အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၁၁) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&6 / 0gqdkv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&6 / 0gqdkv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;

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0if;wif ([Hom0wD) udak v; (tif;0*k%&f nf) &J+ird ;f *sifrD rif;udkEdkif +idrf;a0 opPmeD vif;cg;

6 7 8 10 11 12 14 15

atmfyu D s,/f ajrZm

umwGe;f tifwmeufrS umwGe;f rsm;

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

ausmaf usmpf ;kd (*syef) wlarmifndK

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acwfpum; a':atmifqef;pk=unf. yg&+D rKd @ Queens College rde@f cGe;f aumufEw _ cf suf

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

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0if;wif ([Hom0wD) (tusOf;axmifwGif;rS uAsm 1995)

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xm0& ( okd h) OD;0if;wif

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&J+idrf; 22/ 4/ 2014 ( uG,fvGef tedpP a&mufoGm;aom owif;pmq&m=uD; [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif 12/3/1930 - 21/ 4/ 2014 tm; OD;nGwf *g&0 +yKyg. ? )

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

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*sifrD 22 {jyD 2014

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

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rif;udkEdki f 14/ 7/ 2014 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

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+idrf;a0 5/ 1/ 2012 vGwfvyfa&;ae@&JŒ aemufwae@? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

z&efuifpwdef usKyfom emrnfay;cGifh&r,fqdk&if 'DEdkifiHudk z&efuifpwdev f @kd ay;r,f?

ol[m a&G;aumufyaJG wGukd rsuv f n S jhf yw,f oydwpf cef;awGukd rD;uifw,f ta&;awmfyakH wGukd tqmajypm;w,f?

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opPmeD

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

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vif;cg; (pma&;q&mudkatmifqef;-rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

b,fvdkyifzHk;zHk; ukef;p&mrvdkyJ ay:aewJh tm%mrl;orm;wd@k . trSm;waxmif ....

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

urBm homoemjyK yDeefq&mawmfbk&m;}uD;. twˆKy`wWdtusOf;

urBmo h moemjyK yDeefq&mawmfb&k m;=u;D udk jrefrmEdik if /H 0g;c,frjrKd Œ Y c&pfEpS f 1928/ Zefe0g&v D 10 &ufae@wGif zGm;jrifawmfrcl yhJ gonf? touf 14 ESpf t&G,w f iG f &Sio f mra%jyKjy;D 1948 ckEpS w f iG f jrifjrwfaom &[ef;tjzpfo@kd a&muf&dS awmfrcl yhJ gonf? q&mawmfb&k m;=u;D onf rEWav;jrKd Œ/ &efuek jf rKd ŒESifh 0g;c,frjrKd Œ rsm;&Sd xif&mS ;aomq&mawmf rsm;xHwGif Ak'<pmayrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJhygonf? 1953 ckESpfwGif omoe"Zod&D y0&"rRmp&d, bGŒJ udk &&Sad tmifjrifawmfrcl o hJ nf? q&mawmfbk&m;=uD;onf udkudk;u|ef;odk@ =uGa&mufjyD; omoemjyKwm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifco hJ nf? xd@k aemuf oD&v d uFmEdik if o H @kd =uaG &mufomoemjyKco hJ nf? xd@k aemuf tdE, dN Edifk if /H tef'refu|e;f od@k omoemjyK&ef qufvuf=uaG &mufcjhJ yef onf? xdu k |e;f wGif "tuf'refA'k o < moemjyKtoif; (Andaman Buddhist Mission) udk atmifjrifpmG zG@J pnf;Edik cf jhJ y;D jrwfA'k o < moem jyef@yGg;a&;twGuf "rRoifwef;rsm;jyKvyk jf cif;/ 0dy\emw&m;rsm; a[majymjyojcif;paom omoemjyKwm0efrsm;udk =uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G f awmfrcl o hJ nf? xdk@aemuf 1963 ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiH/ r'&yfjrdKŒtajcpdkuf awmiftdENd, Ak'b < momtoif; (South India Buddhist Association). yifrXmecsKyEf iS fh toif;cGaJ ygi;f 13 ckukd pDru H yG u f v J sS uf omoemjyKvyk if ef;rsm;udk xrf;aqmifawmfrcl o hJ nf? q&mawmfb&k m;=u;D onf 1965 ckEpS rf S 1969 ckEpS t f xd &efuek jf rKd Œ/ atmifr*Fvm od'<dpmoifwkdufwGif y&d,wWdpmayrsm;udk oif=um;ydk@csay;cJhonf? 1970 ckESpfwGif 18

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

jrefrmtpd;k &u rav;&Sm;Edik if /H yDeefu|e;f / "rRu d m&mrjrefrmausmif;wku d u f kd qufc&H eftwGuf omoemjyKapv$wfjcif; cHcJh&onf? rav;&Sm;ekdifiHwGif 1970 ckESpfrS 1979 ckESpftxd rav;&Sm;Ak'b < momvli,frsm;toif; (Youth Buddhist Associationof Malaysia) . =o0g'gp&d,wm0efEiS fh rav;&Sm;Ak'b < mompmar;yGJ ykpu > wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf? q&mawmf=u;D onf we*FaEG Ak'b < momoifwef;ausmif; (Sunday Buddhist Institute) udk wnfaxmifzi Gv fh pS jf y;D Ak'b < momw&m;awmfrsm;eSifh orx/ 0dy\emw&m; rsm;udk oif=um;ay;cJo h nf? 1979 ckEpS /f ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f wGif tar&duefeidk if /H umvDz;kd eD;,m;/ avmhpt f ed *f s,v f pd f jrKd Œod@k =uaG &mufjy;D jrefrmAk'b < momausmif;udk atmifjrifpmG wnfaxmifziG v fh pS f cJyh gonf? xdt k csed u f q&mawmf=u;D onf avmhpt f ed *f s,v f pd jf rKd Œ&Sd ta&SŒwkid ;f avhvma&;wuUov kd w f iG f uxduq&mawmfwpfyg;tjzpf aqmif&u G af y;awmfrcl o hJ nf? awmifyikd ;f umvzd;k eD;,m; jynfe,f/ oHCmhor*~tzGŒJ . 'kw, d OuUXq&mawmftjzpf a&G;cs,cf cH &hJ onf? q&mawmf=u;D onf rqkwrf epfaom ZGv J @kH v 0D&, d rsm;jzihf 1985 ckEpS /f arv/ 15 &ufwiG f tjynfjynfqidk &f m jrefrmoHComr*~t D zGŒJ (International Burmese Buddhist Sangha Organization) udk rav;&Sm;Edi k if /H yDeef;jrKd Œ Y atmifjrifpmG zG@J pnf;Edik cf o hJ nf? 1985 ckEpS /f ZGev f / 14 &ufwiG f puFmylEikd if &H dS Ak'b < momtoif;tzGw J pfc. k wdu k w f eG ;f awmif;yefrj_ zihf ausmif;wdu k w f pfck aqmufvyk &f ef Ak'b < momtoif;tzG@J wpfcu k kd pnf;&H;k zG@J pnf; ay;awmfrcl o hJ nf? 1986 ckepS f =opaw;vseidk if /H qpf'eDjrKd ŒwGif Ak'b < momausmif;wausmif;/ 1987 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiH/ csDum*dkjrdKŒwGif Ak'<bmomausmif;wpfausmif;/ xdk@aemuf ESpfrsm;r=umrDtwGif; uae'gEdkifiH/ wdk&GefwdkjrdKŒwGif r[m"rRdum&mr Ak'<bmom ausmif;wausmif;/ xd@k aemuf 1999 ckEpS /f arv 15 &ufwiG f rav;&Sm;Edik if /H uGmvmvrfyl jrdKŒwGif jrefrmrav;&Sm; Ak'<bmomausmif;wausmif;/ 1999 ckeSpf/ 'DZifbmv/ 17 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEkid if /H &efuek jf rKd Œ Y r[moEWo d ck Ak'o < moemjyK ausmif;wpfausmif;wd@k udk atmifjrifpmG OD;pD;wnfawmifawmfrcl o hJ nf? 2005 ckEpS rf S ,ae@tcsed t f xd Oa&mywku d &f dS &HoaD usmif;rsm;. y"me=o0g'g p&d,tjzpf aqmif&u G af wmfral eygonf? Oa&mywku d &f dS &HoaD usmif;rsm;rSm 1? e,fomvefEikd if /H ynm&Ho0D [ d m& 2? *smr%DEikd if /H Ak'o < moe&Ho0D [ d m& 3? 'de;f rwfEikd if /H Ak'&< o H 0D [ d m& 4? zifvefEikd if /H Ak'"< rR&o H 0D [ d m& 5? b,fv*f s, D EH ikd if /H arwWm&Ho0D [ d m& tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

