwGuf tem*wf Edik if aH wmftwGuf 'Dvdk pum;vHk;t}uD;}uD;awGudk tjrifuyfaeolawGtwGuf ¶dk;¶dk;av; ajymcsifygw,f? touft&G,rf a&G; ynmoif=um;Edik cf iG &hf ESd ikd w f hJ tcGit hf a&;u usr twGuf awmfawmf ta&;ygygw,f? wcsed cf sed rf mS Oya'ynmoifciG &hf +y;D a&SŒaewa,muf jzpfcsiyf gao;w,f? aemuf ESpfenf;enf; =umOD;r,fqdk&ifvnf; usr ausmif;om;wa,muf jyefjzpfEdkif ygao;w,f? ausmif;om;qdw k m b,ft&G,o f m jzpfoifw h ,fqw kd hJ tawG;rsK;d awG[m usrwd@k tem*wfudk ydk+yD;arSmifydef;aeapOD;awmhrSmygyJ? 'ga=umifh 'Dt&G,f}uD; ausmif;om;vm; vd@k qdak eolawGukd ynmvdk tdo k nfr&dv S @kd yJ woD;yk*v ~ tjrife@J ¶d;k ¶d;k av; qdck siyf gw,f? ^m%fynmeJ@ cspcf si;f w&m;uom wdik ;f jynfukd OD;aqmifEikd yf gvrd rhf ,f? aemufwcsufuawmh ausmif;om;qdkwm jynfolawG&JŒ om;orD;yg? 'Dawmh oydwfppfa=umif;rSm 0ef;&Hol jynfolawGyg0ifaewmu a0zefjypfwifae&r,fh udpPqdk; r[kw k b f ;l vd@k jrifygw,f? txufu ta=umif;t&mawG[m usr bma=umifh ausmif;om; oydwu f kd tuJqwfae&ovJqw kd hJ wpdww f a'o jzpfygw,f? tck quf+y;D vufyw H ef;t=urf;zufrq _ u D kd oGm;ygr,f? 10 &uf 10 em&D pdeaf c:r_twGuf 9 &ufae@nrSm vufyw H ef;oydwpf cef;rSm oGm;tdyfcJhygw,f? tJ'DnrSm +zdK;+zdK;atmifudkawG@&wm usef;rma&; tm;enf;aew,f? 'gayr,fh reufjzefrmS }u;D rm;wJh &ifqik d rf a_ wGukd =uKH &r,fqw kd m pdwyf ikd ;f jzwfxm;+y;D om;qdw k m odomw,f? twm;tqD;awGukd t=urf;rzuf wd;k 0ifazmufxu G rf ,f? 'g[m zrf;qD;cH& Edik w f ,fqw kd mvnf; olu odaew,f? tm;vH;k qH;k jzwfcsut f wdik ;f &J&if=h uzd@k toift h ae txm;eJ@ wnf+ird af ew,f? tJ'rD mS +zKd ;+zKd ;ajymwJh pum;wcGe;f udk usr rSwrf ad ew,f? twm;tqD;awGukd ausmfjzwfwJhtcg/ oHql;}udK;wyfxm;wJh *dwfawGudk &ifqdkifwdk;wJhtcg ausmif;om; &JabmfawG xdcdkuf'%f&m&rSmudkyJ wJh? usrwdk@tm;vHk; 10 &uf 10 em&Drwdkifcif tpdk;&bufu tavsmhay;zdk@ arSsmfvifhrdcJh=uygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m &efukefrSm oydwfudkqufzdk@ awmif;qdkaewm r[kwfygbl;? &efukefrSm aysmf&$ifpGm vlxkeJ@awG@qHk/ &efuek w f uUov kd f 'grrS [kwf a&$w*d kH paeaxmifrh mS vlpck aJG y;zd@k yg? 'g+y;D &if v$waf wmfu aqG;aEG;r_udk apmifh=unfh yg0ifaqG;aEG;=uzdk@yg? usrwdk@ r&Jw&JeJ@ arSsmfvifhcJhygw,f? pmemr_av; enf;enf;udyk g? 64

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

tJ'DnrSm ausmif;om;awG oDcsif;qdk=uw,f? 0dkif;0dkif; eJ@ xl;tdrfoif&JŒ tarh t d r f o D c sif ; av;awG ygw,f ? =unf h & wm ol w d k @ aysmf a e=uyH k y J ? 'gayr,f h olwdk@tem;oGm;&if =um;&wJhpum;av;awG &dSygw,f? reufjzef &efukef a&mufrvm;/ axmifukd a&mufrvm; rodb;l wJ?h 'Dae@ aysmx f m;=uwJ?h wa,mufu ajymw,f? &JawG 0ifzrf;&if acgi;f udk t¶du k rf cH&atmif owdxm;zd@k tcsi;f csi;f t=uaH y;ae=uygao;w,f? tay:,Hjrif&&ifawmh aysmaf e=uw,fayg?h pOf;pm;=unfph rf;yg? usrwd@k vlrsK;d t,lonf;yHu k tdyfrufraumif;&if rsufcHk;v_yf&ifawmif ylyefwwfwmrsKd;av? tck[mu reufjzef bmjzpfEikd v f q J w kd m aoaocsmcsm odEikd af eEdik w f n hJ rsK;d rSm olw@kd &J&ifch =hJ uw,f? va&mif odyrf jzmwJn h rSm olw@kd awG[m =u,fyiG ahf wGe@J t+yKd if usr &ifxaJ wmufyaecJw h ,f? aemufwae@ rdk;vif;awmh oydwfpcef;[m yHkrSefav;ygyJ? rD'D,morm;awG wzGJzGJ0ifvmw,f? rD'D,morm;wcsKdŒu &JrSL;wOD;u wckckqdk =unfha&Smifayghvdk@ t=uaH y;vdu k w f mvnf; =um;w,f? 'gayr,fh ausmif;om;awGuawmh yHrk eS yf gy?J 'gayr,fh tcsi;f csi;f aemufajymifoH =um;&w,f? abmif;bD0wfwo hJ al wGu ajy;r,fo h al wGvm; a[h/ wufvrf; &Sm&r,f? oHq;l wyf tumt&HawGukd wuf&rSmav? tJ'v D kd ajymifae=uw,f? &,fae=uw,f? usru ausmif;olwcsKŒd udk wd;k wd;k ar;w,f? tajctaewckrmS orD;wd@k xrDusw G Ef ikd w f ,f? olw@kd jyKH ;+y;D ajymw,f? atmufrmS abmif;bD&n S yf gw,f wJ?h 'Dvykd gy?J bmrS r¶_yfaxG;ao;wJh reufcif; 9 em&DavmufrSm ppfa=umif;yHkpH 4 a,mufwGJ xdkifvdkuf=uw,f? oDcsif;qdk a=uG;ausmfoHwdkifeJ@ oydwfppfa=umif;&JŒ yHkrSeftwdkif;ygyJ? 'gayr,fh tm;vH;k u 10 em&D 10 rdepftwGuf pdwaf wGukd &Guv f i$ v hf u kd =f u+y?D 10 em&Drxd;k cif ndES i_d ;f zd@k owif;pum; 0ifvmw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS NNER u OD;odef;vGifeJ@ a':ndKndKoif;yg &dSaew,f? olwdk@eJ@twl ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG nd=S uw,f? r=umcif owif;pum;a&mufvmw,f? vufyw H ef; wmqHu k kd vrf;avSsmuf xGucf iG jhf yKr,f? &efuek u f kd um;eJ@ oGm;cGijhf yKr,f? 'gayr,fh ppfa=umif;wa=umif;vH;k tpkvu kd f tjyH K vd k u f roG m ;&bl ; wJ h ? b,f v d k j zpf j zpf owif ; uawmh tm;wuf p &mav? zGiahf y;r,fqakd wmh tm;vH;k aysmv f u kd =f uwm? oDcsi;f awG qdv k u kd =f uwm? tm;vH;k vnf; ckeaf yguv f @kd ? usr tJ't D csed rf mS awG;vdu k w f mu a=omf tpd;k &u igw@kd udk enf;enf;npf+y;D rS ay;wmaygah v? &efuek f pGr;f tm;&Sif vufywfeu D pd rP mS tawmft¶kyq f ;kd xm;awmh 'Dae@awmh ajcvGev f ufveG f rvkyaf vmufb;l vd@k ayg?h usr tpd;k &&JŒ ,kwrf mr_ukd avsmw h u G cf rhJ yd gw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS bb OD;0ifwif&ŒJ oabmxm; owday;pum;udk c% arhomG ;ygw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS ywfxm;wJh oHq;l }uKd ;abmifawGukd z,fay;vdu k yf gw,f? 'Dtxdawmh &ifckefp&m aumif;aewkef;ygyJ? &efukefoGm;cGifh &awmhr,faygh? ppfa=umif;uolawG aysmv f u kd =f uwm? usrvnf; aysm+f y;D ckev f @kd ¶du k w f hJ t¶kyaf wGawmif ckeu f ek w f ,fav? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

'gayr,fh tJ't D csed rf mS vufyw H ef; &yfr&d yfzawG&ŒJ oabmxm;qdw k mudk avmfpyDumeJ@ vmzGiw hf ,f? oydwpf pfa=umif;udk +rKd ŒcHawGu rvdv k m;vd@k tjrefq;kH xGuo f mG ;zd@k ? tJ ' gu aysmf a ewJ h ppf a =umif ; ud k awG a 0oG m ;apwJ h t jyif a'goqG a y; vdu k o f vdyk gy?J 'g vufyw H ef;jynfol tppfawGr[kwrf eS ;f odae=uom;yJ? vSnu hf u G af wG vmae+y?D oGm;cGiahf y;r,fqw kd m wckck rSm;aevdk cHpm;vm&w,f? ausmif;om;trsm;pkawGu rlvtpDtpOftwdik ;f wd;k csiaf e=u+y?D nSEd id_ ;f r_u t}urd }f urd f trsK;d rsK;d ajymif;? &JawGbufu vlpkcGJzdk@/ vlpkrcGJ&if ta&;,lr,fqdkwm xyfwvJvJ zGifhaewJhtoHu us,foxuf us,v f m+y?D tJ'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;awGbufu a=unmw,f? usaemfwdk@ wdk;0ifr,f? zrf;r,fq&kd if zrf;yg? 'gayr,fh jynfoal wGukd rzrf;yge@J ? usaemfw@kd &JŒ ausmif;om;olawGukd emusiaf tmif rvkyyf ge@J ? wu,fv@kd zrf;qD;r_awGjzpfvm&if usaemfw@kd &JŒ tvHawmfukd rav;rpm; rvkyfygeJ@vdk@ awmufavSsmuf a=unmaew,f? rif;aoG;opf jzpfr,fvdk@ xifygw,f? aemufawmh acgif;aqmifwa,mufu a=unmygw,f? aemufqHk;ndSEd_if;r_u vrf;avSsmuf rxGuaf wmhb;l ? oydwpf cef;rSm um; vmac:r,f? tJ'u D yJ um;ay: wef;wuf+y;D &efuek o f mG ;r,f? &Jum;awG aemufuvdu k v f @kd &w,f? 'g ausmif;om;bufu awmif;qdw k m? e,fv0kH ef}u;D u vrf;wavSsmuf tvH raxmif/ cGyaf 'gi;f acgi;f pnf; rpnf;zd@k awmif;qdw k ,f? aemufq;kH rSm ppfa=umif;yg ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ oabmxm;udk awmif;cHw,f? ausmif;om;xku qHk;jzwfw,f/ oydwfppfa=umif;&JŒyHk&dyf tvHawmfudk rxm;cJhEdkifa=umif;? tJ'DrSm e,fvHk0ef}uD;u olwdk@oabmxm;eJ@r+yD;vdk@ wifjyOD;r,fvdk@ qdkcJhygw,f? ausmif;om; awGbufu 10 em&D 10 rdepfukd tcsed =f umjrifph mG apmifph m;ae&wma=umifh 11 em&D 45 rdepfrS ta=umif;rjyef&if rlv tpDtpOftwdik ;f yJ wd;k 0ifawmhr,fv@kd ta=umif;jyefygw,f? tJ'v D akd jymvdu k cf sed u f 11 em&D 15 rdepfyg? bmjzpfawmhr,fqdkwm usr cef@rSef;rdyg+yD? usrwa,mufxJ usdwf+yD;qJqdk aerdyg+y?D ,Hrk w d u hJ , kd u hf u kd , kd f t&if qJygw,f? aemuf r¶d;k Edik af tmif yufpufveG ;f wJh tpd;k &udk qJygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppfa=umif;udk pdwt f aESmuf,u S jf zpfrmS pd;k vd@k toHww d yf J qJc&hJ wmyg? e,fvb kH ufu ta=umif;rjyefawmhygb;l ? 11 em&D 45 rSm pwd;k ygw,f? ¶ke;f &if;qefcwf vH;k 0 rjzpfao;ygb;l ? pepfwus wd;k 0ifz@kd }uKd ;pm;w,fqkd yd+k y;D rSeyf gvrd @f r,f? tvHuikd w f o hJ al wGu ae&mu ra&GŒygb;l ? ausmif;om;awGu vl 3 wef;&yfaewJh &JawGukd vltm;eJ@ wGe;f =uwmyg? wzuf wzuf awmifhcH&=u&wmaygh? 'gayr,fh &JawG&JŒ vlwHwdkif;u 3 xyfyg? 'Dawmh b,fvdkrS razmufEikd =f uygb;l ? wem&De;D yg; wGe;f =u xd;k =u atmf=ueJ@? tm;ukev f @kd rl;vJoal wGukd 66

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

qGx J w k =f ueJ@? ausmif;om;ppfa=umif;bufu pepfusz@kd tjyif;txef }uKd ;pm;cJ=h uygw,f? qJqo kd /l aoG;qloal wGvnf; &dyS gw,f? 'gayr,fh &JawGukd rqJz@kd / epfepfemem rajymzd@k tcsi;f csi;f ajzmifjh zae=uygw,f? wd;k +y;D 45 rdepf avmufrmS awmh &Jww H ikd ;f udk rausmEf ikd w f m aocsmoavmuf &daS e&yg+y?D rcHr&yfEidk jf zpf+y;D ausmif;olwcsKŒd idw k m rl;vJwmawG jzpfuek yf gw,f? usr jrifawG@&wm uawmh ausmif;olawG id=k uw,f? tJ'g a=umufv@kd r[kwyf gb;l ? olw@kd &JŒawmif;qdck su[ f m Edik if zH surf ,fh awmif;qdck suf r[kwyf gb;l ? rdkif 500 ausmf vrf;avSsmufvmcJh&wJh olwdk@&JŒ qkvm'ftjzpf jynfolawGeJ@ awG@csiyf gw,f? jrefrmEdik if H yxrausmif;om;oydwf ausmufwikd af tmufrmS ausmif;om; aoG;awG&ŒJ bd;k ab;awGukd wdik w f nfcsiw f myg? olw@kd pHpk n kH n D eD @J jynfawmf0ifcsiw f myg? olw@kd rcsw d ifujJ zpfxu kd yf gw,f? &ifux JG u kd yf gw,f? &ufpufvu kd w f hJ wk@H jyefred @f udk jynfou l kd ulnyD g&apqdw k hJ jynfo@l &JawGu xyfwu l sus aqmif&u G af evdu k &f yHu k &ifusK;d xdu k yf gw,f? usr uifr&m record udk ESyd &f if; wd;k xm; armifw@kd r,fw@kd ? awmifx h m;=u? cGyaf 'gi;f aoG;udk jy=ueJ@ &ifxu J xGucf mG cGirhf &wJh pum;vH;k awG? cGyaf 'gi;f tdu k cGyaf 'gi;f ysKad wGukd toHww d yf J tm;ay;ae&awmhw,f? =um;=u&w,f? ydwx f m;wmeJ@ reD;ra0;rSm vlxak &mufae+yD wJ?h olw@kd vnf; tydwcf x H m;&w,f wJ?h ppfa=umif;u ESpcf q k zkH @kd }uKd ;pm;w,f? 'gayr,fh tm;csi;f rrSs? reufpm xrif; rpm;&ao;? &J wHwikd ;f udk wGe;f aeqJ? usr wckowdxm;rdw,f? vlcsi;f wd;k wdu k f aepOfrSm aygufuGJr_awGu rjyif;xefao;ygbl;? wcsKdŒ&JawGqdk taysmfvdkawmif jyHK;ae ao;w,f? ody&f efvykd kH r&bl;? usrqd&k if olw@kd wm;xm;wJh tumt&Hay: wuf¶u kd w f m? tr jyKwu f s&if &Sr,fv@kd owday;ao;w,f? 'gawmif usru owif;axmuf r[kwb f J ausmif;om;awGbuf wzufowfygaerSe;f olw@kd odw,f? 'gayr,fh usrwd@k &dyrf ad e+y?D wckck jzpfcge;D +y?D ppfa=umif;aemufayguu f kd tjyifval wG a&mufa&mufvmwmudk pdppfae&w,f? tjyifval wGxnfh ¶_yaf xG;atmif zefw;D +y;D &if ¶ke;f &if;qefcwfjzpfatmif vkyrf ,fqw kd m odae+yD;om;? 'grsKd;awGjzpfcJhwmyJ ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfcJh+yDa&m? 1 em&D ausmfvmawmh cGet f m;awG ukev f movdk xrf;xkw&f olawG ykrd sm;vmw,f? aemufwef; vHjk cKH a&; pd;k &drf ae&+y?D rl;vJou l w kd ifomG ;wJh vlemwifum; xGuzf @kd zGiahf y;zd@k tcsed t f awmf=umw,f? 'Dvekd @J 1 em&DcJG 2 em&De;D xd ESpzf uf xrif;rpm;&ao;bl;? ausmif;om;awGtwGuf xrif;/ [if;awGawmh a&mufvm+yD? b,folrS rpm;&ao;bl;? reufxJu xGufcGifh ay;r,fv@kd =um;+y;D taysmv f eG pf w d af pm+y;D reufpmvnf; bmrSrpm;jzpfc=hJ ubl;? tckawmh rl;vJoal wG/ awmufacguo f al wG/ rcsw d ifuiJ , kd o kd al wG/ ayguu f v JG ek ;D eD; AH;k wvH;k vd?k 1 em&DcJG a&oef@Al;wpfv;kH ys0H o J mG ;w,f? wvH;k xJaemf? ausmif;om;tkypf x k u J tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ayguu f v JG u kd w f mvd@k ,lq&ygw,f? wcsed x f J ausmif;om;bufukd eHywfww k f wckys0H v J m? ausmif;om;u rSww f rf;wifz@kd aumuf,al jy;? &Ju jyefv/k ¶ke;f &if;qefcwf? tJ't D csed rf mS tcsif; 4 vufravmuf&dSwJh cJawG &JawGbufuae oydwftkyfpkbufa&mufvm? t&rf;jrefw,f? p+y?D 'DrmS urBmysu+f y?D t¶du k t f zG@J ajy;0if¶u kd +f y?D olw@kd u wGe;f aewJh &J wHwikd ;f r[kwaf wmhb;l ? vnfywfeaD wGe@J ? wyfr 11 wJ?h ppfO;D bDv;l ? usr rSww f rf;wifz@kd }uKd ;pm;zd@k rD', D m aumfemud=k unfv h u kd af wmh tm;vH;k ajy;=u+y?D cJawGu tqufrjywf? aemufu vnfp;D eDe@J wkwaf wGe@J 0ifvm+y;D wv=urf;¶du k af wmh wmygy?J usrwd@k eD;&mtdrx f J 0ifajy;? wHcg;awG *sux f ;kd +y;D tdrx f u J ae acsmif;=unf¶h o kH m wwf E d k i f y gw,f ? uif r &m Lens qef @ wJ h t ayguf r&d S ? td r f x J r S m ud k , f e J @ twl a&mufaeolawGu 20 eD;yg;? udk,fhuifr&ma=umifh tdrftzGifhcH&&if vl 20 ausmf? ausmif;om;olawGvnf; ygw,f? &JJ&JawmufawGyg? olwdk@&JabmfawG t¶dkufcHae&vdk@ oGm;yg&apwJ?h &J&ifv h u kd w f hJ uav;awG? wdu k yf q JG w kd m w}urd x f rJ [kwaf =umif; acsmah rmh&if; tdrx f u J ae &ifz/d a=uuG/J emusn;f / tjyifu 5 aytuGmrSm urBmysuaf e? usr bmrS rulnDEdkifcJhbl;? bmrS rulnDEdkifbl;? 'gayr,fh trSefw&m;awGudk jrifcJhw,f? trSefudk ajymr,f? ausmif;om;awGukd umuG,af y;csiw f hJ &JawG trSe&f cSd w hJ ,f? &Jtcsi;f csi;f jy\em wu,f wufcw hJ ,f? vlemwifum;udk ¶du k w f u hJ pd rP mS &JrLS ; wm;ay;cJw h ,f? uAsmq&m aomfZiftek ;f wd@k udv k nf; vlpw d &f w Sd hJ e,fajrcH&u J ulncD w hJ ,fv@kd =um;cJ&h w,f? ,kwrf mwmxuf qd;k &Gm;wJh t=urf;zuf &J0wfawG&cSd w hJ ,f? ¶du k w f ,f? ¶du k w f ,f? a'gow}uD;/ t+idK;w}uD;/ r&yfrem;/ jrifjrif&m tJ'Dvdk ¶dkufcJhw,f? ausmif;om;awG 0ifaewJt h rd af wGukd zGichf ikd ;f +y;D tm;vH;k udk ¶du k w f ,f? zsuq f ;D w,f? tao;pdwu f awmh &J&ifw h hJ owif;orm;awG toufe@J &if;+y;D ¶du k cf w hJ hJ rSww f rf;awGrmS jrifEikd yf gw,f? usr &oavmuf tdrx f u J ae ¶du k w f ,f? wcsed x f rJ mS tdryf iG o hf mG ;+y;D tzrf;cH&&if b,fvkd &ifqikd &f rvJv@kd awG;xm;w,f? usreJ@twl rdwfaqG rodENDOD; yg&dSaew,f? jyefvGwfEdkifayr,fh tckcsdef zrf ; ch J & &if t¶d k u f c H & Ed k i f w ,f v d k @ awG ; xm;=uw,f ? aemuf a z;ayguf z G i f h + yD ; ajy;zd@k rpOf;pm;Edik =f uao;? tJ'v D x kd u G w f t hJ csed f ¶du k w f o hJ al wGe@J awG@&if taotausjzpfrmS ? usr&JŒpdwyf rl u _ &,fp&myg? t¶du k cf &H if usr acgi;f rxd&if+y;D a&mvd@k awG;xm;Edik af yr,fh usr acs;G eJpmeJ@0,fxm;&wJh uifr&m zsuq f ;D cH&rSm aoravmuf pd;k &draf erdw,f? usr t¶du k cf &H vd@k vJomG ;&if uifr&mawGukd umuG,Ef ikd rf mS r[kwb f ;l av? r=umc% tdru f zkd iG ahf y;zd@k vmuefausmuf=uw,f? 'Dvekd @J awmh rjzpfawmhb;l qdk+yD; tdrfaemufu xGuf ajymif;cif;awGudkjzwf u|efuav;acsmif;udk jzwfausmf+yD; jynfvrf;ray:udk usrwd@k a&muf&v Sd w G af jrmufc&hJ ygw,f? 'gayr,fh vufyw H ef;xJrmS urBmysuaf ewJh ae&mwckukd usrwd@k pGe@f cGmcJ&h w,f? 68

