အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၆) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 1377 / wydk@wGJv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

rmwdum tvif;tdrfpum;

uAsm pyfu;l avmu urBmonf uAsm tm;vHk;twGuf oDcsif; vrf;rsm; +idr;f csrf;=uygap tcspf. aemufqHk;ae@rsm; avmuygv yef;csu D m; +idrf;csrf;a&;jyefay;

rif;udkEdkif armif *sifrD okcrdefvdSKif pdk;cdkifndef; aZmfodef;&nf *sL; cGefqdkif; apma0

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

a&$rif;om;/ atmfyDus,f / oD[ (pcef;opf)/ Joker

oef;0if;vdSKif

umwGe;f tifwmeufrS umwGe;f rsm;

ordik f;qdik f&m okw/ &o yifvZkH mwfa=umif; jyefajymif;avhvmaomf

q&m}uD; rif;ok0%f (107) ESpjf ynfh txdrf;trSwf acwfprf;uAsmpmqdk q&m}uD; rif;ok0%f pmayESifh b0jzpfpOf rSwfwrf; q&m}uD; rif;ok0%f . pmaypum; b}u;D atmifnmw,f wd@k aus;&Gm 2

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

jrefrm0DuDy;D 'D;,m;

jrwfav;iHk (pkpnf;rSK) rif;ok0%f rif;ok0%f

49 62 67

Edik if aH &; / okw / &opHk

jrefrmjynfEiS fh acgi;f aqmifaumif; OD;wifoef;OD; 0if;0if;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;.... aZmf+idr;f vwf (74) tajccHaumif;rS Edik fiHaumif;r,f xufvif;atmif twif;tzsif; a&;=ujcif;ESi.fh ... bb *wHk;ESifh bD; pdwf"gwf udu k }kd u;D ausmf[ed f;uGufeif;wJh Adv k fcsKyfrKS ;}u;D .... rsdK;udkrsdK; We agree to disagree ausmfausmfpdk; (*syef) *END*sD;. }uD;jrwfr_ eDeD0if; r+y;D qHk;aom+idr;f (od@k ) +rKd @r+ird ;f .... ql;iSuf pmay pum;0dik f; armifpGrf;&nf urBmausmf jrefrmvrf;r}u;D rsm; armifom (a&S;a[mif;okawoe) wuUodkvfawG t&iftwdkif;ygyJ armifomcsdK

74 78 82 86 90 92 97 101 104 110 122

0wË&#x2020;Kwdk rdk;a&aps;

EkEk&nf (tif;0)

125

oef;0if;vd_if

132

bmomjyef tcef;quf &ke;f xGufc&Jh aom jrefrmjynf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS xkwfa0+yD;aompmtkyrf sm;

141 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

tvif;tdrfpum; wdkif;jynfwiG f acwf/ pepf ajymif;vJpjyK+yv D @kd qd&k rvd?k od@k aomf ,wdjywf aoao csmcsm rqdkEdkifao;? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm acwfqdk;/ pepfqdk;xJu jcpm;ysufpD;aeaom tusifh p&du k fqdk;rsm;u &SifoefqJ umv? ys@H ESH@}u;D pd;k qJ? OD;aESmufxJ/ ESvk;H om;awGxJ pGJ+rJae=uqJ? odk@ayr,fh ajymif;vJjcif;twGuf jynfolvlxk trsm;pkuawmh vdkvm; awmifhw rufarm &Sifoefae=uwJh umv}uD;yg? tESpEf Spf tvvu wGef;vSef}uKd ;pm; &if;ESD;wdkuyf GJ0ifcJh=uwJh tqd k ; xJ u taumif ; twG u f ar#mf v if h c suf a&mif e D a wmh oef ; vm+yD [ k a wmh qdkcsifygonf?ta[mif;=uOfrS topfqifEdkifygrnf? rnfodk@yif qdkapumrl vspfv#L&_/ owdvGwf/ *&krjyKI r&wmuawmh ouf&Sd xif&Sm; tHkeJ@usif;eJ@ tcdkiftrm&Sdae=uwJh ta[mif;/ tqdk;awGygyJ? wGJac:vdk@ &wmac:+yD; r&wmawGudkawmh pGef@ypfcJh/ 'grSr[kwf wdkufzsufypf&rnf rvGJay? odk@rSom vdk&mc&D;udk wjznf;jznf;a&mufrnf? 'Dc&D;wGif a=uGvGifholawG tajrmuftjrm; &Sdovdk/ a0yGifhr,fholawGvnf; wyHkwyif? &if;ESD;ay;qyf wdkufyGJ0ifae=uolawGvnf; tajrmuftrsm;/ c&D;twGuf tcsn;f tES;D awmhrjzpf? yHo k 他mef awG;ac: ajrmS jf rifr/_ aqmif&u G yf o Hk m uGmonf/ &nfreS ;f csuf yef;wdki fuawmh twlwly if? ta,mifaqmifa wG&J@ taqmifa ,mifa wG uawmh tenf;i,f &Sd=urSmyif?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

+yD;cJhwmawGukd jyefvkyf,lcGifh r&ovdk/ wrf;wjrnfwD; aeIvnf; r&ay? vuf&Sd tajctaeudk tem*wftwGuf aumif;zdk@ pD&if,Hkom &Sdonf? 0ef;&Hzdk@om&Sdonf? 0dkif;0ef;zdk@om &Sdonf? odk@rSwpfyg; tjcm;r&Sdacs? "igvkyfwmudk ightwGuf igjyef&rS" qdkwJh twW}uD;wJh pdwfonf wjcm;olawG twGuf tultnD rjzpfonfhtjyif/ taESmift,Suyf if jyK&ma&mufayonf? ta&;}uD; onfu "ud, k fhuk, d u f dk,f od+y;D / udk,fwm0ef udk,fa=u=u&ef" yifjzpfonf? u|Efkyfwdk@. t"du &nfrSef;csufonf/ "at;csrf;om,monfh omwlnDr# avmu}uD;" jzpfonf? odk@twGuf +idrf;csrf;pGm av#mufvSrf;ae=uonf? tv#ifpvdk csufjcif;}uD; vkyfr&? "igryg&vd@k / igrvkyf&vdk@" tmae/ pGmaev#ifroifh? yg=uyg/ tm=uyg/ pGm=uyg? ud, k fwnf&w dS aJh e&m/ ud, k t hf csed f/ ud, k t fh vkyu f dk pGr;f aqmif=uyg? wpfzufuvnf; rarhrav#mhaom owdw&m;rsm;eJ@ &yfwnfae=uygvk@d ? tm%m&Sifpepf rSefor# usqHk;ap&rnf tvif;tdrf &Jabmfrsm; (*syef)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

pyful; ql;=um; }u;D ord@k bl;cg;oD; jzpf&wm b0rSm wcka&G;&if wck paw;&wmyJ r[kwfvm;? vufa&;vSzk@d xuf tufaq;&zd@k ta&;}u;D w,f? apmif;tdk;u 'g%f&ma=umifh apmif;}udK;u toHrmatmif tom;ukefyJ wif;xm;& pum;ukefvnf; jiif;yGm;&? wcgxyJ gvk@d av#mhrwGufeJ@ usnft zl;wJh aoewf[m woufv;Hk odumQ uswmyJ? tJovdk temw&awGxJ wGif;eufaewkef; [dkrmS aeGOD;&J@ wuf=uGaeyHku yGJawmf&uf}uKd pkAl;azguaf wmhr,fh uav;vdk udk,fhaqmif;nawGu uAsmrcsdKao;?

rif;udkEkid f 6

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

avmu a0vnf; a0 a=uGvnf; a=uG / yGifhvnf; yGifh vGifhvnf; vGifh / vmom vmyg igr[kwfwJh ig ?

armif 30/ 1/ 2016/ (paeae@reuf)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

urBmonf uAsm ,kefrcd id arwœmbGJŒudkv }wdcsdK;vdk@ zGJŒqdkv#if ZmwfaumifeJ@ a0g[m& nDr#wJh oHpOf rvGJatmif trdzrf;zdk@ aqG;aEG; wdkifyif uAsmhta&;[m urBmhta&;vdky vGefw&m nifomarGŒw,f +idrf;csrf;apcsif?

*sifrD (29/ 1/ 2016)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

tm;vHk;twGuf oDcsif; avmu"gwf}u;D &SpfpdwfuGJoGm;+yD +*dKvaf wG/ =u,fawG tm;vHk; jyKwfusvm+yD tcspfawG/ trkef;awG tm;vHk; jyKwfusvm+yD tm;vH;k jyKwfusvm+yD urBm}u;D ud, k w f ikd f jyKwu f svm+yD igudk,fwdkif jyKwfusvm+yD ajymcsiw f mu uscsifwmus pdwf"gwfruseJ@?

okcrdefvdSKif

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

vrf;rsm; rmausmwJh ausmufaqmif=um;u El;nHhwJh jrufyifav;xkd;xGucf Jh &SifoefcsifwJh tm;eJ@ ausmufawmifawGudk at;aq;pGm wkdufjzwfcJhwJh prf;acsmif;awG pD;qif;r_udk b,ft&meJ@rS wm;qD;vdk@r&? pepfa[mif;awGukd qGJvSefvkduf vefoGm;&if vrf;jzpf+yD rsuf&nf/ ac|;/ aoG;awGeJ@ avmif;xnfh+yD; azmufcJhwJh 'Dvrf;awGaygh tJ'DrSm vrf;usefcJhwJ hvrf;awG AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf; Adkvfatmifausmfvrf; Adv k fjrwfxeG f;vrf; r[mAE<Kvvrf; taemf&xm;vrf; tck tJ'D vrf;awGrSm vef;csifwkdif; vef;aewJh &J&JeDaewJh pdefyef;awG?

pdk;ckdifndef;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

jidrf;csrf;}uygap iSuu f av;awG ysHoef;&m vrf;wpfav#muf avawG rd;k awG rkew f idk f;awGe@J ? yef;uav;awG yGihv f ef;&m vrf;wpfav#muf ausmufawG anSmifhawG ajcmufoa,mif;awGe@J ? yef;uav;a& yGifhvef; qufyiG fhvef; &eH@awG urBmtESH@ ysH@onfxd yGifhvef;? iSufuav;a& ysHoef; qufysHoef; yef;wdkif a&mufonfxd ysHoef;?

aZmfodef;&nf

(Zaw Thein Yee FB

rS &,laz: jyonf)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

tcspf.aemufqkH;ae hrsm; tckqdk cdw k aumifvkn d nf;nL t&G,fjuD;&ifhrSKudk jiLplapmif;ajrmif; tcGifhaumif;&wdkif; tdyfrufeJ@ xdkif;rSdKif;aecJhwm tcsdefawmif=umyD? tvkyfcGifwckudk ae@pOf}uKHawG@ wa&G@a&G@ysujf y,fqJ tdyrf ufe,f[m tarSmifxJrSm epfqif; b0&yfwnfrSK jyif;jyylavmif aea&mifatmufu ac|;pufrsm;eJ@ a&$a&mifvuf OD;a%Smufom;[m uGefjyLwmpuf oufoufr[kwfchv J @dk oHo&m vuf&pfywfoa&G@ oHa,mZOfa iGŒaiGŒawmh touf&Sifusefae&pfOD;rSm? 'gayrJh b,frSmrS &SmraeygeJ@uG,f yifhulr#ifawG wG,f+idaewJh tcef;wck&J@ axmifhrSm olaooifhwm=umyD? (Thiha Kyaw FB

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

tnDrnf &SLxkwf zkwv f SdKuzf w k fvKSd uef J@ tcdkut f wef@rSm touf&SLoH jyif;vmao;ayrJh olaoawmhrSmyg? 'gaocsmw,f i,f&G,frSKeJ@twl wygwnf;ol xGucf mG oGm;&awmhr,f? tcsdef[m ajymif;vJaew,f tcspf[m wkefvSKyfpGm toufiifaew,f 'DtcsdefrSm vdt k yfwmuawmh psmyeaw;oGm; wckygyJuG,f?

*sL; rS jyefvnf&&Sd az: jyygonf)

avmuygv yef;csDum;

jymvGif=unf=unf...rkd;om;awGu ydk;om;vkdayg@ uif;bwfpf wpvkdygvm; a[ qm&ma*sAdk vrf;ray:u aumuf,lvmwJ@ cav;wa,mufvufzsH ig@&JŒ pkwfwHayg@ tyla&mifawGudk at;oGm;atmifvkd@ avmuewfom; aq;wcsufulOD;...pnf;wcsufvdkufcJ@OD;? tkd yef;csDum; a&mifpOfrsm; ylaZmfxm; tar@rsuf&nfeJ@ tar@&JŒ arwWmrsm; tkd yef;csDum; a&mifpOfrsm; ylaZmfxm; wufacgufoHeJ@ taz@&JŒ tm;rmefrsm; ( vGrf;armpdwfeJ@ a&;qGJcJ@pOf tcef;usOf;av;xJ pD;arsmpdrf@0if )2 aEG;aom terf;wcsdKŒ...pGef@cJ@&jyDa[Œ? jyefcsdefwef+yD...c&D;vGefaewJ@ ig@rdwfaqG&JŒ wa,mjym;av;awmif zkHwufae ol,=Hk unf&m vrf;rawGvnf; rxGuaf jrmufEkid fawm@ ol&JŒaoewfu ol@&JŒwHcg;aom@yJ tyla&mifawGukd +idrf;oGm;atmifvkd@ ig@&JŒ t&G,w f csdKŒ...tcspf&JŒ t&G,fwcsdKŒ...paw;cJ@yg&apOD;?

tkd yef;csDum; a&mifpOfrsm; aysmf0ifxm; tvif;buf tarSmifbuf orkdif;&JŒ tydkif;tprsm; tkd yef;csDum; a&mifpOfrsm; arSmf0ifoGm; avmuygv w&m;ppf w&m;rSefrsm; ( vGrf;armpdwfeJ@ a&;qGJcJ@pOf tcef;usOf;av;xJ pD;arsmpdrf@0if )2 aEG;aomvufe@J ...a&;qGJcJ@w,fa[@?

cGefqdkif; ( 1993 - o&uf )

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

jidrf;csrf;a&; jyefay; +idrf;csrf;a&; tvSrf;a0;aewmvm; rif;udk igwdk@cspfw,f rif;u igwdk@udk jyefcspfzdk@yJ vdkw,f *gZmrSm AkH;qHxdxm;wJh cav;udk ayGŒvmwJh uav;av;udk r=unfh&ufbl; qD;&D;,m;rSm usnfqH&mawGeJ@ tzGm;tdkudk rjrif&ufbl; tD&wfrSm bk&m;ausmif;xJ tpkvdkuf tjyHKvkdufaoaewm &ifemw,f ,lu&de;f rSm tjypfrJh MH 17 av,mOfxJu vlawG[m arwWmw&m;qD oGm;aewm arwWmw&m;qD jyefaewm +idrf;csrf;a&;a& rsufuG,frjyKygeJ@ wdk@ajr&JŒ &Srf;ajrmuf/ucsif/ u&if/&cdkifeJ@ vufyef;awmif;awmifu a':cif0if;udk rsufuG,rf jyKygeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;? zm;uef@rSm awmxJudk xif;oGm;&SmwJhtaz ppfyGJawGa=umifh jyefrvmbl; orD;ausmif;wufcsifvS+yD azaz?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

vdkifZmrSm &Gmtjyif [if;pm;oGm;&SmwJh tar ppfyGJawGa=umifh jyefrvmbl; om; ausmif;wufcsifvS+yD arar? ESpfzuf usnfqHzdk;awG ukefr,fhtpm; 'kuo Q nfpcef;rSm om;wdk@ orD;wd@k twGuf pmoifausmif;av; aqmufay;yg ausmif;wufcsifvS+yD arar? ausmif;wufcsifvS+yD azaz? +rdKŒ jyeJ@ tvSrf;uGmwmeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;[m a0;ae+yDvm; orRw}u;D ppfyGJawG &yfay;yg orRw}uD;? ppfyaGJ wGtpm; vlawGowfaer,fhtpm; arwWmw&m;eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;pum;awG ajym=uyg?

jrefrmjynf&ŒJ awmyg;yg;/ awmifyg;yg;av;xJrSm ausmif;wufcsifvS+yDvk@d t+rJatmfaewJh cav;toHawG urmB}u;D u =um;&JŒvm; w,fvDzkef; qif;u'ftpm; pm;p&m qefay;yg wyfpu&if [rf;qufeJ@ wufbvuftpm; ausmufoifykef;bJay;yg oHcsyfumum;eJ@ ppfum;awGtpm; tkef;vufEGm;av;bJ jyefay;yg eyfpfreJ@ ausmif;q&mrawGtpm; v,fxo J Gm;+yD; jyefrvmawmhwhJ usaemfh tryJ jyefay;yg qdkifu,feJ@ axmfvm*sDawGtpm; ppfom;vkycf h&J wJh usr tpfudkyJ jyefay;yg 'kuQonfpcef;awG zGifhay;r,fhtpm; todrf;cH&wJh usrwdk@ajrawG jyefay;yg

qdkvmrD;puftpm; bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif;av; jyefay;yg wHqdyftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ ppfom;awGtpm; &Gmudk pHy,fyef;awGeJ@ umay;yg vrf;awGazmufay;r,fhtpm; rdkif;awG&Sif;ay;yg rif;om;rif;orD;tqdkawmfawG vmr,ft h pm; ajrpmyifjzpfoGm;wJh om;wdk@ orD;wdk@&JŒ aqGrsdK;awG jyefay;yg? tpdk;&u oifcsif&moifcdkif;r,fh ynma&;tpm; ausmif;om;ausmif;olawG q&mq&mrawG trSefwu,fvv kd m;wJh ynma&;bJ oifay;yg? orRw}uD;eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unftpm; rdkif;xd+y;D aooGm;wJh tazeJ@ tarudk jyefay;yg urBm}u;D a& +idrf;csrf;a&; jyefay;yg?

apma0 (rkd;rc) 'DZifbm 27/ 2015 (ucsif&Srf;ajrmuf'kuQonfpcef;ig;ckodk@a&mufcJhpOfcHpm;r_)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

yifvHkZmwfa}umif; jyefajymif;avhvmaomf

oef;0if;vdSKif "yifvpkH mcsKy"f onf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdkiif . H *k%jf 'yfukd xnf0gcefŒ nm;apcJo h nf omru wdik ;f &if;om;wdŒk aoG;pnf;nDnw G jf cif;. uG,0f u S I f r&aom trSwo f auFwvnf; jzpfonf? xdŒk odŒk =u;D rm;aom *k%jf 'yf &Sjd y;D vSsif wdki;f &if;om;tm;vH;k wdŒk . aoG;pnf;nDnw G &f m oauFw jzpfaom "yifvHkpmcsKyf" onf rnfonfh twGufa=umifh jzpfay:vmcJhoenf;? rnfodk h=udK;yrf;cJh=u&oenf;? yifvHkpmcsKyfygtwdkif; wdkif;&if;om;jynfolw&yfvHk; &&SdcHpm; ae&jyDavm ponfhta=umif;tjcif;&m rsm;udk u|EkfyfwdkŒ jyefajymif;avhvm=unfh=uygpdkŒ? tcsdefum; vGefcJhaom 66 ESpfwmumv? twdtusqdk&aom 1947 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv? ae&mrSm &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;vJcsm;apmfbGm;tydik f e,ftwGif;&Sd yifvkjH rdKŒ uav;wGif jzpf.? pifppf yifvHk[k ESKwfusKd; ac:a0:aeaomfvnf; &Srf;bmompum;jzifh "yefv"Hk [k ac:I "vGifjyif=uD;" [k t"dy`g,&f onf? xdkŒa=umifh yefvHk ac: yifvHk onf vGifjyifjrdKŒ [k teufay;aomf&onf? xdkv xdk&moDwGif &Srf;jynfe,f. &moDOwktat;'%frSm cdkucf dkufwkefatmif &Sv d o S nf? TrSs at;jraeaom &moDwiG f &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f / awmifyidk ;f / ta&SŒydik ;f wdŒk rSm 18

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

&Srf;apmfbGm;/ jrdKŒpm;rsm;ESifh &Srf;vlxkacgif;aqmifrsm;wdkŒonf vnf;aumif;/ a0;vH oDacgifvSaom awmifwef; =uD;rsm;rS csif;trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmjynfajrmufrsm;rS ucsit f rsK;d om; 'l;0g;=uD;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ Adv k fcsKyfatmifqef; trSL;jyKaom qmarmif=u;D / OD;wifxÉG /f OD;atmifZaH 0/ ocif0wif/ Adv k rf LS ;atmif/ Adv k rf if;vGi/f OD;udu k akd v;/ jrKd ŒrOD;oef;=u, G /f a'guw f m pdefjratmif/ Adv k o f rd ;f aqG/ OD;wifneG Œf / OD;armifarmif paom jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf vnf;aumif; wufa&mufch=J uovd/k jAw d o d sS wŒdk bufrS 'dkrDeD,eftwGif; 0efuav; abmhwGrfav/ rpPwm vuf0'fcsf (Mr. W.B.T.Leduidge)/ *Gsefav'if trSL;aom t&m&Sd=uD;rsm;ESifh awmifwef;a'o rif;=uD; rpPwm pwDAifqif wdkŒvnf;wufa&mufcJh=uonf? u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t&kH; (KNU) tzGJŒrS z'dk0d&Dausmf/ oxHkOD;vSaz/ apmpHau;ESifh OD;cspfwD; wdkŒvnf;avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufcJhonf? TodkŒ pka0;a&muf&Sdae=ujcif;rSm tjcm;r[kwf wkdif;&if;om;nDtpfudkrsm; jzpf=uonfh &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;/ u&if paom wdkif;&if;om; acgifaqmifrsm;ESifh jrefrmjynfrrS vlxkacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkŒonf tcsif;csif; ta&;=uD; udpPw&yftwGuf awGŒqHk;aqG;aEG;&ef a&muf&Sdvmjcif; jzpfonf? ta&;=uD;udpP qdkonfrSmvnf; tjcm;r[kwf? "jrefrmjynfvGwv f yfa&;ay;vSsif &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;/ u&if paom wdkif;&if;om;wdkŒuvnf; jrefrmjynfrESifh twlwuG yl;aygi;f aevdo k nf/ raevkdonfudk pOf;pm;qH;k jzwf=u&ef" udpPyif jzpfonf? TodkŒaqG;aEG;rS udpjP ywf&rnfh aemufcHordkif;a=umif;uvnf; &Sdaeygonf? xdkaemufcHordkif;a=umif;um;? zufqpf*syefwŒkd udk wdik ;f &if;om; jynfow l &yfv;kH u &mZ0ifajymifajrmufpmG 1945 rwfv 27 &ufwiG f awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd jf y;D aemuf arv 1 &ufaeŒwGif rsK;d cspAf rmh wyfrawmf onf &efuek jf rKd Œudk odr;f ydu k v f u kd o f nf? arv 3 &ufaeŒwGif trSwf (26) jAw d o d sS tdE, dN wyfrS wyfr[monf ntcsdew f iG f vSKid jf rpfukd jzwfum &efuek o f abFmqdyo f kŒd 0ifa&mufvmonf? xdkŒaemuf 1945 arv 7 &ufaeŒwGif &efukefjrdKŒudk r[mrdwfwyfrsm; odrf;ydkufjyD;aemuf jAdwdoSse,fcsJŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;jyefvnf ajcukwf,l&ef tylwjyif; jyifqifygawmhonf? csDuwnf;u ,Ofoudk qdkouJhodkŒ xkdaeŒrSmyif jrdKŒ jyt&m&SdtcsKdŒu tm&S ta&SŒawmifydkif; r[mrdwfppfaoemywdcsKyfarmifbufweftm; zwyv (zufqpf wdkufzsufa&; jynfolŒvGwfvyfa&;tzGJŒ ) udk rw&m;toif; a=unm&efESifh AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef; udk ppf&mZ0wfaumif wpfOD;taejzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;&ef wdkufwGef; ta&;qdkavonf? ,if;aemuf r=umrDrmS yif jAw d o d sS wŒdk onf "jrefrmjynfukd rnfoŒkd pDrt H yk cf sKyfrnf" [laom a=unmpmwrf; wpfapmifudk xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufavonf? ,if;pDrHudef; pmwrf;udk "puULjzLpDrHudef;" [k ac:=uavonf? ,if;pDrHudef;t& jrefrmjynftm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

rwwfomI vGwfvyfa&;ay;&vSsi f aomfrS awmifwef;a'orsm;udk csefvSyfxm;jyD; jAdwdoSswdkŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf qufvuf odrf;ydkufxm;Edkif&efyif jzpfonf? tqdyk g puULjzLpmwrf;yg tcsut f vufrsm;udk 1945 ZGef 1 wGif jAw d o d sS ygvDrefY pwifI tajctwifaqG;aEG;=uonf? ,if;odkŒ aqG;aEG;&mY jAdwdoSstpdk;&.ukd,fpm;vS,f tdE, dN ESijhf refrmjynfqikd &f m udv k edk t D wGi;f 0efuav; rpPwmatrm&DEiS hf avbmyg wDtrwf rpPwmbmpwufzdk@ u&pfwdk@u OD;aqmif aqG;aEG;=uonf? atrm&Du Tribal Areas [k az:qdkaom awmifwef;e,frsm;ESifh ywfoufI jrefrmjynfudk 'drk edk D,H tkyfcsKyaf &;tqifo h Œkd wd;k jrSiafh y;&ef pDpOfaqmif&Guo f mG ;rnf jzpfa =umif; / odkŒ aomfv nf; awmifwef; a'oESi fh &Srf;jynfe,fponfwdkŒ udk rlum; txl ; a&G ; cs,f c ef Œ xm;aom tky f c sKyfa &; t&m&Sd r sm;u txl; a'orsm;tjzpf j zifh jrefr mjynfr ESifh yl;aygif; aqmif&Gu fo ifhr nfh tcsde ftxd csefvSyf xde f;odrf;xm;&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfa=umif;/ odkŒr[kwf ,if;txl;a'orsm;&SdvlrsKd;;wdkŒu jrefrmjynfrESifh vkdvdkcsifcsifyl;wGJaqmif&Gufvdkaom tcsdeftxdtkyfxdef;xm;rnfjzpfa=umif;"[k zGifh[ ajym=um;oGm;avonf? jAdwdoSswdkŒtzdkŒtajymESifh tvkyfbufnDatmif tawmfcsdefq aqmif&Gufae&yHk&Sdavonf? ppf=uD;twGif;u urBmoda=unmcJhaom twWvefwdwf pmcsKyfESifh a,mfvwm pmcsKyfrsm;wGif 0efcHwm;csuft& zufqpfwdkŒtm; pGrf;pGrf;wrH ckcHwdkufcdkufcJhaom vlrsKd;wdkŒtm; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ay;ygrnf[k 0efcHcJhonf? ,if;0efcH uwdjyKcsut f wdik ;f zufqpf*syefwŒkd udk armif;xkwcf ahJ om jrefrmwdŒk tm; ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyaf &; rSsray;vSsif jAdwdoSswdkŒ tpdk;&onf urBmhtv,fwGif &SufzG,f vdvdfjzpf&acsawmhrnf? TtajctaewGif jAdwo d sS wŒdk u urBmt h v,f t&Suw f uGrJ jzpfap&ef jrefrmwdŒk udk olwdkŒvdkvm;aom udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ay;a=umif; a=unmay;&efom&Sdonf? odkŒ&m ",if;a=unmcsuf wGif awmifwef;a'orsm; rygyg" [k ynmom;ygyg z,fxkwx f m;onf? TtajctaewGi f "csufueJqdk em;cGu fu rD;awmuf" ouJhodkŒ tuif; yg;eyfpGm odem;vnfaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u "jrefrmwdkŒonf 'dkrDeD,Hudk pdwfrSsyif rul;/ vHk;0udk,fykid f vGwfvyfa&;udo k m vdkcsiaf =umif;/ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; [kqk&d mY awmifwef; e,frsm; ryg0ifaom vGwv f yfa&;onf t"dyg` ,rf &S"d [lI vlxak [majymyGw J iG f twdtvif; xkwfazmfajymqdck o Jh nf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rdrdwyfudk rdrdvHkjcKHatmif uGyfux J m;.? jrefrmjynf awmifzsm;rS ajrmufzsm;txd vSnf;ae avSatmif;/ jrif;apmif;rusefjrdKŒe,f/ aus;&Gm rSeforSswGif zwyvtzGJŒESifh toif;tzGJŒrsm ;tm;vHk; toD;oD;zGJŒpnf;wnfaxmifjyD; jzpfaeavonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom trsKd;om;nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk =uD;onf t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGmjzifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;rSKrsm;/ pnf;&kH;v_ŒH aqmfrr_ sm;udk tqufrjywf 20

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdrnf? xdktcg jAw d o d sS e,fcsŒJ wdŒk . Edkiif aH &;ESiphf ;D yGm;a&;t& jyefvnf zdEydS cf sKyjf c,frr_ sm;udk odjrifvm=uaom wkdi f;&if; om;jynfolw&yfvHk; onf wjynfvHk;twdki f ;twmjzifh qENjyuefŒuGuf yGJ=u;D rsm;udk usif;ycJhavonf? 1945 =o*kwfv 16 rS 18 &ufaeŒtxd zwyv tzGJŒ csKyfwnf&Sd&m trSwf (8)udk,hrf if;udk,fcsif;vrf;&dStaqmuftOD( ,ckyef;csD yef;yk tEkynmjycef;) wGif zwyv u jrefrmEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zdwfac:I EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm; pwkwˆtpnf;ta0;udk usif;ycJh=uonf? tpnf;ta0;wGif (u) urBmppf=uD;jy;D qHk;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI jrefrmjynf. oabmxm;? (c) jrefrmhwyfrawmfEiS fh ywfoufaom oabmxm;? (*) EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ywfoufaom oabmxm;? (C) EdkifiHpnf;vHk;a&;ESifh ywfoufI rnfuhJodk@ aqmif&Guf&ef ponfwdkŒudk aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf cJh=uonf? wzef =o*kwfv 19 &ufaeŒwGifvnf; zwyvtzGJŒ csKyf=u;D u OD;pD;I &efukefjrdKŒ uefawmf=uD;apmif;&Sd aeol&defjyZmwf&kHwGif jynfolwpfodef;ausm f wufa&mufaom jynfolŒtpnf;ta0;yGJ=uD; w&yfusif;yI jrefrmjynfwyfrawmftqdk/ wdkif;jynfjyKv$wf awmftqdk/ jrefrmjynf wjynfvk;H nDnGwfa&;tqdkwŒdk udk wifoGif;qHk;jzwfcJhonf? 1946 ckE Spf puf wif bmv 23 &uf aeŒwGi f tvky form;/ v,fo rm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;omru ykvdyftr_xrf;rsm;/ tpdk;&tr_aygif;pHk yg0ifonfh jynfvHk;uGswf taxGaxG oydw=f u;D ay:ayguIf vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;udk awmif;qdck =hJ uonf? jrefrmhordik ;f wGif r=uHKzl;aom taxGaxGoywf=uD;yif jzpfonf? xdkpOftwGif;rSmyif pufwifbmv 26 &ufwiG f a&0ef&;Hk 0efxrf;rsm; oydwaf rSmuf&mwGif use&f pfcahJ om ukew f ifuek cf s tvkyo f rm; 1500 ausmfwdkŒu taxGaxGoydwf=uD;udk ulnDaomtm;jzifh oydwfxyfarSmufcJh&m jAdwdoSstkyfcsKyfa&; ,EW&m;=uD;vHk;0 &yfqdkif;oGm;awmhonf? xdkŒaemuf jrefrmEdkifiHbk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&efŒpf onf zqyvtm; todtrSwf jyKI/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; zdwfac:aqG;aEG;um bk&ifcH tr_aqmifaumifpDtzGJŒudk zGJŒpnf;apcJhonf? bk&ifcH tr_aqmifaumifpDtzGJŒ0if (10) OD;rSm (1) Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; (zqyv) 'kw, d OuUÏ/ umuG,af &;ESihf jynfya&;&mXme/ (2) ocifjr (zqyv) (qdk&S,fvpf) jynfxJa&;ESihf w&m;a&;Xme/ (3) OD;bab (zqyv) ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh axmufyHha&;Xme/ (4) OD;ode;f az (zqyv) (ruy) v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&;ESihf aus;vufp;D yGm;a&;Xme/ (5) ref;bcdkif (zqyv) pufr_vufr_ESifh tvkyform;Xme/ (6) OD;atmifZHa0 (zqyv) vlr_0efxrf;Xme/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

(7) *VKefOD;apm (rsdK;cspfygwD) ynma&;ESifhtrsdK;om;pDrHudef;Xme/ (8) OD;wifxÉG f (wpfoD;yk*~v) b¾ma&;ESifh tcGefawmfXme/ (9) ocifApdef (wd@k Armtpnf;t&H;k ) o,f,lyk@d aqmifESifh vrf;yef;qufo, G af &; Xme/ (10) u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;=uD; jyef=um;a&;Xme wdk@jzpfonf? 1946 ckESpf'DZifbmv 4 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEkdifiHbk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&ef@pfu bk&ifc. H tr_aqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0;wGif jAw d o d #tpd;k &u jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,ftzGJŒudk t*Fvefjynf vef'efjrKd Œodk@vma&mufaqG;aEG;&ef zdwfac:a=umif;wifjycJhonf? xdk@aemuf 1947 Zefe0g&D 2 &ufae@wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ vef'efjrKd Œodk@ xGucf mG cJo h nf? Zefe0g&v D 13 &ufae@wGif trSw(f 10) a'gif;eif; vrf; jAdw doSs0ef=uD;csKyf& Hk; Y jrefr mudk,fp m;vS,ft zGJŒ ESifh jAdwd oSstpd k; & udk,fpm;vS,w f dk@ pwifaqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? xdkodk@ awmifwef;a'otygt0if wjynfvHk; ²² vGwv f yfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;aepOftwGi;f jAw d o d sS wk@d . =uKd ;qG&J mu ae&aom &Sr;f jynfe,f apmfbGm;aumifpDtzGJŒ0iftcsdKŒu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf apmfbGm;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,f r[kwf? awmifwef;e,frsm;.udpPukd aqG;aEG;&ef &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;udkoD;oef@zdwf=um;&ef a=u;eefpm wpf apmif Zefe0g&Dv 21 &ufwGif ay;ydk@cJhonf? tqdkyga=u;eef;pma=umifh aqG;aEG;yGJ rajyrvnfjzpfum acwW&yfqdkif;vdkuf&onf? jAdwdoSswdk@. ajcxdk;r_u dk odaom&Srf;jynfe,frS &Srf;jynfe,fvGwfvyfa&;tzGJŒ (&yv)rS OD;wifat;/ OD;xGef;jrifh/ OD; azcif/ OD ; cG e f a pm/ paomvl i ,f r sm;u awmif= uD ; jrdK ŒwGi f &S r f; jynf e ,f v lx k tpnf;ta0;=uD;udk ac:,lusif;yjyD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh 4if;udk,fpm; vS,ftzGJŒonf &Srf;jynfe,fvlxk. udk,fpm;vS,ftppftrSefjzpfa=umif; qHk;jzwfcsufcsum vef'ef&Sd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; xHodk@vnf;aumif;/ jAdwdoSs0ef=uD;csKyf tufwvDxHodk@vnf;aumif;/ &efuek f zqyvtzGŒJ csKyo f @kd vnf;aumif; Adkvcf sKyaf tmif qef;udk axmufcHaoma=u;eef;&du k f ta=umif;=um;cJo h nf? xdk@a=umifhaqG;aEG;yGJjyefvnfpwifum 1947 Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufae@ rGef;vGJ 3 em&D 50 rde pf wdwdwGif urBm ausmf vdyfpmwpfc kjzpfaom vef' efjrdKŒtrSwf 10/ a'gif;eif;vrf;&Sd jAdwdoSs0ef=uD;csKyf&Hk;Y tcsuf 10 csufyg atmifqef; tufwvD pmcsKyfudk w&m;0ifvufrSwf a&;xd;k Ekdifcho J nf? Todk@vufrSwfa&;&mwGif jrefrmudk,pf m;vS,ftzGJŒrS *VKefOD;apmESifh ocifApdef wdk@u oabmwlnDcsu. f aemufqufwJu G dk oabmrwlnDa=umif;rSwfcsufjzifh vufrSwf a&;xd;k =uonf? atmifqef; tufwvD pmcsKyfwGif tydk'f 3/ 8/ tydk'fcGJ (c) Y awmifwef;a'o 22

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

rsm;u jrefrmjynfrESi fhy l;aygif;onfr yl; aygif; onfudkuGJj ym;pGm od&SdEdki f&ef rdrdwdk@. xifjrifc sufrsm;udk xkwfazmfajymqdk Ekdifa&;twGuf aemufvqef;wGif usif;yrnf jzpfaom0ef=uD; rsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif vnf;aumif;/ ok@d r[kwf TudpPtwGuf txl;usif;y aom uG e fz &ifh wGi f vnf; aumif ; e,fjcm;a'o&S d vlr sdK;rsm;. acgif ;aqmifr sm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk ar;jref;&rnf” [lIazmfjyxm;jyefavonf? ,if;azmfjycsuft& yifvu Hk eG fz&ifhukd usif;y&efvdktyfvmjyefonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒonf vef'efjrdKŒrS jyefvnfxGufcGm&m &efukefjrdKŒodk@ azazmf0g&D 2 wGifa&muf&Sdvmonf? bdvyfrSjyefvnf a&muf&Sdvmaom tcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfvHk;0 em;csdefr&awmhbJ awmifwef;a'o nDnGwfa&;twGuf tpGrf;ukef aqmif&Guf&awmhonf? azazmf0g&Dv 3 &ufae@wGif bdvyfYaqG;aEG;cJhonfhudpP&yfrsm;udk owif; uGefz&ef@usif;yjyD;vSsif azazmf0g&Dv 8 &ufae@wGif yifvHkodk@ a&muf&SdcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; yifvHkodk@ ra&mufrD azazmf0g&Dv 7 &ufae@uyifvSsif awmifwef;a'oacgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf jrefrmudk,pf m; vS,rf sm;wd@k onf tajctaeoabmwl nDcsurf sm;udk ajyvnfpmG aqG;aEG;oabmwlnrD _ &&Sx d m;jy;D jzpfavonf? csi;f / ucsi/f u&if/ &Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf jrefrmjynfrESifhy;laygif;IvGwfvyfa&;t&,l&ef oabmwl a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefxm;jyD;jzpfonf? azazmf0g&D 9 &ufae@wGif usif;yaom awmifwef; a'opHknD tpnf;ta0;I AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u jrefrmjynfrESifh awmifwef;e,frsm; yl;aygif;a&;udpPrsm;udk tus,fw0ifhaqG;aEG; &Sif;vif;jy.? AdkvfcsKyfwifjycsufrSm"yifvt kH pnf;ta0;od@k ta=umif;ESprf sKd ;a=umifh vm&=umif;? yxrrSm jrefrmjynf&dS wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk; nDnGwfa&; twGufjzpfjy;D / 'kw, d ta=umif;rSm vef'efaqG;aEG;yGJY awmifwef;a'oESifhywfoufI rnfodk@ajymqdkvkyfaqmifcJhonfudk ajymqdk&Sif;vif;jy&ef wm0ef&SdI jzpfa=umif;? jrefrmjynfonf ,cktcg vGwfvyfa&;&jyD[kqdkEkdifa=umif;? usef&Sda eao;aomjy\em rSm awmifwef;a'oyifjzpfa=umif;? bdvyfaqG; aEG;yGJY awmifwef; a'orsm;udk jrefrmjynfrESihf wcsdefwnf;YvGwfvyfa&; ray;vSsifrjzpfEkdif[k rdrad jymcJha=umif;? jrefrmrsm;onfjAdwdo#. u|efrjzpfvdka=umif;/ xdkenf;wl awmifwef;a'orsm; udkvnf; jAdwo d # u|et f jzpfok@d ra&muf=uapvdak =umif;/ xd@k jyif awmifwef;a'orsm;onf jrefrmwdk@ .u|ef rjzpf=uapvdka=umif;? vljzLjzpfap/ vlrnf;jzpfap rnfoludkrSsa=umuf&GHŒ ae&efr&Sd? olwdk@u vmar;vSsif awmifwef; vlrsdK;rsm;onf vGwv f yfa&;udv k dkcsifw,f [k ajym=u&rnfjzpfa=umif;? ajcmufvSsifvnf; ra=umuf=ueJ@? acsmhvSsifvnf;raysmh=ueJ@? awmifwef; vlrsdK;rsm;onf jrefrmjynfruJhodk@ wlnDaom tqifhtwef; udkvdkcsifonf[k tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

ajym=u&rnf? 'Dpum;'Duae@ajymvSsif eufjzef taqGw@kd vGwv f yfa&; &&rnfjzpfa=umif;" ajym=um;cJo h nf? jr efrmjynfrrS acgif;aqmifr sm;ESifhatmifqef;a'orSacgif;aqmif;rsm;onf azazmf0g&Dv 11 &ufae@txd aqG;aEG;=ujyD;aemufjrefrmjynfrESifh twlyl;aygif;I vGwfvyfa&; udk t&,l&ef aqG;aEG;oabm wlnDr_&&Sd=uavonf? oabmwlnDcsuf&&Sdjcif;udkta=umif;jyKIxdknwGifusif;yaomxrif;pm;0dkif;I awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; tzGJŒ. acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfaom awmifydkif apmfbmG ;=u;D u"&Srf;/ Arm/ ucsif tcsif;csif; oabmuGJvGJ csufrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; ,cknu pI oabmuGJvGJcsuf r&Sdawmha=umif;? aoG;uGJatmif ajcxdk;olaom&Sdayr,fh u|efawmfwdk@ rt ygb;l ? u|efawmfw@kd vdv k m;wJh vGwv f yfa&;yef;wdik u f kd toufe@J vJjy;D qGwcf ;l r,fqw kd m ,Hk=unfapvdka=umif;" ponfjzifh zGihaf jym=um;oGm;avonf? Todk@jzifh 1947 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufae@eHeuf 10 em&DtcsdefwGif Adkvcf sKyaf tmifqef;ESifhtwl awmifwef;a'o acgif;aqmif=uD;rsm;onf jrefrmhvw G fvyfa&; twGuf ta&;ygI aoG;pnf;nDnGwfjcif; tajccHjzpfaom "yifvHkpmcsKy"f udk toD;oD; vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhavonf? yifvHkpmcsKyfudk &Srf;apmfbGm; (7) OD;? &Srf;vlxk udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;/ ucsif udk,pf m;vS,f (5) OD;/ csif; udk,fpm;vS,f (3) OD;/ jrefrmtpdk;&udk,pf m; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tygt0if (23) OD;u vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uonf? yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif jrefrmjynfESifhjynfe,frsm; yl;aygif;a&;tcsuf 8 csuf tygt0if tcsufaygif; 9 csuf yg0ifonf? yifvHkpmcsKyfwGifvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uaom acgif;aqmif (23) OD;rSm(1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; jrefrmjynftpdk;& (2) p0fcGefyef;pdef awmifydkif;apmfbGm; (3) p0fa&$odkuf anmifa&$apmfbGm; (4) p0f[kefz ajrmufydkif;odEMDapmfbGm; (5) p0fEHG vJcsm;apmfbGm; (6) p0fpHxGef; rdkif;yGefapmfbGm; (7) p0fxefat; omrdkif;crf;apmfbGm; (8) OD;cGefzkef; ajrmufydkif;odEDM vlxk udk,fpm;vS,f (9) OD;wifat; awmif=uD;vlxk udk,fpm;vS,f (10) OD;=umyk oDaygvlxk udk,pf m;vS,f (11) p0f&pfz oDayg vlxk udk,fpm;vS,f 24

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

(12) OD;cGefxD; yifvHkvlxk udk,pf m;vS,f (13) OD;xGef;jrifh armufr,fvlxk udk,fpm;vS,f (14) OD;jzL bDbdkifapmfbGm; udk,fpm;vS,f (15) OD;cGefapm yif;w,vlxk udk,fpm;vS,f (16) qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif jrpf=uD;em; /ucsif udk,fpm;vS,f (17) 'l0g;aZmf&pf jrpf=uD;em; ucsif udk,fpm;vS,f (18) OD;'def&wef Aef;armf ucsif udk,fpm;vS,f (19) 'l;0g;aZmfxGef; Aef;armf ucsif udk,fpm;vS,f (20) OD;vbef*a&mif Aef;armf ucsif udk,fpm;vS,f (21) OD;vS$mrkef; zvrf; csif; udk,pf m;vS,f (22) OD;aomifZmcyf wD;wdef/ csif; udk,fpm;vS,f (23) OD;uD,dkrmef [m;cg;/ csif; udk,fpm;vS,f wdk@jzpf=uonf? odk@aomf jAdwdo #e,fc sJŒwdk@onf yifvHkpmcsKyfESifh wdki f;&if; om;wdk@.qEN/ oabmxm;wd@k udk vdu k v f ku d af vsmavsm todtrSwrf jyKvkad o;ay? &Sr;f / ucsif/ jrefrm wd@k . oabmqENtjyif e,fpyfa'o/ awmifwef;a'orsm; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wdk@. qENudk odvko d nf[k qdu k m awmifwef;a'opHpk rf;a&;aumfrwD (Frontier Area Enquiry Committee) ud k zGJ Œpnf; um pH kprf; cJhonf? aumfrwD .OuUÏ tjzpf jAdw dvSs v$wfa wmf avbmygwDtrwfrpPwm&D;pf 0DvSsH (Lt.Col.D.R.Rees William) uaqmif&GufjyD;/ jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf ocifEk/ OD;wifxGÉf/ Adkvfcifarmifuav;/ OD;ausmfjidrf;/ OD;jrifhodef;/ e,fjcm;a'o udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf rkdifyGefapmfbGm; ppfpHxGef; (&Srf;)/ qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif (ucsif)/ OD;0rfudka[m (csif;)/ apmpHau; (u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;t&H;k ) wd@k yg0ifjy;D twGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpf vef'ef&dS jrefrmEkid if H qdik &f m&Hk;rS rpPwm vuf0*D sf ( Mr. W.B.J Ledwidge) / wGJzuf twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf e,fjcm;² tzGJŒ0if OD;xGef;az/ vufaxmuf twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpf AdkvfrSL;&Srf;vHkwdk@ yg0if=uonf? xdk@aemuf awmifwef;a'opHkprf;a&; aumfrwDonf jrefrmjynfrESifh awmifwef; a'o&Sd oufaorsm;udk 1947 ckESpf rwfv 19 rS {jyv D 21 &ufae@txd ar;jref;pHpk rf;onf? wdik ;f &if;om;wd@k wifjycJah om oabmqENrsm;udk rSww f rf;wifxm;onfh tpD&ifcpH mudk 1947 arv 3 wGif jrefrmEkdifiH bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&ef@pf .tr_awmfaumifpDodk@wifjycJhonf? arv 18 &ufae@wGif ,iftpD&ifcHpmudk jAdwdo# tpdk;&uvnf; vufcHtwnfjyKjyD;cJhjyD; aemuf yifvHkpmcsKyfudk twnfjyKay;cJhonf? Todk@ wkdif;&if;om;wdk@ wifjycJhaom tpD&ifcHpm tcsuftvuf oabmqEN rsm;udk jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH tajccH zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf; a&;qGJ&mwGif jznhfpGuf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

xnfhoGif; a&;qGJcJhav onf? ,if;aemuf 1947 ckESpf/ ZGef 17 wGif usif;yaom wdkif;jyK jynfjyK v$wfawmfnDvmcHodk@ trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif=uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; zGJŒpnf; tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHr_rsm; vdkufoGif;cJhavonf? v$wfawmfuvnf; rqdkif;rwGyif vufcH twnfjyK vkdufavonf? rnfo@dk qdkap awmifwef;a'o pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD. a&SŒarSmufY xkwfazmfcJhaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. xdkqENazmfxkwfcsuf rsm;onf yifvHkpmcsKyf=uD;Y csrSwfazmfxkwfcJhaom jynfaxmifpk wdkif;&if;om;wdk@. qENoabmxm;/ yifvHk pdwf"gwfESifh jynfaxmifpk oEd<ÏmefjyÏmef;rSK vdktyfcsufrsm;udk zG i f h [ twnf j yKcsuf r sm; yif j zpf & m xd k a umfr wD . tpD& if c H p mrsm; onf v nf ; yifvHkpmcsKyf=u;D uJhodk@yif jynfaxmifpk ordkif;rSww f kid f=uD;wpfwdkif jzpfaeygawmhonf?

oef;0if;v_dif Zefe0g&D 27/ 2013

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

acwfprf; uAsmpmqdk q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f (1909 - 2004) pmayESihf b0jzpfpOf rSwfwrf;

jrefrm0DuDyD;'D;,m; 1909 azazmf0g&Dv (10) &uf (r 1270 jynhf wydk@wGJvjynhfausmf 6 &uf) Ak'<[l;ae@ eHeuf 9em&DwGif [Hom0wDc&kdif/ uGrf;jcHukef;jrdKŒawmifbufurf;/ emwmylcsdK;ta&SŒydkif;Y ukefonfrsm;jzpf=uaom tz OD;vGef;yif/ trd a':rd wdk@rS arG;zGm;cJ@onf? rGefjrefrm vlrsKd;jzpfonf? arG;csif; (7) a,mufteuf 'kwd,ajrmufjzpfonf? taxG;qkH;ESpfri,frSm uAsmpmqdk Ek,Of (a':,OfEk) jzpfonf? &ufcsKyt f & i,frnfrSm "armifvSarmif" jzpfonf? t&yfxJwGif armifvSarmif trnf&Sdolrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzihf qdk;=uI "armifvS0H" [k trnfajymif;onf? rEœav;ykÀm; q&mnGehfu ZmwmzJG@ay;onf? bkef;=uD;ausmif;wGif q&mawmfu "pdef0H" [lI vnf;aumif; t&yfxJrS OD;a&$'Hk;qdkolu "acG;0H/ 0uf0H" [lIvnf;aumif; cspfpEdk;ac:=uonf? +rdKŒteD;wGif a&$bdkrS ajymif;vmolrsm;aexdkifonhf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

a&$bw kd ef;&do S nf? i,fpOfu tpm;aumif;/ tom;ndKjy;D a&$bkw d ef;u rJrJ00/ axmifaxmif armif;armif; iyef qdkolESihfwlojzihf tcsKdŒu "iyef" [lIvnf; ac:=uonf? aemifwGif armif0H [komwGifI rdrdpdwf=udKuf 0˜ udk e˜i,f owfjyD; "armif0ef" [k jyifonf?

1916-1923 touf (7) eSpcf eht f &G,w f iG f uGr;f jcu H ek f;jrdKŒ a&$usiaf usmif;wdu k /f bd;k atOD;=umpH p&yfwGif zGihfvSpf xm;onhf q&mav;OD;zdk;vd_if. =um;ausmif; (*sm;ausmif;) ac: jrefrm tv,f wef ;ausmif; wGi f qÏrwef ;txd oif ,l onf ? ausmif; tk yf q&mawmfr Sm OD;ÁeN0Hojzpfonf? 1921 ckeSpfwGif bcifOD;vGef;yif OD;aqmifonhf trsdK;om;ausmif; aumfrwDu uGrf; jcHukef;jrdK Œ r[mwd avmu rSe fuloGef; bk&m;=uD;vrf; teD;wGif trsKd ;om;ausmif; pwifzGihfvSpo f nf? xdktcg q&mav; OD;zdk;vd_if. avmu"mwfausmif;rS trsdK;om; ausmif;odk@ajymif;I ajcmufqihfa&mufatmif oif,lonf? trsKd;om;ausmif; pwif wnfaxmif&mwGif tv_aiGvSnhfvnffaumufcHonhfwm0efudk aqmif&GufcJhonf? wpfausmif;wnf;ae twef;=uD;ausmif;om; "OD;tmumoef;" xHrS uAsma&;enf;udk vufawG@pwif oif,lcGihf&onf? 1923 ckeSpf (r-1285 ckeSpf yxr0gqdkvjynhf) wGif v,fwq D &mawmfbk&m;=u;D uG,fveG fonhf tcg q&mtmumoef; pyfqko d nhf "v,fwb D ŒJG av;cdsK;" udk tm;usum/ trSwfw&uAsmwpfyk'f a&;cJhonf?

1923 -26 Zlvidk v f (30) &ufae@wGif &efukef+rdKŒ q&mrSwf=uD;ausmif;ac: pdef*|e;f ausmif;od@k yOPrwef;rS pwif wufa&mufonf? 1926 ckEpS w f Gif tpd;k &ppf owWrwef;udk jrefrmwpfEidk if H vHk;wGif pwkwˆae&mjzihf atmifjrifum paumvm;&Spf &onf?

1926 -29

Zl v d k i f v xk w f '*k e f r *~ Z if; trS w f (71) wG i f "rd k ; &moDb J G @ " uAsmrsm; pwif y H k E S d y f a zmf j ycH & onf ? vuf O D ; q&mud k tpJ G j yKI "pd e f * |ef ; aysmf a rmif 0 ef OD;tmumoef;wynh"f [k uavmiftrnfudk cH,lonf? pdef*|ef;ausmif;om; b0Yyif 'D;'kwf*sme,f/ +Adwdo#bm;rm;r*~Zif;/ uxdrsufrSef r*~Zif;wdk@wGif uAsmrsm; a&;cJhonf? pdef*|ef;ausmif;tkyfq&m=uD; Avifudk; (Reverend A.H. Blencowe) u we*FaEG@ 28

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

ausmif;tm;&ufrsm;wGif t*FvdyfuAsmrsm; oifay;onf? ausmif;pmapmif "St, John C o l l e g e C h r o n i c l e " wGif 1927 ckeSpfrSpI jrefrmuu¾zGihfvSpfum wynhfjzpfoludk jrefrmuAsmrsm; a&;apcJhonf? ausmif;pmapmifESihf jyifyr*~Zif;wdk@wGif uAsmrsm;a&;&mY (1) arC0ef -uGrf;jcHukef;jrdKŒ (2) pdef*Gsef;aysmf -uGrf;jcHuek f;jrdKŒ (3) uGrf;jcHukef; awmifpktpGefu armifok0%f (4) uGrf;jcHukef; awmifpktvGefu armifok0%f (5) cifod*DF ([Hom0wD) (6) pef;aomfwm (7) armif0ef (8) uGrf;jcHuek f;- ok0%f -10 wef; uavmiftrnfrsm;udk oHk;cJhonf? tÏrwef;rSpI q&mrSwf=uD; tdyfaqmifwGif y&dzuf (Prefect) ac: ausmif;om;rSl;vkyf&onf? taqmifrS ausmif;om;rsm;udk npOf bk&m;&dScdk; wdkifay;&onf? (5)yg; oDv csay;&onf? we*FaEGae@rsm;wGif bk&m;pm w&m;pmrsm;eSihf r%du¾ k v0wˆKudk zwfjy&onf? uHsK;=uD;vrf;rif;=uD;uawmf a': jrar. Ak'<bmom rdef;uav;ausmif;wGif zGihfvSpfonhf nausmif;Y tywfpOf tvSnhfus pmoifay;&onf? 1929 ckEpS w f iG f q,fwef;pmar;yJu G kd pdef*sG e;f ausmif;rS yx0Dbmom *k%x f ;l jzihf atmifonf? ,if;tcdseftxd uAsmyk'fa& (100) cef@r# a&;jyD;avjyD?