6? tdik , f mvefEikd if /H r*Fv&Ho0D [ d m& 7? t*FvefEikd if /H vef'efjrKd Œ/ omoe&Ho0D [ d m&? 2006? ? =opa=wvsEikd if /H rJvb f ek ;f jrKd Œ/ jrefrmAk'b < momausmif;wnfaxmifawmf rlcyhJ gonf? 2007? ? rav;&Sm;EdkifiH/ yDa*sjrdKŒe,f/ &wem&mr jrefrmAk'<bmomausmif;/ rav;&Sm; š jrefrmAk'b < momtoif;udk wnfaxmifz@JG pnf;cJyh gonf? 2006? ? =opa=wvsEikd if /H rJvb f ek ;f jrKd Œ/ jrefrmAk'b < momausmif; 2008? ? yDeefjrdKŒ/ "rRdum&mrausmif;wkduftwGif;Y tar&duefa':vm 3oef;ukeu f saom a&$apwDb&k m=u;D ESifh omoemh,Ofaus;r_jycef;rsm;udk yDeefjrKd Œod@k vmaom urBmv h n S cfh &D;onfrsm; tH=h obeef;ai;arm&onftxd wnfaqmufjyEdik cf yhJ gonf? 2012? ? tar&duefEikd if /H e,l;a,mufjrKd Œ Y tus,t f 0ef; 2 {ucG&J adS om Ak''< yD ef urRXmef;ausmif;=u;D udk wnfaxmifawmfrcl yhJ gonf? wpfzef 2002 ckEpS /f arv 21 &ufae@wGif e,l;ZDvefEikd if /H tkwu f vefjrKd Œ Y &wem'Dy jrefrmAk'b < momausmif;udk wnfaxmifziG v fh pS af y;awmfrcl yhJ gonf? ,cktcg yDeefq&mawmf=u;D onf &efuek jf rKd Œ/ wmarGjrKd Œe,f/ ewfacsmif;&yfuu G /f r[moEWdokcAk'<omoemjyKausmif;awmf=uD;wGif oDwif;oHk;aexkdifvSsuf ,cifu pnfyifco hJ nhf omoemhe,fajrudk jyefvnftoufoiG ;f &ef =uKd ;yrf;awmfrv l su&f ydS gonf?

yDeefq&mawmf}uD; r[moEWdokc ausmif;awmf}uD;udk wnfaxmif&jcif; &nf&G,fcsuf q&mawmftaejzihf jynfyjrefrmbkef;awmf}uD; ausmif;rsm;ukd xdef;odrf; apmihfa&Smuf Edkifrnhf t&nftcsif;jynhf0aom omoemjyK &[ef;awmfrsm; arG;xkwf ay;Edik &f eftwGuf &nf&, G cf yhJ gonf? xd&k nf&, G cf surf sm;+y;D ajrmufap&eftwGuf vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk ausmif;awmf}u;D wGif aqmif&u G cf yhJ gonf? xdv k yk if ef;pOfrsm;rSm (u) t&nftaoG;jynh0f aom jynfyomoemjyK &[ef;awmfrsm; ay:ayguv f ma&; twGuf vufawGŒ eSifh pmawGŒomoemjyK oifwef;rsm; zGiv fh pS o f if=um; avhusi+fh y;D aemuf Edik if &H yfjcm; wdik ;f jynfrsm;od@k apv$w&f ef/ (c) ,if;twGuf t*Fvyd pf mudk t"duxm;I oGm;a&muf&rnhf Edik if o H ;Hk bmom pmay/ yx0D0if ESifh ,if;wd@k . ,Ofaus;r_"avhx;Hk wrf; ponfw@kd udk oif=um;yd@k csay;&ef/ (*) Edik if &H yfjcm;&Sd omoemjyKausmif;rsm; qufvuf xde;f odr;f apmihaf &Smufa&;ESifh omoemjyKausmif;rsm; wd;k csŒJ a&;twGuaf qmif&u G &f ef/ 20

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

(C) ,if;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;aqmif&u G &f mY yifrtajcpdu k pf cef;jzpfaom r[moEWd okc Ak'o < moemhausmif;awmf}u;D udk qufvuf&iS o f efw;kd wufa&;/ ,EW&m; vnfywfa&; twGuf aqmif&u G &f ef/ (i) Ak'p< mayrsm;/ Ak'p< mayqdik &f m pme,fZif;rsm;udk acwfEiS fh tnD vdt k yfygu vdktyfovdk jrefrmpm ESihf omru EdkifiHjcm;pmayjzihfvnf; a&;om;jyKpk&dkufESdyf jzef@csD xkwaf 0&ef/

(p) Ak'p< may A[kow k wd;k wufa&;/ wwfajrmufjyef@yGm;a&;twGuf jynfwiG ;f / jynfy ESpXf mewd@k wGif Ak'o < moemjyKoifwef;rsm; zGiv fh pS &f ef/ Oyrmtm;jzihf tajccH rlvwef;rSpI tv,fwef;/ txufwef;omru tbd"rRm oifwef;rsm;/ 0dy\emoifwef;rsm;txd tajctaeay;vSsif ay;ovdk zGihfvSpf&ef/ ,if;twGuf qDavsmrf nhf we*FaEGausmif;/ Oykoaf e@oifwef;/ orx0dy\em urRXmef; Xmersm;/ pm=unhw f u kd rf sm; tqihq f ihf xlaxmifziG v fh pS &f ef/ (q) EdkifiHjcm;rS omoemjyKAk'< &[ef;awmfrsm; ESihf oDv&Sifrsm; omoemjyK tzGŒJ rsm; =uaG &mufvmygu {nh0f wfauspmG jzihf aexdik Ef ikd af &;twGuf pDpOfay;&ef ponf wd@k jzpf=uygonf? (yDeefq&mawmf}uD; EdkifiHawmforRwodk@ arwWm&yfcHpmrS ul;,lazmfjyygonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

owif;pmq&m}uD; [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif *g&0jyK armfueG ;f pmrsufEmS q&m}uD; [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif (odk@r[kwf) jrefrmhordkif;wauGŒrS udk,fusdK;pGef htepfemcHcJhaomowif;q&m=uD;ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;=uD;

oef;0if;v_id f &Spq f ,f&h pS f 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfy}kH u;D tm;t=urf;zuf+zKd ciG ;f um ppfwyfrS tm%m odr;f jy;D aemuf ordik ;f vdt k yfcsut f & 1988 pufwifbmv(27) &ufae@wGif trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyaf y:xGe;f vmaomtcg q&m}u;D OD;0if;wifonf tzG@J csKyf A[dk tvkyt f rSK aqmifaumfrwD. twGi;f ta&;rSL; tzG@0J iftjzpf aqmif&u G cf hJ onf? x@dak emuf 1989 ckESpf azaz:0g&D(9)&ufae@wGif tzJG@csKyfA[dktvkyftrSKaqmiftzJGŒudk jyifqifzGJ@pnf; vdu k af om tcgtwGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpfvnf;aumif;/2010 jynfEh pS f Zefe0g&v D (14) &ufae@wGif tzJ@G csKyAf [kt d vkyt f rSKaqmif tzG@J udk jyifqifw;kd csŒJ zJŒG pnf;vdu k af omtcg tzGŒJ csKyAf [dk tvkyt f rSKaqmiftzGŒJ 0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf?xd@k aemuf2012 wGif tzJG hcsKyf.obmywdtzJG h0iftjzpfuG,fvGefonf@ae@wdkifatmifwm0efxrf;aqmif oGm;cJo h nf? OD;0i;fwifEiS hf ywfoufI a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ol. ? jrefrmjynfraS y;pmrsm; (Letter from Burma) pmtkyY f atmufygtwdik ;f a&;om;xm;avonf? 22

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

"1930 jynf h E S p f r S m arG ; zG m ;cJ h w J h OD ; 0if ; wif [ mt&if oD w if ; ywf u rdwq f ufay;cJw h hJ OD;atmifa&$/ OD;=unfarmif/ OD;wifO;D / OD;vGiw f @kd eJ@rwlwt hJ csuu f awmh ol[m b,fwek ;f urS wyfrawmfom; rjzpfcw hJ mygy?J olusiv f nfusupf m;ae&muawmh pmayavmu}uD;xJrSmyJ jzpfygw,f?wuUodkvfuae bJGŒr&cifuwnf;u ol[m jrefrmEdik if b H momjyefpmay toif;}u;D rSm vufaxmuft,f'w D mb0eJ@ tvkyv f yk u f ikd af e+yD jzpfygw,f? 1954 ckEpS rf mS awmho[ l m 'wfcso f wif;pmukr% ` w D ck&ŒJ t}uaH y;t,f'w D m tjzpfukd a&mufchJ ygw,f? 'D t,f'w D mae&mud&k cJjh cif;[m ol@&JŒ&Snv f sm;vSwhJ pme,fZif; avmuvkyfoufrSm tjrifhqHk;ae&mjzpfwJh wcgujrefrmEdkifiHrSm xdyfwef;owif;pm wpfapmifjzpfcJhwJh "[Hom0wD" owif;pm&JŒ t,f'DwmcsKyf&mxl;udk &&Sdzdk@twGuf tpysK;d cJw h m yJjzpfygw,f? OD;0if;wif&JŒ [Hom0wDowif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyfvkyfcJhwJhESpfawG[m jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDtiftm;cdkifrmvmwJhESpfawGjzpfcJhygw,f?tJ'Dacwfumvwkef;u vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG /hf ud, k &hf ŒJ qENuv kd w G v f yfpmG xkwaf z: jyocGi/hf pwmawGukd ydv k @kd ydv k @kd wif;usyfpGm uef@oufcsKyfcs,f cH&ayr,fhvnf; tenf;i,frSsaom pma&;q&mawG/ pme,fZif;orm;awG [m wd@k awG&ŒJ vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac:ajrmfjrifyikd cf iG u hf kd wd;k wd;k wdww f w d ef @J quf+y;D xde;f odr;f cJh =uygw,f? 1978 ckESpfrSm OD;0if;wifOD;aqmifyg0ifcJhwJh "pae pmzwf0dkif;" rSm rqv vrf;pOfudk a0zefoHk;oyfxm;wJh pmwrf;i,fwapmifzwf=um; aqG;aEG;cJh=uygw,f? tm%mydkifawGu xkwfa0cGifhydwfvdkufygw,f?tJ'DaemufOD;0if;wif[m bmomjyefwJh oltvGwf pma&;q&m b0rSm usiv f nf&if;eJ@ q,fpEk pS rf sS ol&ŒJ 0rf;a&; udak jz&Si;f cJyh gw,f? 1988 ckESpfrSm pwifay:aygufcJhwJh'Drdkua&pDvSKyf&Sm;rSK}uD;rSm vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrSKeJ@ w&m;rSswmrSKudk,Hk=unfwJholawG a&SŒwef;u yg0ifcJh=uwm[m obm0ygy?J tpydkif;uwnf;u OD;0if;wif[m vSKyf&Sm;rSK}uD; pwifjzpfyGm;cgpu ay:ayguv f mwJh pma&;q&mrsm; or*~rmS wuf=upG mG eJ@ yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? 1988 pufwifbmvrSmol[m NLD tvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJŒ&JŒtwGif;a&;rSL; awGtxJu wOD;jzpfvmygawmhw,f?,Hrk mS ;p&mr&Sw d o hJ @l &JŒt&nftcsi;f awG/o@l &JŒcdik rf mwJh &nfreS ;f csuaf wGa=umihOf ;D 0if;wif[m 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfyu kH kd qef@usiaf e=uwJo h al wG&ŒJ t"d u ypf rS w f j zpf v m ygawmh w ,f ? 'ga=umih f v nf ; yJ 1989 ck ZG e f v rS m NLD acgif;aqmifawGxJu yxrqHk;tzrf;cH&wJh vlwa,mufjzpfvm ygawmhw,f? ol@udk zrf;qD;wJhta=umif;uawmh w&m;Oya'uae a&Smifwdrf;ae w,fvdk@a=unmcH&wJh vli,fwOD;&JŒ zcifjzpfoel @J w,fvzD ek ;f pum;ajymjcif;qdw k hJ oufaoaxmuftxm; r&Sw d hJ pGJcsufeJ@yJ jzpfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf w,fvDzkef;eJ@ pum;ajymjcif;[m oufaot&m tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