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

wu,fawmh usrwd@k csed x f m;cJ&h wm usrwd@k &JŒtem*wf usrwd@k &JŒEdik if aH wmf tm;vH;k udk pGe@f cJ&h wm? ausmif;om; &Jabmf &Jarwd@k / 0ef;&Hol jynfow l @kd rif;wd@k udk csex f m;cJ&h wJt h wGuf cGiv hf w $ yf g? 'Dt=urf;zufry_ &kH yd af wGuakd wmh tm;vH;k jrifawG@cGi&hf cSd +hJ y;D yg+y?D &ifueJG musc&hJ +y;D yg+y?D rwlnaD om tjrifrsK;d pHv k nf; &dcS yhJ gw,f? usr aemufq;kH ajymvdw k mu ausmif;om;awG &efukef vmcsifwm rSm;w,f? rvmapcsifwJh tpdk;& rSm;w,fqdkwmxuf tpdk;&[m nmcJhw,f/ aumufuspfcJhw,f/ olwdk@eJ@ &ifqdkifcJh=uolwdkif;&JŒ yHk&dyfawGudk tjrJwrf; npfEGrf;apcsifw,f? tJ'D jzpf&yfawGa=umifh usrwdk@ jynfolawGyJ emusifcJh&w,f? ausmif;om;/ jynfol/ aemuf jynfolxJu tygt0ifjzpfwJh jynfol@&J (t=urf;zuf vl@wd&p>mefawGukd jynfo@l &J vd@k rowfrw S yf g? tm;vH;k emusicf pH m;ch=J u&wmyJ? t"duuawmh wdkif;jynfaumif;atmif vkyfcsifwJhae&mrSm apwemxm; wwfwo hJ al wG usrwd@k wdik ;f jynfrmS rsm;vmapcsiw f myg? aemuf apwem tjrifxm;wwf olawG/ vlom;qefoal wG rsm;vmapcsiw f myg? tcsKyq f &kd &ifawmh 'DEikd if rH mS oydwaf rSmuf&if tpd;k &oabmxm;udk qef@usi&f if tzrf;cH&Edik w f m od+y;D om;yg? zrf;&if t¶du k cf &H r,fqw kd mvnf; od+y;D om;yg? 'gayr,fh rae@u rSwfwrf;awGt& enf;enf;av;rsm; vGefoGm;ygw,fvdk@ jyK&ufol vl}uD;rif;rsm;u rawG;rd=ubl;vm;[if? tm%mjyeford ;f r,fe@J vmrajcmufe@J / tm%mjyeford ;f cH&&if b,fvv kd yk rf vJ rvef@=ueJ@? tck tm%mudk b,fol ydik af ewmvJ? awG;=unf?h &Siw f @kd / usrwd@k tm;vH;k ,H=k unfoifw h t hJ &mwck &dw S ,f? usrwd@k tem*wftwGuf trsm;}u;D rvdb k ;l ? ^m%fynmeJ@ cspjf cif;w&m;eJ@ vlom;qefr?_ 'gyJ vkw d ,f?

&Sifa'0D (Shin Daewe Facebook

rS jyefvnful;,laz: jyygonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

zufqpfawmfvSefa&; ESifh awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwf a': jr&D (ausmufqnf)

u|erf u 1938 ckEpS rf mS ausmif;q&mrjzpfygw,f? ausmif;q&mruvnf;jzpf/ pmzwfvnf; 0goem ygawmh t&yfxrJ mS pm=unfw h u kd v f yk if ef;awG bmawGvnf; vkyyf g w,f? e*g;eDpmtkyaf wGukd tzwf rsm;ygw,f? tJ'aD cwfu v$waf wmfa&G;aumufyw JG @kd bmwd@k us&if ausmufqnfrmS trwfa&G;wJh yk*K~ v d af wG eJ@ pum;ajymjyKd iw f mwd@k / pum;&nf vky/JG usyef;pum;ajymyGJ ajymwmwd@k vkyw f ,f? tJ'D tcgwek ;f u pdwu f vnf;xufw,f? vluvnf;oGuw f ,f? bmvky&f vky&f zdsK;zsKd ;zswzf swf wufwuf =u=G uG vkyw f ,f? pm vnf;zwfw,f? Edik if aH &;udak wmh ocifwifa&$ eJ@ pjy;D qufrw d ,f? ocifwifa&$ utif;pdecf &dik f vSnf;ul;om; jzpf ygw,f? ol@tpfudk OD;cspfwifu ausmufqnf/ b,fvif;rSm xHk;uefx&dkifvkyfjyD; ausmufqnfaps; ajrmufbuf rSm qefawG/ qDawGa&mif;awmh ol@tpfuekd @J twl ausmufqnfukd ygvmygw,f? u|erf wd@k wpftrd af usmrf mS ausmufqnfu tcGe0f efom; udpk nf;pdrt hf rd rf mS t0iftxGuf taetxdik f rsm;w,f? u|erf u ae&mwum qdak wmh ole@J qHrk yd g w,f? ole@J rqHrk cd if uwnf; uvnf; e*g;eDuxkww f hJ pmtkyaf wG zwfjy;D Edik if aH &;udk pdw0f ifpm;ae&wmyg? 'd@k Arm tpnf;t¶H;k eJ@ tdru f vnf; ra0;bl;? tJ'rD mS twl0ikd ;f jy;D vky=f uudik =f u&if;eJŒ olEiS hf arwWm &Scd =hJ uw,f? oluvnf;Edik if aH &;vky/f ol@udv k nf;tm; ay;w,f? ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynftwGuf ud, k f vkyfwm/ vkyfomvkyf/ axmiftjyifwef;r&Sdbl;? csomcsqdkjyD; tm;ay;wm? oluvnf; vkyw f myJ/ c%c% tzrf;cH&w,f? axmifus w,f? 'gayrJh qufvyk w f myJ? oluvnf; ZGJodyf=uD;wJhvlyJ? u|efr vnf; tJ'DupjyD; EdkifiHa&;xJ ygcJhygw,f? ppf=uD;jzpfvmawmh 70

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

wpfae@rSm udw k ifa&$u ajymygw,f? olawmhwikd ;f jynftwGuf pGe@f &awmhr,f/ b,fomG ;r,f/ bmvkyrf ,f/ b,foEl iS hf bmnm/ bmqdw k mrS rajymbl;? E_wq f uf¶Hk E_wq f uf ygw,f? u|erf uvnf; oGm;omoGm;/ bmrS aemufqrH iife@J rao&ifvnf;jyefawG@rSmyJ? opPmapmifh aer,fv@kd ajymvdu k w f ,f? olw@kd xGuo f mG ; vd@k awmfawmf=u;D =umawmhrS udo k ed ;f az eJ@ tdE, dN ygomG ;jy;D tdE, dN a&mufaew,fv@kd =um; &ygw,f? olqufay;cJh vd@k ocifwifjrwd@k / udw k ;l (Adv k rf LS ;cspaf umif;) wd@k eJ@ qufr=d u w,f? u|erf u rEWav; twGuf zufqpfawmfveS af &; a=ujimpmwrf;awG/ pmapmif pmwrf;awG ul;ul;ay;&w,f? yGm;yGm; ay;&ygw,f? ud, k w f ikd af vhvmjy;D "q&m=u;D ocifp;kd u ac:w,f/ zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuf wm0ef,&l r,f/ vdu k cf yhJ gwJ"h 'ge@J xvdu k v f mwm tdrv f nf; bmrSrajymcJb h ;l ? bmvky&f vky&f vkyzf @kd yJ pdwu f ydik ;f jzwf jy;D om; jzpfygw,f? 'Dwek ;f u odwmu jrefrmjynfwiG ;f rSm vky=f uudik =f uzd@k yJ? &efukef a&mufawmh =unfhjrifwdkif tdk;bdkbufrSmaewJh ocifoef;+rdKif u wpfcak jymygw,f? "rjr&DwhJ udw k ifa&$ jrefrmjynfjyefa&mufaew,fw"hJ u|erf u r,Hyk gb;l ? 'geJ@ u|efrvnf; q&m=uD;ocifpdk;&SdwJh zsmyHkbuf qufvdkufoGm;yg w,f? [dkrSmu tpnf;ta0;&Sw d ,f/ tvky&f w dS ,f/ pdwu f tJ'yD J a&mufaew,fawmh w,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u *syef udk b,fvw kd u kd &f rvJ awG;aewm? pdwu f vnf; xufxuf/ "m;ajrmifwpfacsmif;udk tjrJ 0Sujf y;D aqmifxm;w,f? zsmyHak &mufwt hJ cg ocifwifa&$e@J wpfcgwnf; vufxyf ay;vdu k yf gw,f? vufxyfjy;D aemufrmS u|erf tdE, dN udk vdu k zf @kd jzpfvmygw,f? u|erf tdE, dN vdu k f &r,fqakd wmh q&m=u;D ocifp;kd u useG rf emrnfukd rcifpv D @kd emrnfajymif;vdu k yf gw,f? tdENd,roGm;cifrSm &efukef rSm acwWaejyD; ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifpdk;wdk@&JŒ rSmwmawG/ olw@kd ay;wmawG/ pm&Gupf mwrf; awG/ udn k Kd xeG ;f ac:oGm;zd@k udpaP wG jyifqifae=u&w,f? tdE, dN udo k mG ;wm &efuek u f ykord /f ykord u f iodik ;f acsmif;/ iodik ;f acsmif;u ajrmuf acsmif;/ tJ'D vrf;twdkif; oGm;&ygw,f? &GmeJ@&GmemrnfawG/ vrf;emrnf awGuawmh rrSwf rdawmhygbl;? oGm;=uwm udkndKxGef;&,f/ udkwifa&$&,f/ u|efr&,foHk;a,muf vrf;jy awGvnf; ygygw,f? udn k Kx d eG ;f u tJ't D cdseu f r[mArm wdik ;f r_;vkyaf ewm? a'guf wmbarmfw@kd / a':cifrrarmfw@kd eJ@ vlcsi;f odycf if=uw,f? olu r[mrif;=u;D 0wfp0kH wf jy;D udw k ifa&$e@J u|erf u ol&ŒJ pma&;=u;D vifr,m; tjzpf eJ@ vdu k &f ygw,f? olua&SŒu pwdik ef @J oGm; u|erf wd@k u pma&;vifr,m;qdak wmh ukwaf csmif; ukwaf csmif;eJ@ vdu k =f u& w,f? vrf;rSm uvyfw@kd / bdw k w J @kd 0ifw=J ujyq D &kd if a&aEG;wd@k / aq;vdyf wd@k wpfcgwnf; OD;uav;nGw/f cg;uav;ukef;jyD; ¶dk¶dkaoaoeJ@ oGm;csay;&w,f? ypPnf; awG/ bmawG ay;&ifvnf; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

vufESpfzufeJ@ ¶dk¶dkaoaourf;ay;&w,f? olu jrdef@jrdef@=uD;rif;[efpdk;[ef tjynfheJ@ wpfcgwnf;aewmyJ? {nfo h nfawG bmawG jyefomG ;jy;D vl&iS ;f oGm;jy;D qd&k if ol@udk tcefxJ qGo J iG ;f jy;D "igw@kd udk ESyd pf ufO;D [/ igw@kd udk cdik ;f OD;[" eJ@ wtke;f tke;f xk=u/ axmif;=uawmh oluawmh &,fjyD;vdrfhcHaeawmhwmygyJ? c&D;wpf avSsmufvHk; 'DvdkoGm;=u&if; eJ@ u|efrwdk@rSm a'guw f mbarmfuvyfrmS tEW&m,fuif; atmif xnfah y;vdu k w f hJ u/ ud/ uk/ au/ aum/ e/ ed/ Ek/ ae/ aem qdw k hJ *syefzwfpmtkyf awG ygvmygw,f? txrf;=u;D eJ@ xrf;,l vm=u ygw,f? tJ'g=u;D awG xrf;jy;D vrf;jy awGe@J oGm;awmh vrf;rSm *syefawGe@J awGŒw,f? *syefawG bmvkyf aeovJqdkawmh vrf;awGazmuf/ wmawGzdk@ae=uwm/ ac|;wyfom;awGuvnf; trsm;=u;D ta0; uae vSr;f =unf&h if yk&u G q f w d t f =kH u;D vdyk J w&G&eG @J vkyaf e=uwm/ *syefawGuvnf; trsm;=u;D tJ'v D kd awG@&if pmtkyaf wGu, kd jl y;D "a&mh....a&mh" qdjk y;D ay;vdu k yf gw,f? tJ'v D akd y;&if *syef awGu zwf=unfjh y;D odyo f abmus=uw,f? "aumif ; w,f u m; ......aumif ; w,f u m;" eJ @ ajymaea&m? tJ ' D a wmh ol w d k @ ud k jzwfomG ;vd@k &jy?D u|erf wd@k vnf; *syefawGuakd wG@wdik ;f zwfpmtkyaf wG jyjyoGm;&w,f? oGm;&wm qif;&Jyifyef;wmuawmh ¶d;k rxJu c&D;ygy?J &cdik ¶f ;kd r=u;D jzwf&wke;f u awmuvnf;=u;D / euf uvnf; euf/ awmifuvnf; =urf;/ vrf;uvnf;qdk;/ oGm;&if vm&if; vl[m wpfcgwnf; roGm; Edkif awmhbl;? ajcaxmufawGaygu/f z0g;awGvnf;uG/J vJvu k jkd zpfwmyJ? 'gayrJh pdwu f aqmif aew,f? oGm;rSjzpfrmS roGm;vd@k rjzpfb;l ? oGm; udo k mG ;&r,f? oGm;rS zufqpf*syefukd wdu k Ef ikd rf mS ? wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&; &rSmqdkjyD; oGm; wmyJ? awmiftwufawG/ ukeftwufawG rsm;rsm;vmawmh u|efr u rwufEdkifawmh bl;? tJ'Dtcgus&if udkwifa&$u wpfzuf udn k Kd xeG ;f u wpfzuf wpfzuf wpfcsupf D csKd i;f uaer qGjJ y;D wuf=u&ygw,f? wpfcgwpfav '&G w f w d k u f y goG m ;w,f ? ol w d k @ vnf ; rouf o mbl ; ? ud k , f v nf ; rouf o mbl ; ? 'Dvrdk oGm;vd@k vnf;rjzpfb;l ? csed x f m; wJ&h uf/ csed ;f xm;wJt h csed /f cdse;f xm;wJah e&ma&mufz@kd ta&;=u;D awmh yifyef;ayrJh ZGw J if; jy;D oGm;=u&w,f? &moDu aqmif;wGi;f =u;D ? 'gayrJh csr;f wm/ pD;wm bmrS rodb;l ? vl wpfu, kd v f ;kH ac|;'D;'D;usaejyD; yifyef;wmyJ odw,f? yifyef;ayrJhvnf; =um=umem;rae Edkifbl; oGm;=uwmyJ? &cdik ¶f ;kd rqdw k m iSuaf wm/ usm;awm/ iSuzf sm;u=u;D w,f? usm;qd;k u aygw,f? txl;ojzifh &cdik &f ;kd ru usm;qd;k awG[m odyjf y;D &Jwif;ygw,f? odyf vnf;a=umuf&w,f? 'gayrJh usm;vnf; a=umufraetm;bl;? qifvnf; a=umufrae tm;bl;? oGm;=uwmygy?J 'Davmuf yifyef; wJ=h um;u 'Dvo kd mG ;Edik w f m[m zufqpf*syef awG&ŒJ ¶dik ;f pdik ;f &ufpufra_ wGukd rke;f vd@k / wdik ;f jynf udk cspv f @kd jynfov l x l u k kd pmemvd@k ? 'D vdo k mG ;rS 'Dvq kd if;&JcrH S 'if;wd@k udk 72

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

wdu k Ef ikd rf mS / wd@k wkid ;f jynf vGwv f yfrmS qdw k hJ ,H=k unf csuu f odyjf yif;xefw,f? tJ'v D kd ,H=k unfcsuf jyif;jyif;=u;D u vlukd tm;ay; aewmygy?J =umawmh olw@kd qGjJ y;D wufwufaewmudk u|erf vnf;pdwrf &Snaf wmhb;l ? ud, k b f mom ud, k v f nf; rauseyfb;l ? ighES,faysmhnHhvdkufwmvdk@ pdwfuwdkrdw,f? "z,f²²² rif;wdk@ rqGJ=ueJ@awmh/ ighbmom oGm;r,f?" qdjk y;D opfyifawGqw JG ufwmyJ? tqif;awG@&ifvnf; 'Dvykd J [dt k yif qGq J if;/ 'Dtyif zufqif;/ zif '&Gww f u kd f qif;/ wpfcgwpfavvSrd ahf wmifqif;w,f? atmufrmS zrf;qG&J r,ft h yif/ vSr;f zuf&r,fh tyif ud=k unfjh y;D vSrd chf swmyJ? avSsmqif;wmyJ? 'Dawmh &ifbwfawG yGe;f yJ/h vufawGa&mifuikd ;f / ajcaxmuf awG zl;a&mifaewmygy?J 'gEiS hf xbD wpfxnfudk tydkif;ydfkif;qGJqkwfvdk@ tayguftjyJ/ tyGef;tyJh awG usyfpnf;ovdkpnf;jyD; wpfu, kd v f ;kH t0wfawGpnf;xm;wm vljrifv@kd awmif raumif; jzpf&ygw,f? wpfcgvnf; vSn;f eJ@oGm;=uwm &cdikd &f ;kd rrSmyJ rd;k vif;xGuw f m rd;k pkypf yk cf sKyv f @kd wpfaeukefygw,f? nbuf usawmhvnf; rem;bJqufxGuf wpfnvHk; acwWyJem;jyD; qufwu kd o f mG ;=uawmh =um vmawmh vlawGvnf;yifyef;/ EGm;awGvnf;yif;yef;jy;D b,f tcsed t f yd af ysmu f ek =f uw,f rodb;l ? vSn;f uvnf; armif;rnfo h l r&Sad wmh &yfaeyg w,f? aeawmfawmfjrifrh S vef@Ed;k =uygw,f? tJ'aD wmh rS jyL;jyjJ y;D "[m ...'kuyQ J b,fa&mufaewke;f / bmwkef;?" eJ@ jzpf=u&w,f? uHaumif;vdk@ usm;pm rjzpfukef=u&w,f? 'DvdkESifh &cdkif&dk;rausmfvm=u wm *GjrdKŒudk a&mufygw,f? *G+rdKŒuae ausmufc|ef qdkwJh yifv,furf;ajcudk oGm;=uyg w,f? tJ'rD mS em;=uw,f? pm;=uw,f? aomuf=u w,f? nbufusawmh urf;ajc udo k mG ;jy;D udw k ifa&$ u tcsujf yygw,f? tJ'n D u vomwJn h / yifv,f=u;D udk tus,=f u;D jrifae&w,f? v_id ;f uvnf; wtdted @Jygy?J c%=umawmh a&mfbmbkwf uav; eJ@ vlEpS af ,mufa&mufvmjy;D u|erf wd@k oHk;a,mufudk ac:oGm;ygw,f? oHk;a,mufom; &mbmbkwf uav;ay: a&mufrSyJ [if;csEdkifjyD; ajcypfvufypfjzpfoGm;=uw,f? &ifxJrSm vnf; aygh oGm;awmhw,f? *syefvufuvGwfjyD/ t&ifu vrf;c&D;wpfavSsmufvHk;rSm b,fae&m *syefeJ@ wdk;jyD; b,f a e&m jy\emjzpf r vJ / tzrf ; cH & rvJ / wpf v rf ; vH k ; awG ; jyD ; pd w f y l c J h & w,f ? a&mfbmbkwu f av;eJ@ yifv,fxJ armif;vmawmh ppfoabFm=u;D qD ra&muf ao;cif vrf;rSm qm;avS awG awGŒw,f? qm;avSawGay:rSm *syefawGygw,f? u|efr wdk@u *syefawGrSef; rodbl;? tJ'Dtcsdef u &cdkifrSm qm;u wtm;&Sm;aew,f? 'gayrJh qm;avSawGukd rouFmbl;? 'ge@J uref;uwef; a&mfbmbkwf udk oabFm=u;D ab;ywf auGŒ jy;D uyf w ,f ? =ud K ;avS u m;eJ @ qG J w uf = uw,f ? qG J w uf a wmh ppf o abF m ay:rS m jrefrmjynfaygufukvm;00=uD; wpfa,mufawGŒw,f? olu jrefrmawGjrifjyD; jrefrmp um;ajym&atmif qdjk y;D 0rf;omtm;& qD;=uKd w,f? jrefrmvdv k nf; "aeaumif;=u&JŒvm;" tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