1929 -30 q,fwef;pmar;yJGwGif bmom&yfwdkif; trSwfnDnDnGwfnGwf tqihfaumif; &ojzihf "txl; ausmif;om;" (Special Student) tjzpf wuUodkvfausmif;wdkuf (University College) odk@ 0ifcGihf&onf? q&mrSwf=uD;ausmif;rS "Marks Scolarship" ESihf wuUodkvfausmif;wdkufrS "EXhibition Scholarship" wdk@udk &&dScJhonf? yJcl;ausmif; aqmiftv,fxyf tcef;trSwf (91) wGif aeonf? 0dZ…mbJG@&cgp acwWenf;jyq&m vkyfaeaom q&mOD;odef;[ef (aZmf*Ds) ESihf Oypmwef;wufpOf pwif qHkqnf;cGihf&onf? Oypmtxufwef;udk wpfESpfwnf;jzihf ajzqdkcGihf&&dSatmifjrifcJhonf? 1929 ck 'DZifbm vxkwf wuUodkvfausmif;wdkuf ESpfvnfr*~Zif;twJG (20) trSwf (1) wGif uAsm (5) yk'f pwifazmfjycH&onf? "rif;ok0%f" uavmiftrnfudk pwifoHk;pJGonf? i,fpOfuyif pJGvrf;cJho nhf "bm*smody` 0dpd=wuAsm&moDusrf;" rS ewfa rmuf&Gm Zmwd/ y0wWd awmifwiG f;}u;D +rdKŒae pma&;awmf=u;D OD;a=umha&; "pHek @H om+rKd if &SmyH=k uD;" wGif rdbESpyf g;tm; tvk y f t au|;jyKaeonh f tavmif ; awmf ok 0 Àomrta=umif ; ud k pyf q d k & mY tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

"a&$vdk0if;ygwJh rif;ok0%f" [laom pmom;toHk;tE_ef;udk ESpf+cdKufojzihf "rif;ok0%f" uavmiftrnfudk cH,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf? "jr0wf&nf-[Homha us;"/ "armifa&$jcnf" uavmiftrnfrsm;jzihfvnf; uAsmrsm;a&;cJhonf? yJcl;ausmif;aqmif vufa&;pmapmif "[Homh a=u;rHk"wGifvnf; uAsmrsm;a&;onf? "rGefuav;" [laom uavmiftrnfudk ,if;pmapmifwGif oHk;cJhonf?

1931

wuUodkvfausmif;wdkuf waygif;vqkwf ESpfvnfr*~Zif;wGif "cgaEGqef;awmh vGrf;rdw,f" uAsm&Snf =uD;udk a&;cJho nf? "TuAsmudka&;uwnf;u udk0efr Sm emrnf=uD;Iom vmavonf" [k "ody`Harmif0" u rSwfcsufay;cJhzl;onf? rwfvwGif usif;yaom yxrESpf 0dZ…m*k%fxl;wef; (jrefrmpm) tprf;pmar;yJGudk atmifcJhonf? 1930 ckEpS f urBmph D;yGm;ysuu f yf=u;D . tusK;d quftjzpf rdbESpyf g; pD;yGm;ysuo f nf? ausmif;xGujf y;D uGrf;jcHukef;jrdKŒ trsKd;om;ausmif;wGif ausmif;tkyfq&m=uD; 0ifvkyf&onf? "armifaxG;zdk@" uav;uAsmrsm;udk xdpk Oftcdu k f pwifz@GJ qdjk zpfonf? "oajyoD;aumuf" ESifh "Oykoaf pmih"f uAsmESpfyk'fudk 11-6-31 &ufae@wpfae@wnf;wGif a&;jzpfonf? wpfywfcef@twGif; uav;uAsm (7) yk'af &;jy;D cJh onf? uAsmrsm;udk wuUov kd af usmif;wdu k f ESpv f nfr*~Zif;twJG (22) trSwf (2) wGif pwifazmfjyonf? uavmiftrnfrS "jr0wf&nf - [Homaus;" jzpfonf? ausmif;jyefzGicfh sd ef ygarmuQq&m=u;D OD;azarmifwifu wm0ef,jl yefac:I ausmif; qufwuf jzpfonf?

1932 jrefrmpm0dZ…m *k%fxl;wef; 'kwd,ESpf oifwef; wufa&mufaepOf umvY "b=uD;atmif nmw,f" 0wˆKwdkudk a&;onf? wuUodkvfausmif;wdkuf r*~Zif;twJG (22) trSwf (2) (1932 ck/ azazmf0g&Dv) wGif azmfjyjcif; cH&onf?

1933-36 TumvtwGif; (u) wuUodkvaf usmif;wdkuf jrefrmtoif; twGif;a&;r_; (c) Ak'<bmomtoif; twGif;a&;r_; 30

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

(*) wuUokv d af usmif;wdu k fr*~Zif; jrefrmydkif;t,f'w D m (C) *EWavmur*~Zif;t,f'Dwm (i) jrefrmEdkifiHynmjyef@yGm;a&;toif; aumfrwD0if wm0efrsm; ,lcJhonf?

1933 ckEpS f rwfvwGif usi;f yaom 0dZm… *k%x f ;l wef; (jrefrmpm) udk yxrqihEf iS fh atmifonf? Judson College ESifh University College (2) ckpvHk;wGif jrefrmpmjzihf trS w f t rsm;qH k ; &I Dally Jamshedji Chinai qkw H q d y f & onf ? rwf v Yyif &efukefwuUodkvf Ak'Qbmomtoif;=uD;. "rRm&Hk tkwfjrpfcsyJGwGif OD;oef@wif (a&$jynfpdk;) ESihftwl tusKd;aqmiftjzpf aqmif&Gufonf? em,ursm;rSm 0wfvHkawmf& OD;armif=uD;/ 0wfvakH wmf& OD;odr;f armif/ q&m=u;D OD;bwd@k jzpfI OuUÏrsm;rS OD;bpdef (rD;&xm; pm&if;ppf)/ t*~r[my¾dw q&m=uD;OD;vif;/ 'k-OuUÏq&m=uD; OD;yGm;wdk@ jzpf=uonf? ZGefvrSpI tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

wuUodkvfausmif;wdkuf ta&SŒwdkif;ynm&yfrsm;XmeY tcdsefydkif;enf;jyvkyfonf? yJcl; aqmifwGifvnf; taqmifenf;jy wm0ef,&l if; r[m0dZm… tcdseyf kid f;wufonf? 1935 ckESpf arvukeftxd tcsdefydkif;enf;jy tjzpf aqmif&Guo f nf? rwfvwGif r[m0dZ…m jrefrmpm *k%w f ef;pmar;yJu G dk 'kwd,tqihfjrihjf zihf atmifjy;D 1935 ckepS f ZGefvrS 1936 ck pufwifbm vv,ftxd tcsdefjynhfenf;jytjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? yif;,aqmif taqmifenf;jy wm0efukd vnf; ,lco hJ nf? Edik if Hawmf ynmoifqk avSsmufxm;&m/ taqmifr;_ q&mxif;pD/ ygarmuQq&m=uD; OD;azarmifwif/ ta&SŒzsm; ordik ;f q&m=u;D rpPwmvkpP (G.H.Luce) wd@k u axmufcHpmrsm; toD;oD;a&;ay;=uonf? ynmawmfoiftjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&a=umif;/ ynmawmfoifa&G;cs,af &;tzJ@G twGif;a&;r_;rS 1936 ckepS f ZGefv 25 &ufae@wGif ta=umif; =um;pm ay;ydk@vmonf? ynmawmfoif rxGufcGmrD ,cifu OD;pdefwif (ody`Harmif0) xHrS vJ$ajymif;,lxm;&aom *Eˆavmu *k%fxl;aqmif t,f'Dwmwm0efudk OD;rsKd;rif; (EG,pf dk;) odk@vnf;aumif; / jrefr mEdki fi H ynmjyef@yGm;a&;toif; (BEEA) tzJG@ 0ifwm0efudk q&mOD;odef;[ef (aZmf*Ds) odk@vnf;aumif; toD;oD; vJ$ajymif;ay;&onf? yif;,aqmif o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;udk,fpm; OD;ndKjru wm0ef,lI "rif;ok0%f" pmtkyfi,fudk jynf=uD;r¾dKifyHkESdyfwdkufwGif tkyfa& 500 &dkufESdyfjzef@a0cJhonf? rif;ok0%f. uAsm (13) yk'Ef Sifh "b=u;D atmif nmw,f"0wˆKww kd @kd yg0ifonf? 0wˆKwu kd kd ol=u;D a*Zuf OD;cifarmifu t*Fvyd b f momod@k jyefqo kd nf? uAsmrsm;udk OD;cifaZmf "au" ESifh oli,fcsi;f rsm;jzpf=uaom OD;nDnD (or0g,rXmetwGif;0ef)/ OD;rsKd;rif; (EG,fpdk;) wdk@u bmomjyefqdk=uonf? trSmpmudk q&m=uD;vkpPu a&;ay;cJhonf? =o*kwv f (7) &ufaehwiG f yif;,ausmif;aqmif om;rsm;u t+idrhfyJGoGif;I e_wfqufyJGvkyfonf? t+idrhfyJGwGif ol&d, oef;oef;u OD;csif;pdef ('*kefa&$nmarmif) a&;pyfay;onhf r*Fvme_wfceG ;f qufocD si;f udk oDqo kd nf? =o*kwv f (22) &ufae@wGif "yJcl;oabFm" jzihf t*FvefEikd if o H k@d xGucf mG onf? oabFmay:wGif ude;f b&pf(cs)f wuUov kd Yf jrefrmpmyd@k csrnhf rpPwmzmeDA,f (J.S. Furnivall) vnf; twlvu kd yf gomG ;onf?

1936 - 39 atmuUpzdk@'fwuUodkvf pdehfuufo&if;ausmif;wGif ouUÉ/ wdbuf/ taxGaxG bmomaA' ynm&yfrsm; oif,lonf? tdEdN,ausmif;wdkuf ouUÉ ygarmuQ (F.W. Thomas / E.H. Johnston) wdk@xHwi G f oif,o l nf? =u;D =uyfol (Supervisor) rSm jrefrmhordik ;f a&;ol "G.E.Harvey" jzpfonf? 1937 ckeSpf 'DZifbmvausmif;ydwf&uf0,f/ i,fpOfu pdef*|ef;ausmif;tkyfq&m=uD; Avifudk;/ oif;tkyfq&mtjzpf vkyfudkifaexdkif&m Chester jrKd ŒteD;&dS pde@f 'dik ;f eD;,J pm=unhw f ku d f (St. Deiniol's Library) wGif q&m=u;D rS t=ujH yKojzihf 32

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

aqmif;cdk&if; pm=unhfonf? xdkpOfu tmZmenf OD;tkef;armifESihf ynma&;twGif;0ef OD;bausmfwk@d rSm pm=unhfabmfrsm;jzpf=uonf? atmuUpzd@k 'fok@d rjyefrw D pf&uftvd/k 1938 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufae@wGif vGwfvyfa&;t=uKd uAsm "oajyndK" udk a&;zJGŒ jzpfcJhonf? 1938 ckeSpfwGif "Development of the Burmese Language in the Medieval Period" pmwrf;jyKpkwifjyjyD;/ atmufwdkbmvY vef'efwuUodkvfta&SŒwdkif;ESihf tmz&du bmom&yfrsm; avhvma&;ausmif; (School of Oriental and African Studies-SOAS) odk@ ajymif;a&$Œynmoif,lonf? SOAS rS ygarmuQpwD;0yf (J.A.Steward) xHY tbd"mefjyKpk wnf;jzwfa&;ynm (Lexicography) udk vufawG@qnf;yl; oif,o l nf? ausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;wGif rpPwmpwD;0yf aexdik &f mude;f b&pf(cs) jrKd ŒteD;&dS Bishop's Stort Ford jrKd Œi,fuav;od@k oGm;a&mufonf? rpPwmpwD;0yfei S fh rpPwm'ef; (C.W.Dunn) wd@k tm; tbd"mefvyk if ef; ulnaD eonhf ynm&SiOf ;D cifarmifvwf A.T.M ESit fh wl vufawG@avhvmr_ jyKcJhonf? 1939 ckeSpf Zlvdkifv 15 &ufaehwGif usif;yaom atmuUpzdk@'fwuUodkvf bJG@ESif;obifwGif B²Litt (bDvpf) ac: pmay0dZ…mbJG@ tyfESif;jcif;cH&onf? =o*kwfv (4) &ufae@wGif vDAmyl;vf (Liverpool) qdyfurf;rS "yJcl;oabFm" jzihf jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvnfxu G cf Gmonf? pufwifbmv (3) &ufae@ oD[dkVfu|ef; (oD&dvuFm) ta&muf jAdwdoSsu ppfa=unmum 'kw, d urBmppf twGi;f 0ifonfEiS fh =uKH onf? pufwifbmv (5) &ufae@wGif jrefrmEdik if o H @kd jyefvnfa&muf&So d nf? atmufwb kd m (1) &ufae@wGif wuUov kd af usmif;wdu k f ta&SŒwdkif;ynm&yfrsm;XmeY jrefrmpmvufaxmuf uxdutjzpf pwiftr_xrf;onf? armifaxG;zdk@uAsmrsm;udk q&mOD;cifaZmf "K" u *DwoauFwxnhfay;onf? q&mhZeD;u pEN&m;wD;I om;orD; rsm;ESihf prf;oyfoDqdk&m atmifjrifI q&m=uD; OD;b^m%f. yef; cDs vuf&mrsm;jzihf "armifa xG ;zdk @ uAsmrsm;" rS "armifa cG; zd k@ uAsmrsm;" [k trnfajymif;um/ 1940 ckeSpfOD;wGif uAsmpmtky fxGufonf? uke fusaiGudk jrefrm trsKd;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&;aumifpD (National Women's Council) rS axmufyHhjyD; tar&duefomoemjyK yHkEydS w f ku d f (ABM) u yHkeSyd o f nf? xd@k aemuf armifacG;zdk@ oDcsi;f rsm;udk tqdkawmf a':oef;at;ESihfawmif=uD;rS B.Ed. vmwufaeonhf a':cifodef;wdk@toHjzihf "mwfjym;oGi;f onf?

1940 arv (8) &ufaehwiG f ZD0w d 'ge oHCmhaq;&Hu k kd pwifwnfaxmif&m/ yxrOD;qH;k toif;om; (27) OD;wGif yg0ifcJhonf? *Dvme0wˆKY jrwfpGmbk&m; rdef@=um;awmfrlaom tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

pmydk'fudk jrefrmjyefI r*~Zif;pmapmifwGif xnhfcJh&m/ ZD0dw'geaq;&Hkt0if0wGif o&kyfazmf yef;cDsvuf&mESihftwl ul;,lI azmfjyjcif;cHcJh&onf? ,if;rSm "cspfom;wdk@ igbk&m;udk vkyfau|;jyKpkvdkaom yk*~dKvfonf emrusef;aom &[ef;udkvkyfau|;avmh" [lIjzpfonf? J.A. Stewart ESihf C.W. Dunn wdk@wnf;jzwfI OD;cifarmifvwf taxmuftuljyKaom "A Burmese English Dictionary Part I" (t rS tcif; txd) xGuf&dSonf? wnf;jzwfolESpfOD;u tbd"mefudk vufaqmiftjzpf ay;ydk@vmjyD; trSmpmwGif "Maung Wun, M.A, B.Litt have assisted us by replies to queries and by suggestions" [lI azmfjy todtrSwfjyKcJhonf?

1942 ynma&;Xme bmomjyefpmayXmecJw G iG f tr_xrf;cJo h nf? ZGev f (11) &ufae@wGif anmifwkef;+rdKŒw&m;buf wm0efcHt&m&dS OD;a'G; / a':pH,lwdk@.orD; a':=unf=unf (B.A, Ed, B.Ed.) (12-7-1918 rS 29-12-2007) ESihf vufxyfonf?

1944 'kw, d urBmppftwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHawmf ynmwHcGeftoif;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&. tultnDjzihf wnfaxmifonf? toif;OuUÏrSm a'guw f mb[ef jzpfonf? toif;wGif 34

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

"ynmpG,fpHkXme" ESihf "tbd"mefXme" [lI Xme 2 ck &dSonf? tbd"mefXmewGif pmwnf; tjzpf OD;aqmifvkyfudkif&ef cef@xm;cH&onf? vkyfief;udk ppfab;oufom&m [Hom0wD pD&ifpk uGrf;jcHukef;jrdKŒwGif pwifonf? vkyfief;&Hk;rSm "a&$usif ausmif;wdkuf zdk;=umZH p&yf" wGifjzpfjyD; Zefe0g&Dv (10) &ufae@wGif vkyfief;rsm;ponf? zdk;=umZHp&yfum;/ rif;ok0%f i,fpOfu jrefrmpmoif,lcJhaom bdk;atjzpfol.p&yf/ q&mav;OD;zdk;vd_if. avmu"mwf ausmif; wnf&dScJh&m ae&myif jzpfavonf?

1945 {jyDv (7) &ufaehwGif ava=umif;tEœ&m,fa=umihf tbd"mefvkyfief; qdkif&m ypPn;f rsm;udk a&$usiaf usmif; wdu k o f @kd ajymif;a&$Œodr;f qnf;jy;D / vkyif ef;acwW &yfqikd f;cJ&h onf? jAw d o d sS rsm; jyefa&mufI tkycf sKyfa&;udk jyefvnfvyk faqmifonht f cg Lt.Col. Sutherland/ OD;oufwif qdkolwdk@ESihf awG@qHk&mY +rdKŒtkyfvkyf&ef urf;vSrf;vmcJhonf? +rdKŒtkyfwm0efudk 23-5-45 rS 18-7-45 &ufae@txd (2) vcef@ aqmif&Gufco Jh nf? jrKd Œtky&f mxl;vufcjH y;D (2) &uft=um +rKd Œtkyt f aqmifta,miftjzpf ESpv f ;kH jyL;aoewf (trSwf 4362) wpfvufEiS fh usnfuyfESpfuyf vufcH,l&onf? jrdKŒtkyfvkyfpOf vkyfydkifcGihfeSihf vdktyfcsuft& oajytdkif/ ajrmufacsmif/ awmifacsmifo=l u;D wdk@twGuf aoewf0,fEidk cf iG fh trde@f rsm; xkwfay;cJo h nf? =o*kwfv (6) &uf &efukef+rdKŒ r*dkvrf;ta&;ay: wuUodkvfoifwef;rsm; zGihfvSpfonhftcg jrefrmpm vufaxmufuxdutjzpf tvky0f ifonf?

1946 wuUov kd rf sm; jyefziG jfh y;D aemuf ZGef (1) &ufae@wGif uxdujzpfonf? 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd (OuUÏ)/ OD;xifzwf (twGi;f a&;r_;) tjzpf aqmif&Gufaom ''jrefrmhtoH'' jrefrmydkif;tpD tpOf t=uHay;tzJG@0if jzpfcJhonf?

1947 tdEdN,EdkifiH e,l;a'vDY usif;yonhf tm&Swdkuf qufqHa&;nDvmcHodk@ ud, k pf m;vS,f wpfO;D taejzihf wufa&mufco hJ nf? wuUov kd 0f if pmar;yJpG pfaq;&ef ZGev f wGif zsmyHkjrdKŒodk@oGm;onf? zsmyHk&mZ0wf0ef (aemif &efukef&Jrif;=uD;) OD;cifarmifarmiftdrfwGif wnf;onf? OD;cifarmifarmiftdrfwGif twlaexdkifol zsmyHkta&;ydkif Mr, Robert Mole tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

xHrS Walter De La Mare . "Nursery Rhymes for Certain Times" pmtkyfudk acwWiSm;I zwfcJhonf? xdkpmtkyyf g "Tom Thumb's Alphabet" ac: ivufr. tuQ&m oHayguu f kd twk,Il jrefrmuav;rsm;twGuf aysmpf &moHayguu f av;rsm; a&;om;vdpk w d f jzpfonf? "u=uD;uqkef/ rdk;r_efr_ef"/ ponfjzihf pwifa&;pyfonf? aemufwpfaehwGif Mole ESihf OD;cifarmifarmifw@dk udk wdik fyifaqG;aEG;&mrS "u - uZGe;f yif/ a&rSm &$if"/ "c - c&rf;oD;/ 'g;ESihfvDS;"/ tpcsDonhf "u=uD; cauG; vuFm" jzpfay:vmcJhonf? 1947 ckESpf =o*kwfv (26) &ufae@wGif 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;Ek OuUÏtjzpf aqmif&Gufaom jrefrmEdkifiH bmomjyef pmaytoif; ay:aygufvmcJhonf? xdktcg bmomjyefpmay toif;tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpD/ a0g[m&aumfrwD/ pG,fpHkusrf;tzJG@/ okcrdeftzJG@/ jrefrmbmomjyef Oya'aumfrwD ponf wdk@wGif tzJG@0iftjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf? ynmwHcGeftoif;u tbd"mefvkyfief; t&yf&yfudk wuUodkvfodk@vJo $ nf? ZGefv (1) &ufae@wGif wuUodkvfbmomjyefESihf pmtkyf xkwfa0a&;Xme pwifzGihfvSpf&m Xmer_;tjzpf aqmif&GufI tbd"mefvkyfief;udk jyefvnf vkyfudkifonf? 2 - 7 - 48 &ufae@xkwf "tdk;a0" owif;pmwGif "&[ef;&Sifvl okcrdefrsm; tvdk&dSonf" acgif;pD;jzihf tbd"mef vkyfief; "twdkifyifcHtzJG@" / "okcrdeftzJG@" wdk@wGif ynm&Sifrsm; avSsmufxm;&ef a=umfjimac:,lcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH tajccHOya' jrefrmpm pmrludk ppfaq;avhvm t=uaH y;cJh&onf? 1946 ckESpfrS 1947 ckeSpftxd umvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHokawoetoif; *sme,fpmwnf;tjzpf (6) =udrf/ tvkyfpmwnf; (1) =udrf/ okawoepmpOf xkwfa0a&; qyfaumfrwDOuUÏ (1) =udrf/ toif;tr_aqmifaumfrwD (1) =udrf/ 'kOuUÏ (6) =udrf/ toif;OuUÏ (1) =urd f pkpak ygif; (26) =urd frSs aqmif&Gufcho J nf?

1949 - 50 jrefrmowfn$ef;usrf; (aemifwGif wuUokv d fowfn$ef;usrf;) udk 1949 ckESpfwGif pwifjyKpck Jh&m 27/ 10/ 50 &ufY jyD;pD;onf? xdkusrf;twGuf trSmpma&;cJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH bmomjyef p maytoif ; (pmayAd r mef ) .aqmif y k ' f j zpf a om "tarS m if c G i f ; I tvif;aqmifth"H pmom;udk 1949 ckEpS u f ek fwGif wDxiG af y;cJhonf? "ysOf;rikww f "dk uAsmudk 11/ 1/ 49 &ufae@wGif pyfqdkcJhjyD;/ 1949 ckESpfxkwf wm&mr*~Zif;twJG 2/ trSwf (10) wGif azmfjycJhonf?

1950

EdkifiHawmf. 0ÀausmfxifbJG@ cDs;jrSihfjcif;cH&onf? =o*kwfvwGif a'gufwm vSabESifh Mr. C.W. Dunn wdk@u "The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

Letters" rS yHkESdyfonhf "A Critical Pali Dictionary" pmtkyf=uD;Y "To-Wunna Kyaw Din U Wun˜ M.A, BLitt, who since the year 1946 has freely given his time and learing to correct our errors and to suggest improvements˜ this book is given by us the present editors of the Burmese-English Dictionary joining with our own names the names of our late colleague Dr, J.A Stewart, C.IE, M.C, M.A, LL.D"

[l I trS wfw & a&;om;ay;ydk@ cJh=uonf? txuf yg pmudk axmuf&_jcif;tm;jzihf Stewart and Dunn . "jrefrm - t*Fvdyftbd"mef" udk q&m rif;ok0%fonf ynmawmfoifb0rSpI jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefa&mufjyD; eSpfaygif;rnfrSs =um atmif qufvufulnDvsuf &dSonfudk ay:vGifapcJhonf?

1951 1951 ckeSpf Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufae@wGif zJG@pnf;aom yef;cDsq&m=u;D OD;aiGudkif/ OD;pH0if;/ umwGef;OD;b*srf;/ OD;tHk;vGif/ 'k-ynmrif;=uD; OD;aumif;/ OD;odef;[ef (aZmf*Ds) wd@k yg0ifonhf "jrefrmha&S;&d;k yef;cDs umuG,af &; yef;cDsaumfrwD" wGif tzJ@G 0ifwpfO;D jzpfcho J nf? The University English-Myanmar Dictionary udk jyKpkcJhaom a'guw f m b[efu ol.tbd"mef trSmpmwGif tbd"mefjyKpk&mY ulnDcJhol OD;0efeSihfOD;wifodef; (a'gufwm b[ef. om;ruf) wdk@tm; atmufygtwdkif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhavonf? "…They have unstintedly helped me with their rich stores of accurate scholarship and information." ocifudk,fa wmfrd_if;/ q&mvif;/ 0ef=uD;csKyfO D;ek/ q&m=uD; OD;azarmifwif/ q&maZmf*Ds wdk@ESihftwl ArmEdkifiH pma&;q&mtoif;. em,utjzpf 2/ 9/ 51 ae@wGif a&G;aumufwifajrSmuf cHcJh&onf?

1952 tar&duefekid if H e,l;a[AifjrdKŒ (New Heaven) / a,;vfwuUov dk f (Yale Uni-

versity) Y bmomaA'ynmudk (6) vcef@ oGm;a&mufqnf;yl;cJhonf? "wuUov dk f jrefrm

tbd"meftydkif; (1)" (u-tuQ&m) udk jyKpkjyD;pD;onf?

1953 wuUodkvfbmomjyefeSihf pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;Xme pmwnf;r_;tjzpf ZGef (1) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

&ufae@wGif wd;k jriS cfh ef@xm; jcif; cH&onf? Edik if aH wmf orRw=u;D u "r[m*DwoDcsi;f =uD;rsm;udk oDqdkwD;r_wfjcif;Y rlrSefpHjyxm;&dSa&;/ trSwfoauFw jyKvkyfa&;/ toHoGif;xm;a&;ESihf &kyaf y:oHxu G f jyKvyk fa&;" wd@k twGuf jynfaxmifpk ,Ofaus;r_0ef=u;D OD;xGe;f az OuUÏtjzpf aqmif&Guaf om "t=uHay;tzJG@" udk 10/ 6/ 53 ae@wGif zJG@pnf;ay;cJhonf? tqdyk gtzJG@wGif tvuFmausmpf mG OD;[efy/ tvuFmausmpf mG a':apmjrat;=unf/ jrKd Œrjird ;f ponfw@kd ESit fh wl tzJG@0iftjzpf yg0ifcJhonf? r[m*Dw oDcsif;=uD;pkpkaygif; (81) yk' fudk rlrSefjyKvkyf atmifjrifjyD;pD;cJhonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif usif;yaomuav;pmtkyfjyyJGwGif EdkifiHaygif; (50) rS uav;pmtkyfrsm; jyocJh=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH.udk,fpm;jyK/ q&m rif;ok0%f. "armifacG;zdk@" uAsmpmtkyfyg0ifcJh&m uav;oli,ftrsm; pdwf0ifwpm; avhvmcJ=h uonf?

1956

"wuUov dk fjrefrmtbd"meftydkif; (2)" (c-tuQ&m) jyKpkjyD;pD;onf?

1957

"acwfrv l wef; jrefrmzwfpm" udk q&m=uD; OD;azarmifwifESihftwl jyKpkcho J nf? "yxrwef; jrefrmzwfpm" udk q&m=uD; OD;bESihftwl jyKpkcJhonf? atmufwdkbmvwGif w&kwfjynfol@orRwedkifiH/ qdkAD,uf&S&Sm;/ ydkvef/ csufudkpvdkaA;uD;,m;/ ta&SŒ*smreD Edik firH sm;odk@ jrefrm,Ofaus;r_ udk,pf m;vS,t f zJ@G ESifh vSnv fh nfoGm;a&mufco hJ nf? "wdyÉd u ygV-d jrefrmtbd"mefvyk if ef;"/ "rGe-f jrefrm tbd"mefvyk if ef;" rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufun l o D nf?

1958

"wwd,wef; jrefrmzwfpm" ESifh "pwkww ˆ ef; jrefrmzwfpm" wd@k udk q&m=u;D OD;b ESihftwl jyKpkcJhonf?

1959 &kyf&Sifppfaq;a&;tzJG@ pwifaqmif&Gufonf? 38

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

(Censor Board)

tzJG@0iftjzpf atmufwdkbmvrS

"rlvwef; jrefrmzwfpm" ESihf "'kwd,wef; jrefrmzwfpm" wdkhudk q&m=uD;OD;b ESihftwl jyKpkcJhonf?

1960

1961

"yxrwef; jrefrmzwfpm" udk q&m=uD;OD;bESihftwl jyKpkcJhonf? "wuUodkvf jrefrmtbd"mef tydkif; (3)" (*/ C/ i-tuQ&m) jyKpkjyD;pD;onf? wuUodkvfaumifpD. wdu k w f eG ;f csuft& rwfv (1) &ufae@wGif jrefrmpmygarmuQtjzpf pwif aqmif&Gufonf? atmufwdkbmvwGif ,Ofaus;r_udk,fpm;vS,t f zJG@ESihftwl w&kwfjynfol@orRwedkifiHodk@ oGm;a&mufcJhonf? "wuUodkvfpmtkyf xkwfa0jzef@csDa&; aumfrwD" OuUÏ/ "jrefrmordkif; aumfr&Si"f tzJG@0ifwm0efrsm; udk ,lcJhonf?

1962 EdkifiHawmftpdk;&. oD&dyHscsDbJG@ csD;jrSihfjcif;cH&onf? ar (13) &ufwGif jrefrmpm ygarmuQ&mxl;udk pGef@v$wfjyD;/ bmomjyefESihf pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;Xme pmwnf;r_; wm0ef jyefvnfxrf;aqmifonf?

1963

"wuUodkvf jrefrmtbd"mef tydkif; (4)" (p - tuQ&m) jyKpkjyD;pD;onf?

1964

"wuUodkvf jrefrmtbd"meftydik f; (5)" (q-tuQ&m) jyKpjk yD;pD;onf?

1965

awmfvSefa&;tpdk;& vlr_0efxrf;XmecJGu =uD;=uyfaqmif&GufcJhaom "jrefrm rsufrjrifpmay rlopfpmtkyf jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD" wGif tzJG@0ifvl=uD;tjzpf yg0if tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

ulnDcJhonf? a&SŒaqmifvli,f A[dkaumifpDrS "vli,fpmay xkwfa0a&;tzJG@" wGif tzJG@0iftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHpmrwwfol yaysmufa&;twGuf ouf=uD;pmoifenf; " (0/ x/ u/ v/ o)" udk wDxGifcJhonf? "ouf=u;D zwfpm"/ "ouf=uD;pmya'om" rsm;udkvnf; wDxGif a&;om; jyKpkay;cJhonf? pmayAdrmeftkyfcsKyfa&;tzJG@rS 1966 ckESpf trsKd;om;pmay pdppfa&;a&G;cs,fa&; aumfrwDwpf&yfudk zJG@pnf;cJh&mwGif OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf? ynma&;Xme tajccHoif&dk;n$ef;wef;/ oif&dk;rmwdumESihf ausmif;oHk;pmtkyftzJG@wGif tzJG@0iftjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf? rEWav;0dZ…mESihf ody`HwuUodkvf ocFsmygarmuQrS "jrefrmh a&S;&dk;ocFsmrsm; azmfxkwfjcif; okawoe vkyfief;" twGuf 5/ 9/ 66 &ufae@wGif w&m;0ift=u^H m%f awmif;cHvm&m/ 1865 ckEpS cf ef@qDrpS I jrefrmjyef odk;aqmif; ocFsmpm pmtky&f cSd ahJ =umif; taxmuftxm;jzihaf zmfjyjy;D uke;f abmifacwf ocFsmynmESifh ywfoufI &SmazG avhvmoihfaom usrf;rsm;udk azmfjyt=ujH yKcJhonf? 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae@wGif jyef=um;a&;XmerS zJG@pnf;cJhaom "pmayvkyfom;tzJG@jzpfajrmufa&; aumfrwD" wGif OuUÏtjzpf aqmif&u G fonf? 1966 - 67 ygVdXmeoif=um;a&;tzJG@ (Board of Studies) wGif tzJG@0ifwpfOD;tjzpf 0dZ…mESihfody`H wuUodkvf ynma&;tzJG@. wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf?

1966

1967 rdb rsm; tarGay;cJhaom nDtpfudka rmifESrwpfpkydkifonhf uGrf;jcHuke f;jrdKŒ awmifbufurf;/ rif;ok0%f vrf;xdyf&dS ajruGufESihf tdrfa[mif;wpfvHk;udk "&yfr_ &Gmr_twGu"f oufqdkif&m tm%mydkifrsm;rSwpfqihf ay;v_a&;udk 1966 rS 1966 txd tm;xkwcf o hJ nf? jAw d o d sS o&H ;Hk t&mxrf;rsm; &mxl;wd;k jriS afh &;wGif vef'efrSjyKvyk af om Civil Service Commission pmar;yJG ajzqd=k u&onf? jrefrmedi k if w H iG f wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom twGif;0ef Mr, R.J. Chase onf tqdkygpmar;yJG udk ajzqd&k mY jrefrmpm ppfaq;ay;rnhf yk*dK~ vfwpfOD; vdktyfcJhygonf? jAdwdoSso&H Hk;uEdkifiHjcm;a&;&Hk;rS wpfqihf vdktyfaomyk*~dKvu f kd awmif;cHc&hJ mrS pmppfr;_ tjzpfaqmif&u G f&ef Edik fiaH wmfrS wm0efay;tyfco Jh nf? tvm;wlyif =opa=w;vsoH&Hk;rS twGif;0ef Mr,S.R, Hume twGufvnf; jAdwdoSsoH&Hk;eSihf vef'ef+rdKŒ SOSA wdk@.axmufcHcsufrsm;t& pmppfr_;vkyfay;&ef trnfESihf awmif;cHvmI pmppfr_; tjzpf aqmif&Gufay;cJh &onf? 40

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

1968 wuUov kd b f momjyefEiS fh pmtkyx f w k af 0a&;Xme pmwnf;r_;tjzpfrS tjird ;f pm;,ljy;D 1/ 6/ 68 &ufae@rSpI ynma&;Xme txl;t&m&dStjzpf qufvufwm0efxrf;onf?

1970 Henry : An Anthology by World Poets" Bern Porter"

jrefrmEdkifiHokawoetoif; ESpf (60) jynhw f Gif toif;OuUÏtjzpf a&G;cH&onf? 1970 pmtkyftwGuf edkifiHaygif; (69) EdkifiHrS uAsmrsm;udk a&G;cs,fcJh&m/ Prof, G.H,Luce t*Fvdyfbmom jyefqdkxm;onhf "The Pyinma Stump" "ysOf;rikwfw"dk uAsmudk jrefrmEdkifiH udk,fpm;jyK uAsmtjzpf a&G;cs,fcHcJh&onf? EdkifiHawmfrS cDs;jrSihfonhf oD&dyHscsDbJG@wHqdyfudk a&$wd*Hk apwDawmf=uD;tm; 19/ 12/ 70 &ufae@wGif v_'gef;cJhonf? xdkbJG@wHqdyfonf 3d-2J-6 a&G;om;&dSa=umif;udk "taxGaxGa0,sm 0pPtwGuf tv_aiG&&dSa=umif; ajypm" wGif xnhfoGif; azmfjyxm;onfudk awG@&onf? (rSwfcsuf ? a&$wd*Hkbk&m;a&$qnf;vnf; trSwf 1377 rSm tbdk;jzpfol zdk;=umZHv_'gef;cJhonhfqnf;vnf; jzpfonf?)

1971 arv (32) &ufae@wGif ynma&;txl;t&m&dStjzpfrS tem;,lonf?

1974 =u,f/ euQwfwm&m ynmay; pmtkyfrsm;jzpf=uonhf (1) rdk;ay:rSm=u,fwpfvHk; (2) tmumwpfcGif ajrjyifwpf0ef; wdk@udk jyKpkcJhonf?

1975 - 79 *syefedkiif H tdkqmumjrdKŒ tdq k mum Edik fiHjcm;bmomoif wuUodkvw f iG f jrefrmpm {nh f y garmuQ t jzpf (4) ES p f wm0ef , l I aqmif & G u f c J h o nf ? xd k p Of t cg (u) ygarmuQ[m&m'gESihf wJGzufI tajccH jrefrmzwfpmudk jyKpkcJhonf? (c) ygarmuQ[m&m'g/ 'kwd,ygarmuQ tdk;Edk wdk@ESihfwJGzufI jrefrm -*syef tbd"mef jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

aqmif&GufcJhonf? (*) ygarmuQ tdk;Edk ESihfwJGzufI "jrefrmpum;ajym ya'om" pmtkyfudk jyKpkcJhonf? (C) ygarmuQ [m&m'gESihfwJGzufI "jrefrmhaus;vufuAsmpk" pmtkyfudk jyKpkco hJ nf? (i) tdq k mum Edik if jH cm;bmomoif wuUov kd f pmapmifwGif okawoeaqmif;yg; (3) apmifa&;om;azmfjycJh onf?

1980

*syef Haiku uAsmudk jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfESihf rdwfqufay;aom "[du k LU uAsm jrnf;p&m" pmtkyfudk jyKpkcJhonf?

1983 550 Zmwfawmfrsm;udk bmomjyef&m/ 1998 ckESpfqef;wGif Zmwfawmf (240) ausmf bmomjyef jyD;pD;cJhonf?

1984 &dw S pf yD;,m;. vD,mrif;=u;D (King Lear) jyZmwfukd jrefrmbmomjyefqckd ahJ om pmtkyftwGuf trsKd;om; bmomjyefpmtkyf (&o) qk&&dScJhonf?

1992 - 93 jrwfpmG bk&m;ocif (45)0gywfv;Hk a[m=um;cJo h nhf w&m;awmfrsm;rS *gxmaygi;f (423) yk'fukd a&G;cs,pf ak ygi;f xm;onhf "rRy'ygVdawmfukd jrefrmjyefq&kd m 2/ 8/ 92 &ufae@wGif jyD;pD;cJhonf? rEWav;=uD;yGm;a&;wdkufrS 1993 ckESpfwGif yHkEdSyf xkwfa0cJhonf?

1997 q&m Edkify ef;vS OD;aqmifonhf *syefa&muf pmaytEkynmjrwfEdk;onhf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH wdkif;&if; om;rsm;. xm0&&efyHkaiGtzJG@u 20/ 3/ 97 &ufae@wGif tzJG@. jrefrmjynfudk,pf m;vS,ftjzpf a':cifEiS f;,krS [oFm&kyyf g a&$wHqdyEf Sihf usyif g;odef; cDs;jrSihfylaZmfcJhygonf? 42

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

2003 ZD0 dw'ge oHCmha q;&HktwGuf aomufa&oef@pufESihf taqmuftOD; udk wpfoufwmpkaqmif; ac|;enf;pmjzihf 11/ 9/ 03 &ufaehwiG f v_'ge;f cJo h nf? aq;&Ht k yk cf sKyaf &; tzJG@u oD;oef@taqmifaqmuf I "oajyndK a&csrf;pif" [k trnfwyfum tv_udk urŠnf;xdk; rSwfwrf;wifay;cJo h nf?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

2004 =o*kwfv 15 &uf/ we*FaEGae@ eHeuf 11;30 em&DwGif &efukef+rdKŒ trSwf (18) OD; xGe f; vif; jcHv rf ; "oajyndK " aetd rf Y uG, fv Ge fo nf? uG, f vGe f cd sefwG i f ZeD ; a':=unf=unfESihf om; OD;^m%fpdk;/ OD;xifausmf/ orD; a':xm;csKdwdk@ usef&pfonf? &kyfuvmyfudk a&a0;tuGuftrSwf (51) wGif *loGif;o+*øK[fonf? q&mrif;ok0%fonf uG,fvGefcdseftxd uavmiftrnfuJG (30) cef@jzihf pme,fZif;aygif; (70) cef@wGif uAsm/ aqmif;yg;/ yHkjyif/ 0wˆK/ pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf? vHk;csif;pmtkyf (50) cef@vnf; jyKpkxkwfa0cJhonf? q&mrif;ok0%f. tcsKdŒaom uAsm/ aqmif;yg;/ 0wˆKwdk@udk t*Fvdyf/ &k&Sm;/ *syef/ csuf/ *smref/ w&kwf bmomrsm;odk@ jyefqdkcJh=uonf? uav;oli,frsm; obm0ywf0ef;usiu f dk cspcf ifpdw/f pl;prf;avhvmvdpk w d f jzpfay:ap&ef/ iSut f rsKd; aygif; (30) ausmfESihf pyfvsOf;onhf uAsmrsm; pyfqdkcJhonf? iSuftrnf/ aexdkifv_yf&Sm;r_obm0/ tpm;tpm/ ta&miftaoG;/ atmfjrnfoHwdk@ udk tvsOf;oihfovdk azmfjyay;onf? jrefrmtrnftjyif taemufwdkif;tac:ta0: rsm;udkvnf; tvG,fwulod&dS A[kokw wdk;yGm;ap&ef atmufajcrSwfpk (Foot Note) rsm;eSifh ,SOfwJGazmfjyay;cJhonf?

q&mrif;ok0%f. tjcm;vlr_a&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; (1) jynfol@v$wfawmf taqmufttHkwnfaqmufa&; ,Ofaus;r_ t=uHay; aumfrwD tzJG@0if/ (2) jrefrmpm aumfr&Sif tzJG@0if/ (3) tcsKyftcsm jrefrmEdkifiHwnfaxmifr_wGif aumfrwDaygif; (13) rsKd;Y tzJG@0if tjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&Gufcho J nf?

q&mrif;ok0%fa&;om;jyKpkcJhaompmtkyfrsm; (1) acwfprf;yHkjyifrsm; ody`Harmif0/ OD;{armif/ aZmf*Ds/ ukowdk@ESihf wJGzuf 1934 (2) rif;ok0%f 1936 (3) acwfprf;uAsmrsm; OD;{armif/ OD;ode;f [ef/ OD;nGe@f / OD;wd;k atmif/ a':cifapmrl/ OD;baomif;/ OD;apmarmifarmif wdk@ESihfwJGzuf 1937 (4) tydkjrefrmzwfpm? pmtkyf (5) 1938 (5) armifacG;zdk@ 1940 44

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

(6) oajyndKESihf tjcm;uAsmrsm; 1941 (7) Armhordkif;yHkjyifrsm; OD;baomif;/ OD;tkef;az/ OD;odef;[ef wdk@ESihfwJGzuf 1943 (8) pmayavmu 1948 (9) 0dZ,jyZmwf tajzopf 1951 (10) jrefrmowfn$ef;usrf; 1952 (11) uav;rsm;tzdk@ yHkjyif0wˆKrsm; (y) rlvwef;tydkzwfpm 1952 (12) uav;rsm;tzdk@ yHkjyif0wˆKrsm; ('k) rlvwef;jrihf tydkzwfpm 1952 (13) OD;=uifO.ygy[dejf yZmwf 0dZm… jrwfpkd (rif;ok0%f) ajz/ ykvcJ uf (aZmf*sD ) avhvm 1952 (14) wuUodkvf jrefrmtbd"mef (5) wJG 1952-64(39) rdk;ay:rSm =u,fwpfvHk; 1974 (15) wGif;oif;rif;=uD;. tvdkus 1953 (38) tif;,m;uefodk@ tdkukwdk@ 1973 (16) (u) oHk;yGifq h idk f acwfprf;pmay odya`H rmif0/ aZmf*sD wk@d eSifw h zJG uf? (c) vl&e$ ;f (w&kw-f Armcspf=unfa&;toif;rSxkwfa0) 1955 (17) oli,fwef; jrefrmzwfpm OD;azarmifwif ESihfwJGzuf 1956 (18) yxrwef; jrefrmzwfpm OD;azarmifwif ESihfwJGzuf 1957 (19) acwfrlvwef; jrefrmzwfpm OD;b ESihfwJGzuf 1957 (20) wwd,wef; jrefrmzwfpm OD;bESihfwJGzuf 1958 eSpfjynhfarG;ae@trSwfw&uAsmrsm; 2001 (21) pwkwˆwef; jrefrmzwfpm OD;b ESihfwJGzuf 1958 (22) rlvwef; jrefrmzwfpm OD;b ESihfwJGzuf 1960 (23) yxrwef; jrefrmzwfpm OD;b ESihfwJGzuf 1961 (24) wGif;oif;rif;=uD;. bv†wd,ysKdŒ ygarmuQOD;0ef ajzqdk 1961 (25) OD;ykn0wˆK (4) yk'f ygarmuQOD;0ef ajzqdk 1961 (26) arwWmESihfopPm 1962 (27) wuUodkvf jrefrmowfn$ef;usrf; 1963 (28) uAsmhy&d,m,f rif;,ka0 ESihfwJGzuf 1963 (29) yef;ESihfyifpnf 1965 (30) jrefrmpm jrefrmr_ 1965 (31) ESvHk;vSyHkjyifrsm; 1965 (32) uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif 1965 (33) c&D;onf aZmf*Ds ESihfwJGzuf 1965 (34) zdk;olawmf OD;rif;. obm0jyuQ'def 1966 (35) uav;yHkjyifrsm; (24 yk'f) 1966 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

(36) ysOf;rikwfwdk 1968 (37) a&csrf;pif 1970 (38) tif;,m;uefodk@ tdkukwdk@ 1973 (39) rdk;ay:rSm =u,fwpfvHk; 1974 (40) tmumwpfcGif ajrjyifwpf0ef; 1974 (41) (u)acwfprf;yHkjyifrsm; (c) acwfprf;0wˆKrsm; odyHa` rmif0/ aZmf*Ds/ uko wdk@ESihf wJGzuf 1976 42) armifacG;zdk@ (45 yk'f) 1986 (43) armifacG;zdk@ESihf raxG;zdk@uAsmrsm; 1997 (44) rif;ok0%f uAsmaygif;csKyf 1997 (45) acwfprf;. yef;oHk;yGihf&eH@rsm; ody`Harmif0/ aZmf*Ds ESihfwJGzuf 1999 (46) 92 ESpfjynhf arG;ae@trSwfw&uAsmrsm; 2001 (47) rif;ok0%f. 0wˆKwdkrsm; 2002 (48) uav;yHkjyifrsm; 2004 (49) jrefrmpmayynm&Sif wGif;oif;rif;=uD; 2004 (50) oDcsif;onfcsKd;uav; ESihf ESvHk;vS yHkwdkywfprsm; 2005 (51) jrefrmpmtkyf a0zefcsufrsm; 2006 (52) uav;rsm;tzdk@ yHkjyif0wˆKrsm; 2007

t*FvdyfbmomESihf jyKpkaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; (1) Development of the Burmese Language in the Medieval Period 1938 (2) Some Problems of a Lexicographer in Burmese 1956 (3) A Translation of Three Shield-Dance Songs Attributed to the Lord of Myinzaing 1974 (4) Some Burmese Poems Depiciting Burmese Life 1977 (5) Taytu-The Ancient Name of Peking in a Burmese Lithic Inscription of Pagan 1977 (6) Spoonerism in Burmese (Myanmar) 1978

bmomjyefvHk;csif;pmtkyfrsm; 1? [dkuUKuAsm jrnf;p&m 1980 2? vD,mrif;=uD; 1984 3? 550 Zmwfyifv,f (y) 1989 46

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

4? 550 Zmwfyifv,f ('k) 1989 5? &mbifj'mewfw*dk; pmya'om armifjzL;/ aZmf*Dswdk@ ESihf wJGzufa&; 1990 6? "rRy' 7? EdkifiH&yfjcm; ,Ofaus;r_0wˆKwdkrsm; 1994

a&;om;wnf;jzwfaompmtkyfrsm; 1? *gr%d pENmysKdŒ (qD;rD;cH&Gmpm; - OD;&$ef;) 1936 2? Armhordkif; yHkjyifrsm; OD;odef;[ef ESihfyl;wJGwnf;jzwf 1943 3? rmvm+rdKif uAsmrsm; - aiGwm&D 1947 4? &wem uAsmrsm; - rif;,ka0/ aiGwm&D 1950 5? tv,fwef ;jrefrmpmajzenf; (ac: ) tv,fwef;ausmif;oHk; jrefrmpum;ajyESihf uAsmaumufe_wfcsuf tajzaygif;csKyf 1950 - 59 6? &cdkifoljrwf avmuom&ysKdŒ tajzbd"mef 1955 7? uav;rsm;tzdk@ Ak'<0if - Ek,Of 1956 8? &SifOuUHorm%d -awmifolqdk &wktajz 1959 9? &SifOwWrausmf awmvm;ESihf vuf0JokEN& &wkrsm; 1964 10? uAsmhO,smOf aZmf*Ds/ OD;b ESihfwJGzuf 1964 11? *DwO,smOf aZmf*Ds/ wuUodkvf bb=uD; ESihfwJGzuf 12? &Sifr[m&Ïom&. yudÀupmpk OD;tkef;a&$eSihfwJGzuf 1968 13? &cdkif&SifoDv0Ho - *0d*E<usrf; 1974 14? jrefrm - *syeftbd"mef Prof: Ono eSihf Prof: Harada wdk@tm; ulnDjyKpk 1979

q&mrif;ok0%f. uavmiftrnfrsm; (1) pdef*|ef;aysmf - armif0ef/ OD;tmumoef;wynhf (2) pdef*|ef;aysmf (3) pdef*|ef;aysmf/ uGrf;jcHukef;jrdKŒ (4) pdef*|ef;aysmf armif0e (5) pdef*|ef;aysmf armif0ef/ uGrf;jcHuek f;jrdKŒ (6) uGrf;jcHuek f; - ok0%f -10 wef; (7) arC0ef tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

(8) uGrf;jcu H ek f;- arC0ef (9) arC0ef/ uGrf;jcHuek f;jrdKŒ (10) ok0%f (11) armifok0%f (12) pef;aomfwm (13) uGrf;jcHukef; awmifpktpGefu armifok0%f (14) uGrf;jcHukef; awmifpktvGefu armifok0%f (15) rif;ok0%f (16) jr0wf&nf (17) jr0wf&nf - [Homaus; (18) a&$unpf (19) cifo*d FD ([Hom0wD) (20) rGeu f av; (21) aemufvu dk f (22) armifa&$csnf (23) OD;0ef (24) wuUokv d frif;ok0%f (25) 0go0 (26) tn=w (27) 0dZ…mjrwfpdk (28) indK (29) okawoD (30) r*Fvm (31) a0VKokre (32) odcsifol (33) cavmufw&mu iaom=um (34) armif&yl ([oFmw)

jrefrm0DuDyD;'D;,m; (www.minthuwon.com

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

rS&,la z: jyygonf)

q&m}uD; rif;ok0%f . pmay pum;

jrwfav;iHk (pkpnf;r_) q&m rif;ok0%f. pmay pum; u¾wGif ausmif;okH; jrefrm pmtkyfyg q&m a&;zGJŒaom "oajyndK"/ "ysOf;rikwfwdk"/ "ajAmoH"/ "wdk@rav;"/ "zdk;armifvm+yD"/ "ayguUHjynfY" paom uAsmrsm; ta=umif;ESifh tjcm; pmay a&;&mrsm; yg0if ygonf? (u) oajyndK ""oajyndK" ukd (1938) ck/ Zefe0g&v D (4) &ufae@rSm a&;cJw h ,f? a&;wJh ae@&ufe@J vGwv f yfa&; &wJh ae@&uf[m tifrwef xl;qef;zG,f wdu k q f kid w f m }uKH &w,f? T uAsmudk t*Fvef Edkiif H/ a0ve,f ajrmufyikd f;/ [m'if ac: &Gmuav;&Sd pdef'kid ;f eD;,J pm=unfw h u kd fwiG f pm=unhf aepOf a&;pyf cJhw,f? pm=unhfwdkufrSm q&m zwf&wJh pmtkyfu PUNCH ac:wJh vpOfxw k f pmapmif jzpfw,f? tJ'D pmtkyf xJrSm jrefrmjynfrSm t*Fvyd ef @J jrefrm ppfwku d f wmudk ygvrD ef xJrSm tacs twif ajymwm/ jrefrm bk&ifudk ac:aqmif oGm;&ef ygvDrefrmS aqG;aEG;wJh ta=umif; zwf&wJh tcg +Aw d doSs vlrsKd;rsm; }uD;yGm; wdk;wuf+yD; udk,hv f lrsKd; qif;&J aewm =um;&awmh vGwv f yfcsif pdwf ay:vmw,f? tJ'D cHpm;csuf ayguu f J+G y;D "oajyndK"uAsm tjzpf ay:xGuf vm&w,f? *EWwavmurSm xnfw h ,fv@kd xifw,f? q&m OD;odef;[ef (aZmf*s)D &JŒ ajymjycsuf t& ppfjzpf cge;D rSm jrefrm tpd;k & jyef=um;a&; Xme twGi;f 0ef odyH` armif0u jrefrm vlrsK;d awG tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

pdwt f m; wufvmatmif qd+k y;D um;csyf uav;eJ@ xkwaf 0 w,fv@kd od&w,f? q&mh txif ajym&&if ody`H armif0&JŒ &nf¶G,fcsufu zufqpfeJ@ wdkuf& awmhr,f/ vGwfvyfa&; &awmhr,f qdk+yD; jynfol vlxk tm;vkH; pnf;vkH; wuf=uGpGm yg0if apvdkwJh oabmyJvdk@?" (c) ysOf;rikwfwdk ""ysO;f rikww f k'd uAsmudk (1949) ck/ Zefe0g&Dv (11) &ufae@rSm a&;w,f? ,ck EdkifiHjcm; bmom ody`H taqmufttHk ae&mrSm ,cifu bmrS r&Sd/ awmcsKH ydwfaygif; jzpfaew,f? tJ'D wke;f u q&mu tif,m;vrf;rSm aew,f? q&mh uav;awG/ q&m aZmf*sD uav;awG ac:+yD; naebuf vrf;avSsmufavh &Sdw,f? tJ'DrSm ikwfwdk wckudk awGŒ&w,f? yifajcmuf}uD; wyifu aqmif;ukef aEGul; av;&l; uav; a0S@vmwJh tcg t!Gef@ uav;awG xGufvmw,f? cHpm;r_ qdkwmvnf; 'DrSm ay:vmw,f? tifrwef tdkrif;wJh opfyif aomfrS aEG&moDbuf a&muf&if t!Gef@ xGufvm &ao;w,f? wd@k wdik f;jynf [mvnf; 'DvkdyJ wae@ us&if t!Gef@ wufrmS yJ qdk+yD; aygufuGJ vmwJh uAsm jzpfw,f?" (*) ajAmoH ""ajAmoH" uAsmudk (1934) ckESpf/ &efukef wuUodkvf enf;jy q&m vkyfpOfu zGŒJ qdk cJw h ,f? &ifxrJ mS cHpm;r_ jyif;xef+y;D ayguu f JG xGuv f mwJh oHcsKd uAsm jzpfw,f? urm¶Gwf &JXme tvGefrSm a&S;u anmifyif}uD; &Sdw,f? yef;urBmvdk ae&mrsKd;rSm vBuf&nf/ aumfzD/ prlqm a&mif;wJhqkid f &Sw d ,f? q&m&JŒ usLwm pmar;yGJ ppf+yD; ausmif;ydwfvdk@ tJ'rD mS xrif; vmpm;w,f? oli,fcsif;awG vmpk =uw,f? aumfzD aomuf=uw,f? tif;pdef vrf;bufu &Sifavmif; vSnhfvmw,f? jrif;eJ@ a&$xD;eJ@ ayghav? q&m i,fpOfu &Sifavmif; vSnfhwm owd &w,f? i,fpOf b0ukd owd& vGrf;qGwf wmvnf; ygw,f? aysmfwmvnf; ygw,f? tJ'D cHpm;csufukd atmifh rxm; Edkifvdk@ 'DuAsm xGufay: vm&w,f?" (C) wdk@rav; "yxr ydki;f rSm a&S;uAsm wyk'f jzpfwhJ "rrav; tdrfacgifrdk; xdk;vmygwJh ayzl;v$m bmpmvd@k ar; ar;yge@J at ,d;k ',m;&,fe@J ukvm;ukd olcsaD wmh u&ifeD [dak tmifwyfqu D qHjzwfarmifpDvdk@ a&;w,f vGr;f pmwJah v;?" bk&ihfaemif/ tavmif;bk&m; wdk@ ppfcsD wJhcg ygoGm;wJh ppfom;rsm; ,dk;',m;ukd ( t*Fvdyf - ukvm;jzL) ppfcsDawmh u&ifeDe,f (,ck - u,m; jynfe,f) udk jzwf&w,f? opfwyf - &efol r0if Edkifatmif vkyfxm;wJh ae&m/ wyf+rdKŒ pcef;awG csxm;+yD; ppfcsD &w,f? 'gukd atmifwyfvdk@ ac:w,f? r*Fvm ,lxm;wJh trnf - wyfuae trsKd;orD;qD pma&;w,f? 50