rwnfbl;vdk@ Oya'uqdkygw,f?'gayrJhvnf;jrefrmjynfrSm ppfwyfu tkyfcsKyfaerSKudk uef@uGuo f al wG twGuf Oya'u aumif;pGm umuG,rf KS ray;Edik yf gb;l ? tzrf;cH&+yD;+yD;jcif;rSmyJ OD;0if;wifudk 3 &uf=um tpmrauGs;/ rtdyfEdkif atmifvyk x f m;+y;D 'Dyu kd a&pDta&;awmfy}kH u;D rSm yg0ifcw hJ o hJ &l ŒJ vSKy&f mS ;rSKawGukd ppfaq; ar;jrefygawmhw,f? ppfaq;ar;jref;wJh olawGu OD;0if;wif[m usr&JŒ EdkifiHa&; enf;AsL&mqkdif&m t}uHay;yk*~dKvf/ wenf;tm;jzifh ajym&r,fqdk&if usr&JŒ ¶kyfao; q&mjzpfw,fqw kd mudk xGuq f adk pzd@k t"rR vkyaf qmifvw kd hJ yH&k cdS yhJ gw,f?'gayrJh owWed @J jynfph /kH pdw"f gwu f vnf; cdik rf mvSwhJ OD;0if;wifukd trSm;awGxu G q f zkd @kd b,fvrkd S +crd ;f ajcmufv@kd r&cJhygbl;? 1989 atmufwdkbmvrSmawmh ol@udkaxmif (3) ESpfcsvdkufygw,f? ol@udkjyefv$wfzdk@ vtenf;i,ftvdk 1992 ZGefvrSm aemufxyf t"dyg`,fr&SdwJh ta=umif;jycsuef @J w&m;pGq J +kd y;D axmif (11) ESpx f yfrcH svu kd yf g w,f? OD;0if;wif[m ol@ta=umif;udk ajymcJygw,f? NLD wnfaxmif+y;D uwnf;u oleJ@usr twlwGJ+yD; ae@wdkif;vdkvdk tvkyfvkyfcJhwm vaygif;tawmf=umrS ol[m vl y sKd } uD ; jzpf w ,f q d k w m trS w f r xif od v d k u f y gw,f ? ol [ m wpf O D ; xJ a exd k i f + yD ; ol&JŒtdrfrSKudpPawGudk udk,fwdkifvkyf udkifaew,f qdkwmudkvnf; odcJh& ygw,f? 1989ckESpfrSmol@udk axmif'%fpD&ifcJh+yD; odrfhr=um cifrSmyJ olESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexdkif cJhwJh(vrf;rawmfjrdKŒe,f/vrf;opf&dyfom) EdkifiHydkifwdkufcef;wpf ckrSmaexkdifcGifhudk y,fzsufvdkufwJhtwGuf olydkifypPnf;awGudk ol@&JŒrdwfaqG taygif;toif; awGu tJ ' D w k d u f c ef ; uae z,f & S m ;ajymif ; a&$ Œ ay;cJ h = u&ygw,f ? OD ; 0if ; wif & J Œ ¶k y f o G i f trlt&mwckv;kH udk =unhv f u kd &f if cdik rf mwJh toGit f jyifay:xGe;f aewmrd@k OD;0if;wif[m ESv;kH eJ@ywfouf+y;D a0'emwpfc&k w dS t hJ wGuf t+rw J rf;aq;ukz@kd vkt d yfw,fqw kd mudk odwo hJ l tenf;yJ&Sdygw,f? aq;0g;ukojyKpk apmufa&Smufzdk@uvnf; jynfhpHkr_r&Sd/ aexdkifr_ tajctaeuvnf; qd;k &Gm;vSwhJ tusO;f axmifxrJ mS umv=um&Snpf mG aexdik &f wJt h wGuf ol&ŒJ use;f rma&;tajctae[m yd+k y;D qd;k &Gm;vmaeygw,f?1994 ckEpS af zaz:0g&v D twGi;f rSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuGef*&uftrwf bDvf&pfcswfqifeJ@OD;0if;wifwdk@ awGŒqHk&pOfu OD;0if;wif[m vnfaxmufukd 0wfqifxm;& ygw,f? ausm¶d;k qpfa&m*guykd g cHpm;ae&vd@k yg? 'ghtjyif ol@&JŒoGm;awGuvnf; aq;ukozdk@vdkaeygw,f? 'gayrJh ,ciftwdkif; olŒ&JŒ pdwt f pOf[m =unfvifvsu&f +dS y;D pdw"f gw[ f mvnf; r,dr;f r,dik f }ucH ikd af eygw,f? e0w[m olajymorSs pum;vH;k twdik ;f tm%mydik af wGqu D kd owif;tyd@k cH& r,fqw kd m taotcsmodvsuef @J OD;0if;wif[m e0wpDpOfwhJ trsK;d tom; nDvmcHtay: ol@"avh twdik ;f &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm a0zefcyhJ gw,f? usrqDuv kd nf; tcdik t f rmtjynf0h axmufcaH =umif; owif;pum;yg;cJyh gw,f?" 24

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD; wyfOD;wGif pdwf"gwfcdkifrmpGmjzifh ,ae@wdkif wdkufyGJ0ifaeaom EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol OD;0if;wifonf owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m wOD;vnf;jzpfonf? olonf 0if;wif/ 0if;aqG/ ay:opf/ jynfpdk;/ ykn/ armif0efZif;/okaooD/ t,f'DwmwOD; ponfh uavmifuGJrsm;jzifh pme,fZif;rsKd; pHkwGif 0wˆ K wd k / jyZmwf / uAsm/ aqmif ; yg;/ pmaya0zef a &; ponf j zif h ta=umif ; t &m rsK;d pHu k akd &;om;cJo h nf? pme,fZif;avmuESifh EkdifiHa&;avmuon f"yef;ESifhacgif;" yrm qufpyf aeouJo h @kd / t,f'w D mESihf Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrmS vnf; cGrJ &ay? wcsed u f wuo pmaqmif "tkd;a0" t,f'Dwm udkatmifqef;onf aemifwGif trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmif}uD; jzpfvmcJo h nf? xdek nf;wlpmG [Hom0wD owif;pm t,f'w D mcsKyf a[mif;q&mOD;0if;wif onfvnf; ,ae@ 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfyw kH iG f jynfov l x l k ESit hf wl wku d yf 0JG ifvsu&f adS yonf? wd k i f ; jynf E S i f h jynf o l v l x k aumif ; usKd ; twG u f aowyef ouf w qH k ; tvkyfauGs;jyK&ef oEMdXmef csxm;aom q&mOD;0if;wifudk 1930 jynfhESpfrwfv 12 &ufae@wGif yJcl;wdkif;/ }udKŒyifaumuf+rdKŒ Y tzOD;yk/ trda':trmwdk@rSzGm;jrifcJh onf? arG;csi;f oH;k OD;teuft}u;D qH;k jzpfonf? 1953wGif &efukefwuUodkvfrS t*Fvdyfpm/acwfopf&mZm0ifESifh EdkifiHa&;ody`H bmomwGjJ zifh 0dZm… bGŒJ (B.A) &&Scd hJ onf? &efuek w f uUov kd f ESpv f nf;r*~Zif;rsm;wGif 0if;wif trnfjzifh uAsmESi0hf wˆKwrkd sm; pwifa&;om;&if; uavmifaoG;cJo h nf? &efuek w f uUov kd Yf t&if;ESD; qHk; uavmifaoG;zufrSm OD;0if;armif(rif;,ka0) jzpfonf? wuUodkvfY OD;xGef;wif(a&SŒae)/pma&;q&mausmfatmif/=unfvif/jroef;wifhponfh wuUodkvf uavmif&iS f rsm;ESiv hf nf; ausmif;aezuf jzpfco hJ nf? i,fpOfupme,fZif;vkyif ef; txl;0goemxHcl o hJ nf?*sme,fausmrf rav; . " olvv kd l"( OD;cspaf rmiftwˆKyw ` )dW pmtkyzf wf&mrS owif;pm q&mjzpfcsipf w d f jyif;jycJo h nf? xd k @ aemuf 1943wG i f " tusKd ; aqmif " *sme,f vuf a xmuf t ,f ' D w m vk y f u d k i f cJo h nf?xd@k aemuf pmayAdrmef Y vufaxmuft,f'w D mtjzpf 1950 rS 1954 ckEpS t f xd wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1953wGif AFP EdkifiHjcm; owif;XmewGif nydkif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&muf vkyu f ikd cf hJ onf? q&m'*kew f m&m OD;pD;xkwaf 0aom "*Eˆm0if" *sme,fY vufaxmuf t,f'w D mtjzpf wGzJ ufvyk f udik cf zhJ ;l onf? ,if;aemuf 1954 rS 1957 ckEpS f e,fomvefEikd if H trfpwm'rf+rKd Œ *srb f m wef (Jambarton) pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;ukr`%DwGif pmtkyfxkwfa0rSKynmESifh pme,fZif; ynmqnf;yl;&if; wzufrmS vnf; jrefrmbmomjyef pmvkypf mwrf;rsm; xkwaf 0a&;wGif tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