qdjk y;D E_wq f ufw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm qmavSay:ygvmwJh *syefu vSrf;ypfvdkufwm wpf cgwnf; usnq f efu ol@ oGm;rSef wmyJ? olvnf;wkecf eJqjkd y;D vJomG a&m? tukev f ;kH yGuyf u G n f jH y;D ypf=ucwf=u jzpfukef=uw,f? tJ'Dukvm;=uD;[m wpfcgwnf; yGJcsif;jyD aowmyJ? oabFmvnf; csufcsif;armif;xGufwmyJ? oabFmu wtm;armif;awmh vl; vdkuf rl;vdu k w f m ausmufc|eu f pm;vmwmawG tukef tefypfwmyJ? vlvnf;wpfu, kd f vH;k a&awG pd&k jJ$ y;D wpfu, kd v f ;kH tuGt J jyaJ wGEiS hf ywfw;D awGEiS hf jrifraumif;bl;/ xk axmif;qkyef ,f xm;ovdk v_yu f rkd v_yEf ikd af wmhb;l ? vrf;c&D; yifv,fxrJ mS oabFmoH;k pD; ajymif;pD;cJ&h w,f? qm;avSay:u *syefawGudkawmh &cdkifawGu aemufydk;odyfowf ypfjyD; a&xJweG ;f csypf=uw,f? ppfoabFmjyefvmawmh olw@kd u *syefawG r&Sad wmhb;l ajymvd@k olw@kd yg zrf;ac:vmjy;D tdE, dN urf;ajcrSm xm;xm;w,fv@kd od&w,f? u|erf wd@k pD;vmwJh ppfoabFmu [l*vD;jrpfxpJ ;D 0ifjy;D ppfwaumif;usawmh urf;uyfygw,f? u|erf wd@k udk csay;cJhygw,f? tJ'DrSm u|efrwdk@udk vm=udKwmu t*FvdyfppfAdkvfawGygyJ? u|efru vrf;ravSsmuf Ekid af wmhb;l ? wpfu, kd v f ;kH tyGe;f tyJh temtqmawGe@J jzpfaeygw,f? tJ'D t*Fvyd f ppfAv kd af wGu u|erf udk ykc;kH ay:xrf;jy;D ac:oGm;=uw,f? wpfa,mufwpfvn S hf olw@kd xrf;w,f? tJ'v D kd xrf;ac:&if; olw@kd u ajymw,f? "wd@k *syefukd wdu k rf ,fajymaewm/ ckrS wdu k zf @kd jyifwek ;f / *syef udk qd&k if *syefacs; awmifvef@wke;f wJ?h olu *syefukd awmfveS zf @kd vmcJw h m? ol@udk odyaf v;pm;w,f" wJ?h u|erf wd@k udk av,mOfuiG ;f txd vdu k yf @kd =uygw,f? udw k ifa&$/ udn k Kd xeG ;f wd@k vnf; twlygvmw,f? ppfwaumif;uae yxr [dr0EWm awmifapmif;u "rD&wf" qdw k hJ wyf jrKd Œuav;udk av,mOfe@J yd@k ygw,f? tJ'rD mS oH;k v avmuf=umw,f? tJ'jD rKd Œu vlawG u Armrjrifz;l awmh Armrvma&mufvmw,fqjkd y;D vm vm =unfh =uwm vlawGurkd enf;bl;? useG rf vnf;tdrx f u J tdrjf yifukd odyrf xGu&f b J ;l ? tJ'rD mS udo k ed ;f az eJ@awG@jy;D a'vDukd a&GŒ&w,f? a'vDurS e,l;a'vDukd wpfcgajymif;&ygw,f? e,l;a'v u D rS umvuwWm; bD[m;vm;udk ajymif;&w,f? umvuwWm;udk a&mufawmh tpfudk=uD;udkodef;azu acgi;f aqmifjzpfygw,f? olu tm;vH;k udk ae&mcsjy;D wm0efawG cGaJ 0ay;xm;ygw,f? yxrqH;k a&mufa&muf csi;f zufqpf*syef ppfzed yf atmufrmS jrefrmjynfoal wG b,fvakd e&/ xdik &f / cHpm;=u& w,f? b,fvq kd if;&J'u k Q a&muf=u &w,f? ukeaf ps;E_e;f awG b,favmuf=u;D w,f? ukeyf pPn;f awG b,favmuf&mS ;w,f/ qdw k mawG pmwrf; a&;&w,f? tpfudk=uD;udkodef;azu wnf;jzwfjyD; avewfom; owif;pmrSm xnfhay;w,f? udak tmifjrifeh @J ESpaf ,muf t*Fvyd pf m oif&w,f? aemufEikd if aH &;oifwef;wuf&w,f? avxD; oifwef; wufz@kd vky&f ygao;w,f? 'gayrJh u|erf qif;&r,fh ausmufqnfe,fajr&JŒ 74

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

tajctae t& rqif;&awmhb;l qdjk y;D rwuf&awmhygb;l ? SEI ausmif;wuf&w,f? yxrtokwf ocifAv kd f wd@k / ref;0if;armif wd@k / udck spaf umif; wdŒk / udt k ek ;f armifw@kd a&mufvm=uawmh qef; a';ADvm bHk&dyfom udk tkyfcsKyfzdk@ A[dkuvmyfpnf;wpfck trsm;oabmol a&G;cs,zf ŒJG pnf; w,f? udo k ed ;f az acgi;f aqmifjy;D ocifjroGi/f udak usm&f if/ ud k a tmif j rif h ( ud k x G e f ; atmif ausmf ) / *d k & S , f E S i f h u|ef r (rcif p D ) ygw,f ? tm;vH k ; ajcmufa,mufjzpfygw,f? tJ'rD mS wm 0ef,&l w,f? 'Duvmyfpnf;=u;D uae bH&k yd o f m wpfcv k ;kH udk tkycf sKyyf gw,f? [drk mS olrsm;wdik ;f jynfomG ;jy;D ud, k w hf idk ;f jynfvw G v f yfa&;twGuf zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;twGuf vkyf=u/ udkif=u/ ae=u&wm/ vG,fawmhrvG,fbl;/ 'gayr,fh udk,fh wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf zufqpf0g' udk wdkufzsufzdk@twGuf/ 'DrmS a&mufae=uwm/ vkyaf e=uwm/ bmvky&f vky&f vkyrf ,f/ aocsif aoygap/ vkyrf ,fqw kd hJ Edik if aH &;,Hk =unfcsupf w d u f jyif;xef=uw,f? nDnw G zf @kd / pnf;&H;k zd@k / &d;k om;ajzmifrh wf zd@k / t&m&mpHjy jzpfz@kd =uKd ;pm;zd@k / tywfwukwt f m;xkwzf @kd vdw k ,fqw kd hJ pdwaf wGEiS hf ae=u&wm? 'DrSm acgif;aqmifaewJh tpfudk=uD;udkodef;az qdk&if tJ'DumvrSm oltvkyf vkyw f mudk vlwikd ;f u av;pm;&w,f?f cs;D rGr;f &w,f? ausm&k;d wDbaD =umifh tdy&f ay:rSm yufvuf=u;D rv_yf r&Sm; ae&w,f?f 'Dvakd e&mu tvkyv f yk w f ,f? oifwef;ay;w,f? Edik if aH &;aqG;aEG;yGJ awGvyk w f ,f? pma&;w,f? wpfcsurf nnf;bl;? tH=h ozd@k aumif;ygw,f? oluacgif;aqmif? acgif;aqmifu 'Dvdkvkyfjyawmh usefwJholawGu rae&J=ubl;? ol@pdw"f mwfe@J olvyk &f yfukd av;pm; =uw,f? wdik ;f jynftwGuf olvyk o f vdk vky=f uw,f? e*du k vnf; wdik ;f cspjf ynfcsppf w d u f tjynf&h dS =u wJh olawG? toufpeG @f xm;wJv h al wG? odyfnDnGwfwmyJ/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; odyfav;pm;wmyJ/ odyfcspf =uwmyJ? vlawGu vli,fawGcsn;f yJ? tifrwefpw d t f m;aumif;wJh t&G,af wG? wpfcg wav vli,fbm0 aygufuGJwmawG jy\emawG&SdcJh=uayrJh xdef; vdu k &f if&jy?D rSm;&ifvnf; rSm;wm udk &J&0J 0hH hH 0efc=H u/ a0zef=u wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D uln&D ikd ;f yif;=uESihf tckjyefawG;&ifawmif tck =unfE;l vGr;f qGwrf w d ,f? vSueG ;f wd@k / bapmwd@k /f armif=unfwdk@&JŒ toufawG[m 18 ESpf/ 19 ESpfom &Sdygw,f? i,fi,fav; awGyg? udt k ek ;f armif rS toufEpS q f ,f&dS ao;w,f? tpuwnf;u iwfrmS / aorSm/ om;wuG/J r,m;wuGJ/ rdwuGJ/ zwuJG/ jzpfrSmudk wGufjyD;om;/ odjyD;om;yg? pGef@xGufvmcJh=uwJh vlawGjzpfawmh bmjzpfr/S nmjzpfr/S bmjzpfr,f/ nmjzpfr,f/ bm&r,fqw kd m vH0k xnfh rpOf;pm;bl;? ud, k u f sd K;t wGuf bmrS rvdck sib f ;l ? bmrS rarSsmrf eS ;f bl; 'Dvakd ecJ=h uwm/ 'Dvv kd yk cf =hJ uwm? aysmaf ysm=f u;D aecJ=h uwm? aoewfEiS hf vmypfvnf;aysmrf mS yJ/ ud, k , f =kH unf wm udk vky&f wm avmufaysmpf &m/ auseyf p&m aumif;wm b,frrS &Sb d ;l ? yxrtokwf vlawG a&mufvm=uawmh tpfudk=uD;u ... "a[h rcifpDa&/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

olw@kd vdak ewJh zdeyfw@kd / bmwd@k vdu k 0f ,fay;vdu k pf rf;yg? aps;xJukd ac:oGm;jy;D jy vdu k yf g" wJ?h 'ge@J u|erf u olw@kd udk e,l;rm;uwfxJ ac:oGm;w,f? olw@kd &Spaf ,mufavmuf &Sd ygw,f? zdeyf rygbmryge@J u|erf aemufu wpftyk =f u;D vdu k v f mwm/ aps;xJa&mufawmh qdkif=uD;awG/ aps;wef; awGjy/ pwdk;qdkifawGudk jyw,f? ygwm;eDqdkif a&mufawmh wpfa,mufygwm;eD wpfxyk pf D 0,fau|;w,f? aemuf zdeyfqikd f oGm;=uw,f? olw@kd u wuUodkvfausmif;om;=uD;awG/ ppfAdkvf=uD;awG/ acwf ynmwwfawG/ u|efr u rlvwef;q&mrav;yJ? 'gayrJh olw@kd bmrS rajymbl;/ u|erf ac:oGm;wJah emuf ygwm;eD uav;awG 0g;jy;D waumufaumufvu kd w f myJ? [dwaf wG [efawG r&Sb d ;l ? ody&f ;kd om; =uw,f? aemufawmh zdeyf0,fjyD; vdkufa[mufpfwdk@ rufx&dkwdk@qdkwJh &kyf&Sif&kHawG vdu k jf yygw,f? [d[ k 'kd 'D D vdu k jf y ygw,f? jyjy;D jyefvm=u awmhrS ... "a[h...a[h ckae rcifpu D kd 0dik ;f uef=u&atmif"wJ?h 0dik ;f p=uw,f? "[J.h ..igu h kd uefv@kd rjzpfb;l ? ruef=uESiOhf ;D / rif;wd@k jyefwwfv@kd vm;" qdak wmh 0kid ;f &,f=uygw,f? tJ'g zdeyft&if0,fray;yJ/ olw@kd udk wpfaps;vH;k ywfac:ae vd@k wJ?h p =uwm armifErS awGvykd ?J aoG;unDw,f? qef;a';ADvm;oifwef;u wpfywfukd ajcmuf&ufwuf&ygw,f? Edik if aH &;oifwef;/ aqG;aEG;yG/J use;f rma&; avhusichf ef;awG vky&f ygw,f? reufcek pfem&DrmS x/ use;f rma&;vkyf reufyikd ;f pmzwf? nae ESihf nrSm oifwef;wufwhJ tcgwuf aqG;aEG;yJv G yk f wJt h cgvyk /f txl;udpP&Sd&if wifjy aqG;aEG;wmvkyf/ 'Dvdkae=u&wm 'DbHk&dyfomxJrSm t&ufESifh rvdv k m;tyfwhJ aysmyf g;r_awG vH;k 0 vkycf iG hf ray;bl;? bH&k yd o f mrSm pm=unfh wdu k &f w dS ,f? pmtkyfiSm;csif&if ocifjroGifwdk@/ udkbodef;wdk@qDrSm iSm;&w,f? pm;a&; csif&if igwdk@ ppf*sme,f vufa&; pmapmif xkww f ,f? a&;csi0f ifa&;/ a&;enf;a&;yH/k &nf &G,cf suaf wGukd tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG; wifjy=uw,f? ppfa&;ESihf ywfoufwmawGu awmh SEI ausmif;rSm oGm;oif&w,f? bHk&dyfom rSm rwuf&bl;? n(10)em&D tdyf=u &w,f? tukefvHk; ud, k w hf m0efEiS hf ud, k f ae=u &w,f? odypf nf;urf; &Sw d myJ? uswhJ wm0efukd b,forl S rnOf;bl;? vky=f uwmyJ? bH&k yd o f m csuaf &;/ jyKwaf &;txd olw@kd 0ifv f yk =f uw,f? rSwrf ad o;w,f/ armifwif=u;D ta=umif;? armifwifqw kd m ref;0if;armif jzpfyg w,f? ol@udt k rd u f (bH&k yd o f m) ukvm;awGu "rGww f m0g;vm;qyf" vd@k ac:w,f? olu rD;zd0k ifjy;D csuw f jhJ yKww f hJ tcg us&if olu[if;jrnf;wm ody0f goemygw,f? "rGww f m; 0g;vm;qyf/ [if;usujf yv D m;a[h" qdk&if "usujf yaD [h" vd@k [if;jrnf;aewJh toH=u;D ESihf jyefajymwwfw,f? tJ'gqdk&if olrodatmif ol@qD tomoGm;+yD; ol[if;jrnf;aewJ@ yef;uefudk ,lzw G x f m;vdu k f a&m? tJ'gukd oloo d mG ;&if atmfyg+y?D "rcifpaD & ig@yef;uef ,loGm;+yD/ ig@yef;uefjyefay;" qdk+yD; rD;zdkxJuae tvkyfvkyf&if; atmf aewmyJ? &,fae=u&w,f? tvkyu f vJ vkyEf ikd w f ,f? ol@cE<mud, k 0f 0}u;D eJ@ odyt f vkyv f yk w f myJ? 76

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

udkausmf&ifwdk@/ udkaX;(&JabmfaX;) wdk@uawm@ a&csKd;cef;rif;om;awGyJ? a&csK;d cef;xJa&muf+yq D &kd if a&awG wpfArG ;f AGr;f avmif;+y;D jynfvaS zoDcsi;f (ewfosS iaf emif) oDcsif;/ aus;apwref oDcsif;awG qdkvdkufwm pkHaewmyJ?tqdkawGu vnf;aumif;/ toHawGuvnf;aumif; / udk,f@wdkif;jynfeJ@ a0;ae=uawm@ udk,f@wdkif;udk,f@jynf vG r f ; ae=uwmygyJ ? ol w d k @ u a&csKd ; cef ; rS m qd k = uwmyJ ? tjyif a &muf & if r qd k b l ; ? 'djyiftcsdefrSmrqdkbl;? b,folrS rqdk=uygbl;? tvkyfvkyfae? oifwef; wufae/ pmzwfae=u&w,f? tm;vnf;rtm;=uygb;l ? oifwef;wuf&wmawG/ avxD;cke&f wmawG jyefajym&if&if &,fae&ygw,f? olwdk@u ra=umufrvef@ &,fp&majymayrJ@ vkyf&wJ@ tvkyfawGu &,fp&mr[kwfygbl;? av,mOfawmif rpD;zl;wJ@ vlawGjzpf=uw,f? av,mOfay:u ckefcs&wJ@ tvkyfqdkwm rvG,f vSygbl;? 'gayrJ@ olwdk@rSm tJ'gudk aysmpf &mvdyk ?J armif=unfajymwm qd&k if "avxD;ckew f m bmcufwm rSwv f @kd rr&,fw@J / 0rf;wl;o&D;qdk ckecf svu kd ?f rl;csm yefcsmvnf+y;D usvm/ avxD; yGi@f oGm;&if ewfom;av; jzpfoGm;a&m/ odyfaumif;wmyJ"wJ@ tJ'Dvdk pdwf"mwfawG/ ta=umufw&m; uif; wJ@ pdwf"mwfawG? tJ'Dvdkpdwf"mwf &SdwJ@olawGeJ@ u|efr bkH&dyfomaecJ@&w,f? wu,f@ owWcd aJ wGygy?J aemufyikd ;f jrefrmjynfjyefz@kd vky=f uawm@ yxrqk;H avxD;eJ@qif;+y;D jrefrmjynf jyefwm armif=unf ygy?J 'Dwek ;f u ol@touf 18ESpaf vmufy&J w dS ,f? vli,fuav;jzpfayrJ@ 'DrmS olaewmxdik w f m odyaf umif; ygw,f? vnfz@kd / ywfz@kd / rde;f ryd;k zd@k udak wmif owdawmif &wJ@vli,fr[kwb f ;l ? oifwef; wufvu kd /f aqG;aEG;yG0J ifvu kd /f pmzwfvu kd /f &dyo f mu tvkyfvkyfvdkuf SEI ausmif;wufvdkuf eJ@ aewm? at;vnf;at;w,f/ oGufvnf; oGuw f ,f/ olu a&$bkd bufu wefqnfom;jzpfw,f? avxD;eJ@ yJc;l / ysOyf }Hk u;D bufrmS olqif;w,f? olqif;awm@ atmufrSm}udKr,f@ol r&Sdbl;? atmufu tajctae bmrSrodb;l ? *syef&o dS vm;/ r&Sb d ;l vm; bmrSrodb;l ? pGe@f +y;D qif;wm armifrif;}u;D om; uH}uD;awm@ *syefESif@rwdk;bJ acsmacsmarmarm usoGm;w,f? olu *syeft0wftpm; ppf0wfp0Hk wf+y;D *syefppfum;wm;pD;oGm;w,f? *syefawGukd *syefawGvakd jym+y;D &efuek t f xd vdu fk o f mG ;wm enf;wJ@owdrW [kwb f ;l ? olu *syefvv kd nf;wwfw,f? 'Dvekd @J &efuek f a&muf oGm;ygw,f? &efuek af &mufawm@ olomG ;&wm RET OD;ausm+f ird ;f / a':ode;f wd@k tdru f kd oGm;&rSm jzpfygw,f? udkwifa&$u aoaocsmcsm oifay;vdkufw,f? aoaocsmcsmvnf; rSmvdu k yf gw,f? a':ode;f qdw k m 00wkww f w k ef @J / xdik &f if b,fvx kd ikd w f ,f/ pum;ajym&if b,fvakd jymw,f/ aq;vdyf aomuf&if b,fvkd aomufw f ,f/ pum;ajymyk/H aexdik yf aHk wG oifjyay;vdkufygw,f? armif=unf OD;ausmf+idrf; tdrfa&muf+yD; tdrfay:wufoGm;awm@ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

tdraf y:rSm *syefe@J wef;wd;k a&m? a':ode;f u *syefawGe@J xdik pf um;ajymaeawm@ ol@rSm jyefqw k f &rvm;/ bmvkyf &rvJrodb;l ? olcsucf si;f pOf;pm;w,f? jyefqw k v f @kd awm@ rjzpfb;l ? &kyyf suv f rd @f r,f? [d[ k mawm@ a':ode;f ykpH H yJq+kd y;D tdrx f q J uf0ifomG ;ygw,f? yg;pyfuvnf; "tarode;f u|eaf wmfawm@ qmvS+yAD sm" vd@k ajym? vluvnf; rD;zdv k @kd xif&wJ@tcef;xJ pGw0f ifomG ; wmygy?J *syefuvnf; =unf@aew,f? a':ode;f uvnf; yxra=umif=unf@ aew,f? aemufrS owd0ifvm+y;D "at;²²at; igvyk af y;r,f" qd+k y;D rD;zdx k J 0ifvu kd v f mw,f? rD;zdkxJa&mufrS a':odef;u "rif;b,folvJ" vdk@ar;w,f? olurajzyJ ta':u a':ode;f r[kwv f m; vd@k jyefar; vdu k w f ,fw@J ? a':ode;f u at;[kww f ,f vd@k ajymrS? [kw&f if tarodef; *syefawGeJ@ [efrysuf pum;oGm;ajymaeyg? u|efawmf@udk tdEN, u v$wv f u kd w f myg vd@k ajymvdu k w f ,f? tJ'ge@J tqifajy oGm;ygw,f? armif=unfu tJ'v D v kd J jzwfxdk;Om%fvnf; odyfaumif;w,f? 'Duae ol@udk v$wfvdkufwm/ jyefvmwJ@txd olŒwm0efukd ausyeG af tmif/ tqifajyatmif vkyEf ikd cf @J w,f? 'gayrJ@ ol awG@}uKcH @J wJ@ tawG@t}uKaH wG jyefajym&if a=umufp&m/ 'gawGukd olu &,f&,farmarmeJ@ jyefajym wmyJ? tJ'v D kd owd/W tJ'v D pkd w d "f mwfawGe@J vkycf @J =uw,f? t*FvdyfawG ar*sm0if;*dwfwdk@/ rpPwmqdkvDwdk@/ *syefaiGpuULawG&dkuf=uwkef; uvnf; olwdk@ &dkufxm;wJ@ aiGpuULawGwpfxyf}uD; pm;yGJay:ykHvm+yD;"rpPufzdk;&kH 'DrSmvmx=unf@ygOD;/ *syefydkufqHawG &dkufxm;w,f/ *syefydkufqHeJ@ wl&JŒvm;" wJ@? u|erf xdik &f muae xr=unf@ygb;l ? "rwlb;l " vd@k ajymvdu k w f ,f? "bmvd@k rwlwmvnf;/ vm=unf@ygOD;" wJ@? u|erf u "x=unf@zd@k rvdyk gb;l 'Duae =unf@&if odygw,f? rwlb;l ? *syefpuULu raumif;bl;/ 'DpuULawGu odyaf umif;w,f/ azG;Ek aew,f? jrifwm eJ@ odw,f" vd@k ajymvdu k yf gw,f? olw@kd bmrSrajymbl;? jyefomG ;=u+y;D puULnH@nH@awGEiS @f &ku d w f ,f? jyif&dkufxm;wmawG ,lvm+yD;jyw,f? "wl&JŒvm;"wJ@ "puUL awm@ wlw,f/ 'gayrJ@ &du k x f m;wmrwlb;l " vd@k 'Dawm@ "b,fvrkd wlwmvJ"wJ@ "rwlwmu bk&m; eJ@ A eJ@pmvk;H eJ@ vGaJ ewm rwlwmyJ"vd@k ? "tppfrmS u A pmvk;H eJ@ bk&m;eJ@ wnf@aew,f" vd@k ajymawm@ jyef&u kd =f u&jyefw,f? tJ'ge@J aemufq;Hk *syefaiGpuULtppfEiS @f cGrJ &atmifww l @J *syefaiGpuUL awG &du k x f w k Ef ikd yf gw,f? tdrfrSmqdkwm tJ'DydkufqHawG wpfykH}uD;ygyJ jrefrmjynf jyef=uwJ@ vlawGudk xnf@ay;vdu k w f m tJ'yD u kd q f aH wGyg? 'ga=umif@ vlawGuajym=uw,f? jrefrmjynfrmS *syef xkww f @J *syefyu kd q f x H uf t*Fvyd x f w k w f @J *syefyu kd q f u H ydrk sm;w,fqw kd m[m tJ'w D ek ;f u xkww f m jzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &; eD;awm@ &JabmfawG jrefrmjynfjyef=uzd@k jyifqif=uyg+y?D jyefw@J tcgrmS avxD;qif;&rJ@ &Jabmf awGukd [drk mS olw@kd &JŒawmfveS af &; vkyif ef;twGuf a&$wdk@/ aiGwdk@/ ypPnf;wdk@udk u|efru pDpOf+yD; xnf@ay; &ygw,f? 'Dae@jrefrmjynf 78

