အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၁၁) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 1378 / wydk@wGJv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

jrefrmouU&mZf 1378 / wydk@wGJv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

rmwdum tvif;tdrfpum;

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Min Soe Naing

0wˆKwdk Om%f}u;D armifwk@d om;tz

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141 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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armifjynfhrif;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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cifatmifat; (18 'DZifbm 2016 wrmyifrsm;=um; 7;15 em&D)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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armifwifopf 11 Zefe0g&D 2017

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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atmifa0; 12/ 27/ 16 acwW- rpf&SD*ef tar&duefjynfaxmifpk? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

tem*wf yOPr jrefrmEdkiif aH wmf ta}umif; OD;udkeD puFmylrSm &Si;f vif;cJhyHk

at;jidr;f (av;rsuEf Sm) (pm&dkufwifqufonf) (1) "g;jywdkufcH&jcif; jrefrmEkdifiH zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;r&rDuwnf;u Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;?;aqmif+y;D awmh 1947 ckEpS rf mS a&;qJcG yhJ gw,f? a&;qG&J mrSm jynfoal wGu a&G ; aumuf w if a jrS m uf x m;wJ h jref r mOya'ynm&S i f a wG / Ek d i f i H a &;orm;awG e J @ Edik if jH cm;om;Oya'ynm&Siaf wGygwhJ aumfrwDu a&;wmjzpfygw,f? tajccHOya'udk pa&;+y;D wpfveJ@ 3&uft=umrSm AdkvfcsKyfwkd@ vkyf}uHcHcJh&ygw,f? tJ'ga=umihf ygvrD efOuUX OD;Eku wm0ef,+l y;D tajccHOya'ukd qufvufa&;qJcG w hJ m pufwifbmv 24 &ufae@rSm twnfjyK jyXmef;EkdifcJhygw,f? tJ'D 1947 tajccHOya'[m jrefrmjynfoljynfom;awG 'Drdkua&pD&hJ t&omudk tjynhft0 cHpm;&Edkifapbdk@ tmrcHay;xm;wJh Oya'jzpfygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&t+yD; 24 &uft=umrSm uGefjrLepfawG awmcdkoGm;chJ ygw,f? tJ'Dup+yD; jynfwGif;ppfrD; tpysdK;cJhwm 1950 ckESpfrSm jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; olykefawGvufudk usqif;cJhwm &efukeftpdk;& jzpfcJh&ygw,f? tJ'Davmuf qdk;0g;vSwJh tajctaerSmawmif jrefrmEdik if zH G@J pnf;yHt k ajccH[m enf;enf;rS twdr;f tapmif; r&dcS hyJ gbl;? EkdifiHwpfEdkifrSm 'Drdkua&pD b,favmuf&dSovJqdkwm ae@pOfxkwf owif;pmudk=unhf&if 26

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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(2) EdkifiHawmftm%mudk b,folykid fovJ twdkc sKyf&&if yxrjrefrmEdki fi Ha wmfrSm EdkifiHawmftm%mudk bk&ifqdkwJh yk*d~KvfwpfOD;wnf;u ,lxm;w,f? 'kwd,jrefrmEdkifiHawmfrSm EdkifiHawmftm%mudk t*Fvyd t f pk;d &u odrf;ydkufxm;w,f? wwd,jrefrmEdki fiHawmf[m 'Drdkua&pDE dkifi H? uGs efawmfwdk@a&G;wJhtpdk;&u uGsefawmfwdk@udk tkyfcsKyfw,f? EdkifiaH wmftm%m[m jynfolvlxv k ufxJrmS &dw S ,f? 1962 rSm OD;ae0if;u tm%modrf;+yD; EdkifiHawmftm%mudk t"rRvkoGm;w,f? tJ'g pwkwˆjrefrmEdkifiaH wmf? tJ'aD wmh yxrjrefrmEdik if aH wmfrmS Edik if aH wmftm%mudk bk&ifawGyikd fwyhJ pPn;f vd@k owfr Swfxm;w,f? 'kwd, jrefrmEdkifi Ha wmfrSm Edki fiHa wmft m%mudk t*Fvdyfu olydkifwJhypPnf;vdk@ owfrSwfjyefw,f? wwd,jrefrmEdkifiHawmfrSm EdkifiHawmf tm%mudk jynfolawGydkifw,fvdk@ cHpm;&ygw,f? pwkwˆjrefrmEdkifiHawmfrSm EdkifiHawmf tm%mudk ppfwyfu olydkifwJhtm%mqdk+yD; twif;a&mt"rRygodrf;oGm;w,f? vGwv f yfa&;a=ujimpmwrf;/ pmrsuEf Sm 5 rSm jrefrmEdik if [ H m vlwpfO;D wpfa,muf uydkifwhJ Edik if rH [kwfbl;? jrefrmEdik if [ H m vlwpfpw k pfz@JG ydik w f hJ Edik if rH [kwb f l;? jrefrmEdkifiH[m jrefrmEdkifiHom;/ wdki;f &if;om;tm;vHk;ydik w f Jh tarGtESpf om jzpfw,fv@dk azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 1947 zJ@G pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' yk'rf 3 rSm Edik if aH wmftm%m[m Edik if o H m;rsm;xHrmS yJ wnfw,f? Edkiif aH wmf tm%m&Jh yif&if;ydik &f iS [ f m Edik if o H m;awGjzpfw,fvk@d wdwdusus a&;xm;ygw,f? yk'fr 4 rSm Oya'jyKtzJG@/ tkyfcsKyfa&; tzJG@eJ@ w&m;pD&ifa&;tzJG@wdk@[m EdkifiHom;awGydkifwJh EdkifiHawmftm%mudk EdkifiHom;awGudk,fpm; cH,lusihfoHk;wJholawGom jzpfw,f vdk@ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; a&;xm;ygw,f? qdkvw dk mu Edik fiaH wmftm%m[m jynfoal wGydkifw,f? jynfol}uKd ufwJholawGyJ wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfvdk@&w,f? jynfolr}udKuf&if tcsdefra&G; jzKwfcsvdk@&w,f? tJ'DrleJ@ 30