t}uH a y;t,f ' D w mtjzif h vk y f u d k i f c J h o nf ? wzuf w G i f ynmoif & if ; jref r mEd k i f i H owif;rsm;pkpnf; "'dk@jynfowif;" owif;pmudk rdrdaiGjzifhapmifa& 500 xkwfa0I/ jynfya&muf jrefrmrsm;xH pmwdkufrS tcrJhjzef@a0cJhonf? Oa&myY&SdaepOf vef'ef+rdKŒ Y ynmoifa&muf&Sdaeaom q&mrif;,ka0 q&mraiGwm&D ZeD;armifESHwdk@ESifhtwl Oa&mywdu k &f dS yef;cst D Ekynmjywdu k rf sm;udk vSnv hf nfavhvmcJo h nf? yef;csjD ywdu k rf sm;udk avhvm&mrSaemifwiG f yef;csaD 0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJh onf? 1957 ckESpfwGif a=u;rHkwoif;pmudk OD;aomif;(atmifAv)/pdefcifarmif&D wd k @ ES i f h t wl pwif w l a xmif o l r sm;wG i f yg0if c J h + yD ; OD ; pD ; t,f ' D w mtjzpf 0 if a &muf vkyfudkifcJhonf? 1964 pufwifbm1wGif "a=u;rHk" owif;pm jynfolydkiftodrf; cH&+yD;aemuf a=u;rHkowif;pmwkdufwGif t,f'Dwmtjzifh 1968 ckESpftxd qufvuf vkyu f ikd cf o hJ nf? q&mOD;0if;wifonf 1959 rS 1964 ckEpS t f xd jrefrmEdik if H pme,fZif; aumifpD twG i f ; a&;rS L ;tjzif h aqmif & G u f c J h o nf ? xd k p Of u OuU X tjzif h aqmif & G u f c J h o l r S m OD;xGe;f az(xGe;f ae@pOf)jzpf+y;D trSKaqmifrsm;tjzifh OD;baz/ *sme,fausmf wifah qG/ OD;ay:OD;/ OD;apmvS/ OD;wifaxG; wd@k jzpfonf? 1897 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 2&ufae@wGif pwifxkyfa0vmcJhaom [Hom0wD owif;pmudk 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; 1945 ckESpfatmufwdkbm 29 &ufae@ +AdwdoSs bm;rm;ol a X; OD ; nG e f @ (uAsmq&mr aiG w m&D . zcif ) u v$ J a jymif ; ,l I ae@pOf owif;pmxkwfa0cJhonf? tqdkyg owif;pmY u&ifawmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmif apmbOD;=u;D . owif;udk 1949 'DZifbmv 1 &ufrS 1950azaz:0g&D 28 &ufae@t xd az: jycJhaoma=umifh zqzv tpkd;&u [Hom0wDowif;pmudk 1950 rwfvwGif csdwfydwfcJhonf? 1955ckESpf Zlvdkifv1&ufae@wGif jyefvnfxkwfa0cGifh&cJh aomfvnf; awmfveS af &;aumifpu D [Hom0wDowif;pmudk 1969 ck Zefe0g&D v 31 &ufae@wGif jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f cJo h nf? owif;pmwku d u f v kd nf; rEWav;+rKd Œod@k ajymif;a&$Œ I awmf vSef a&;aumifpD OuUX Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; trde@f jzifh q&mOD;0if;wifukd t,f'w D mcsKyt f jzpf cef@tyfum 1969 atmufwdkbmv 1 &ufae@wGif [Hom0wDowif;pmudk jyefvnf xkwaf 0apcJo h nf? q&mOD;0if;wifonf [Hom0wDowif;pme,ft,f'DwmcsKyftjzifh wm0ef,l aqmif&u G pf Of owif;pmESihf pmayvSKy&f mS ;rSK trsm;tjym; taumif txnfaz: aqmif&u G f Edik chf o hJ nf? owif;pmvkyif ef;ESiyhf gwo f ufI [Hom0wDowif;pm +rKŒd e,f owif;axmuf rsm;. vkyfief;qdkif&maqG;aEG;yJGrsm;udk 1974/1975/1976ckESpfrsm;wGif oHk;}udrfwdkifwkdif aqmif&u G f Edik cf o hJ nf? q&monf pmayES i f h , Of a us;rS K tzG J @ i,f u d k z G J @ pnf ; cJ h + yD ; &wemyH k a cwf 26

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0if;wif (tawG;tjrif/ 1988 arv)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

igonf vrf;c&D;jzpf.

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

bb u rjyKH ;yJ / pl;&Sav;eufveG ;f wJh t=unfah wGeŒJ / olŒvuf0g;=u;D udk xyfjy;D jzefŒum; vdu k w f ,f? atmifqef; - pk-k =unf qdw k hJ pmvH;k av;awG u/ ydjk y;D yDo vmw,f? bmyJajymajym Armjynf&ŒJ tem*gwt f wGuf / Edik if aH &; olawmfpif=u;D u / AdwZW H ay; xm;cJjh y;D ygjy?D ol ajymwJh vrf;c&D; twdik ;f qufav#mufEikd f =u zdŒk omygyJ ?

auoG,f 23 {jyD 2014 ( bb OD;0if;wif tm; / T pmpkk jzifh ylaZmfyg. ) (http://kthwe.blogspot.com/ rS &,laz: jyygonf?)

axmifEi S r hf c d if

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zGJ hpnf;yHktajccH ESifh vlxktoH

ausmaf usmpf ;kd (*syef) *syef/ a[mifaumif/ jrefrmEdkifiHwdk@wGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhywfoufI vlxkt=um; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;&Sdaeonf? tem*wfta&;udk }udKwifawG;um vkyfoihfonf vkyaf qmif&efvt kd yfonf[al om t,ltqjzifh &_jrifo;Hk oyf umv_y&f mS ;ae=ujcif;jzpfonf? rnfolrSefonf rnfolrSm;onf[k qHk;jzwfjcif;xuf vuf&Sd&ifqdkifae&aomtajctae/ ar#mfrSef;wGufqxm;aom tajctaersm;udk rnfodk@udkifwG,fajz&Sif;rnf qdkonfudk }uKd wifum tpDtrHcsxm;&ef vdt k yfonf? *syefwGif 0ef}uD;csKyf &Sif;Zdk;tmab; OD;aqmifaom tpdk;&u zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'wGiyf g0ifonhf tkypf v k u kd f ckcu H muG,cf iG hf (Collective self-defense) ESiyhf wfoufI t"dym` ,fjyefvnfziG q hf akd &;udk vkyaf qmifaeonf? xdo k @kd vkyf aqmif&eftwGuf ta=umif;jy csufrSm *syef.r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;tm; tjcm;EdkifiHwEdkifiHu ppfa&;t& wdkufcdkufvm onh f t cg/ *syef E d k i f i H . tcsKyf t jcmud k xd y g;vmonh f t cg/ *syef j ynf o l r sm;. toufESifhaexdkifr_b0 +cdrf;ajcmufcH&onhftcg ppftiftm;udk oHk;pGJEdkifa&;twGuf jzpfonf[ q k o kd nf? *syef@zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif ppfwyfudkzGJ@pnf;xlaxmifydkifcGifhr&Sd/ udk,fydkif umuG,af &; wyfz@JG rsm; (Self Defense Forces) udo k m zG@J pnf;xlaxmifciG hf &So d nf[k twdtvif; azmfjyxm;onf? xd@k tjyif *syefonf ppfyrJG sm;wGif yg0ifrnfr[kw/f Edik if w H um tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;wGif ppfa&;t& yg0ifywfoufrnfr[kwf [kvnf; tcdik t f rmqdx k m;onf? xdk@a=umihf *syeftpdk;&tqufqufonf tkyfpkvdkufckcHumuG,fydkifcGifhudk vufawG@wGif usihfoHk;jcif;rjyKEdkif[k t"dy`m,f zGifhqdkcJh=uonf? odk@aomf 0ef}uD;csKyf &Sif;Zdk;tmab;u 38