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

rdrd XmeDukd pmydk@wm/ xef;¶Guf ay¶Guf awGeJ@ a&;w,f? aejynfawmfudk jrif; apwrefeJ@ v$wf&w,f? pmawG trsm;}uD; ygvmw,f? tdrfrSm vlawG rawGŒ&if acgifrdk;rSm xdk;xm; cJw h ,f? oli,fcsi;f awGu bmpmvnf; ar;=uw,f? "ar;yge@J at" qdw k hJ pum;rSm t"dym` ,f trsm;}u;D ygw,f? tvGr;f "mwfcH &S+d y;D nnf;wGm;wJh t"dym` ,f oufa&mufw,f? igh 'armif - cspfol' ppfcsD oGm;&mu ay;vkdufwJh pmygat? "qHjzwfarmif" vd@k ok;H wmu a&S;u jrefrm vlrsK;d awG[m qHyif &Sn&f n S f xm;avh &Sd=uw,f? ppfcsD wJhcg iSufzsm; rd=u/ 0rf;udku=f u jzpf=uw,f? 'ga=umifh qHyif jzwfypf vkduf&w,f? ppfwkduf &wm yifyef;r_udk ay:vGif apw,f? aywoD;/ usD;wom;? xd@k a=umifh r*Fvm r&S[ d k ,lqonf? eef;awmf v$waf wmf/ bk&if rSL;rwfw@kd a&;pm/ rde@f pm wd@k udk xef;¶Guf eJ@om a&;&w,f? xef;u touf &Snw f ,f? pmcGseaf wmf - xef;&Guef @J a&;wJh pmawG jzpfw,f? wzuf c|efxm;vdk@ "pmc|efawmf" vdk@ ac:=uw,f? 'DuAsm t& a&S;acwf rde;f cav; awG[m pmzwf wwfw,f? pmrwwf/ ayrwwf rsK;d ¶k;d r[kwf jrefrm bk&ifawG acwfu rde;f cav;awG pmwwf aywwf udv k ekd aD cwf a&mufrS rwwfwm? 'Dae&mrSm "'dk@rav;" qdkwm trnf r[kwf/ cspfpEdk; ac:wJh tokH;om jzpfw,f? "rrav;/ yefp&m" rrav; i,fuarG; awmu a&$aus; pojzifh okH;ovdk wdk@qdkwm igwdk@ (,ckacwf) &JŒ a&S;wkef;u rav; (a&S;jrefrm trsKd;orD;awG) vdk@ qdkvdkwm /'kwd, ydk'fudk a&;wmu a&S;uAsm wyk'f jzpfwJh "a¶$0oGm; yg;vdkufwJh aqmifygav vGrf;ol@pmacG onfpmacG taxGaxGygav&JŒav; pDvkd@omukH;& pmvkH; w,frvSw,f rdef;rvufa&;?" trsKd;om; awGu a&mif;0,f azmufum;r_ udpPeJ@ tif;0udk oGm;aewkef; trsKd;orD; awGu ¶GmrSm usefcw Jh ,f? olwdk@ cspfol vifa,musfm;qD pma&;avh &Sdw,f? pmacG qdkwm ay¶Guf xef;¶GufawG ay:rSm pma&;+yD; vdyfacG xm;vdk@ pmacGvdk@ ac:=uwm? vufa&;u rvSry/ rnDr!Gwf/ uEGJ@u& vufa&; jzpfw,f? tif;0oGm; tvkyf vkyfaewJh armifudk vl}uKHeJ@ yg;vkdufwJh uGsefr&JŒ pmukd ,loGm;yg? qEN jyif;jy vdk@om a&;& ygw,f? vufa&;u w,f rvS ygbl;? a&S;u pmudk ay¶GufrSm a&;&wm/ a&;ae rusvdk@ vufa&; rvS jzpfwwfw,f? txufyg uAsm (2) yk'f t& a&S;jrefrm trsKd;orD;rsm; pma&; pmzwf (t - 2 vkH; ausa=umif;) wwfa=umif; xif&mS ; aew,f? odom Ekdiw f ,f? jcpfw,f qdkwm ay¶Gu/f xef;¶Guf ay:rSm oHunpfeJ@ jcpfa&; &w,f? "rav; cspfEkdif cJhbl;+y"D vkd@ okH;xm;wm/ uspGmrif;&JŒ orD;/ oHAsif rif;orD;/ &cdkif eef;wGif;ol rdnKd wdk@[m pmay xl;cGsef olawG jzpfcw Jh ,f? yk*Hacwf up jrefrmwkd@ pmay wwfcJhw,f? oHAsif rif;orD;[m &[ef; awGudk pmcs ay;&wJh txd wwfcJhw,f? odk@ayr,fh u|efb0 a&mufvmawmh pmay ravhvm&/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

rwwf pmayiwfwJhb0 a&mufcJh&w,f? tdrfaxmifeJ@ wuGJpDae&wJh jrefrmtrsKd;orD; awGtzd@k pmra&;wwf/ rzwfwwf/ tvdrRmpmrSm&Sq d akd wmh rvdrmR =u/ w&m;pm/ owif;pm r*~Zif; bmrS rzwfwwf/ pmiwf ayiwf/ tod ynm r&/ armif;axmif; qefjymeJ@ atmufwef; usvGe;f ae+yD? a&iwf ajr=oZm iif+yD; rpdr;f vef; rpdkjynfwJh opfajcmuf yifeJ@ wlw,f? ,ck uHaumif; axmufr vm+yD/ tokH;vkH; oifwef; zGifhae+yD? ae tvGefylwJh &moD vnf;jzpf ylvGef;vdk@ wHvSsyfa&mif xaewJh wefcl;/ uqkef usufusuf ylwJh &moD rsKd;rSm tvkyf vkyfwJh ae&mrSm vdkuf pmoif ae&w,f? xef;yvyfwJ/ wrmyif awGrSm 'cspf&dyfcdk' qdkwm tokH;vkH; oifwef; ay;wJh vkyftm;ay; ausmif;ol ausmif;om; awG&JŒ arwœm&dyf/ apwem&dyf/ xef; wrmyif wdk@u vlom;udk arwœm xm;wJh t&dyfvdk@ Oyrm wifpm; xm;w,f? "tjrifqef;" - pm rwwfol tuef; eJ@wlw,f? a&;wwf zwfwwf oGm;+yD? t&ifu rod wmawG odvm+y;D tHh=o zG,&f m jzpfvm+yD? b0 opfvGif ae+y?D rav; b0rSm pnfum; vm+yD/ 'rsufuef;' qdkwm ynmwnf; [laom tjrif r&Sd oludk qkdwm? ,kwn f w hH hJ b0 a[mif;[m ¶Guaf [mif; a=uGovdk vGio hf mG ;+y/D wefc;l vrSm t¶Guf a¶uGw,f? a=uGoGm;wJh b0a[mif; aemufrSm t¶Guf tzl; tikHawG a0qm vm+yD? tod^m%f ynm =uG,0f vm+yDvdk@ qkv d dkwm? tokH;vkH; vkyfief; puwnf;u q&m ygcJhw,f? tokH;vkH; udpP aqmif¶Guf&if q&m yDwd jzpf+yD; aygufuJG tefxGuf vmwJh uAsm wyk'f jzpfw,f? wdk@trsKd; awG[m a&S; uwnf;u pma&; pmzwf wwfcJhw,f? udkvdkeD b0rSm olŒuGsef jzpf+yD; vljzpf ¶_H;cJh &w,f? tJ'gudk rcHcsif pdwfvJ ygw,f? ck tpdk;&u OD;pD; zGihv f SpfwJh tokH;vkH; vkyif ef;udk tm;& 0rf;om auseyf ESpfodr+fh y;D axmufcH }uKq d w kd hJ oabmvnf; ygw,f? tok;H vk;H vkyt f m;ay; ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;awG udka&m oifwef; wufcJh olawG tzdk@yg v_H@aqmfwJh oabm wuf=uGpGm v_yf&Sm; yg0if apvkdwJh wGef;tm; vnf;yJ jzpfygw,f? q&mu pmayorm; qdak wmh wrsK;d om;vk;H udk pmwwf apcsiw f ,f? uef&ŒJ twdrf teufudk =um¶kd; =umpG,feJ@ wkdif;ovdk wdkif;jynf wck&JŒ twuf tus udkvnf; pmayeJ@ wkdif;vkd@ &w,f? pmay[m wkdif;jynfeJ@ vlrsKd;udk rD;armif; xkd;ay;w,f? wdk@ wawG[m pmrsm;rsm; zwf&r,f? tvkyf rsm;rsm; vkyf&r,f? wmxGuf aES;awmh jrefjref ajy;& rSmaygh? jrefjref ajy;zdk@ twGuf tm;tif vdkw,f? 0 r&SdbJ 0dvkyfvkd@ &ygh rvm;? 'ga=umifh wdk@ wrsKd;om;vkH; rsufpd zGifhzdk@ vdkw,f? vl wOD;pD wOD;pD pkvdkufawmh rdom;pk rdom;pkawG pkvu dk af wmh +rK@d Œ/ +rKŒd awG pkvu kd af wmh jynfe,f/ wkid ;f / wdik ;f eJ@ jynfe,fawG 52

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

pkvkdufawmh wdk@ jynfaxmifpk}uD; jzpfvm wmaygh? jynfaxmifpk}uD; wck vkH;&J@ wm0ef[m wdk@ wOD;pD&J@ wm0efyJ? wdk@ wOD;pD wm0ef ausrS wdk;wuf ygrS wdk@ jynfaxmifpk}uD; wckvkH; at;csrf;r,f qdk+yD; q&mh pdwfxJrSm t+rJ pGJaew,f?" q&m rif;ok0%fu "wkd@rav;" uAsmESifh ywfoufI &Sif;vif; rdef@=um;aom pmay pum;rsm; jzpfygonf? "wkd@rav;" uAsm rl&if;ukd azmfjy vkdufygonf? wdk@rav; uAsmonf tok;H vk;H uAsm wyk'f jzpfI "tvif;aps;ESihf pmwwfajrmufa&; v_yf&mS ;r_ tjcm; uAsmrsm;" pmtkyfwGif yg0if ygonf?

"wkd@rav;"

tdrfacgifrdk;rSm olxkd;vmonf? ayv$mpmcsyf/ ta0;&yfu qHjzwfarmifa&;/ tvGrf;aw;udk rav;zwfEkdifcJhzl;+yD? a¶$0odk@oGm;/ cspfoltm;vSsif rSm=um;ydk@av/ vGrf;pmacG[k rajyrvS/ EGJŒvsvsESifh rdef;rvufa&;/ i,fao;ao;ukd rav;jcpfEdkifcJhzl;+yD? odk@yifjzpfvnf; cspfolESifha0;/ wdk@rav;um; a&;vnf;rwwf/ zwfrwwfESifh pmiwfayiwf/ todiwfonf rwfwwfajcmufonfh opfyifvdk? uHaxmufrI /T,ae@rl aEGaiG@vSsyfvSsyf/ ylpyfpyfwGif xef;yvyf&dy/f wrm&dyfY cspf&dyfcdk0if/ pmudk oifaomf ryifryef;/ tjrifqef;onf rsufuef;rav; jrifav+yD? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

(i) zdk;armifvm+yD "q&mwdk@ i,fpOfu t*Fvdyf pmxJrSm (Ballad) ac:wJh uAsm wrsKd;/ jrefrmvdk 0wˆK a=umif;ygwJh uAsm (Story poem) udk qdkvdkw,f? ausmif;q&m taeeJ@ uAsm oifay;wJh tcg ysKdŒ }uD; awGom &Sdw,f? tydk'f aygif; 100 -200 ygwmcsnf; awGŒ&w,f? &Snw f mvnf; yg? a&S;u Ak'< bmomudk rSDa&;wJh uAsm qkdawmh txufwef; tv,fwef; ausmif;om; awGukd oifay;zdk@ rjzpfEidk /f vlqkd wmvnf; vlreS ;f oduwnf;u yku H kd em;axmif vm=uawmh apmapmu 0rf;xJu xGufvmwJh uAsm tjyif / ykHjyif ygwJh uAsmudk oifay; &&if aumif;r,fqw kd hJ pdw0f if pm;r,f qdw k hJ qEN jzpfvmw,f? q&m wd@k u t*Fvyd f pmay udv k nf; avhvm cJhw,f? q&mu (Ballad) uAsm ykpH H twdik ;f ykjH yif uAsm a&;r,f qd+k y;D a&;w,f? a&;awmh 'D ykHjyif[m wu,f jzpfcsif jzpfr,f? 'DuAsmrSm q&mh apwemu vlwkdif;[m ukd,h&f yf¶Gm wajrwnf; ae wa&wnf; aomuf tusKd;ukd aqmif¶Guf &r,fvdk@ w&m; a[mcsifw,f? udk,fh &yf¶Gmom;/ wkdif;om; jynfom;/ urBmol urBmom; tusKd;udk vlwkdif; aqmif¶Guf oifhw,f? ukaÉ ukÉm csr;f omwJh olaX;u Z&yf/ aq;¶kH aqmufrS omvSsif wkid ;f jynf tusK;d aqmuf¶Gufwm r[kwf/ wHigonf aomfrS udk,fh&yfol &Gmom;rsm; ig;pdrf; ig;pdk pm;&atmif &yf¶Gm tusKd; aqmif¶Guf &w,f? aemufqkH; ¶Gmol ¶Gmom;awG "m;jy vufxJ rusatmif touf paw; oGm;w,f? tJ'v D kd y&[dw aqmif¶u G o f l b,f tqift h wef; b,ftvGmrSm rqdk &Sdw,f? vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;aemuf wkdif;opf jynfopf xlaxmif&mrSm 'Dvdk yk*~KdvfawG trsm;}u;D vdktyfw,f? 'ga=umifh q&mwdk@ uAsm 0goem ygwJh ausmif;om; ausmif;olawG tJ'Dpdwf ay:atmif qdk+yD; a&;wm/ 'DrSm &nf¶G,fcsuf &Sdw,f? ykHpHu uAsm ykHjyif ykHpH/ &nf¶G,fcsufu y&[dw aqmif&Guf apcsifwJh qEN tajccH+yD; uAsm a&;wm? wwd, tcsufu pD;yGm;a&; aomif;usef;wJh acwf r[kwf/ vlwef;pm; ra¶G;wJh acwfrSm wHigvdk edrfhus qif;&JwJh vlwef;pm;aomfrS wdkif;jynftusKd; aqmif¶Guf Ekdifw,f qkdwm odap csiw f ,f? 'DuAsmrSm olwvnf; ygw,f? &ovnf; ygw,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd okw &o pmayvd@k ac:w,f?" (p) ayguUHjynfY =um;vkdao;onf/ ayguUHjynfY aejcnfa&mif+zKd;/ ,mc¶kd;wGif a¶$csKd;oHom ulonfukd? erf;vdkao;onf/ ayguUHjynfY pdwf= unf&mZ/ ukrm&. arG;z*k% m/ wkH@jyefygonf arwœm&eH@=uLonfudk? zl;vdkao;onf/ ayguUHjynfY a&mifjcnf0if;y/ 54

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

ausmif;*lvS[k jrefrmhOD;pGef;vlonfudk? "(1946) ckESpfrmS a&;w,f? (1945) rSm &efukef+rKd@ r*dkvrf; (a¶$bo kH m vrf;) rSm ta&;ay: wuUov kd f zGiw hf ,f? (1945) rSm uxdu tjzpf cef@xm;jcif; cH&w,f? tJ'D tcsed rf mS jrefrmjynf uGsefb0 &Sdao;w,f? q&mwdk@ acwfu vlawGu 0rf;xJrSm vGwfvyfa&; &zkd@ t+rJ &Sdw,f? bmawG;awG;/ vGwfvyfa&;/ udk,fhwkdif;jynf }uD;yGm; cJhwm/ ol&Jaumif; xGucf w hJ m/ jrefrmh ,Ofaus;r_ tajccH jzpfwhJ yk*H jynfukd wacguf oGm;vnf+y;D jrefrm tEkynm vuf&m rsm;&J@ &oudk cHpm; csifpdwf ay:vmw,f? 'kwd, tcsufu &mZukrm&[m ol@ zcifu xD;eef; pnf;pdrf ray; ajr;udk ay;ayr,fh zcifukd pdwfrqdk;bJ/ trSsa0/ aus;Zl;*k%f azmfw,f? rkef;p&m aumif;wmukd cspw f hJ pdwfe@J trsuf a'goudk awmfveS w f Jh ol&aJ umif;rsKd; a&S;u ay:cJw h ,f? ckvnf; ay:ap csifw,f? jrefrm wkd@[m udk,x fh D;/ udk,ehf ef;/ uk, d h, f Ofaus;r_eJ@ jyefjzpf apcsiw f hJ cHpm;csuef J@ aygufuJG xGuv f mwJh uAsm jzpfw,f? tawGŒ t}uKHay: rlwnf+yD; cHpm; zl;wm awGudk rlwnf+yD; odkodyf rxm;Ekdifvdk@ aygufuGJ vmwJh uAsm &o pmayaygh? (1) obm0w&m; (2) ywf0ef;usif (3) vlwdk@. usKd;pm; tm;xkwf r_a=umifh ay:ayguf vmaom ,Ofaus;r_ 'aygufuHjU ynf' ac:wmaygh? jynfaxmifpk jrefrm EkdifiH wckvkH; a&S;¶_ apwem xm;+yD; jzpfay: vmaom uAsmpdwf / ppf+y;D cgp ('kw, d urBmppf) rSm jrefrm vlrsKd; taeeJ@ tvl;tvJ ppf'%f cH&vkd@ obm0&JŒ tvSudk arhaysmuf cJh&w,f? qif;&J yifyef; aoma=umifh jynfaxmifpk om;wk@d &JŒ e*dk &S+d y;D arwœm *¶k%m pdwaf wG uvnf; csKdŒwJh ukefw,f? bdk;/ ab;/ bD/ bifu aqmufxm;wJh taqmufttkH awG[m rD;avmif jymus uke+f y;D ppf+y;D wJh tcg pOf;pm;^m%f &SdwJh olwkid ;f rSm ay:ayguf vmwJh pdwu f jyefvnf xlaxmifz@kd ? tJ'D tcsuf (3) csuu f q&mh tzd@k xD;xD;}u;D ay:vmw,f? wdk@ bd;k ab; bDbif vufxufu om,m cJhwJh a&ajr awmawmif obm0/ av/ iSufawG jyefvnf ¶$if¶$ifysys jzpfwmawG jrifcsif vmw,f? jrefrm pmay ay:wm/ yk*H acwfu jrefrmpm taeeJ@ ckxd ausmufxuf tuQ&m wif&Sdwm &mZukrm& ausmufpm (odk@) jrapwD ausmufpm 'D ausmufpmxJ ygwJh ta&;t}uD;qkH; tESpfom&u aus;Zl; wkH@jyefr_/ jrefrm pmay&,fvdk@ yGJOD; xGuv f du k w f hJ pmrSmudk aus;Zl; wkH@jyefr_ w&m;[m xD;xD;}uD; ay:ayguf vmw,f? omref vlwkd@ odwhJ aus;Zl;rsKd; r[kwf/ ajr;udk xD;eef; ay;+yD; rdrdudk ray; aomfrS pdwfrqdk;/ pdwfruGuf/ +iKdjiifr_ r&Sd/ auGs;arG; jyKpk cJhwJh aus;Zl;udk axmufxm;/ 'D arwœm pdwf[m aus;Zl; odwwfwhJ pdwf uav;[m 'kw, d urBmppf twGif;rSm nSKd;rSdef oGm;w,f? jrefrm vlrsKd; taeeJ@ vlrsKd; ra¶G; / ig;yg; oDv apmifh&r,f qkdwm nSKd;i,f oGm;+yD; cdk;p&m&Sd tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

cdk;r,f/ wkdufp&m&Sd wkdufr,f qkdwJh pdwfuav; acgif;axmif xvmw,f? tJ'Dpdwf jrefrmh tajccH ud, k u f sihf w&m; nSK;d rSed f oGm;+yD qd+k y;D 'kw, d tydk'f a&;wm erf;vkd ao;onf qdkwmu ,cif tajc taersKd; jyefjzpf apcsifw,f qdkwJh oabm? ,Ofaus;r_/ uAsm/ vuFm/ pum;ajy/ yef;csD/ yef;yk pwJh ,Ofaus;r_ rsm;[mvnf; ppf twGi;f rSm ppf'%f AkH;'%fa=umifh uAsm ra&;Ekdif/ 0wˆK ra&;Ekdif/ ,Ofaus;r_ukd rvkyEf ikd f/ ajy;vGm; ae&vkd@ bdk;ab; bDbif vkyfcJhwJh ,Ofaus;r_ ysufpD; oGm;w,f? wuUodkvf taqmufttkH/ pm=unfhwkduf/ jymykkH b0 a&mufcJh &w,f? tJ'g awGudk jyef+yD; jrifcsifw,f qdkwJh qENudk rsKdodyf rxm; Ekdifvdk@ ayguUH jynfY qdkwJh uAsm[m arG;zGm; vm&w,f?" (q) q&m rif;ok0%fESifh awG@qkH+yD; atmufyg ar;cGef; rsm;udk ar;jref;I q&mu jyefvnf ajz=um; cJhygonf? ar; ? ? q&mh taeeJ@ uAsm wyk'fukd a&;pyf&mwGif rnfonfh &nf¶G,fcsufeJ@ a&;yg ovJ q&m? ajz ? ? uAsmwyk'f pmwyk'f a&;wJh tcg &nf&G,fcsufESifh ywfouf+yD; ¶kd;¶dk; ajym&r,f qkv d sS if rdrd 0rf;xJwiG f atmifrh xm; Ekid v f @kd xkwaf jym vku d jf cif;/ xkwaf &; vku d jf cif; ygyJ? wenf; tm;jzifh rdrd ajymvkdwJh pum; awGudk xkwfa&; wmudk O'gef;vdk@ ac:ygw,f? ygVd pum; tppf uawmh "O'ge" yg? "O'ge" . yk'feuf uawmh touf ¶lxkwfjcif;vkd@ t"dy`m,f &w,f? &ifxJrSm jynfhusyf aevdk@ tefxGuf vmwJh oabmrsKd; udkyJ qdk&m a&mufw,f? 'Dae&m rSmawmh ygVd pum; "O'ge" eJ@ t*Fvdyf pum; Inspiration udk qufoG,f =unfh&if jzpfEkdif vdrhfr,fvkd@ xifygw,f? taemuf EkdifiHom;awG uAsm a&;&mrSm (Inspration) ygrS uAsmaumif; jzpfw,fvkd@ qkdcsif ygw,f? q&mwkd@ jrefrm awGrSmvnf; O'gef; oabm ygrS uAsmaumif; jzpfw,fv@dk qkcd sif ygw,f? "O'ge" eJ@ Inspration oabmcsi;f wlayr,fh yk'f teufcsi;f awmh ajymif;jyef jzpfae ygw,f? "O'ge" u touf¶l xkwjf cif;vk@d teuf xGuyf gw,f? Inspiration u touf¶l oGif;jcif;vd@k teuf xGuyf gw,f? b,fou l b,foŒl xJudk bmrsm; ¶loiG ;f ovJ qdkonfukd uAsmewfu uAsm q&m. 0rf;xJudk uAsm "mwfawG ¶loiG ;f w,fv@dk rSw&f ygw,f? od@k rSom aumif;jrwfwhJ uAsmawG xGuaf y: vmEkdif ygr,f? aemufqkH; ajym& &ifawmh uAsm a&;wJh tcg rAsm rpyfrD &nf&G,fcsuf qkdwm r&Sdbl;? aemufrS rdrd &ifxJrS cHpm;csuf xkwfazmf+yD; a&;vkduf wmygyJ? ar; ? ? q&m rnfonfh touf t¶G,fu p+yD uAsm a&;yg ovJ? 56

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

ajz ? ? q&m touf (13) ESpfu p+yD; uAsm a&;cJh ygw,f? ar; ? ? uav; uAsmrsm; udak &m b,f tcsed u f p+y;D a&;cJhygovJ? b,f uAsmudk t&ifqkH; a&;cJh ygovJ q&m? ajz ? ? uav; uAsmrsm; udkawmh (1931) ckESpf ZGefv (11) &ufae@u p+yD; a&;cJh ygw,f? q&m yxrqkH; a&;cJhwJh uAsm uawmh "oajyoD;aumuf" uAsmav;yJ jzpfygw,f? ar; ? ? q&m pma&;q&m bma=umifh jzpfvm &yg ovJ? ajz ? ? q&mh taeeJ@ pma&; q&m jzpfvm &wJh ta=umif;udk ajym&r,f qkd&ifawmh t&Snf}uD; ygyJ? tJ'gudk &Sif;&Sif;av; ajymjy &r,fqkd &ifawmh q&m }u;D jyif; cJh&wJh ywf0ef;usif tajctaeudk t&if ajymjy ygrh ,f? q&m i,fpOfu aecJhwJh q&mh&JŒ Zmwd uGrf;+cHukef; +rKdŒ&J@ ywf0ef;usifu q&m uAsm zGJŒ jzpfatmif zefwD; ovdkyJ? q&m i,fpOfu aecJw h hJ tdrf[m uGr;f +cu H ek ;f +rKŒd awmifbufyidk f; emwmylcsK;d (,ck rif;ok0%fvrf;) xdyrf Sm &Sw d ,f? q&mh tdrfa&SŒ rSmawmh acsmif; &Sdw,f? acsmif; urf;pyfrSm vrkyifawG/ c&mcsKHawG/ aemuf+y;D oajyyifvJ &Sdw,f? tJ'D acsmif;rSm q&m wkd@[m uav; b0 rdk;¶GmwJh ae@wdik ;f avSi,f wpif;eJ@ acsmif;xJrmS avSmf/ oajyoD; rSnahf v;awG aumuf/ q&mh tdrfacgif; &if;u q&mh ta': tdrf&JŒ ca&yifu ca& yef;av;awG cl;+yD;awmh a=uGyef;uefuGJ aphav; awGeJ@ yef;a&mif;wef; upm; &wm w,f+yD; aysmfp&m aumif;cJh wmyJu, G ?f aemuf+yD; q&mwdk@ tdrf&JŒ ta&SŒ bufrSmqdk pdrf;pdk aewJh "ed+cHawG/ tkef;+cHawG/ v,fuiG ;f awG &Sw d ,f? q&m i,fi,fu uGr;f +cu H ek ;f +rKŒd qkw d mvnf; ¶Gm}u;D w¶Gmavmufom &Sdwmudk;uGJŒ? q&mh tdrf&JŒ ywf0ef;usif rSmvJ q&mh aoG;om; ruif;wJh olawG aew,f? wjcm; vlawG uvJ w¶Gmwnf; om;awG qdkawmh aqGrsKd; vdkyJ &if;ESD; =uw,f? cifrif =uw,f? ¶dkif;yif; =uw,f? 0gwGif; umv Oykofae@ qkd&if q&mwdk@ i,fi,fav; uwnf;u tbwdk@/ tarwdk@/ bkef;}uD; ausmif;udk oDv ,loGm;&if vkdufoGm; =uw,f? vl}uD; awGeJ@ twl Oykof oDv aqmufwnf +yD;rS naeapmif;rS tdrfjyef vm=uw,f? q&m wkd@u uav; qkdawmh Oykof &w,f vkd@awmh odyfr&Sdbl; ayghu, G ?f aemuf+yD; q&m wdk@qDrSm v,form;/ acsmif;orm; rsm;w,f? ae@pOfESifh trSs v,fvkyf olawG b,favmuf yifyef;w,f/ b,fvkd ae=u &w,f/ v,f,m vkyfukdif+yD; oD;ESH ay:csdefrSm pyg; a&mif;cs+yD; &SifjyK/ &[ef;cH tvSLyGJ awGudk odkufodkuf0ef;0ef; usif;y =uw,f qkdwm q&mh rsufjrif udk,af wGŒ awGav? q&mu awmrSm }uD;jyif; cJh&ol qdkawmh aus;¶Gmu v,form; awG&JŒ b0/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

aus;¶Gm p¶kduf awGukd ESpfouf wmESifh trSs q&m olwkd@ b0ukd cHpm; rdw,f? tJ'Du p+yD; q&m uAsm awGudk a&;rdw,f? &efukef a&mufawmhvJ rdbESifh ¶Gmudk vGrf;wkdif; q&m uAsmudk a&;jzpf oGm;wmyJ? ar; ? ? q&m rnfonfh tcsdef tcg rsKd;rSm pma&; wwfyg ovJ q&m? ajz ? ? q&mh taeeJ@ rsm;aom tm;jzifh tm¶k%f rwufrD tcsdefrSm a&;avh &Syd gw,f? ar; ? ? q&m i,fpOfu rnfodk@aom pmayudk ESpfouf pGJvrf; cJhyg ovJ q&m? ajz ? ? a0g[m& vdewœ 'DyeD/ a0g[m& yumoeD/ bmompkH tbd"mefrsm; jzpfygw,f? ar; ? ? q&m&J@ yxrqkH; ykHEdyS f cH&wJh uAsmu b,fuAsm ygvJ/ b,fESpf ckEpS frSm ykHESdyf cH& ygovJ? b,f r*~Zif;rSm ykHESdyfjcif; cH&w,f qkdwm odyg &ap q&m? ajz ? ? q&m&JŒ yxrqkH; ykHESdyfjcif; cH&wJh uAsm uawmh 'rdk;&moDbGJŒ' jzpf+yD; (1926) ck Zlvdkifvxkwf '*kef r*~Zif;rSm yxrqkH; azmfjyjcif; cH& ygw,f? ar; ? ? q&mh pmawG ay:wGif v$rf;rdk;aom pmayESifh pma&;q&m udkvnf; odyg &ap q&m? ajz ? ? q&mh pmay ay:wGif v$rf;rdk;wJh pma&;q&meJ@ pmay uawmh &Sifr[m &Ïom&&JŒ &wke@J ysKŒd rsm;/ &SifOwœrausm. f awmvm;}u;D / e0a';}u;D / ewf&iS af emif/ pdEaœ usmo f l wdk@&J@ &wkawG/ r,facG&JŒ tJcsif;/ ya'o&mZm. wsmcsif;/ aemuf+yD; q&m}uD; ocif udk,fawmfr_dif;&JŒ av;csKd;}uD;awG/ q&m aZmf*sD&JŒ uAsmawG/ rkHa¶G; q&mawmf&JŒ orEWpuQK 'DyeD/ OD;+cdrfh&JŒ u0d vuQ%m 'DyeDwdk@ jzpfygw,f? ar; ? ? q&m tESpfoufqkH; EkdifiHjcm; pma&; q&mawG udkvnf; ajymjy apcsif ygw,f? ajz ? ? q&m tESpfoufqkH; EkdifiHjcm; pma&; q&mawG uawmh William Wordsworth , John Keats , Richard Jeffeief , John Colare wdk@ jzpf=u ygonf? ar; ? ? q&m trsm;qkH; yg0if a&;om; cJhaom pme,fZif; trnf udkvnf; odyg &ap? ajz ? ? q&m trsm;qkH; yg0if a&;cJhwhJ r*~Zif; uawmh ¶_r0 r*~Zif;yJ jzpfygw,f? ar; ? ? q&m a&;om; cJhwJh uAsmawG xJu q&m tESpfoufqkH; uAsmu b,fuAsm jzpfw,f qkdwm odyg &ap? ajz ? ? q&mh taeeJ@ q&m pyfqkd xm;wJh uAsm awGudk b,fuAsm udkawmifrS tESpo f ufq;Hk vk@d ajymzk@d cufygw,f? OyrmuG,f - rdbu om;orD; awGudk b,fEpS af ,muf &Sd&Sd tJ'D om;orD; awGudk wef;wl cspf=u ovdkaygh? q&mvnf; q&m a&;xm; +yD;orSs 58

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

uAsmawG tm;vkH;udk ESpfouf ygw,f? ar; ? ? q&mESifh acwf+yKdif pma&; q&mrsm; udkvnf; odyg &ap q&m? ajz ? ? q&mESifh acwf+yKdif pma&; q&mawG uawmh ody`H armif0/ aZmf*sD/ OD;at;armif/ wufwdk;/ Z0e/ okc/ AdkvfrSL; baomif;/ armifxif/ wdkufpdk;/ ocFg/ odef;azjrifh wk@d yJ jzpf=u ygw,f? ar; ? ? uav; uAsm rsm;udk a&;pyf&mwGif uav;rsm; tay: xm;&SdwhJ q&mh&JŒ apwemeJ@ cHpm;r_ udkvnf; odyg &ap? ajz ? ? uav; uAsmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;/ ajym& &ifawmh q&mh rdbawGu p& ygr,f? q&m tckvdk ynmwwf wa,muf jzpf+yD; at;at; aq;aq; vkyfudkif Ekdifatmif ynm oifay; =uwJh q&mh&J@ vufOD; q&mawG uawmh q&mh rdbawG ygyJ? q&mh rdb awG[m olwd@k udu k awmh ynmukd aumif;rGepf mG roif cJ&h awmh v,f tvkyf/ ukefonf tvkyfyJ vkkyf=u &ayr,fh olwdk@&JŒ om;jzpfwJh q&mh udkawmh ynmwwf wa,muf jzpfap csifw,f? q&mh rdb awGrSm 'Dvkd tjrifrsKd; &Sdvdk@ q&m ynm oifEkdif cJhw,f? 'gha=umifhvnf; q&m&JŒ vufOD; q&m[m q&mh rdbawG yJvkd@ qdkwmyg? q&mh&ŒJ yxr ausmif;[m uGrf;+cHukef;+rKdŒ awmifbufydkif;u emwmylcsKd; jz pfygw,f? 'kwd, ausmif;uawmh uGrf;+cHuke f;+rKdŒ usm;ausmif; jzpf+yD;/ wwd, ausmif;uawmh uGr;f +cHuek ;f +rKŒd trsK;d om; ausmif;yJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dausmif;rSm q&m a&;om;wJh uav; uAsmawG aygufzGm; vmcJhygw,f? bmjzpfvkd@ 'Dvkd qkd& ovJ qkd&if (1939) ckESpf rSmaygh q&m uvnf; yxrESpf 0dZm… pmar;yGJ ajzqkdv@kd +y;D csed f q&mh rdbawG uvnf; pD;yGm; ysucf sdef jzpfaew,f? 'ga=umifh q&m[m Zmwd jzpfwJh uGrf;+cHukef;+rKdŒudk jyef+yD; uGrf;+cHukef;+rKdŒ trsKd;om; ausmif;rSmyJ ausmif;tkyf q&m}u;D vkkyfcJhw,f? 'Dvkd vkyfae&mu trsKd;om; ynma&; Xmeu xkwfa0 !$ef=um;wJh ynma&; jyuQ'defudk zwfvkdufwJh tcgrSm q&mh taeeJ@ tvGef pdwf0ifpm;wJh ta=umif;w&yf ygvmcJhw,f? 'Dta=umif;uawmh uav;i,f awGudk aysmf¶$ifatmif rsKd;cspf pdwf"mwf ay:vmatmif ynm vdkcsifr_ owœd &Sdr_awG uav;rsm; pdwfxJwGif udef;atmif; vmatmif uav;awGukd oDcsif; oifay; &r,f qdkwJh tcsufyJ? q&mh taeeJ@ uvnf; uav;awG pdwfxJr Sm 'Dvdk cHpm;csuf av;awG ay:vmatmif uAsm pyfay;csifwJh apwem jzpfay: vmw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; 'Dvkd uav; uAsmrsK;d a&;pyf &r,f qdw k mudk t}urd }f urd f pOf;pm; cJw h ,f? tJ'D tcsed f uvnf; jrefrmjynfrmS uav;awG twGuf oD;jcm; pyfxm;wJh jrefrm uav; uAsm qdkwm uvnf; pepfwus r&Sdbl;av? t*Fvdyf uav; uAsmyJ &Sdwm yguvm;? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

'ga=umifh q&mvnf; jrefrm uav; awGe@J eD;pyf+y;D jrefrm uav;awG ESpo f ufr,fh uAsmrsK;d pyfz@kd pdwu f ;l w,f? 'DtcgrmS uav; awG[m bm ta=umif;ukd / b,fvdk ta=umif; awGukd olwkd@ pdwf0if pm;rvJ qkdwm pOf;pm;&if; q&mh&JŒ i,fpOf uav; b0u ESpfouf pGJvrf;jcif; jzpfcJh &wJh uav; b0 aysmf&$if ykHav; awG[m q&mh pdwfrSm tvSsKdvSsKd ay:vm =uw,f? tJ'v D kd q&m i,fpOfu aysm¶f i$ f cJo h vdk uav; awGvnf; aysm¶f i$ f upm; &wmukd ESpfouf vdrfhr,fvkd@ xifvk@d q&m i,fpOfu ta=umif;av; awGukyd J uav;awG twGuf uav; uAsm jzpfatmif uAsm a&;zGJ@ ay;cJhw,f? 1931 ck ZGefv/ (11) &ufrSm "oajyoD;aumuf" uAsmudk pwif+yD; a&;cJhw,f? tJ'D tcsdefrSmawmh uav;rsm;&JŒ tusKd;ukd pOf;pm;+yD; uav;awG&JŒ tusKd; twGufom tm¶kH pdkufae cJhwJh twGuf wuUodkvf udkvnf; pdwf ra&muf awmhbl;av? "0gqkd 0gacgif a&awG }u;D vkd@ oajyoD;rSnfh aumufpdk@uG,"f qkdwJh uAsmav; ukdyJ ausaus eyfeyfeJ@ pwif a&;w,f? 'DuAsm av;udk a&;wmvnf; q&m pdwful;,Of+yD; a&;wm r[kwfbl;uGJ@ q&m i,fpOfu q&mwdk@ Zmwd qdkwm uvnf; atmuft&yf jzpfawmh acsmif;uefvnf;ayg/ rd;k uvnf;rsm; r[kwv f m;? jrefrmjynfrmS rd;k &moD jzpfwhJ 0gqd0k gacgif qkd&if q&mh tdrfa&SŒu acsmif;uav; uvnf; a&vSsH vmw,f? aemuf+yD; acsmif; eHab;rSm &SdwJh oajyoD; yif}uD; uvnf; toD;awG rSnfh+yD; acsmif;xJ a=uGus ae+yD? tJ'Dawmh q&mwdk@ oli,fcsif;awG avSuav;ukd pD;+yD; acsmif;xJrSm oajyoD; aumufchJ =uwm tvGef aysmfp&m aumif;w,f? 'Dvdk upm;enf; rsK;d ukd q&mwk@d i,fi,fu ESpo f uf cJo h vdk uav;awGvnf; ESpo f uf =ur,f/ cHpm; =ur,f/ cHpm;wwfav cspw f wfav aemuf+yD; wqufwnf; vdkyJ q&m owd& rdvdkufwmu 0gwiG f; Oykofae@ awGrSm tb/ tar wdk@ESifh twl bkef;}uD;ausmif;ukd vkdu+f yD; oDv ,l=uw,f? bke;f awmf}uD; ausmif;0if; xJrS uav; b0 waysmfwyg; aqmhupm; cJ=h uw,f? bkef;}uD;awG qGrf;pm; csdefrSmvnf; &[ef;awmf awG&JŒ em;rSm xkdif+yD; bk&m; &Sdcdk; =uw,f? bkef;}uD; ay;wJh iSufaysmoD;udk a0+yD; pm;cJh =uw,f? tJ'D ta=umif; awGudk jyefajymif; owd&wJh tcg "qGrf;tkyf eDeD tar ¶Gufvdk@" tpcsDwJh Oykofapmifh uAsmav;udk a&;jzpf cJhjyefw,f? q&m ajymcJhzl; ovdak yg/h q&mh&ŒJ tdraf &S@bufu tke;f +c/H "ed+caH wG xJu O=oav; awG&ŒJ wGeo f H udv k nf; ae@tcgrmS t+rJ =um;&w,f? aemuf+y;D vl}u;D awG ajymzl;wJh O=oiSuf uav;&J@ ykHjyifudk aygif;pyf+yD; "pdrf;pdrf;nKdnKd [dkbufawmu a&$O=oav; wGefoHom" tpcsDwJh a&$O=o uAsmav;udk ZGefv (12) &ufrSm a&;zGJŒ vkdufavw,f? 60

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

a&$O=o uAsm a&;wJh tcg rSmawmh oajyoD;rSnfh uAsm a&;pOfu uAsm ykHpHudk &oGm;+yD; jzpfwJh twGuf ydk+yD; a&;&wm oGufvmw,f? q&m udk,fwkdif i,fpOfu ESpfouf cJhwJh uav; obm0 awGukd a&;zGJŒ &vkd@ wu,fyJ 0rf;ajrmuf rdw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; "c¶kvkH;"/ "ydk;pkH;ef;=uL;"/ "obufaq;"/ "awmufw"Jh uav; uAsm awGudk (14) &ufae@ naerSm quf+yD; a&;cJhw,f? q&mh taeeJ@ 'Dvdk uav; uAsmawG a&;pyf Ekid w f mukd 0rf;ajrmufw,f? q&mu atmufjynf/ atmuf¶mG om;rk@d atmufjynf&ŒJ obm0eJ@ tnD uav;wkd@ aysmf¶$if ESpo f uf zG,&f mav;awG upm;ykaH v; awGukd a&;vku d f &vk@d wjcm; &yf¶mG u uav;awG taeeJ@vnf; atmufjynf atmuf¶Gmu uav; awG&JŒ b0eJ@ upm;ykH atmufjynf atmuf¶Gmu obm0ESifh tajctae av;awGudk wjcm; uav;awG A[kokw &Ekdif vdrfhr,f vdk@vnf; q&m arSsmfvifh cJhw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; q&m &efukef aumvdyfudk jyefa&mufwJh tcg 'Duav; uAsm tm;vkH;udk pkpnf;+yD; "armifacG;zdk@ uAsmrsm;" vkd@ trnfay;+yD; pmtkyf xkwfa0 cJhw,f? 'Dpmtkyf xGufvmwJh tcgrSm q&m taeeJ@ csD;usL;jcif;/ jypfwif a0zefjcif;awG trsKd;rsKd;udk cH&ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk csD;rGrf;jcif; uJh&JŒ jcif; qufpyf+yD; &vmwJh "armifacG;zdk@ uAsmav;" [m vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; av;q,fausmfu q&mh&JŒ wwd, ausmif;u p+yD; aygufzGm; vmcJh w,fvkd@ qkdvku d f &jcif; jzpfygw,f? 'guawmh uav; uAsmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; uav;awG ay:rSm xm;&Sd cJhwJh q&m&JŒ apwemESifh q&mh&JŒ cHpm;r_ ygyJ? (q&mrif;ok0%fuG,fvGefjcif; (6)eSpfjynf@ txdrf;trSwf jzif@ OD;oef;xGef (ygarmuQ +idrf;)/ ynma&; wuUodkvf jyKpkwJh 2006 ckESpf arvxkwf "aZmf*sD/ rif;ok0%f wkdŒ. pmay pum;" ESifh 2005 ckESpf Zlvdkifvxkwf &mjynfh OD;pdk;!GefŒ wnf;jzwfonfh "20 &mpk jrefrm pma&; q&m 100 twˆKy`wœd tusOf;" pmtkyf awGu q&m rif;ok0%f ta=umif; aumufE_wfcsuaf wGudk pkpnf;+yD; "q&m rif;ok0%f. b0ESifh pmay pum; " tjzpf jyefvnf wifquf vdkuw f m jzpfygw,f?)

jrwfav;iHk

(&if;jrpf......jrwfav;iHk bavmhrS xkwfE_wfaz: jyygonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

b}uD;atmifnmw,f

rif;ok0%f

"ta&SŒ ausmif;om; ola wmif; pm;/ vnfay:ausmif; om; taumif; pm;/ ausmufrD;aoG;rdk@rnf;oudk/ wkd@ausmif;om;rdk@ &Joudk/ a[hvmarmif¶dkŒ 0g;" [k tm;&yg;& ql n H pG m atmf [ pf a jy;v$m ;vm=uaom uav;wpfp k o nf u m; vnf a y:bk e f ; }uD ; ausmif;om;uav;rsm; jzpf=u.? 4if;wkd@. ausmbuf wif;csv,fwpfuGufavmuf tuGmwGifcsnfvHkcsnfudk ysmwmuGif;odkif;I oifwdkif;tuôsudk avsmh&davsmh&J0wfvsuf acgif;idkufpdkufESihfwpfvSrf;csif; vmaeaom armifcspfonf "{0H arokwH {uH or,H"[k wwGww f w G &f w G v f su&f . dS ? aq;wpft;kd u|r;f avmuft=umwGif ta&SŒod@k vSr;f =unhv f u kd &f m yef;ykq&m}uD; OD;atmifcsm. uem;zsif;wJY ausmif;om;oli,fcsif;rsm; 0dkif;tHkaeonfudk awG@&av.? rdro d nfvnf;ta=umif;udk odvkad oma=umihf ajy;oGm;wkd;0if=unh¶f _av.? OD;atmifcsmonf qifp, G frif;orD;¶kyu f av;wpfcu k kd xkvsu&f . Sd ? xkvyk pf jzpfI ¶kyv f Hk;ay:¶HkrSsyif &Sdao;aomfvnf; t¶kyfuav;rSm EGJ@aESmif;jzLazG;cspfp&muav;jzpfay.? twef=umaomtcg armifaxG;/ armifacG;/ bdk;p/ bdk;vS wdk@wpfpk xjyefoGm;av.? armifcspu f m; ajr}u;D ay:wGif 'l;axmufI uGyyf spcf g;yef;wGif ar;wif+y;D vSsif tai;om;=unhf vsuyf if&Sdao;.? "b}uD;atmif/ 'Drif;orD;¶kyfuav;udk b,fol@ay;zkd@ xkaewmvJ [if" [k rsufpduav; ayuvyfvkyfI ar;av.? aqmufykwfESihf aqmufuav;udk tomcsI 62

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

aqmufyHk;xJwGif aq;vdyfwkdprf;aeaom OD;atmifcsmu "ighwlvdkcsifvdk@vm;/ aiGwpfusyf ,lcJh&if b}uD;ay;r,fodvm;"[k trSwfrJh ajymvkdufaomtcg rsufarSmif=uKwf&if; acgif;ukwfvsuf "aiGwpfusyfqkdwm b,fESpfjym;vJ b}uD;atmif&JŒ"[k ar;jyefav.? yef;ykq&m}uD;vnf; aq;vdyfukcd sI vuf0g;ESpfzufukad xmifjyvsuf "q,fjym;/ q,fjym; ajcmufcg? aemuf+yD;awmh av;jym;xnhf? aygif; ajcmufq,feJ@av;jym;? tJoavmuf udkwpfusyfac:w,f/ =um;vm;"[k uav;oli,frsm;udk cspfcifaom0goem&Sdonhftwdkif; pdwf&Snv f uf&n S f ajc[efvuf[efESihf &Sif;vif;ajymjyav.? "ajcmufq,hfav;jym;ay;&if u|eaf wmf 'Dt¶kyfuav;udk wpfu,fyJ&rvm;? aemufawmhrnmeJ@aemf b}uD;atmif" [k ajym&if; aoSsmifqH+rdwfav;udk csmcsmvnfatmif ywf&pfvsuf tdrf&Sd&modk@ &$ifvef; 0rf;ajrmufpGm ckeaf ygufajy;v$m;oGm;av.? armifcspfonf ae@vnfcsdef ausmif;wGif rkef@0,fpm;zdk@&ef rdcifay;vdkufaom wpfjym; wpfj ym;aom tojymudk roHk;&uf/ rpGJ&ufbJ tuôs oifyke f; acgif;wGif taygufi ,f azmufI pk xm;onfr Sm ajcmufjym;rSs &av.? wpf xGm rSsus,fa om rdrd0rf;acgif;ork'N&mtwgurluum; ae@qGrf;pm; ukvm;wuftacgufwGif bke;f awmf}uD; OD;acrma0aom iSufaysmoD;wpfvHk;ESihf auseyfzlvHkvsuf&Sdav.? qifpG,¶f kyfuav;onf wpfae@wpfjcm; om;em;ausmh&iS f;Ivm.? oGm;uav; rsm;ay:vkrwwf&Sdatmif jyHK;vdkuf&ef [efjyifaeaomtoGifonf tdyfaysmfaeaom ntcsdefwGifyifvnf; armifcspfrsufvHk;wGif;rSrxGuf? =unhf&zefrsm;av t¶kyfuav;rSm vSvmav/ vdkcsifpdwfyGm;vmav jzpf&um; wpfae@rS wpfjym;wpfjym; pk&onfudk tvGefzihfaES;=uef@=umonf[k odvmav.? ydkufqH&vdkvGe f;I Oykofa e@rsm;udkyif pmoif&ufjzpfygapawmh[k qkawmif;rd.? wpfaygufwpfvrf; b,fenf;ESihf ydkufqH& atmif}udK;pm;&ygrnfenf;[k =uHpnfrdjyef.? xdkpOftcgu urBmppf}uD;twGif;jzpfI ausmufwHtvGef&Sm;.? armifcspfonf tpfudk}uD;udkopf. ausmufoifykef;uGJrsm;udk anmifa&tkd;pifrS,I l nnhfeufoef;acgif ra&Smif r_dif;wvlvlxGufaeaom a&eHqDrD;cGuf}uD;udk xGef;nSdvsuf c|efxufaom zJxD;oHacsmif;jzihf ausmufwHwkdufav.? ausmufwHa&mif;I ydkufqHajcmufjym;&.? ausmif;om;}u;D zd;k awu tEdik u f sifI h ray;bJxm;aom ta=u;G wpfjym;twGuf awG;rdwkid ;f aqG;rd.? wpfq,hfESpfjym;rSs&vmaomtcg tuôsoify kef;acgif;rSm rqHhawmh+yDjzpfI ESpzf ufyw d f =uaomif;0g;qpfwpfqpfwiG f xdyfutayguaf zmufum a0vmacgi;f / a*smah cgi;f / ewfzdk;cGsef; paom wHqdyftrsdK;rsdK; cwfESdyfonhf a=u;jym; 12 jym;wdwdudk oGif;avSmif odrk ;DS xm;av.? ESpq f ef;wpf&ufae@ua'G;av;ndK csppf Ed;k Iay;onhf oli,fazmfarmifaxG;u tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

tvdkufESpfjym;ay;I ydkufqHcsif;vJpOfu rvJ&ufbJ wG,fwmcJhonhf xHk;trSwfESihf a'gif;ydkufqHuav;udkvnf; zsmatmufrSxkwf,lI a=u;jym;tazmfrsm;&Sd&m a=u;wdkuf twG i f ; odk @ oG w f o G i f ; vd k u f a v.? a=u;jym;ta&twG u f u d k v nf; 0g;a=umwG i f pl;jz ihfjcpfIrSwfxm;av.? "yJ[if;csufwJhae@u wpfjym;/ b}uD;xl; usGJa ysmufwJh ae@uwpfjym;" ponfjzihf vufa csmif;uav;rsm;udkcsdK;umcsdK;um ydkufqHpm&if; wG u f& onf r S m ae@pOfE Si h ft rS s jzpf. ? a&wH a vSsmuf x J r S m xm;&&if a umif; Edk ; Ed k ; / oabFm=urf;ay:rSm 0Suf&vSsif vHkEdk;Edk;ESihf ydkufqHbl;ae&m uswfajymif;&onfrSmvnf; tarmyifjzpf.? t¶kyfuav;udk&vSsifxnhfxm;zkd@&ef xef;&Gufzmacsmuav;udk trsdK;rsdK; jyKjyifqif,ifrGr;f rH&onfrSmvnf; rtm;yifjzpfav.? aps;onf a':cgO. awmif;eDxJY taiG@axmif;axmif;ESihf aumufOD;icsdyfaygif; ud k j rif & aomtcg oG m ;&nf , dk r d . ? od k@ ygaomf v nf; 0,fr S& aomoa&pmwk d@ udk oydwfarSmufav.? oli,fazmfwkd@ zef'dk;0,fI a*:vD¶dkufaomtcg uav;wkd@b0 trsm;enf;wlupm;vdky gaomfvnf; rdrdwGi f &Sd&if;pGJ pnfywfoHacGta[mif;}uD;udk ausmif;0dkif;ywfvnfwGif vSnhfywf¶dkufvsuf wpfa,mufxD;wnf; auseyfwif;wdrf& avawmh.? odk@jzihf wpfjym;wk;d vSsif wpfrsdK;0rf;omvSsuf pkaqmif;vmcJh&m ydkufqH 36 jym; ydkurf daom ae@odk@a&mufavownf;? nae 4 em&D ausmif;v$wfacgif;avmif;oHonf armifcspf. ESpfvHk;aoG;udk Ed_;qGvdkufav.? bk&m;&Sdcdk;qHk;cgeD; "tmr" [k qdkrdvSsifyif "baEW" udk rapmifhEdkifbJ xIajy;av&m taqmifhudk&if}uD;wpfyg;u tvsifvdk&aumif; rvm;[lI xdy fudk a*gifa*gifjrnfatmif acguv f dkuf.? tr_rxm;rd? vrf;wGif cvkwfwkdufI ajcruGJoGm; aomfvnf;em&rSef;rod? OD;atmifcsmh uem;zsif;em;a&mufaomtcg twGif;odk@ 0ifoGm; av.? azmhOD;xkyfudkqmif; abmif;bDtjym0wfvsuf uGyfyspfxufwGif tcef@om;xdik f&if; rif;orD;¶kyfuav;udk b,fjyefnmjyef y,fy,fe ,fe,f udkifwG,f=unfh¶_a eaom vl}u;D wpfa,mufujdk rifrSom udk,&f edS o f wfI ajymae=uaompum;udk =um;rdavawmh.? "b,fEh , S v hf J q&m}u;D &JŒ/ usKyaf jymwJt h zd;k eJ@yJ ay;vdu k rf ,fr[kwv f m;? cifrsm;wkd@ t&yfrSm 'Dt¶kyfuav;eJ@wefwJhtdrf wpftdrfrSr&Sdygbl;? 0,fEdkifr,fhvlvnf; &SdrSm r[kwyf gb;l " "rSefyg? 0efaxmufrif;zdk@qkd&ifawmh tvum;awmif;vnf; ay;&rSmygyJ? Edk@ayrJh tacsmowf tr$r;f wifz@dk av;ig;&ufavmuf qdik ;f apcsiyf gw,f? +y;D &if+y;D csi;f 0efaxmufrif; wkd@qDudk vm+y;D yd@k ay;ygrh ,f" xdkrSs =um;&vSsifyif armifcspf. tonf;ESvHk; tlodrftlrwkd@onf a=uGus rwwfjzpfav.? t¶kyfuav;udk twif;vkI ajy;vdka ompdwf ay:vmaomfvnf; 64