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uGsefawmfwdk@EdkifiHudk wnfaqmufcw Jh m? tck yOPrjrefrmEdik if aH wmfukd wnfaxmif=ur,fqakd wmh wyfrawmfuyJ a&$@w,f? bmeJ@a&$@ovJqdkawmh 2008 ckESpf zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'eJ@ a&$@w,f? 'gqdk tJ'D EdkifiHawmftm%mudk ESpf 50 =umodrf;xm;wJh ppfwyfu yOPrjrefrm EdkifiHawmfudk wnfaqmufbkd@ b,ftcsdK;csKd;xm;ovJ? uGsefawmfwdk@vkdcsifwJh EdkifiHawmf yHkpHrsdK;vm;? tJ'gudk oHk;oyfbdk@ 2008 ckESpf zJG@pnf;yHk tajccH Oya'udk oHk;oyf=unhf=ur,f?

(3) 2008 ckESpf zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' uGsefa wmfwdk@ =unhf&rSm u tcsufwpfcsufwnf; yJ? Edki fiHa wmftm%mudk b,fem;rSm xm;rvJ? b,fo@l qDrSm xm;rSmvJ? 2008 ckE Spf zJG@pnf; yHk tajccHO ya'rSm Edki fiH a wmf. Oya'jyKtm%mudk jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfukd tyfESif;w,f? EdkifiHawmf&Jh tkyfcsKyfr_tm%m orRwudk tyfESif;w,f? w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mudk jynfaxmifpkw&m; ol}u;D csKyu f kt d yfw,f vkd@ a&;xm; ygw,f? tay:,H=unhv f u dk &f if Edik if aH wmftm%mudk jynfou l ykd J tyfxm;oa,mifa,mif? yk'fr 4 rSm EdkifiHawmftm%monf EdkifiHom;rsm;xHrS oufqif;I EdkifiHwpf0Srf;Y wnfonfvkd@ a&;xm;w,f? 1947 zJG@pnf;yHktajccHO ya'rSm u Edki fi Ha wmftm%m [m Edki fiHom;rsm; uomydkifw,f vdk@ &Sif;atmif a&;xm;w,f? tck a&;xm;yHkt& EdkifiHom;rsm;xHrS oufqif;I qkdawmh EdkifiHom;awGyikd o f a,mifa,mif ajymcsiv f nf; ajymvd@k &w,f? 'gayrJh EdkifiHom;rsm;xHrS oufqif;w,fqdkawmh olwdk@u jiif;rSmayg?h [kwfw,fav/ t&ifwHk; uawmh rif;wdk@ydkifwmyJ? tck qif;oGm;+yD rif;wdk@qDrSm r&dSawmhbl;? igwdk@qDa&mufae+yDqdk b,fvadk jymrvJ? tJ'v D kd r&Sif;r&Sif;a&;xm;w,f? xm;awmh/ 'Dy'k rf t& Edik if o H m;awGuykdiw f ,fv@kd jiif;&ifjiif;vd@k &ao;w,f? 'gayrJh jiif;vdk@r&wJh yk'frawGu &daS ew,f? Oya'jyKtm%mudk jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfu ydkifw,f? 'gqdk jynfaxmifpk v$waf wmfudk b,fvkzd G@J xm;ovJ? jynfaxmifpkv$wfa wmfqdkwm trsdK;om;v$wfawmfeJ@ jynfo l@ v$wfa wmf ESpf&yfaygif;+yD; zJG@xm;wm? jynfol@ v$wfawmfudk v$wfawmftrwf 440 eJ@zJG@w,f? tJ'DrSm 330 u jynfoal wGa&G;wm? 110 u umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyu f cef@wm? trsKd ;om;v$wfawmfukd v$wfawmftrwf 224 a,mufeJ@zJG@w,f? tJ'DrSm 168 a,mufu jynfolawGa&G;wm? 56 a,mufu umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu cef@wm? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