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

b,fESpfa,mufjyefr,fqdk&if tpfudk}uD;u ac:ajymw,f? qif;r,f@vl ta&twGufeJ@ jyifqifay;&ygw,f? &Jabmfwpfa,mufudk a&$'*Fg;q,fjym;/ pdefvufpGyf u wpfuGif;/ t*Fvyd af iGuvufav;vk;H / *syefaiGuvufwpfxmG txl/ tJ'v D x kd nf@xnf@ay;&yg w,f? &,fp&mtjzpfuawm@ vSueG ;f u oljyefqif;&r,f@tcgusawm@ vmajymw,f? rcifpDwJ@ u|efawmf@ udk t*FvdyfaiGpuULvufav;vkH;/ *syefaiGpuULwpfxGmtpm;/ t*Fvyd af iGpuULwpfxmG / *syefaiGpuUL vufav;vk;H xnf@ay;ygw@J ? awmfawmfaemufw@J vli,f? i,fuvnf;ti,f/ qd;k uvnf; qd;k w,f? wu,f@vli,fygy?J aemuf ocifAv kd f wdŒk / apmOD; wd@k / bode;f wd@k tjyef av,mOfysu=f uwke;f uqd&k if odyf pdwx f cd u kd f &ygw,f? olw@kd xGuo f mG ;=uwke;f u ESpo f w k f xifygw,f? olw@kd owif; a&mufvmawm@ 'DrmS npm xrif;pm;+yD;p yef;uefawGawmifraq;&ao;bl;? tpfudk}uD;u ac:ajymwm? rcifpDa& ocifAv kd f wd@k / twmwd@k r&Sad wm@bl;wJ@ jAKe;f pm;}u;D tH@tm;oif@+y;D bmjyefajym&rSe;f rodb;l ? &ifxJ qdk@ aew,f? rae@ ubJ olwdk@'Du xGufoGm;=uwm? 'Dae@r&Sd=uawm@ygbl;? ESajrmvdu k w f m ocifAv kd f qd&k if aumvdyf ausmif;om;uae ocifacgi;f aqmifjzpfvmwJ@ol? pma&;pmzwf0goemyg+y;D pma&;aumif;wJ@ol? pma&;pmzwf0goemyg+y;D pma&;aumif;wJ@ol? tdEdN, udk vmwJ@avxD;qif;&Jabmf yxrqkH;tokwfudk acgif;aqmifvmwJ@ol? apmOD;qdk&ifvnf; bm;rm;&dkifz,f wyfxJuae 'DtxJygvmwJ@ol? twmvdk@ac:wJ@ udkbodef;uawm@ acwfynmwwf/ bDat udk t*Fvdyfpm*k%fxl;eJ@ atmifcJ@wJ@ol/ bDtikd af t wyfrLS ;wpfa,muf? 'Duakd &mufvmawm@ ESrd @f ESrd @f cscs aew,f/ ZG&J w dS ,f/ vk@H v 0D&d,&Sdw,f? udk,fusKd;riJ@yJ olwyg;udk ulnDwwfwm awG a=umif@ tifrwef vlcspv f cl ifaygw,f? awmfvnf;awmfw,f? 'Dvkd tzd;k wefvw S @J wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ om;aumif; &wem awG tckvq kd ;Hk &_;H oGm;&wJ@ twGuf u|erf wd@k rSm ,lusK;rH & jzpfc@J =u&w,f? ajzodr@f r& jzpfc=Jh u&w,f? tpfu}kd u;D u csucf si;f bk&H yd o f mtpnf;ta0;ac:w,f? olw@kd udk tav;jyKw,f/ cs;D usK;w,f/ 0rf;enf; pum;ajym=uw,f? olw@kd twGuf wdik ;f jynfwm0ef yd, k =l uzd@k t"dXmefjyK=uw,f? tJ'aD e@udk u|erf wd@k tm;vk;H rar@Edik =f uawm@ygb;l ? *suq f kd av,mOfuiG ;f u twufrmS av,mOf ayguu f +JG y;D ysuu f s aoqk;H oGm;=u&w,f? av,mOfay:u t}urd }f urd cf ek cf swek ;f urao? ppfav@usif@cef;awG/ azmufcGJa&; oifwef;awGwufcJ@=uwkef;urao? tdENd,tvm awm=urf;awmif=urf;/ c&D;vrf;rSm raocJ@=ubJ 'DusrS 'Dvakd o=u&w,f? wu,f@udk tpm;xdk; r&EdkifwJ@ qkH;&_H;r_}uD;ygyJ? 'DrSm&JabmfawGu jrefrmjynfudk ukef;vrf;u/ a&vrf;ujyef=u/ avxD; eJ@ qif;=u? aemufjyefvm=u/ jyefomG ;=u/ tacguaf cgut f cgcg tdE, Nd eJ@ jrefrmjynfukd tdrOf ;D eJ@ =urf;jyifvkd oGm;ae=uwm? aorif;eJ@ eyef;vk;H ae=uayrJ@ tqk;H t&_;H r&Scd @J zl;? tck olw@kd usrS qk;H &_;H vdu k =f u&awm@ &JabmfawG pdwx f cd u kd =f u&w,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

'gayr,f@ olw@kd pdwx f v d u kd &f wmud;k tm;rmef awG tjzpf ajymif;ypfvu kd =f u+y;D wdkif;jynftwGuf tvkyfawGudk qwufxrf;ydk; wdk;vdkuf =uw,f? enf;wJ@pdwfawG r[kw=f uygb;l ? zufqpfawmfveS ;f a&;+y;D cJ@vd@k vGwv f yfa&;&cJ@wJ@aemuf udw k ifu orRw}u;D ref;0if;armifjzpf+y;D udw k ;l u ume,fcspaf umif;jzpfaecsed rf mS ukw d ;l }uKd ;wdu k x f aJ &muf ae+yv D @fkd =um;awm@ u|erf &efuek f udk vmw,f? tpfu}kd u;D udo k ed ;f azeJ@awGŒw,f? "tpfu}kd u;D udkwl;eJ@awGŒcsifw,f /awGŒyga&ap" qdkawm@ olpDpOfay;w,f? wpfae@&efukeftusOf; axmif}u;D xJomG ;+y;D axmif0ifpmawGŒ=uygw,f? axmif}u;D xJ a&muf awm@ }uKd ;wdu k x f rJ mS udkwl;udk awGŒvdkuf&w,f? awGŒawm@u|efrpdwfxJ raumif;bl;? 'Dae&mrsKd;rSmvnf; olŒudkrawGŒcsifbl;? udkwl;uawm@ at;at; aq;aq;yJ "rcifpD aeaumif; &JŒvm;/ uav;awGa&m aexdik af umif; &JŒvm;" ar;ygw,f? +y;D awm@rS "rcifpaD & usKyaf or,f qd&k if aoaysmyf g+yAD sm/ wdik ;f jynftwGuf usLyf vkycf @J +y;D +yyD ?J 'gayrJ@ usLyf raocsif ao;bl;/ bmjzpf vdŒk vJq&kd if/ usKyrf mS wdik ;f jynfukd wifjyp&mawG&adS o;w,f" tJ'goal jymwmyJ aemufawm@ ol a&;w,f? tESpfESpfq,fqdkwJ@pmtkyf? "tESpf ESpfq,frSs wdik ;f jynftwGuf vkyv f m+y;D aemuf u|eaf wmf onf ud, k @f ud, k u f jkd yefI =unf@aomtcg }uKd ;wdu k x f J od@k a&mufI aeonf udk awGŒ&avonf"qdw k @J pma=umif; [memrnf}u;D yJ? tJ'gukd ola&;wmyJ? aemufwpfcg tpfu}kd u;D udo k ed ;f azudyk J "u|erf orRw}u;D ref;0if;armif eJ@ awGŒcsiw f ,f pDpOf ay;ygO;D " qdak wm@ olyzJ ek ;f quf+y;D pDpOfay;w,f? awGŒcGi@f &w,f? tvkHvrf;u orRwtdrfawmfrSm oGm;awGŒ&w,f? ref;0if;armifu 0rf;omtm;& u|erf udt k rd 0f u qD;}uKd w,f? vufzuf&nfyaJG wG bmawG eJ@ {nf@cHygw,f? uav;awG ta=umif;/ rdom;pkawGta=umif; pD;yGm;a&;awGta=umif; ajym=u qd=k uw,f? +y;D awm@rS u|efru "orRw}uD;udk ajympum;&Sdvkd@vmcJ@wm"qdkawm@ olu "rajymyg eJ@wJ@/ ausmuf q nf u d k j yef y gwJ @ / bmtul t nD v d k v J ajymygwJ @" pum;jzwf y gw,f ? ol "ausmuf q nf wH w m; zG i f @ yG J u s vmcJ h r ,f ? tJ ' D u srS ajymwmayg@"wJ @ ? 'geJ @ u|erf ausmufqnf jyefc@J w,f? 'gayrJ@ ausmufqnfww H m;zGi@f yGJ olrvmEdik b f ;l ? ar+rKd Œ (jyifO;D vGi)f udt k oGm; rEWav;udk a&mufvmw,f? av,mOfe@J rEWav;uae+y;D um;vGw $ +f y;D u|erf udk ac:w,f? uav;awGe@J rdom;pkvu kd f vdu k o f mG ;&w,f? rEWav;urS olw@kd eJ@twl ar+rKd Œudk um;awG eJ@ twl wuf=uw,f? olw@kd uum;wpfp;D / u|erf eJ@ ol@uav;awGa&m/ ud, k @f uav;awGa&m um;wpfp;D / 'ge@J ar+rKd Œudak &muf=uw,f? ar+rKd Œa&mufawm@ ae=u&wJ@ tdr=f u;D u wdu k w f u kd q f ikd q f ikd f [dw k ek ;f u tdE, Nd rSm aewke;f u tdr}f u;D eJ@ wlygw,f? tdr}f u;D aqmufxm;yk/H avSum;wufxm;yk/H tcef;zGŒJ ykH odyw f yl gw,f/ wpfcgwnf; [kw d ek ;f u &JabmfawGe@J twlaecJ@/ xdik cf @J / tvkyv f yk cf @J =u& wmawGukd tukejf yef+y;D jrifa,mif aeawm@w,f? u&ifvil ,facgi;f aqmif/ bDatatmif+y;D 80

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ocifoef;xGef;&kH;rSm tvkyfvkyf&if; tdEdN,a&mufvmykH/ yGif@yGif@vif;vif; ajymwwfwJ@ oltusi@f / aysmaf ysmaf ewwfw@J ol@[efawG/ twm (udb k ode;f )/ ocifAv kd /f udw k ifa&$/ td y f & may:yuf v uf } uD ; tvk y f v k y f a ewJ @ tpf u d k } uD ; ud k o d e f ; az tuk e f u k e f jyefowd&aew,f? udw k ife@J twl udw k ;l / udjk r(udt k ek ;f armif) wd@k a&mufvm=uykH ta=umif; awG ud k owd & aew,f ? pd w f x J r S m vG r f ; ovd k v d k e J @ a[mtck u sawm@ ud k w if u orRwtdraf &muf+y;D orRw}u;D ref;0if;armif jzpfae+y?D udw k ;l u ume,fcspaf umif;tjzpfe@J &efukeftusOf;axmif}uD;xJu }udK;wdkufxJ a&mufae+yD; udkjr(udktkef;armif) uvnf; &efuek af xmifxrJ mS a&mufaew,f? tJ'n D u awmfawmfEiS @f tdyrf &ygb;l ? vif;ydik ;f usrS c%av;eJ@ tdyaf ysmo f mG ;awm@w,f? +y;D awm@cyfapmapmyJ Ed;k w,f? tJ'w D ek ;f rSm orRw}u;D u "a[@²²rcifpD rxao;bl;vm;uG/ xawm@ xawm@ rsufESmopf uGm/ vufzuf&nf aomuf=ur,f" wJ@vmEd;_ ygw,f? u|erf ux+y;D tdy, f mawGbmawGord ;f +y;D awm@ "rcifpf D bmjzpfaewmvJw@J " ar;w,f? 'ge@J u|erf u "bmrSrjzpfygb;l / ynm&Srd sm; EdyS pf uf&if tawmfcH&qdk;wmyJ " qdkawm@olubmawGajymaewmvJ/ aemufrS ajymwJ@/ tck vufzuf&nfaomuf=ur,fw@J ? 'ge@J u|erf u rsuEf mS awGbmawGopf+y;D vufzuf&nfyJG 0ifxdkifygw,f? rkef@pm;vufzuf&nfaomufygw,f? tJ'DrSm pum;awGajym=uayrJ@ [dt k a=umif; 'Dta=umif;yJ ajymygw,f? udw k ;l ta=umif; pum;tprcHb;l ? vufzuf&nfyJG +yD;awm@rS ol@ZeD; udk "igeJ@ rcifpD atmufqif;=uOD;r,f/ atmufujrufcif;ay:rSm pum;ajym=uOD;r,fumG " qd+k y;D qif;vm=uw,f? u|erf wd@k eJ@ b,forl S ryg=uygb;l / jrufcif;jyiftv,favmufrmS ESpaf ,mufom; xdik rf ad wm@rS "uJajymawm@" vd@k oluqdw k ,f? u|erf rSm wu,fajymawm@ b,fu pajym &rSe;f rodygb;l ? u|erf bmajym&rSmvJ/ Edik if aH wmf orRw}u;D oufawmf&m awmf&n S yf gapvd@k qkawmif;&rvm;/ 'grrS [kwf }uKd ;wdu k x f u J udw k ;l aoygap vd@k qkawmif;&rvm;/ 'DEpS cf x k rJ mS u|efrAsmrsm;ae+yD/ "u|erf tjzpfu awmfawmf qd;k ygw,f? u|erf bmvkyf &rvJ rodb;l " vdk@ajymvdkufw,f? 'Dawm@olu "rcifpD bmjzpfcsifwkef;" wJ@ "usKyfuawm@awmf/ udw k iforRw}u;D jzpfrS udw k ;l ao&wmrsK;d tjzpf rcHEikd b f ;l " vd@k tJ'v D ykd J ajymvdu k w f ,f? olu+idrf+yD;em;axmifaew,f? t+rJwrf;jyKH;aewJ@ rsufESm[m wnf+idrf+yD; aew,f? bmwpfcGef;rS jyefrajymbl;? tJ'gyJ ajym+yD;ausmifqnfukd jyefcJŒ=uw,f? olyJpDpOf+yD; jyefy@kd ay;cJ@ygw,f? 'Dvekd @J ausmufqnfrmS aewm av;ig;ajcmufvavmufxifygw,f? tJ'aD vmuf =umrSm wpfae@rSm owif;pmwpfapmifzwf&ygw,f? vufzuf&nfqikd rf mS yg? owif;pm xJrmS pmvk;H }u;D }u;D ESi@f orRw}u;D trde@f ESi@f ume,fcspaf umif; v$wv f u kd +f yq D w kd @J owif;zwf& w,f? "[,f" qd+k y;D 0rf;omvdu k w f mav rajymeJ@awm@/ owif;pm}u;D zwf&if; rsu&f nfawG tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

yd;k yd;k ayguaf yguu f srw d ,f? 'ga=umif@ ig@armif udw k if}u;D udk igcspw f m? ody+f y;D &Jabmf pdw&f w dS m? &Jabmf yDo vdu k w f mvd@k awG;+y;D aysmv f u kd w f m/rsu&f nfukd rokwEf ikd b f ;l ? wd@k rsm; wd@k &JŒ taumif;qk;H t&G,af wGukd wdik ;f jynftwGuf ay;vSL+y;D vkycf ŒJ =uw,f?aocsi;f aygi;f / &Sicf si;f aygi;f awG/ aoazmf&iS f zufawG vkycf @J udik cf @J =uwm/ 'g[m&Jabmfpw d /f 'Dpw d af wG &Su d &kd &dS r,f? b,fE, S f udw k if=u;D orRwjzpfrS udw k ;l ao&r,fq&kd if &mZ0if¶idk ;f oGm;rSmayg?h pdwf"mwfawG[m b,favmuf jyif;xef wJh pdwf"mwfawGvJ? 'DpdwfawGeJ@ wdkif;jynf twGuv f yk cf =hJ uwmygvm;?

a': jr&D (ausmufqnf) (jrefrmopf r*~Zif; 2011 {+yDv) (a': jr&Donf touf 92 ESpft&G,f / 2010 'DZifbm 9 &uf ausmufqnfjrdKŒwGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf?)

axmifEi S r hf c d if

vlxk a':trm xGufjyD - udk,fawG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - zdk;oH (vlxk) trSmpum;ESifhtwl - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf? 82

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

jynfol@bufu&yfrS jynfol@acwfudk a&mufrSmyg vlxpk ed 0f if;

"usifh0wf"ydkif; qkdif&mrsm;udk OD;pm;ay; a&;vGef;wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; apm'u wufolwcsdKŒ awG@zl;w,f? acwfawG ajymif;wmeJ@twl usifh0wfpHE_ef;awGvnf; vku d yf gajymif;vJrS acwfe@J vku d af vsm nDaxG jzpfawmhrmS aygv h @kd ajymolvnf; &Sw d ,f?

w&m;a[m q&mvdkyJ ae&mwkid ;f rSm q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &JŒ pm&dwpW EH e_ ;f eJ@ vku d w f idk ;f aevd@k awmh b,fjzpfrmS vJv@kd ajymol&o dS vkd vlwidk ;f udk *sme,fausmf OD;cspaf rmif pdwx f m;rsKd ; xm;zd@k csn;f ajymae&if pme,fZif; tvkyv f yk rf ,fo h al wmif &Srd mS r[kwaf wmhb;l vd@k ajymolvnf; &Sw d ,f? ynmwwf tar&duefwpfa,muf uawmh "cifAsm;u w&m;a[mq&mwpfa,mufvkd oDvjzLpif zd@k csn;f a[maewJo h w l pfa,muf (Boralist) jzpfae+yD" vd@k aumufcsucf s oGm;zl;w,f? olu, kd w f idk u f tar&duef wuUov kd w f pfcrk mS owif;pmynm oif=um;yd@k cswhJ ygarmuQ wpfa,muf jzpfygw,f?

vl@E_ef;pHawG xdef;zdk@ 'Dacwf}u;D rSmu b,fe,fy,fukd =unfv h u dk f =unfv h u dk f usi0fh wfazmufzsuf usL;vGerf a_ wG tvGet f rif; qd;k 0g;csiw f idk ;f qd;k 0g;aewmudk jrifawG@ae&wJt h wGuf vltjzpf owfrw S cf suf pHEe_ ;f awGukd xde;f Ekifd o f avmuf xde;f =uapzd@k &nf&, G +f y;D a&;ae&wm jzpfw,f? rdwaf qG tar&duef ausmif;q&m ajymovdk "oDvorm;" awmh r[kwyf gb;l ? orRw a&*efukd pmoifausmif;awGrmS "rRusr;f pmawG jyefvnfoif=um;zd@k aqmf=ocJw h ma=umifh vlawGu "Boralist" oDvorm;vd@k uifyeG ;f wyfc=hJ uw,f? bmrS rqkid yf gb;l ? a&*ef[m uG e f * &uf v$ w f a wmf u d k vd r f c J h / tar&d u ef j ynf o l a wG u d k nmcJ h w J h "tD & ef * d w f" t¶_yaf wmfyakH =umifh &mxl;u jzKwcf sc&H vkqJ jzpfcw hJ hJ vlvrd }f u;D wpfa,muf jzpfygw,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

av;pm;p&m bmwpfcrk S r&Syd gb;l ?

vl}uD;vlaumif;r[kwf a&*efvkd oDvorm; trnfcrH sKd ;udk rav;pm;ovdk t&ufaopm a&Smif=uOfa&;wd@k / wd&p>meftom; rpm;a&;wd@k vH@_ aqmfa[m=um; aeolwikd ;f udv k nf; vl}u;D vlaumif;vd@k oabmrxm;ygbl;? b,fe,fy,frSmyJjzpfjzpf qkdif&m qkdif&m usihf0wfrsm;udk vdkufem apmifx h ed ;f olrsm;udo k m vlaumif;vd@k oabmxm;ygw,f? tar&dueforRw &mxl;udk vufczH @kd twGuf usi0fh wfe@J pnf;urf; owfrw S cf suaf wGukd vku d ef m apmifx h ed ;f ygr,fv@kd usr;f opPmudk used q f &kd ygw,f? 'Dusr;f opPmudk csKd ;azmufwmeJ@ wpf+yKd ief uf tJ'yD *k Kd~ v[ f m usr;f pl;oGm;yg+y?D orRwjzpfz@kd rxdu fk w f efawmhygb;l ? a&*efw@kd uvifwefw@kd [m tJ'v D kd orRwrsdK;awGyg?