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

0efaxmufrif;[k =um;&¶Hrk sS ESiyfh if &if'l;wkefae&aom armifcspfrSm tb,fo@dk 0Hh&JygteHh nf;? cg;=um;u ajcmuf vHk ; jyL;aoewf o nf v nf; armif c spf . t=uH u dk od onf h tvm; armifcspfqDodk@ pdrf;pdrf;vSnfhI ajcmufvSe f@armif;ESifav.? 0Jvmaomrsuf&nfudk tEdik Ef kid fxdef;I rdrb d ufo@kd ausmifcidk f;aeaom qifp, G af '0Duav;udk aemufq;kH =unfh=unfh vsuf xGu fvmav.? vrf; =um;i,fw pfc ktwGi f; rS "[d ka umifuav; ndKwd kw dk wdk@udk}udKufvkd@idk/ eifidkayr,fhtvum;/ wdk@taru ray;pm;"[k xGufay:vmaom aw;oHonf aw;qdkoltm; ESvHk;yGm;zG,yf ifjzpfaomfvnf; armifcspf. ESvHk;om;udkum; "g;yg;ESifhr$ef;vdkuaf vawmhownf;? 15 &ufrSs=umaomtcg acgif;xufwGif wbufuk, d pf Dwifxm;aom rdef;r}uD; wpfpkEiS hf a,musm;f }u;D wpfa,mufw@dk armifcspfw@dk . ajcmufaoG@aomjcu H av; twGif;od@k 0ifoGm;onfudk jrif&ygonf? tdrfa&SŒacG;uwufukd wufrdvSsifyif wdkifzHk;em;Y rsuf&nf pufvuf OD;qHzm;vsm;ESifh xdkifaeaom rdef;rwpfOD;onf a,musfm;}uD;. ajctpHkudk ajy;zufvsuf "trav; udk&ifatmif&JŒ/ armifcspfjzpfyHkawgudk jrif0hHao;&JŒvm;&Sif? armifcspfa&/ tarhom;}uD;&JŒ tarvdkufcJhr,fuGJ@aemf? [D; [D;" [k [pfatmfajymqdk idka=uG; jrnfwrf;av.? OD;atmifcsmvnf; armifc spftavmif;em;wGi f rv_yfr,Suf xdkifa eaom armifcspfzciftm; "b,fhE S, fj zpf&wmvJ armifzdk;aiG&JŒ? udk&ifvnf; +rKd ŒwufomG ;wm q,fah v;ig;&uf=umoGm;vk@d bmowif;rS r=um;rdb;l ? tckjyefa&mufa&muf csif;yJtrd frSm xdkifawmifrxdkifcJhbJ ajy;vmwmyJuGJ@"[k ajymav.? "udk&if&,f/ bma&m*g&,fvdk@vJ rajymwwfygbl;/ wr_difr_dif wawGawGeJ@ xrif;rpm;/ [if;rpm;? wpfcgwav ol@tarau|;vdk@qefjyKwfuav; wpfZGef;avmuf 0ifomG ;ayrJh csucf sif;tefypfvu kd fwmyJ/ ya,m*qdv k @kd q&m=oac:jyygvnf; bmrSrxl;jcm; ygbl;? rae@nuawmh ol@tarudak c:+y;D olpx k m;wJyh ku d fqH ig;rl;ESpjf ym;udk ol@q&mawmfukd vªvu kd yf gv@kd rSm+y;D awmh ud&k ifatmifudkar;wmyJ? +rKd ŒoGm;w,fvk@d ajymawmh twef=um=um bmrSsrajymbJ armae+yD; "b}uD;atmif nmw,f" vdk@ ryDwyDajym&if; toufaysmuf oGm;wmyJ" [k ajymI vHkcsnfpjzifh rsuf&nfokwfav.? OD;atmifcsmvnf; pOf;pm;I ta=umif;t&if;udk &dyfrdaomtcg rsufESmnSdK;i,fIoGm;avawmhownf;? ,cktcgwGifum; &Gmuav;taemufbuf EGm;pm;usufteD; xdrfyif}uD; awmif,Gef;&Sd ocsõKif;ukef;xufwGif xD;xD;aomtkwf*luav;wpfckudk awG@Edkifygonf? "tcspf*"l [lIvnf;aumif;/ "armifcspf*"l [lI vnf;aumif; trnfESpfrsdK;jzifh ac:=u&m rnfonfudktrSef[lI rajymEdkifyg? *luav;. ta&SŒrsufESm vdk%faygufacgif;av;xJwGif usGJausmif;om;/ EGm;ausmif;om;wkd@. vufcsufa=umifh usKd ;yJhysupf D;aeaom t¶kyfuav; wpfpHkudk awG@Edkifygao;onf? vdk%f0t*FawwGif oGif;ESHxm;aom ausmufjym;i,f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

xufwGifum; "vdkIr&aom qif;&J" [k pmwef;xdk;xm;ygonf? u|efawmf. bk;d attm; ar;jref;=unfh&m oHk;ESpfavmufu ysHvGefawmfrloGm;aom awmxGuf}uD; OD;ﾃ・N. vuf&m jzpfonf[k omrefrSsomod&ygownf;? ?

rif;ok0%f (wuUokdvfausmif;wkduf r*~Zif;/ azazmf0g&D 1932) (rSwfcsuf - rif;ok0%f 0wWKwkdrsm; pmtkyfrS)

axmifESifhrdcif

vlxk a':trm xGufjyD - udk,af wG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - zdk;oH (vlx)k trSmpum;ESifhtwl - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf? 66

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

wdk haus;&Gm

rif;ok0%f u|efa wmfo nf aus;awm&G m Zmwd y if j zpfI aus;awmom;rsm;ESi f ht wl qif;&Jukv d nf; cHpm;cJhz;l onf? csrf;omudkvnf; pHpm;cJhz;l onf? olwdk@ESifhtwlyif rdkuv f nf; rdkufcJhzl;onf? vdrv f nf; vdrRmcJhzl;onf? 'Dacsmif;&yf vwmjyifu vrkjrpft=um;wGif ckefysHvl;vm;ae=uaom ig;zsH uav;rsm;onf u|efawmf. upm;azmfrsm;jzpfcJh=uonf? awmrD;avmif+yD;aemuf aeylusu J sw J iG f xGuaf y:vm=uaom ywwfpmyGirfh sm;onf u|eaf wmf. tm[m&jzpfco hJ nf? aemufcHawmta&;udk rSDI uGif;pyfwGif eDeD&J&J yGifhaeaom aygufyifonf u|efawmfhtzdk@ awmum;awmifum; jzpfcho J nf? anmifyif&dyf&Sd tkwfa&wGif;a[mif;=uD;rS iif,l&aom a&at;onf u|efawmfh twGuf oDwma&csrf;jzpfcJhonf ? awmta=umif;udk jyefawG;rdaomtcg cHpm;cJh&aom qif;&Jrr_ sm;udk owdr&rd/ ESpo f ufzG,t f a=umif;rsm;udo k m owd&rdawmhonf? tESpt f pdwrf sS uGJvmcJh&aomfvnf; "awm&yforD;/ tdrfaxmif=uD;" . vuf,yfac:aeyHkudk jrifa,mif vsufom&Sdonf ? rSwfrdao;onf ? i,fpOfu pdwf&l;xyHkrsm;udk rSwfrdao;onf ? awm&Gmrsm;. qif;&Jy Hku dk jrif&wdki f; pdwf&l;xrdc Jhonf? a&$a wG aiGawG trsm;=uD;&atmif&SmI tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

pmoifausmif;awG aqmufrnf ? aq;&HkawG wnfrnf? ydÉuwfwdkufawG vkyfrnf? upm;uGif;awG zefqif;rnf ? vufr_ynmausmif;awG axmifrnf ? awmolawmifom; nDtpfukad rmifErS rsm;udk awm. ,Ofaus;r_ raysmufapbJ acwf. ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udv k nf; ay;rnf[k uGif;[ifv[m=u;D udk =unfhum rdk;rqHk; ajrrqHk; pdw&f l;xcJhz;l onf? tESpftpdwfausmfcJhjyD ? olwdk@tzdk@ bmudkrSs wpfpGef;wpfp rvkyfudkifEkdifcJhao;? ,cktcgwGif olwdk@wGif awm. ,Ofaus;r_rS usefygavao;pHh ? rsufESmokwfyk0gudk acgif;aygif;Edkifaomolonf ,cktcg eHi,fykdif;udkrSs &pfywfEkdifao;ygpHh ? aumufnSif; xkyfpm;Ekdifaomolonf iSufaysmoD; tleD=uD;udkrSs aumufnSif;xJwGif xnfhEkdifygao;pHh? oHyef;uefoHk;Ekdifolonf ajrcGufukrd Ss 0,fEkdifygao;pHh? od@k aomf u|eaf wmf. rdcifum; awm? u|eaf wmfum; awmrdcif.om; ? awmudk u|efawmfonf rarhEkdif ? Twdkufcef;wGif;&Sd Tpm;yGJwGif xkdifaecdkuw f Gif xdk&dk;jywf=um;&Sd xdkuefoif;udk u|efawmfowd&qJ? Ta&'D,dkpufrS ToDcsif;rsm;udk em;axmifckdufwGif xd0k g;&H&k yd rf S xdak jyo G u H kd =um;a,mifqJ ? Towif;pmrS TurBmo h wif;rsm;udk zwfaecdu k w f iG f xdak &wGif;Y xkd&mG olwk@d ajymaom &Gmowif;udk =um;rdqJ? u|efawmf r=umc% awmifhwrdaom tcsufwdk@rSmvnf; rsm;pG? ca&mif;awm/ &dk;jywfawmwGif vSnf;vrf;a=umif;udk =uOfI a&mufcsif&ma&muf vrf;avSsmufcsifonf? &dk;jywf=um;wGif ajcmufaeaom aygif;yifuav;rsm;udk E_wf,lavhvmcsifonf ? ywf=um;tuf=um;wGif rdk;apGiSufodkuf &dSEdk;Edk;ESifh waphwapmif; =unfhcsifonf? v,form;rsm;ESifhtwl aumufv_dif;wdkufcsifonf? n vomomwGif oDcsif;wausmf ausmfqdkI pyg;e,fcsifonf ? pyg;odrf;&mwGif ESD;puav;udkcsdK;I pyg;yHkuav;awGudkyHkI csKd ;-csKd ; [k atmf[pfcsio f nf ? eHeufapmapm ESi;f awmxJwiG f aumufniS f;aygi;f ylyal EG;aEG; pm;csifonf? Todk@yif a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu u|efawmf. awmifhwcsufwdk@udk uAsmwnfI rSwfwrf;wifzl;cJhjyD ? xdkuAsmum; aEGOD;ayguf. pdwf&l;aygufuAsmjzpfcJhonf ? ,ckv dk aEGOD ; ayguft cgrsdK ;wGi f u|ef awmf wdk@ awmwG i f aysmfp&mvnf; aumif; awmhonf? jiD;aiGŒp&mvnf; jzpfawmhonf ? rdk;&moD aqmif;&moDwdk@wGif awmwef;awmifwef;wdk@onf pdrf;vef;pdkjynfaom opfyifwdk@jzifh pnfum;vSonf? rdk;avxJwGi f olwdk@wpfawG ,drf; u=uonf ? aqmif;avxJwGi f olwdk@wpfawG jrL;&$i=f uonf? rd;k &dyw f rd &f yd w f iG f ndKŒ ndKŒrdi_ ;f rdi_ ;f ESihf olw@kd &yfwnfae=uonfrmS ppfwvif;wGif trdef@udk em,lvsuf &Sd=uaom tmZmenfwyf=uD;uJhodk@ jzpfawmhonf? ESif;r_efr_efwGif olwdk@wpfawG aqmif;avESifh upm;aeonfrSm atmifwyf=uD; pcef;csI atmifao atmifom; pm;aeonfESifh wlawmhonf? uGif;zufudk =unfhjyef 68

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

awmhvnf; rdk;tcgwGif a&awGazG;ae&mrS aumufyifysdKwdk@jzifh ae@csif;ncsif;qdkovdk pdrf;vef;vmonfrSm tm;&p&m=uD; / 0rf;ajrmufp&m=uD; ? aqmif;tcga&mufjyefawmh rS n f h 0if; aom aumufy if w d k@ jzif h avjynf a wG v_ d ki f ; td a eonf r Sm aysmfp &m=uD ; / ESpo f ufp&m=u;D ? "bD; / bD; ? bm bD;vJ ? a&$bD; ? a&$apmfeH jyefvdkufOD; ? bD; / bD; ? bmbD;vJ ? aiGbD; ? aiGapmfeH jyefvkdufOD; ? bD; / bD; ? bm bD;vJ ? oeyfcg;bD; ? u|efrwdk@rSm qif;&Jol qif;&Jom;rdk@ oeyfbD; ay;cJhyg" qdkovdk u|efawmfhwdk@tzdk@ a&$aumfaZmvnf; tzdk;wefonf rxif ? aiGaumfaZmvnf; tzkd;wefonf rxif ? Tv,fuiG f;=uD;xJwGif jzef@cif;xm;aom aumufyifaumfaZm=uD;onfomvSsif twdkif;rod tzdk;wefonf xifrdawmhonf? Todk@ rdk;&moD aqmif;&moDwdk@wGif awmbuf uGif;bufwdk@wGif om,mvSojzifh aysmfp&m=uD; jzpfcJhonf ? aEGOD;aygufvmaom tcgwGifum; uGif;bufrSmvnf; &dk;jywfawG z&dkz&JESifh / avuvnf; w[l;[l; / aeuvnf; wavmifavmif jiD;aiGŒp&m=uD; ? awmbuf=unfhjyef awmhvnf; opf&u G af wG a=uv G @kd / opfyifawGu usKd ;wd;k usw J J ? aeajymuf=u;D awG [dw k pfuu G f onfwpfuu G fESifh ? wpfcsuw f pfcsuf awmrD;avmifvku d fao; ? jiD;aiGŒp&m ? od@k aomfvnf; TjiD;aiGŒzG,ftajctaeum; wm&Snfwnfrae? =unfh&if; =unfh&if;yif ta[mif;a=uG aomae&mrS topfxGuv f mawmhonf? &Gufz;l uav;um; owdrrloltwGuf rodomvS? owdrlol twGuu f m; cspfp&mav;? wpf&ufESiw fh pf&ufrwl ? plIplI xGufvmum c%t=umwGif tawmifuav; aygufI aEGOD;avjynfwGif uckefjrL;wl;avawmhonf ? onfta=umif;rsm;udk u|efawmf owd&I a&;rdawmhonf? opf&Gufuav;onf wpfpwpfp ajcmufvmI wpf0uf avmufa&mufaomtcg t0gwpfydkif;/ tpdrf;wpfydkif; jzpfaeyHkudk oSsifOwWrausmfu "opf&Gufa&mf&D/ ÁENeD0,f/ od*F Dwpf0uf/zufIaq;pHk/ cs,faomyHkodk@" [k pyfqdkcJhonf ? u|efawmfvnf; ol@udkwkI a&;rdjyefonf ? xdkopf&Gufuav;awG a=uGus oGm;jyD;aemuf avayGwdkufI avayGxJwGif csmvnfywfvnfajy;onfudk a=umifuav; wpfaumif rdr. d tjr;D udk rdrv d u kd zf rf;aeonfEiS hf cdki;f E_id ;f I a&;rdjyefonf ? Tt=uo H nfvnf; u|efawmf.t=uH&if; [kwfrnf rxif ? urBmph mqdk wpfOD;OD;xHrS &cJyh &kH onf ? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap xdx k adk om pmqdk=uD;wdk@. tawG@t=uHKonf u|efawmfh tawG@t=uKH EiS hf wpfxyfwnf;yif jzpfvsuf&Sdojzifh u|eaf wmf ul ; csvd k u f r dj cif ; jzpf & monf ? ES p f a ygif ; ig;&mavmufu oS s if O wW r ausmf o nf yJcl;&dk;rawmifajcqDwGif awG@rdaom opf&Gufa&mfuav;rsdK;udk u|efawmfonfvnf; ,ck awG@rdavao;onf ? oSsiOf wWarausmf awG@onfum; T[mrsdK;ygwum;[k u|efawmfu tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

vufndK;n$efjyawmhonf? qef;pcgaEG omwaygif;rdk@/nSmanmif;a=uG ajyajya&m&k jrtaoG;/a&$a&;vkvdk@ &wktnD ajrodk@oufwh/J a&mf&Gu&f Dudk yvDyvm/wDwmwm/onfcg"avh aEGtul;/av&l;a0S@awmh auG@auG@0ef;0dkuf a&$a=umifzm;/jrD;zsmvdkufodk@ jrdKifwku d fpHk,H/&Guaf [mif;jyefaomf? xdkodk@ &Gufa[mif;rsm;ysHcsdefwGif u|efawmfajy;I owd&rdonfrSm a&uef ysuf=uD;wpfckteD;&Sd uopfyif=uD;wpfck jzpfayonf? xdkuopfyif=uD;udk wHqdyfwHk;vkyf&ef r=umc% uopfzkoGm;cGmcJhzl;ygonf? xdkuopfyifwGif ol&J=uD;wpfaumif rsufpd vif;uGi;f avmufEiS hf &So d nf[k ajymojzifh ausmcsrf;csrf;yif? od@k aomfvnf; oGm;rdatmifawmh oGm;=uao;onf? xdktyifxufwGif csdK;uav;wpfaumif ululaewwfonf? uopfyif&if;Y awmpHy,fcsKH uav;vnf; &Sdayonf? ajcmufaoGŒaom aEGOD;avwGif xdo k wWad umif;aom pHy,fyifuav;onf csnfhcsnfheJ@eJ@ESifhyif zl;yGifhum avmuudkazsmfajzvsuf&Sdavonf? olonf ol&J=u;D udkvnf; a=umufyHkray:? uopfp;l udv k nf; r&GŒH ? aeyluv kd nf; *&krpdu k ?f aEGOD;aygufvSsif yGiahf vawmhonf? ol@wm0efudkum; t+rJowdf&vsuf ? usGJcwfcH&Ivnf; olrjzHK ? EGm;eif;cH&Ivnf; olrr_ ? csnfhcsnfheJ@eJ@ESifhyif olyGifhvsuf&Sdavonf? xdkpHy,fyef;eH@jzifh xHkvsuf&Sdaom avjynfwGif csdK;uloHuav; vGifhvmonfudk u|efawmf ,ckyif =um;a,mifrdao;awmh.? wvd_ifvid_ fayg/ jrdKifwpfa=um awmpHy,fjzL 0wfrH_usif;wJh/ oif;=uL=uLudk avcsLvdk@vGifh yef;xHkwJhavcsdKrSm/ a&$csdK;ysdKuloHqifhayvdrfh? 70

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

olwdk@ta=umif;zGJŒ jyD;awmh ol&J=uD;wpfaumifaeonfqdkaom xdkuopfyif=uD; udkyif zGJŒrdjyefao;onf? ql;awGA&yGESifh / aeyl}uJ}uJwGif t&Gufr&SdbJ udk;,m;um;,m; aeaom xdkuopfyif}uD;udkyifvnf; u|efawmf ESpfoufvsuf&Sdrdonf? bmrsm;pGJvef; p&m&Sdygvrd fh? od@k zGŒJ &mwGif u|eaf wmf. ywf0ef;usiw f iG f jzef@}uaJ eaom pmtkyrf sm;xJrS pum;=u;D pum;us,fwdk@onf twif;wdk;a0S@vm=uygonf? usGefawmfhawm&Gmu pum;rsm;udk olwdfk@tEdkifusifhoGm;=uonf? xD;eef;twGif;u vlrsm;zGJŒ&mwGifvnf; olwdk@ygvdk=uonf? u|eaf wmf awmum;zGJŒ jyefawmhvnf; olw@dk ygvd=k uonf? olwk@d um; yJcl;qm;rsm;ayavm? jrdKifjrifhpHkajc / qmqma0 / a&$uopfyef; aum0dvmi,f / wsmwsm&ifhvef;umy yifeef;xuf,H / quf&ufoH =uGufnHa=umfa=uG; rzdkaysmfaysmf / wlESpfazmf xl;ac:um ar;=uonfESifh ? Tod@k iSurf iSufzdk cspw f if;qd=k uyHu k kd a&;cJhjyD ? vlzdk vlrwdk@aum rqdk=uygavm? qdk=uyg. ? urBmOD;upIyif qdkcJh=uyg.? u|efawmf a&;jc,fcJhaom awmum;=uD;xJwGif olwdk@vnf; xnfh&OD;rnf ? olwdk@rygI b,frSmjzpfygtHh ? odk@aomfvnf; u|efawmf. Zmwfvu kd w f k@d um; cifjrif=h u;D vnf; r[kwf ? oef;oef;vnf; r[kw?f arvnf; r[kw?f yef;om rpmOESifhrsm; eD;pyfavrnfvm; rod&? u|efawmfhZmwfvdkufwdk@onf "AkdufrSm &$HŒawGeJ@" qdkaom olwdk@ jzpfacsonf? rde f;uav;trnfu a'G;ndKwJh? olwdk@armifE Srwpfpkr Sm oltaxG;qHk;ESifh wlonf? tom;uvnf; cyfndKndKyJ ? 'gayrJh [dkprf;acsmif;uav; eab;u rSspfpdk@ayguf=uD;vdk wkww f w k jf zKd ;jzKd ;=u;D ? aeylv@kd xif&ŒJ ? acgi;f udk wbufuav;aygif;vd@k ? "g;rwdu k av;udik jf y;D &GmxJu xGuv f mw,f? ol@ar;vdkuaf wmh xif;acGoGm;r,fvdk@vJ ajymw,f ? ajrmufOwl;oGm;r,fv@kd vJ ajymw,f? =urd zf ;l cwfomG ;r,fv@kd vJ ajymw,f? bmud, k &kH rSmvJ? rlu w,frrSeb f ;l ? aemufjy;D awmpyfvaJ &mufa&m oDcsi;f atmfqw kd myJ ? awmxJu ajyo G Huav; wpfcu k vJ ol@oDcsi;f eJ@ jydKijf yD;usLaew,f ? r&d;k ygbl; ? {uEWawmh {uEWyJ ? bm{uEWom rodw,f ? a[m-a[m ? anmifyif&dyfu EGm;ausmiform;av;vJ tdyf&muxjyD; ol@buf vSnfh=unfhw,f? bmajymrvJ? E_wfcrf; jyifaejyD? olu ayrJh awmom;omjzpfw,f? ajymcsifwmudk wdkuf&dkurf ajymbl; ? vSnfhvSnfhywfywfeJ@ tawmf[kwfwJh ieJuav;yJ? olwdk@i,fi,fu a&$pGefndK tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

0Jwrf; upm;cJh=urSmyJ? a&$pGefndK=uD;u raxG;udk vdkvdk@ 0JowJh? onfawmh raxG;u "raxG;tom;cg;vSw,f" vd@k jyefajzw,f? 'gayr,fh a&$peG n f Kd u "yifv,fa&eJ@ aq;ygrh ,f" vdk@ jyefajymw,f ? tJonf olwdk@upm;wJh a&$pGefndKxJu twkdif; oG,f0dkufjyD; a'G;ndKudk EGm;ausmif;om;uav;u vSnw hf ,f ? Ttcsurf sm;udk u|eaf wmfawG;rdI atmufygtwdki;f a&;um aus;awmZmwfuav;udk cif;jyxm;ygonf ? =unfEl;tzG,f / awmtqG,f oli,fEGm;ausmif; anmifnKd r_dif;csdyf / yifysdK&dyfrSm tomtdyfavsmif;umy ajcmif;ajcmif;ylvSsH / ol&uef / wqHrr_ 0g;yavGwdk / a&mifpdkpdkudk / avcsdKESifh nK&mu &Gmol"avh / vSsdKtauG@ / ysdKarholZm xif;acGajrmufwl; / =udrfn$ef@zl; oltcl;vm&mwGif omomat;at; / r oHay; qdkaw;oHjimawmhukd csmceJyif armifa*gygv / aigufaigufx vSsdK0odk@0ifvdk@ "&Sifrda'G;ndK / wkwfpdkpdk&,f [dkwpfae@n / z acgif;csrSm / &Sifrwdk@wJ EGm;&Hkwpfcdk / bl;pifjydKrSm a&$pGefndK0JygvsufueJ@ rxGurf ay: ra'G;i,f t&GJŒwdkufvdk@ rdkufvdkufyHk awmfa&m@vm; ? ausmfausmf=um;=um; / ra'G;om; cg;cg;teftef yifv,f,HrSm / a&iefESifhqm; i,fucspfwJh / qH&pfarudk a[m'Daz avG;rSmaygh " [k at;at;jzL;jzL; 72

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

awmp&dkufESifh tvkdufoifhESL;onfudk pdwful;wGifom / jrif&yg / b,fcgumv u|ef@csufjrSKyfwJh / awmtkyfndKrSm udk,fwdkifjrif&ygrwkH; ? Todk@ cspfzG,ftaygif;udk jyefajymif;I awG;rd&mwGif u|efawmf. i,faygif; =uD;azmfjzpfaom O=ouav;udk ,ckvdk aEGOD;tcgrsdK;wGif u|efawmf arhrxm;cJhEkdif? u|eaf wmfi,fpOfu =um;&aom O=ouav;um; tkef;awm=uD;xJu O=ouav;jzpfonf? a0;e,f&yfuGm / u|efwdk@&Gmrl ckcgumv / waygif;usu jrjrrdkrdk / tkef;ndKndKrSm =unfcsKdomarm / a&$O=ovnf; wpfawmvHk;pif / xyfyJhwifESifh vGifvGifat;at; / &ifh&l;a=uGvdrfh?

rif;ok0%f (&_r0r*~Zif;/ azazmf0g&D/ 1949)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

jrefrmjynfESifŒ acgif;aqmifaumif;

OD;wifoef;OD; acgif;aqmifaumif;wdik f;onf acgif;aqmifjzpfaomfvnf; acgif;aqmifwkid f;onf acgi;f aqmifaumif; r[kwaf y? acgif;aqmifaumif;wdk@onf EdkifiHtusKd ;/ tzGŒJ tpnf;tusdK; udkom a&SŒ¶_vyk u f ikd f wwf=u+y;D tndKS ;taw; rxm;wwforl sm;jzpfI Edik if EH iS hEf kid if o H m; wd@k . vdktyfcsufrsm;udk pGrf;aqmif ay;EdkifcJh=uolrsm; jzpfa=umif;/Ekdiif H rsm;.ordik f;Y awGŒ jrifEidk f =uayonf? acgif;aqmifaumif;wdk@wGif vlxk(EdkifiHom;rsm;). =unfndKav;pm;r_ESifh vkyfazmfuidk fzufrsm;/ tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;. ,Hk=unftm;udk; r_ukd aiG/ tm%mvufeuf wdk@jzifh 0,f,l+cdrf;ajcmufI r&Edkifonfh vuQ%mwdk@udk ydkifqdkif=uolrsm; jzpfygonf? rnfonfhtwGuf acgif;aqmifaumif;wdk@ Tt&mrsm; &&Sdoenf;[k ar;aomf (1) ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfr_/ (2) ¶dk; om;yGifhvif;r_/ (3) &J&ifjh ywfom; r_/ (4) tajymeJ@tvkyf vufawGŒ usr_/ (5) opPm&Sdr_/ (6) trsm;tusdK;udk a&SŒ¶_wwfr_/ (7) qHk;jzwf csufrSefuefr_/ (8)pdwf&Snfonf;cH cGifhv$wfwwfr_/ (9)pGef@v$wftepf emcH ay;qyfr_/ (10) ukd,u f sifh w&m;aumif;r_ponfh t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh jynhfpHkIyifjzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh acgif;aqmifaumif;[lonf Edik fiHESifhtzGJŒtpnf;rsm; twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom &Sm;yg;onfh vufaqmifaumif;wpfck qdk&ayrnf? xdk@a=umifh EkdifiHwdk@onf vnf;aumif;/ tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHom;wdk@onf vnf;aumif;/ acgif;aqmif aumif;wdk@tm; tjynhft0um uG,fapmifha&Smufzdk@ vdkvdrfhrnfjzpf+yD; 74

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

acgif;aqmifaumif;wdk@. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay: Y ,Hk=unf tm;udk;r_ tjynhft0ESifh apmifh=unhf &efvdktyfvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHonf v$wfawmfESifh tpdk;&ajymif;vJrnhfumvjzpfI t"duusonfh Taqmif;yg;udk Edik if o H m;rsm;/ Ekdiif H&t Sd zGŒJ tpnf; rsm;twGuf ajymif;vJvmrnfh jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&ESifhv$wfawmf wdk@ESifhtwl 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHawmf trSef wnfaqmufEdkifa&;twGuf rdrw d k@d us&m u¾toD;oD;u acgif;aqmifaumif;tay: ,k=H unf tm;ud;k I vdkufygjcif;jzifh atmif jrifr_ &&Sdap&ef&nf&G,fI a&;om;vdkuf&a=umif; zGifhqdkvdkuf&ygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHonf t*Fvdyf- jrefrm yxr/ 'kwd,/ wwd, ppfyGJ oHk;}udrfwdkufyGJ qifE$JcJh&+yD; udkvdk eDvufatmuf usa&mufcJhonfhEdkifiH jzpfygonf? 1/ 1/ 1886 wGif t*Fvyd fw@kd u jrefrmwpfEikd fiv H ;Hk udk odr;f ydu k fcjhJ cif;jzifh rdrw d k@d vufatmufcH Ekdiif Hjzpfa=umif; a=unm cJhygonf? jrefrmEkid if H. &[ef;/ &Sit f wl/ ausmif;om;/ jynfol (Edik if o H m;rsm;) tm;vH;k e,fcsJŒ qef@usifa&;ESifh trsdK;om;vGwf ajrmufa&;udk }uKd ;pm;cJh=u+yD; acgif;aqmifrsm;pGm &SdcJha=umif; jrefrmh orkdif;wGif awGŒ jrifEkdif=uayrnf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf vGwfvyfa&;udk t&,lay;rnfh acgif;aqmifaumif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ay: xGufvmcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyfudk ewfarmuf+rdKŒ Y a&SŒae OD;zmESihf a':pkwk@d u 13/ 2/ 1915 wGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf? i,ftrnfrmS xd ef vif; jzpf +yD; / 1932 wG if a&eHa csmif ;+rdK Œ/ trsdK;om; txufw ef; ausmif; wG if q,fwef;atmifjrifI &efukefwuUodkvfodk@ wufa&mufcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyfonf wuo/ Auo/ yJcl;aqmif tzGJŒtpnf;wdk@. acgif;aqmiftjzpf ausmif;om;ESifh trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wdk@wGif acgif;aqmiftjzpf yg0ifcJha=umif;/ aemifvmrnfh ausmif;om;or*~ ausmif;om;rsm; twk,zl G,f avhvmEdkif&ef rD;armif;xdk;jyvdkuf&ygonf? AdkvfcsKyfonf tdk;a0r*~Zif; t,f'Dwm/ t*Fvdyfpmbmom jyefjzifh xkwfa0aom e,l;bm;rm; owif;pm/ acwWt,f'Dwmwdk@ tjzpf vkyfudkifc+Jh yD; (Hell Hound at Large) acG;o&rf;}uD; vGwfae+yD udpPjzifh aqmif;yg;&Sifudk razmf xkwfbJ ta&;,lcHcJhjcif;ESifh t,f 'Dwm usi0fh wfaumif;udk apmifx h ed ;f cJhojl zpfa=umif; rsufarSmuf acwfrD', D m/ t,f'w D mwd@k twk,lzG,f rD;armif;xdk;jyvdkuf&ayonf? AdkvfcsKyfonf 1939 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DY &efukef ta&;w}uD; vHk+cHKa&;tufOya'jzifh 15 &uf axmifuscHcJh&a=umif;/ 1-1-1942 u t*Fvdyftpdk;&. (Burma List) t& &efolawmf pm&if;Yxnhf oGif;cHcJh&a=umif;ESifh 16-1940 &ufae@ ZvGefY csif;awmifta=umif; a[majymr_jzifh 5d§-wef zrf;0&rf; xkwfcHcJh&zl;onfh EkdifiHa&; tusOf;orm;wpfOD ;jzpfcJh&a=umif;/ vuf&Sd EdkifiHawmftusOf; om;rsm; *k%f,lzG,f rD;armif;xdk;jy vdkuf&ygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 1939 wGif EkdifiHa&; e,fy,fodk@ 0ifa&mufcJh+yD; 'dk@Arm tpnf;t¶Hk;/ ArmhxGuf&yf*dk%f;/ &J abmfoHk;usdyf BIA/ Armjynfue G f jrLepfygwD/ zwyv/ zqyvwd@k . acgif;aqmiftjzpf v_y&f Sm;cJyh g onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;. Edik fiaH &; v_yf&mS ;r_rsm;teufrS ajymif ajrmufcho J nfh vkyaf qmifrt _ csdKŒ tm; xkwfEkwfwifjyvdkygonf? 'kw, d urBmppftwGif; t*Fvdyf tcuf/ Armhtcsuf tjzpf qHk;jzwfI *syefodk@ &JabmfoHk;usdyfESifhtwl xGuo f Gm;+yD; 26-2-1941 wGif ,dk;',m;EdkifiH/ befaumuf+rKd ŒwGif BIA Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmfukd OD;aqmifzŒJG pnf;jcif;jzifh Edik if t H wGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonfh Armhwyfrawmfudk pwifzGJŒpnf;Edkif ayonf? urBmwpf0ef; zufppf awmfvSefa&; qifE$Jaecsdef atmifqef; rif;yifhvmwJh bk&m;rif;jyefy@dk ESifh a0zefr_trsdK;rsdK;udk &ifqkdif}uHK awGŒcJh&pOf rwkefrv_yfbJ 27-3- 1945 awmfvSefa&;yef;+cHESifh teD;uyfqHk; &efou l kd &Smwdu k =f u[k wyfxu G rf ed @f cGe;f ajym+y;D zufqpfawmf vSeaf &;udk qifEc$J jhJ cif;rSm awmf vSefa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;wdk@wGif xm0& &efol/ xm0&rdwfaqG[lonfr&Sd/ xm0& tusdK;pD;yGm; om&Sda=umif; tvkyfESifhoufaojycJhjcif;udk jrif awGŒcJh&onf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfqdk&ef t*FvefEdkifiH/ vef'ef+rdKŒodk@ a&mufaepOf AdkvfcsKyfonf awmifwef;om;wdk@. udk,f pm;vS,f[kwfonf/ r[kwfonf a=u;eef;rsm; t+ydKif0ifvmI awmifwef;wdk@. qENESifhtnD wpfESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&; ay;&ef oabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfqdkEdkifcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyfonf 12-2-1947 wGif yifvHk pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkj cif;jzifh awmifwef; om;wdk@ onf jynfy ESi fhtwl wuG vGwfvyfa&; t&,lvdka=umif; oabmwlnDr_ &&SdcJhygonf? Todk@aom umvrsdK;Y vGwfvyfa&;udk twkta,mif oabmrsdK; v_H@aqmfaeonfh rdrduGefjrLepfygwDtm; zqyvtzGJŒu xkwfy,fcJhonfh AdkvfcsKyf.ygwDta&;ESifh EkdifiHa&; ,SOfvmv#if EkdifiHhta&;udk OD;pm; ay;cJha=umif; tvkyfESifhoufaojycJhonfudk awGŒ jrifEkdifygonf? 1947 zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH Oya'a&;qGJjcif; t*Fvdyftpd;k &rS jrefrmtpdk;&odk@ tajymif;tvJt wGuf ae@rtm;/ nrtm; }udK;pm; aqmif&GufaepOf AdkvfcsKyfu *VKef OD;apmtm; vkyf}uHouJhodk@ zefwD; r_ukd ta=umif;jyKI 19-7-1947 &ufae@Y Edkiif Hawmfvky}f urH }_ u;D a=umifh Akv d cf sKyfESiw fh uG tmZm enfacgif;aqmif}uD; usqHk;cJh=u& ayonf? AdkvfcsKyfonf 1949 rS 1933 txd 11 ESpfeD;yg; ol@Edki fiH/ ol@EkdifiHom;wdk@twGuf vGwfvyfa&;udk t&,lay;cJhonfh acgif; aqmifaumif; wpfa,muf apmvsifpGm a=uGvGifhqHk;¶_H;cJh&ola=umif; jrefrmEkdifiHom;rsm;/ EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;&tr_xrf;/ t&mxrf;rsm; rarhravsmh owdjyKrd=uap&ef xkwfazmfa&;jy vdkuf&yg onf? "r[m*E<m¶Hkq&mawmf t&SifeZwmbd0\ H " u Adkvcf sKyfatmif qef;udk vlawG ¶dkaowm bmt&SdefvJ/ wkdif;jynfudk t[kwfcspfI ¶dk;om;ajzmifhrwfaom AdkvfcsKyfqdkwJh emrnfEiS hf t&Sed yf [ J q k I kd ud, k f usiw hf &m;aumif;jcif;/ ajzmifrh wf jcif;/ Ekid if t H usKd ;udk =unhjf cif;/ &efndSK;zGJŒwwfwJh oabmr&Sdjcif;/owWdaumif;jcif;ESifh rSefrSefajymjcif;pwJh acgif;aqmif aumif;wd@k . t&nftcsi;f &Sv d @kd [k xkwaf zmfcs;D usL;cJzh ;l ygonf? pma&;ol acgi;f aqmifaumif; 76

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

wpfa,mufta=umif; a&;om;azmfxkwf ae&jcif;onf jrefrmwdk@ 1962 rS,ae@wkdif tm%m&Sif qef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;/ wdkufyGJrsm;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; acgif ;aqmif a umif; r&cJ hI acgif; aqmifr sm; &Sda eygvsuf ratmif jrif cJ h a =umif ; awGŒEkdifygonf? 1988 jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; jzpfyGm;aepOf rdcifusef;rma&;udk ta=umif;jyK+yD; jrefrmEkdifiHodk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf jyefa&mufvmcJhygonf? 8888 jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkESifhtwl a&$wd*HkapwDawmf awmifbufrkcfY a':atmifqef;pk=unf pwifyg0ifvmcJhjcif;jzifh u|Efkyfwdk@twGuf acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfOD; &cJhjyefygonf? jrefr mEdkifi Ha&;wGi f xdkt csdefr SpI ,ae@wdkif a':atmifq ef;pk=unfonf acgif;aqmifaumif; wpfOD;tjzpf &yfwnfaqmif&Guf aeonfudk awGŒ jrifEdkifygonf? acgi;f aqmifaumif;udk ,H=k unftm;ud;k jcif;onf ‚. vkyaf qmifcsufwidk ;f tay: tjynht f 0 ,Hk =unfv ufc H em;vnf& ef vdktyfy gonf? Adkvf csKyfatmifqef; tay: xdkuJho dk@ ,H=k unfc=hJ uIom Adv k cf sKyo f nf uwdEiS t fh nD vGwv f yf a&; &,lay;Edik cf ahJ =umif; awGŒ jrif=u &ayrnf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf tay:Yvnf; Todk@,Hk=unfay;EkdifrSom a':atmifqef; pk=unfu EkdifiHtwGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznhfqnf;I 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHudk wnfaqmuf ay;Edik v f rd rfh nf jzpfa=umif; v$waf wmftwGi;f tjyif Ekid if aH &;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/ Ekid if o H m;rsm;ESihf tpdk;&tr_txrf;/ t&mxrf;rsm;rS rSeu f efpmG od&dv S ufcI H yl;aygif;aqmif&u G f yg0ifay;=uzd@k vdkygvdr fhr nf? tb,fa =umifh pma&;ol 'gawGa zmfxkwf a&;om;&oenf; qdkv#if EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHtwGuf &EdkifcJhaom acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfO;D tm; vkyfudkifcGifhEkEk rkefwkdif;u xefxefESifh t&G,frwdkifrD ra=uGvGifhapvdkI jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHY r=umrDusif;y rnfhv$wfawmfESifhtwl EkdifiHawmf orRwESifh tpdk;& tzGJŒ0ifrsm;onf vnf;aumif;/ jynfol@v$wfawmf OuUÏ trsdK;om;v$wfawmf OuUÏonf vnf;aumif;/ v$wfawmf aumfrwDrsm;onf vnf;aumif; xGufay:vmjcif;jzifh (Power Share) [k qdkwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh EkdifiHawmforRw/ jynfol@ v$wfawmfOuUÏ/ AdkvfcsKy frSL;}uD; rif;atmifv_difESifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$(+idrf;)wdk@. awGŒqHkcJhonfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;tay: tajcjyK&ef r=umrD ay:xGufvmawmhrnfjzpfygonf? trsdK;om;'Drku d a&pD tzGŒJ twGi;f Y vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/ vly*k K~d vf rsm;twGif;tjyif toHpHkwdk@udk jrefrmhrD'D,mrsm;Y awGŒ jrif=u&ayawmhrnfjzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmtpdk;& tqufquf. r+y;D qH;k Edik fao;onfh tvkyform;a&;/ v,form;a&;/ ausmif;om;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;²²²ponfh ta&;a&; wdk@udk a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;aqmif cif;usi;f xm;onfh v$waf wmfESifh jynfaxmifpt k pdk;&wdk@u qufvuf&ifqdkif }uHKawGŒ&rnfh pdefac:r_rsm;tjzpf toifhapmihf}udKaeygonf? rwluGJjym; jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&ESifhv$wfawmfudk jrifatmif=unhf+yD; pdefac:v_yf&Sm;r_rsm ;tjzpf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

toif ha pmifh } ud K aeygonf ? rwl u GJ j ym; jynfa xmif p k tpdk ; &ES i f h v$ w f a wmf u dk jrifatmif=unhf+yD; pdefac:v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; onf;cH apmifhqdkif;jcif;/ndSE_dif; aqG;aEG;jcif;wdk@jzifh acgif;aqmifaumif;. uwdESifhtnD o,faqmifvmrnfh acgif;aqmif aumif;wdk@tm; vGwfvyfa&;uJo h dk@ &,lEdkif&ef vGefpGmta&;}u;D ygonf?

OD;wifoef;OD;

vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD jyef=um;a&;XmeESifh tvif;tdrf pmaytiftm;pk ylaygif;xkwfa0jzef@csdonf? xGufjyD

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

0if;0if;eJ h wdkifyifaqG;aEG; wdk hjynfaxmifpk jidrf;csrf;a&;

aZmf+idrf;vwf (74) (1) +yD;cJhwJhtywfxkwf or*~* sme,f}uD; rSm "yifvHknDvmcH t}udK/ Edki fi Ha &; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;" acgif;pD;eJ@/ 1947 ck azazmf0g&D 12 &uf rwkdifrD ay:aygucf JhwJh EdkifiHa&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk pma&;olu a&;om;wifjycJhygw,f? tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJawGrSm yg0ifaqG;aEG; cJh=uwJh aqG;aEG;zufawGuawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;trSL;jyKwJh jrefrmEdkifiH bk&ifcH tr_aqmifaumfrwD udk,pf m;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ +Adwdo#tpdk;& eef;&if;0ef rpPwm tufwvD udk,fpm;vS,t f zGJŒ wdk@yJjzpfygw,f? aqG;aEG;r_awGrSm +Adwdo#tpdk;&&JŒ udk,pf m;vS,frsm; aqG;aEG;wifjy=uyHkudk axmufcsifh&if nDaemif wdkif;&if;om;rsm ; rSDwif;aexkdif=uwJh awmifwef;a'orsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;ay;&mrSm csefvSyfxm;zdk@ +Adwdeftpdk;&u qENjyif;jy cJhw,fqdkwm twdkif;om; ay:vGifcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; trSL;jyKwJh ud, k fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ0ifrsm; uvnf; +Adwdeftpd;k &&JŒ aemufqHk; tcsdex f d aoG;cGJtyk fcsKyf vdw k Jh t}uHtpnfudk odjrifcJhwma=umifh wpfjynfvHk; wpfajy;nD/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSm vGwfvyfa&; &,lzdk@udkom qkyfudkif aqG;aEG;oGm;cJh =uwmudk avhvmodrw S f&wmyg? aemufqk;H rSmawmh awmifwef;jynfr wpfnDwpf!Gwfwnf; vGwfvyfa&;&,lzdk@udpP qHk;jzwfzdk@ yifvHknDvmcH ac:,l=ur,fqw kd hJ oabmxm; rSm ESpzf ufoabmwlc=hJ u+y;D tJ'u D wpfqifh yifvpHk mcsKyu f kd csKyfqdk EdkifcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

(2) ,ae@ urBmay:rSm jynf axmifpk jrefrmEkid if u H dk tcsKyt f jcm tm%mydik Ef ikd if t H jzpf &yfwnfae Ekdiw f m[m vGecf ahJ om 68 ESpu f wdik ;f &if;om;nDaemifrsm; aoG; pnf;nD!w G fpmG csKyfqdkEdkifcJhwhJ yifvHkpmcsKyfu ay;cJw h Jh jynfaxmifpk tarGtESpfyg? bkd;ab;rsm;xm; &pfcJhwJh tarGtESpfudk aumif;pGm xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufEdkifrSom om;orD;ajr;jrpfaumif;rsm;/ rsdK; qufopfaumif;rsm;vd@k *k%, f El idk f =urSmyg? bd;k ab;awG toufaoG;eJ@ wnfaqmufay;cJw h hJ jynfaxmif pk}u;D udk +yKd uo JG mG ;apr,fq&kd if 'D ,ae@rsKd ;qufopfrsm;udk "arGcH xdu k o f rl sm;"vd@k orkdif;rSwfwrf; wifEkdifawmhrSm r[kwfygbl;? 2010 rSm wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mudk &,lcJhwJh OD;odef;pdef tpdk;&[m 2012 ckESpfavmufu p+yD; wpfjynfvHk; typf&yfa&;pm csKyfvufrSwfxdk;zkd@ nDaemif wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkifrsm;eJ@t}udr f aygif;rsm;pGm aqG;aEG;ndSE_dif; cJh=uygw,f? 'Dtypf&yfpmcsKyf vufrSwfxdk;a&;r_rSwpfqifh jynfaxmif pk+ird ;f csr;f a&;udk azmfaqmif=uzd@k yJjzpfygw,f? ta=umif;a=umif;awGa=umifh tm;vHk;yg0ifwhJ typf &yfvufrSwfxdk;jcif;udk raqmif &GufEdkifcJhayr,fh nDaemifwidk f;&if;om; vufeufudkif tzGJŒtrsm;pkuawmh typf&yfpmcsKyfrmS yg0ifvufrSwx f ;dk cJh=u+y;D jzpfygw,f? jynf axmifpk +ird ;f csrf;a&;nDvmcHukd Zefe0g&D 12 rS 16 &uftxd ig;&uf=um usi;f ycJ&h mrSm jrefrmhxyd fwef; EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uwJh vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ EkdifiHawmf orRw}u;D OD;ode;f pde/f 'korRwrsm; jzpf=uwJh pdik ;f armufcef;eJ@ OD;Om%fxeG ;f / jynfo@l v$waf wmfe@J trsdK;om;v$wfawm fOuUÏrsm;/ wkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; qkdif&m tpktzGJŒrsm; pHknDpGm wufa&mufcJh =uygw,f? tJ'D jynfaxmifpk +idrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcHudk yxrydkif; nDvmcHvdk@om owfrSwf&rSmjzpf+yD; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEkdifr,fh wu,fh nDvmcH}u;D udkawmh tpdk;&opf vufxufa&mufrS usif;yEkdifawmhr,fvdk@ od&Sd&ygw,f? (3) nDaemif wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm; vuf&dS jynfaxmifpkpepfudk wpfjynfaxmifpkpepf (Unitary System) jzpfw,fv@kd ¶_jrifo;kH oyf+y;D tpOfwpdu k f qef@usicf =hJuwmyg? txl;ojzifh 1962 ckESpfup+yD; tm%m&Sif tqufqufu wdkif;jynfudk v$rf;rdk;tkyfcsKyf vm=uwJhtcg [dk ppfOD;pD; tkycf sKyrf _yHkpHu ydrk kdyDjyifjyif;xef vmwJhtwGuf wpfjynfaxmifpkpepf&JŒ qdk;usdK; awGukd nDaemifwdkif;&if;om;awG ydkrdkcg;onf;pGm cHpm;cJh=u&wmyg? 'ga=umifh wdkif;&if;om; tm;vHk; wnDw!Gwfwnf; awmif;qdk=uwmwJh/ zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkpepf(Federal System)wnfaqmufzdk@qdkwJh awmif;qdkcsuf uvnf; ydkI jyif;xefvmcJhygw,f? 'Drdku a&pDpepfukd wnfaqmuf&mrSm OD;aqmifO;D &Guf jyKaew,fv@kd ud, k hf ud, k u f , kd f cH,v l m=uwJh wnfqJ tpdk;&tzGJŒeJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmf wdk@uvnf; ,ciftpdk;&rsm;vdk "zuf'&,f" oH =um;vdu k &f wmeJ@ xdwx f w d jf ymjym rjzpfawmhbJ tomw=unf vufcaH qG;aEG; vm=uwm 80

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

[m tem*wfzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkopf}u;D pepfwuszGJŒpnf;zdk@ twGuf tvGef tvm; tvmaumif;wJh tjyKoabm/ tjzpfoabmvdk@ rSwf,l=u&r,fvdk@ ,lqrdygw,f? (4) ppfrSefwJh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufzdk@ pma&;olwdk@ wdkif;&if;om; tm;vHk;oabmxm; wlnD&rSmu usOf;ajrmif;aom t rsdK;om;a&;0g'udk z,f&Sm;pGef@v$wf =uzdk@yJ jzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpk tzGJŒ0if vlrsdK;pktm;vHk;[m usOf;ajrmif;wJh trsdK;om;a&; 0g'udk vufudkifxm;=u&if ppfrSefwJh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkudk b,fenf;eJ@rS wnfaxmif Edik fr,f r[kwfbl;vdk@ ,lqygw,f? vmrnhf jynfaxmifpk +ird f;csrf;a&; nDvmcH}uD;(0g) +ird f; csrf;a&; pum;0dkif;}uD;rSm wdkif;&if;om; nDaemifwpfOD;pD[m rdrdtusdK; pD;yGm;udkom t"du qkwfudkifaqG;aEG;jcif;rjyKbJ aqG;aEG;zuf nDaemiftcsif;csif; olvnf;Edkif/ udk,fvnf;Edkif (Win - Win Theory) tay:rSm &yfwnf aqG;aEG;=u&ifjzifh ra0;aom umvrSm +idr;f csr;f wJh zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk}u;D rkcsay:aygufvmvdrfhr,fvdk@ rrSdwfroHk ,H=k unf vsu&f ySd gw,f? (5) rdrdwdk@ jynfaxmifpk}uD;xJrSm ArmvlrsdK;pku vlOD;a& tqrwefrsm;aevdk@ vlrsdK;}uD;0g'eJ@ vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;awGukd zdESdyfvdrfh r,fqdkwJh t,ltq[m vHk;0 rrSef ygbl;? ,Ofaus;aom vl@tzGJŒtpnf;rSm OD;a&rsm;olu tEkdif,lr,fqdkwm t¶dkif;pdwf/ ynmrJhpdwf &Sdolrsm;uom awG;}uH vkyfudkif=urSmyg? vlOD;a& rsm;onfjzpfap/ enf;onf jzpfap/ tm;vHk;yg0if+yD; aqG;aEG;twnfjyKxm;wJh bHko abmwlnDcsuf/ bHkjyÏmef;csufawG udk vlenf;pkomru/ vlrsm;pkuvnf; av;pm;pGm vdu k ef m&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh t"du vkdtyfcsufuawmh vmrnfh jynfaxmifpk +idrf;csrf;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;pum;0dkif; (0g) 'kwd, yifvHknDvmcH}uD;rSm yg0ifaqG;aEG;zuf nDaemif wdkif;&if;om;rsm;t=um; vufawGŒtusdK; jzpfxeG ;f apr,fh (Win - Win ) vrf;a=umif;ay:rSm &yfwnfaqG;aEG; Ekid =f uygapa=umif; qENjyK a&;om; tyfygw,fAsm?