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

xdt k "dym` ,fziG q hf ckd suu f kd jyefvnfjyifqif&ef }uKd ;yrf;aeonf? tpd;k &. vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udk uef@uGuaf eonhf *syefjynfot l rsm;tjym; &do S nf? Tod@k t"dym` ,fjyefvnf zGiq fh u kd m tajccHOya'yg azmfjycsuu f kd jyifqifjcif;onf *syeftm; ppfyrJG sm;twGi;f od@k yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;aprnhf tajcqdu k f oGm;Edik o f nft h wGuf uef@uGuf aejcif; jzpfonf? 1947 ckEpS f arv 3 &ufae@wGif twnfjyKcahJ om *syef@zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'onf ppfurkd vdv k m;aom zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHtjzpf *syefvrl sK;d rsm; t=um;omru Edik if w H umYyg vlord sm;onf? +ird ;f csr;f a&;tajccHOya'[kvnf; xif&mS ;onf? xdt k ajccH Oya'a=umihf 'kw, d urBmppf+y;D acwfwiG f *syefonf pD;yGm;a&; zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wufvm+y;D urBmx h yd w f ef;Edik if H tqifo h @kd a&muf&v dS monf[k *syefjynfot l rsm;u rSw, f x l m;=uonf? tkyfpkvdkuf ckcHumuG,fcGifhESifhywfoufI t"dy`m,fjyefvnfzGifhqdkjcif;onf ppftiftm; oHk;pGJr_udk &_wfcsxm; onhf tajccHOya'. yk'fr 9 udk jyifqifa&;qDodk@ a&muf&o dS mG ; Edik o f nf[k *syefvx l u k &_jrif=uonf? xd@k a=umihf uef@uGuaf e=ujcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf 0ef}uD;csKyfonf vlxkxJrS qef@usifaeolrsm;. toHudk vspfvsL&_um v$waf wmfwiG ;f aqG;aEG;r_rsm;rSwqifh rJcq JG ;kH jzwfum jyifqifa&;udk twnfjyKcsu&f ,l&ef }uKd ;yrf;aeonf? rpPwmtmab;ESifhtm%m&ygwDwdk@. xdkodk@aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk axmifEiS cfh saD om *syefvx l u k uef@uGuaf eonf? tkypf v k u kd f ckcu H muG,cf iG u hf sio hf ;kH jcif;udk uef@uGufonf/ tpdk;&. twnfjyKcsufudkvufrcH ponfjzihf *syefv$wfawmfa&S@/ 0ef}uD;csKyf&Hk;a&S@wdk@wGif uef@uGufqENjy=uonf? xdk@tjyif *syefrD'D,mrsm;uvnf; vlxo k abmqEN aumuf,rl _ ppfwrf;rsm;udv k nf; jyKvyk af ecJ=h uonf? tv,ftvwf oabmxm;&So d nhf Mainichi owif;pmu ZGev f 27 ESihf 28 &ufwdk@wGif aumuf,lcJhaom ppfwrf;Y ajz=um;ol 60 &mcdkifE_ef;eD;yg;u tkyfpkvkduf ckcu H muG,cf iG u hf kd vufawG@usio fh ;kH jcif;tm; uef@uGuo f nf[k qd=k uonf? 71 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f u tpdk;&udk xdkuJhodk@vufawG@ usihfoHk;cGifhay;vdkufygu *syeftm;ppfyGJrsm;twGif;qDodk@ qGaJ c:oGm;vdrrhf nf[k pd;k &draf =umif;ajz=uonf? 19 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f u xdo k @kd jzpfrnfr[kw[ f k ajzqk=d uonf? jynfolvlxk. axmufcHr_jzifh vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f jzpfvm=uolrsm;onf tem*wfwGif jzpfay:vmrnfh EdkifiHtay: tusKd;oufa&mufr_ &SdvmEdkifajcrsm;udk aumif;rGepf mG wGuq f awG;awmum }uKd wifprD rH r_ sm; jyKvyk &f efvt dk yfovdk jynfov l x l . k oabmxm;tjrifEiS hf toHuv kd nf; tav;xm; vdu k ef maqmif&u G &f efvnf; vdt k yfonf? a[mifaumifwiG f ZGev f 20 rS 29 &uftxd q,f&uf=um vlxq k ENc, H yl u JG kd jyKvyk cf o hJ nf? a[mifaumif tkycf sKyaf &;tzG@J u jyKvyk cf jhJ cif;r[kw/f jynfo@l a&;&mtzG@J Civil Society tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

Organization wzG@J u jyKvy k cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? xdu k o hJ @kd vkyaf qmif&onhf ta=umif;&if;rSm

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ausmfausmfpdk; (*syef) Zlvdki f 1 / 2014 ckEpS f 42

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

jynfot l wGuf pGe@f v$wt f epftemcHwwfoal wGukd wefz;kd xm;um atmifjrifov l @dk oufrw S f =uygovm; qkw dk m q&m}u;D ruse;f rrm aq;&kw Hk ufaepOf umveJ@ q&m}u;D qk;Hk yg;+y;D aemuf q&m}uD;&JŒ atmufarhzG,f tcrf;tem;eJ@ psmyetcrf;tem;awGuk d =unfhvk duf&if tajzay:ygw,f? rw&m;r_eJ@ rrSswwJh pepfqkd;ukkd qef@usifwGef;vSef&if; pGef@v$wftepftemcH toufay;oGm;=uol yg&rD&iS f olawmfaumif;}u;D rsm;ukdk av;pm;*k% k jf yK trSw&f ae=urSm jzpfovkdk jrefrmEkidk if rH mS oufq;dk &Snaf eqJjzpfwhJ rw&m;r_ rrSswr_awGudk &[ef;&Siv f l jynfol vlxw k &yfv;Hk u qufvufum qef@usiw f eG ;f vSef =u&tk;Hk rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;c&D; quf&ygt;Hk r,f? jynfov l x l w k &yfv;Hk &JŒ awmfveS af &;c&D; jzpfygw,f?

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

oDvr&SdwJh taqmufttHk }uD;rsm; udw k m vl@tzGŒJ tpnf;ukd yg0g tDvrd sm;u v$r;f rk;d xm;onf? xkd yg0g tDvo d nf tpd;k &ESifh rD'D,m tygt0if jzpfaom ukr`%D}uD;rsm; yg0if.? Amorality qkdaom t*Fvdyf a0g[m&wck &Sdonf? atmufygtwkdif; teufaumuf Ekdifygonf? Amorality ] oDv&,fvdk@ r&Sdjcif;? tJonf t&nftcsif;udkyJ acwftzGJŒtpnf;awGu ESpfvdk=u/ auseyf=uonf? oDv&,fv@kd r&Sw d mudyk J ya&mfzuf&iS ef ,f yDojcif; (Professionalism) / xdxd a&mufa&mufvyk w f wfjcif; (Efficiency) &,fv@dk !$e;f =uonf? oDvysujf cif;/ tusiyhf sujf cif;uawmh Immorality jzpfonf? uk, d o hf abmeJ@ud, k f trSm;vkyw f mrsK;d ukd ac:ygonf? ud, k x f if&mvkyv f @kd tusiphf m&dwW ysu&f onf? oDv&,fvdk@ukd r&Sdwm (Amorality) uawmh tzGJŒtpnf; taqmufttHk }u;D wcku apvk@d / tJonf taqmufttH}k u;D u oGeo f ifxm;wJt h wdik ;f vkyv f @kd jzpf&onf? pm&dw&W ,fv@dk ukd r&Sw d mu yd+k y;D qd;k onf? vlrmS &St d yfaom wm0ef&rSd u _ kd jiif;y,fv@dk &vdk@yg? olwdk@ tzGJŒtpnf;rSm pm&dwW&,fvdk@rS r&Sdwm/ xkdtzGJŒtpnf;u vlonf raumif;r_awG usL;vGev f nf; wm0efr,lawmhyg? wu,fawmh pm&dw&W ,fv@dk r&S&d if vl[m wd&pm>ejf zpfomG ;onf? "igw@kd u cdik ;f vk@d vky&f wm wm0eft&vkyw f myJ" [laom pum;rsK;d udk oDvr&Sad om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;u vlrsm;ajymqk=d uonfudk usaemfw@kd =um;zl;=uonf? ,ckacwfumv}u;D Y tiftm; tvGe}f u;D ukeaf om taqmufttH}k u;D rsm; &S. d ? ,if;wd@k onf taumif txnf}u;D / owW0g}u;D vdjk zpfI ol@oabm olaqmifonf? Oyrm tjzpf aumfyadk &;&Si;f }u;D wckudk pOf;pm; =unfEh idk o f nf? Edik if w H umukr% ` w D ck. pDt;D tkd qkyd gp@kd ? olonf vlaumif;jzpfI vlrw _ m0efawmh auscsifonf? okd@aomf &S,f,mydkif&Sifrsm;. tusKd;tjrwfudk=unhf&jcif;u ol@tm; uef@owfxm;.? obm0 ywf0ef;usiu f dk olu rzsuq f ;D vkad omfvnf; tjrwf&zd@k om ol@tvkyfjzpfonf? tjrwfrxGufaomf tvkyfjyKwfonf? aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;onf 0efxrf;rsm;. apwemESiw hf efz;kd wd@k rS uif;vGwaf om taqmufttH}k u;D / owW0g}u;D jzpfonf? ,if;taqmufttH}k u;D rsm;onf vlw@kd ukd v$r;f rd;k aeonf? Ak'b < mom ¶_axmifu h =unhaf omf avmb tpktaygi;f / a'go tpktaygi;f / arm[ tpktaygi;f rsm;jzpfonf? *gvfwGefu xkdtaqmuf ttHk}uD;rsm;. w&m;r&Sdjcif;/ t"rR vkyfaejcif;udk a0g[m& wckxiG o f nf? Structural Violence [l.? reufaexGuo f nfrpS I taqmufttH}k u;D rsm;u vlawGtay: oufa&muf=uavonf? 60