0denf;eJ@nDrS &[ef; 'Dacwf't D cg}u;D rSm q&m}u;D ocifu, fkd af wmfri_d ;f pH/ *sme,fausmf OD;cspaf rmifpH qdw k hJ pHEe_ ;f rsKd ;awGe@J ae&mwum vku d w f idk ;f wmvd@k rjzpfb;l qdw k m vufcyH gw,f? 'gayr,fh ol@e,fy,ftvku d f owfrw S x f m;wJh tedrq hf ;kH usi0fh wfpEH e_ ;f awGuakd wmh ypfy,fv@kd r&ygb;l ? &[ef;awmfwpfyg;tjzpf owfrSwfcH&zdk@twGuf owfrSwfxm;wJh 0denf;awmfawGeJ@ nDz@kd vdyk gw,f? csr;f vGe;f at;vGe;f wJh a'oa&mufaewJt h wGuf tat;'%f umuG,zf @kd qd+k y;D 0DpuD aomufv@kd r&ygb;l ? 'gq&kd if Ak'b < mom &[ef;awmfv@kd rac: Edik af wmhygb;l ?

q&m0efaumif;qdkwm q&m0efwpfa,mufudk q&m0efaumif;jzpfzdk@yJ vlawGu vdkcsif wmyg? ol t&ufaomufwm/ rde;f rrsm;rsm; ,lwmawGukd vlem awGu pdwrf 0ifpm;ygb;l ? vlawG tay:rSm q&m0efusi0fh wfe@J tnD jyKrq l ufq&H if auseyfygw,f? "Boralists" awGuom ig;yg;oDv+rw J hJ q&m0efjzpfz@kd awmif;qk=d urSm jzpfw,f? ud, fk w f idk v f nf; t&ufraomufygb;l ? tdraf xmifvnf; wpfcgyJ jyKz;l ygw,f? 'gayr,fh wjcm;olwpfa,mufukd t&uf aomuf¶/kH rde;f rESpaf ,muf ,l¶ekH @J awmh raumif;wJv h v l @kd rowfrw S yf gb;l ? ol@tvkyrf mS ol wm0ef ausyeG +f y;D vl@avmu rSmvnf; vl}u;D vlaumif;wpfa,mufvkd jyKral exkid &f if bmrS ajymp&m r&Syd gb;l ?

pD;yGm;a&; t"duacwf cufwmu acwf}uD;wpfckvHk;u pD;yGm;a&; t"dujzpfae avawmh vlawG tm;vH;k vdv k [ kd mvnf; ydu k q f &H zd@k udo k m OD;pm;ay; vkyaf qmifae=u&w,f? olawmfaumif; jzpfz@kd / vl}u;D vlaumif; jzpfz@kd qdw k m xm;awmh/ omrefusi0hf wf apmifx h ed ;f olwpfa,muf jzpfz@kd awmif odyt f av;rxm; =uawmhb;l ? tJ'ga=umifh usi0fh wf/ usi0fh wfe@J c% c% atmfay;ae&wmyg? Boralists awGvkd odyt f jrif}h u;D rawmif;qdyk gb;l ? q&m0efu q&m0ef 84

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

yDozdk@/ ausmif;q&mu ausmif;q&m yDozdk@/ 0efxrf;u 0efxrf;yDozdk@/ ppfom;u ppfom;yDozd@k / pme,fZif;orm;u pme,fZif;orm; yDozd@k qdw k mavmufyJ vdck siw f myg?

pHESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; rdwaf qG tar&duef owif;pmynm ygarmuQuvnf; usi0hf wf tajccHavmuf awmh xde;f odr;f r_ &S&d rSmaygv h @kd vufcw H ,f? 'gayr,fh pHowfrw S cf suu f sawmh ole@J uk, d ef @J b,fvkdrS rwlawmhbl;? Oyrm - 'dkif,mem rif;orD; udpPqdkygawmh? udk,fhtjrifu rif;orD;av; ol@tazmfe@J Eku d u f vyfomG ;wm/ jrif;yGo J mG ;wm/ u|e;f uav;wpfu|e;f ay: tyef;ajzc&D; xGufwmrsdK;awGudk aemufu waumufaumufvkduf/ "mwfyHk cdk;¶kduf+yD; vlod&Sif=um; azmfxkwfa&;om;wmrsdK;udk owif;orm; vkyf&yf r[kwfbl;/ t0ga&mif pme,fZif;orm; vkyf&yf/ onf;ajccdkuf pme,fZif; (Sensational paper) vkyf&yfvkd@ jrifw,f? tar&duef ygarmuQu 'g[m Sensational r[kwb f ;l ? Human interest story (vlxpk w d 0f ifpm;wJh owif;) jzpfv@kd a&;om;azmfjyoihw f ,fv@kd jrifw,f? bufvu kd w f m vl@obm0 aemuf+y;D ol ausmif;rSmpmoifawmh owif;pmqdw k m b,fawmhrS bufrvdu k f &bl;? ormorwf &S&d r,fv@dk oif+rjJ zpfw,f? e,la,mufwidk ;f wk@d / 0g&iS w f efy@kd pfw@kd buf rvku d b f ;l vm;? wdik ;f wd@k / e,l;pf0cd w f @kd a&m ormorwf &S=d u ovm;vd@k ar;vdu k af wmh ol bmrS rajymawmhb;l ? b,fajym Ekid rf mS vJ/ bufrvdu k w f hJ owif;pmqdw k m &Srd S r&Sw d m? avmuom;wkdif;[m ol@yifudktcH ,Hk=unfr_u ay:xGuf vmwJh todeJ@ avmuudk ¶_jrifo;kH oyf+rJ jzpfw,f? tJ'ga=umifh bufvu kd w f ,fqw kd m vl@obm0yJ? bufrvdu k f bl;qdw k m &Su d kd r&SEd idk w f hJ t&mjzpfw,f?

jynfol@bufom;qdkwm vrf;oGm;&if; uav;wpfa,mufukd vl}u;D wpfa,mufu rnSmrwm xd;k }uw d f ¶dkufESufaewmudk awG@ygvsufeJ@ udk,feJ@ rqkdifovdk rsufESmv$J a&SmifuGif;oGm;wJh pdw"f mwfrsKd ;udk rqkid &f m 0ifr¶_yw f wfwhJ pdwv f @kd cs;D usL;&rSmvm;? wu,fv@kd t¶ku d cf &H wJh uav; aoqH;k oGm;&if a&SmifomG ;wJv h [ l m vlowfru _ kd rwm;qD;wJt h wGuf tm;ay;oltjzpf yl;wGJ w&m;cHv@kd rowfrw S o f ifb h ;l vm;? trSm;eJ@ trSe/f "rRe@J t"rR=um;rSm ESmap;aewJh ol[m wm0efrJhol jzpfw,f? vl@wm0ef ysufuGufygw,f? jynfol@bufom;qdkwm jynfo@l bufu t+rJ &yfwnfay;&rSmyg? 'grS jynfo@l acwfukd a&mufEifkd rf mS jzpfygw,f?

vlxkpdef0if; 8 / 8 / 2010 (jynfol@acwf*sme,f/ twGJ-1/ trSwf-7/ 19 =o*kwf 2010/ pmrsufESm-12)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

jynfjrefrmu wpfacGwpf&mqkw d hJ a0'em armifomcsdK

(wpf) ta0;oif wuUodkvfawG pmoifESpfwpfESpf p˜zGifh+yD;vkd@ r=umwwfvS ao;cif&ufawGxJ a&muf+yv D @kd qd&k if u|eaf wmfw@dk &yfuu G u f av;xJrmS =um;&avh&w dS hJ toHwpfoHu jrefrmhynma&;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ tawmfhudk a=uuGJzdk@aumif;ygw,f? owif;pmpuULwkd@/ Avm pmtkyfta[mif;wkd@/ 'eftdk;'efcGuf ta[mif;/ tjrif;/ tydef/ taygufwdk@ vdkuf0,fwJhaps;onfu ukefypPnf;trnftopfwpfckudk cgawmfrDxnfh+yD; atmfavh&ydS gw,f? onfvykd g? "ta0;oifuufqufacG awG wpfacGwpf&meJ@ 0,fw,f" wJ?h =um;&olwkdif; udk,fh t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsufeJ@udk,f+yHK;pdpdaygh? atmfoHqHk;qHk;csif; uGsefawmfvnf; +yHK;rdygw,f? +yD;awmh 0rf;enf;ovkdvkd/ a=uuGJovdkvdk cHpm;r_rsdK;eJ@yg? ta0;oifausmif;om;/ ausmif; olawGtwGuf oufqikd &f m bmom&yftvku d /f ESpt f vdu k f ydk@csxm;wJh toHv$ifhoifcef;pm wdyfacGawGudk b,folurSvdk@ qkd&avmufatmifudkyJ pmoifom; trsm;pku zGiehf m;raxmifygb;l ? q&m/ q&mrawGu aoaocsmcsmjyKpak &;om;+y;D }uKd ;pm;yrf;pm;toHoiG ;f xm;wJh tacGawGukd oDcsi;f acGjyefu;l wJo h u l ul;/ acsmif}uKd acsmif=um;rSm ypfxm;wJo h u l ypfxm;/ wpfacGwpf&meJ@ jyefa&mif;wJo h u l a&mif;? wpfacGwpf&mqkw d mu enf;enf;rsm; r&ifo h ;D vGe;f bl;vm;? wuUov kd yf nma&;eJ@ qufpyfwyhJ pPn;f udk aiGwpf&mvk@d vkyv f u dk w f m[m tvum;ay;wmxufawmifrS taygpm; qefomG ;atmif vkyyf pf&musveG ;f vSygw,f? od@k aomf bmwwfEikd yf gh rvJ? a&mif;ole@J 0,fol oabm wlv@dk vky=f uwJu h pd ?P 86

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ol@ypPn;f ola&mif;wJu h pd ?P ud, k rhf mS wm; ydik cf iG rhf &S/d qD;ydik cf iG rhf &S?d 'gayrJh u|eaf wmfph w d x f rJ mS cHpm;ae& wmudk ajymcGiahf v;awmh&ydS g w,fq&dk ifjzifh u|eaf wmfwpf cGe;f awmh ajymcsiyf gw,f? ud, k u hf , kd u f , kd f taygpm;jzpf oGm;atmifvyk w f m[m b,fol rSr[kwu f , kd u f , kd w f idk yf gyJ qkw d hJ pum;yg? (ESp)f owif;pmxJu tvkyf ac:,lwahJ =umfjimawGxrJ mS ta0;oifbŒJG &rsm; avSsmuf xm;&efrvdkygqkdwJh uef@owfcsuf pmom;udk r=umc% awGŒzl;=uvdrfhr,fxifygw,f? um,uH&iS af wGawmh rajymwwfb;l cifAs? u|eaf wmfuawmh bGŒJ 0wfpekH @J "mwfy}kH u;D awGukd tm;emaerdwmyg? bmha=umifh "ta0;oifbGJŒ&rsm; avSsmufxm;&efrvkdyg"vkd@ vkyfcJh& avwmygvdrfh? &Sif;ygw,f? t&nftcsif;r&Sdbl;/ wu,f rwwfbl;vdk@ ,lqvdk@ygyJ? 'gqt dk o J nft h ,ltqua&m rSe. f rSm;.ar;vmcJ&h if um,uH&iS af wGu b,fvakd jz=u rSmygvrd ?hf ta0;oif wuUov kd w f ufwhJ ausmif;om;wkid ;f pmpOfar; cGe;f ajz=u&ygw,f? pmpOfar; cGef;ajzolwkdif;udkvnf; trSwf ay;xm;ygw,f? b,folawGu udk,fwdkif ajzqdkcJh=uvkd@vJ? ydkufqHay;&if a&;ay;wJh vkyfief;awG &SdcJh=uzl;w,fav? aemiftcg tqifoifhajzqkd+yD; om;pmtkyfawGxGufvmwJh tcg ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olwkdif; tJonfph mtkyu f av;awG 0,f+y;D ul;a&;um pmpOfar;cGe;f awGukd ajzqdck =hJ uwmygy?J ta0;oifawG teD;uyf q,f&uf ausmif;vmwufwJh tcg ausmif;om; tiftm;u tvGerf sm;ygw,f? oif=um;yd@k csr,fq fh &meJ@ pmoifcef;u rvHk avmufygb;l ? wcsKd Œpmoifcef; awGxrJ mS ausmif;om;av;&m avmufukd jzpfatmifxnf+h y;D oifwt hJ cg rD;ysufwJhtcsdefeJ@ rsm; }uHKvdk@uawmh q&ma&;wJh pmudkvnf; ausmif;om;u rjrif&/ [dk;taemufydkif; cyfususqDu ausmif;om;udkvnf; q&murjrif&/ q&majymorSs yd@k cscsuaf wGuv kd nf; ausmif;om;wkid ;f u r=um;&eJ@ ynm[m b,fvt dk &mqdw k mudak wmif u|eaf wmfrajymwwfawmhygb;l ? ¶kyjf rifo=H um;eJ@ a&'D,kd uae ta0;oifwuUov kd f oifcef;pmawGukd xkwv f i$ hf ay;avh &Sdygw,f? oifcef;pmacgif;pOf udk a=unmae¶Hk&Sdao; cvkwf udk axmufceJ xydwyf pfvu dk w f m ta0;oif pmoifom;trsm;pkyg? oif=um;a&; xda&muf atmifjrifapzk@d vd@k qku d m Learning center uav;awG zGizhf ;l ygw,f? oufqidk &f mwuUov kd f u q&m/ q&mrawGu eD;pyf &m+rKd ŒawG&&dS mqDukd oGm;+y;D uln&D wJt h pDtpOfyg? qk=d uygp@kd [oFmwwuUov kd q f &dk if jrefatmifw@dk / }ucH if;wk@d / usKH aysmw f @dk / ig;odik ;f acsmif;wk@d qkw d mrsKd ;awG qDuo kd mG ;=u&wmyg? oH;k a,mufwpfp/k av; a,mufwpfp?k atmifjrifovm;? ratmifjrifovm;qkw d m tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

tm;vHk;todyg? Learning center zGifhxm;wJh txufwef;ausmif;xJudk ta0;oif ausmif;om;awGu rvm/ vmae@tcgusawmhvnf; wpfa,mufp/ ESpaf ,mufp? Learning center xJrm S ta0;oife@J qkid w f hJ Channeludk zGi=hf ur,f Onlineudk oH;k =ur,fqakd wmh rD;uysu?f rD;vmwJ&h ufusjyefawmh Network uraumif;? aemufawmh +rKd ŒcHawG csuaf u|; wJh xrif;pm;+y;D uk, d w hf uUov kd f ud, k jf yefe@J =umwJt h cg tvdv k kd ysuo f mG ;&jyefwmygy?J ta0;oifawG[m pmar; yGJrSm txl;toufnSmcH&ygw,f? atmifrSwf av;q,fvkd@ qdkaomfvnf;yJ Moderation u awmfawmhudkESdrfh+yD;vkyfay;xm; wmrdk@ wpfyk'fcGJ/ ESpfyk'feJ@udk tvkyfjzpfcsif jzpfae=u&wJh taetxm;udk;? wcsdKŒausmif;om;/ ausmif;olawGrsm;qk&d if ESpyf 'k t f ydik u f sux f m;+y;D bmar;ar; tJonfEh pS yf 'k u f ykd J xyf wvJvJ jyefjyefa&;aewmudk tHt h m;oifph &m =unfah ecJ&h zl;yg&ŒJ ? tukev f ;kH udk +cKH vu kd w f hJ tcg apmapmu u|eaf wmfajymcJo h vdk ta0;oif bGŒJ &rsm; avSsmufxm;&ef rvdyk gawG jzpfuek cf &hJ awmhwmygy?J (oH;k ) Ekid if aH wmfuay;wJb h ŒJG udk tJonfh Ekid if aH wmftwGi;f rSm awmifrS tuef@towf cHvm& w,fqkdwm a=uuGJp&m}uD; jzpfayr,fh wu,frwwfol/ wu,frawmfoludk b,folurS ra&G;cs,fcsifbl; qdkwm[mvnf; tjypfawmh rqdkavmufwJh udpPyg? ausmif;om;awG bufu aygyh suyf suv f yk w f m awG ygovdk pDrcH ef@cGo J al wG bufu vpfae/ [maewmawGuvnf; trsm;}u;D yg? Distance education , Distance Learning, d-Learn-ing, D-Learning

trnftrsdK; rsdK;ac:wJh ta0;oifynma&;[m urBmrSmvnf; &SdwJhpepfyg? +Adwdefvdk Ekid if rH sKd ;rSmawmifrS London School of Economic, Royall Holloway, Gold smiths pwJh aumvdyaf wG[m bGŒJ vGef txdawmifrS ay;aewmudk ynm&Siaf wGtodyg? u|eaf wmfw@dk uscgrS bmjzpfv@dk aygyh suyf suf jzpfae=u&wmwJv h ?J pmoifom;awG bufu ckvykd aJ ygyh suyf suo f abmxm; qufxm;aeOD;r,fq&dk if/ pDrH cef@cGo J al wG bufuvnf; zdzpd ;D pD; xdxad &mufa&mufrudik f wG,cf b hJ ;l qk&d if ta0;oif a&pkefarsm oGm;ygvdrfhr,f? *k%foduQmudk jrefjreftzwfq,f=uzdk@ apwempum; qkyd g&apvm;?

armifomcsdK (http://www.7daydaily.com

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

rS)

&Sifa,mbESifh qdkua&;wD; (odkŒ ) ,H=k unfrE_ iS hf trSew f &m;

*sirf D ,Hk=unfr_eJŒ trSefw&m;qdkwm vlawG vufudkifxm;&r,fh t&mwpfckyg? " u|eaf wmfwŒkd b,foal wGv?J bma=umifh 'Dae&mudk a&mufvm=uovJ qdw k hJ ar;cGe;f awGukd ajzqdEk idk zf Œkd }uKd ;pm;&if; vlŒordik ;f }u;D qefŒcJyh g+y"D vdŒk taemufwikd ;f ynm&Siaf wG&ŒJ avhvmr_ukd pdw0f ifpm;p&m awGŒ&ygw,f? ta&SŒwkid ;f 'oeq&mawGeŒJ rwl uGjJ ym;[efav;awG &Sad yr,fh trSew f &m;udk tav;xm;yHk wl=uygw,f? trSew f &m;udk ,H=k unfw,fqw kd m " ud, k , f =kH unfwhJ t&may:rSm opPm&Sjd cif;" vdŒk t"dyg,x f u G af ewmudk awGŒ&ygw,f? wrefawmf &Siaf ,mbeJŒ 'oeq&m qdu k a&;wD;udk tav;tjrwfjyKyg&ap? &Sifa,mb[m tusifhoDv jynfhpHk+yD; csrf;om=uG,f0olyg? bk&m;ocif udkvnf; opPm&Sd&Sd ,Hk=unfudk;uG,f+yD; ormtmZD0 pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;udk oabmuswwfolyg? acsmarmvSywJh orD;awGvnf;&Sdygw,f? tdrfeD;csif;awGu olŒudk wu,fav;pm;=uygw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS apwefewfq;kd u bk&m;ocifukd ajymvmw,f? &Siaf ,mb}u;D bk&m; ocifudk udk;uG,faewm/ tusifhoDv aumif;jyaewmawG[m qkawmfvmbfawmfeJŒ tusKd ;arSsm+f y;D vkyaf ewmygw?hJ tJ'aD wmh &Siaf ,mb&JŒ ,H=k unfopPm&Srd u _ kd prf;oyfciG jhf yKoifh w,fw?hJ bk&m;ocifuom tck &Siaf ,mb ydik q f ikd x f m;orSsawGukd jyKwjf yKwjf yKe;f atmif vkyv f u dk rf ,fq&kd if ol[m aocsmayguf bk&m;ocifukd used q f v J rd rhf ,fw?hJ bk&m;ocif uvnf; apweftajymudk em;axmif+y;D prf;oyfciG jhf yKvu dk w f ,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

&Siaf ,mb&JŒ EGm;awG tcd;k cH&w,f? od;k awGuawmh rd;k }uKd ;ypfc&H +y;D aoukew f ,f? olŒ&JŒ csppf zG,f om;orD;i,fawG[mvnf; oJrek w f idk ;f xJ ygomG ;+y;D aoqH;k oGm;=u&Smw,f? aemufq;kH a pwefewf}u;D [m &Siaf ,mb}u;D &JŒ cENmud, k w f pfcv k ;kH udk temawGaygu+f y;D a&mifuikd ;f aeatmif vkyyf pfvu kd yf gw,f? 'gayr,fh &Siaf ,mb[mbk&m;udk used q f w J m rjyKwt hJ jyif vlawGrmS r&SEd idk w f b hJ &k m;ocif&ŒJ Om%fawmfukd cs;D rGr;f axmyemjyKaeygw,f? tJ'Dvdk vl;vdrfhaeatmif cHpm;&wJh=um;u ol,Hk=unfwJh t&mtay: opPm apmifhodEdkifwm[m bma=umifh jzpfEkdifygovJ? wu,fqdk &Sifa,mb}uD;rSm ar;p&m ar;cGe;f awG &Syd gw,f? " bmvdŒk 'Dvkd 'kuaQ &mufatmif vky&f wmvJ" bk&m;ocif[m aumif;wmawG vkyw f ,fq&kd if bmvdŒk 'Dvkd raumif;r_awGukd avmurSm &Scd iG jhf yKxm;ovJ pwJh emusipf &mar;cGe;f awG &SEd idk yf gw,f? &Siaf ,mb wu,f,=kH unfwm[m bk&m;ocif&ŒJ *k%af wmfeŒJ zefqif;r_tay:rSmyJ jzpfygw,f?bk&m;ocifukd ud;k uG,jf cif;tm;jzifh ol[m tjrw J ap }u;D yGm;csr;f omvdrrhf ,fvŒkd olrarSsmfvifhygbl;? bk&m;ocif[mt&m&mudk pGrf;aqmifEkdifwJhwefcdk;&SifjzpfwJhtwGuf taumif;tqd;k ESprf sKd ;pvH;k zefw;D Ekid w f ,fvŒkd olvufcx H m;ygw,f? olŒ&JŒ ,H=k unfro _ m cdkifjrJygap/ ol[m bk&m;ocif&JŒ apmifha&Smufr_udk wpfcsdefcsdefrSm jyef&vdrfhr,fvdkŒ qkyu f ikd x f m;ygw,f? trSeyf gy?J aemufq;kH awmh &Siaf ,mb}u;D &JŒ tema&m*gawG aysmuf+y;D ypPn;f OpPmawG t&ifuxufykd csr;f omvmygw,f? wkEi_d ;f rrD orD;tvS (3) a,mufeŒJ om;acsm (7) a,mufvnf;&cJyh gw,f? &Sifa,mb&JŒ ykp>mudk ta=umif;+yK+yD; taemufwkdif; avhvmolawG=um;u trsdK;rsdK;uGJjym;r_awG &SdaecJh=uygw,f? bk&m;ocifqdkwm tvHk;pHkodjrifol/ tvHk;pHkaom wefcdk;uU'Ndyg'f &Sdol/ tvHk;pHkaom u&k%m&SifjzpfolqdkwJh t&nftcsif; (3) &yfudk ydik q f ikd x f m;olyg? +Aw d o d sS pma&;q&m}u;D pDtufpf vl;ppfu tckvakd jymzl;ygw,f? " bk&m;ocif[m aumif;w,fq&kd if olzefqif;xm;wJh owW0gawGukd pdwcf sr;f om atmifxm;rSmayg?h bk&m;ocifrmS wefc;kd &Sw d ,fq&kd if pdwcf sr;f omatmif xm;r,fqw kd hJ t&mudk olvkyfEkdif&r,fav? 'gayr,fh owW0gawG b,frSm pdwfcsrf;omvdkŒvJ? 'gqdk bk&m;ocifrmS aumif;wJh pdwrf &Syd gb;l / wefc;kd vnf;r&Sb d ;l ? tJ'D jiif;cHra_ wG woD}u;D &Sad eayrJh &Sifa,mbvdk wrefawmfrsdK;[m wu,fhvufawGŒb0rSm &Sdaeygw,f/ ,Hk=unfr_qdkwJh t&m[m bk&m;ocifjzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ EkdifiHwpfck jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfr,f/ vGwfvyfr_eJŒ w&m;rSswr_qdkwJh t&may:rSmvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfr,f? ,Hk=unfr_tay:rSm opPmapmifhod wmomvSsif b0wefz;kd jzpfw,fvŒkd &Siaf ,mbu oufaojyoGm;wmjzpfygw,f? '\e q&m}u;D qdu k a&;wD;uvnf; tvm;wlygy?J Edik if aH &;qdw k hJ bmom&yfukd yxrqHk; pwifazmfxkwfcJholyg? ol[m 0rf;qGJonfwpfa,mufvdk ygyJwJh? oludk,fwdkif 90