aZmf+idrf;vwf (74)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

tajccHaumif;rS EkdifiHaumif;r,f

xufvif;atmif u|efawmfwdk@ &yfuGuf tygt0if tjcm;ae&mrsm;rSmyg &,u OuUÏ a&G;cs,f wifajrSmufzdk@ pkdif; jyif;ae=uyg+yD? &yfrd&yfz a&G;+yD;vdk@ q,ftdrfacgif;awG xyfa&G;? +yD;&if tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;udk a&G;cs,fwif ajrSmufygawmhr,f? t&ifwpfcg a&G;cs,fwkef;uawmh tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;[m bGJŒ& ynmwwfawG jzpf&r,fqkdwJh uef@owfcsufa=umifh bGJŒ&r[kwfolawG tem;awmif roDcJh&ygbl;? 'DwpfcgrmS awmh bGŒJ &zd@k rvdb k ;l qdk wJt h wGuf bGJŒr&olawGyg v_yv f y_ &f &G eG @J t&dyt f a,mifawG jyef+y;D jyae=ujyefw,f? tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;wpfa,muf jzpfvmwJhtcgrSm bGJŒ&jcif;/ r&jcif;u b,favmuf txd ta&;ygaeovJv@kd ar;p&m&Syd gw,f? ud, k h&f yfuGu/f ud, k ahf us;&Gmudk tkycf sKyw f o hJ [ l m tjcm;ae&mawGrSm tawmftoifh jynhfpHkygw,f? 'gayrJh bGJŒr&/ q,fwef;ratmif qdk&if awmhjzifh wpfyef;¶_;H aer,fv@kd xifygw,f? tjcm; ae&mawGrmS vnf; jynfph /kH bGŒJ &/ ynmwwf vnf; jzpf&ifjzifh twkdif;xuftvGef? wHcGefeJ@ukumU ;qdkovdk jzpfoGm;ygvrd rfh ,f? &ufuGuf (odk@) aus;&Gm tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;awG jynfhpHk&r,fh t&nftcsif; awGxJrSm pm;0wfaea&; zlvHkr_ &Sdoljzpfjcif; vdk@ygwJhtwGuf &,u wpfa,muftjzpf xrf;aqmif awmhr,f qd&k ifjzifh ud, k x hf rif; ud, k pf m;+y;D trsm;tusKd ;aqmif ol jzpf&ygr,f? pm;p&m&Sv d @kd tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; vkyfwmjzpf+yD; tkyfcsKyfa&;rSLvkyfrS pm;p&m&SdwJh tjrpfrsdK; rjzpf&bl;vdk@ 82

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

ajymvdkuw f mygyJ? ukvm;xkdif tm;udk;eJ@ udk,fhb0wdk; wufatmifvkyfr,fqdk&if tJ'D&yf uGu/f tJ'&D mG b,fawmhrS rwd;k wufawmhygb;l ? 'ga=umifh ud, k f wifajrSmufr,fh tkycf sKyaf &;rSL; wpfa,muf[m twW[dw (udk,f usdK;orm;) vm;/ y&[dw (olwpfyg; tusKd ;orm;)vm; vdk@ a0zefydkif; jcm;+y;D rS wifajrSmufoihfygw,f? udk,fh&yfuGuf§&yf&Gm wkd;wuf pnfyifzdk@qdkwJh &nf&G,cf suf rsdK;r[kwfygbJvsuf tkycf sKyfa&;rSL;tjzpf 0ifa&muft&G;cs,fcHjcif; [m vHk;0roifhawmfwJh udpPyg? tm%mav; &Edk;Edk;? yg0gav; jy&Edk;Edk;eJ@awmh 0ifa&mufta&G;cs,f rcHoifhygbl;? &yfusdK;&GmusdK;udk pGrf; pGrf;wrH }udK;pm;&ygr,f? twW[w d orm; r[kwfbJ y&[dworm; ppfppfjzpfoifhygw,f? &yfusdK;&GmusdK;twGuf a&G;cs,fcHwJhae&mrSm "'Dtvkyfudk ig vkyfrSjzpfrSm"qdkwJh txif}uD;r_udk a&SŒwef;wifvdk@ r&ygbl;? tjcm;ol wpfa,mufu udk,hfxufydk+yD; vkyfudkifEkdifr,f? ay;qyfr,fqdk&if udk,fu oabmxm;}uD; &ygr,f? 'Dvdk oabmxm; }u;D r_[m +yKd ifbufukd ¶_H;edro hf mG ;wJh pdw"f mwf rsKd ;r[kwfbJ wu,fjrifjh rwfwhJ pdw"f mwfrsKd ;yg? igr&&if olvnf; r&&bl;qdkwJh pdwfeJ@ "rpm;&wJhtrJ oJeJ@yuf"zkd@ }udK;pm;&if awmhjzifh r¶dk;om; olawG&JŒ vufxJudk &yfuGu/f &yf&Gm a&mufoGm;ygvdrhfr,f? 'gudkvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; vkyfr,fh olawG owdxm;oifhygw,f? tk y f c sKyf a &;rSL ; wpf a ,muf jzpf v m+yD q d k& if pD r Hc ef @ cG J r _ pGr f ; &nf v nf ; txdkuftavsmuf &Sdzdk@vdkygw,f? udk,ftkyfcsKyfwJh ae&m&JŒ tm;enf;csuf/ tm;omcsufudk odxm;&ygr,f? e,fajrwpfcv k ;kH udk u|r;f usi Ef @HS pyf&ygr,f? e,fajr ru|r;f usi/f a'ocHwk@d &JŒ p¶dkufobm0udk rod? olrsm; ajymor#udk,Hk/ ol rsm; t}uHay;or# (ckdif;or#) udk vkyf qd&k ifjzifh tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;b0 uae t¶kyb f 0udk a&mufomG ;ygvrd rhf ,f? uk, d ahf 'o&JŒ obm0 ab;tEœ&m,f/ pD;yGm;a&;udkvnf; aumif;aumif;}u;D od&ygr,f? ud, k b fh mom omoemudk taxmuftyHhjyKr_ 'gawGudk pepfwus pDrHcef@cGJwwfzdk@vnf; vdktyf ygw,f? y&[d w orm;vnf ; [k w f y gw,f ? pD r H c ef @ cG J r _ u vnf ; rqk d ; ygbl ; ? vloal v;yg;=um;rSm rajym wwf/ rqdkwwf jyef&ifvnf; tqifrajyvSyg? &yf&GmudpPav;rS vnfvnfywfywfrajymwwf/ oma&;ema&;rS crf;crf;em;em; rajymqdkwwf/ udk,ht f pnf; ta0;rS udk,fvdyfywfvnfatmif rajymwwfqdk&ifvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; wpfa,muf wm0efu roifhawmfjyefyg? ajym&Jqdk&Juawmh &Sdjyef/ ajymoifhwJh pum;rSef;/ rajymoifh wJhpum;rSef; rodq&dk ifvnf; vlolav;yg;=um;rSm ajymzdk@qdkzdk@ cufcJoGm;ygr,f? tcsufusus ajymEdkifzdk@ (jyefajymEkdi fzdk@ )qdkwm[mvnf; tky fcsKyfa&;rSL; wpfa,muf&JŒ t&nftcsif;yg? txufuay;tyfwJh wm0efudk ausyGefatmifxrf;aqmif oifhovdk roifhavsmfwJh udpPrsdK; qdk&ifvnf; tusdK;ta=umif;qDavsmfatmif ajymqdk+yD; ji if;oifhw ef jiif; vdk@/ awmif;qdkwef awmif;qdkvdk@ qdkwJh udpPr sdK;awGvkyf&ygr,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

"igajymovdkvkyf" qdkwJh udpPrsdK;awGudk tpdk;&opfvufxufrSm qef@usifoifhyg+yD? "a&bl;aygufwm rvdkcsifbl; a&ygwmyJ vdkcsifw,f" qdkwJh udpPrsdK;awGudk "r&&if r&Ekdif bl;/ r&S&d if r&Sb d ;l "vdk@ ajym&Jq&kd J &S&d ygr,f? 'gro S m udk,ahf cgi;f ay: udk rvdt k yfwhJ wm0efawG ydrae awmhrSmyg? txufu jyuQ'ed af v; a&mif;cdik ;f &if a&mif;vdu k f/ &efykH aiG vdw k ,fqkd &Smay;vdu k /f pGrf;tm; &Sifvdkw,fqdk pkay;vdkufpwJh pepfawG aysmufuG,foifhyg+yD? jyuQ'defa&mif;ckdif;/ &efyHkaiG&Smcdkif;+yD; vkyfief;&SifawGu =umawmh "cg;csnfh"vmygw,f? 'Dtcg b,fol@qDudk vS nhf= u&ovJqdk &if w&m;Oya'eJ@ rvGwfu if; wJho la wG qD vSnh f=u&jyefy ga&m? omrefvkyfief;&Sifaw Gray;EdkifwJh aiGa=u;rsdK; ay;=uwJhtcg tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;awG[m &efyHkaiGtwGufawmh tqifajyoGm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh tqifrajywmuawmh tkyfcsKyfa&; ydkif;ygy?J =umawmh xdcdkufvmygw,f? "vlrav; acG;rcef@"vkyfvm&if; "&,u avmufrajymeJ@uG/ bmaumif nmaumifcg;ydkufxJ xnhfxm;wm}qdkawmh 'DtkyfcsKyf a&;rSL; emrnfysuf+yDaygh? b,fvdk rsdK;w&m;pD&ifygawmhrvJ? aemuf qHk;awmh wifajrSmufvdkufwmu "tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;" jzpfoGm;wmu "rvkyrf ¶_yaf &;rSL;" jzpfomG ;ygawmhw,f? tqd;k qHk;uawmh "vufoif&h m pm;awmfac: "wwfwhJ u|ef awmfw@kd vlrsdK;awG&ŒJ tusifhyg? yk*~dKvfpGJtydkif; (&yfuGuf) pGJ pwJh tpGJawGeJ@ wifajrSmufwwf=uw,f? "olom OuUÏjzpf&if wdk@t ydkif; wdk@&yfuGuf *k%fwwfwmaygh"qdkwJh rvdkvm;tyfwJh *k%f,lr_rsdK; awGukd a&Smif=uOf&ygr,f? tckwpfcg a&G;cs,f&mrSm q,ftdrf acgif;awGu t"duuswJh tcef; u¾u ygaeygw,f? tJ'D q,ftdrfacgif;awG uvnf; &yfusdK;&Gm usdK;udkom =unh&f ygr,f? yk*dK~ vfpJ/G &yfuGufpGJawGe@J wifajrSmufvdk@r& ygbl;? udk,f wifajrSmufvu dk fwJh OuUÏ (tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;) u &yfuGuf wdk;wufzdk@ bmwpfckrS rvkyfaqmifbl;qdk&if tJ'D q,ftdrfacgif;awGvnf; tjypf&Sdygw,f? &yfusdK;&GmusdK; r=unhfbJ udk,fusdK;om=unhf wJholawG qdkwm ay:vGifoGm;yg+yD? tkycf sKyaf &;rSL; wpfa,muf[m bmyJjzpfjzpf vl¶akd o &Si¶f adk o &S&d rSmawmh trSeyf g? &yf&GmtwGuf udk,fa&mpdwfygESpf+yD; vkyfEkdifwJhtjyif udk,fudk,fwkdifuvnf; &GmeJ@&yfeJ@ ywfouf+yD; trnf;puf r&Sdzdk@ vdktyfygw,f? udk,fukd,fwkdifuvnf; Oya'udk tjynfht0 vkdufemzkd@awmh vkdygr,f? tck&rSmu tm%mr[kwfygbl;? wm0efyg? 'gudk txl;owdjyK &ygr,f? &yf&GmtwGuf vkyfykdifcGifh&Sdayr,fh udkusKd;twGuf vkyfydkifcGifhr&Sdygbl;? tJ'Dvkd vkyaf er,f qk&d ifvnf; &yfuu G fo/l &yfuu G o f m;awGu +ird af erSm r[kwaf wmhbl; qkw d mudk em;vnfxm;&ygr,f? aemufwpfcsuu f awmh u|efawmfw@kd vlrsKd;&JŒ p¶kdufwpfckyg? tm;emwwfjcif;yg? 84

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

rvkdtyfbJ tm;emr_awGukd a&SŒwef;wifaewm [mvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&; w&m;pD&ifr_udk t[ef@twm; jzpfapyg w,f? "olu b,fol@om;rkd@/ b,f ol@orD;rdk@ " qkdwmrsK;d "olu b,fol eJ@ ywfo ufaewm qkdwmrsKd; "/ acG;udk ¶kdufc sifa yr,fh acG;ocif rsufESm =unfhae&ao;w,f? pwJhudpP rsKd;awG&JŒ tm;emr_ oHo&mrSmvnf &if;eJ@yJ "tbkd;}uD; om; "wdk@/ "tbkd; }uD;ajr; "wkd@ acwfpm; vmawmhwmygyJ? udk,frSef&if ta0zefcHEkdif& ygw,f? udk,faumif;&if tapmif; jrifcHEkdif&ygr,f? udk,fwnhf&if tuJh&JŒ cHEkdif&ygr,f? ukd,fwpfu,f tvkyfvkyf&if r[kwfw¶kwf ajymwm cHEkdif&ygr,f? udk,hv f kyf&yf trSefrSm tqkd;taumif;udk aemufwpf}udrfrSm a&G;cs,fwJhtcg od&ygvdrrfh ,f? wpfcgvmvnf; rJjymykq;dk / aemufwpfcg vmvnf; rJjymykq;dk qk&d ifjzifh &yf&mG vlxk rajymeJ@ &yfuu G f¶H;k awmif ckid cf ikd fcef@cef@ jzpfrSm r[kwaf wmhb;l ? udk,frvkyEf dik fwhJ tvkyu f dk vkyfwJhol qkdwm udk,fh xuft&nftcsif; &Sd&ygr,f? 'D &yfuGuf/ 'D&yf&Gm&JŒ wkd;wufxGef; um;r_/ &Gmol&Gmom;awG wifajrSmuf vkduw f Jh tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; wpfa,muf&JŒ vufxJrSm &Syd gw,f? tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;av; wpfa,muf a&G;cs,w f m bmvkd@rsm; pmwpfapmif aywpfzJŒG a&;zGJŒae&ovJ qkd&if tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; qkdwm jynfoleJ@ teD;pyfqkH;/ tpdk;&eJ@ tqufpyf t&SdqkH;olr@dk yg? &yfuGu/f &yf&Gmu wpfqifh +rdKŒe,f/ +rKd Œe,fu wpfqifh wkdi;f / c¶kdif aemufqH;k EkdifiHawmf wpfckvkH; om,mvS+yD; txufvl}uD;uvnf; atmufajcudk jrifEkdifatmif atmufajcu vluvnf; txufukd =unf=unfvifvif jrif&atmif vkyaf qmifay;Ekdifol jzpfv@dk ygy?J tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; (odk@)&yfuGuf/ aus;&Gm OuUÏwpfa,muf[m EkdifiHawmforRw wpfa,muf avmufawmh rcrf;em;Ekdifygbl;? 'gayrJh trkd;awG b,favmufvSaeygap atmufajcrcdkif&if vJwmygyJ? orRwqdkwm EkdifiHwpfck&JŒ txifu&yk*~dKvf/ ta&;ygqHk; yk*~dKvfyg? 'DvdkygyJ &yfuGufawG/ aus;&GmawGrSmvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; wpfa,muf[m ta&;ygqHk; yk*~dKvfwpfOD;ygyJ? cspfjcif;/ rkef;jcif;uif;wJh rsufpd awGeJ@ =unhf+yD; udk,fh&yfuGu/f udk,fhaus;&Gm om,mvSyatmif aqmif&Gufr,fh tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; wpfa,mufudkom a&G;cs,fwif ajrSmufEdkifygapa=umif; qENjyK a&;om;vdkufygw,f?

xufvif;atmif

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

twif;tzsif; a&;-ujcif;ESifh tusifhysuf vmbfpm; }ujcif;onf wpfrsdK;wpfpm;wnf; 'kp&dkufawG jzpfonf

bb wd@k wdki;f jynf wdk@vlrsKd;awGrSm 'Drdkua&pDvk@d ac:ae=uwJh trsm;u wifajrSmufwJh tpdk;& ay:ayguaf &; pepfudk &=uao;wm r[kwfao;bl; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; [kwfonf&Sd r[kwfonf&Sd twif;tzsif;awG/ tykyfcs=uwmawG or‰y`vmy tusKd;rJh/ odrfzsif;aom pum;awG =um;ae zwfae=u&w,faemf? tJ'g 'Drdkua&pD tppftrSef &=uao;wm r[kwfao;bJ vkyfp&m udkifp&m/ oGm;p&m c&D;awGu trsm;}uD; &Sdaeao;wm? wpfcg [dktm%m&Sif pepf vufxufrSmusawmhvnf; q&m}uD;awG/ q&mav;awG pm;=u aomuf=u wdk=u wkyf=ueJ@? tJh'D q&m}u;D awG q&mav;awG tkyfcsKyf=uwkef; uvnf; tusifhysuf jcpm;wmawGwif rubJ [dkjynfhwefqm awGeJ@ ¶_yf=u/ ti,ftaESmif; ud k, f v ky f a wmfa wG eJ @ ¶_y f = u/ jyKwf w Jh tcgvnf ; jyKwf/ vGw fw J h tcgvnf; vGw f qdw k mawGuvnf; awGŒ }uKH c=Jh u&w,f aemf? wd@k wpfawG trsm;pk[m Ak'<bmom/ Ak'< t,ltq atmufrmS }u;D jyif;vm=uwJh vlawG? Ak'< qdkwmu vl@usi0hf wf/ vl@pm&dw/W vl@ud, k u f siw hf &m;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; [d[ k mqd&k if raumif;bl;/ 'D[mqdk&if rvkyfoifhbl; ponfjzifh vl@b0vrf;a=umif;udk jyo oGefoifomG ; cJw h m? tJ'v D kd wd@k trsm;pk[m Ak'< =o0g' atmufrmS aexdik }f u;D jyif;vm=u+y;D [dq k &m}u;D awG&ŒJ tm%m&Sif pepfatmufrSmuvnf; vl@usifh0wf csdKŒwJhr_awG tjynfh/ tck tJh'D b0 tajctaeu ¶kef;xGufzdk@ vGwfawmif rvGwfao;bl;? vGwfxGuf=u&atmif }uKd ;pm;ae 86

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

=uwkef;yJ &Sdao;/ p+yD; awGŒ }uKHae=u&+yD? z¶k\0gpm =urf;wrf;aompum;/ or‰y`vmy tusKd;rJh odrfzsif;aom pum;awG qdkwmu 'kp¶dkuf q,fyg;xJrSm yg0if+yD; olrsm;ypPnf; cdk;jcif;/ wdkjcif;/ vkjcif;/ rw&m;,ljcif; pwJh t'dEM'gemeJ@ wlnDpGmyJ 'kp¶dkuf raumif;aom usifh}uH tm;xkwfjcif;awGyJ jzpfw,f? tJ'Dawmh bbu pOf;pm;=unfhrdw,f? wdk@wpfawG/ wdk@wpfawG&JŒ trltusifh awGudk rjyifqif=u&if/ wdk@wpfawG b,fpepfukyd J &&Sad eae/ b,fvpdk epfudkyJ usifho;kH aeae/ wdk@wpfawG[m vl@usifh0wf r&SdwJh vlawGyJ jzpfae=ur,fqdk+yD; pdk;&drfrdw,f? rSefrSef&Sif;&Sif; ¶dkif;¶dik ;f ajym&&if wd@k wpfawG&ŒJ trltusifhawGukd rjyifoa&GŒ umvywfvH;k wdk@wpfawGudk oGefoifcJhwJh Ak'<0g'eJ@vnf; wdk@ rwefbl;? wdk@wpfawG &&Sdzdk@ }udK;pm;aewJh 'Drdkua&pD pepfeJ@vnf; wdk@eJ@ rwefbl; qdkwJh tajctaeudk a&mufawmhr,f? tJ'Dawmh wdwdususav; Ak'<&JŒ tqkH;treJ@ bb =um;ae zwfae&wmav; awGukd E_dif;,SOf+yD; wifjy ygrh ,f? Ak'<u 'kp¶dkufq,fyg; raumif;aom usifh}uH jyKvkyfjcif; q,fyg;udk 'Dvkd owfrSwf cJw h ,f? (1) yg%mwdygwm - ol@touf owfjcif;(2) t'dEM'gem - olwpfyg; OpPmcdk;,ljcif;/ rw&m;OpPm&Smjcif; (3)umarok rdfp>mpm&m rSm;,Gif;aom umr*k%fusifhokH;jcif; (4) rkom0g' - r[kwfrrSef rkom;ajymqdkjcif; (5) ydok%m0gpm ukef;wdkupf um; ajymqdkjcif; (6) z¶k\ 0gpm - =urf;wrf;aompum; ajymqdkjcif; (7) or‰y`vmy - tusKd;r&Sd odrfzsif;aompum; ajymqdkjcif; (8) tbdZ…m - olwpfyg; }uD;yGm;csrf;omr_ olwpfyg; ausmf=um;r_udk 0efwdk remvdkjcif; (9) Asmyg' - olwpfyg;tm; raumif; }uHjcif; (10) rdfp>m'dÏd - t,lrSm;jcif;? tJ'Dawmh tck bb zwfae =um;ae=uwmawG/ wDxGifa&;om; ajymqdkae=u wmawG[m b,f 'kp¶dkufxJrSm yg0if ywfoufaew,fqdkwm azmfjyr,f? t'dEMm'gem - cdk;,ljcif;/ rw&m;,ljcif; 'guawmh tck tajymif;tvJ jzpf=ur,fh tdrfjyef=u&r,fh wkyx f m;wdkxm;wJh q&m}uD;awG/ q&mav;awGeJ@ ywfoufw,f? umarokrdp>mpm&m - rrSefuefaom umr*k%f cHpm;jcif; qdkwmuvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh tJ' DvdkyJ wwfEdkif=uwJh olaX;}uD;awG/ tm%m&Sd+yD; tusif@ysufwJh q&m}uD;awG/ q&mav;awGeJ@ ywfowfw,f? rkom0g'g - r[kwfrrSef rkom;ajymqdkjcif;? tJh'D udpPusawmh tcsdKŒaom a&;=u/ om;=u/ ajym=u/ qdk=uwJh yk*d~KvfawG[m raorcsm/ twdtus rodbJ ajym=u qdk=u pGyfpJG=u&if 'gawG[m rkom0g'gawG ygyJ? ydok%m0gpm - uke;f wdu k fpum; ajymqdjk cif; 'guvnf; rvdkaompdw/f olrsm;udk 'kuaQ &mufvadk om pdwfeJ@ ajymqdk a&;om;&if rSefonf&Sd/ rrSefonf &Sdolrsm; epfemapaom pdwfeJ@qdk&if tJ'D 'kp¶dkufxJrSm tusHK; 0ifw,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

z¶k\0gpm - =urf;wrf;aompum; tck bbyJ =um;ae zwfae&wmu tJh'D z¶k\0gpmawG[m tawmfqdk;w,faemf? (aemufrD;vif;w,f/ =umulvD ¶dkufw,f tJ'Dvdkawmif a&;=u om;=u/ ajym=u qdk=uwmawG zwfae/ =um;ae=u&w,f) or‰yv ` my - tusKd ;rJh odrzf si;f aompum;? tJ'v D kd pum;awGusawmhvnf; [dv k el @J 'DvleJ@ jzpfae=uwm pwmawG[m wdk@wdik f;jynf wdk@vlrsKd ;twGuf tusdK; jzpfapr,fh udpPawG r[kwfawmh tJ'Dpum;awGudk jzef@csdwJh vlawG[m tJ'D 'kp¶dkuform;awGyJ jzpf&r,f? tbdZm… - olwpfyg;}u;D yGm;csr;f omr_/ ausm=f um;r_ukd remvd0k efwkjd cif;? tckwavm =um;ae/ zwfae =u&wmu jynfolvlxku a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufxm;wJh vlawGudkyJ OD;wnfae=uawmh olwdk@&JŒ vkyf&yfawG ajymqdkr_awG[m rSm;onf&Sd rSefonf&Sd olwpfyg; }uD;yGm;ausmf=um;r_udk remvdkwJhtwGuf tJhJ'Dpum;rsdK; awGudk jzef@csdwJh vlawG[m tJ'D 'kp¶dkuform;awGyv J @dk owfrw S &f r,f? Asmyg' - olwpfyg;tm; raumif}uHjcif; bbwdk@ Ak'<bmomrSm um,uH vufawGŒvkyaf qmif jypfrmS ;jcif;/ 0pDuH - E_wjf zifh vkyfaqmifjypfrmS ;jcif;eJ@ raemuH- pdwjf zifh jypfrSm;jcif; qd+k yD; oHk;rsdK;&Sdawmh tckvdk a&;=u om;=u ajym=u qdk=u tykyfcs=u qdkwmawG tm;vHk;[m olrsm;udk raumif;pdwf&Sd&if 'kp¶dkufawGygyJ? tJ'Dawmh bb 'Daqmif;yg;rSm qdkvdkwmawGu vl@usifh0wf/ vl@oduQmqdkwm [mcdk;wm/ 0Sufwm/ owfwm jzwfwmawGwif ruygbJ wdk@wpfawG[m 'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ@ xdkufwefwJh vlawG jzpfcsif=u&ifjzifh wdk@wpfawG&JŒ rD'D,mawG tygt0if wdk@tm;vHk;[m tajymtqdk taetxdkif tm;vHk;udk qifjcifoifhw,f qdkwmygyJ? tJh'DvdkrS r[kwf&ifawmh wdk@wpfawG twif;tzsif; ajymqdkae=uwmawGu vnf; 'kp¶dkufawG/ [dkq&mawG tusiyhf suf jcpm;=uwmawGuvnf; 'kp¶du k af wGqakd wmh wd@k wpfawGe@J q&mawG/G 'grrS [kwf wdk@}udK;pm;aewJh 'Drdkua&pD pepfeJ@ tm%m&Sif pepf[m twlwl bmxl;rSmvJqkw d Jhoabm oufa&mufaerSm? 'Dae@ wifjyaqG;aEG;cJw h hJ a&;om; ajymqdw k meJ@ ywfouf&if taumif;qH;k uawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;&JŒ trltusifhudk vdkufemEdkif=u&if taumif;qHk;yJaygh? jrwfpGmbk&m;uawmh pum;}uD; 6 rsdK;xJrSm 2 rsdK;udkyJ ajymw,fqdk+yD; pmayusrf;cHawGrSm ygw,f? pum;}uD; 6 rsdK; qdkwmu (1) rSefuefonf wpfzufom; 0rf;omonf/ tusdK;&Sdonf (2) rSefuefonf/ wpfzufom; r}udKuf/ tusdK;&Sdonf? (3) rSefuefonf/ wpfzufom; r}uKd uf/ tusdK;r&Sd? (5) rrSeu f ef/ wpfzufom; }uKd uo f nf/ tusKd ;r&S?d (6) rrSeu f ef/ wpfzufom; r}uKd u/f tusdK;r&S?d tJ'Dpum;}uD; 6 rsdK;udk avhvm=unfh&if jrwfpGmbk&m; qHk;jzwfcsufu rrSefruefvSsif tusdK;r&SdEdkif qdkwm rSwfxm;=u&r,f? tJ'D 6 rsdK;wnf;u jrwfpGmbk&m; uawmh rSefonf/ olwpfyg; }uKd ufonf&Sd r}udKufonf&Sd tusdK;&Sdonfudkom ajymqdkonf qdkwmygyJ? 88

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

'Dae@ 'Daqmif;yg;rSm bbu +cHK+yD; ajymvdkwmu wdk@wpfawG[m 1962 ckESpfu p+yD; tm%m&SifpepfeJ@ tkyfcsKyfcHcJh&wJh tcsdefup+yD; tcktcgrSm tJ'Dpepfu ¶kef;xGufEdkifzdk@ arSsmfvifhcsuf tvif;a&mifav; &&Sd¶HkyJ &Sdao;w,f? wdk@wpfawG[m tpp t&m&m/ trltusifh/ tajymtqdk/ ta&;tom; qifqifjcifjcif aexdkif =u&r,f? udk,fhwdkif;jynf ud k , f h v l r sd K ; tusd K ;r&Sd w J h od r f z sif; aom =urf ; wrf ; aom a&;om;ajymqd k r _ a wG twif;tzsif;awGudk a&Smif&Sm;=u&r,f? wdk@wpfawG[m wdk@r=umcif arSsmfrSef;Edkifr,fh 'Dru kd a&pDpepfe@J xdu k w f ef a=umif;udk azmfxw k =f u&r,f? tJ'v D rkd S wd@k wpfawG pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k pkppk nf;pnf; r&S=d u&if wd@k wpfawG tck&zd@k }uKd ;pm;aewJ/h wd@k jrifawGŒae=u&wJh arSsmv f ifch suf vif;a&mifjcnfav; aysmufoGm;Edkifw,f? wdk@tcsif;csif; tykyfcsae=u&if 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkawG tm;vH;k udk tykycf s raumif;ajymcsi=f uwJh vlawGu wd@k &JŒ arSsmv f ifch suaf v;udk y,fzsu=f uvdrrhf ,f?

bb (jynfol@ta&;*sme,f/ twGJ - 2/ trSwf - 67/ bb aqmif;yg;)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

udu k k}d uD;

"*wHk; ( acgif;wkH; ) eJ@ bD; " &,fvdk@ rzG,fr&mawG ajym&aumif;vm; xifaumif;xifEdkifygw,f ? "wGJzufrpm;&aom tpm;tpmrsm; " pm&if;xJawmif aemufqufwJt G jzpf ygoGm;rvm; rajymwwf ? wu,fawmh jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;wdu k yf JG umvrSm "*wk;H eJ@ bD; " pdw"f mwf[m trSefjzpfcJhwmyg ? wdkif;wpfyg;om; vufatmufu vGwfajrmufzdk@twGuf taumif;qHk; vufeuf[m trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwfygyJ ? tm%m&JŒobm0[m awmfawmfa=umufzdk@ aumif;ygw,f ? udk,fhxD;udk,fheef; udk,fh=uiSef;eJ@ qdkwkef;uvJ trsm;pku tm%m&SdwJh rif;rdzk&m;awGem; 0dki;f 0dik ;f vnf cpm;+y;D abmif;awmfnw d /f pdwaf wmfod/ tvdak wmf&d =uwmyg 90

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

? wdkif;wpfyg; vufxufusawmhvJ ocifajymif;oGm;=uwm trsm;om; ? jrefrmpm / jrefrm pum; / jrefrmt0wftpm;ae&mrSm wdik ;f wpfyg;pm / pum; / t0wftpm;awGu ae&m,lvm =uawmhwmuvm;? jrefrmhtpOftvmrSm tifrwef wefzk;d xm;wmu wpfuk, d v f k;H rSm OD;acgi;f yJav? [dk;t&ifu jrefrm trsdK;om;awG[m a&mifxHk;xm;=uw,f ? wdkif;wpfyg;atmuf a&mufawmh a&mifxHk;awGaysmuf / bdkau qdkwm a&mufvmawmhwmygyJ? e,fcsJŒ wdkif;wpfyg;udk bdk ( Adkvf ) vdk@ ac:wmudk; ? "Adkvf " awmh tjzpfrcHbl; ? buke;f eJ@yJ "bdk " vdkuf=uygw,f ? tckacwfrSm rxl;qef;awmhayrJh e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; / vGwfvyfa&; }uKd ;yrf;aewJh rsdK;cspaf cgi;f aqmifawGtwGuaf wmh ta&;}u;D ygw,f ? bdak u eJ@ &_;zdeyf0wf+y;D acgif;armh &ifaumhaeolawGukd wkef@jyefzdk@ "*wkH; (acgif;wkH;) eJ@ cHkzdeyf" [m wuUodkvf ausmif;om;awGt=um; trsdK;om;a&; / vGwfvyfa&;&JJŒ oauFw jzpfvm ygawmhw,f ? "Adv k af tmifausmf " [m Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;wd@k eJ@ acwfjyKd iyf g ? "*wk;H ( acgi;f wk;H ) eJ@ cHkzdeyf " [m trsdK;om;a&; oauFwjzpfovdk "Adkvfatmifausmf " &JŒ oauFwvJ jzpfcJhygw,f ? "*wkH;pdwf"mwf " [m trsdK;om;a&; &JŒoauFwyg ? trsdK;om;awGbufu trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwfudk azmfusL;ovdk trsdK;orD;awG taeeJ@vJ azmfusL;cJh=uygw,f ? omreftm;jzifh trsdK;orD;awG[mvJ qHauomudk tjrwfwedk; wefzk;d xm;=uygw,f ? bD;qHywf=uD;awG[m tJ'aD cwf&JŒ 0wfpm;qif,ifr_yg ? vdycf b HG ;D udk qHx;kH rSm eSpef pS o f ufouf ywf=uygw,f ? e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd fukd qef@usiw f t hJ aeeJŒ vdyq f &kd if 'D vdycf b HG ;D awmif roH;k awmhb;l / qef@usiw f ,fqw kd @J oauFwtjzpf vrf;qHv k rf;cG vltrsm;pnfum;&m ae&mawGrSm vdyfcGHbD;awGukd &dkucf sdK; pkyHk v$ifhypfygawmhw,f? " bD;pdwf"mwf " [mvJ trsdK;om;a&;&JŒoauFwygyJ ? tckacwf " Performance Art " taeeJ@ ajym&&if vGefc JhwJh eSpfaygif; 80 avmufu jrefrmedkifiHrSm vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJtwGuf xdxda&mufa&muf toHk;jyKcJhwJh tekynmtrsdK;tpm;vJ jzpfygw,f ? tckae jyefajymjy&awmh wpfcsdefwkef;u jrif;pD;ykvdyfawG&JŒ eHygwfwkwfcsuf eJ@ " Adkvfatmifausmf " usqHk;cJh&w,fqdkwJh ol&Jaumif;yDowJh pGef@v$wfr_tjyif "*wkH; eJ@ " "bD; " pd wf"mwf eJ@ trsdK;om;a&; pdwf" mwfudk azmf usL;cJ hwJh jzpfpOfa v;ud kyg jyefvnfazmfxkwf&if; *k%fjyKOD;n$wv f ku d yf gw,f ? ( 1993 ckeSpf / Adkvaf tmifausmf usqHk;jcif; 55 eSpjf ynfh txdrf;trSwf/ axmifwGif;vSsdKŒ0Sufxkwaf 0cJo h nfh "jrpf" pmapmifwGif u|efawmfa&;om; azmfjycJhaom aqmif;yg;udk jyefvnfpsmefoGif; a&;om;ygonf)

udkudk}uD;

(2016 ckESpf / Adkvfatmifausmf ESpf 100 jynfh t}udK) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

ausmf[def;uGufeif;wJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$GS (jidrf;)

rsdK;udkrsdK; jrefrmh¶yk &f iS yf &dowfrsm;&JŒ tm¶ku H kd ESpu f mv&Sn=f umpGmqGJ aqmiford ;f ydu k Ef idk cf w hJ hJ t"d u o¶k y f a qmif w pf O D ; ud k j yygqk d & if rif ; om;}uD ; (OD ; )ausmf [ d e f ; ud k vuf ndSK;!$efjy&ygvdrfhr,f? rif; om;}uD;(OD;)ausmf[def;[m EkEki,fi,f qkdwJh ¶ky f&SifZmwf um;}uD;eJ@ o¶kyaf qmifavmuudk 0ifa&mufvmcsed u f p+yD; emrnfausmf xdyfwef;rif;om;wpfvufjzpf vmcJh+yD; olrwlaom o¶kyfaqmifuGufrsm;/ ykdifEkdif uGsrf;usifr_rsm;a=umihf jrefrmh¶kyf&Sif avmu&JŒ eHygwfwpfrif;om;wpfvufjzpfvm cJhygw,f? touft&G,&f wmeJ@trSs Eke,facsmarmaomrif;om;i,f rsm;udk ae&mz,fay; 92

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

&avh&SdwJh jrefrmh¶kyf&Sif AD'D,kdavmu&JŒtpOf tvmudk ¶kdufcsKd;+yD; ¶kyf&SifavmurS tem;,loGm;wJh aemufqkH;¶kyf&Sif Zmwfum;}uD;jzpfwJh armfuif;O'gef; txd t"du ZmwfvkdufeHygwfwpf rif;om;}u;D tjzpf &yfwnfoGm; Ekid fcJholjzpfygw,f? t"duZmwfaumifwpfOD;t aeeJ@ ¶kyf&SifAD'D,kd Zmwfum;aygif; rsm;pGmrSm o¶kyfaqmifcJhwJh rif;om;}uD;(OD;)ausmf[def;&JŒ ae&mudk ol@aemufrS rif;om;rsm;a&m/ ol@ a&SŒr Srif;om;rsm;a&m/ acwf+ydKif rif;om;rsm;a&m b,frif;om;rS r&,lEkdifcJhygbl;? jrefrm ho¶kyfaqmifavmu&JŒ oufwrf;t&Snf=umqkH; eHygwfwpf rif;om;}uD; rSwfwkdifud kpdkufxlEkdifcJh wJh rif;om;}u;D (OD;)ausmf[def;&JŒ ¶kyf&SifAD'D,kd Zmwfum;aygif;rsm; pGmudk y&dowfrsm; ESpfoufp GJv ef;pGm =unhf¶_tm;ay;cJh= uygw,f? rif; om;}uD; (OD;)ausm[ f de;f &JŒ o¶kyf aqmifuGsr;f usifykid fEikd frr_ Sm pD;arSsm =u&ovkd Zmwfaumifp¶ku d fyjD yif r_rsm;ukd rcsD;usL;bJ raeEkdifyg bl;? 'gt h jyif (OD;)ausm[ f de;f yg0if o¶kyaf qmifwhJ ¶ky&f SifA'D , D dk Zmwfum;rSeforSs[mvnf; ckdifrmwJh ZmwftdrfZmwfvrf;xl;jcm;wJh tvSnhftajymif;eJ@ y&dowfukd zrf; pm;EkdifpGrf; &Sw d mudk awGŒ=u&rSmyg? rif;om;}uD;(OD;)ausmf[def; umv&Snf eHygwfwpfae&m odrf; ydkufxm;EkdifwJh ta=umif;t&if;rsm; pGmteuf tEkynma=umeyfjcif;vnf; tygt0ifjzpfygw,f? rif;om;}uD;(OD;)ausmf[def; t&G,&f wJhtcg emrnf&rif;om; i,frsm;udk a&SŒudk Zmwfvdu k af e&m ay;+y;D olu, dk w f ikd fuawmh Zmwfyk@d ae&majymif;+yD; o¶kyaf qmif&yg w,f? 'gayrJh Zmwfum;+y;D oGm; wJt h csed rf mS awmh tqkyd gZmwfum; &JŒt"duZmwfaumif[m rif;om; }u;D (OD;)ausm[ f ed ;f om jzpfaewmawGudk tHzh , G af wGŒ&ygvrd rhf ,f? ol@udk b,forl S rausmEf idk w f hJ twGuf pma&;q&m}uD;armifom&&JŒ 0wˆK&Snfwpftkyf emrnfudk "aemufqkH; awmh ausmf[def;u ausmf[def;yg yJ"acgif;pOfwyf&p+rJ jzpfygw,f? rif;om;}uD;(OD;) ausmf[def; o¶kyfaqmifavmurS tem;r,lcif aemufqkH; q,fESpf twGif;¶ku d f ul;cJhwhZJ mwfum;rsm;ta=umif;udk ,ae@wkid f wooeJ@ajymrqkH; aygiaf wmok;H awmif jzpf=u&ygw,f? tqkdygZmwfum;rsm;rSm rif;om;}uD;(OD;)ausmf[def;&JŒ Zmwf aumifp¶kduu f puwnf;u ,Ofouk;d qko d vkd Zmwfvrf;pzGiu hf wnf;u =urf;vm&rf;vm vkdufwm y&dowfatmhESvkH;emavmuf wJhtxdygyJ? 'gayrJh Zmwfodrf; cgeD;vmwmeJ@trSs pufqkyfzG,f ADvdefZmwfaumiftjzpfuae tm;uszG,f [D;¶kd;Zmwfaumiftjzpf '&rfrm csKd;vkdufwJhtcgrSmawmh y&dowfvnf; wpfum;vkH;&GH&Sm rkef;wD;vmorSs arharhaysmuf aysmufjzpf+y;D u¶k%mouf&/ txif}u;D av;pm;&/ aus;Zl;&Sif tjzpfjrif&eJ@ Zmwf!e$ ;f jyefvnf a&;om;cHvdu k f &ygawmhw,f? jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;avmu&JŒ oufawmf&Snf ppftm%m&Sifacgif;aqmifa[mif; AkdvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef; a&$(+idrf;)&JŒ Zmwf!$ef;ua&m ,ae@EkdifiHa&; tcif;tusif;tay: tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

b,favmufoufa&mufEkdifpGrf;&Sd ygovJ?

OD;ae0if;&JŒt&dyfatmufrSonf &Spfav;vkH;'Drkdua&pDta&; awmfykHudk vufeufeJ@tiftm;okH; +zdKcGif;+yD;aemuf Ekid fiaH wmftm%m udk&,lvkduw f Jh EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yf ydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tpdk;&tzGJŒ [m wu,fwrf;rSmawmh tm%m&Sif OD;ae0if;&JŒ t&dyfatmuf rSmom&Sdaew,fvkd@ trsm;u ,kH =unf=uygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk z,f&Sm;+yD;aemuf xdyfqkH;ae&mudk a&muf&SdvmcJhwJh AkdvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m ¶dk;ukyf+yD;xufjrufykH r&wJhtwGuf OD;ae0if;&JŒae&may; jcif;cHcJh&w,fvd@k jrefrmhta&;avh vmolrsm;u okH;oyfcJh=uygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHŒ+zdK;a&;aumifpD OuUÏjzpfaeayr,fh wu,fwrf; tm%mqkyfudkif xm;Ekdifolu OD;ae0if;&JŒvuf¶kH; wpfqltjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;&wJh wyfr awmf axmufvSrf; a&; !$e f=um;a&;rSL; etztwGif;a&; rSL;(1)AkdvfcsKyf}u;D cif!Gef@omvSsif jzpfa=umif; em;vnfxm;=uyg w,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@[m oleJ@ &ifaygifwef;vkdwJh udkifwG,f& cufcJwJh tm%m xufol ppfAkdvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;+yD; wefckd;xGm;vmoltjzpf EkdifiHa&;pdwf yg0ifpm; olrsm;u ,k=H unfxm;=u ygw,f? okd@aomf tm%m&Sifa[mif; OD;ae0if;omru ppfaxmufvSrf; a&;t}uD;tuJ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@ udk,fwkdifyg &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;zrf;qD; cH&csdefa&mufygrS jrefrmhta&;avh vmolrsm; Zmwf&nfvnfvm=u ygawmhw,f? EdkifiHa&; wwfu|rf;em;vnf yHkr&wJh at;at;ukyfukyf ppfAdkvf csKyfwpfOD;&JŒ rsufESmzH;k pGyfxm;ol Adkvcf sKyrf SL;}uD;oef;a&$[m wu,f wrf;rSmawmh tm%mwnfaqmuf &mrSm tuGufa&$ŒuGsrf;usifol yg&*lwpfOD; jzpfa=umif; EkdifiHa&;apmifh =unhfavhvmolrsm; todtrSwf jyKcJh&ygw,f?

aeacwf+yD;awmh a&$acwfwJhvm; Ekid if aH wmf t}u;D tuJtjzpf cH,x l m;wJh Akv d cf sKyrf LS ;}u;D oef; a&$&ŒJ wefc;kd xGm;r_[m tm%m&Sifa[mif; OD;ae0if;wefcdk;xGm;cJhwm xufawmh ravsmhbl;vdk@ qdk=uyg w,f? OD;ae0if;[m ol@tm%m wnfaqmufa&;twGuf cvkwf uefoif;eJ@ +ydKifbuf rSef&if t&if;a&m tzsm;ygrusef tjywf&Sif;cJh ovdk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$vnf; tm%m wnfaqmufa&;cvkwf uefoif;awGudk pepfwuse@J ydyd &d&d wpfqifh+yD;wpfqifh ynmom; ygyg &Sif;vif;EdkifcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; OD;ae0if;u tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf vufr&GHŒcJhovdk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[mvnf; tm%mwnf+rJ a&;twGufqdk&if vuf&JZuf&J ajz&Sif; 94

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

wwfoljzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; OD;ae0if;acwfrSm OD;ae0if;udk b,folrS acgif;armh r=unhf&Jatmif vkyfxm;EkdifcJhovdk AkdvfcsKyfrSL;}u;D oef;a&$acwfrSm vnf; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$eJ@ =urf;wpfajy;wnf;xdkif0Hhol ay:xGufrvmEdkifcJhygbl;? aeacwfwpfa cwfudk xlaxmif+yD; emrnfqdk;eJ@ ausmf=um;cJhol OD;ae0if; vufxufrSm jrefrmjynf [m tqif;&Jq;Hk wkdif;jynftjzpf a'0gvDcHc&Jh ygw,f? 'DvdkygyJ a&$acwfwpfacwf udk xlaxmif+yD; emrnfqdk;eJ@ ausmf =um;cJhol Adv k fcsKyfrSL;}u;D oef;a&$ vufxufrmS wdik f;jynf[m ukef; aumufp&mr&Sad tmif rGaJ wcJh&yg w,f? o,HZmwayg=u, G f0w,fvd@k emrnfausmfwhJ jrefrmEkid fi[ H m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ vufxuf rSmawmh tdrfeD;csif; aygufazmfEkdifiH}uD;udk aps;aygaygeJ@ xdk;a&mif;cJhvdk@ ajray:ajratmuf/ a&ay: a&atmuf o,HZmwrSeforSs rusefawmhoavmuf eD;yg; ukefcef; oGm;cJh&ygw,f?

rwlaom ajc&meif;r_vm; tm%mwnfa qmufa &;eJ@ tm%mwnf+ rJa &;twGu fa qmif &Guf &mrSm ppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyfrSL; }uD; oef;a&$[m tm%m&Sifa[mif; OD;ae0if;&JŒ ajc&mudk wpfxyfwnf; usatmif vdkufeif;cJhayr,fh ydkrdk yg;eyfr_&SdcJhw,fvdk@ todtrSwfjyK cH&ol jzpfygw,f? tm&yfaEGOD; awmfvSefa&; pef;yGifhcsdefeJ@wdkufqdkif+yD; aoG;pGef; aom 2007 a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$udk EkdifiHa&;t& tvSnfhtajymif;wpf &yfzefwD;zdk@ owday;EkdifcJhykH&yg w,f? 'ga=umifh aoG;xGufoH,kdrJh tm%mpGef@Ekdifa&;eJ@ tm%mpGef@ +yD;aemuf vkH+cHKa&;tmrcHcsuf &dSa&;twGuf 2008 zGJŒpnf;ykHtajc cHOya'udk a&;qGJjyÏmef;cJhygw,f? xkd@aemuf ppftpdk;&acwf 0ef}uD;csKyfwm0ef,lcJhol aexkdifr_ykHpH¶kd; &Sif;wJh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdefudk orRwwm0ef xrf;aqmifapum tm%mv$Jajymif;ay; cJhygw,f? ,cktcsdeftxd tpdk;&tzGJŒeJ@ wyfrawmftay: =oZm anmif;qJ&Sdw,fvdk@ xifa=u;ay;cH&wJh AkdvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;a[mif; OD; oef;a&$&JŒ &ufpufcufxefaom tkyfcsKyfa&; umvrsm;udk jynfol trsm; trSwf&ae=uqJ 2015 a&G;aumufyGJveG fumvrSm xl;jcm; wJh Ekdiif Ha&;tuGuf wpfuGufudk a&$Œvkdufjyefwm awGŒ&jyefygw,f? tJ'guawmh a&G;aumufyJG tEkdif& ygwDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk tem*wf EkdifiHacgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfjyKa=umif;eJ@ EkdifiHh ta&;twGuf wwfpGrf;orSsulnDay; r,fqkdwJhpum;rsm;a=umifh tm%m v$Jajymif;a&; twGuf aocsmwJh tmrcHcsuftjzpf tjyKoabmaqmif }udKqkdcJh=uygw,f? wpfenf; tm;jzifhvnf; AkdvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; a[mif;OD;oef;a&$rdom;pkb0vkH+cHKr_ udk tjcm;olrsm;xuf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

ydkrkdpdwfcs pGm tmrcHay;Ekdifolu a':atmifqef;pk=unfomvSsif jzpfw,fvkd@ aumif;pGm oabmaygurf w d mu vnf; ta&;ygwhJ a=umif;w&m;jzpf a=umif; tcsKŒd aom Ekid if aH &;apmifh =unhfavhvmolrsm;u rSwcf sujf yK =uygw,f? ed*kH;csKyftm;jzifh AkdvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; a[mif; OD;oef;a&$[m ESpfaygif;20 ausmf wkdif;jynfukd "m;rkd; tkyfcsKyfcJhwJhtwGuf jynfoltrsm; atmhESvkH; em=u&aomfvnf; jynfoltrsm; arSsmfvifhaewJh tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;udk jznhfqnf;ay; EkdifzG,f&SdwJhtwGuf rif;om;}uD; (OD;)ausmf[def;vkd ADvdefrSonf [D;¶kd;jzpfvmwJho¶kyfaqmifcsuf tjzpf tuJjzwfcsurf sm;vnf; &daS eygw,f? rif;om;}u;D (OD;)ausmf [de;f uawmh Zmwfum;wpfum;&JŒ Zmwf! $e f;t& o¶ky faqmif&jcif; jzpfaomfvnf; AkdvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef; a&$uawmh yuwdEkdifiHa&; tcif;tusif;rSm rv$Jra&Smifom yg0ifae&OD;r,fh Zmwfaumifwpf OD; jzpf a eao;wma=umif h Ek d i f i Hh t a&;ud k a rS s mf a wG ; +yD ; ol . =urf ; =uKwfr _ r sm;tm; rarhEkdifaomfvnf; cGifhv$wfEkdifatmif }udK;pm;&rnfom jzpfyga=umif; a&;om;wifjyvkduf &ygw,f?

rsdK;udkrsdK;

0J}oCrSmaw;oHjydKifvkd h

A[kviG jf yif 88 rsdK;quf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wpfOD;. axmifwGif;jzpf vufawG@b0 EdkifiHa&;aemufcH 0wÎKopf t vif ; td rf r *~ Z if ; rS pD p Of x kwf a 0 jz ef@ csd o nf ? 96

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

We Agree to Disagree

ausmfausmfpdk; (*syef) We agree to disagree wJh ? tJ'gukd pum;taeeJŒ t&ifOD;qHk;=um;bl;cJhwmu

r=umao;urS uG,fveG fomG ;cJhwJh OD;0if;cuf (tJet f v J f'D A[kOd ;D pD;tzGJŒ0ifa[mif;) qDuyg ? OD;0if;cuf *syefudk yxr OD;qHk;t}udrfa&mufvmcJhwkef;u usaemfwdkŒvdkEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;ol Political Activists awGeJŒ awGŒwkef; ajymcJhwJhpum;yg ? w}udrf ESpf}udrfvnf;r[kwf 5 }udrf 6 }udrfavmuf&Sdr,f ? 'Dawmh usaemhfpdwfxJ trSwfxifxifjzpfrdwmaygh ? 'Dru kd a&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk azmfaqmif=ur,fh 'Dru kd &ufwpfEikd if aH &;orm;awG 'Drdkua&pD a&;v_yf&Sm;olawGtwGuf We agree to disagree [m odyfudkwefzdk;&Sd+yD;/ wefz;dk xm;&r,fh vufawGŒ usifhoHk;&r,fhenf;vrf;wckyg ? tJ'gudkem;vnfwJholawG / wefzdk;xm;wJholawG / vufawGŒusifhoHk;wJholawG rsm;av tJ'DvlawG aexdkifwJhvlr_todkif;t0dkif; / EdkifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;zdkŒ/ 'Drdkua&pD tm;aumif;zdkŒ cdkifrmavyJ? tJ'Dvdkr[kwf&ifawmh 'Drdkua&pDxGe;f um;wJhEdkifiHjzpfzdkŒ tvSrf; a0;aeOD;rSmyJ ? vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;twGif;rSm b,fta=umif;udpPrSmrqdk &_jrifyHkrwlwm / csOf;uyfyHk jcm;em;wm / oabmxm;uGJvGJwmawG[m tjrJ&Sdw,f / tJ'g[m obm0yJ / obm0vGef r[kwb f l; ? 'Dtaz / 'Dtaruae arG;zGm ;vmwJhudk,hf&JŒ nDtudkarmifESrawG=um;rSm wa,mufeJŒwa,muf eJŒpdwf"mwftaetxm; / awG;ac:yHk / trltusifh / vkyfudkif tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

aqmif&u G f yHak wG uGv J w JG mawGawmif&adS o; wmyJ ? aoG;rawmf om;rpyfwo Jh al wG=um;xJrmS &_jrifyaHk wG / csOf;uyfykaH wG / oabmxm;awGuv GJ =GJ u wm[m tqef;r[kwb f ;l / obm0yJ/ obm0vGerf [kwb f l; ? usaemfwdkŒEdkifiHrSm rqvacwfwkef;u / ppftm%m&Sif e0w etz AdkvfcsKyf awGtkyfcsKyfcJhwkef;u / tJ'DAdkvfcsKyfawG&JŒtarGudkqufcH+yD;tkyfcsKyfwJh orwOD;odef;pdef OD;aqmifwJhtpdk;& tkyfcsKyfaewJhtxd jrefrmjynfxJuvltrsm;pk (tm;vHk;r[kwfyg)[m udk,hf&ifxJ / udk,fph dwfxJ&SdwmeJŒ wu,fvufawGŒ ajymwJhpum;awG[m uGJjym;jcm;em; =uwmcsnf;yJ ? bmjzpfvŒdk vJ / tJ'v D kad jymcGihrf &vdŒk yJjzpfw,f ? tJ'Dvadk jymvkŒd &S&d if igwkŒd eJŒrwlwhJ oabmxm; ud k ajym&ovm; / igwd k Œ eJ Œ rwl e J Œ tjrif u d k xk w f a zmf j y&ovm;/ igwdkŒeJŒrwlwJhvkyf&yfudk vkyf&ovm; qdk+yD; tJ'DtkyfcsKyfwJholawG / tm%m&SdolawGu rw&m;pGyfpGJ / rw&m;zrf;qD; / rw&m; pD&ifaxmifcs=u w,f? odyfa0;vSwJhumvu jyefr =unhfeJŒ OD; / 1988 ckE Spfaemufy dkif;uaep+yD; vwfwavmumv txd wcsufav;jyefajymif;=unhfvdkufyg / a':atmifqef;pk=unf / rif;udkEdkif / udkuk}d u;D / armifaomfu / OD;armifudk / udkyg}uD; / ac:cif0if; / vwfwavm zrf;qD;cHae&wJh ausmif;om;awG / wuf=uGv_yf&Sm;ol awG pwJh pwJholawG bmawG &ifqikd =f uKH awGŒcJ=h u&ovJ / bmawGjzpfysufoGm;cJ=h uovJqkw d m jyefawG;=unh=f uyg / tJ'Dvkd vlawG awGŒ=uKH jzpfysucf &Jh wJhtjzpfrsK;d awG jrefrmjynfxJrSm axmifeŒJ aomif;eJŒcsD jzpfchw J ,f ?tJ'D tjzpftysufawG / vkyf&yfawGurS obm0vGefawGyg ? tJ'gudk &dk;&dk;eJŒ &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif;jrifwwfzdkŒvdw k ,f ? Edik if aH &;qdw k m trsm;eJŒywfoufwhJ ta&;udpjP zpfwt hJ wGuf &_jrifyekH ŒJ oabmxm; awG uGv J JrG mS yJav ? bmjzpfvkŒd vJqadk wmh tajctae tcsdeftcgqkw d m tjrJajymif;aevdŒk yJ / EdkifiHa&;orm; /EdkifiHa&; ygwDqdkwm[m tajccHrl Principle cdkifrm&r,f / AsL[m Strategy rSe f&r,f ? 'ga yrJh tJ'Dtajc cHrla wGeJŒ tnD AsL [mawGudk vufawGŒ taumif txnf a zmf w J h enf ; AsL[m Tactic [m tajctae tcsd e f t cgay: rl w nf + yD ; ajymif;vJoGm;Edik fwm&Sdw,f ? Oyrm - 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlxktHk=uGr_umvtwGif; a':atmifqef; pk=unfu ygwD raxmifbl;vdkŒajymcJhw,f / a[m -- ppfwyfvnf;tm%modrf;+yD;a&m tJeftJvf'D udk xlaxmifawmh w,f ? a':pk[m pum;udk Aavmif;AvJajymwmr[kwfbl; / EdkifiHa&;tajctae ajymif;vJoGm;vdkŒ olŒ&JŒ enf;AsL[mudk ajymif;vdkufwmyJ / aemuf+yD; orw OD;odef;pdefeJŒESpfa,muf oD;oefŒawGŒqHk+yD;wJhaemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfu orw}uD;udk ,Hkygw,fvdkŒ ajymjyefw,f ? odyfr =umygbl; / OD;odef; pdeftpdk;& u 98