v$waf wmfESp&f yfaygif;awmh 664 a,muf&w dS ,f? 498 a,mufu t&yfom;awG a&G;xm;wJh v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,fawG? 166 a,mufu umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfqdkwJh vlyk*Kd~ vfwpfO;D wpfa,mufwnf;u cef@xm;wJh wyfrawmfom; ud, k fpm;vS,af wG? tJ'Dawmh EdkifiHawmftm%mudk v$wfawmfu ydkifw,f? v$wfawmftrwf 4 yHk 3 yHu k kd jynfou l ydik w f ,f? 4 yHk 1 yHu k kd umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu ydik w f ,f? qdak wmh jynfou l ydik w f m Oya'jyKtm%m&Jh 4 yHk 3 yHkyJydkifwm? usefwJh 4 yHk 1 yHkudk awmh umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfqkdwJh vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufwnf;u ydkifaew,f? yk'fr 109/ 141/ 161 t& EdkifiHawmftm%m &hJ 4 yHw k pfyHkudk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfwpfa,mufxJ&Jh vufxJrSm tyfxm;wm? t=urf;zsOf;tm;jzihf jrefrmEdkifi HvlOD;a& oef; 60 &dSw,f? v$wfawmfr Sm t&yfom;trwfaygif;u 498 a,mufyJ &dSw,f? xm;yg 500? oef; 60 udk 500 eJ@pm;&if t&yfom; wpfodef; ESpfa omif; rS v$wfawmfudk, fpm;vS,f wpfa ,mufyJ &w,f? wyfrawmfom;u ig;odef;oHk;aomif;ausmf &dSw,f? pm;=unhfvdkuf&if ppfom; 3200 udk trwf 1 a,muf &w,f? uGsefawmfwdk@bufu t&yfom; wpfodef;ausmfudk trwf wpfa,mufyJ&aecsdefrSm olwdk@u vl 3000 ausmfukd trwf 1 a,mufE_ef;eJ@ v$waf wmfukd pD;xm;w,f? Oya'jyKtm%m&Jh av;yHkoHk;yHkudk uGsefawmfwdk@&xm;w,f? av;yHkoHk;yHk}uD;rsm; awmifqkd+yD; aysmfraeygeJ@? tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk quf=unhf&atmif? zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' yk'rf 16 rSm Edik if aH wmforRwonf Edik if aH wmf. t}u;D tuJ vnf;jzpfonf? tpd;k &tzJG@. t}uD;tuJvnf;jzpfonf? yk'rf 58 rSm Edik if aH wmforRwonf EdkifiHawmf. t}uD;tuJjzpfonf wJh? aemuf yk'fr 199 rSm tpdk;&tzJG@&Jh t}uD;tuJ[m orRwjzpfonf vk@d a&;xm;w,f? jynfola &G;wJhorRwrSm Edki fiHa wmftm%m&dS&if jynfolrSmtm%m&dSwmeJ@ twlwlygbJ? jynfola&G;aumuf wifajrSmufwJh v$wfawmfrSm EdkifiHawmftm%m&dS&if jynfolrSmtm%m&dSwmeJ@ twlwlygbJ? jynfolua&G;xm;wm jzpfwJh twGuf r}uKd uf&if jzKwf+yD;aemufwpfa,muf a&G;vdk@&w,f? 'gqdk&if orRwrSm wu,ftm%m&dSovm; =unh&f atmif? EdkifiHawmforRw[m wu,fvdk@ EdkifiHht}uD;tuJrSef&if ol@vufatmufrSm tvky fvkyfwJh 0ef}uD;awGudk olcef@ &r,f? ta&;ygwJh umuG,fa&;/ jynfxJa&; eJ@ e,fpyfa&;&m? tJ't D zJ@G tm;vH;k u vufeufuikd w f t hJ zJ@G awG? tJ'D 0ef}u;D oH;k Xme&Jh 0ef}u;D a&m 'k-0ef}uD;udkyg orRwu cef@ydkifcGi&hf dS&r,f? tckawmh tJ'D0ef}uD;Xme oHk;Xme&Jh 0ef}uD;eJ@ 'k-0ef}uD;awGudk umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfu cef@&r,f? tJ'Dvdk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu cef@wmudk v$wfawmfeJ@ orRwu 32