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

ajzEdkifpGrf;r&SdwJh ar;cGef;awGudk wjcm;vlqDrSmar;w,f? jyefvSefaqG;aEG;jiif;cHkcdkif;w,f? 'gawG[m aumif;wJh tvkyw f pfcv k Œkd olvufcx H m;ygw,f? 'Denf;eJŒ olŒ&JŒaqG;aEG;zufawG rodao;wJh trSew f &m;udk azmfxw k yf gw,f? qdu k a&;wD;&JŒ &nf&, G cf suu f awmh vlwidk ;f rSm yke;f atmif;aewJyh nmOm%fwpfcu k kd ay:xGuv f matmifvyk w f mjzpfygw,f? aqG;aEG;jiif;cHk &if;eJŒ tajz&SmwJeh nf;yg? u|r;f usiEf ŒHS pyfwhJ aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG[m vlwpfa,mufwidk ;f rSm&Sw d hJ t0dZm‰ w&m;awG/ 0dZm‰ w&m;awGukd azmfxw k af y;Ekid yf gw,f? qdu k a&;wD;&JŒ opPm[m olŒ&JŒ 'oedua usmif;wpfcx k rJ mS wif r[kwb f J olŒ&JŒ cENm/ olŒ&JŒb0/ aemufq;kH olŒ&JŒ aoqH;k r_txd cdik rf maecJyh gw,f? olŒudk &H;k wifw&m;pGw J hJ tr_ukd =unfyh gO;D ? ol[m awmfveS yf ek u f efwhJ tzGJŒ0ifwpfOD;jzpfvdkŒ w&m;pGJcH&wmr[kwfygbl;? tkyfcsKyfolawGudk a0zefa&;om;wJh pma&;q&mjzpfvŒkd r[kwyf gb;l ? ol[m a&S;tpOftvmudk csKd ;zsu+f y;D atoifvil ,fawG &ifxu J trSet f wdik ;f xGuv f mwJh toHawGukd em;axmifrv d Œkd jzpfygw,f? qdkua&;wD;&JŒ jzpfpOf[m &,fp&mawmh aumif;vSygw,f? ol[m atoif jynfolawG twGuf yDvdkydkeD;&Sef;ppfyGJrSm toufpGefŒ+yD; t}udrf}udrf wdkufyGJ0ifcJholyg? tckawmho[ l m pum;0dik ;f awGvyk +f y;D tpOftvm csKd ;azmufwt hJ wGuf atoifEidk if o H m; awG&ŒJ a'goxGujf cif;udk cHae&+yv D Œkd w&m;ol}u;D uajymygw,f? "tdkrdwfaqGwdkŒ/ usKyfwpfckawmif;qdkyg&ap/ usKyfom;awG }uD;jyif;vmwJhtcg olwŒkd [m tusio hf v D xuf =u, G 0f csr;f omr_eŒJ wjcm;wpfcck u k ykd J tav;xm;r,fyh akH y:&if/ olwdkŒ[m wu,fbmrS r[kwfbJ [kwfoa,mif [efaqmifaecJh&if tckusKyfudk tjypfay;ovdrk sKd ;/ tjypfay;vdu k =f uprf;yg? oGm;&r,fh tcsed af &mufvmyg+y?D usKyw f Œkd [m ud, k v hf rf;ud, k o f mG ;=u&rSmyg? usKyo f mG ;&rSmu aovrf;udyk g? cifAsm;wdŒk u touf&iS af &; vrf;ay:&Sad erSmyg? b,fvrf;u ydak umif;ovJqw kd m bk&m;yJoyd gw,f?" aemufq;kH awmh qdu k a&;wD;[m ud, k w f ikd f tqdycf u G af omuf&if; ao'%fukd cH,cl yhJ gw,f? vlom;awG t0dZm‰ udk 0dZm‰ jzpfatmifvyk w f m[m trSew f &m;udk jrwfE;kd olwikd ;f &JŒ wm0efyg? trSerf odao;olawGukd trSeo f ad tmif vkyaf y;wm[m olawmfaumif;awG&ŒJ vky&f yfyg? tJ'v D v kd yk Ef ikd zf Œkd trSew f &m;udk ,H=k unfwwfzŒdk vdo k vd/k ,H=k unfwt hJ &may:rSm vnf;opPm&Szd Œkd vdw k t hJ a=umif; &Siaf ,mbeJŒ qdu k a&;wD;wdŒk u oufaojyaeygw,f? vlŒordik ;f [m &Snv f sm;vSygw,f? vlŒoufwrf;uawmh wdak wmif;vGe;f vSygw,f? ykxZk OfawGtaeeJŒ vlŒoufwrf;rSm aexkid =f urvm;/ vlŒordik ;f rSm aexdik =f urvm;qdw k m yxrtqifh a&G;cs,zf Œkd vdt k yfygw,f? oHo&m}u;D u &ke;f xGu+f y;D edAmŠ efrmS aexdik af &;uawmh 'kw, d tqifh t&d,musiphf Ofyg? &Siaf ,mbeJŒ qdu k a&;wD;wdŒk vdk ESpaf ygi;f (3000) ausmt f xd raobJaeEdik af tmif,=kH unfre_ ŒJ trSew f &m;om tc&mjzpfygw,f?

*sifrD tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

0wˆKwdk o}uFefa&eJ@a&;wJh zl;pm

rsdK;udkrsdK; yif,x H ufwiG f ik0gyef;wd@k 0g0gviG v f iG f yGiahf 0aeonfudk awGŒuwnf;u u|eaf wmfh &ifwiG f trsK;d trnfazmfrjywwfaom cHpm;r_u Ek;d xvmonf? ik0gyef;wd@k yGio hf nfqrkd jS zifh *drmR efaEGa&muf+yD qdw k hJ ta=umif; avmu"mwfwpfciG u f kd a=unmarmif;cwfvu kd jf cif;vnf; rnfavonf? ik0gw@kd yGiahf v+y;D onfah emuf ik0guo hJ @kd yif aEG.jrwfaomyef;jzpfaom ydawmuf wd@k vnf; yGiv hf mayOD;awmhrnf? ydawmufawGyiG +hf yD qdrk jS zifh twmo}ueF yf rGJ mS a&yufupm;=u zd@k tcsed t f cg usa&muf+yjD zpfa=umif; [d;k yif,x H ufzsm;qDu O=oiSuu f av;u ae@ae@nn wGeu f sL;&if; today;vk@d aejyefonfaum&,f? avxJwiG f pD;arsmvGiyhf gvmaom o}ueF . f taiGŒtoufw@kd ukd &SL&ku d cf iG &hf &krH sS jzifh &ifxJ wGif vef;qef;wuf=uv G mvsuf u|eaf wmfh &ifcek o f aH wG jrefvm&onf? u|eaf wmfh uJo h @kd yif o}ueF cf spo f l oli,fcsi;f rsm;ESit hf wl a&yufcx H u G f vnf&ygayOD;rnf? u|eaf wmf wd@k oli,fcsi;f awG o}ueF v f nfywfz@kd twGuf pDpOfwidk yf if&if; tm;vH;k .&ifxrJ mS taysmaf v; awG ul;vl;qufqaH eovkd tm;vH;k .rsuEf mS ay:wGiv f nf; t+yKH ;av;rsm;u tpOfyifyiG ahf 0 ae=uonfrmS o}ueF . f }u;D us,cf rf;em;aom tpGr;f wefc;kd awmfa=umifyh J jzpfrnf xifonf? o}ueF u f akd &muf+y?D twdtvif; arSsm&f ygaom ESpo f pfu;l wJh wefc;l o}ueF yf rGJ mS oli,fcsi;f rsm;ESit hf wl a&yufcx H u G &f if; taysmaf v;rsm;. E_;d qGaphaqmfrE_ iS hf u|eaf wmfh &ifckefoHawG jrefae&onf? a&yufcHxGufvnfaom o}uFefum;rsm;. rjzpfrae 92

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

jzwfoef;oGm;vm&rnfh ae&mrsm; xJwGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfaom o}uFefr¾yfrsm; pnfpnfum;um; wnf&Sd&m tif;vsm;vrf;yJ jzpfonfqdkwm txl;ajymzdk@yif rvkd? [dk,cifuawmh a&upm;r¾yf}uD;i,frsm;u vrf;}uD; vrf;i,f toG,foG,frSm pD&&D&o dS nfr@kd b,fuo kd mG ;oGm; a&awG &J&$ p$J akd tmif tavmif;cH&+rjJ zpf aomfvnf; ,ckawmh wuUov dk &f yd o f mvrf;ESihf tif;vsm;vrf;u r¾yfrsm;uom &efuek +f rKd Œ awmf. ESpo f pfu;l o}ueF yf aGJ wmfudk OD;aqmifaeonf[k ajym&avmufatmif a&yufcx H u G f vmorSs um;rsm; uvnf; wuUov kd &f yd o f mvrf;ESihf tif;vsm;vrf;od@k om t"du OD;wnfae=uonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd a&yufcu H m;av;vnf; tif;vsm;vrf;&Sd a&upm;r¾yfrsm;a&SŒwGif a&upm;cGihf &a&;twGuf tjcm;um;rsm;enf;wl wef;pDapmifah e&onf? u|eaf wmf xdo k @dk wef;pDapmifah e&onfudk pdwrf &SnEf ikd af wmhyg? xd@k a=umifh oli,fcsi;f rsm;udk tif;vsm;vrf;&Sd r¾yfwpfcck rk mS apmifah ernf[ak jym+y;D r¾yfrsm;&S&d mqD vrf;avSsmufxu G f vmcJo h nf? tvdk ! acwfay:*DwoHrsm;ESifhtwl tm;vHk; jrL;xl;aysmf&$ifaeygayghvm;? u|eaf wmf. &if ckeo f v H nf; jrL;=uo G u G v f ufaom aw;oGm;rsm;ESit hf wl pnf;csuu f sus uckefaeonfudk u|efawmf rwm;qD;EkdifcJh? a&mufrvmao;aom oli,fcsif;rsm;. um;ukad pmif&h if; r¾yfawG wpfck +y;D wpfck u|eaf wmfvu kd =f unfo h nf? r¾yfawG qH;k oGm; onfhwdkif u|efawmfwdk@um;u a&mufr vmao;? a&yufcH&zdk@ta&; wef;pDapmifhae &onfu h m;awG b,favmufawmif rsm;onfqw kd m pOf;pm;aep&mrvd?k pOf;pm;aep&mrvd[ k k qdak yr,fh xdo k @kd pOf;pm;ae&if;ESiyhf J u|eaf wmfw@kd um; ESihf qHEk ;dk Ek;d aemufa=umif;jyefvn S v hf mvku d o f nf? a&r_eaf &r$m;a&pufrsm;atmuf at;jraEG; axG;aomcHpm;r_ESifh u|efawmf avSsmufvSrf;vmpOf "[dwf vkyf vkyfygOD;...wdk@zdeyf a&xJarsmoGm;vd@k " qdak om rde;f uav;wpfO;D . a&;}u;D okwyf sm atmf[pfoaH =umifh r¾yf ay:&Sd uckeo f rl sm;ESihf a&yufaeolrsm;udk vSr;f =unfah eaom u|eaf wmft h =unfrh sm;vnf; tultnDawmif;ol rde;f uav;qDo@kd wpfr[ k w k cf si;f a&muf&o dS mG ; &onf? tvdk ! twmo}ueF rf mS a&vmupm;onfh a&olrav;avvm;? vl@jynfrmS a&upm;vdk pdwu f kd xde;f csKyEf idk pf rG ;f r&Sad wmhonfr@dk vla,mifzefqif;+y;D vl@jynfqif;ouf vmonfh ewforD; wpfyg;avvm;? onfEpS f twmo}ueF . f tcrf;em;qH;k / txnf0gq;kH / tvSyqH;k t"dym` ,f rsm;udk oluav;. tvSwpfcw k nf;jzifh a&;zJŒG xm;onf[q k &dk aomf vGet f rhH xif? "[ifhtif;...zdwfac:r_udkawmh aus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'gayrJh wdk@u r¾yfrSm a&upm;&wmudk ydkaysmfw,f? tckvnf; 'Dr¾yfrSm a&upm;zkd@ vufrSwf0,fxm;vdk@ vmupm;wm" "[if wpfa,mufwnf; upm;rSmvm;" tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

"a&mf ,luvnf; acwfumv om;orD;vkyaf e+y;D a0;aejyefyg+y?D r¾yfay:rSm a&twl upm;wJv h al wGtm;vH;k [m abmf'gawG csn;f yJqw dk m bmvd@k rpOf;pm;rdwmvJ" u|eaf wmf yxrOD;qH;k t}urd t f jzpf olrudk txl;tqef;=unfrh o d nf? u|eaf wmfu h kd =unfhaeaom olr. t=unfhawGuvnf; xl;qef;aeonf? xl;qef;aom olr. t=unfrh sm;u rcdik af om u|eaf wmf&h ŒJ pdwu f dk ,kid v f o J mG ;aponf? "'gq&dk ifvnf; wd@k udk o}ueF rf if;orD;av;&JŒ oufawmfapmifh wm0ef xrf;aqmif cGiahf y; ygvm;" kd o hJ abmaygh" "bmvJ...,lvnf; r¾yfrmS wk@d eJ@twlwl uJr,fqw u|efawmf acgif;ndwfjyvkdufonf? olr uav;i,f wpfa,mufvdk aysmfjrL; oGm;vsuf... "[m;...rdu k w f ,fumG / 'grsK;d yJ jzpfae&rSmaygh" [lI wH@k jyefajymqk+d y;D u|eaf wmfu h kd vufqJGE_wfqufonf? vufqJGE_wfqufI "mwfvdkuf aoqHk;oGm;olrSm u|efawmfyJ jzpfonf? onfvdkESifh olrESifhu|efawmf r¾yfay:rSm a&twlupm;onf? jrL;=uGaom aw;oHrsm; ESifhtwl ,SOfwJGuckefonf? o}uFeft}udK/ tus/ t=uwf/ twufqdkaom av;ae@av;&uf tcsed u f mvonf pmzJŒG avmufatmif bmrSsr=umvku d [ f q k akd omfvnf; olrESihf u|eaf wmf=um; &if;ES;D ywfoufru _ awmh pmzJŒG vk@d rukeEf idk af tmifyif jzpfc&hJ onf? o}ueF af &at;at;rSm wpfa,muf&ŒJ uk, d af iGŒESihf wpfa,mufukd aEG;axG;ap+y;D wpfa,muf&ŒJ xGuo f ufu wpfa,muf&ŒJ 0ifoufjzpfapcJ&h if; wpfa,muf&ŒJ ESv;kH om;xJ wpfa,mufw;kd 0ifv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ESpaf ,muf tvSyqH;k &Sio f efc=hJ uonf? o}ueF u f mv rsm;udk vGefajrmufcJhonfhwkdif o}uFefa&ESifha&;onfh u|efawmfwkd@. zl;pmuawmh rif&nfrusJcJhyg? olru tvSuek f ukr% ` w D pfc. k ta&mif;jriS w hf ifa&; 0efxrf;wpfO;D jzpfovdk u|efawmfu avmutvSudkcHpm;+yD; a&;zJGŒwifjyaeonfh pma&;q&m aygufpwpf a,mufjzpfonf? olrESiahf wGŒqH+k y;D aemuf u|eaf wmf. avmutvSw&m;ukd cHpm;wwfro _ nf ydrk +dk y;D xifomjrifom&Sv d monf[k u|eaf wmfxifonf? u|ef a wmf w d k @ ES p f a ,muf . &if c k e f o H u u|ef a wmf w d k @ . avmu}uD ; ud k ta&mifpv kH ifpmG ESihf ykrd v dk yS avatmif a&;jc,fay;aeonf[k u|eaf wmfw@kd ESpaf ,mufpvH;k wpfoabmwnf; cH,rl o d nftxd u|eaf wmfw@kd ESpaf ,muf &l;&l; rl;rl; csprf ad e=u+yjD zpfonf? xdt k cspjf zifh t&m&mudk &ifqidk Ef idk rf nf[k u|eaf wmf ,H=k unfro d vdk u|eaf wmft h m; xdo k @kd ,H=k unfEidk af tmif owWcd eG t f m;awGay;aom aus;Zl;&Sirf av;uawmh u|ef awmfu h kd cspaf om u|eaf wmfch spo f l olromvSsijf zpfonf? 94

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

useG af wmf onfvdk ajymawmh olru oabmusovdk cyf[[ &,fwwfjyefonf? olr.t&,ft+yKH ;awGuyJ u|eaf wmfb h 0udk vdk ovkd pD&ifx;kH zJŒG aeonfqw kd m olruk, d w f ikd f aum odro S yd gavp&,f? a[m [d;k yif,x H ufzsm;qDu O=oiSuw f pfaumif wGeu f sL; aeygaygv h m;? u|eaf wmfh &ifxJ trsKd;trnfrod vSyfceJcHpm;rd+yD; a&SŒwl&ludk vSrf;=unfhawmh ik0gawG v_difvd_if yGiahf e+yu D kd awGŒ&onf? a=omf...aEGawmifa&mufru S ;kd ? aEGa&muf+yD qkrd jS zifh ydawmufawGvnf; avmuudk a&$a&mifjc,fzdk@ yGifha0=uOD;awmhrnf? onfvdkqdkvSsifjzifh u|efawmfwdk@ tm;vHk;.&ifukd v_ y f c wf j rL; =uG a prnf h ES p f o pf u l ; onf h twmo}uF e f y J G a wmf v nf ; qif E J $ c G i f h }uHKayOD;awmhrnfaygh? u|ef awmf&h ifcek o f aH wG jrefvmcJo h nf? txl;ojzifh olrESiahf wGŒqHk csp}f uKd ucf iG hf &aom tcgo}uFefonf u|efawmfhb0wGif ur`nf;xdk;xm; &avmufatmif tpOf ta&;xm;ae&rnfh t&mjzpfonf? u|efawmf olr. ezl;jyifay:0Jusaeaom qHEG,f av;rsm;ukd vufjzifh tomoyfwifay;&if; "o}uFefa&mufawmhr,faemf" [l I u|eaf wmfw@kd b0. ta&;ygaom o}ueF Ef iS hf cspo f o l ufwrf; wpfEpS jf ynfah wmhrnf qdo k nfh ta=umif;udk today;vdkI pum;ac:vdkufonf? olr u|efawmfhudk &pfywfcsnf aESmifxm;aom t+yKH ;ukd ryGiw hf yGi+hf yKH ;&if; acgi;f ndwjf yonf? u|eaf wmf olrudk ESpo f uf jrwfE;kd pGm=unf&h if;... "b,fvv dk .J ..'DEpS o f }ueF af um rESpu f uk, d w f @kd xdik cf w hJ hJ r¾yfrmS yJ xkid rf mS vm;" "[ifhtif;" olr tvG,w f ulyif acgi;f cg,rf;jyojzifh u|eaf wmf tH=h ooGm;onf? "'gqkd b,f r¾yfrmS xdik cf siv f @kd vJ" "[ift h if;...'DEpS f b,fr¾yfrS rxdik af wmhb;l " "[if...bmjzpfv@kd vJ" "'DEpS f o}ueF rf mS wd@k ruJawmhb;l ...w&m;pcef;yJ 0ifawmhr,f" "[if" arSsmv f ifrh xm;aom olrpum;a=umifh u|eaf wmf bmjyefajym&rSe;f rodatmif qGHŒtoGm;&onf? olrtoH/ olr trlt&mawGu t&ifvkd raEG;axG;bJ at;pufpuf Ek d i f a eonf [ k u|ef a wmf x if r d o nf ? ol r . t=unf h a wG u vnf ; aoG ; at;aom vlowform; wpfa,muf. t=unfhawGvdk ausmcsrf;p&m aumif;onf[k tvdkvkd cHpm;rdaejyefonf? onfvdkESifh u|efawmfvnf; a&yufcHrxGufbJ tdrfrSmyJaernf[k qHk;jzwf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