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

olwŒkd &JŒp&du k rf eS af wGukd jyvmwJt h cg a':pk[m Edik if aH &;t& OD;odef;pdeef ŒJ cyfcmG cGmjzpfomG ;w,f ?eD;eD;uyfuyfrv_yf&Sm;awmhbl; / tJ'g[m enf;AsL[myJ ? 'gayrJh ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pD xGef;um;a&;qdkwJh AsL[m a':pkqDrSm 'DaeŒxufxd cdkifcdkifrmrm&SdaeqJyJ ? bmrS,HkrSm; oHo,jzpfp&mrvdkbl; ? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ vkyf&yfudk rwlnDwJh &_axmifhuae=unhf+yD; a0zef axmufjywJhoabm oufa&mufw,fvdkŒqdkvdkŒ&wJh umwGef;armifarmifazmifwdef&JŒ oa&mfwJhumwGef; wuGuft ay: rauseyfwmudk ta=umif;jyK+yD; umwGef;q&m&JŒ oabmqENxw k af zmfciG u hf kd ydwyf ifwm;qD;zdŒk }uKd ;pm;wJo h al wG&w dS ,fqw kd mudk =um;od&w,f? tifrwefrS 0rf;enf;zdkŒaumif;ovdk / 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;pOfawG atmifjrifa&; eJŒywfouf+y;D awmhvnf; pd;k &drpf w d jf zpfrw d ,f ? wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ =uufwal &G;u awmfawmf / r,fabmfu onf; qdkwJh pum;yHkvdkjzpfaeovm;vdkŒvnf; awG;rdw,f ? tm%m&SifawGeJŒ oabmxm;uGJvdkŒ tjrifrwlvdkŒ vkyf&yfjcif;rudkufnDvdkŒ tJ't D m%m&Sif awG&ŒJ vufcsuaf =umihf usaemfwŒkd &JŒ acgi;f aqmifawG aoqH;k cJ&h / b0ysucf &hJ / xdcdkufepfemcJ&h =u w,fr[kwfvm; ? tJ'DvdkrsKd;vky&f yfawG tajctaeawGudk rvdkvm;vdkŒ wdkufzsufzdkŒ awmfvSefzdkŒ cdkifcdkifrmrmeJŒ ZGJravSsmhyJ 'DaeŒtxd wpdkufrwfrwf}udK;yrf; vmcJ=h uwmyJav ? 'Dawmh ud, k rf }uKd uw f m / ud, k rf vdv k m;udk ud, k w f kid u f sio hf ;kH =urSmvm;vdŒk apma=ump&mjzpfvm+yD ? Freedom of Expression vGwfvyfpGmoabmqENxkwfazmfr _qd kwm[m 'Drdkua&pD tcGihfta&;awGxJrSm toufwrSsta&;}uD;wJh tcGihfta&;wckjzpfw,f? ud, k &fh ŒJ oabmqENukd xkwaf zmfjyowJh enf;vrf;awGtrsm;}u;D &Sw d ,f ? pum;eJŒajym=uw,f/ trlt,meJŒxkwfazmf=uw,f / pma&;om; +y;D awmhvnf; azmfjy=uw,f / &kyfykH / umwGef;/ yef;csD / 'DZdkif; pwmawGeJŒ o&kyfazmf=uw,f ? armifarmifazmifwdef&JŒ o&kyfazmfoa&mfwJhumwGef;udk r}udKuf&if / oabm rus&if a0zefvŒkd &w,f / tjypfwifvŒkd &w,f / rwlnD uGjJ ym;wJt h jrifeŒJ jyef+y;D acsyvdŒk &w,f? tJ'g[m 'Drdkua&pDtavh tusifh Democratic Practice yJ ? OD;0if;cufajymwJhpum;udk =um;+yD;wJhaemufrSm usaemf tjyefjyeftvSefvSef pOf ; pm;rd c J h w ,f ? usaemf w d k Œ jref r mawG = um;rS m txl ; ojzif h 'D r d k u a&pD a &; v_yf&Sm;olawG=um;rSm We agree to disagree udk t,ltqtaeeJŒawmh vufcH xm;=uw,f ? 'gayrJh vufawGŒusifhoHk;wJhtcg tm;enf;ae=uao;w,f / wa,mufeJŒ wa,muf tjrifeJŒoabmxm;uGJvGJ=u+yDqdk&if a'goawGygvmw,f / rkef;wD;r_awG ygvmw,f ? tJ'DpdwfawGuae rvkyfoihfwmawGudk vkyfwmwdkŒ / vufpm;acswmwdkŒ/ ESdyfuGyfwmwdŒk / udk,fxv d ufa&mufusL;vGefwmwdŒk jzpfvmwwfw,f ? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

100

tJ'g[m We agree to disagree but when we disagree we become angry yJ ? 'ga=umihf 'Dru kd a&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vky=f ur,fhoal wG / 'Dru kd a&pDukd cspjf rwfE;kd +y;D vkdvm; awmifw h wJholawG / 'Dru dk &ufwpf vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;rSm aexdik =f ur,fh olawGtaeeJŒ disagree jzpfwJh tcgrsKd ;rSm angry jzpfwmrsKd; udk rSefr Se fu efuefe JŒ xdef;csKy fE dki fzdkŒ ta&;}uD;w,fvdkŒ ajymcsifw,f ? Tolerance pdwf&Snfonf;cHr_ r&SdwJh vlr_todkif; t0dkif;twGif;rSm 'Drdkua&pD rxGef;um;Edkifygbl; ? usaemfwdkŒ jrefrmjynf[m ppfrSefwJh tajymif;tvJudk pwifzdkŒ }udK;yrf;aewJh tul;tajymif;umv xJa&mufaeygw,f ? jrefrmhvlr_ todik f;t0dik ;f rSm oHk;wJh pum;wcGe;f &Sdygw,f? nDtudk rodwod tcsdefwJh ? ae0if&Dwa&mtcsdef[m vlvHk;ruGJbl; ? nDtudkvm; / rdwfaqGvm; / &efolvm; qdkwm uGu J GJ jym;jym;rodEkid w f ma=umihf vlrmS ;&dkurf dwmrsKd; rjzpfatmif owday;wJt h aeeJŒ oH;k wJhpum;jzpfw,f ?

ausmfausmfpdk; (*syef) 2016 ckESpf / Zefe0g&D 13

(7) Zlvdki f atmifapmOD; (rd_if;&mjynfh)/ OD;ynmoD&d 0if;wifhxGef;/ ref;&Smvm;zef;/ wifhaZmf/ ZGefrd_if;/ OD;atmifxl; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef@csdonf 1 0 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

101

*EDN*sD;. }uD;jrwfrSK

eDeD0if; *EDN*sD;[m bmvJ´ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifvm;/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifvm;? bmoma&;rSmawmif [dELN 0g'vm;/ Ak'0< g'vm; pojzifh ar;vmwJt h cg usrodoavmufawmh ol[m bmacgif;pOfatmufrmS rS &Srd aeyJ/ "opPmw&m;udk &dak oudik ;f &_di;f o w l pfa,mufvk@d " jyefajymavh&dyS gw,f? *ENDta=umif; *ENDudk,fwdkifajymxm;aom pmtkyfav;wpftkyfu usrtajzudk ydkrdkcdkifvHkapcJw h ,f? M.K.Gandhi: An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with

Truth udk "r[wWr*END udk,w f kid fa&;twˆKy`w"Wd qdk+yD; OD;oef;xGef;(a&$bdk)rS bmomjyefqdk

xm;wJh pmtkyyf gyJ? urBmausmf yk*K~d vf}u;D rdk@ tm;vHk;vnf; od+yD;avmufyg+yD? 'gayrJh usroGm;jrifwJh tcsufav;awGu bmomw&m; &dkaoudkif;&d_if;ol[m b,fvdkwGef;tm;awGa=umifh EdkifiHa&;udk vkyfcJhwmvJ qdkwJhtcsufukd pmtkyfzwft+yD;rSm jrifawG@vdu k &f ygw,f? bmomjyefqdko&l JŒtjrifuawmh...... (*END*sD;tm; vlawGav;pm;=unfndKr_onf ta=umif;wpfckwnf; a=umifhawmh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

101

102

r[kwaf y? *EN*D sD;.b0onf taxGaxGtjym;jym; wefb;kd xm;I &aomb0jzpf.? t"dy`g,f trsdK;rsdK; zGifhqdkI&aom b0jzpf.? bmoma&; udkif;&d_if;olrsm;tzdk@ *END*sD;. bmoma&;udkif;&d_if;r_onf pHjyyif? vl@usifh0wfudk av;pm;olrsm;uvnf; *END*sD;. erlemudk ,l=u&onf? vufawG@usrS }udKufoltwGufqdkvSsifvnf; olonf ajymovdk vkyfwwfaom wu,fhvufawG@orm;yif? awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;twGuv f nf; olonf obm0rusaom t,ltqawGukd awmfvSef&Jol jzpfonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;bufu =unfhvSsifvnf; olonf trsdK;orD; tcGifhta&;twGuf tpOfwpdkuf aqmif&GufcJholyif? tawG;tac:orm;rsm;. &_ŒaxmifhrS =unfv h Ssifvnf; olonf '\eq&m}uD; wpfOD; jzpfavonf?) [k az: jyxm;ygw,f? *END. udk,fwdkifa&; twˆKy`wWdt& olonf bmrSsrxl;qef;aom &dk;&dk;vlom; wpfa,mufom jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh omrefval wGeJ@ uGmjcm;wJt h csuu f *ENo D nf vlom;ayrd@k rSm;cJhygonf? odk@aomf olwpfyg;odonfjzpfap/ rodonfjzpfap rdrd&JŒ tm;enf;csuf/ cGswf,Gif;csufrsm;udk rxdefcsef ruG,f0SufyJ azmfxkwf0efcHavh&Sdonf? xdk@tjyif trSm;udk odjrifonfESifh wpf+ydKifeuf xdktrSm;udk aemufxyfrusL;vGefawmhjcif;yif? ol@tzd@k bk&m;onf opPmw&m;yifjzpfonf? opPmw&m;rS wpfyg; bk&m;[lI r&Sd+y?D xdkopPmudk olonf b0wpfavSsmufvHk; &SmazGc. Jh ? *ENDtwGuf vl@b0onf opPmw&m;udk awG@&Sd&efjzpf+yD;/ ,if;udk usifh}uH&mwGif toHk;jyK&aom enf;vrf;um; twGif;tZPswWrS pdwf.cGeftm;yif jzpfavonf? opPmw&m;eJ@ywfoufvk@d *END&JŒawG@&SdcsufeJ@ tjrifawGuawmh.... opPm w&m;[lonf E_wft m;jzif h opPm &Sdjcif;ud kom qd kvdko nfr [kw fb J raemuHtm;jzifh opPm&Sdjcif;udkyg qdkvdkayonf? opPmw&m;onf uGsEkfyfwdk@odem;vnfae=uaom ynwftm;jzifhom r[kwfbJ y&rwˆtm;jzifhyg tvHk;pHk+cHKaom oabmjzpfayonf? y&rwˆopPmudk rawG@ao;orSsum; uGsEkfyfodaeaom ynwfoabmrSsESifhyif wif;wdrfae&ayvdrfhrnf? xdkynwWdopPmonf ,cktajctaewGif u|Ekfyf. qDrD;wdkif/ u|Ekfyf. 'dkif; jzpf&ayrnf? opPmw&m;udk &SmazG&mwGif axmifv$m;oltwGufawmh cufcJEdkifaomfvnf;/ ESrd fhcsoltwGuaf wmh vHk;0jzpfEdkifayonf? opPmw&m;udk &Sm}uHrnfo h lonf zkefre_ f@xufyif ESdrfhcszdk@vdkonf? xdktcgrSom opPmw&m;. t&dyfta,mifukd jrif&ayrnf? opPmw&m;udk jynfh0pGm odjrif&efrSm (jA[R0d[m&eJ@tnDusifh}uHaexdkifum) t&d,molawmfaumif;wd@k &JŒusiphf Oftwdik ;f vH;k 0usi}hfuH ayguaf jrmuf+y;D rSom jzpfEikd af yonf? xdk@a=umifh tao;i,fqHk; owW0guav;udkyif cspfcif&ef vdktyfayonf? 1 0 2 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

103

opPmw&m;udk tvdk&Sdolwpfa,mufonf b0.tajctaewdkif;udk a&Smifz,f&ef rjzpf Edkifacs? xdko@dk opPmw&m;tay: udkif;&di_ ;f r_uyifvsS if u|Efyk t f m; Edik if Ha&;e,fy,ftwGif;odk@ qGaJ c:oGm;jcif; jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh Edik if aH &;eJ@bmoma&; bmrSsrqdik [ f k ajym=uolrsm;onf bmoma&;. t"dy`g,fudk rod=uaoma=umifhomjzpfonf[k u|Efyk t f aejzifh rqdkif;rwGbJ ESdrfhcspGm ajymvdkygonf? bmoma&;. tESpfom&onf vl@usifh0wfyif jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfayonf? ouf&t Sd m;vH;k ESifh xyfwjl yK&efrSm pif=u,frr_ &SdbJ rjzpfEikd af cs? pif=u,fr_r&Sb d JEiS hf jA[R0d[m&eJ@tnD aexdkifa&;udk vdkufemzdk@qdkwm pdwful;,Oftdyfrufom jzpfayonf? xdk@a=umifh rdrdudk,frdrd pif=u,fapjcif;[lonf b0wpfavSsmufvHk;wGif pif=u,fapr_udk qdkvdkayonf? pif=u,fr_[lonf ul;pufwwfaom oabm&Sday&m rdrd.pif=u,fr_onf rdrd.ywf0ef;usifukv d nf; pif=u,fapayvdrfhrnf? odk@&mwGif rdrdudk,frdrd pif=u,fa&; vrf;a=umif;um; cufcJrwfapmufvSyg.? vHk;0pif=u,fr_udk &&Sd&eftwGuf udk,f/ E_wf/ ESvHk; oHk;yg;pvHk;wGif avmbqEN vHk;0uif;& ayrnf? u|Ekfyf tqufrjywf }udK;pm;ygaomfvnf; u|EkfyfwGif tqdkyg oHk;rsdK; pif=u,fr_ r&Sad o;a=umif; odyg.? xd@k a=umifyh if urBm}u;D . cs;D rGrf;r_onf u|Eyfk ftm; rv_y&f mS ;ap&Hrk u r=umc%yif emusifapjcif; jzpf&ygonf? odraf rG@aomqENrsm;udk atmifEidk f&efrmS urBmwpfcv k k;H udk vufeufEiS hf atmifEkid f jcif;xuf cufcJonf[k u|Ekfyf xifrdygonf? xdkvrf;a=umif;udk avSsmufvSrf;Edkifzdk@&m u|Ekfyfonf rdrdudk,fukd oknodk@wdkifatmif avsmhcs&ayrnf? vl onf ol. qENt avsmuf ol@ ud k,fo l owW0 gtm;vHk ;. aemufq Hk; Y rxm;ao;orSs ol@twGuf u,fwifjcif; r&Sday? (awmfao;+y)D 'guawmh usrESpfoufaomtcsufrsm;udkom aumufEw _ fI ydk@pfwpfy'k ftaeeJ@ zwfaumif;&HkrSsom jzpfygw,f? wpfurBmvHk;u cspfcifav;pm;&wJh yk*~dKvfwpfa,muf&JŒ yHk&yd f[m 'Dxufru euf&i_d f;vSygw,f? (rdrdudk,fudk twwfEdkifqHk; pif=u,fatmif jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh rdrdESifhxdpyfaeaom ywf0ef;usifukyd g ul;pufEdkif=uygap?)

eDeD0if;

aus;Zl;wifygw,f? (Ni Ni Win FB

1 / 3/ 2015 rS aumufE_wfcsufudk jyefvnfaz: jyygonf) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

103

104

rjyD;qHk;aomjidrf; (odk hr[kwf) jrdKŒrjidr;f vGef ESpf 60

ql;iSuf q&m+rdKŒr+idrf;. *Dwtvkyfqdkonfu oDcsif;awG a&;¶kHjzihf wif;wdrfauseyfum tcsdefukefcJhonfr[kwf? ao;ao;r$m;r$m; r[kwf? q&mh&nf&G,fcsuf/ q&mhpdwful; pdwfoef;u +rdKŒrwl&d,mtoif; pwif oaE<wnfpOfuyif jrefrmh*Dwudk urBmtqihfodk@ jrSihfwifap&efESihf qifzdkeDac: jrefrmhoHpHkwD;0dkif;}uD; zGJŒpnf;Edkifa&;udk &nf&G,fOD;wnf }udK;yrf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? *DwESihfywfoufI }uD;}uD;us,fus,f jrihfjrihfrm;rm; pdwful; xm;oljzpfonf? *DwwGif e,ferd w d rf &S/d vlrsK;d rcGjJ cm;/ uef@owfrr_ xm;tyf/ vlom;tm;vH;k ydik f ypPnf;tjzpf ,Hk=unfonf? *Dwonf tvGefav;eufonhfoabm&Sdonf[k cH,lol vnf;jzpf.? pmjzihf zGŒJ rjyEdik o f nfh &ifjzihcf pH m;r_ukd *Dwjzihf azmfvpS Ef kid o f nfukd q&m+rKd Œr+ird ;f u t=uGif;rJhvufcHonf? xdk@a=umihf em;jzihfomru &ifjzihfcHpm;Edkifonhf *DwrsKd;udk q&mu zGJŒcsifonf? od@k aomf taetxdkif ¶d;k om; odo k yd v f eG ;f vSojzihf q&m+rKd Œr+ird ;f . &nf&, G cf suEf iS fh pdwful;pdwfoef;tm; xJxJ0if0if od&efrvG,ful? rodcJh=u? xdktcg q&mhawGŒvSsif oDcsif;pyfcdkif;zdk@/ oDcsif;awmif;zdk@yJ tm;xkwf=uonf? *Dwudk em;vnfolrsm;uyif ol@udk em;rvnfc Jh=u? q&monf xdkuGm [r_udk }uHŒ }uHŒcHonf? xd kolwdk@ vdk vm;aom 1 0 4 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

105

oDcsif;pyfjcif;tvkyfudk jzpfatmifvkyfay;um q&mhpdwful;pdwfoef;/ q&mh&nf rSef;csuf twGuf &SdorSstiftm;tpGrf;tpawG xkwfoHk;+yD; ZGJ}uD;eyJ}uD; }udK;pm;cJhonf? avmu"H. t¶dkuftykwf tqif;&Jtyifyef;'%fudk rwkefrv_ycf H.? iwfjywfru _ kd &ifqikd cf h&J .? od@k aomf vkyf&orSs/ yifyef;orSs/ tepfemcH&orSs/ orifarG;&if; usm;pm;&if;jzpf&onf? tdwfayguf ESifh zm;aumufc&Jh onf? wcsdKŒ jzpf&yfrsm;u avSajy;wkef; wufusKd; tjzpfrsKd; &ifqdkifcJh&.? xdkESpf (1952)wGif xdkpOfu 0ef}uD;wpfOD;jzpfol OD;xGef;az. ar;jref;csuft& jrefrmoDcsif;}u;D rsm;tm; International Note/Staff Note wd@k ESifh rSwfwrf;wif wD;r_wfI &˜r&[laom ar;cGef;tay: "pH&mawmifu|ef;" }udK;oDcsif;}uD;tm; +rdKŒrtoif;om;rsm;u wD;r_wfapum oufaojycJhonf? odk@aomf jrefrmoDcsif;}uD;rsm;udk *DwoauFwtm; toHk;jyK+yD; acwfrDwl&d,mypPnf;rsm;ESihf wD;r_wfaeonfrSm +rdKŒr pwifzGJŒpnf;cJhonhf 1928ckEpS u f wnf;ujzpf.? xd@k a=umihf 0ef}u;D u jrefrmoDcsi;f }u;D rsm;udk urBmoH;k oauFwESifh a&;om;jyKpkI xdef;odrf;vSsif aemift&Snfojzihf tusKd;rsm;zG,f&Sda=umif;/ xdktcgusrS em;vnfoabmaygufum uufbdeufwGif ndSEd_if;aqG;aEG; qHk;jzwfcsuf&,l+yD; aemuf wpfESpft=um (1953ck/ {+yv D ) Y r[m*Dw t}uaH y;tzGJŒzGJŒum r[m*DwoDcsif;}u;D rsm;udk oDqdkwD;r_wfjcif;ESihf rlrSefpHjyxm;&Sda&;/ trSwf oauFwjyKa&;/ toHoGif;xm;a&;ESihf ¶kyfay:oHxGuf jyKvkyfa&;udpPtm; aqmif&GufcJhygonf? 1952ckE Sp f o}uF e fo nfv nf ; jynf a xmif p ko }uFe ft jzpf rEf œa v;+rdK Œ Y usif;ycJo h nf? q&m+rdKŒr+ird ;f u ol@rdwaf qG uv,f&eD uf awmif+rKd Œ OD;udkav;ESihf wGJzuf+y;D / tr&yl& A.M.B.A um;toif;rS '¶dkifbm/ py,f&mrsm;jzihf aw;oHpHk a&obiftzGJŒwpfzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;+yD; jynfaxmifpko}uFefrSm qifE$JcJhonf? *Dwtm; euef;wpfvHk;rS rwwfaom '¶dik fbmpy,f&mrsm;udk &orf/ vd'/f abhpf/ *Dwm/ pu&ufcsm/ &Smum paom taemufwkid f; *DwypPnf; rsm;tpm; xef; oDcavmuf/ Al; oD;ajcmuf/ &mbmjym;usufoHpnfydki f;AHk/ 0g;ykavGtwdt k &Snfrsm;jzihf tkypf kzGJŒ wD;cwfap+yD; "apmif;aumuf" a&obifoHpkw H D;0dkif;udk zGŒJ pnf;yGJxkwjf ycJhonf? 1953ckESpfwGif yDuif;Edkifiw H um +idr;f csr;f a&; nDvmcHtwGuf "+idrf;csr;f a&;onf ysm;oumuJhodk@ tpOf" tpcsD "+idrf;csrf;a&;" oDcsif;ESihf rEWav;usHK;xdyfrSm usif;yaom awmifolv,form;nDvmcHtwGuf "rif;&mZm" oDcsif;rsm;vnf; a&;pyfcJhonf? trsm;oligu "v"udk t0ef;t0dkif;"v0ef;" [k or¶dk;usa&;pyfcJh&mrS "vvHk;" [k xl;xl;jcm;jcm; a&;pyfcaJh om "pmqdck HvvHk;" oDcsif;udk xdkESpfrsm;u a&;pyfchjJ cif;jzpfyg.? "jrefrmh r[m*DwoDcsif;}uD;rsm;tm; urBmoHk;*DwoauFwynmjzihf ul;ajymif;avhvm&ef jrefrmh*Dwurf?mh tqihfrDap&ef" paom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk OD;wnfcsufraysmufapbJ r[m*Dwu oDcsif;}uD;rsm;rS toGm;rsm;udk acwfr0D ikd ;f zGJŒyHpk Hjzihf wD;cwf jcif; prf;oyfr_rsm;udk tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

105

106

q&m+id rf ; . oDc sif ; rsm;wGi f awGŒ &S d &onf? xd k oD csif; rsm;wGi f q&mh&nfr S e f; csuf / q&mhpdwful;pdwfoef; rsm;/ prf; oyfwDx Gi f jyocJhyg.? xk@da =umihf q&m+rdKŒr+idr f;. oD c sif ; tawmf r sm;rsm;wG i f r[m*D w toG m ;rsm;tm; yH k p H o pf j zih f wD ; r_ w f r sm; awGŒ&S&d jcif;jzpfygonf? .................... 1954 ckESpf xdkESpfxdkumvrSm q&m+rdKŒr+idrf;tzdk@ ol@pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm; taumiftxnf azmfvdkjcif; qENawG axGjym;rsm;jym;aeaom ESpfumv yifjzpfonf? +rdKŒrwl&d,m0dkif;udk avr_wfrsm;tjyif }udK;wyfwl&d,mrsm;jzihfvnf; wdk;csJŒ jrSihfwifc sifonf? r[m*Dw rlrSefjzpfa&;ESihf oauFwjyKa&; tpnf;ta0;awGvnf; &efukefodk@ ul;csnf oef;csnf wufae&.? at0rf;uvnf; ¶kyf&SifoDcsif;awG awmif;aeonf? xdktcsdefrSmyif q&m+rdKŒr +ird ;f ESifh *Dw&nf;rSe;f csuv f nf;wl/ nD&if;tpfuw dk rSsvnf; &if;ES;D r_&adS om "m;wef;OD;oef@onf tjcm;tEkynm&yfrsm; enf;wl ¶kyf&Sifynmudkvnf; avhvmvdkufpm;olyDyD trsKd;om; tEkynm&opHk yg0ifaom ¶kyf&Sifvkyfief;udk txufjrefrmEdkifiHtaeESihf &Sifoefxufjruf zGHŒ+zKd ;wd;k wufatmif vkyaf qmifEikd &f eftwGuf "rEWav;¶kyf&iS f ukr% ` D vDrw d uf" xlaxmifz@kd }udK;yrf;cJhygonf? ¶kyf&SifynmESihfywfouf+yD; vkyfrpm;¶kHwr,f tod=uG,f/ tawG;tjrif &Sifoef xufjrufol "m;wef;OD;oef@ESifh acwfrt D jrifus,af om rEWav;om; tEkynmjrwfEdk;olrsm; yl;aygif;zGJŒpnf;cJh=uonfrdk@ "rEWav;¶kyf&Sif ukr`%D vDrdwuf" twGuf *DwrSL;tjzpf q&m+rdKŒr+idrf;tm; wm0efay;=uomtcg q&muvnf; vdkvm;pGm vufcHcJhygonf? vkyfief;oabm obm0omru aemufqHrwif;pGm *Dwtvkyfudk vkyfEdkif&eftwGuf "vcpm;" tjzpf wm0ef,laponfudkyif wpfoufvHk;aiGa=u;ESihf *DwtvkyfrvkyfcJhol q&m+rKd Œr+ird ;f rSm ol@&nfreS ;f csuEf iS o fh l pdwu f ;l pdwo f ef;rsm; wGiu f s,f pGm vkyEf ikd af &; a&SŒ¶_um vdkufavsm cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGifyif olcspfaom tm;udk;aomom;}uD; udkarmifarmif ¶kwfw&uf uG,v f GefcJhonf? pdwaf &mud, k yf g ysm;yef;cwfaeonht f cdu k f rEWav;¶ky&f iS f vDrw d uf. wm0efwpfck ydkvmaomfvnf;/ olvkyfvdkaom pdwful;jzpfonf? Musical Picture *Dw um;ydkif; wdkav;awGudk rEœav;¶kyf&SifvDrdwufESihf xkwfvkyfEdkif&ef jyifqif }udK;yrf;cJhonf? +rdKŒrtoif;ESihftwl wa,m orm;rsm;yg pkpnf;um wdrfxdk;/ a&$tdk;pnf oH+ydKifoDqdkr_ESihf tu/ t+idrfhu}udK;/ tdrfolyDyDESihf wdr fv$mrdk@rdk@vGifwdk@udk pwifcJh.? pdwful;&SdorSs yifyef;&rSef;rod prf;oyfonf? tawmftwef c&D;ayguaf omtcg ol@&nfrSef;csuftwGuf vrf;yGi+hf yD[k 0rf;omyDwdjzpfcJhonf? 1 0 6 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

107

"aq;om;eJ@ ¶kyfvHk;awmh ay:+yD/ tvif;eufa rSm ifyJ vdka wmhw,f" [k tm;wufoa&m ajym&if; a'gif;¶dk; wa,mOD;&ifav;tdrf/ +rdKŒr toif;wdkuf/ rEWav; ¶kyf&Sif+cHrsm;odk@ vGef;ysHZ,fpuf oGm;vmtm;wufcJhyg.? odk@aomf xdkodk@ tm;wufr_u jzn;fjznf;csif; t&SdefavSsmhvmonf? wcsdKŒ&ufawGY tdrfrSmyif em;aewwf.? em;aeyHku pdwfysufvufysuf? wpfcgw&H awGa0ai;armaeyHku toufyif ¶_ygavp[k atmufarh &avmufatmif" Todk@ tajcysuftaeysuf&Sdae&mrS pum;tquftpyfr&SdbJ "bb 'Dwpfcg Zmwf!$ef;yJ a&;pm;awmhr,f? olwdk@u bbacgif;udk jzwfvdkcsif=uw,f? bbwpfuk, d f vHk;vnf; acgif;yJ tzdk;wef awmhw,fr[kwfvm;" [k orD;}uD;tm; rajympzl; ajymvm awmhonf? .................... Todk@jzihf ²²² 28vrf;/ vrf; 80 ESifh 81 vrf;=um;/ ajrpdu k f wpfxyftrd u f av;xJrmS wpfa,muf tdyf ckwifav;ay:rSm e*g;aq;vdyfwGifwGifzGm&if; awGa0ai;armaewwfaom q&m +rdKŒr+idrf;. wif;aeaom ar;¶dk;udk cyfrSdefrSdef za,mif;wdkif rD;a&mifrSm jrifae&.? &&m tom;wdkav;rsm;jzihf jzpfovdk¶dkufxm;aom pifuav;ay:rSm 0dok' df<r *f/ rmvm vuFm&0wfKˆ awmf}u;D / e0a';qdk &wkaygi;f csKyf/ ewfosS iaf emif&wk/ *Dwar'eDusr;f / tEkpmay aumufE_wfcsuf paom pmtkyfuav;rsm;udk pDpD&D&D xyfxm;onf? b,ftcsdefu wifxm;rSef; rodaom rD;+idrf;aeonhf aomufvufp aq;vdyfwdkav;wpfwdkudkvnf; pifay:wifxm;onf? pmtkyfzHk;ay:rSmvnf; bD;a[mif;av;wpfacsmif;? ckwifrSm ESD;acsmacsmav; cif;xm;onf? acgif;&if;rSm teDteuf=um; csnfapmif av;wpfxnf acgufwifxm;.? r,f' vifav;wpfvuf/ wa,mav;wpfvufu *DwoauFwpm&Gufrsm;ESihftwl vSJavsmif; aeonf? 0gacgifvv,frdk@ jrpfjyifv,frSm a&azmifazmifxaeaya&mhrnf? av¶l;uvnf; wokefokef? jywif;aygufrS 0ifvmaom av¶l;wpfcsufu q&mr+rdKŒr+idrf; xdkifaeaom ckwifav;ay: a0SŒwdkufvdkufawmh.? avwpfcsuf ta0SŒrSm ckwifab;ay:rS *DwoauFw pm&Guw f csdKŒ 0¶kef;okef;um; v$io hf mG ;onf? "wdrfvm$ rd@k rdv k Gi"f udk avr_waf &m }udK;wyfwl&d,mrsm;ESihfyg oHpkw H D;r_w&f ef a&;zGJŒxm;onf? *DwoauFw pm&Gufuav; v$ihfoGm;onf? "wdrfv$mrdk@rdkvGif" udk avr_wfa&m }udK;wyf wl&d,mrsm;ESihfyg oHpHkwD;r_wf&ef a&;zGJŒxm;onf? *DwoauFw pm&Gufuav;u avESihftwl 0Jum0Jumv$ihf/ 0ifaygufwHcg;r}uD;rS vGihfxGuf oGm;um tdrfjyifvrf;rqDxd vGihfoGm;.? ckwifa cgif;&if; pmtkyfav;ay:u qDr D;cGufav;rS xGef;xm;onhf za,mif;wdkifrD;av;u avta0SŒrSm 0yfpif;tm;avsmhoGm;um +idrf;vkvk? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

107

108

vrf;rqDvGihfoGm;aom "wdrfv$mrdk@rdkvGif" onf 0Jum 0Jum tjrihfqDwuf&if; ta0;qD v G i hf j yef a v.? Tod k @ jzihf [d k ; rEW a v;+rd K Œ taemuf awmif qif a jczH k ; &yfuu G af v;wpfuGut f pGef;rS wrmyifysK/d 0g;uGyyf spif ,f/ oa&zdeyfav;wpf&H c|wx f m;&pf apcJhrnhf ae&mav;wpfae&ma&mufygrS ¶kwfcsnf;ajrodk@ avSsmhusoufqif;onf? tk wf usKd ;/ tkw fr _e fa wG a&maxG ;um eD usihfusih f tqif ;aygufa eonhf ajrvrf;av; twdkif; tkwfum;wpfpif; ¶kwfw&ufarmif;0iftvm? "rd_if;jym&DndkŒ wdrfv$mrdk@rdkvGif" tay: um;bD;&mrsm; xifusefoGm;ygyaum? xd@k aeum;1955ck pufwifbmv (15)7uf 1317ckESpf/ 0gacgifvjynhfausmf(13)7uf? =umoyaw;ae@? Tae@T&ufrSmyif q&m+rKd Œr+ird f;onf rEWav;+rdKŒ pdefyef;oHvsufarSmf taemuf ydkif;/ wufa o;tif; / w¶kwfocsdKif;. ajrmufbuf wpfzmvHkcef@tuGm wGif&Sdaom ajrvrf;wpfvrf; ab;wGif? Todk@jzihf ²²² ZeD; a':oef;ESihf om;rD; (8)a,mufwdk@tm; ²²² xm; ²²² &pf ²²² cJh ²²² av ²²² awmh ²²² .? ...............

"rsuf p d w pfq H k ; arS s mf w d ki f ; ²²² rd k ; uk w f p uf 0d k i f ; twG i f ; rSm rsm;jym;vS p G m ouf&SdoufrJht&m bmeJ@rSyif wlw,frxifrdyg" ²²²wJh? q&m+rdKŒ r+idrf; a&;om;cJhaom oDcsif;wpfyk'frS pmom;wpfydkif;wpfuJhodk@yif q&mh*Dw/ q&mhtEkynm/ q&mhaw;oGm;/ q&mhoDcsif;rsm; um;/ "rsufpdwqHk; arSsmfwdkif; ²²² rdk;uwfpuf0dkif;twGif;rSm bmeJ@rSsyif wlw,frxif" rdatmif &$ef;vJhawmufy vSya0qmcJhacs+yD? r=umrD ²²² q&m+rdKŒr+idr f; uG ,fvGe fc Jho nfr Sm +yD; cJ@ onfh 1377ckE Spf 0gacgifvjynfh ausmf(13)&uf ae@uqdkvSsif ESpf(60)wif;wif; jynhfcJ@acs+yDf? q&mr&Sdawmhaomfvnf; q&mudk,fwdkif toufukd ay;qyfI arSsmfvihf&nfrSef; taumiftxnfazmfvdkonfh "jrefrm*Dw tqihfjrihf acwfrDa&;/ urBmhtqihfrD jrefrmh*DwoHpHkwD;0dkif;}uD; ay:aygufa&;" [laom pdwful; aumif; tpDtrHaumif;/ tpDtpOfaumif;rsm;onf q&mh0d^mOf/ q&mhESvHk;rsm;ESihftwl urBmwnfonftxd wnf&SdaeayOD;rnf? 1 0 8 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

109

xdktcg ²²² q&monf "wdrfv$mav;awG ajy;um²²²²wa&GŒa&GŒ,liif" aeonhf aumif;uif,HxufrS q&mtm;pdkuf }udK;yrf;cJhonfh"tdrfolyDyD ²²²" udk q&mjzpfapcsifovdk oHpHkwD;rSKwfaernhf "+rdKŒrqifzdkeDatmufcufp=wm" wD;0dkif;}u;D tm; apmihfpm;=unhf¶a_ eayvdrfhrnf? xdkrSwpfqihf ²²² xdkrSwpfqihf ²²² arSsmfvihf ²²² arSsmf ²²² vihf ²²² &if;? ................. Todk@jzihf ²²² "q&m+rdKŒr+idrf;" xm0&? touf&SifaerSm aocsmonf? ................. (+rdKŒr+idrf;vGef ESpf60ausmt f rSww f &)

ql;iSuf (Sue Hngget FB

rS &,laz: jyygonf)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

109

110

pmay pum;0dkif;

armifpGrf;&nf &efukefukd 2015 atmufwkdbm/ Ekd0ifbtwGif;u tvnfjyefa&mufcJhygw,f/ &efukefuxGufvmawmh 10 ESpfausmfvkd@ "'Gg'o[d" wpfq,fhESpfESpf &SdcJhyg+yD? Ekd0ifbm 15&ufae@rSm rkd;rcrD'D,meJ@ [krf;rD'D,m yl;wJGpDpOf+yD; &efukefAkdvfatmifausmfvrf;ay:u [kr;f rD'D,mcef;rrSm armifpGrf;&nfeJ@ rdwfaqGrsm;pmayaqG;aEG;yJGqdw k mukd usif; ycJhygw,f? tpp pDpOfolu +idrf;csrf;at;yg? tcrf;tem;rSm armifpGrf;&nfrSm ae&mcsxm; cHolrsm; uawmh pma&; q&majcmufa,mufyg? armifprG f;&nf&JŒ rdwfaqGuvnf; uAsmu&mpkpnf; vkdufwJhtcg ajcmufa,mufyJxGuf ay:vmw,f? (taygif;toif;uvnf; enf;vkduf wmaemf?) taygif;toif;ajcmufa,mufuawmh yef;csq D &m/ 0wˆKa&;q&m/ &ky&f iS 'f g&u dk w f m/ yefwsmausmif;tkyf}uD;a[mif; OD;0if;azeJ@ ol@ab;uxkdifaewmu *k%fxl;OD;odef;Ekdif ("gwfykHxJrSm olwkd@&JŒ Akdu}f uD;ESpfvkH;u txl;ay:vGifaeygw,f?) armifodef;Ekdif&JŒab;urS armifpGrf;&nf/ ol@emrnf&if;uvJ 0if;azwJh "0if;azi,f" aygh? "0ifa;z}uD;" u t oufwESpfykd}uD;w,f? olu armifodef;EkdifeJ@ wESpfwnf;arG;wm? r=umcif touf 80 jynfharG;ae@vkyf=urSm? aemuf wa,mufu trcifaqGOD;yg? tpfrOD;u &Spfq,fausmf/ touf}u;D qk;H ? aemufwa,mufu aZmfaZmfatmif trnf&if; OD;aZmfjrifh/ 'Dajcmufa,muf xJrSm olu jrefrmpmr[m 0dZm… q&m}uD;yg? 0ifaz}u;D eJ@ armifr;kd olwd@k ESpf a,mufuawmh 1 1 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

111

wuUokdvfukd 0ifvkdufxGufvkduf/ qif;vdkufwufvkdufeJ@ 10ESpfESpfa,mufaecJhayr,fh bJG@r&cJhbl;? armifrkd;olac: OD;pdefjrifhqkd&if wuUokdvfu yxrwef;awmif ratmifcJhyg? usaemfeJ@awmh OD;rkd;olac: OD;pdefjrifheJ@ a&pufrsm;ygw,f? usaemf OD;atmifoif;eJ@ pmayc&D;twlomG ;=uawmh "cifrsm;wk@d rSm aemufu, G u f Ekid fiaH &;*k% d f;wum tpJGawG&dw S m usKyu f vk;H 0rodcJhbl;? usKyq f w kd aJh umifu ajrmS ufay;&if "acGs;xGu"f atmf u wJhaumifAs? aZmfaZmfatmif ajrSmufay;wkdif; wG,fawmhwmyJwJh" vli,frsm;u usaemf&,f armifrkd;ol&,f/ aZmfaZmfatmif&,f vnfyif;zufaecJh=u+yD; ukwifw pfvkH;rSm vlokH;a,muftdyfc Jh= uzl;wmukd rodE kdif=uyg? aZmfaZmfatmife J@ armifprG ;f &nf[m armifr;dk ol&ŒJ tdrrf mS olw@kd trsKd ;orD; toD;oD;eJ@ csed ;f csupf um;ajym=u&if; tdrfaxmifus oGm;cJh=uwmyg? 'Davmuf&if;ESD;ygw,f? rkH&Gmu aZmfaZmfatmif[m jrif;+cH+rdKŒe,fu awm&Gmuav;ukd a&mufa tmif usaemfe J@ vkdufvnfzl;ygw,f? e,fwnf;om;csif;jzpfwJh wifrkd;awmif usaemfwkd@&Gmukd usaemfeJ@vkduf rvmzl;ygbl;? (usaemfr&Sdcsdef a&mufoGm;zl;owJh?) aZmfaZmfatmif &efukefwuUokdvfukd ajymif;oGm;+yD;aemuf/ 1957-58 xJrSm armifodef;EkdifeJ@ wifrkd;wkd@u jrefrmpm *k%fxl;eJ@ a&mufvm=uw,f? uavmif&Siftoif; v_y&f mS ;rSmawGudk jriS w hf if=uw,f? 'DawmhrS awmom;csi;f wJ=G upk@d vk@d a=u;G a=umf+y;D wifr;dk u armifodef;EkdifeJ@ armifpGrf;&nfukd rcGmwrf; wG,fxm;w,f? aqmif;&moDrSmawmif eef; a&S Œ yJG wke f; ausmif ;abmf 'gaqmifa wG eJ @ tv,fuuGi f;}uD ; xJr S m xif ;rD; zkd+ yD; nvkH;aygupf um;ajymcJh=uygw,f? tar&dum;rSm olu, G v f Gecf geD;xd jrif;+ct H a=umif;awG ajymvkd@ r+yD;jywfa o;bl; ? jrif;+cHu ukd;aqmifausmif;t=umif;/ uef+rJZ *srf; &Gmu usaemfwd@k trsdK;awGeJ@/ vuf0J- jrifeh D&Gmu uaemfhtrsKd ;awGta=umif;ukd pm&Guw f pf&u G feJ@ vkdufa&;ckdif;aeygao;w,f? vuf0J-jrifheD&Gmu usaemfhtrsdK;awGu oleJ@ jrif;+cH+rdKŒay:rSm or0g,raiGpm&if;ukdifoif wef;wkd@ xify g&JŒ/ pmulwufc Jh=uzl;owJh "olwkd@&Gmuef+rJZ*srf;"u usaemfhtrsdK;awGu ol}uD;rsdK;awGyg? tnmawm &GmawGrSm ol}uD;rsdK;ukd "rif;rsdK;" vkd@ ac:=uwmyg? "ol}uD;rif;" vkd@ ac:w,f? ol}u;D rif;aexkdifwJh tdrf+cH0ef;ukd "rif; 0kdif;" vkd@ac:w,f? t+idrfhyJGrSm a&SŒqkH;u ol}uD;rdom;pk=unfhzkd@ pifukd “rif;pif” ac:&w,f? yJGcif;rSm tv,fuvrf;ukd "rif;vrf;" wJh? tJ'Do}l u;D rsKd ;awG&ŒJ tdru f kd uk&d ifÁENwm qGr;f cHomG ;awmh aemufuqGr;f cGufudk udik w f mu uAsmq&marmifpef;aomf (a'guw f mcifarmif&nf) wJ?h ol}u;D orD;awGu +rKd Œwufausmif;ae =uwmqkad wmh +rKd Œ [efayguf+y;D odyaf csmodyv f Sw,fv@kd xifch&J owJh? ole@J tdraf xmifuswhJ trsKd ;orD;[m ol}uD;rsdK;xJu wa,mufyg? taru ol}u;D rsdK; / tazuol}u;D rsKd ;r[kwv f d@k "rif;rsdK;" rppfvSbl;wJhav? xm;ygawmh? ckawmh &²0²w ayg?h tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

111

112

rEWav;wuUokdvf i,foli,fcsif;awG;xJu wifrkd;/ =unfatmif/ av;armif (jrif;+cH)eJ@ n$ef@at; (tif;0) wkd@ av; a,mufeJ@ olwd@k xuf enf;enf;aemufusa&mufwJh uAsmq&marmifpef;aomfwkd@u uG,fvGefukef=u&Smyg+yD? t"duta=umif;&if;uawmh aq;vdyaf omufac:=uwmygy?J aq;vdyrf aomufoal wGyJ use&f pfwmyg? use&f pf+y;D ryg0ifol okH;a,mufyJ&Sdygw,f? armifomEkd;u usef;rma&;raumif;bl;? ukdav; (tif;0*k%f&nf) u tif;0rSm aeawmh a0;w,f? uom0if;=uG,f (trnf&if;cifarmif0if;) u &efukefrSmyJ &Sdy gw,f? t+idr f; pm; avwyfA kdv frS L;yg? Akdv fa omfutac: "a&Adkv f" yg? olu uAsmpmtkyfwtkyfxkwf+yD; ppfxJvkdufoGm;w,f? pmayavmueJ@a&m/ pmayeJ@a&m tqufjywfoGm;awmh pDpOfolawGu=um;zl;rSm r[kkwf? olvJ acgif;jzLcGyfusdK; tzkd;}uD; jzpfaeyg+yD? av;armif/ armifrkd;ol/ 0if;=uG,/f =unfatmif/ n$ef@atmif/ aZmfaZmfatmif/ armifprG ;f &nfw@dk [m 1937 ckEpS rf mS weSpw f nf;arG;zGm;cJ=h uwmvk@d qkyd gw,f? tJ'D 0if;=u, G u f "uom0if;=uG,"f wJh? wuUokdvf0if;=uG,fac:wJh w&kwfokdif;a&;q&meJ@ rSm;wwfw,f? ck[mawGu ref;wuUokdvf ausmif;xGuf i,faygif;}uD;az: pmay&JabmfawGyg? OD;0if;az/ *k%fxl;odef;Ekdif/ armifpGrf;&nf/ a':cifaqGOD;/ armifrkd;ol/ aZmfaZmfatmif/ tm;vkH; ajcmufa,muf vm=uw,f? armifomEkd;/ wifrkd;/ =unfatmif/ av;armif/ 0if;=uG,f/ n$ef@at; (tif;0) ajcmufa,muf rvmEkid =f ubl;? rvm ajcmufa,muf vmajcmufa,muf ref;wuUodv k rf mS ra&S;raESm if; aemufqufwJGav;awG&SdcJhwm owd&w,f? armifr suf&Sif (ppfukdi f; OD;zk;d oif;ajr;)/ a&;OD;jrifharmif (ynmwefaqmif t,f'w D mtzJ@G )/ armifpef;aomf (a'guw f m cifarmif&nf)/ rk&H mG ponfponfayg?h armifpef;aomfe@J rk&kH mG 0if;azwk@d u qk;H &Sm+y/D xm;ygawmh "gwfykHxJrSm rygEkdi f= u wmawG? rygEkdifwmawG qufajym&ef ay&Snfa ea&mhr,f? xl;qef;wmu rkH&Gm0if;az? emrnfwlayr,fh oluusaemf wkd@ukd uGefjrLepfawGqkd+yD; a&Smifw,f? usaemfw@kd wawGeJ@ vkH;0rqkdifbl;? ratmifhEkdif rtnf;EkdifyJ &efukef a&mufa&mufcsif; oGm;+yD; *g&0jyK tvGrf;o,f &wmuawmh (wifrkd;u "AkdvfE kd;" vkd@ t+rJwrf;vGrf;wcJhwJh) ukdomEkd;ygyJ? ole J@ wa,muf v nf y if ; wa,muf z uf + yD ; "gwf y k H & k d u f c J h & w,f ? aemuf w a,muf oGm;awG@&wmuawmh &efjzpfzuf aZmfaZmfatmifaygh? "b,fu{nfhonfvJ/ b,folv"J qk d + yD ; 'k w f a umuf } uD ; wa'guf a 'guf e J @ / yD b d t zk d ; }uD ; / usaemf h td r f u k d OD ; qk H ; a&mufvmoluawmh armifrkd;olyg? oluvJ 'kwfaumuf}uD;eJ@vm;/ 'kwfajzmifh}u;D eJ@vm; rrSwfrdawmh bl;? ajcaxmufaemufwzuf xyfusdK;xm;owJh? q&m}uD;a&$Oa'gif;eJ@ ajcusdK;wmcsif;wl+yD; *k%, f lvkd@ayhg? qHrkwf qdwf E_wfcrf;arG;/ rsufckH;arG;awGyg jzLjzLazG;ukd rif;odcF0wˆKawGxJu w&kwftzkd;}u;D ukd owd&rdao;awmh? 1 1 2 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

113

pmay pum;0kdif;vm y&dowfxJrSmvJ rdwfaqGawGtrsm;}uD;ygyJ? OD;acgif;jzLawG rsm;ygw,f? yef;csDrqJGbJ pma&;q&mawGeJ@ pmaya[majymyJGawGavSsmufvkdufavh&SdwJh ,Ofrif;ykduv f J rsucf ;Hk ar$; jzLae&Sm+yD? zsmykeH DvOHk ;D vJ rsufc;Hk ar$;jzLae+y?D aq;&kt H wlwufzl;wJh ukd0if;+ird f;uawmh t&iftwkdi;f ygyJ? azgif;azgi;f / +yHK;+yHK;yJ? rkH&Gmatmif&Sifuawmh usaemfhukd [kdveG cf w hJ Jh eSpaf ygi;f 20 ausmaf vmufu xifyg&ŒJ ? armfpw D ek ;f uAsmawG bmomjyefcidk ;f cJw h m ckyEHk ydS af e+yD ajymzk@d arh oGm;ygw,f? olbmomjyefcidk ;f wmjzpfv@dk ol@ukd trSmpma&;ckid ;f xm;wm =um+yDwJh? rkd;rc rdbrsm;jzpf=uwJh a'gufwm cifarmif0if;eJ@ wuUodkvfa&$&D0if;wkd@vJ vma&muftm;ay;=uav&JŒ? olwdk@&JŒ nmbuftem;rSm "yef jrefrm" (Pen-Myanmar) roDwmprf;acsmif;? tar&dum;ukdvmwkef;u rawG@vkduf&bl;? Armjynfa&mufrSyJ awG@&ygw,f? }uH}uH zefzef/ tar&dum;u pmayrdwfaqGa'gufwmwifaZmfvGifuvJ }uHK}udKufvkd@wJh pmayavmuukd rsdK;n$ef@pmay OuUX}uD; a'gufwmazjrifhwkd@eJ@ w0kdif; pDpOfxm;owJh tvnfvm&if; pDpOfwmyg? vlxkOD;vS&JŒ Zmwd&GmukdvJ vkduf ykd@ay;zkd@ pDpOfao;w,f? usaemfu tcsdefr&awmhvkd@ roGm;vkduf&bl;? anmifav;yifem;u ykpGefajrmif; (AZGefajrmif;) qkdwJh&Gm? av;ukw d if yef;csaD rmif'eD @J wuUov dk f rusn;f 'ef wk@d uvJ pmtkyv f ufaqmifawG vmay;=uw,f? ukdukd;u|ef; ol&Jaumif; &Spfa,mufta=umif;a&;wJh pmtkyfwtkyfvJ vufxJa&mufvmw,f? pmtkyf=um;xJrSm usaemfaysmuf aewJh ukdukdu|ef;armfuGef; uAsmav;nSyfvkdufvkd@ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? pmtkyfvufaqmifay;olawGxJrSm &Sm;&Sm; yg;yg;wa,mufuawmh &Jabmfcifarmifjrifh? jrpfom;Zmwd? armifom&&JŒ arG;pm;nD? ref;wuUov kd fu wyfOD;&Jabmf a[mif;wpfOD;yg? w&m;pmtkyfawG vufaqmifay;ygw,f? rk;d ukwf w&m;pmtkyv f yJ gav&JŒ? toufwiG ;f 0a&muf =um+yq D adk wmh w&m;"rRpmtkyaf wGvJ vkt d yfvmwm trSwyf gy?J cifarmifjrifeh J@ uGo J mG ;wm=um+y?D olvJ ol@tuk}d u;D armifom&vkyd J qkd&S,feDtkyfpkwif wa,muftaeeJ@ Akdvfae0if;&JŒ jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfygwDukd 0ifa&muf ul;ajymif; axmufcHoGm;+yD; tqkH;xdyl;aygif;oGm;cJv h kd@ usaemfwd@k eJ@ vkH;0 ajymif;jyefvrf;uJG oGm;cJhygw,f? q&marmifom&uawmh rqvygwD XmecsKyfuxGuf+yD; pmawGukd jyefa&;ae&mu &Spaf v;vkH; 'Da&vdi_ f;vkH;}u;D eJ@wl jynfyvGifhxGuv f mav&JŒ? pmtkyfvufaqmifay;vmol aemufwa,mufuawmh jraESmif;ndK? &Spfav;vkH; umvtwGif; &efukef+rdKŒwywf qENjyvrf;avSsmufyJGwckrSm usaemfeJ@ twl csDwufcJhwJh wOD;wnf;aom pma&;q&mryg? yef;csDq&m ,Ofrif;ykdufvJ twlygcJhw,f? a&SŒqkH;u csDwufwmu q&mewfEG,f? cyfvSrf;vSrf;rSm ausmif;aebufoli,fcsif; a'guw f modef; armif j rif h u k d v J pd w f y gvufy g csD w uf a ewmjrif & w,f ? wjcm;pma&;q&ma&m/ q&m0efa&mrawG@rdbl;; tJ rndK ay;vmwJh pmtky ftrnfu "avScGufcsnf;usef tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