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

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udkwm ({&m0wD rD'D,mrS) 62

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

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oef;0if;v_id f 1962 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 7 &ufae@ ta&;awmfyHkonf jrefrmhorkdif;Yomru &efukefwuUodkvfordkif;Yyg ta&;ygaom ae@/ arhaysmufI r&aomae@/ azsmufzsufI r&aomae@wpfae@ jzpfonf? xdak e@wGif ppftm%m¶Sif Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; OD;;aqmifaom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf ausmif;om;xktay: &ufpufpGm acsr_ef;cJhonfomru udkvdkeDe,fcsJ@pepf wdkufzsufa&;/ zufqpf qef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ESihf vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_ordkif; wavSsmufwGif trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmif qef;tygt0if a¶SŒwef;EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk arG;xkwfay;cJhaom orkdif;0if &efukefwuUodkvfausmif; om;or*~ taqmuftODudkyg 'dkif;erdkufjzihfazgufcJG +zdKzsuf cJah oma=umihf ,cktcg (51) ESpf wkid f ¶S+d yjD zpfaomfvnf; &[ef;/ ¶Si/f vl/ jynfow l &yfv;kH u trSww f & owd&aeqJjzpfonf?

aemufcHorkdif; +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &onf 1920 jynhEf pS f 'DZifbmv 1 &ufae@wGif &efuek w f uUov kd f Oya'udk jyÏmef;cJ+h y;D aemuf umvuwWm;wuUov kd . f vufatmufcH &efuek af umvdyEf iS fh ,k'oefaumvdyw f @kd udk aygi;f pnf;I &efuek w f uUov kd u f kd pwifziG v fh pS cf o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf jrefrmEdik if q H idk &f m +Aw d o d sS b&k ifcH qm[mukwb f wWvm (G.C.I.E , I.C.S) u 1927 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 5 &ufae@wGif &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~taqmufttHk ESifh 8 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

&ufae@wGif &efukefwuUodkvf pm=unhfwkdufwdk@udk tkwfjrpfcsay;cJhonf? bk&ifcH qm[mukwfbwWvmonf &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ taqmuftOD aqmufvyk &f eftwGuf ukeu f saiGukd pyg;yGpJ m;=u;D ESifh qefpufyikd ¶f iS o f al Ï; a'guw f mOD;ndK (K.S.M , LL.D) xH arwWm&yfcH tvSLcHay;cJo h nf? or*~taqmuftOD aqmufvyk &f ef twGuf a'guw f mOD;ndKonf 1926 ckEpS w f iG f aiGom;usyw f pfoed ;f ckepfaomif; (170˜000) udk apwemtjynhjf zihf vSL'ge;f cJo h nf? Todk@jzihf 1929 ckESpfwGif pwifwnfaqmufcJhaom &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuftODrSm 1930 jynhfESpf aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&uf rwkdifrD oH;k vcef@ tvdk ZGev f cef@wGif +y;D pD;oGm;cJo h nf? tapmydik ;f umvwGif ,if; &efuek w f uUov kd f or*~taqmuftODukd or*~ausmif;wku d [ f k ac:qdck =hJ uonf? od@k aomf &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~taqmuftOD}u;D +y;D pD;oGm;aomfvnf; wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm; or*~tzGŒJ udk rzGŒJ &ao;ay? odk@jzihf 1930 jynhfESpf pufwifbmv 12 &ufae@wGif &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om; udak usmcf if/ udw k ihaf qG ESifh udb k *sr;f wd@k u &efuek w f uUov kd u f , kd pf m; t"dywd w&m;ol}uD; OD;b ESihf oGm;a&mufawGŒqHkum &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~ pnf;rsO;f a&;qGaJ &;aumfrwDukd zGŒJ pnf;cGi&fh ¶S&d ef aqG;aEG;cJ=h uonf? xdpk Ofu &efuek w f uUov kd f t"dywd jzpfol qmcsm;vfpt f vufZef;'g;tif;epf vef'efacwWjyefomG ;aepOf jrefrmtrsKd ;om; qma*satarmif}u;D tm; acwWb&k ifct H jzpf cef@tyfxm;csed jf zpfonf?

ausmif;om;or*~tzGJŒ 1930 jynhEf pS f pufwifbmv 20 &ufae@wGif &efuek w f uUov kd t f m;upm;¶kYH ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;w&yf usi;f yum wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) udk zGJŒpnf;&ef qHk;jzwfvkduf=uonf? ,if;aemuf ,if;tpnf;ta0;rS or*~pnf;rsOf; a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDudkvnf; zGJŒpnf;vdkufonf? or*~pnf;rsOf; a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDwGif OuUÏtjzpf udak usmcf if/ twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf udb k *sr;f ESifh tr_aqmifrsm;tjzpf udak usmo f ed ;f / udkwihfaqG/ udkxGef;wif/ udkbodef;/ rpPwmat&m¶Spf/ udktHk;/ rpPwm yg&mumqef/ udpk aH zmfatmif/ udb k az/ udn k eG @f wk@d jzpf=uonf? pnf;rsO;f a&;qGaJ &;aumfrwDonf wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~tzGŒJ (wuo) zGŒJ pnf;a&; twGuf pnf;rsO;f rsm;a&;qG+J y;D aemuf 1931 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 9 &ufae@wGif udkodef;armif (,k'oefaumvdyf) obmywdvkyfaom ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; xyfrHac:,lum vufcHtwnfjyKcJhonf? ,if;aemuf 1930-31 pmoifESpftwGuf &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ tvkyt f r_aqmiftzGŒJ udk a¶G;cs,w f ifajrmS ufc=hJ u&m OuUÏtjzpf udak usmcf if (B.Sc , B.L) twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf rpPwm at&m¶Spf (B.Sc , B.L) 68

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

wd@k tm; a¶G;cs,f wifajrmS ufc=hJ uonf? Tod@k jzihf &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) tzGŒJ [lI txift¶Sm; ay:ayguv f mcJah vonf?

&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) zGJŒpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; &ef u k e f w uU o d k v f a usmif ; om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) zG J @ pnf ; yH k p nf ; rsOf ; rS m udkvdkeDacwfumvjzpfI +AdwdoSs tm%mydkifrsm;xHodk@ wifjy&I ,if;pnf;rsOf;udk t*Fvyd b f momjzihf jyKpx k m;ygonf? pnf;rsO;f . acgi;f pOfukd The Constitution of the Rangoon University Student’s Union, 1931 [lI acgi;f pOfwyfxm;onf? &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) zGŒJ pnf;yHpk nf;rsO;f wGif tcef; (Chapter) 22 cef; yg0ifonf? tcef; (1) wGif tzGJŒtpnf;. obm0ESihf t"dy`g,fzGihfqdkcsuf rsm;udk azmf j yxm;onf ? xd k @ tjyif pum;&nf v k y G J r sm;/ a[majymyG J r sm; usif ; yEd k i f c G i h f E S i h f ywfoufIvnf; azmfjyxm;onf? tcef; (2) wGif wuo tzGŒJ od@k tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf 0ifa&mufEikd &f ef owfrw S cf surf sm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? tao;pdwt f csut f vuf 18 csuyf g¶dS onf? tcef; (3) wGif or*~yikd f ypPn;f rsm;ESifh oH;k pGEJ idk yf w kH @kd udk azmfjyxm;onf? xd@k tjyif or*~y&0%ftwGi;f aqmif&ef a¶Smif&efrsm;udv k nf; azmfjyxm;onf? tcef; (4) wGif or*~tr_aqmifrsm;udk azmfjyI tcef; (5) wGif OuUÏ. tcef;u¾rsm;udk azmfjyxm;.? OuUÏudk ESppf Ofa¶G;cs,f wifajrmS ufa&;rS tp OuUÏ. vkyyf ikd cf iG rfh sm;/ t&nftaoG;rsm; ponfjzihf tao;pdwf tcsut f vuf 9 csujf zihf jynhpf pkH mG azmfjyxm;onf? tcef; (6) wGif 'kOuUÏtm; ESpfpOf OuUÏESihf w+ydKifeuf a¶G;cs,f&ef azmfjy xm;onf? xd@k tjyif 'kOuUÏonf vufrw S af &;xd;k Edik cf iG Efh iS fh aiGpm&if;rsm;tm; ppfaq;ydik cf iG fh ¶Sad =umif; azmfjyxm;onf? tcef; (7) wGif aiGxdef;tm; a¶G;cs,f&efESihf aiGxdef;wpfOD;wGif ¶Sd&rnhf t&nftaoG; rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? tcef; (8) wGif taqmifrSL;rsm;tm; wm0efay;tyfjcif;ESihf ywfoufI azmfjyxm;onf? tcef; (9) wGif tr_aqmiftzGŒJ ESifh ywfoufI tr_aqmiftzGŒJ Y OuUÏ/ 'kOuUÏ/ aiGxed ;f / pm=unhw f u dk rf LS ;/ t,f'w D mESifh tr_aqmif 6 OD;wd@k yg0ifrnfjzpf+y;D taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;udk tr_aqmifrsm;xJrS a¶G;cs,&f ef/ pm=unhw f u dk rf LS ;ESifh t,f'w D mwd@k udk ,if; 6 OD;rS jzpfap/ tjcm; wuo tzGŒJ 0ifwpfO;D OD;udjk zpfap cef@tyfEikd af =umif; azmfjyxm;onf? tcef; (10) wGif b¾ma&;qkid &f m udp&P yfrsm;udv k nf;aumif;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