vdkufonf? okd@aomf u|efawmfholi,fcsif; &kyf&Sif'g&kdufwmwpfOD;u onfESpf olwkd@ o}ueF rf ¾yf xGurf nf? oli,fcsi;f awG pHpk n kH n D u D rJ nf? rjzpfraevmyg[k qkv d mojzifh u|eaf wmfvnf; rjiif;ombJ onfEpS v f nf; r¾yfrmS o}ueF af &upm; rdjyefonf? k @kd yif owd&apjyefonf? onfvrdk ¾yfrmS a&upm;&jcif;uyJ cspaf omolrudk ydv rde;f racsmav; awGŒwdik ;f olravvm;[k ta,mifa,mif trSm;rSm;ESihf =unfrh o d nfrmS tcgcg&,f? a=omf olr olr? cspf&ygaom olr? =unfhygOD;? puUef@rvyf u|efawmfhudk v$r;f rd;k csKyu f idk f Ekid pf rG ;f &So d nfrmS tH=h ozG,af umif;avpG? u|eaf wmf a&yku d w f pfacsmif;ukid +f y;D a&upm;aepOf olrESiw hf v l eG ;f vSpmG aom rde;f racsm av;wpfO;D ukd trSwrf xif vSr;f jrif vkdufrdonf? &if'dwfceJckefoGm;vsuf olrudk pl;pkduf=unfh aeqJrSmyif upm;aom a&rsm;a=umifh tif;vsm;vrf; wpfavSsmuf acsmif;a&awGvdk pD;aeaom a&pD;wGif olr. ajcaxmufwpfzufrS zdeyfukd a&pD;rSm rawmfwq u|wo f mG ;oa,mifEiS hf wrifwum c|waf y;vku d o f nfukd awGŒ&onf? +y;D awmh zdeyfu|wo f mG ;ojzifh pd;k &drw f }u;D av oHjyKI olra&SŒ rvSr;f rurf;rS ieJwpfO;D udk u|wo f mG ;aom olrzdeyftm; q,fxm;ay;&ef tul tnDvrS ;f awmif;onfudk awGŒ&onf? a=omf u|efawmfwdk@ESpfa,muf tjzpfESifh wloa,mifa,mifygvm; qdkaom cHpm;csufESifh u|efawmfh&ifckefoHawG odompGm jrefqefvm&onf? u|efawmfh&ifckefoH jrefaeqJrSmyif olrwdk@ ESpfa,mufu tHh=op&maumif;avmifatmif tcsdefwdktwGif; &if;ES;D oGm;=uonfukd awGŒ& onf? +y;D awmh u|eaf wmfw@kd wke;f u uJo h @kd yif olw@kd ESpaf ,muf vnf; r¾yfrmS a&twlupm;=uzd@k oabmwlnrD _ &oGm;=u[efwo l nf? ab;csif;uyfvsuf&Sd r¾yfqDudk a&twlupm;&ef xGufcGmoGm;onfudk awG Œ &onf ? u|ef a wmf rsuf a wmif r cwf vk d u f = unf h a epOf u|ef a wmf h a b;rS m o}ueF af ysmrf av;rsm;. tcsi;f csi;f pum;ajymoHukd u|eaf wmf r=um;csib f J =um;vku d &f onf? "[J.h ..[Jh awGŒvm;" "bmvJ...o}ueF zf ;l pm&Sif &SmyHak wmf rif;orD;udv k m;" "aocsmwmayg.h ..oluvJ+G y;D b,forl sm;&SOd ;D rSmvJ/ =unfyh gvm;/ 'Do}ueF rf mS vnf; cspf olopf wpfa,muf xyf&oGm;jyef+yaD v" "'grsm; tqef;vky+f y;D ajymaeao;w,f? olu o}ueF af &mufwidk ;f oloabmuswhJ aumifav;acsmacsm wpfa,mufawGŒ+yDqdkwmeJ@ zdeyfudk a&xJwrifwumarSsm/ +yD;&if tonf;toefyzkH rf;jy+y;D tultnDvrS ;f awmif;/ +y;D awmh +y;D awmh xd@k aemuf xd@k aemufrmS qd+k y;D cspw f rf; upm;vmwmyJ? b,fEES pS &f +dS yv D J...cpf cpf cpf cpf" u|eaf wmhaf cgi;f xJ rdu k cf eJ jzpfomG ;&onf? [kwo f nf? u|eaf wmf awGŒvdu k &f onfu olrESiw hf al om olr r[kwyf g? olrrS olr ppfppfjzpfygonf? onfavmuf toHawG 96

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

qln&H ek ;f xaeaom ywf0ef;usirf mS u|eaf wmf bmoH rSs r=um;&awmhyg? onfavmuf ouf&o dS ufrhJ &ky0f wWKypPn;f awG a&wGuv f @kd r&atmif pnfum;v_y&f mS ;ae=uaomfvnf; u|eaf wmf bmrSs rjrif&awmhyg? ESpfopfa&mufwkdif; &ifckefoHtopfESifh tcspfopf&Sm+yD; tonf;ESvHk;udk o}uFefa&upm; ovkd upm;wwfoltzdk@ jriforSs/ awGŒorSs t&m&m om,mvSy aeEkdifayr,fh ESpfopfa&muf aomfvnf; &ifckefoHta[mif;ESifh tcspfa[mif;udkom wrf;w&if; ESv;kH om;udk o}ueF f a&upm;ovkd rupm;wwfol u|eaf wmft h zd@k rSmawmh....?

rsKd;udkrsKd;

0J}oCrSmaw;oHjydKifvkd h

A[kviG jf yif 88 rsKd ;quf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wpfO;D . axmifwiG ;f jzpf vufawG@b0 Edik if aH &;aemufcH 0wÎKopf t vif ; td rf r *~ Z if ; rS pD p Of x kwf a 0 jz ef@ csd o nf ? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

um&efrnDaom b0uAsmwpfyk'f

jzLESi;f xdu k f rdpHb0rSm }uD;rm;aom aemifwukd zufwG,f&if;ESifhyif b0tqHk;owf& ayawmhrnf? jyefjyifvdk@&onfhtrSm;rS r[kwfwmudk;? xdk@a=umifh aemifw&cJh&ifawmif jyifqif&efcufonfrsm;udk a&S;vl}u;D rsm;u Tod@k ajymcJ=h ujcif;jzpfayrnf? "tdrfaxmifr_/ bk&m;wnf/ aq;rif&nfpkwfxdk;"wJh? ,ck rdpHb0onfvnf; xdu k o hJ @kd yif? tdraf xmifwpfck tjyKrmS ;cJah y+y?D rdpb H 0/ rdprH o d m;pku qif;&JEcHk smvSygonf? rdpt H ¶G,af &mufvmawmh &efuek +f rKd Œ&dS tvSjyifqikd w f pfqikd w f iG f tvkyv f yk cf o hJ nf? tvky0f if +yD;rSodonfu tvSjyifqdkif[ktrnfcHxm;onfh tESdyfcef;jzpfaeavonf? Tqdkifodk@ ydkufqH&dSol tdrfaxmifonftrsm;pk vmwwf=uonf? OD;armifonfvnf; Tqdkifodk@ r=umc%qdo k vdk vmwwfygonf? =umawmh OD;armifEiS rhf pd H oHa,mZOfjzpfcrhJ =d uavonf? OD;armifwiG f rde;f r&do S nf? uav;&do S nf? rdpo H cd yhJ gonf? od@k aomf avjzwfaeonfh zcift/kd bmrSrvkyw f wfonfh rdciftEkd iS hf xrif;riwf¶w kH r,fom &SmazGwwfonfh tpfukd wd@k u rdpt H ay:wGif tvGet f m;ud;k =u&Smonf? rdpu H , kd w f ikd v f nf; trsm;enf;wl vScsiyf csif onf? tdru f jkd yefonft h cg wpf¶mG vH;k ai;=unf&h onfyh pkH rH sK;d vdck sio f nf? &efuek o f @kd oGm;a&muf tvkyfvkyfudkifae+yD;cgrS ¶GmrSmwkef;uyHkpHESifh odyfuGmjcm;r_r&dSonfh yHkpHrsKd;ESifhawmh ¶Gmodk@rjyefcsifrday? rdpHudktm;udk;onfh rdom;pkudkvnf; rsm;pGmaxmufyHhcsif rdonf? xdk@a=umifh OD;armif0,fay;onfrsm;udk,l/ OD;armifay;onfhydkufqHrsm;ESifh rdom;pkudk axmufyHhcJhygonf? rdom;pkrSmvnf; rdpHta=umif; bmrSrod? ar;&aumif;rSef;vnf; em;rvnfay? =umawmh rdpHrSm OD;armif.r,m;i,fb0odk@ a&mufrSef;rod a&mufcJh& 98

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

awmhonf? rdpHudk tdrfiSm;ay;onf? wpfywf b,favmufqdkwmrsKd; axmufyHhonf? wpfywfvSsif ESpf&ufcef@ rdpHtdrfwGiftdyfwwfonf? rdpHrSmvnf; bmyifyef;r_rSr&dSbJ rdom;pkukd axmufyahH eEkid cf o hJ nf? rdpq H o D @kd OD;armif yHrk eS v f mwfygonf? OD;armifvmrnfah e@ qdkvSsif OD;armif}udKufonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk jyifqifcsufjyKwf+yD; tvSqHk;jzpfatmif jyifqifum }uKd qw kd wfonf? OD;armifukd pdwcf sr;f omatmifxm;onf? OD;armifrmS vnf; rdpq H v D m&onfrmS pdwaf useyfr&_ o Sd jzifh wpfywfvsS if ESp&f ufro S nf oH;k &uf/ av;&uf qdo k vdk vmwwfygonf? aemufawmh rdprH mS ud, k 0f ef&v Sd mavonf? OD;armifuakd jymjyawmh OD;armifu arG;ay;zdk@awmif;qdkonf? &efukefrSmtdrfaxmifus+yD; udk,f0efvG,fxm;+yD jzpfa=umif; rdom;pkxH vSr;f ta=umif;=um;&onf? rdbrsm;uvnf; orD;av; &efuek rf mS tqifajyajyESifh wpftdk;wpftdrf xlaxmifEkdifonfhowif;=um;onfhtwGuf 0rf;ajrmuf yDwjd zpf=uavonf? ud, k 0f efv, G x f m;onfh umvrsm;rSpwifum OD;armifwpfa,muf rdpt H rd w f iG o f m ttdyt f aersm;awmhonf? rdpu H v kd nf; t&ifuxufyu kd m *¶kpu kd o f nf? om;av;arG;ay; yg[v k nf; t+raJ wmif;qdw k wfavonf? ol@rSm orD;}u;D om&do S nfr@kd om;av;odyv f ckd sif a=umif;ajymonf? rdpu H vnf; OD;armifuckd spo f nfr@kd OD;armifvckd sio f nfh om;av;udo k m arG;ay;vdyk gonf? om;av;jzpfapzd@k udv k nf; t+rq J ak wmif;ay;aecJrh o d nf? aq;¶Hw k ufonfh tcgwiG v f nf; OD;armifrmS rdpEH iS o hf m;av;twGuf taumif;qH;k qdo k nfrsm;udo k m vkyaf y;cJh ygonf? om;av;arG;ay;onfhtwGuf rdpHudkvnf; aus;Zl;awGwif&if; t&mtm;vHk; rdpHpdwfwkdif;usomjzpfcJhonf? om;av;arG;+yD; ig;ESpfcef@txd rdpHb0+idrf;csrf;um xl;jcm;r_r&dScJhyg? xl;jcm;onfuawmh OD;armifwpfa,muf rdpHtdrfwGifomt+rJaecJh+yD; ol.r,m;}u;D xH vH;k 0roGm;awmhay? om;av; ig;ESpaf usmf ajcmufEpS ef ;D yg;&do S nft h csed rf pS I rdppH w d n f pfc&hJ avonf? OD;armifwpfa,muf um&mtdak uqdik rf sm;/ tESyd cf ef;rsm;udk jyefvnfajcOD;vSnhf aeav+y?D om;av;rSmvnf; i,fpOfuav;b0ESiyhf if t&ufe@H ESihf ,Ofyg;ae&onf? rdpH udv k nf; t&ifvkd w,kw,yHpk rH sK;d tvsO;f r&daS wmh? rdpu H OD;armifukd acgi;f tp ajctqH;k vkyu f ikd af y;wwfonfr@kd tdru f xGuo f mG ;wke;f u tuôsjzLatmufco H nfh pGyu f s,u f kd wrif oufoufajymif;jyef0 wfay;vdu k o f nf? jyefvmonft h cg twnfjh zpfaewwfonf? rdpu H OD;armifudk bD;tusJESifhacgif;+zD;ay;vdkufonfh tcgrsKd;wGif jyefvmonfhtcg bD;tpdyfESifh +z;D xm;onfh autausmu h akd wG;&wwfonf? ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jyum tdrfjyefrtdyfonfh &ufawGuvnf; usJ&muaepdyf vmonf? wpfcgwpf&H ae@cif;aev,f zkef;ac:onfhtcg tdyfcsifrl;wl;jzifh xl;wwf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

100

onfrsm;udv k nf; }uKH &wwfavonf? xdt k cgrsK;d wGif rdpEH iS hf [dt k &iftcsed af wG wke;f u yHkpHawGudk jyefvnfjrifa,mifrdavonf? [dkt&iftcsdefawG wkef;uvnf; rdpHxuf ravsmhonfh cHpm;csufrsKd; OD;armif.r,m;}uD;vnf; cHpm;cJh&zl;rSmaocsmonf? rdpH vuf&}Sd uKH awGŒae&onfh tjzpfEiS , hf OS +f y;D yxrOD;qH;k t}urd f pmemem;vnfpw d 0f ifrad vonf? tonf;Ekwwfovdk tonf;vnf;rmwwfaom OD;armifudk rdpHESifhom;av;.b0xJrS xGurf oGm;atmifqx JG m;Ekid yf grh vm;? tawG;rsm;pGmeJ@ &ifuAkd avmifqal paom tnSmwm uif;rJv h o S nfah e@pGrJ sm;u rdpb H 0xJukd qdu k q f u kd +f rKd u+f rKd uf a&mufvmcJyh g+y?D

jzLESif;xdkuf

100

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

101

bmomjyef tcef;quf a'gufwmbarmf .

&kef;xGufcJh&aomjrefrmjynf Ba Maw BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA Memoirs Of a Revolution 1939 - 1946

oef;0if;vSkdif (jyefqdkonf) rl&if;pma&;q&m a'gufwmbarmf. (Breakthrough in Burma) vuf&mjzpfonf?a'gufwmbarmfonf udkvdkeD acwfynmwwf 0wfvHka&S@aewpfOD;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH.udkvdkeDacwf 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;wpfOD;/ zufqpf*syefacwf t"dywdtm%m&SifwpfOD;/ twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD; jzpfcJhbl;olwa,mufjzpfum/ oljzwfoef;}uHKawG@cJh&aom jrefrmjynf. EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfudk tajccHI a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf? pma&;q&m oef;0if;v_difrS bmomjyefI a&;om;xm;onfudk tvif;tdrfrStcef;quftjzpf az: jyvdkufygonf? acwfwpfacwf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;ordkif; jzpfpOfudk acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf jzpfcJhol. a&;om;csufudk avhvmod&SdEdkif&ef wifjyvdkufygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;

,cifvrStquf

xdrk aS emufxyftokwrf sm; wokw+f y;D wokwf atmifjrifpmG a&mufvm=uonf? od@k wdik w f pfO;D csi;f a&mufvmol wa,mufpESpaf ,mufpvnf; &So d nf? Oyrm ocifatmif ode;f (Adv k pf }umF )jzpfonf? Adv k pf }umF rSm cdck b kd . k vlwpfO;D jzpf+y;D ocifApdef ,cif}uKd ;pm;cJh onfh befaumufvrf;a=umif;twdik ;f wpfO;D wnf; xGucf mG vmoljzpfonf? od@k wdik Af v kd pf }umF um; ocifApdev f rkd [kw?f c&D;qH;k od@k atmifjrifpmG a&muf&cdS o hJ nfh tjyif (jrefrmjynf wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k udk ud, k pf m;jyKxm;onfh vli,f oH;k q,f av;q,f cef@ *syefuac:,laea=umif;) ocifApde/f ocifxeG ;f tkyf ocif*% kd ;f udyk if jyefvnf owif; yk@d vdu k af o;onf? od@k jzpfonfw h ikd f Ttcsuu f Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f }u;D twGi;f wif;rmonfh tuf a=umif;rsm; xvmonfh tajctaeqD OD;wnfc+hJ y;D / aemufq;kH wGif *d% k ;f }u;D . pkpnf;r_/ &nf&, G cf suEf iS hf ,if;wd@k .tusKd ;&v'ftm;vH;k udk zsuq f ;D ypfvu kd af wmhonf? jy\emtprSm tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

101

102

&Jabmfo;kH usyd . f Edik if aH &;qdik &f m zG@J pnf;r_rS ay:xGuv f mjcif; jzpfonf? *syefwiG f ppfynm oif,zl @kd a&G;cs,cf o hJ nfh vli,ftm;vH;k rSm wpfcw k nf;aom tzG@J tpnf;rSjzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh ocifrsm;ESihf olw@kd . ausmif;om;rdwaf qG tenf;tusO;f jzpfonf? Ttcsurf mS tkypf rk sm;twGuf *k% d ;f *%qdik &f m vuQ%m w&yfukd jzpfay:apEdik f ovdk xGu&f yf*% kd ;f }u;D ESihf Edik if aH wmftajccH Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;t=um; *d% k ;f *%pGJ tem a[mif;udk jyefqaG y;ovdk jzpfvmonf? jy\emum; Tr#yif rqH;k ao;? jrefrmjynf. tem*gwf Edik if aH &;qdik &f m zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wufr_ wpfcv k ;kH wGif *d% k ;f *%ESihf yk*Kd~ vpf rJG sm; vdKS upf m; vmcJah wmhonf? ,ae@rS aemufjyef=unfv h #if *d% k ;f *%pGJ t,ltqrSm aZmufx;kd rd;k ar#mf jzpfae onfu h pd w P pfcv k @kd xifrw S &f onf? pifppf tqdyk g *d% k ;f *%cGrJ sm;rSm +yKd ib f uftyk pf rk sm;. tajccHujJG ym;jcm;em;r_rsm;rS xGuaf y:vmcJo h nf r[kw?f Oyrm Edik if aH &;jyKid b f uf tkypf w k @kd . &nf&, G cf suf (od@k ) rl0g' (od@k ) ay:vpDrsm; uGjJ ym;aeonft h wGuf r[kw?f Ttcsurf sm;Y wpfoabmwnf; &S=d uonf? jcm;em;r_rsm;um; &nf&, G cf suf (od@k ) rl0g' (od@k ) ay:vpD rS ay:xGuv f mjcif; jzpfonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd . vwfwavm tdik 'f t D v kd *kd sD yÉdyuQrsm;rSm Tenf; twdik ;f oaE<wnfvmjcif;jzpfonf? yk*Kd~ vaf &;ESihf pwifc=hJ u+y;D *d% k ;f *% yidyk uQjzifh tqH;k owfomG ;wwfonf? qdck yhJ g ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh &Jabmfo;kH usyd u f kd tkypf w k pkwnf;. oabmjzifh zG@J pnf;cJo h nf@ &v'frS ay:xGuv f monfh *d% k ;f *% 0g'rSm ppf+y;D acwf u|Eykf w f @kd ordik ;f Y ta&; ygaom tcsuw f pfcsuf jzpfaeonft h wGuf u|Eykf t f aeESihf tb,fah =umifh Tod@k zG@J pnf; cJ=h uonfukd &Si;f vif;&ayrnf? ygwrD sm;tm;vH;k tnDtr#y;l aygi;f yg0ifonfh v_y&f mS ;r_taeESihf Edik if jH cm; tquftoG,Ef iS hf tultnD&=S uzd@k vdt k yfa=umif; xGu&f yf*% kd ;f }u;D twGi;f r=um c% aqG;aEG;vmcJ=h uygonf? trSet f m;jzifh u|Eykf w f @kd &nf&, G cf suEf iS hf t"dym` ,frmS vGwf vyfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_+u;D twGuf ygwt D m;vH;k ukd pkpnf;ay;rnfh trsKd ;om;wyfO;D wpfck wnf aqmufz@kd jzpfonf? Toabmayguf em;vnfrj_ zifyh if u|Eykf Ef iS hf ocifatmifqef;wd@k aqG;aEG;cJ=h u onf? ocifatmifqef; *syefxu G cf mG zd@k u|Eykf Ef iS hf a'guw f mode;f armifw@kd ulncD =hJ uonf? xGu&f yf*% kd ;f }u;D . a&S@wef;acgi;f aqmif tawmfrsm;rsm; axmifeef;pHI wdu k yf u JG kd a&S@quf zd@k ycH;k ajymif;wm0ef ay;cJ=h u&onf? *syefw@kd bufuvnf; Tem;vnfrE_ iS yhf if v_y&f mS ;cJ=h u onf? u|Eykf w f @kd xHrS us,jf yef@onfh csO;f uyfru _ kd t+raJ wmif;qdo k nf? Oyrm *syefwiG f ppfynmoif,zl @kd twGuf tjrLaw vli,f ta,mufo;kH q,f(od@k ) av;q,f a&G;cs,&f mwGif xGu&f yf*% kd ;f }u;D twGi;f rS omr[kwf ocifApdew f @kd vdk jyifyrS tkypf rk sm;udv k nf; vdv k kd vm;vm; yl;aygi;f yg0ifapcsio f nf? 102