113

114

qefcJhy gonf" wJh tzkH;rSm ol@ zcifO D; wif0if; ndK&JŒ "gwfy kHygw,f? twGif;rSmawmh ol@zcifyg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh&wJh Akdvfae0if;qkd&S,fvpfygwD A[kdaumfrwD&JŒ t&_yfawmfykH ta=umif;awGygy?J A[kad umfrwD rJay;=uawmh Akv d af e0if;u wjcm;Akv d af wGudk taumuf}u/H jzKwfxkwfowf vkyfcJHykHta=umif;awGygyJ? jraESmif;ndK ukd,fwkdif avhvma&;om;jyKpkwJh pmtkyfyg? pmtkyfukd ol@tazuawmh jrifawG@oGm;&r,frxifbl;? pmtkyfxJrSm "wifrkd;" eJ@ ol@tazawG@qkHcef;vJ ygav&JŒ? xl;qef;wmu ArmppfwyfxJu Akdvfvusfm/ AkdvfausmfaZmwkd@vJ Akdvfae0if;&JŒ t+idKtjiifcH&+yD; aumufuspf wmcH& w,f? ykdxl;qef;wmu orD; q&m0ef pma&;q&mr awGu olwkd@ zcifta=umif;ukd pmwtkyf aywzJG@ jzpfa tmif a&;=uwmygyJ? ckvJ orD;q&m0efpma&;q&mu ol@tazta=umif;ukd a&;wmzuf&jyef+yDaygh? Akdvfae0if;&JŒ "aus;Zl;”"vk@d qk&d ayawmhr,f? Akv d af e0if;[m vlaumif;awG/ ol@xufomolawGudk remvkd r&_qdwfbl;? taumufOm%feJ@ jzKwfxkwfowf vkyfwm[m wu,fh "ADvde"f *kef;&kyf Zmwfvrf;awGygy?J a'guw f m cifvusfm/ a'gufwmvSausmfaZm/ a'gufwmjraESmif;ndKwd@k vkd a'gufwmpENm0if;vJ a&;zkd@aumif;w,f? vm=uolawG/ jrifvkdufwma&m/ rjrifvkdufwma&m trsm;}uD;ygyJ? aqG;aEG; ar;jref;wmuawmh ukd+idrf;csrf;at;yg? ar;jref;aqG;aEG;=uwJhta=umif;t&mawGu }uD;us,fygw,f? jrefrmpmaywkd;wufa&;eJ@ jrefrmpmoif=um;avhvma&;ta=umif;u pygw,f? usaemf rEkdifreif;jzpfaevkd@ jrefrmpmq&m}uD; *k%fxl;OD;odef;EkdifeJ@/ jrefrmpm r[m0dZ…m}uD; OD;aZmfjrifh (aZmfaZmfatmif) wkd@u yg0ifaqG;aEG;=u&ygw,f? OD;odef;Ekdifu jrefrmpm usL&SifxJrSmyJ (&Sif) ae&mu ckrS pmaybufukd OD;vSnfh+yD; jrefrmpmay wk;d wufjriS w hf ufa&; tzJ@G awmifz@GJ +y;D aqmif&u G af ew,fv@dk ajzoH=um;&vk@d 0rf;om&ygw,f? usaemfuawmh vuf&djS refrmpmayeJ@ jrefrmpmoif=um;a&;[m q&m}u;D OD;azarmifwif xGef; wifcJhwJht&SdefeJ@yJ qufvdrfhaewkef;&Sd ao;w,fvkd@jrifygw,f? OD;azarmifwifukdvJ Akdvfae0if;u cg;cg;oD;oD;rkef;ygw,f? emrnfawmifr=um;csifawmhcufom;? txl;ojzifh wuUokdvfjrefrmpmoif=um;a&;u acwfaemufusaeawmh wuUokdvfu OD;aqmif&wJh tajccHjrefrmpmrSmvJ acwfaemufususef&pfw,f? usaemfwkd@yg0ifvkyfaqmifaecsdefrSm uHq;kd csiaf wmh Akdvfae0if;u 0ifa&muf+y;D uef@owfcsKycf s,fwmawGvyk fvdu k fygao;w,f? wuUodkvfrSmu a&S;a[mif;pmay oif=um;r_om a&SŒa&mufa e+yD? acwfopfpmay oif=um;r_eJ@ bmompum;/ bmomody`Hoif=um;r_u aemufjyefqJGaeygw,f? q&mawG&JŒ tjypfr[kwfygbl;? Akdvfae0if;u jrefrmpma&G;cs,fjyXmef;a&;rSm 0ifpGufcJhwJhtjyif/ jrefrmpmq&mrsm; EkdifiHjcm;ynmoifa&;rSmvJ rvkdbl;qkd+yD; [ef@wm;cHygao;aum? jrefrmpmudp+P y;D awmh vlxak ':trm&mjynfyh t GJ a=umif;ukd ar;ygw,f? tJ'guawmh 1 1 4 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

115

Ak d v f c sKyfa tmifq ef ; / OD ; cif a rmifv wf / a':cifr sd K ;cspf / a':trmwkd @ [m 1915rSm / wckwnf;zGm;awGqkdawmh 1915 ckESpf wESpfvkH;omru 1914 ckESpftpuwnf;uyg olwkd@&mjynfhyJG/ &mjynfh}udKyJGawGta=umif; rem;wrf;a&;vmcJhwJhtwGuf olrsm;tul tnDrvkdbJ ajymEkdifwmaygh? rkd;rcaumif;uifwjyifvkH; a&;aecJhw m r[kwfvm;? owif;pmq&mr}uD;tjzpfeJ@omru jrefrmr_/ jrefrmh"avh/ okawoDtjzpfeJ@ olrsm; rvkyEf idk w f m (aemifvv J yk v f @dk &awmhrmS r[kww f )hJ okawoeawGvyk f cJah =umif; 0wˆKwq dk w dk hJ &opmayeJ@ p+yD; &o tufaq;a&;om;r_eJ@ tqkH;owfcJha=umif; pojzihf ajymjycJhygw,f? usaemfhtaeeJ@ ckvJ 2015 rukefrcsif; qufa&;aewmukd "rkd;rc" rSmawG@&rSmyg? vlxk}uD;yGm;a&; txl;xkwftwGufvJ oD;jcm;a&;ykd@xm;ygao;w,f? pkpnf;vkduf&if pmtkyfjzpfavmufyg+yD? txl;ojzifh vlyk*~dKvfcsif;vJ teD;uyfaevm&wJh vlxka':trmeJ@ a':cifrsdK;cspfwkd@ ESpfOD;&JŒ&mjynfhta=umif;awG a&;jzpfcJhygw,f? tar&duefjynfrSmvJ 'gyJa[majym aeusukd;? odyfrsm;rsm;rajymjzpf=uygbl;? tcrf;tem;u 10 em&Dp/ 12 em&DqkH;ygw,f? +y;D qk;H +yv D Jqdak &m csucf sif;vkdvdk vlpu k JG oGm;vk@d vlaphatmifawmif E_wfrqufvu kd &f ygbl;? b,foleJ@rS aumif;aumif;rajymvkduf&wmyg? jrifomjrif& b0ifrusvdu k f&bl;qkdygawmh? OD;acgi;f jzLjzL/ rsucf ;Hk jzLjzLawGyJ vSrf;jrifvu dk &f wmuk;d ? &Spaf v;vk;H awGvJ wvk;H rS rawG@&bl;? tzJ@G csKy&f ;Hk ukdvJ olw@dk wawG a&G;aumufyaGJ wGe@J tvky&f y_ af erSyJ qk+d yD; roGm;vku d Ef idk af yr,fh ukdeDvkHwkd@/ ukdatmif&Sifwkd@eJ@ qkHvkduf&vkd@ awmfao;&JŒ? em,u}uD;ukdawmh tdrfoGm;+yD; uefawmhvu dk fygw,f? qkawGay; vku d fwm ig;rdepfavmuf=umw,fxif&ŒJ ? ay;wJhqak wGe@J jynfhygap? c%qkdayr,fh vl}uD;eJ@a&m vli,feJ@a&m tweftoifhqkH&vkd@yJ tvGrf;ajy wefoavmuf ajycJhygw,f? xyf+yD; qkHzkd@}udK;pm;ygtkH;r,f?

armifpGrf;&nf 2015 (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS jyefvnful;,laz: jyygonf)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

115

116

urBmausmf jrefrm vrf;r}uD;rsm;

armifom (a&S;a[mif;okawoe) 'kwdurBmppf=u;D twGi;f vGecf aJh om ESpfaygif; 70 ausmu f jrefrmEdkiif u H kd jzwfoef; azmufvkyfcJhaom vrf;r}uD;ESpfckonf urBmausmf ppfokH;ta0;ajy; vrf;r}uD;rsm;tjzpf ,aeŒwdkifxif&Sm;pGm &yfwnfvsuf&Sdayonf? wpfckaom vrf;rSm jrefrmvrf;r}uD;[k xif&Sm;ausm f=um;onfh (Burma Road) ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;jzpf+yD; / jrefrmEdkifiHESifh w&kwEf dkifiH taemufawmifydkif;wdkŒudk oG,fwef;vsuf w&kwfEdkifiH/,el efjynfe,f/ulrif;ESifh jrefrmEdkiif H &Sr;f jynfe,fvm;&d;_ +rKd ŒwdŒk udk qufo, G x f m;onf? ,if;vrf;r}u;D udk jrefrmEdkiif t H m; *syefwdkŒodrf;ydkufxm;cJhpOftcsdefu azmufvkyfcJhonf? 'kwd,vrf;rSm vD'dkvrf;r}uD;[k xif&Sm;+yD; tdENd,EdkifiH tmoHjynfe,fESifh w&kwfEdkifiH,leefjynfe,fwdkŒudk jrefrmEdkifiH ucsifjynfe,f &SifabG,eff/ jrpf}uD;em;ESifh Aef;armf+rdKŒrsm;udk jzwfoef;azmufvkyfxm;onf? tqdkyg vrf;r}uD;rsm;udk ,cktcgwGif tokH;jyKjcif; r&Sdawmhaomfvnf; 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u tokH;jyKcJhaom AsL[majrmuf vrf;r}uD;rsm;tjzpf ordkif;wGif&pfchaJ yonf? jrefrmvrf;r (Burma Road) onf 717 rdkifcefŒ&Snfvsm;um =urf;wrf;aom awmifpG,fawmifwef;rsm;udk jzwfoef;azmufvkyfxm;onf?ulrif;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHe,fpyf vrf;jzwfydkif;udk 'kwd, w&kwf *syefppfyGJ umvtwGif; 1937 ckESpfwGif /jrefrm/ w&kwf vkyo f m;tiftm; ESpo f ed ;f ausmjf zifh pwifazmufvyk cf u hJ m 1938 ckEpS w f Gif+y;D pD;cJo h nf? 'kw, d urBmppftwGif; +AdwdoSswdkŒu w&kwfEdkifiHodkŒ ppfbufaxmufyHha&;ypPnf;rsm;udk ydkŒ&mwGif 1 1 6 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

117

t"du tok;H jyKcho J nfh vrf; wpfcjk zpfonf? *syefEiS hf +Adwo d SswkŒd ppfrjzpfru D +Aw d o d sS wŒkd onf jrefrmvrf;r}u;D udk tok;H jyKumw&kwEf ikd if o H Œkd axmufyhH a&;ypPn;f rsm; ay;ydŒk cJh &mwGif &efuek rf S vm;&_d;odkŒ axmufyHha&;ypPnf;rsm;udk &xm;jzifh o,f,lcJh+yD; jrefrm vrf;r}uD;rS wpfqifh w&kwfodkŒ ydkŒaqmifay;cJhonf? r[mrdww f yfrsm;u *syefukd ckcHwu kd cf u kd af eaom ulrifwef w&kwfwyfrsm; xHoŒkd jrefrmvrf;r}uD;udk tokH;jyKum vufeuf rsm;/ &dumQ rsm;ay;ydkŒcJhjcif;jzpf+yD;1942 ckESpf wGif *syef wdkŒu jrefrm jynf udk odrf;ydkuf vdkufaomtcgwGif vm;&d_;+rdKŒ rS ulrif;+rdKŒtxd azmufvkyfxm;aom jrefrmvrf;r udk *syefwdkŒu r[m rdwfwyfrsm;qufvuf tokH;rjyK Edki&f ef jzwfawmuf vdku=f uonf? jrefrmvrf;r vrf;a=umif; ydwfoGm;csdefwGif r[mrdwfwdkŒtaejzifhulrifwef wyfrsm;xH taxmuf tyHhrsm; qufvuf ay;ydkŒEdkif&ef vrf;a=umif;topf wpfck tvsif tjref vdktyfvmcJhayonf? vrf;topfr&&Sdao;rD +AdwdoSs wdkŒonf tar&duef av,mOf rsm;jzifh tdEdN, rSwpfqifh ucsif jynfe,f ajrmufzsm;ydkif; a'o/qGrfb&mbGrf txufydkif; udk jzwfoef;um ulrif; odkŒ ppfvufeuf / &duQmrsm;udk qufvuf ay;ydkŒcJh&onf? jrihfrm;aom [dr0EWm awmifwef;rsm;. =urf;wrf;aom &moDOwk rsm;a=umihf tdEdN, jrefrm w&kwf av,mOf vrf;a=umif;onf tvGef tEW&m,f }uD;rm;cJh +yD; ydkif;avmh rsm;u The Hump [k ac:cJh=uonf? 1942 - 45 ckESpf twGif; tar&duef av,mOf (46) pif; ysufus cJh+yD;/ ppfom; (792) OD; touf qHk;&H_; cJh&onf?xdkŒa=umifh+AdwdoSswdkŒ onf tar&duefwdkŒ t=uHjyKonfhtwdki;f vD'kd vrf;r}u;D udkazmufvkycf hjJ cif;jzpfayonf?vD'kd vrf;r}uD;onf tmoHjynfe,f vD'dkESifh jrefrmEdkifiH jrpf}uD;em;udk qufoG,fum jrefrm vrf;r}uD;ESifh 0rf'ifZrf wGif aygif;qkHxm;onf? 1945 ckESpf ar (20) &ufae@ wGif vD'dk vrf;udk w&m;0if zGihfvSpfcJhonf? vD'dkvrf;r}uD;ay:rS yxrqkH; jzwfoef; armif;ESifvmaom x&yfum;onf w&kwf a&SŒwef;e,fajrodkŒ 1945 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 28 &ufaeŒwGif a&muf&Sd cJhonf? vD'dk vrf;+yD;pD;+yD; aemuf yxr qHk; axmufyHh ,mOfwef; (113) pif;onf vD'dk +rdKŒrS 1945 ckESpf Zefe0g&D (12) &ufu pwifxGufcGm vmcJhumw&kwfjynf ulrif; +rdKŒodkŒazaz:0g&D (4) &ufa e@wGif a&muf&Sdc Jh=uonf? vD' dk vrf;r}uD;udk azmuf vkyfEdkifcJhonfhtwGuf taemufbuf r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;onf w&kwfjynfodkŒ axmufyHha&; ypPnf;rsm;udkay;ydkŒ EdkifcJh&m vD'dkvrf; udk toHk;jyK +yD; (6) v twGif; taxmufyHhESifh&duQm wefcsed f (71000) udk w&kwjf ynf od@k yd@k aqmif Edik cf hJ onf?f 1945 ckESpw f iG f w&kwaf cgi;f aqmif csefau&Sdwf. awmif;qdkcsuftwdkif; vD'dkvrf;r}uD;udk OD;pD;azmufvkyfcJhol tar&duef =unf;wyfAkv d cf sKyf}u;D pwD;0Jvfukd *k%fjyKaom tm;jzifh pwD;0Jvf vrf;[k trnf ajymif;vJ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

117

118

cJo h nf? r[mAsK[musaom vD'dkvrf;r}u;D udk 'kwd, urBmppftwGif; wnfaqmufcJh &mwGifvlaygif; 63000 ESifh aiGa}u; tar&duefa':vm 148 oef; oHk;pGJcJhonf? vrf;r}uD; udak zmufvkycf Jhaomtar&dueftif *sife, D mrsm;onf om;&J wd&dp>mef rsm;/ iSuzf sm;a&m*g/ ¶GHŒEGHtdkifrsm;jynhfESuaf eaomawmeuf}uD;rsm;udk &ifqdkif ausmfv$m;cJh&onf? tif*sifeD,m rsm;u tdENd,EdkifiHe,f pyfteD; vD'dk+rdKŒrS [l;aumif;awmif=um;rS yefaqmifawmif=um;udk jzwfumAef;armfrS wpfqihf w¶kwfEdkifi H0rfwde fESihf ulrif; odk@azmufvkyf cJh=uonf? tar&duefwdkŒonf tdEdN,/ eDayg/ oD&dvuFmEdkifiHom; rsm;ESifh jrefrm EdkifiHrS em*/ ucsif/ &Sr;f wdik f;&if;om;rsm;/ w¶kwt f vkyf orm;rsm; pkpkaygif; tiftm; 25000 jzifh rdkiw f pfaxmif ausmf t&S n f & S d a om vrf ; r}uD; ud k 2ES pf = um azmuf v ky f c J h& onf ? 1943 ck E S pf r S tpjyKazmufvkyfcJhaom xdkvrf;r=uD;rSm 1945 ckESpfwGif +yD;qkH;cJhonf? vD'dkvrf;r}uD;udkw&kwf/tdENd,/+AdwdoSs wyfrsm; ppfvufeuf/&duQmo,f,lydk h aqmifa&;twGuf toH;k +yKc=hJ u+y;D vD'v dk rf;r wnfaqmufpOftar&duefppfom; 1100ausmf ESifh axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom a'ocHwdkŒaoqHk;cJh=uonf? r[mrdwfwdk h. ppfAsK[mt& azmufcJhaomvrf;jzpfaoma=umifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; pwD;0JvfESifh ppftif*sifeD,mrsm; cufcuf cJc J azmufcJh=u&onf?ppfwdkuf& if; cuf c JpGm azmufc Jh&aomvrf;jzpfa oma=umifh vD' dkvrf;r}uD; udk ppfwdkuf&if;vrf; azmuf/ vrf;azmuf&if;ppf wdkuf+zifh wpfae h1 rdkifrSs+yD;pD;&eftxl; }uKd ;yrf;azmufvkyfc}Jh u&onf? zsm;em &if;ao}u/ ppfwdkuf&if; usqk;H }u jzifh awmawmifxlxyf+yD; rwfapmufaom awmifwef;ESifh acsmufurf;yg;wdk ht}um; toufaoG;ac|;rsm;&if; um azmufch&J ojzifh vD'v kd rf;r}u;D onf ordik f;wGif xif&mS ;cJo h nf? vD ' dk v rf ;r}uD ; ud k tcsd K Œae&mrsm;wG i f acsmif; &d k ; wpf a vSs muf awmif e H&H a b;wG i f +zwfazmufxm;o+zifh ppf,mOf wef;rsm; a&+znf&h ef vG,u f . l ? ,cifu vrf;wpfavSsmufwiG f ta&;ay:pufo;Hk qD tvG,fwul+znf&h ef oHyu kd v f dkif;rsm; awmufavSsmufo, G w f ef;cJo h nf? aemufydkif; wGif tqdkyg oHydkufvHk;rsm;ysufpD; ukefaomfvnf; em*&dk;&mtdrftcsKd hwGif tdr fwdki fjyKvky fxm;onfudkvnf; awGE dki fygonf? vD'dk vrf; rudkazmufvkyfc Jhaom ae&mrsm;onf t+rJpdrfhat;ae+yD; tzdk;wefopf aygufa&muf+cif; r&Sdaom }udK;+yif opfawmrsm;vnf; +zpfayonf? ucsif+ynfe,f wEdkif;rS &SifabG,ef txd um;vrf;onf twuftqif;tcsKd@ ESiafh csmif;tcsKd &h adS omfvnf; vrf;rSm vGepf mG a+zmif+h zL;aeonf? r[mrdwfrsm;u av,mOfjzifh vrf;tla}umif;&Sm&mwGifav,mOfay:rS avmifpmqDrsm ;oGefcs+yD; rD;&d_ hvdkufjcif;jzifh tla=umif;azmfcJh=uonf?xdkae&monf }udrf0g;rsm;om trsm;qHk;ayguf&Sdaeojzifhvrf;u +zL;aeayonf? vD'v kd rf;r. rwfapmufaomtwufvrf;onf ucsi+f ynfe,f wEdik f;+rKd eh ,f 1 1 8 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

119

&SifabG,efrS pwifonf?&SifabG,efrS (18) rdkif pcef;txd twufcsnf;om +zpfo+zifh ukefwif,mOf/&duQmydk h,mOfwef;rsm; i,foHygatmif toHjrnfum wuf}u &onf? xdktcsdefonf *syefwkŒd tiftm; aumif; ae+yD; jrefrm jynf rS +AdwdoSs wdkŒqkwfcGm ae&csdef jzpfaoma=umifh axmufyHh a&; vrf;a=umif; wpfckwnfaqmuf &ef tar&duef AdkvfcsKyf }uD; General Joseph Stilwel OD;aqmifr_jzifh SOS (Service of Supply) tzJG@ zJG@pnf;+yD; tdEdN, EdkifiH vD'dk +rdKŒrSjrefrm jynfajrmufydkif; udk ausmfjzwf um w&kwf jynf ulrif; txd vrf;wpfck azmufvkyf&efpDpOf cJh=uonf? vD'dk +rdKŒudk a&$;cs,f &jcif;rSm vD'dk +rdKŒonf umvuwWm; rSvmaom ajrmufbuf &xm; vrf;qHk; +rdKŒESifh eD;pyf ae+yD; jrefrm jynf ajrmufzsm; ydkif;rS awmifywfvrf; wpfck.tqHk; ESifhvnf; eD;uyf aejcif;a=umihf jzpfayonf?

tdEdN, EdkifiH ajrmufydkif; tmoH jynfe,f vD'dk +rdKŒav;rS pwif azmufvkyf xm;jcif;a=umifh "vD'dk vrf;" ac:a0: cJh=uonf? vD'dk vrf; onf(1079) rdkif &Snfvsm; +yD; jrefrmw&kwf e,fpyf teD; rHk;,k ESifhjrefrmEdkifiH rlq,fteD; wGif jrefrmvrf;r}uD; ESifh jyefqkHrd=uonf?vD'dk vrf; onftdENd, jynf twGi;f vD'dk/ ESifh erfaygif; +rdKŒrsm; udk jzwfoef; +yD;/ ucsif jynfe,f rSm &SifabG,ef/ erRwD;/ jrpf}uD;em;/ Aef;armf ESifh &Srf; jynfe,frS erf;crf; ESifhrHk;,k +rdKŒrsm;udk jzwfoGm;onff? vD'dkvrf; udk 1942 ckESpf 'DZifbm (16) &ufwGif pwif azmufvky+f yD; 1945 ckESpf Zefe0g&D vwGif +yD;qHk; cJhonf?vD'dk vrf; udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pwD;0Jvf ESifh ppftif*sifeD,m Adkvfr_;}uD; vl;0pfpf atypf wdkŒu OD;pD;=uD;=uyf azmufvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfayonf? 'kwd, urBmppf twGif; ppf tif*sifeD,m wyfukd ay;tyf cJhaom tcufcJ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

119

120

qHk;aom wm0ef wpf&yf[k AdkvfrSL;}uD; ypf u rSwfcsufcs cJhonf? tar&duef tif*sifeD,m wyfom; rsm;u vD'dkvrf; udk Pick’s Pike [kac: cJh=uonf? yxrqHk; vrf;ydkif; (103) rdkif t&Snfudk tdENd, jynf vD'dk +rdKŒrS pwif cJh+yD; tdEdN, ucsifjynfe,f e,fpyfrS awmawmif xlxyf +yD; =urf;wrf; jrihfrm; aomyefaqmif awmif=um; udk jzwfausmf cJh&m tcsdKŒ ae&m rsm;onf tjrihfay (4600) txd &Sdonf? tla&mifief;zsm;/ wkyfauG;/ Xufzsm; a&m*grsm; xlxyf +yD; rdk;a&csdefrsm;onfh yefaqmif awmif=um; onf cufcJ =urf;wrf; vGe;f onfh twGuf ppf twGi;f u Hell Pass [kyifemrnf wGif cJhonf? vrf;azmufvkyf&Ef &SifabG,ef +rdKŒodkŒ yxr qHk; ajrwl; puf a&muf&SdcJhaom aeŒonf 1942 ck 'DZifbm (27) &uf jzpf onf? xdkvrf;ydkif;onf tiftm; }uD; rm;aomtrSwf (18) *syef wyfukd ckcH wdkucf dkuf aeonfh csefau&Sdwf w&kwf ppfom;rsm; twGuf axmufyHh ypPnf;rsm;ay; ydk@&eftoHk;0if cJhonf? *syefwyfrsm; awmifzufodkŒ qkwfcGm oGm;csdefwGif &SifabG,ef wGif vD'dkvrf; udk qufvuf azmufvkyf &ef vG,u f l oGm;cJhonf? *syefrsm;azmufxm;onfh vrf;a=umif; udk vdkuf+yD; qufvuf azmufvkyf cJhum axmufyHh ,mOfrsm; oHk;&ef (4) vufr ywfvnf&Sd "mwfqD ydkufvdkif; ESpfvdkif;rS av;vdkif; txd vrf;a=umif; wpfavSsmuf csxm; ay;cJhonf? vD'dk &SifabG,ef (103 rdkif) vrf;ydkif; +yD;pD;+yD;aemuf jrpf}uD;em;/ Aef;armf txd (372 rdkif)/ &Srf; jynfe,f erf;crf;/ jrefrmvrf;r vrf;qHk rHk;,k +rdKŒ txd pkpk aygif; (465) rdkif azmufvkyf cJhonf? vD'dkvrf; azmufvkyf&mrSm pkpkaygif; jrpfacsmif; (10) ck ESifh acsmif;i,f (155) ckudk jzwfoef; cJh&+yD; ysrf;rSs (2²8 ) rdkifwdkif wGif wHwm; wpfck aqmufcJh &onf? 1945 ckEpS f rwf (7) &ufwiG f r[mrdwf wyfz@GJ rsm;u vm;&d;_ +rKd Œudk *syef vufxu J wqihf jyefodrf; ,lcJhonf? rwf (20) &ufwGif rEWav; +rdKŒ/ ar (3) &ufwGif &efukef +rdKŒudk jyefvnf odrf;ydkuf EdkifcJhonf?=o*kwf (6) &ufae@ wGif tar&duefu *syefEdkifiH [D&dk&SD;rm; +rdKŒudk yxrqHk;aom tEkjrL AHk;}uJ cs+yD;/ (9) &uf ae@wGif em*gpuD +rdKŒay:udk tEkjrL AHk; aemufxyf wpfv;Hk cs t+yD; =o*kwf (15) &ufae@ wGif *syef wdkŒ vufeuf cs cJhonf? 1945 ckESpf pufwifbm v (2) &ufae@ wGiftar&duef ppfoabFm USS Missouri ay:wGif *syef u w&m;0if vufeuf csa=umif; vufrw S f a&;xdk; cJh+y;D 'kwd, urBmppf +y;D qH;k cJhonf? vD'dkvrf;r}uD;udk 10 v cefŒrSsom tokH;+yKcJh+yD; ppf+yD;qHk; +yD;aemufydkif;rSpI vD'dk vrf;r}u;D tm;toHk;jyK jcif;r&Sd awmhygacs? jrefrm jynf vGwfvyfa&; &+yD; aemuf vD'dk vrf;r}uD; onf wjznf;jznf; ysufpD; ,dk,Gif; vmcJhonf? 1955 ckESpfwGif Land Rover um; ESpfpD; jzifh vD'kd +rKd ŒrS jrpf}u;D em; +rdKŒodŒk c&D;oGm; wuUov kd f ausmif;om; (6) a,muf vdu k yf g vmcJo h nfh Oxford-Cambridge Overland Expedition tzJG@ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf?xdktzGJŒonf vD'dkvrf;ay:wGif aemufqkH; c&D;oGm;cJhaom tzGJŒ jzpfayonf? 1 2 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

121

,cktcsdefwGif ucsifjynfe,fudk taemufajrmufzufrS ta&S@awmifzufodk@ jzwfoef;oGm;onfh vD'v dk rf;r}uD; udk tdE, dN ESifh w&kwEf idk fit H =um; pD;yGm;ukefo, G rf _twGuf ta&;ygonfh tm&Svrf;r}uD;wpfckjzpfvmap&ef tdENd,ESifh w&kwf EdkifiHrsm;u arSsmfvifh xm;=uonf?ucsifjynfe,f. taemufajrmuf [l;aumif;awmif}um; yefaqmifvrf;rS jrefr mEdkifi H twGif;odkŒ jzwf0 ifvmaomvD' dkvrf; r}uD;onf ucsifjynfe,ftwGi f; &Siaf bG,efEiS hf wEdik ;f +rKd Œ rsm;od@k qufo, G x f m; onf? w&kwef ,fpyf 0rfwed rf S rdik f;,k/ erfch rf;/ Aef;armf/ jrpf}uD;em;/ wEdkif; vrf;ydkif;udk w¶kwfzuf rSjyKjyifazmuf vkyfae +yD jzpf+yD; tdENd,e,fpyfrS wEdkif;txd vrf;ydkif;udk tdENd,rS wm0ef,l azmufvkyfrnf[k od&Sd&onf? jrpf}uD;em; +rdKŒudk jzwf oef;oGm;aom vD'dk vrf;r}uD;.ab;wGif tHawmf&Sif bk&m;/ pdrf;jr {&m yef;+cH/ em&Dpif/ jrpf}uD;em; avqdyf wdkŒ&Sdae=uay onf? 2010 jynfhESpfaemufydkif; wGif tmoH jynfe,f rS a'ocH tcsdKonf jrefrmjynf e,fpyf yefaqmif awmif=um; txd vD'dk vrf;a=umif; twdkif; armfawmf qdkifu,f/ um; rsm;jzift h yk pf k vdu k f c&D; xGuf=u a=umif;=um;od&ayonf? 2008 ckEpS f wGif ,leef wuUov kd frS ordkif; ynm&Sif *D&SL&m OD;aqmif I w&kwf owif; axmuf (100) ausmf yg0if aom tzJ@G onfvD'dk vrf;r}uD; twdkif; jrpf}u;D em; +rdKŒodkŒa&muf&Sd vmcJh=uonf?*D&LS &monf vD'dk +rdKŒodkŒ yxrqH;k a&mufz;l jcif;jzpf+y;D vD'kd vrf;r}u;D .tpdwf tydki;f / awmawmif/ jrpfacsmif;/ rdkifwdkif wpfckwdkif; wGif ajymjy p&m ordkif; tjzpf tysufrsm; rsm;pGm&Sda=umif; ajymcJh onf?tar&duefEdkifiH&Sd 'kwd,urBmppf ppfr_xrf; a[mif; tcsdKŒ onfvnf; vD'dk vrf;/ ESifh jrefrmvrf;r c&D;pOfudk vma&mufcJh=uzl;onf? jrefrm jynfolrsm;vnf; wpfqpfcsKd; tauGŒaygif; 21 auGŒ &Sdum /aywpfaomif; ausmfeufaomacsmufurf;yg;rsm;&Sdonfh awmiftoG,foG,f ay:wGif azmufvkyf xm;onfh vD'dkvrf;r }uD; wpfavSsmuf c&D;ESif vSnv hf nf&if;twdwf orkdi;f ukd jyefvnf cHpm; Edki=f u ouJo h kŒd jynfyrSvma&mufvnfywf vdkol rsm;udk vnf;vD'dkvrf;ESifh jrefrmvrf;rwdkŒudkoGm;a&mufEdkif&ef pDpOfay;Edkifygu jrefrmEdkifiH. c&D;oGm;vkyfief;twGuf wpfpdwfwpfyfkif; taxmuftyHhjzpfvmEdkifrnf[k ,lqrdygonf?

armifom Source :

(a&S;a[mif;okawoe) ( 18 / 12 / 2014 ) &ufae@xkwf jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmrS urBmausmf jrefrmvrf;r}uD;rsm; (Win Zaw FB rS jyefvnf&,lygonf)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

121

122

wuUodkvfawG t&iftwdkif;ygyJ armifomcsdK

(wpf) trSefwu,f ajymif;vJ oGm;cJhyg+yDvkd@yJajymajym/ [efaqmifajymif;vJ vdkufwm ygvdk@yJqdkqkd/ wpf0ufwpfysufajymif; vJay;r_vdk@yJ uifyGef;wyfwyf/ 2011 ckESpfu pvkd@ EkdifiHhwm0ef udk,lcJhwJh orRw}uD;OD;odef;pdef wkd@tpdk;&tzGJŒ[m 2015 tukef 2016 tqef;rSmjzifh oufwrf; ukefqHk;oGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f? tpdk;&oufwrf;tawm twGif;rSm jynfol@tvdu k s vkyf ay;Ekdicf hw J mawGvnf;&S/d rvkyf ay;Ekid cf w hJ mawGvnf; &Sw d mrd@k vl@tvdk ewfrvdu k Ef idk b f ;l qdw k hJ pum;twkid ;f vH;k 0O\Hk tjypfawG yHkrcsvkdaomfvnf;yJ ynma&;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ ododomom rajymif;ay;cJhEdik fwm udkjzifh pdwfxrJ Sm tm;rvdktm;r& jzpf&ygw,f? bufaygif;pHk aemufus aewJh jrefrmEkdiif HrSm ynma&;uvnf; ajymjyvk@d r&Jatmif aemufusvk@d aecJw h mrd@k jrefjref uav;ajymif;jzpfc&Jh if aumif;rSmyJvk@d qEN&cSd ahJ yr,fh 'H&k if;'Hk &if; taetxm;rsKd ;om jzpfaecJw h mrd@k tm;rvdk tm;r& jzpf&wmyg? (ESpf) jrefrmEkdifiH&ŒJ wuUodkvf ynma&;[m aemufusygw,f? urBmay:rSm tapmqHk;ay:cJhwJh wuUodkvf[m tDwvD EdkifiH Adkvdk@nm (Bologna) +rdKŒuav;rSm ay:xGef;cJhwJh Adkvdk@ nm wuUodkvfyg? 1088 ckESpfrSm onfwuUodkvf ay:xGef;cJh w,fqkdawmh yk*Hacwf usefppf om;vufxufuqkdawmhum pma&;ol tHhtm;oifh&ygw,f? tJon fhwuUodkvf&JŒaqmifyk'f (Motto) u Nourishing mother 1 2 2 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

123

of the studies wJc h ifAs? Nour-ishing &JŒ t"dym` ,fu tm[m & qkad wmhum ynmrdcifv@dk yJ

jyef&aumif;rvm;/ ynmEdk@csdKvdk@ yJ jyef&aumif;rvm; oifhovdkom jyef=uygavawmh? tJ²² urBmausmf atmuf pzdk@'f (Oxford) wuUodkvfuawmh t*FvefrSm 1096 ckESpfrSm ay:xGef;ygowJh? yk*Hbk&if tavmif;pnfol&JŒ om;awmfe& ol vufxufrSmyg? ol@aqmifyk'fu The Lord is My Light wJh? bk&m;ocif[m igh&JŒtvif;vkd@jyef&if oifhrvm;rod? aemuf tJonfht*Fvef&JŒ urBmausmf uef;b&pfcsf (Ca-mbridge) wuUodkvf uawmh 1209 ckEpS f yk*b H &k if e&ywd pnfov l ufxufrmS ay:xGe;f a=umif; rSwo f m;&ygw,f? (From) here (We Receive) Light and Sacred Draughts qkdwm ol@aqmify' k fyaJ ygh? acsmatmif rjyefwwfbl;cifAs? tvif;eJ@ jrwfEdk;zG,fwkd@&JŒ ae&m vdk@ jyef&if&rvm;rod? tar&duef emrnf}uD; wuUodkvfwpfcku [m;Awf (Harvard)? olu 1636 ckESprf Sm ay:owJ?h ol@aqmifyk'fu Truth wJh? trSefw&m;qkdawmh aumif;vku d w f m? aemuf urBmausmw f uU odv k fwpfcu k vnf; tar&duef uygyJ? rufqmcsL;quf (Mas-sachusetts) wuUodkvf/ 1861 -1865 ckESpfrSm ay:wm? aqmifyk'fu Mind and Hand wJh? um, ^m%qkd&if aumif;rvm;/ ESvHk;om;eJ@ =uGuo f m;qkd &if aumif;rvm;? rod? a,;vf (Yale)wuUodkvfuvnf; tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k JŒ xdyo f ;D wuUov dk f ygyJ? 1701 ckESpfrSm ay:xGef;w,fqkd awmh olvnf; apmwmyJaygh? ol@aqmifyk'fu Light and Truth wJh? tvif;eJ@ trSefw&m wJh? cspfzdk@aumif;vdu k w f m? ajym&&if tukefvHk;[m u|efawmfwdk@xuf rsm;pGmqkdrS rsm;pGm apmvdk@ aecJh=u wmudk;? &efukew f uUokv d fu 1920 OpPm? onfae@ tJonfhwuUodkvaf wG tukev f Hk;[m atmfwkEd dk;rmhpf (Autonomous) awGcifAs? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& wuUodkvfawGvdk@yJ qkdygawmh? (ok;H ) wuUodkvfynma&;eJ@ywf oufvm&if udk,hrf ludk,fh[efeJ@ atmfwdkEdk;rmhpf (Autonomous) wuUodkvfa wGjzpfz dk@ vdkw,fqkdwmudk ynm&Sifa ygif; trsm;tjym;u ajym=uqk=d uvSyg+y?D ud, k q hf &mudk ud, k phf w d f }uKd upf /k udk,ahf iGe@J ud, k o f ;kH / ud, k o f ifr,fph m ud, k b hf mom ud, k jf yÏmef;qk+d y;D rlawG/ 0g' awG csjyayr,fhvnf; u|eaf wmfw@dk wpfawG rajymif;Ekdi=f uao; ygbl;? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm trsdK;om; ynma&;Oya'udk 2014 ckESpfpufwifbm 30 &ufu jyÏmef;cJhygw,f? 'gudk jyifqifcsifwma=umifh 2015 azazmf0g&D 14 &ufrSm tpdk;&/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

123

124

v$wfawmfudk,f pm;vS,f/ NNER (National Network for Education Ref-orm)eJ@ ausmif;om;awG av;yGifhqkdifawGŒqHk+yD; NNER wkd@/ a'gufwmodef;vGifwkd@/ a'gufwm ndKndKoif;wkd@/ udkatmifrd_if;qef;wkd@ vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD; trsdK;om; ynma&;Oya'udk jyifqifonfhrl=urf;qkd+yD; wifoGif;cJhygw,f? tJonfhaemuf 2015 ZGefv 18 &ufrSm jynf axmifpkv$wfawmfu trsdK;om;ynma&;Oya'udk jyifqif jyÏmef;ygw,f? tJonfOh ya' c&D;pOf}u;D wpfavSsmufv;kH rSm wuUov dk af wG&JŒ ynma&; vGwfvyf cGifhqkdwm t+rJygaewm jzpfayr,fh tcktxd u|efawmfwkd@ bmrS rajymif;vJEkdifygbl;? wuUodkvftoD;oD;[m olwkd@pdwf}udKuf q&m/ q&mr awGudk ac:,lxm;cGifh r&Sdao;ygbl;? olwdk@oifcsifwJh oif¶dk;udk oifay;cGifhr&Sdao;ygbl;? q&m/q&mrawG[m t&ifvdkygyJ? [kda&mufonfa&muf avSsmufa&mufae=uwkef;yg? xdyfqHk; jrpf}uD;em; wuUodkvfuae atmufqHk; +rdwfwuUodkvftxd oifwJhpmawGu twlwlyg? ud, k yf idk f vGwfvGwv f yf vyf&yfwnfwhJ Autonomous University awGb0udk u|efawmfwkd@ enf;enf;uav;rS yHkroGif;Ekdif cJh=uygbl;? ,cifh,cifuvkd t&ifht&if twkdif;ygyJ? (av;) urBmx h yd o f ;D Ekid if aH wGukd =unfw h t hJ cg wuUov kd q f w dk Jh ynm&yfqidk &f m XmeawGukd wnfaqmufwm tvGeaf pmyg w,f? 'Dae&mawGrmS ynm&Sif &Sm=u&rSmvnf; b,fow l pfO;D wpfa,muf wpfzGJŒwpfoif; wpfygwD&JŒ E_wfjrGufpum; twkdif; wpfoa0rwdrf; vdkufem oif,w l Jh vrf;a=umif;uae b,fawmhrS ravSsmuf=uygbl;? 'gha=umifh olw@dk a&SŒudk a&mufuek =f uwmyJayg?h u|ef awmfw@dk tcktxd a&SŒa&muf r,fhvrf;udk rcif;cJh=uao;yg bl;? jrefjrefAsdKŒ jrefjrefvdk@yJ u|efawmf atmfyg&apawmh?

armifomcsdK (7 &uf ae@pOfowif;pm rS)

1 2 4 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

125

0wˆKwdk

rdk;a&awGu u|efrajcaxmufukd jzwfpD; ae=uw,f? ajreDvrf;&J@ tzktxpf csdKifh0Srf;awGxJrSm rdk;a&awGcsnf;yJ/ rdk;OD;ayr,fh rdk;¶Gmwm u a&ygvdkufwm/ wefzdk;enf; 0efxrf;tdrf&m &yfuGufav;wckvHk; a&}uD;ae+yD/ opfyif tkyftkyaf v;awGe@J ESpfcef;wGJ wxyfwdkuf trd;k edrhef rd jfh ym;jym;av;awGu rdk;a&xJrSm +ird +f ird f av; awG&yfae=uw,f? [dkwkef;u vcESpf&muae av;&m ywf0ef;usif&wJh 0efxrf;awGudk aqmufay; cJhwJh av;axmifhig;&mwef ESpfcef;wGJ wxyfwdkuf jym;jym;av;awG[m Am'Hyif/ oajyyif/ ydawmufyif/ tke;f yifav;awG 0ef;&H+y;D tvsiw f ek ;f uawmh (trd;k edr@f vGe;f wma=umifh raeEdik /f rxdkifEdkif ylwmuvGJ&if) odyfudkat;csrf; vSycJhvdrfhr,f xifw,f? ckusawmhvJ wdkufjym;av;awG ab;rSm tzDawG/ tqG,fawG/ tydk;awGeJ@ =unfh&wm yHkyef;rusEdkifvdkufwm/ a[m²²²²²² a¶S@rSmpD;aewJh rdk;a&acsmif;u awmfawmf euf[efwlw,f/ u|wfu|wftdwfeJ@/ ydkufqHtdwfeJ@ vHk;axG;udkif wbufu xD;aqmif;+yD; rdk;a&acsmif;udk jzwf&w,f? a¶S@uoGm;ae=uwJh rdef;rawG aemufudkvnf; rDatmif vdkuf&ao;w,f? ra&mufao;bl;vm;/ 'Dem;eD;eD;av;qdk+yD; ckxdvJ qloH/ nHoH/ ac:oH/ atmfoH bmtoHAvHrSvnf; r=um;&ao;bl;? wdkujf ym;av; ESpcf kem;uae rd;k a&tdik jf zwf&if; vrf;udck sKd ;auG@ vdu k w f ,f? [if²²²²² =unfhygOD;/ rarSsmfvifhyJ bGm;ueJ awG@vdkuf&wJh aps;av;/ rdk;a&awG azG;azG;v_yf aewJh uGif;jyif}uD;&J@ tpyfrSm aps;eJ@rwlpGm +idrfoufv_yf¶Sm;aewJh u|efr ae@pOf 0,f&r,fh rdk;a&aps;uav;? ............... tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

125

126

aps;av;udk 0if0ifcsif; u|efrudk qD;}udKE_wfqufwJhqdkif/ woGifoGifpD;cHaewJh rdk;a&acsmif;av;udk cGaqmufxm;wJh acguq f J/G yJjym;eJ@ bJaoG;qdik /f qdik ¶f iS frdef;ru tifzuf uav;w¶GufeJ@ ,ifwzsyfzsyfcwf&if;u u|efrudk arSsmfvifhw}uD; vSrf;=unfhaew,f? r=unfheJ@ ¶Sifa&/ acgufqGJausmfqdkwm pm;vdk@aumif;ayr,fh qDodyf ukefw,fodvm;? aps;t0if0rSm xD;xD;av;use&f pfcJhwJh acguq f Jq G idk u f ae enf;enf;avSsmuf+y;D b,fbufukd =unfhvku d af wmh ajr}uD;ay:rSm a&pdrfxm;wJh ig;ZvHkawGukd csa&mif;aewJh ig;onf ESpfonf/ ig;onfab;rSm pm;yGJcHka v;wcHkeJ@ 0ufom;onf/ 0ufom;onfab;rSm ajr}uD;ay: yvyfpwpfcif; yHkxm;wJh o&ufoD; onf? tJ'DqdkifawG tv,frSm u|efr &yfvdkufw,f? bm0,f&rSef; rodbJ ig;a&ZvHkxJ *,ufxatmif usaewJh rdk;a&awGeJ@ pm;yGJcHk av;ay:u 0ufom;awGay: waygufayguf usaewJh rdk;a&awGudk ai;=unfhrdw,f? ig;eJ@ 0ufay:rdk;a&uswm raumif;ayr,fh o&uf oD;awGay: rdk;a&uswmuawmh taumif; om;/ o&ufoD;av;awGu pm;csifhpzG,f oef@¶Sif;0if;vufvdk@? "tpfra&²²²²²²² vmav/ ig;jrpfcsif;awG vwfw,f" "0ufom;csuf tpfra&/ qDcdk&w,f" "yifv,fig;uawmh csdKvwf aygav; av²²²²²" u|erf ajcaxmufawGu tvdv k kd 0ufom;qdkifav;ab;udk a&mufoGm;w,f/ ESpf a,mufwnf;aom ig;onf&J@ ESpfrsdK;wnf;aom ig;jrpfcsif;eJ@ yifv,fig;[m 0ufom;eJ@ pm&if aps;enf;enf;aygayr,fh te@HwrsdK; eHwwfwJh ig;jrpfcsif;udk =uufoGefjzL/ refusnf; rSnfh/ rqvmxyfaqmif;&wmeJ@? t&omaygh ¶$wf¶$wf yifv,fig;udk iHjym&nf tcsdKr_ef@ ememe,f&wmeJ@yJ 0ufom;aps;eJ@ bmxl;vd@k vJ? bmyJajymajym 0ufom;u pm;vdk@ aumif;w,f/ qDcdk&w,f/ [if;emrnfajym& wm *k%f¶dw S ,f/ ol@[mol av;q,fjzpfjzpf/ ig;q,fjzpfjzpf ud, k fwwfEidk foavmuf av; 0ufom; tpteav; wq,fom;avmufudk oHk;usyfcGJavmufeJ@ 0,f+yD; a&maESm zefwD;vdku&f if pm;aumif;wJh [if;wcGuaf wmh jzpfygw,f? "oHk;xyfom; tpav;awG ESpfq,fom; xnfhay;aemf" "eH¶dk;av; tpdwfom; jrefjrefvkyfygOD; aemf/ ¶Hk;csdefeD;aevdk@" "'Dtom;pav;awG b,favmufom;avmuf ¶SdrvJ[if" u|efr a¶S@u 0,faewJhrdef;rawGvJ t=uHwl Om%fwlawGcsnf;ygvm;/ olwdk@oHk; a,mufpvHk; ¶kyf&nfoef@oef@jyef@jyef@awG/ avoHuvJ rGefrGef&nf&nfyJ/ em;rSmem;uyf awmifrygyJ oef@¶Sif;aewmu vGJ&ifaygh/ tJ²²²²²² ¶Sif wmu udpPr¶Sdbl;/ olwdk@ oHk;a,muf +y;D &if u|erf twGuf tom;p&rS &ygOh D;rvm;/ tom;pyHek @J eH¶k;d yHt k awmfenf;ae+y/D 'Dbufu 1 2 6 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

127

0ufom;aygio f m;}u;D uawmh t&mr,Gi;f oavmuf/ u|erf oufjyif;wcsuf csvu kd rf dw,f/ aygifom; aumif;aumif;uawmh ig;usyftenf;qHk;¶SdrSm/ awmf+yD tom;p r&vdk@uawmh r0,fawmhbl;? "orD;a&²²²² o&ufoD;awGu b,favmufwv Jh Ju, G f" "wusyfcGJ ig;rwf ta':/ 'Dbufu wusyfcGJ/ 'Dbufu ig;rwf" 0ufom;onfem;rSm csDwHkcswHk&yfaewJh u|efrtm¶Hk o&ufoD;qD a&mufoGm;jyef w,f? tom;jzLjzL00 ta':}uD;wa,mufu wusyfcGJ o&ufoD;eJ@ ig;rwfo&ufoD;udk wvH;k pD aumufvdkucf svdkuf vkyf&if;²²²²²² "ravSsmhawmhblvm;uG,f/ aps;u odyf }uD;wmyJ" "[m²²²² b,fu aps;}uD;&rSmvJ ta':&J/ 'ghxufaumif;wJhtoD;awG ESpfusyf oHk;usyf awmif¶Sdao;w,f/ ta':u b,fESpfvHk; ,lrSmvJ/ q,fvHk;vm;" "tdk²²²²² r[kwfygbl;/ ESpfvHk;avmufygu, G f uav;awG taztwGu"f ta':=uD;u ig;rwfweftyHkxJu temygwJh o&ufoD;ESpfvk;H udk qGJxkwfw,f? "'DtrSnfhav;awGqdk&ifaumuG,f" "uJ²²²²² ta':&,f wusyfeJ@yJ ,loGm;yg awmh/ temygvdk@ avSsmhvdkufr,f" ta':=uD;u jcif;av;xJ yifv,fig;&J@ ab;rSm o&ufoD;ESpfvHk;udkwifw,f? "cufwmyJ/ uav;awG tazudak wmh 'D tusiu hf kd azsmufcikd ;f OD;rS/ xrif;pm;+y;D &if toD;tESHav; pm;wwfwJh [dkwek f;u pma&;}uD;tusiu fh kd &yfwef;u&yfawmh awmfa& vd@k " nnf;!LoGm;wJh ta':}uD; avoHu rGef&nfw,f/ ¶kyfuvnf; a¶S;pma&;}uD; uawmf¶kyf/ oef@jyef@w,f/ 'gayr,fh jzLoef@wJh ol@rsufESmay:u trlt&mudkawmh u|efr t"dyg` ,f raumufwwfb;l ? wrsKd ;yJ/ yifyef;EGr;f vsaewmvm;/ tm;i,f0rf;enf;aewm vm;/ xdwv f ef@a}umuf¶@HG aewmvm;/ bmvJ? .................... "csOfaygif¶Gufu b,fvdkvJ[if" "wpfpD; ig;rl;tpfr" "rSspu f aum" "rSspfu wusyfcGJ" csOaf ygi¶f u G w f pD;udk tdwx f x J nfh+y;D rSspEf ak v;awGukd pkz=G unfrh w d Jh u|erf vufawG wGef@oGm;w,f? csOfaygifeJ@ rSspfav;a&mcsuf/ ig;ydaxmif;pyfpyf axmif;awmhr,fqdkwJh tpDtpOfeJ@ 0ufom;qdkifuae cgGajy;vmcJhwm =unfhygOD;/ rSspfu csOfaygifxuf oHk;q/ ig;usyfom;wnf; 0,fjyefawmhvJ nreuf ravmufjyefbl;/ uJygav rxl;ygbl;/ 'grrS csu&f ifvJ b,fEh , S v f yk rf vJ/ ckvckd sed rf mS ESpu f syo f ;kH usyef @J [if;wcGujf zpfz@kd vG,rf w S v f @kd ? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

127

128

aps;onf aumifrav;udk u|efr ig;usyf wefa y;xm;&if ; ol@ uke fpdrf; qdki fa v;udk avSsmuf=unfhrdw,f/ csOfaygif/ uefpGef;/ rSspf/ i¶kwfpdrf;/ zvHawmifa0S; 'gyJ/ ol@qdkifav;u v[mjyif0ufom;qdik f/ v[mjyifig;qdkif v[mjyifo&ufoD;qdik fw@dk &J@ nmbufwnfhwnfh/ rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f qdik w f ef;av;&J@ b,fbufjcrf;rSm/ ol@qdik af v;u p+y;D wzuf &yfwu J av;eJ@ vHkvHkjcHKjcHKav; jzpfvm+y?D "nDra&²²²²zvHawmifa0S; oHk;pnf; avmufa[h" "&w,fq&m/ 'Dae@ q&mr rvmbl;vm;" "nnf;q&mr rae@u um;wqifh tajymif;rSm rdk;rd+yD; zsm;+yDav" qdik f¶iS faumifrav;u ausmif;q&mxif&wJh rsurf eS w f 0if;0if;eJ@ ol&@J tdwfxu J kd zvHawmifa0S;pnf;awGxnfhay;&if;²²²²² "oHk;usyf q&m" "a[mAsm/ wusyfoHk;pnf; r[kwfbl;vm;ath" qdkif¶Sifaumifrav;u wcpfcpf&,f&if; rsufpdrsufESm ysufoGm;wJh q&mudk "wusyfoHk; pD;u [dk;a¶S;wke;f uq&m&J@" wJh? "nnf;q&mruawmh om;ig;aps;}u;D w,fwh/J ay:OD;ay:zsm;av;qd+k y;D zvHawmif a0S;a=umfudk ig pm;csifwma[h/ uJ pdwfawmh rqdk;eJ@ xm;cJhy[" zvHawmifa0S;pnf;awGudk cscJh+yD; okwfceJajy;wJh rsufrSefxleJ@ &nfrGefoyf&yfwJh q&m&J@ ¶SufrsufESmay:u trlt&mwrsdK;udk u|efr jrifjzpfatmifjrifvdkufw,f? ............... ig;ydaxmif;twGuf pdrf;pm;iyd 0,f&OD;r,f? 'Dbufjcrf;u wzuf&yfwq J dkifuav; oHk;qdkifpvHk;u ukefpdrf;qdkifawG/ a&mif;wJh toD;t¶Guf tm;vHk;uvJ twlwlyJ? enf;enf;ydk&if;EdkifwJh qdkifeJ@wlwJh b,fbufqHk;u qdkifrSmyJ c&rf;csOfoD; wifxm;wm awG@w,f? oHk;vHk;yJpD;wJh wq,fom;ESpfusyfwef c&rf;csOfoD;udk u|efr a0;a0;ua¶SmifcJhw,f? ig;yd0,fzk@d u ukefajcmufqkid rf mS rS ¶Sdr,f? rdk;a&aps;&J@ b,fbufjcrf;u qHk;+yaD v? tJ nmbufjcrf;rSm ukefajcmufqdkifyJ? [dkykvif;av;xJu rnf;rnf;awG[m pdrf;pm;ig;ydyJ? csif;/ =uufoGefjzL/ =uufoGefeD/ tmvl;/ ukvm;yJ/ =umqH rqdk;bl;? ukefajcmuftpHk¶Sdom;yJ/ wckyJ¶Sdw,f/ ypPnf;awGuawmh tm;vHk; cyfnHhnhaH wGcsn;f yJ? qdik fa¶S@&yf+yD; uGsefr yg;pyfu 'ig;ydwrwfzdk;' vdk@ v$wfceJxGufr,f vkyf+yD;rS ukefpdrf;onfrav;&J@ [dka¶S;wkef;u aps;udktrSwf&+yD; "ig;yd ig;rl;zdk;" vdk@ cyfwdk;wdk; ajymvdkufrdw,f? qdkif¶Sifrdef;ru tmvl;csdefae&mu u|efrudk wcsufvSrf;=unfh+yD;²²²² 1 2 8 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

129

"oHk;rwfzdk; ,lvdkufav/ ESpfusyfom;/ ¶Sifrematmifvdk@/ ig;ydwq,fom; oHk;usyfav" u|efr enf;enf;¶Suo f Gm;w,f/ ighES,n f Hh vdkufav/ wq,fom; b,favmufvJ ar;+yD; ESpfusyfcGJom;ay;vdk@ ajymEdkifygvsufueJ@ oHk;rwfzdk;avmufawmh wwfEdkifygao; w,fav? "c%aemf ay;r,f/ a&mh armifav;a&/ [dknDrav;udk tmvl;xnfhay;vdkuyf gOD;/ ydkuq f HvJ ¶Sif;,lvdkuaf emf" qdkif¶Sifrdef;ru ol@ab;em;rSm xdkifa&mif;aewJh ol@armifvli,faumifav;udk tmvl;awmif;av;ay;+y;D ig;ydyv k if;udkziG w hf ,f/ tmvl;0,fwhJ aumifrav;&J@ oG,o f G,ef @J jzLvswhJ vufacsmif;av;awGukd u|erf owd xm;vdu k rf w d ,f/ qG}J uKd ;awG em;uyfawG rygwhJ rsufESmeJ@ vnfwdkifav;uvJ vSvku d w f m/ oef@vdkuw f Jh ¶kyu f av;/ u|efrvdkyJ? ¶G,fwlqidk f ¶Sifaumifav;u tmvl;xnfhay;&if; ai;aevdkufwmrsm; aumifrav;awmif odw,f? "i¶kyfoD;r_ef@ ig;usyfom;wxkyfygay;aemf/ b,favmufusvJ[if" aumifrav;u i¶kwfoD;r_ef@xkyfav; jcif;xJxnfh+yD; ydkufqHtdwf rnf;rnf; ao;ao;av;udk zGifhw,f? "tmvl;ig;q,fom;u av;usy/f i¶kwf oD;r_ef@xkyu f ESpu f sy/f ajcmufusycf ifAs" aumifrav;u w0ufzGifhxm;wJh Zpfuae usyfwefav;awG Ed_uf,laew,f/ av;¶Guf? ZpfudktqHk;txd olqufzGifhw,f/ u|efr&ifxJ xdwfceJwkefoGm;w,f/ ol@ ydkufqHtdwfxJrSm ta=uGav; waphESpfaphuvGJvSsif bmrSr¶Sdawmhygvm;? "ig;yd&+yD tpfr" "[kw²f ²²²²[kwf' qd+k y;D u|erf ig;ydxkyaf v;udk vSr;f ,l&if; olav;&J@jcif;av;xJudk rsufpdu a&mufrdjyefw,f/ jcif;xJrSm csOfaygifwpnf;&,f/ tmvl;&,f/ i¶kwfoD;r_ef@ xkyfav;&,fygyJvm;uG,f/ ESmacgif;zsm;av;awG ac|;pdk@aewJh ol@rsufESmav;udk oem; vdu k w f m? "[dk²²²²²² u|efr i¶kwfoD;r_ef@xkyf r,lawmhbl;aemf/ arh0,frdvdk@" usyfwefav;¶GufeJ@ i¶kwfoD;r_ef@xkyaf v;ay;aewJh aumifrav;&J@ ydkufqHtdwf Zpf zGifhcsnf ydwfcsnfvkyfaewJh tjzpfudk aumifav;u &dyfrdovdk uAsmu,meJ@²²²²² "[m²²²²² &ygw,f/ 'DrSm cifAsm;,lcsifvJ ,loGm;yg/ aemufrS ay;aygh/ &ygw,f" "tdk r,lygbl;" aumifrav;u jcif;av;qG+J yD; tajy;wydik ;f eJ@ xGuo f mG ;vdu k w f m ol@yvwfpwpf cGyfcGyfzdeyfav;u pifwJh ¶$H@a&awG ol@tusôtjzLav;rSm wzsyfzsyf pOfukefw,f? "rESpfurS bGJ@&wmav/ ¶kyfuav;uvJ ¶Sdawmh rmeav;eJ@/ 'gayr,fh qif;&J tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

129

130

ygw,f/ rdbawGu yifpifawG/ armifESruvJ trsm;}uD;" u|efrudkvm;/ ol@armifuv dk m;rod/ &nf¶G,af jymaewJh aps;onfrdef;r&J@pum;udk u|efr em;raxmifcsifbl;? u|efr qufavSsmufcw Jh ,f/ 'Dnmbufjcrf;u wzuf&yfwJqdkifav; oHk;qdkipf vHk; ukefajcmufqdkifawGcsnf;ygvm;/ ukefajcmufqdkif oHk;qdkif+yD;awmh rdk;a&aps;&J@ wqdkif wnf;aom yef;qdik f/ tJ'Dyef;qdik f +y;D wmeJ@ =uufom;/ qdwo f m;/ trJom;qdki/f tvSukeq f kid f/ txnfqdkif/ pufcsKyfqdkif/ zdeyfqdkif/ rHk@[if;cg;qdkif/ uufqufacGqdkif/ pmtkyfiSm;qdkif r¶SdwJh aps;av;u qHk;oGm;cJh+yD? rdk;a&aps;tqHk;u yef;qdkifa¶S@rSm u|efr &yfvdkufw,f? ................