tcef; (11) wGif tpnf;ta0;usi;f yyHu k kd vnf;aumif;/ tcef; (12) wGif txl;tpnf;ta0;ESifh oufqidk &f mudv k nf;aumif;/ tcef ; (13) wG i f pum;&nf v k y G J r sm; usif ; yEk d i f y H k u d k vnf ; aumif ; tao;pdwaf zmfjyxm;onf? tcef; (14) wGif taxGaxGtpnf;ta0;/ tcef; (15) wGif pcef;csc&D;pOfrsm;/ tcef; (16) wGif a¶G;cs,w f ifajrmS ufy/kH tcef; (17) wGif pm=unhw f u dk /f tcef; (18) wGif or*~r*~Zif;udpP udk azmfjyxm;onf? r*~Zif; qyfaumfrwDwiG f t,f'w D m/ refae*smESifh tzGŒJ 0if 5 OD; yg0if&rnfjzpf+y;D vkyaf qmif&rnhf vkyif ef;rsm;udk tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;onf? tcef; (19) wGif tjcm;wuUodkvf/ aumvdyfrsm;¶Sd toif;tzGJŒrsm;ESihf qufo, G af qmif¶u G yf u kH kd azmfjyxm;.? tcef; (20) wGif ausmif;wGi;f tm;upm;ESifh ywfoufI azmfjyxm;onf? tcef ; (21)wG i f r l ouf o macsmif c sd a &; pm;aomuf q k d i f E S i h f ywf o uf I azmfjyxm;onf? pm;aomufqkdiftwGuf ESpfpOfwif'gpepfjzihf a¶G;cs,fac:,l&efrStp tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;onf? tcef; (22) wGif tzGJŒtpnf;tm; tcsdefumv owfrSwfxm;yHkrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf?

wuo OuUXrsm; &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~wGif acwftqufquf OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ rl sm;rSm atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf(1) udak usmcf if (1930-31) (2) udx k eG ;f pdef (1931-32) (3) udb k ;kd ul; (1931-32) =um;jzwfa¶G;aumufyjJG zihf a¶G;cs,cf &H ol (4) udpk aH zmfatmif (1932-33) (5) udo k ed ;f armif (1933-34) (6) udzk ;kd at; (1934-35) (7) udEk k (1935-36) (8) ud&k m¶Spf (1936-37) (9) udb k *sr;f (yk*)H (1937-38) 70

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

(10) udak tmifqef; (1938-39) (11) udAk [de;f (1938-39) (udak tmifqef;ae&m qufvufaqmif¶u G o f )l (12) udv k aS ¶$ (1939-40) (13) udAk aqG (1940-41) (14) udv k aS rmif (1941-42) *syefacwfwiG f &yfem;onf? (15) udo k ef; (1945-46) (16) udo k ef;armif (1946-47) (17) udpk ed v f S (1947-48) (18) ud&k efa0; (1948-49) (19) udak rmifarmifausmf (1949-50) (20) udu k akd v; (1950-51) (21) udpk ed b f ef; (1951-52) (22) udu k }kd u;D (1952-53) (1953-54 wuo a¶G;aumufyJG ysuo f nf?) (23) udw k ifxeG ;f (1954-55) (24) udw k ifxeG ;f (ewfarmuf) (1955-56) (25) udpk ode;f [ef (1956-57) (26) udpk ;kd ode;f (1957-58) (27) udck ifarmiftek ;f (1958-59) (28) udv k w S if (1959-60) (29) udw k ifat; (1960-61) (30) udAk aqGav; (1961-62) wd@k jzpf=uonf?

Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ta&;awmfyHk 1962 ckESpf rwfv 2 &ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek OD;aqmifaom w&m;0if jynfaxmifpyk gwD (yxp) tpd;k &udk wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv fk cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;onf ppftiftm;udk toH;k jyKI tm%m odr;f ydu k cf o hJ nf? tm%modr;f ydu k o f nhaf e@rSmyif orRw ref;0if;armif/ 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek ESihf yxptpdk;&;tzGJŒ0if 0ef}uD;rsm;/ orRwa[mif; p0fa¶Gou kd Ef iS fh zqyv acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cJo h nf? ,if;okd@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tm%modrf;+yD;aemuf ausmif;om;xkonf qENjyuef@uGucf &hJ m 1962 ckEpS f rwfv 4 &ufae@xkwf owif;pmrsm;wGif pDwef;vSnv fh nf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

qENjyuef@uGuyf rJG sm; rjyKvyk &f ef awmfveS af &;aumifpD u a=unmcJo h nf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtm; qef@usifonhf pm¶Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk vli,hfwyfOD; (ArmEkid if )H ESifh r[mrdwt f zGŒJ 10 zGŒJ wd@k u yl;aygi;f I 1962 ckEpS f rwfv 3 &ufae@wgif xkwaf 0cJ=h uonf? pmwrf;acgi;f pOfrmS "ppfwyfu tm%modr;f jcif;udk uef@uGu¶f ŒH_ cs=u" [lI jzpfonf? xd@k tjyif rEWav;c¶dik f vli,hw f yfO;D uvnf; "zufqpfppf¶;l wd@k &JŒ ¶kyv f ;kH ay:+y"D acgif;pOfyg pmwrf;ESihf Arvu XmecsKyfuvnf; "ppftm%m¶Sif zufqpfpepftm; ckcw H u dk zf su=f u" acgi;f pOfyg pmwrf;rsm; jzef@a0cJ=h uonf? xkpd mwrf;rsm; xkwaf 0&mwGif &cdkifoHCmhwyfOD; (A[dkXmecsKyf)/ &cdkifaomwkZe (opf) XmecsKyf/ ppfqef@usifa&; oHCmhtzGŒJ XmecsKy/f wuUov kd w f yfO;D (opf)/ &efuek cf ¶dik af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (A[dXk mecsKy)f / vli,fwyfO;D / aAmfv¶SAD pf (tjrKawrsm;) ponht f zGŒJ rsm;ESifh yl;aygi;f I xkwjf yefc=hJ uonf? awmfveS af &;aumifpt D m; qef@usiu f ef@uGuo f nhf tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;wGif ArmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f m u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm;tzGŒJ csKy/f &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ &efuek cf ¶dik af usmif;om; rsm;or*~/ rEWav;wuUodkvf/ armfv+rdKifaumvdyfESihf ykodrfaumvdyf toD;oD;¶Sd ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm; yg0ifc=hJ uonf? Tod@k jzihf 1962 ckepS f Zlvikd v f 7 &ufae@ ta&;awmfy}kH u;D ay:ayguv f mawmhonf? Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;OD;aqmifaom awmfveS af &;aumifpo D nf tm%modr;f +y;D +y;D csi;f rSmyif ausmif;om;xkukd tjywfacsre_ ;f &ef twGuf vSsKd Œ0Surf [mAsL[m csrw S I f &efuek f wuUodkvfygarmuQcsKyfudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;onf ol. q&m&if;jzpfonhf OD;umudk cef@tyfcJhonf? &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; csKyfudkif &eftwGuf aemufwdk; taqmifpnf;urf;rsm;udk csrSwfcJhonf? xdkpOftwGif;rSmyif &efukefc¶kdiftwGif;Y wef;jrihaf usmif;xGupf mar;yGJ (HSF) udk zsuo f rd ;f vku d o f nht f wGuf ausmif;om;xkonf wuo taqmufttHYk ausmif;om;tpnf;ta0;udk ac:,lI uef@uGucf =hJ uonf? Zlvikd v f 6 &ufae@ nbufwiG f &efuek w f uUov kd f y&0%ftwGi;f ¶Sd a¶$bakd qmifrS ausmif;om;rsm;onf wif;usyfaom taqmifpnf;urf;rsm;udk uef@uGufqENjyonhf taejzihf taqmifwcH g;rsm;udk ¶ku d cf sKd ;I taqmiftjyifbufo@kd xGuu f m qENjycJ=h uonf? xd@k tjyif ausmif;om;a&;rSL; OD;,kcif. tdraf ¶SŒod@k oGm;a&mufqENjycJ=h uonf? xdak e@u &efuek w f uUov kd 0f if;twGi;f vSnv fh nfq f ENjyyGw J iG f a=u;G a=umfc=hJ uaom atmufyg a=u;G a=umforH sm;onf yGuyf u G n f cH ahJ vonf? "rw&m;pnf;urf;awG tvdrk ¶Sd rw&m;csKyfcs,rf a_ wG tvdrk ¶Sd ausmif;aqmifawGukd tusO;f axmifrvkyef @J csKyfcs,rf a_ wG tvdrk ¶Sd 72

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

rw&m;pnf;urf;awG zsuo f rd ;f ausmif;om;xk nDnw G =f u" Zlvikd v f 7 &ufae@ ae@vnfwiG f &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) rS }u;D rSL;+y;D or*~taqmuftODY ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;usi;f yum wif;usyaf om taqmifpnf;urf;rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f ay;&ef awmif;qdck o hJ nf?