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

103

Tenf;jzifhom trsdK;om;awmfvSefa&; wyfOD;udk ppfrSefpGm zGJ@pnf;Edkifovdk wpfEikd if v H ;kH . axmufcrH v _ nf; &ayvdrrhf nf? jynfv;kH u|wf tm;xkwrf q _ D OD;wnfaeonfh trsKd ;om;wyfO;D rSmvnf; wnf&adS e+yD jzpfovdk tvm;wl tajccHprD u H ed ;f wpfcv k ;kH rSmvnf; xif&mS ;vm+yjD zpfonf? od@k wdik f tcsKd @aom ta=umif;w&m;rsm;a=umifh vGaJ csmcf =hJ u&onf? ta=umif;w&m;wpfcu k m; +Aw d o d #w@kd . zd!yS f ESyd u f yG rf _ jzpfonf? od@k twGuf xGu&f yf*% kd ;f }u;d . acgi;f aqmifrt _ ydik ;f +yKd ucJG &hJ +y;D / upifu h v#m;jzpfc&hJ onf? &v'fum; rDemrDuu D ef pDru H ed ;f ESit hf wl ocifatmifqef; jrefrmjynfjyefa&mufvm+y;D vlpak qmif; onft h cg xGu&f yf*% kd ;f }u;D twGi;f ygwt D m;vH;k udk pkpnf;ay;cJo h nfh acgi;f aqmiftrsm;pkrmS axmifxaJ &mufaeonf t h wGuf olEiS t hf eD;uyf&adS eonfh ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf ociftyk pf k av;ESio hf m tquftoG,, f I l v_y&f mS ;Edik cf o hJ nf? ygwt D csi;f csi;f um; tqufjywfawmuf oGm;onf? od@k jzifh *syefppfynmoif oGm;&rnfh vli,frsm;udak &G;cs,&f onfh ta&;ygaom vkyif ef;udk ociftyk pf ak v;wpfcw k nf;u wm0ef,cl &hJ onf? aemifwiG f olw@kd xJrh t S csKd @u u|Eykf u f kd Tod@k ajym=uonf? xGu&f yf*% kd ;f }u;D . &nf&, G cf suEf iS hf oabmxm;ukd olw@kd o abmayguf=uonfh tav#muf oGm;&rnfh pGef@pm;r_ESifh tcuftcJrsm;udk ygwDtm;vHk; r#a0cHpm;vd=k uonf? odk@wdkif olwdk@wm0ef,l&onfhvkyfief;u topfjzpfovdk &_yfaxG;vSonf? vH;k 0v#Kd @0Sux f m;&onfh vkyif ef;vnf;jzpfonf? vlpzk @kd ESihf oabFmay:wifz@kd ay;xm;onfh tcsed u f vnf; tvGeef nf;onf? od@k twGuw f zufrS tac:a&mufvmwdik ;f eD;pyf&mvlukd yd@k vdu k &f jcif;jzpfonf? ac:,lvu kd w f ikd ;f vnf; &kww f &ufac:wwfonf? vdv k v kd m;vm;oGm; rnfo h u l kd t+ru J wdu k u f &du k Ef iS hf &SmazGc&hJ onf[k qdo k nf? Tpum;um; rSeaf yvdrrhf nf? cifrrxHvnf; ocifatmifqef; owif;yd@k cJo h nf? u|Eykf w f @kd ygwrD S toifv h pl x k m;zd@k ta=umif;=um;cJo h nf? od@k ayr,fh wpfow k x f u G cf mG oGm; +y[ D k odvu kd &f onfw h ikd f olrzufrS aemufxyf tquftoG,rf &cJ?h aemufwpf}urd v f nf; Tod@k ta=umif;=um;vmojzifh toifjh yifxm;onfw h ikd f tcsw d t f qufum; r&? od@k jzifh aemufq;kH tokwf xGucf mG oGm;onfh tcsed t f xd t}urd rf sm;pGm vGaJ csmcf &hJ onf? Tenf; jzifh oifwef;om; pkaqmif;jcif;udk ygww D pfcw k nf;(od@k )‚ygwt D wGi;f rS tkypf ik ,fav; wpfck wnf;u a&G;cs,cf =hJ u&+y;D jyifyrStenf;i,fom *syefaumifppf0if. tultnDjzifw h pfO;D csi;f a&mufvmcJ=h uonf? od@k jzifv h al &G;cs,jf cif;rSm ygww D pfc. k udpjP zpfvm+y;D *d% k ;f *% pdwo f nfvnf; ygwt D wGi;f 0ifa&mufvmcJo h nf? tkypf ik ,fav;u rdrw d @kd vlrsm;udo k m a&G; cs,+f y;D tjcm;vlrsm;udk usex f m;cJah wmhonf? tusKd ;qufrsm;um; wjznf;jznf;ys@H ES@H &du k cf wfvmonf? aESmif;ydik ;f u|Eykf w f @kd ordik ;f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

103

104

zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wufr. _ r¾dKio f zG,jf zpfaom wpfO;D wnf; vwfwavm&vdu k o f nfh ppftiftm; jzifh jrefrmjynf. &kyyf v kH m$ udk umvtawmf=um ajymif;vJEikd cf o hJ nf? olw@kd zG@J pnf;vdu k o f nfh Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmfrmS ocifEiS hf aemufygrsm;ud, k pf m; jyKxm;onfh wyfrawmfjzpf vmonf? xdk;azmufvmonfh *syef wyfcsD&m wpfav#muf +idrf0yfydjym;a&;twGuf olw@kd zG@J pnf;cJo h nfh A[dt k yk cf sKyaf &;ESihf +ird ;f csr;f a&; xde;f odr;f r_aumfrwDrmS ociftyk . f vuf udik w f w k jf zpfvmonf? olw@kd ygwt D vHukd Edik if aH wmftvH vkycf =hJ uonf? aemufyikd ;f wGif *syefppf0g'D wd@k uvnf; Armhwyfrawmf usm;uefay;xm;onfh bufukd axmufczH @kd toif&h dS =uonf? qdck yhJ g jzpf&yfrsm;um; jrefrmwd@k . Edik if aH &;csed cf iG v f #mudk ajymif;vJomG ;onf? trSef tm;jzifh olw@kd .ppfwyf vuf0g;}u;D tkyf umvtwGi;f ocifEiS o hf cif*% kd ;f wd@k udk twdu k t f cH jzpfol tm;vH;k twGuf uHq;kd rd;k arSmifumvyifjzpfonf? ,ae@olw@kd pdu k yf sKd ;cJo h nfh t&mwd@k udk olw@kd &dwo f rd ;f ae&av+y?D wcgutjcm;olrsm;. ysupf ;D &mysupf ;D a=umif;twGuf olw@kd t oH;k jyKco hJ nfh ppftm%mum; ,ckow l @kd tm%mudk zsuq f ;D vdu k af v+y?D

ppfoifwef; ,ck[ikd ef efwiG f ppfoifwef;pwif+yjD zpfonf? vli,fw@kd udk oH;k zG@J cGo J nf? yxrtzG@J wGif ocifatmifqef;/ ocifatmifoef;(Adv k pf }umf )ESihf ocif&a_ rmif (Adv k af e0if;) wd@k yg0if onf? olw@kd rSm touft&G,t f & pDrcH ef@cGrJ o _ ifwef;rsm;twGuf &nf&, G o f nf? 'kw, d tzG@J wGif Akv d v f usmf / Adv k v f a&mifEiS hf Adv k af Z,s wd@k yg0ifonf? olw@kd udfk yHrk eS f wdu k cf u kd af &; wm0ef cJaG 0ay;onf? wwd,tkypf rk mS ti,fq;kH vli,frsm;jzpf+y;D wpfO;D csi;f wdu k cf u kd af &; u|r;f u|irf E_ iS hf OD;aqmifrw _ @kd twGuf &mxm;onf? ‚tzG@J udk Adv k &f efEikd /f Adv k rf if;acgiEf iS hf Adv k v f if;,kew f @kd OD;aqmif+y;D uGerf ef'Ekd iS hf ajymufusm;vkyif ef;rsm; avhusi=hf u&rnfjzpfonf? [kid ef efwiG f ppfoifwef;udk olw@kd yif yef;qif;&JpmG oif,cl &hJ onf? jrefrmwd@k taeESihf rsKd ;qufaygi;f rsm;pGm yuwd ppfra_ &;&m obm0ESihf xdawG@jcif;r&Scd ahJ y? tckvil ,frsm;um; urBmwGif tvGew f &m tyifyef;qH;k [k xif&mS ;jcif;&So d nfh *syefppf pnf;urf;rsm;ESihf &kww f &uf}uKH awG@vdu k =f u&onf? oifwef;. cufxef=urf;wrf;r_u olw@kd &nf&, G cf surf sm;udk pGe@f ypfcsipf w d yf if aygucf =hJ uonf? ocifxeG ;f tkyu f ola&;om;cJo h nfh pmtkyw f pftyk f (u|Eykf . f pGe@f pm;cef;) wGif ol}uKH awG@cJ&h onfh yifyef;qif;&Jr_ tcsKd @udk azmfjycJo h nf? "u|Efkyfwdk@onf ae@pOf yifyef;onfh tufa=umif;tm;tifrsm; ukefcrf;I rsuv f ;kH rsm;jyma0v#uf +y;D qH;k cJ=h u&onf? jrefrmjynfo@kd touf&iS v f #uf jyefa&mufygrh vm; [lIvnf; u|Eykf w f @kd r=umc% pOf;pm;rd=uonf" wpf}urd Yf ocifxeG ;f tkyu f u|Eykf u f kd Tod@k ajymzl;onf? vli,ftcsKd @rSm aoG;&l; aoG;wef;jzpfvm=u+y;D oabFmwpfpif; cd;k ,lI jrefrmjynfjyefajy;zd@k }upH nfc=hJ uonf? olu 104

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

105

‚t}ut H pnfrmS tvGew f pf&m rdu k rf o J nfh tvkyjf zpfa=umif; &Si;f jyonft h cgro S m vuf av#mv h u kd =f uonf[k qdo k nf? od@k wdik f Adv k v f usmf u tqdyk gvil ,frsm; xGuaf jy;csipf w d f ayguo f nfrmS yifyef;qif;&Jr'_ %fukd rcHEikd I f r[kw[ f k jiif;onf? "b,fvykd if yef;r_rsKd ;yJjzpfjzpf olw@kd &ifqikd zf @kd toif&h =dS uygw,f? 'gayrJh olw@kd oD;rcHEikd w f mu *syefawG olw@kd udk qufqw H yhJ pkH yH ?J ArmawGtay:xm;wJh *syefawG&@J &nf &G,cf suu f kd olw@kd awG oHo,&Sv d mw,f? bmha=umifv h q J akd wmh ae@pOfvyk if ef;tm;vH;k udk *syefawGvdk vkyaf e&w,f? Oyrm *syeftvHudk tav;jyK&w,f? *syefppfocD si;f qd&k w,f? *syef{u&mZf&w dS hJ wdu k sKd bufvn S +hf y;D tav;jyK&w,f? 'gawGtm;vH;k [m ppfpnf;urf;eJ@ tpdwt f ydik ;f wpfck jzpfw,fqw kd m olw@kd em;rvnf=uao;bl;" pifppf trSew f &m;um; yk*v ~ u d t"dXmefusovdk tqdyk g tjrifEpS cf t k =um;wGif &Sad eonf[k u|Eykf x f ifonf? us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ajym&v#if pdwcf pH m;r_qikd &f m tajymif;tvJ udpP jzpfonf? xdt k ajymif;tvJukd vH;k 0owdrxm;rdonft h cg awmxJawmifxw J iG f ae& aom b0. txD;usejf cif;udk vli,frsm; ykeu f ef=uonf? tdrv f rG ;f onfh a0'emvnf; ol wd@k rSm &Sad e=uonf? TtajctaeatmufwiG f olw@kd cHpm;csuaf wGukd olw@kd wnfrh wfatmif rxde;f Edik =f uawmh? Ttajctaeu zefw;D ay;vdu k o f nf? ykeu f efvo kd nfh cHpm;csuw f @kd u wjznf;jznf; pl;&Svm+y;D olw@kd aexdik af e&onfb h 0rS olw@kd udk apcdik ;f aeonfh *syefrsm;buf ajymif;oGm;awmhonf? ae@pOfb0udk emusiyf ifyef;p&m jzpfvmonf? pnf;urf;udk qef@usif aeaom cHpm;r_rmS olw@kd odpw d t f wGi;f *syefw@kd udek m=unf;aom cHpm;r_tjzpf yHpk aH jymif;ay; vdu k +f y;D r=umrDyif ‚cHpm;r_u ol. qifajcwd@k ukd awG@&So d mG ;jcif; jzpfonf? TudpEP iS hf ywfoufI tvGew f &mxl;jcm;csurf mS ocifatmifqef; aomf‚ olEiS &hf , G w f l &Jabmfrsm; uaomf‚ [dik ef efae@&ufrsm;ta=umif; r=umc%ajymwwfaomfvnf; *syefw@kd . tjyK trlEiS hf ywfoufI rnfonft h cgrS qef@usiaf jymqdrk _ r&Sjd cif;yif ? ‚wd@k rDemrDuef vlrsm; zufu *syefrsm;txif}u;D av;pm;atmif taumif;qH;k vkyjf ycJah =umif; jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&; twGuf rdrw d @kd ud, k w f ikd f wdu k yf 0JG ifEikd zf @kd vGwv f yfonfjh refrmhwyfrawmfukd zG@J pnf;zd@k vdt k yf a=umif;/ tu,fI *syefrsm;zufrS tultnDr&&Scd v hJ #if rdrw d @kd ud, k w f ikd f wdu k yf 0JG if&rnfjzpf a=umif; ponfjzifo h m u|Eykf u f kd tcdik t f rmajymwwf=uonf? "rif;wd@k vGwv f yfa&;udk rif;wd@k ud, k w f ikd f awmif;vd@k yJjzpfjzpf tjcm;vlukd awmif; cdik ;f vd@k yJjzpfjzpf rif;wd@k vGwv f yfa&; r&Edik b f ;l " wpfcgu plqu l ;D u ocifEu k kd ajymcJo h nfph um;jzpfonf? uDw*srD ESifh tudik ;f plql uD;wd@k tqdt k & rDemrduu D efrS *syeft&m&St d m;vH;k jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;twGuf u|Eykf w f @kd toufukd pGe@f zd@k opPmqd=k u&onf [k qdo k nf? plqu l ;D ESihf ol@vlrsm;tm;vH;k tqdyk guwd opPmudk wav#mufv;kH xde;f odr;f cH=u[efwo l nf? pifppf TopPmpum;onfyif jrefrmjynf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

105

106

odrf; *syefppfwyfESifh plqluD;wdk@ vlpkt=um; yÉdyuQjzpf&jcif;. ta=umif;w&m;wpfck jzpfonf? *syefppfwyfu olw@kd udk ud, k o hf abmESiu hf , kd f v_y&f mS ;zd@k }uKd ;pm;ovdk jrefrmwd@k udv k nf; onfvv kd yk zf @kd ajrmS ufay;onf[k pGypf cJG o hJ nf? tqdyk gjy\emrsm;udk u|Eykf w f @kd &Sif;jyEdkifonf[k xifonf? [dkifeefu|ef; ppfoifwef;wGif *syeftcsdK@. wkH@jyefr_rsm;rSm ustq hH q J J t&dyef rd w d f wpfcyk ifjzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh jrefrmwd@k ESihf *syefw@kd t=um; *syefw@kd ESifh ta&S@awmiftm&S jynforl sm;t=um; qufqaH &;wGif }u;D rm;onfh vuQ%m wpfcu k kd azmfaqmifrnfh pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m yÉdyuQukd t&dyrf ;dk aejcif; jzpfonf? k & tqdyk g yÉdyuQrsm; tajccHtm;jzifh vlrsKd ;a&;qdik &f m t&nftaoG; zG@J pnf;yHt qef@usiaf e+y;D / &kww f &uf &ifqikd v f u kd &f jcif;jzpfonf? TyÉdyuQrmS ppf&edS jf rifv h m+y;D ESpzf uf vHk;twGuf 'kuQokuQrsm; }uD;rm;vmonfhtcg txGwftxdyfokd@ a&mufvmcJhonf? &v'fum; *syefw@kd ppf&;_H I tumuG,rf hJ tultnDrhJ usecf o hJ nft h cg xdwv f ef@zG,f tjzpf qd;k rsm;ESihf }uKH awG@=u&awmhonf? tjcm;jy\emwpfcrk mS *syef=unf;wyfEiS hf a&wyft=um; tao;tzGu J pd w P pfcrk S xGuaf y:vmonfh &v'fjzpfonf? ppfoifwef;rSm [dik ef efu|e;f &Sd yifra&wyf pcef;ESihf tvSr;f ra0;vS/ odk@twGuf a&wyfydkifeuftwGif; &Sdaeonf[k ajymEdkifonfhtwGuf oifwef; twGut f axmufyhH tm;vH;k rSmvnf; a&wyfay: rScD akd e&onf? xd@k jyif yx0Dtaetxm;t& jrefrmjynfEiS hf yd@k aqmifqufo, G af &;rSm a&wyfEiS o hf ufqikd af eonf? od@k wdik jf refrmjynfwu kd yf t JG wGuf jyifqifrr_ sm;ESihf v#Kd @0Supf rD u H ef;wd@k wGif a&wyfrmS 'kw, d ae&mu v_y&f mS ;ae&onf? Trauseyfcsuaf =umifh a&wyfu [dik ef efprD u H ed ;f udk cyfwef;wef;qufqHcJhonf? jrefrmjynftwGif; *syefwdk@xdk;azmuf 0ifvmonfhtcg jrefrmwyfrsm;twGuf ppfvufeufrsm; wify@kd &rnfh jy\em ay:vmonf? TwGif a&wyfu a&Smifxu G o f mG ;onft h wGuf =unf;wyfuom wd;k rayguo f nhf awmawmifw@kd udk jzwfI wpfO;D wnf; wm0ef,cl &hJ onf? &v'fum; topfpufpuf zG@J pnf; +y;D onfh Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmfrmS ravmufriS vufeuf&u d mQ wd@k jzifh qH;k cef;wdik f pcef; oGm;&awmhonf? TY }uKH &musyef; vrf;ay:rS awG@or#vrl sm;ESihf zG@J pnf;xm;onfh ppfwyf }u;D um; tvm;wl tajctaersm;wGif jzpfwwfonfh obm0twdik ;f y&rf;ywm xif&mpdik ;f =uawmhonf? *syefw@kd udk qJa&;wdik ;f xGm=uonf? vdt k yfonfh vufeufEiS hf pm;a&&dumQ wd@k twGuf eD;pyf&m &Gmrsm;rS ,l=uonf? od@k wdik f vdt k yfrt _ qifrh S ausmv f eG I f tcsKd @u ud, k f usKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf toH;k csvm=uonf? vdt k yfonfxuf avmbaZm wdu k v f m=uonf? awG@&mypPn;f qG=J uawmhonf? TwGif *syefppfwyfrS xde;f odr;f zd@k }uKd ;pm;cJ&h m *syefppfwyf trltusit hf wdik ;f cyf&ikd ;f &dik ;f cyf=urf;=urf; udik w f , G cf =hJ uojzifh jrefrmwd@k ESihf qufqaH &; wif;rmvmcJ. h ? Tonfum;jynfow l @kd ESihf ppfwyfEpS w f yf=um;rS OD;qH;k tuGt J +y. J aemuf 106

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

107

xyfta=umif;w&m;jzpfonf? 1941 ckEpS f pufwifbmvrwdik rf D [dik ef efrS ppfoifwef; vHak vmufpmG +y;D qH;k onf? tEW&m,f tvGefw&m}uD;rm;onfh vrsm;twGif; ajcvSrf;wdkif;udk twdtus csdefudkuf aeonfh a&wyfpcef;XmecsKyf. vrf;!$efr_atmufwGif qlZluD;twGuf t&m&mrSm toifjh zpfae+y?D OD;qH;k vky&f rnfh vkyif ef;rSm rDemrDuu d ef tiftm;pk wpfcv k ;kH udk qdik *f EkH iS hf befaumufo@kd pufwifbmvtwGi;f ajymif;a&G@&rnfjzpfonf?

oef;0if;vd_if qufvufaz: jyygrnf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

107

108

tvif;tdrf rSwfpk

jrefrmEdik if H vl@tcGit hf a&;ae@ txdr;f trSwt f jzpf *syefEikd if aH &muf jrefrmEdik if o H m; rsm;tygt0if jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;yg0ifaom pDwef;vSnv hf nf csw D ufyu JG kd (13/ 3/ 2015) ae@wGif *syefEikd if H wdu k sKd +rKd @ Gotanda t&yf&dS Minami Gotanda yef;+cw H iG f pk&yfvyk u f m ae@vnf 2 em&D rdepf 30 wGif tcrf;tem;udk pwif+y;D / ae@vnf 3 em&D wdwd tcsed w f iG f ppftcGe&f ;kH a&S@od@k pDwef;vSnv hf nf csw D ufc=hJ uygonf? owif;ESifh "gwfyHk - tvif;tdrfrD'D,m

108

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

109

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

109

110

tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;tm; ulnDaxmufyHhay;aom (1) &Jrif;0if; (2) ausmx f eG ;f Edik f (3) cdik Of ;D i,f

wdk@tm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;rS rSwfwrf;wif *k%fjyKtyfygonf .................................................

zdwfac:tyfygonf EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tawG;tjrifaqmif;yg;rsm; a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; uAsm/ 0wKˆ wd/k umwGe;f / yef;csrD smudk

rnforl qdk vGwv f yfpmG ay;yd@k Eikd yf gonf? pmrlrsm;udk (15) &ufae@ aemufq;kH xm;+yD; ay;yd@k =uyg&ef arwWm&yfct H yfygonf?

tvif;tdrrf *~Zif;

110

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

111

t,f'Dwm

pmtkyfcsKyf/ xkwfvkyfa&;

tHharmf / Anm;b&kdif,efuif; atmifaZ,smndK

ausmfrkd;Ekdif / aX;0if; wifEikd f

tr_aqmift,f'Dwm

owif; ESifh rD'D,m

ausmfcdkif0if; / 0if;Edkif (Lin Po Yin) &Jjrifhatmif / [efaZmf0if; ausmfrsdK;xGef;

xGef;+idrf; / at;okduf aZmfaZmfEikd f

ta0;a&muf t,f'Dwm aZmfaZmfatmif (t*Fvef) ABFSU (88)rsKd;quf

pmpDpm&dkuf cifarmifaZmf / pnfoljrifh

jynfwGif;/jynfy jzef@csda&; jr0if;pdk; / atmif=unf atmifrsdK;rif;/ udk=unfpef;

&Hk;tzGJ hESifhb他ma&; &J+idrf;/ rif;rif;odef; xGef;xGef;0if;/ rcdkif=unf0if; r0if;oEWmatmif

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

111

112

tvi tviff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef POST 169-0075 TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10 303,HIGARI BLD TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178 Japan. TEL 080-5070-0080 090-6528-9292 090-8486-2161 090-7198-4763

e-mail

112

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

- aalinneain@yahoo.com

jrefrmouU&mZf 1377 / wefcl;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)