"bmyef;awG¶SdvJ ta':" "aZmfpdrf;¶Sdw,f/ aZmfusm;¶Sdw,f/ ESif;qDeJ@atmifoajyawGuvJ vSrSvS/ orD; bm,lrvJ" "ESif;qDawGu b,favmufvJ ta':" "wpnf;oHk;usyfav orD;/ ESif;qDu aps;awmhenf;enf;}uD;w,fu, G h/f aZmfpdrf; av;awG,yl gvm;/ aps;vJcsdKw,f txm;vJcHw,f" "aZmfpdrf;awGcsnf;yJ wif&vGef;vdk@vJ bk&m;udk tm;emvS+yD ta':&J@/ wcgwav ar$;wJyh ef;av; bmav;wif&aumif;rvm;vdk@" "uJ 'Dvdkqdk ESif;qD¶SpfyGifhpnf;av;yJ,l/ ESpfusyfwrwfay;cJh" "'Daps;u naeaps;a&m¶Sdvm; ta':" "¶Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh naeaps;u odyrf pHk bl;ayg/h ta':qdk naeaps; b,fawmhrS rxGufbl;/ naeus yef;oGm;,l&w,fav" "aps;av;u ao;ao;av;aemf ta':/ 'Daps;¶Sdwm =um+yDvm;" "=um+yq D dkygawmhu, G f/ av;ig;ESpfawmh ¶S+d yDayg/h aps;uav;qdk pnfyifom,mu zGifhay;wJhaps;rS r[kwfwmuG,f/ tvsif ta':wdk@u [dk;um;vrf;r aps;}uD;em;rSm ajy;v$m;a&mif; ae&wJh ysHusaps;onfa wGav/ 'De m;rSm pk+yD; qdkifa v;uem;av;eJ@ vkyfvdkufawmh ÁajEN&oGm;wmayghuG,f/ 'Dw0dkufu 0efxrf; orm;awGvJ eD;eD;em;em; 0,fv@dk &oGm;wm aygh" "a&mif;&&J@vm; ta':/ wae@b,f avmufjrwfovJ" "rqdk;ygbl;orD;&,f/ wreufcif; wq,f/ q,fhESpfusyfawmh usefygw,f/ 'geJ@ 1 3 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

131

orD;u 'Daps;r0,fzl;bl; xifw,f" "u|efr 'Dajymif;vmwm r=umao;bl; ta':&J@/ ESpf&uf oHk;&ufyJ ¶Sdao;wm" "a=omf-[kwv f m;/ b,fuajymif;vm wmvJ orD;u" "urm¶Gwf vSnf;wef;uyg" "[if²²²²²² 'Dae&mu a0;ua0;eJ@/ bmvdk@ ajymif;vmwmvJ/ tvkyfoGm;awmh um;ESpfqifh}u;D " "a=omf ta':&,f/ pay:upum;ajymwmaygh/ pay:rwwfEdkifwJh uGsefrwdk@vdk 0efxrf;awG ta0;vGifh&wmyJaygh/ 'Dae&mrSm 0efxrf; awG pkaewmyJ=unfh/ udk,ht f vkyfeJ@ eD;eD;aecsifwmcsnf;aygh ta':&,f/ u|efr trsdK;om;qdk wuUodkvfu q&myJ/ vSnf;wef;u b,fajymif;csifrvJ" "at;av [kwfyg&J@/ 'geJ@ orD;tvkyfuaum" "u|efrtvkyfu +rdK@xJu ¶H;k rSm" orD;u vcb,favmuf&vJ" "¶Si"f u|erf ¶kww f &uf E_wq f @HG oGm;w,f/ wae@ wq,f q,fhEpS u f sy&f wJh yef;a&mif;wJh ta':}uD;udk bGJ@& u|efr&J@ ae@pm;0ifaiG ajcmufusyfcGJudk u|efr ajymrxGuf bl;? "[dkav²²²²² ta': 'Dem;u 0efxrf;rsm; awmh a=uG;awGbmawG usrSmyJaemf" "[ifhtif; rusygbl;/ a=uG;r,lbl;uG,h/f bmajymrvJ oduQmayghuG,f/ 'DvdkyJ }uw d rf Sdwf onf;cH+y;D wwfEdkifwmav;awGyJ 0,fomG ;=uwmyJ" }udwfrSdwfonf;cH [kwfvm;/ u|efrod+yD/ rdk;a&aps;av;xJrSm aps;0,fae=uwJh rsufESmawGudk u|efr od+yD/ &nfrGefoef@jyef@wJh [dkrdef;rawG&J@ rsufESm/ pma&;}uD;uawmf tbGm;}u;D rsuEf mS / [dak usmif;q&m rsufEmS / [dak csmacsmeJ@ bG@J &aumifrav;&J@ rsuEf mS awGukd u|erf od+y/D csOaf ygief @J rSspx f nfx h m;wJh uGswfusG wf tdwaf v;udk qG/J rd;k a&awGukd jzwfoef;+y;D u|efr tdrfjyefa&mufwJhtcg rSefxJrSm u|efr rsufESmudk jrefjref ajy;=unfh&OD;r,f/ r[m0dZ…mbGJ@&/ vcav;&mausmf&/ wuUodkvfu enf;jyq&m&J@ rdef;r/ ody`HbGJ@& u|efr&J@ rsufEmS uaum?

EkEk&nf (tif;0) (1987/ &ifckefyGifh r*~Zif;rS jyefvnful;,laz: jyygw,f)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

131

132

bmomjyef tcef;quf a'gufwmbarmf .

&kef;xGufcJh&aomjrefrmjynf

Ba Maw BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA Memoirs Of a Revolution 1939 - 1946

oef;0if;vSkdif (jyefqdkonf) rl&if;pma&;q&m a'gufwmbarmf. (Breakthrough in Burma) vuf&mjzpfonf?a'gufwmbarmfonf udkvdkeD acwfynmwwf 0wfvHka&S@aewpfOD;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH.udkvdkeDacwf 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;wpfOD;/ zufqpf*syefacwf t"dywdtm%m&SifwpfOD;/ twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD; jzpfcJhbl;olwa,mufjzpfum/ oljzwfoef;}uHKawG@cJh&aom jrefrmjynf. EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfudk tajccHI a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf? pma&;q&m oef;0if;v_difrS bmomjyefI a&;om;xm;onfudk tvif;tdrfrStcef;quftjzpf az:jyvdkufygonf? acwfwpfacwf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;ordkif; jzpfpOfudk acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf jzpfcJhol. a&;om;csufudk avhvmod&SdEdkif&ef wifjyvdkufygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;

,cifvrStquf ,ck vuf,mESifh um0&Srwdk@ uGyfuJonfh bDtdkifat ,lepfaemufodk@ u|Efkyw f dk@ vdkufygrnf? ‚,lepfrSm jrefrmjynfawmifbuf xm;0,f+rdK@ awmifbufydGKifhwpfckrS jrefrmjynfodk@ ausmfjzwf=uonf? wyfzGJ@i,fav; jzpfonfhtav#muf *syefwyfraemufrS uyfIcsDonf? xm;0,f+rdK@udk &+yD;onfESifh bDtdkifat wyftwGuf vlopfpkaqmif;jcif;ESifh bDtdkifat t&yfom; tkyfcsKyfa&; opfxlaxmifonfh vkyfief;rsm;pwifonf? +yD;aemuf um0&Sdr udk,fwdkif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; a=unmpmwrf;udk xm;0,f+rdK@ aps;}uD;a&S@wGif zwf=um;onf? &uftenf;i,ftwGif; *syefa&'D,dku jrefrmh vGwfvyfa&; a=unmonfh owif;udk xkefv$ifhonfhtcg jrefrmwpfrsdK;om;vHk; =um;odcJhonf? Towif;rSm +Adwdo#wdk@twGuf txl;pdk;&drfzG,f&m jzpfonfhtav#muf bk&ifcH ud, k w f ikd f tqdyk g owif;xkwjf yefcsuu f kd jiif;y,fI Tvkyf&yfrmS Edik if aH wmf opPmazmufr}_ u;D wpfcktjzpf azmfjyum Adkvfvusfmudkvnf; ao'%fay;vdkufa=umif; a=unmcJhonf? rnfodk@&Sdap bk&ifcH. ajcmufvHk;/ vSef@vHk;rsm;u v#Hwufvmonfh 'Da&wdk@udk r[ef@wm; EdkifcJhyg? *syefESifh bDtdkifat wyfrsm;twGif; awmfvSefa&;wyfom;opfrsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym; 1 3 2 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

133

vmaeovdk +Adwdo#wdk@udk qufvufarmif;xkwf vmcJh=uonfhtav#muf jrefrmwdk@ vGwfvyfa&;rSmvnf; wjznf;jznf;cdkifrmvmonf? tapmydkif; qkwfcGmvmaom +Adwdo#wyfrsm;ESifh ypfcwfr_ tao;pm;av;rsm;rS vGJI armfv+rdKifodk@ ajrmufzufrScsDvmaom Adkvfvusfm. ppfa=umif;rSm Adkvfrdk;}udK; ppfa=umif;uJhodk@ acsmarmcJhonf? ppfcsD&m vrf;wpfavsSmufvk;H jynfolwk@d axmufcrH _rsm; &cJhovdk ae&mwdkif;wGifvnf; bDtdkifat tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm; wnfaxmifcJhonf? odk@jzifh armfv+rdKifodk@ csOf;uyfvmonfhtcg OD;qHk; twm;tqD;ESifh }uHKvdkuf=u&onf?h rk'Hkodk@ csDaeonfh *syefwyfwpfwyfu ‚wdk@ppfa=umif;udk &yfwef@I aemufjyefvSnfhcdkif;aejcif; jzpfonf? TonfrSm *syefESifh jrefrmppfwyf yÉdyuQ tpyifjzpfonf? yÉdyuQ udk }uD;xGm; vmaponfh ta=umif;rsm;pGmteuf vwfwavm ta=umif;w&m; wpfckrSm bDtdkifat ppfom;tcsKd @. Oya'rJh vkyf&yfyifjzpfonf? +rdK@aevlxkuvnf; Oya'rJh &rf;um;oGm;onfh bDtikd fat ppfwyfrS ppfom;tcsdK@. &efrS umuG,af y;zdk@ *syefuifaywdik f wdk@udk t}udr}f urd f tulnD awmif;cHyHkvnf;&onf? Tr#ru ajrmufzufrS csDwufvmaeonfh aemufxyf bDtdkifat wyf}uD;rSm tvGef qd;k 0g;=urf;wrf;onfh yifv,f"m;jy *d% k ;f }u;D jzpfa=umif; ajymqdkae=uonfh owif;rsm; uvnf; +rdK@aevlwdk@udk wkefv_yfajcmufjcm; apcJhonf? *syef tpD&ifcHpm;rsm;uvnf; qdck o hJ nfh tjzpftysuf rsKd ;wd@k udk qufwu kd f azmfjyv#u&f o dS nf? TwGif *syefppfwyftwGi;f rS vli,f ppf0g't D yk fprk sm;u pnf;vGwf 0g;vGwf jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,lrr_ sm; jyKvyk cf o hJ nf? udk&D;,m;ESifh w&kwfwdk@ wGifvnf; ‚ppf0g'Drsm;a=umifh qdk;qdk;0g;0g;tjzpfrsm; }uHKawG=u &onf? &v'fwpfct k aeESiu hf m; bDtidk af tudk armfv+rKd irf S armif;xkwf cHvu kd &f jcif; jzpfonf? tqdkygppf0g'D udk&D;,m;tkyfpk[k azmfjy&v#if oifhawmfrnfxifonf? udk&D;,m;/ refcsL;udk ESihf w&kwjf ynfw@kd wGiv f nf; Tod@k armufrm&dik ;f pdik ;f pGm qufqcH =hJ uolrsm; jzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh tm&SwGif *syefwdk@rSm ocifvlrsdK;rsm; jzpfonf[laom t,ltpGJjzifh ppfaoG;=uG aeaom ppf&;l rsm;jzpfonf? ,ck jrefrmwd@k udv k nf; olwdk@u armufrm&dik f;pdki;f pGm qufqHvm=uonf? vusmf wd@k ppfa=umif; armfv+rdKifok@d a&muf&v Sd monft h cg bDtidk fat wyfawGudk t&kdif;tpdkif;awGvdk armif;xkwfzdk@ olwdk@rSmta=umif;jycsuf aumif;aumif; &Sdae+yDjzpfonf? xdktcGifhta&;udk trdt&,lum bDtdkifat wyfrsm;udk armfv+rdKifodk@ r0if&[k trdef@xkwfvdkufonf? trSeftm;jzifh olwdk@. ta&;,lr_rSm Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; jy\emxuf ausmfveG af eonf? jrefrmhwyfrawmfEiS hf ‚. &nf&, G cf suw f @kd udk [ef@wm;zd@k }uKd ;pm; aeovdkjzpfonf? trSet f m;jzifh taemufwidk ;f 'Drdkua&pDatmufwiG f pkpnf;vm=u onfh Edik if aH &;OD;wnfcsurf S xGuaf y:vmonfh jrefrmuJo h @kd aom Edik if Hw@kd rS pdw"f gwo f pfwk@d udk vnf; em;vnf oabmaygufjcif;r&Sd? jrefrmwd@k rS aygufuJx G Guv f monfh pdw"f gwfuv dk nf; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

133

134

em;rvnf? rmefrme [lI‚/ tm%mzDqefjcif; [lI‚/ olwdk@xifcsif&m xifae=uonf? Tjy\emESihf ywfoufI AdkvfcsKyaf tmifqef; ajymjyonfh tjzpftysuw f pfckudk u|ekfyf owd&rdonf? AdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh *syeft&m&SdwpfOD;udk vrf;usO;f av;wpfckwGif um;ESifhxGufvm=u&m wpfae&mta&mufwGif EGm;wpfaumifu a&S@wGifydwf&yfaeonf? atmf[pf armif;=uaomfvnf; EGm;u rwkefrv_yf/ aemufqHk; *syeft&m&SdrSm pdwfqdk; rmefqdk;ESifh EGm;udkauG@a&SmifI armif;cJh&+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk Todk@ ajymvdkuf avownf;? (rif;wd@k ArmawGu vlrajymeJ@EGm;awmif awmfawmfrme}u;D wJh aumifawGy)J Tonfum; EdkifiHjcm;om;wdk@u ESpfaygif;wpf&meD;yg; tEdkifusifh vk,ufcH xm;&onfhvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;u r&ru jyefvnfawmif;qdkaeonfh rmejzpfovdk tjcm;vlrsdK; wpfrsdK;xH jyefygroGm;atmif }udK ;pm;aeonfh tm;xkwfr_vnf; jzpfa=umif; ppf0g'Dwdk@ em;rvnf=u? apmapmu jy\emudk jyefaumuf&v#if *syefppfwyftwGif; jrefrmwdk@udk qef@usifaeonfh w&l;xdk; waZmufuef; ppf0g'Dtkyfpk wpfck&Sda=umif; AdkvfvusfmESifh tjcm;&Jabmfwdk@ oabmayguf=uonf? tvm;wl rdrdwdk@ bDtdkifat twGif;Yvnf; a[mha[mh&rf;&rf; vkyfwwfonfh vl&rf;um;rsm; yg0ifaeonfudkvnf; em;vnf=uonf? tcsdK@qdkv#if bDtdkifat tzGJ@udk tumtuG,f,I l udk,fusdK;&Smaeonfh &mZ0wfom;rsm; jzpfonf? tcsKd @u Edik if aH &;orm; twkta,mifjzpf.? xdo k w l @kd twGuf vGwv f yfa&;[lonf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf tEdkifusifh cdk;0Sufzdk@ tcGifhta&;wpfckyif jzpfaeonf? tqdyk g vlorG ;f vlzsif; tqG,t f ajrSmifwk@d rSm ppfwyfwikd ;f vdv k w kd iG f &Sad e=uonf? rnfodk@&Sdap *syefawGvkyfovdk bDtdkifat wpfckvHk;udk ,dk;r,fzGJ@p&mrvdkyJ ‚vl&rf;um; wdk@udk xkwfyg,fI oef@pifEdkifygonf? tu,fI *syefwdk@bufrS Tvdk Tta=umif;[lI ta&;,lzdk@ ajymqdkvmv#ifvnf; bDtdkifat t&m&Sdrsm;bufrS ta&;,l aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfonf? odk@wdkif *syefwdk@ udk,w f dkifu Todk@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sd? jrefrmwdk@udk ae&mray;zdk@om }udK;pm;cJ=h uonf? rk'kw H Gif rdrdwyfEiS ht f wl &uftenf;i,fr# pcef;cs+y;D aemuf tifzmod@k Adkvfvusfm oGm;onf? Adkvcf sKyfatmifqef;/ ocifxGef;tkyfESifh bDtdkifat rS tjcm;EdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmif rsm;ESifh awG@I jrefrmtpd;k & tjrefq;Hk zGJ@zd@k aqG;aEG;=uonf? armv+rdKijf y\emu owday; aeonf? jrefr mwdk@ twGuf &yfw nfa y;rnfh tpdk; &tzG J@ tjrefq Hk ;vdktyfa=umif; olw@dk oabmaygu=f uonf? ‚tpdk;&rSmvnf; jzpfEdkifor# us,fjyef@onfh tajccHay:wGif zGJ@pnf;zdk@vdkonf? odk@rSom tusyftwnf; qdkufa&mufaeonfh EdkifiH wpfEdkifiHtaeESifh xda&mufpGm tkyfcsKyfEdkifrnf jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh jy\emrSm atmufqHk;tqifh *syefppfom;rsm;ESifh xdyfwdkuf jzpfaeonf? twdtus ajym&v#if *syefuifaywdkifrsm;jzpfonf? xdyfydkif; t&m&Sdwdk@rSm 1 3 4 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

135

ppfqifa&; udpPrsm;ESifh tvkyf&_wfaeonfhtwGuf ,ckvdkjy\emrsm;wGif yg0ifjcif;vnf; r&Sda=umif; aemufydkif;wGif u|Ekfyf odcJh&onf? trSeftm;jzifh *syefwyfrsm;ESifh OD;qHk; pwifxdawG@vdkufonfhtcsdefu bDtdkifat twGuf ‚vrf;udk jzwfcJh&onfh rnfonf h*syefppfwyfrqdk ppfwyfwpfckvHk;. vkyfydkifcGifhudk o,faqmif oGm;yHk&onf? Adkvfrdk;}udK;. uGyfuJr_atmufwGif *syefppfOD;pD;csKyf&Hk; (High Commmand) ESifh cyfa0;a0; aecJhonfh jrefrmhacgif;aqmifrsm; taeESifh tqdkyg trSm;rsm;twGuf wm0ef&Sdonf? aemufxyf olwdk@usL;vGefonfh trSm;wpfckrSm bDtdkifat ESifh a'otkyfcsKyfa&; rsm;udk ygwyD kpH H oGwo f iG ;f I tjcm;ygwED iS hf tzG@J tpnf;rsm; tm;vH;k eD;yg;udk ab;z,fxm;jcif; jzpfonf? odk@twGuf bDtdkifat ESifh ‚. +rKd @jytkycf sKyaf &; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm a'oqdik &f m *syefwyfrsm;ESifh qufqHonfhtcg EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHvHk; axmufcHr_&xm;onfh tzGJ@wpfck taeESifh r[kwfrlyJ ygwDwpfck taeESifhom qufqHae&onf? trSeftm;jzifh *syef ppfOD;pD;csKy f&Hk; taeESifh bDtdkifatudk jrefrmtrsdK;om; wyfrawmf (odk@) ppfwyfwpfcktjzpfyif todtrSwf rjyKcJhovdk bDtdkifat zufuvnf; todtrSwfjyKzdk@ tm;xkwfc Jhjcif;r&Sd? +rdK@jytkyfcsKyfa&;udpPwGifvnf; bDtdkifat udk uifaywdkif. udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfom oabmxm;cJh=uonf? Tonfum; tajcaeopf w&yf t=urf;zsO;f xGuaf y:vmyHw k nf;? Zwfa=umif;udk jyefaumuf&v#if Adv k v f usmf . wyfrmS tkyfpkESpfpkcGJI qufcsDcJhonf? yxrwpfa=umif;udk oludk,fwdkif uGyfuJI yJcl;rSwpfqifh &efukefodk@csDonf? 'kwd,ppfa=umif;rSm um0&SdrESifh AdkvfAvwdk@ OD;pD;I odk@wdkifatmif um0&Srd wd@k tkypf rk u l m; +Aw d o d #wyfrsm;ESihf tjyif;txef &ifqikd w f u kd cf u kd cf hJ &onf? +Aw d o d #w@kd yJc;l cHppfysujf ym;oGm;onfhtcg aemufyikd f;rS +Aw d o d #wyfrsm;rSm tjyif;txefyif azmufxu G f =u&onf? ‚wdk@ESifhtwl awmifilodk@ awmifzufrS csDwufaeonfh +Adwdo#wyf/ t=uGif; tusefrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vkduf=u+yD; xdk;azmufvm=uonf? um0&Sdrwdk@ tkyfpkrSm tqdkyg +Adwdo#wyfrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifawG@=u+yD; OD;qHk; wdkuyf GJt&omudk jrnf;prf;cGifh &vdkuf=uonf? [dkae&m onfae&m tao;pm; ypfcwfr_rsm; &Sdvm+yD;aemuf yJcl;+rdK@t0if bk&m;}uD;teD;rS wmqHkwiG f wdkufyJjG yif;xefcJhonf? +Aw d o d # oHcsyu f mwyfEiS hf um0&Srd . wyfpik ,fav;wdk@ trSwrf xif qHv k u kd o f nfh wdkufyw JG pfckvnf; jzpfonf? oHcsyu f mum; tajrSmufum;rsm;ESihf r}uKH awG@zl;onfh um0&Srd wyfpkrSm OD;pGm +Adwdo#wk@d bufrS tjyif;txef ypfcwfonfhtcg upifhuv#m; jzpfch&J onf? +yD;aemuf um0&Sdr.wyfudk tcsdefrD jyefpkpnf;+yD; !$ef=um;csuftwdkif; ae&m,lI ypfcwf apcJhonf? onfhaemuf *syeft&m&Sdrsm;u OD;aqmifI nmoHay;wufcg oHcsyfumESifh tajrmS ufum;rsm;udk vufypfAHk;rsm;ESihf ypfEidk f=uonf? wdkufyJrG mS tcsdew f adk wmif;onfw h idk f jyif;xefvSonf? +Adwdo#wdk@bufrS oHcsyfum um;ESpfpD;ESifh vltcsdK@usqHk;I awmifilbuf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

135

136

tv#iftjref qkyfcGmoGm;=uonf? atmifyGJcHvdkuo f nfh um0&Sdrwdk@ wyfzGJ@rSm yifrppfyGJ vrf;a=umif;wpfav#muf qufcsDI &efuek fo@dk a&mufvm=uonf? Adkvf&efEdkif uGyfuJr_atmufwGif&Sdaom bDtdkifat wwd,tpkrSm jrefrmjynf awmifzsm;rS ajrmufbufpGef;pGef;odk@ csDrnf? (tJh'D wyfuawmh wu,fhukd wdkufcJh&wJh wyfw)hJ Adv k v f usmf . rSwcf sujf zpfonf? rSeyf gonf? Adv k &f efEikd . f uGerf ef'kd wyfrmS bDtikd af t wyfrsm;teuf wdkufyGJtrsm;qHk; E$Jc Jh&onfh wyfjzpfonf? odk@twGufa=umifhvnf; &JabmfoHk;usdyf Zwfvrf;rSm ydkI yHkjyifqefvmovdk csJ@um;ajymqdkr_rsm;vnf; &Sdaumif; &SdEdkifygonf? rnfodk@&Sdap t"du jzpf&yfrsm;udkum; xdkpOfu udk,fwdkifyg0ifcJholrsm;u jyefajymjyaom jyefa&;om;=uaom rSwfwrf;rSw&f mrsm; &Sdaeao;onft h wGuf twdtus ajymEdkifygonf? ,if;wdk@teuf jrefrmvli,f t&m&Sdwpfa,muftjzpfESifh yg0ifwdkufyGJ0if cJhonfh Adkvfoef;!Gef@. rSwfwrf;rsm;t& azmfjyvdkygonf? Adkvfoef;!Gef@um; ppfcsD&m wpfav#muf ae@pOfrSwfwrf;rsm; a&;om;cJhovdk wdkufyGJwpfck +yD;qHk; oGm;onfE Si fh csucf sif;qdkovdk tjzpftysufwk@d udk azmfjycJo h v l nf; jzpfonf? od@k wdkif Adkvfoef;!Ge@f rlum; 1942 ESpfv ydkif;ukef rEWav;+rdK@ ava=umif;wdkufyGJ wpfae&mwGif usqHk;cJhygonf? ol.rSwfwrf;rsm;rSm bDtdkifat wdkufyGJ. ppfrSefI xif&Sm;onfh rSwfwrf;rsm;tjzpf qufvufwnf&SdcJhygonf? Adv k &f efEikd /f Adv k rf if;acgi/f Adv k af wmufxed ?f Adv k [ f &d &mr (Adv k frkwq f w d )f / Adv k t f u d d' (AdkvfausmufbDvl;)/ AdkvftrD rl& (AdkvfaiG'g;) ESifh uGefref'dk vli,f ESpfq,fhav;a,mufrSm 1942 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 2 &ufae@wGif 0dwd&k ;D ,m;yGdKifh (bk&ifhaemiftil) odk@a&mufonf?xdrk S xdkif;jrefrme,f=um;&Sd zufqefjrpftwdkif; avSrsm;jzifh pkefwufI ,cif rDemrDuefu awmfveS af &;twGuf 0Sux f m;cJo h nfh vufeufw@kd udk jyefppk nf;cJ=h uonf? xdrk yS ifv,fc&D;jzifh qufvufcsDvm=u&m +rdwf+rdK@odk@ Zefe0g&D 17 &ufwGif a&mufonf? TtcsdefwGif +Adwdo# wyfrsm;u ppfa&;qdkif&m tajccHtm;vHk;udk zsufqD;I qkwfcGmoGm;=u+yD jzpfonf? +rdwf jynfolvlxku olwdk@udk aomif;aomif;jzjz c&D;OD;}udK jyK=uonf? +rdwfwGif trsdK;om; pdwf"gwfrsm;wuf=uGaeonfhtwGuf Adkvf&efEdkif wdk@twGuf wyfom;opf pkqmif;a&;ESifh +rdK@jytkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ xlaxmifonfh vkyfief;ESpfckpvHk; atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uonf? &uftenf;i,fYyif vufeufESifh vltiftm;tjynfhtpHk&Sdonfh wyfr (regiment) tjzpf toifh&Sdae+yD jzpfonf? ('g ar#mfvifhcsuftpyJ / trSwfw& jyefajym&Smonf ) tcsed w f kt d wGif;rSmyJ vli,fawG[m ppfvufeuf ypPn;f awGeJ@ csw D ufEidk f vmw,f? ypfrw S u f kd wnfw h nfyh pfEikd v f mw,f? olw@kd tm;vH;k [m rsKd ;cspv f il ,fawG jzpfovdk usefwJhvlawGudkvnf; pnf;&Hk;/ odrf;oGif; Edkifr,fqdkwm u|efawmf,Hkw,f) armfv+rdKif c&dkiftwGif;rSm tifzm (Amberst) odk@ armfawmfbwf 11 pD;jzifh 1 3 6 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

137

wufcsD=uonf? ntcg yifv,frS +idrfoufv#uf jrLwdk@ESifh csrf;pdrfhaeonf? ta0;qDrS urf;wpfav#mufwGif rD;tvif;a&mifrsm; jrifae&/ tdrfowd&onfh pdwfrsm; &kwfw&uf ay:vmonf[k Adkvo f ef;!Gef@. rSww f rf;wGif azmfjyxm;onf? armfawmftm;vH;k vltjynfh jynfu h syaf e+y;D tm;vH;k rwfwyf&yfI aomf‚/ xdik If aomf‚ vdu k =f u&onf? &dumQ rSmvnf; rpdk@rydk@r#om yg=uonf? yifv,fvd_if;rl;onfh &Jabmfrsm;rSm tef=uonfhtwGuf npfywf aya& ae=uonf? TwGif &Jabmfwpfa,mufrS idkawmhonf? ol@udk ar;=unfhonfhtcg ol@rdef;rESifh uav;rsm;udk owd&+yD; aemufwpf}udrf jyefrawG@Edkifawmh[k xifum idkae a=umif;od&onf? TlwiG f ab;em;rS vlw h pfa,muf ajymvdu k o f nfph um;a=umifh &,fvu kd =f u &onf[q k o kd nf? ('DrmS em;axmifprf; rif;udik x f m;wJv h ufeufu rif;tdrjf yefa&mufwt hJ xd rif;rdef;ryJ? tJ'gudkyJ pOf;pm;yg) tifzmrS olwdk@udk jrdK@vHk;u|wf}udKqdk=uonf? tcsdefrSm *syefppfwyfu armfv+rdKif udkodrf;+yD;+yD jzpfonfhtwGuf e,fajrwGif +Adwdo#wyfrsm; &Sif;aeonf? jrefrm *syef qufqH a&;rSmvnf; txdtcdkuf r&Sdao;yJ tm&Spdwf"gwfESifh pnf;&Hk;r_ &Sdaeonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh a'ot&if;wGif bDtdkifat rSm tiftm;tjynfhESifh ay:xGufvmjcif; jzpfonf? tajcae tm;vHk;um; bDtdkifat twGuf ajzmifhjzL;aeonf? &uftenf;i,f pcef;cs+yD;aemuf &efEdkifESifh tzGJ@rSm armfv+rdKif ajrmufbuf&Sd zm;tH odk@ qufcsDonf? zm;tH wGif a&mufEiS hf aeonfh Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ; wd@k wyfEiS hf awG@onf? Adkvrf dk;}udK;wd@k wyfcGJrSm xdkif;e,fpyfrS pkaqmif; vmonfh vlrsm;ESifh tiftm; oHk;av;&m &Sdae+yD jzpfovdk vlw@dk ESit fh wl vufeufrsm;vnf; ygvmcJh=uonf? xd@k a=umifh Adkvf&efEidk f wd@k wyfzJ@G twGuf vdt k yfonfh vufeufwdk@udk axmufyhEH kid fonf? vufeuftjynfh usnt f jynfh wyfqifxm;+y;D jzpfonfh bDtikd af t uGerf ef'kd wyfrmS ,ck OD;qH;k wdkuyf JG t&omudk zm;tHEiS hf rvSr;f rurf;&Sd rJbkef;&Gmi,fav;wGif pwifvu kd o f nf? a&$*eG f teD; jrpf!mS wpfav#muf pkefwufomG ;onfh jrefrmhwyfrsm;rSm rJbkef;&Gmi,fav;wGif +Adwo d #wyfrsm;ESihf &ifqikd af wG@awmhonf? a&S@qH;k rSqefwufvmonfh jrefrmharmfawmfw@kd udk +Adwdo#wyfzGJ@ wpfzGJ@u pwifwdkufcdkufonf? jrefrmh &Jabmfwdk@u aomifay:odk@qif;I ra=umufr&GH@ jyefwdkuf=uonf? AdkvftDuDcg u pufaoewfwpfvufjzifh wpfae&mrS wpfae&modk@ ajy;v$m;ypfcwfI +Adwdo#wyf wdk@udk vSnfhpm;EdkifcJhonf? +Adwdo#wdk@bufrS oHk;a,mufusqHk;I jrefrmarmfawmfwpfpD; rD;&_dEdkifcJhonf? od@k wdik f jrefrmavSrsm; a&mufvmonft h cg qkwcf mG oGm;=uonf? rsuEf mS jzLwd@k udk 0DZdef ac|vdkuf&onfhtwGuf jrefrmvli,frsm; taysmf}uD;aysmfae=u&onf? odk@wdkif wdkuf&nfcdkuf&nf0aeonfh &efolESifh aemufxyf wdkuyf GJ}uD;wpfyGJ rE$JrD rdrd&Jabmfwdk@udk aumif;pGm avhusifhay;zd@k vdt k yfaea=umif;udk Adkvf&efEdkifEiS hf *syeft&m&Sdrsm; oabmayguf cJh=uonf? odk@twGuf tifygodk@jyefvmum &Jabmfwdk@twGuf txl;=uyfrwf ydk@csonfh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

137

138

enf;y&d,,fukd oifwef;ay;cJh=uonf? xdu k mvtwGi;f tifzmwGif aexdkicf &hJ onfh atmufarhz, G &f mwd@k udk Adv k o f ef;!Ge@f rSwfwrf;wGif pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,f azmfjyxm;onf? bDtdkifat &Jabmfwdk@udk jynfolwdk@u xrif;xkyrf sm; ay;=uonf? xrif;wpfxyk rf mS &Jabmfwpfa,muftwGuf vHak vmuf=uonf? odk@ayr,fh tqdkyg xrif;xkyfrsm;rSm [if;AvmESifhjzpfonf? jrefrmwdk@xHk;pHtwdkif; usDp,f aemufajymifjcif; jzpfonf?xrif;xkyw f idk f;wGif pmwpfa=umif; ESpaf =umif; a&;xnfah y;vdkuf =uayonf? (&Sifu usrudk uav;wpfa,mufeJ@ ypfxm;cJhw,faygh? toJr&SdwJhol}uD;/ raumif;qd;k 0g;}u;D ? &Siu f srudk &ufpufovdk &Siv f J umvemwdu k yf gap) pojzifh =urf;=urf; wrf;wrf; aemufajymif=uovdk vGrf;armzG,f pmwdkayprsm;udkvnf; awG@&wwfonf? (usrwd@k &J@ tcsp[ f m yef;wpfyGiv fh kd zl;yGiv fh maecsed rf mS &Siu f srudk cGo J Gm;Edik w f ,f? usrwdk@&J@ aysm&f i$ rf [ _ m vrif;}u;D vdk 0if;yaew,f? usrrSm ud, k 0f ef &Sad e+yv D m;rodb;l ? ) tcsKd @pmrsm;rSm &Jpdwf &Jrmef tjynfhESifh (&Jabmf &J&ifhpGm wuf/ &J&ifhpGmowf (odk@) &J&ifhpGmao) pojzifh &Jabmfwdk@u ‚pmwdkav;rsm;udk vufqifhurf;zwf&if; &,farm=u/ paemuf=uonf? tcsdK@pmrsm;um; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; pdwfu;l ,Ofcspfolrsm; b0yif a&mufcJh=u+yD; vGrf;vGrf; qGwq f Gwf cGJcGmcJh=u&onf[kqo dk nf? Adkvfoef;!Gef@rSwfwrf;wGif awG@&onfh tjcm;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f ta=umif;t&m wpfckrSm jrefrmwdk@. tif;tdki/f cg;vSn/fh vufzGJ@ jzpfonf? Adkvf&efEdkifwyfzGJ@rS &Jabmfwdkif; vdkvdkwGif taqmif wpfckr[kwfwpfck &Sdwwf=uonf? "m;+yD;/ xkwf+yD;/ usnf+yD;[laom ,Hk=unfr_ESifh aqmifxm;=uonf? Adkvfoef;!Gef@rSm TudpPrsm;wGif ,Hk=unfr_ &Sd[efrwl? od@k twGuf taqmifwpfcu k kd =uufr wpfaumifwiG f csnaf ESmifI prf;oyfco hJ nf[k qdo k nf? Todk@ olu qufvufazmfjyxm;onf? (=uufrudk aoewfESifhteD;uyfI q,f}udrf u|Ekyf fypfcJhonf? tHh=ozdk@aumif;ygonf? wpfawmifhr# =uufrudk wfe;wef;rwfrwf rxdyg? odk@ayr,fh =uufrrSm twGif;a=ua=uI aooGm;ygonf?) odk@wdkif jy\emrSm Tr#r[kw/f Adkvf&efEdkif/ Adkvrf if;acgifESifh Adkvaf wmufxdef wdk@rSm aoewf+yD;onf[I l ,Hk=unfae=uonf? Adkvf&efEikd o f nf [d&&mra&S@wGif yg;pyftwGi;f ajcmufv;Hk jyL;ajymif;xnfhI t}udrf}urd fypfjycJhaomfvnf; usnfvk;H 0rxGuf [lownf;? rnfodk@&Sdap Todk@ tHhzG,f ,Hkwrf;pum;rsm;rSm awmfvSefa&;twGuf rsm;pGm taxmuftuljzpfcJhonf? txl;ojzifh &Jabmfrsm;twGuf ydkI,Hk=unfr_ &Sdvmonf? rwfvqef;wGif Adkv&f efEkid Ef iS fh ol.wyfwdk@ ppfxGuv f m=ujyefonf? Twpf } ud r f w G i f {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'oodk@ a&a=umif;jzifh csDvm=uonf? &nf&G,fcsufrSm {&m0wDrS jrefrm jynfajrmufbufok@d qefwufaeonfh *syefwyfrawmf wpfcEk Sifh ryl;aygif;rD {&m0wDa'o&Sd &efol t=uiG f;tusefrsm;udk &Sif;vif;+yD; ‚a'owGif bDtdkifat tkyfcsKyfa&; wnfaqmufzdk@ jzpfonf? odk@jzifh rkwWra&vuf=um;udk pufavSi,fav;rsm;jzifh jzwfausmf=u&m &efukefbuf OD; 1 3 8 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

139

wnfckwaf rmif;vmonfh +Adwdo#a&,Of ajcmufpif;udk awG@vdu k f=uonf? ‚wd@k udk a&SmifuiG f;zdk@ &nf&G,fcsufjzifh jrefrmharmfawmfbkwfrsm;rSm teD;qHk;qdyfurf;jzpfonfh a';'&Jbufodk@ jyefvn S fh vm=uonf? TwGif Adkvfrif;acgif acgif;aqmifonfh pufavSrSm +Adwo d #ppfoabFmrsm;buf wnfh wnfharmif;um &dkifz,faoewfrsm;ESifh ypfcwfawmhonf? Adkvfrif;acgifum; ol. "m;+yD; usnf+yD; onfh taqmifvufzGJ@ tpGrf;owWdudkjyozd@k tcGiafh umif;wpfck[k awG;rdonfvm; rajymwwfyg? +Aw d o d #a&wyfu csufjcif;yif a&wyfoabFm tajrmuftrsm;ESifh jyefypfum Adkvfrif;acgif wdk@puf avSaemuf 'vref;=urf;vdkuaf wmhonf? aemufqHk;zrf;rdI +Adwo d #a&wyfxH vufeufcsvdku=f u &onf? +Aw d do#a&wyfu ‚wdk@udk &efukefac:,lvm+yD; csKyfaESmifxm;&m *syefwk@d vufxJ &efuek f usoGm ;csdefxdjzpfonf? a';'&Jodk@qkwfvmonfh tjcm;pufavSrsm;rSm aemufwpfae@wGif atmifjrifpGm a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? olwdk@pufavSrsm;a&mufvmonfhtcg +rdK@rSm vloluif;rJh aeonf? ta=umif;um;awmifbufr S yifv,f" m;jyrsm; vk,ufzdk@a&mufvm+yD[ la om aumv[mva=umifh xdyv f ef@w=um; xGuaf jy;oGm;=uonfh twGujf zpfonf? xdak e@rSmyif +Aw d o d # av,Ofrsm;u +rdK@udk wdkufcdkufonf? Adkvf&efEdkifESifh Adkvf[d&&mr wdk@u av,OfESpfpif;udk ypfcsvu kd =f uonf? tjcm;av,Of wd@k udv k nf; &Jabmfrsm;u w&pyf0ikd ;f 0ef;ypfcwfvu kd o f nft h wGuf aemufjyefqyk o f mG ;=uonf? odk@jzifh naewdkufyGJ &yfem;vdkufcsdefY a';'&J+rKd @. wkef@jyefr_rSm wpfrsdK;ajymif;oGm;onf? Adkvf&efEkid fwdk@vufcsufjzifh +Adwdo# av,OfESppf if;ysuu f soGm;onfukd rsuf0g;xifxifawG@vdkuf& onfhtwGuf bDtidk af t wyfudk pdwfcs,k=H unfoGm;=uonf? rdrdw@dk .tdr, f mrsm;qD vlawGjyefvm =uonf? odk@jzifh +rKd @jytkyfcsKyfa&;udk zGJ@pnf;+yD; Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;twGuf OD;qHk;ta&;,laqmif&Gupf &m rsm; +y;D onfhtcg +rKd @rSmjyefvnfI touf0ifvmonf? aemufwpf&ufeHeufwiG f Adkvf&efEkid fw@dk wyf qufIfcsv D m=uonf? a';'&JrS ppfcsD&mwpfav#muf jzwfoef;cJh&onfah e&mrsm;wGif vlxkaxmufcH r_ &=uonf? odk@jzifh usdKufvwf a&mufvm=uonf? usdKufvwf+rdK@rSm {&m0wDc&dkifrsm;teuf tkyfcsKyfa&;t& ta&;ygonfh +rdK@}u;D wpf+rdK@ jzpfonf? Tae&mwGif Adkvf&efEdkifESifh ol.wyftcsdK@ &uftenf;i,fr#&yfem;=u+yD; teD;tyg;+rdK@&Gm rsm;odk@ uif;axmuftzGJ@rsm;apv$wfI penf;emaponf? uif;axmuftzGJ@wpfzGJ@rSm zsmyHkodk@ OD; wnfomG ;onf? zsmyHkwGifvnf; a';'&Jvkd yifv,f"m;jyawGvmae+yD[laom aumv[mv jzpfae onf? jrefrmhwyfrawmfEiS hf jynfow l @kd udk &efwu kd af y;zd@k twGuf usecf o hJ nfh +Aw d o d #tyk cf sKyaf &;t&m&Sd rsm;u Todk@ aumv[mvudk zefwD;ay;aejcif;jzpfonf? uif;axmuftzGJ@ a&mufonfh nYyif &kef;&if;qefcwfjzpf=u+y;D aumv[mvowif;rSm rrSefuefa=umif;em;vnfoGm;=uonf? od@k ayr,fh uif;axmuftcsdK@ toufay;vdku&f onf? uif;axmuftzGJ@rsm;jyefa&muf vm+y;D aemuf zsmyHk/ rtlyifESifh [oFmw+rdK@rsm;odk@ qufcsDonf? vGwaf jrmufa&;e,fy,frsm; xl axmifI bDtdkifat tkycf sKyfa&; tm%mrsm; v$Jtyfay;onf? [oFmwodk@ ukef;vrf;rS csDonf? TY [oFmwrS aumv[mvum; zsmyHEk Siht f wl +Aw d o d #w@dk .ajrvSeaf y:vpDt& *syefw@dk twGuf ppfa&;qdki&f mtoH;k 0ifrnfh t&mrSeo f r#udk zsuq f ;D ypfz@dk +Adwdo#wyftcsdK@ a&mufvm+y[ D k txdwf wvef@ jzpfae=uonf? pifppf Towif;um; trSejf zpfonf? =opaw;v#EiS hf e,lZv D ef wyfz@JG tcsKd @ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

139

140

qkwcf mG vm&mrS [oFmwod@k OD;wnfvmaejcif;jzpfonf? Adkvf&efEidk w f k@d wyfrSm tcsderf Da&mufvm jcif;jzpfonf? aemufwpfae@eHeuf a0vDa0vif;wGif jrpftaemufbufurf;od@k tqdkyg+Aw d o d #wyf rsm; armfawmf}u;D ESpfpif;ESifh a&muf&Sdvmonf? jrpfurf;wpfav#mufwGi&f Sd opfv;Hk rsm;ESifh uwkwf usi;f aemufu, G w f iG f jrefrmwyfrsm; toifhapmifah e=uonf? +Adwo d #wyfrsm; urf;ay:qif;=uonf ESifh jrefrmwdk@bufrS ydkupf dyfwdkuI f ypfcwfawmhonf? jrefrmwdk@bufrS tidkuftvpf wdkufcdkuf vdkufonfhtwGuf +Aw d o d #w@dk tawmftxdem=uonf? +yD;aemuf wpfbufESiw fh pfbuf ESpef m&D=umr# tjyif;txef wdkufcdkuf=uonf? tqdyk g &ifqdkifwdkuyf GJukd rSwfwrf;wif&mwGif Adkvo f ef;!Gef@u +Aw d o d #wyfrsm;udk a=u;pm;wyfrsm;[k puf qkyfpGm azmfjyxm;onf? a=u;pm;wyfrsm;u ae&mwdkif;wGif &l;I ,ckxGufajy;oGm;=uonf? bDtkid fatum;t&H_;r&Sd t+rEJ kid rf nf[k ,Hk=unfxm;=uonf? pdwfykid f;qdkif&mTtcsurf mS wdu k yf Jt G wGuf tqH;k tjzwf[k xifrw S &f onf? wdu k yf t JG wGi;f ol@tawG@t}uKH ukd Adv k o f ef;!Ge@f u wufwuf =uG=uGa zmfjyxm;onf? (w&pyfypfcwfa eonfh=um;rS &efol@ usnfqHudktumtuG,f,lI a&S@odk@iHk@v#uf u|Efkyw f ufoGm;onf? opfyiftyk fwpftkyo f @dk ajy;uyfvku d f+y;D xdkae&mrS trdef@ay; aeaom +Adwo d #t&m&Sd tcsdK@udk u|EfkyfawG@ae&onf? olwdk@udk&Kwfw&uf xdk;wuf wdkufcdkufzk@d u|Eyfk fvlrsm;udk aemufjyef=unfh&m wpfa,mufr#wufvmonfudkrawG@&/ u|EfkyfwpfOD;wnf;om &Sdaeonf? TwGif rdrdwdk@bufrS yef;wdkuaf eonf[lI &efoludkvSnfhpm;&eftwGuf nmoHay;I +Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;udk w&pyfypfcwf awmhonf? u|Efkyf. Oyg,fwHr#ifrSm atmifjrifcJhonf? +Aw d o d #t&m&Sdrsm; url;&l;wdk;ESifhajy;av awmhonf? tenf;qHk;wpfa,mufukd u|Efkyyf pfcsrdonf [kxifonf?) od@k jzif+h Adwdo#wyfzJ@G rsm;rSm armfawmfrsm;xHjyefqkwf=u+y;D jrpfa=umif;twdkif; jyefajy; =u&m '%f&m&onfh+Asd wdo#ppfom;rsm; usqHk;olrsm;ESifh tusOf;om;tcsdK@yif usef&pfcJhonf? tH=h opGmyif jrefrmwdk@bufrS oH;k a,mufusqHk;onf? Twdkuyf GJum; Adv k f&efEdkifwdk@wyfzGJ@twGuf rsuEf SmjzLppfwyfESifh OD;qH;k &ifqkid fvdkuf&onfh yGJjzpf+y;D atmifjrifpGmESdrfeif;Edik fcJhonf? [oFw+rdK@udk vnf; uH=urRmqdk;rS u,fwifEikd cf ho J nf? [oFmwwGif Adkv&f efEidk w f @dk wyf &uftenf;i,f em;aepOf tawmtwGif; *syefwyfr 55 rS emrnf}uD; taocHwyfzGJ@ (qwk;d ulwidk f;) a&mufvmonf? tqdk ygwyfrmS jrefrmjynfawmifbuf wdu k fyJw G Gif vufoHajymifcJhonfh wyfjzpfonf? qwd@k rS jynfudk OD; wnfcsDaeonfh wyfjzpf+y;D dkrS {&m0wDjrpf0Srf; ajrmufbufodk@ quf&rnfjzpfonf? odk@twGuf Adkvf&efEdkifwk@d ppfa=umif;ESifh wpfc&D;xJjzpfonf? [oFmwwGif bDtdkifat tkyfcsKyaf &;vkyif ef;ESifh wyfom;opf pkaqmif;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyfukid f+y;D aemuf qwdk@wyfESifh wpf &ufxJ xGucf Gmvm=uonf? wpf&ufc&D;csD+y;D }uHcif;taemufwiG f *syefav,OfwpfpD;rS !$e=f um; csuw f pfck vmcsonf? wyfESpfwyfvk;H jynfodk@ tjrefcsD&efjzpfonf? aemufwpfae@eHeufwGif jynf +rdK@Y tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfh wdkufyGJ}uD;wpfck ar#mfvifhxm;=uonf? odk@jzifhppfumvtwGif; jrefrm wyfzGJ@0ifrsm; yg0ifwdkufcku d fch&J onfh t}uD;qHk;wdkufy}GJ uD;wpfckqD u|Eyfk fwk@d a&mufvmawmhonf?

oef;0if;vSdKif 1 4 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

(qufvufaz: jyygrnf?)

141

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

141

142

zdwfac:tyfygonf EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tawG;tjrifaqmif;yg;rsm; a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; uAsm/ 0wˆKwdk/ umwGef;/ yef;csDrsmudk

rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGm ay;yd@k Edik fygonf? pmrlrsm;udk (15) &ufae@ aemufq;Hk xm;+yD; ay;yd@k =uyg&ef arwWm&yfcHtyfygonf?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;

1 4 2 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

143

t,f'Dwm

pmtkyfcsKyf/ xkwfvkyfa&;

&J+idrf;/ cifarmifaZmf tHharmf

ausmfrkd;Ekdif / aX;0if; wifEidk f / [efaZmf0if; rif;olatmif

tr_aqmif t,f'Dwm

ausmfcdkif0if; / 0if;Edkif (Lin Po Yin) &Jjrifhatmif / ausmfrsdK;xGef; Anm;b&dkif,efuif; (v0u)

ta0;a&muf t,f'Dwm aZmfaZmfatmif (t*Fvef) ABFSU (88)rsKd;quf

pmpDpm&dkuf pnfoljrifh

owif; ESifh rD'D,m xGef;+idrf; / at;okduf

jynfwiG f;/jynfy jzef@csda&; atmif=unf / atmifrsdK;rif; udk=unfpef; (v0u)

&Hk;tzGJ hESifhb他ma&; atmifaZ,smndK / rif;rif;odef; xGef;xGef;0if; r0if;oEWmatmif

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

143

144

tvif;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef

POST 169-0075 TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10 303,HIGARI BLD TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178 Japan. TEL 080-5070-0080 090-6528-9292 090-8486-2161 090-7198-4763 080-4797 7462 080-3423 3773 080-4633 7859 080-6608 1246 e-mail

1 4 4 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (6)

- aalinneain@yahoo.com