7/ 7/ 62 ae@ ae@vnf 2 em&D tcsdefwGif zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom ausmif;aqmif pnf;urf;qdk;rsm;udk wuo rS OD;aqmifI Todk@ +idrf;csrf;pGm qENjy=uonf?

od@k aomf tpnf;ta0;t+y;D vlpu k aJG ecsed w f iG f wuUov kd 0f if;xJo@kd ykvyd u f m;rsm; a&muf¶Sdvm+yD; wuo OuUÏ udkAaqGav;/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (Auo) acgi;f aqmif udo k uftygt0if ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;ac:aqmif oGm;=uonf? xd@k aemuf ausmif;om;xk[m ydrk akd 'goayguu f u JG m atmf[pfqENjycJ=h uonf? ausmif;wGif;rSm¶Sdonhf taqmifausmif;om;rsm;ESihf ae@ausmif;om;rsm;onf t"dywd vrf;xdy¶f dS wuUov kd yf ifr 0ifayguw f cH g;}u;D udk ydw+f y;D wuo taqmuftODY pka0;um; a=u;G a=umforH sm;jzihf atmf[pfqENjycJ=h uonf? rsm;r=umrDtwGi;f jynfvrf;toHvi$ ¶fh YHk wyfpx JG m;aom trSwf (4) aoewfuikd f wyf&if;ppfum; rsm; a&muf¶Sdvm+yD; t"dywdvrf;ESihf wuo taqmuftOD a¶SŒ Y pka0;aeaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk *sDo&D; armif;jyefaoewfrsm;jzihf ypfcwfcJhonf? wyfpw k pfpo k nf rEWav;aqmifay: Y qENjyaeonhf ausmif;om;rsm;udv k nf; ypfcwfc&hJ m aoewfoHrsm; yGufyGufnHoGm;cJhavonf? 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD; pdefvGefESihf AdkvfrSL; vSjrihf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

(bJvt f , J m;vSjrih)f wd@k OD;pD;aom ppfom;rsm;wuUov kd 0f ifayguf *dww f cH g;udk ppfum;jzihf wku d zf iG 0fh if+y;D aemuf ypfcwfc&hJ m ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm; twH;k t¶k;H aoa=ucJ&h onf? ypfcwfra_ =umihf t"dywdvrf;ay:wGif ausmif;om;rsm;. aoG;uGurf sm; jrifraumif;atmif tdkifxGef;aecJhonf? xdkae@u ypfcwfr_a=umihf ausmif;om;aygif; 200 cef@ aoa=uI '%f&m&olaygi;f 400 cef@¶Sad omfvnf; oufqikd &f mu ausmif;om; (15) OD;om aoqH;k I (23) OD; xdcu dk 'f %f&m&¶So d nf[k owif;xkwjf yefco hJ nf?

7/ 7/ 62 rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;udk oHk;I t=urf;zuf ESdrfeif;onftxd ,kwfrm&dkif;pdkif;vm=uonf? t"dywdvrf; a&wrmwef;atmuf0,f Todk@ ae&m,lwyfcGJv#uf ypf=ucwf=uonf?

xd@k aemuf Zlvidk v f 8 &ufae@ eHeuf 5 em&Dcw JG iG f &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ taqmuftODudk 'dkif;erdkuf azmufcGJzsufqD;vdkufavonf? ,if;azmufcrJG u _ kd Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf tmif}u;D tm; v$cJ schJ ovdk Adv k rf LS ;csKyf atmif}u;D uvnf; Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;onf ol@oabmjziho f l azmufccJG ahJ =umif; tjyeftvSef pGypf aJG jymqdck =hJ uonf? trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf obmywdtzGŒJ e,u Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ol&OD;wifO;D (+ird ;f ) u trSeu f awmh usaemhpf w d x f J usaemho f abmxm;t& qd&k if ol (Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;) wm0efcw H ,fq&kd if oly?J 'Dvykd J usaemfawmh rSw, f w l ,f [lI ajymqdck o hJ nf? odk@aomf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;ESihf AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD;wdk@onf orkdif;0if &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~taqmuftODudk 'dkif;erdkufjzihf azmufcGJzsufqD; cJh+yD;umrS OD;ykn. q'Nefqifrif;0wˆKxJuvdk rdrdtoufab;}uHKcgrS aomEkwW&rkqdk; 74

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8/ 7/ 62 e@u ausmif;om;xkudk wpf&mausmfatmif owf&Hkjzifh tm;r&Edkifao;bJ ausmif;om;xk rSDcdktm;xm;&m ArmharmfuGef;0if rdcif wuo taqmuftOD}uD;udk 8/ 7/ 62 eHeuf 6 em&DwGif ,rf;AHk;rsm;jzifh +zdKcGJzsufqDypfvdkuf=u.? atmifausmfausmufwdkifrSm rsufESmi,fpGm txD;usef&yfwnfcJh&&Smonf?

avSsmufwifouJhodk@ tpG,fvdkol rdzk&m;/ toGm;apcdkif;ol rif;{u&mZf/ av;ypfol bk&m;u|efawmf/ }uHazmf}uHzuf oHk;a,mufom;teufwGifrS uHuGufusm;I irdkufom; rkq;kd av/ eihcf sn;f yif aoayawmh[k aiGawmif}u;D t[ef/ q'Nerf if;jrwf u|eaf wmftm; owfvsS if rvGwEf idk &f m ao&ygawmhrnf? u¶k%ma¶SŒ¶_ v$waf wmfrv l sS iv f nf; vlrvdrmR u|efrdp>monf csrf;om&ygawmhrnf bk&m; rnfokd@yifqdkqdk rdrdtjypfudk udk,fvGwf ¶kef;csifonhf aomEkwW& rkqdk;uJhodk@ vlnHh/ vl,kwfrmwdk@. p¶dkufonf v,fjyifwGif qifomG ;ouJo h @kd xif¶mS ;aeaoma=umihf orkid ;f pmrsuEf mS Y 4if;wd@k . &mZ0iftrnf;puf pGe;f xif;aerdonfukd rnfo@kd rSs azsmufzsucf siI f r&Ekid af wmhay?

oef;0if;vdKS iff Zlvkdi f 8/ 2013

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7 &uf Zlvdkif ta&;tcif;udk bma}umihf ESpfpOf txdrf;trSwfjyKae&ovJ

&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; 'DEdkifiHrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepfoufwrf; qufwdkufoufqdk;&Snfaewm 46 ESpf &So d mG ;yg+y/D 'D&mpkEpS f w0ufe;D yg;ordik ;f rSm Armjynf jynfoal wGe@J ausmif;om;vli,fawG[m 7 &uf Zlvikd t f xdr;f trSwf tcrf;tem;awGukd yHo k ¾mefrsKd ;pHek @J wESprf jywf txdr;f trSwf usi;f ycJ=h uygw,f/ 'g bma=umihv f ?J 'Dta&;tcif;&JŒ txdr;f trSwv f uQ%m? ta&;ygr_ pwmawGu bmawGvq J w kd m qef;ppfo;kH oyfxm;oihw f ,f xifygw,f? 7 &uf Zlvikd t f a&;awmfy[ kH m qd&k , S v f pfqikd ;f bkww f yf? trsK;d om;a&; pum;awG vdi_ v f i_d af jym+y;D ArmjynfrmS ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd (1958 ckEpS w f ek ;f uvdk ajrprf;c&rf;ysKd ; r[kwfbJ) twnfwus wnfaqmufvmwmudk ppfOD;rSm xdyfwdkufwdkufcJh=uwJh/ toufawGpaw;cJw h hJ wdu k yf }JG u;D jzpfygw,f? Adv k af e0if;wd@k [m 1958 ckEpS f tm%modr;f wke;f u &uf&ufpufpufvyk jf yxm;wm? tm%modr;f wJh rwfv 2 &ufae@nrSm orRweJ@ 0ef}u;D awG tygt0if Edik if aH &;orm;aygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGmudk "xde;f odr;f "vdu k w f m? tjypfrhJ 17 ESpf ausmif;om;av; p0frrD o D u kd u f kd =uufuav;iSuu f av; owfovdk owfjzwfjy xm;wm? wzufrSmawmh qdk&S,fvpfpum;awG oHaumif;[pfaewm pwmawGa=umihf Edik if aH &;avmurSm Adv k af e0if;wd@k udk a=umufoel @J ? acG;uwufuae tvkyt f a=u;G jyKcsio f l awGom v$r;f rd;k aeygw,f? 'DvdktcsdefrSm jynfol@&ifaoG;awGvnf;jzpf/ jynfol@qENudk a&mifjyef[yfol awGvnf;jzpfwJh ausmif;om;awG[m ppftm%m&SifawGudk ppfOD;rSm xdyfwdkuf &ifqdkif 76

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

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tvi tviff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef POST 169-0075 TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10 303,HIGARI BLD TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178 Japan. TEL 080-5070-0080 090-6528-9292 090-8486-2161 090-7198-4763

e-mail

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- aalinneain@yahoo.com

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&6 / 0gqdkv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)