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jiif; ydkifcGihfvnf; r&dSbl;? jzKwfydki fc Gi hfvnf; r&dSbl;? tJ'Dtwdki f; &Si f;&Si f;vif;vif; jywfjywfom;om; a&;xm;w,f? tck uGsefawmfwdk@a&G;aumufwifajrSmufxm;wJh orRw}uD;onf EdkifiHawmf&Jh tifrwefrS ta&;}u;D wJh tJ'D 0ef}u;D oH;k yg;eJ@ 'k0ef}u;D awGukd cef@tyfyidk cf iG fh r&db S ;l ? tJ't D m%m umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfudk vH;k 0O\Hk tjywfay;xm;w,f? umvHkudk 11 a,mufeJ@zJG@w,f? orRwudk OuUX cef@xm;w,f? tJ'D 11 a,mufx Jr Sm orRwud k rJa y;rJholu 2 a,mufyJ&dS w,f? t&yfom; 'korRw eJ@/ EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;? orRweJ@aygif;ygrS oHk;a,mufyJ&dSw,f? aemuf v$wfawmf OuUX ESpfa,mufu b,fol@rJay;rvJ rodbl;? aemufxyf 6 a,muf? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ ol@wynhf 'k- umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyf/ aemuf+yD; ol@wynhfawGjzpfwJh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;/ e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD;/ aemuf+yD; wyfrawmfom; 'k-orRw/ 'gvJ olcef@xm;wJh ol@wynhfbJ? 'Dawmh umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfe J@ ol@wynhf 5 a,mufu umuG,fa&;eJ@ vHk+cKH a&;aumifpDrSm ygaew,f? 11 rJrmS olu 6 rJ? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyaf tmufrmS vky&f wJh ol@wynhf 5 a,mufu ol@udk rvJGraoGudk axmufcH&r,f? 'Dawmh ar;p&m&dSw,f? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfudk b,folu cef@ovJwJh? w&m;ol}uD;csKyf/ pm&if;ppfcsKyfwdk@udk orRw}uD;u cef@Edkifw,f? 'gayrJh umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyu f akd wmh rcef@Edik b f ;l ? odyt f =hH obd@k aumif;w,f? yk'rf 342 rSm umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyu f kd umuG,af &;ESihf vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD. axmufcHcsufjzihf orRwu cef@&rnf wJh? orRwu umvHku cdkif;wJhtwdkif; trdef@xkwfay;&rSm? umvHk&Jhtm%mu b,fol@vufxJrSmvJ? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&Jh vufxJrSm? 'Dvdkqkd umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfudk b,folcef@rSmvJ? (ajzmif;ajzmif;ajzmif;ajzmif;) tJ'g pmxJygwJhtwdkif; ajymjywm? tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmet}uD;tuJonf orRw/ EdkifiHa wmft}uD; tuJonf orRw? 'g pmtkyfxJrSm ygwm? 'gqdk tJ' g [kwfr[kwf pOf;pm;=unhf&atmif? jrefrmEdkifiH wpfEdkifiHvHk;udk b,foltkyfcsKyfaeovJ? tedrhfqHk; &yfuGut f kyfcsKyfa&;r_;/ ol@txufrSm +rdK@e,ftaxGaxG tkyfcsKyfa&;r_;/ ol@txufrSm t*Fvdyfvdk GA (General Administration) vdk@ac:wJh c&dkiftkyfcsKyf a&;r_;&dSw,f? ol@txufrSm wkdif;-axG/ tkyf&dSw,f? aemuf+yD;awmh jynfaxmifpktqihf taxGaxG tkyfcsKyfa&;OD;pD;Xme &dSw,f? ol@txufrSm jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;? vufawG@rSm wdkif;jynfudk tJ'D taxGaxG tkyfcsKyfa&;OD;pD;Xmeu tkyfcsKyfaew,f? tJ'D taxGaxG tkyfcsKyfa&;OD;pD;Xme&Jh tkyfcsKyfr_udk &JwyfzJG@u taxmuf tulay;w,f? trdef@remcHwJh aumifawG tm;vHk;udk w&m;pJGr,f? tcsKyfxJxnhfr,f/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

axmifcsr,f? vufeufudkifxm;wJh &J u GA eJ@wJG+yD; tvkyfvkyfw,f? +rdK@e,f&JwyfzJG@/ c&dik f&w J yfz@JG / wdki;f &JwyfzG@J / olw@dk txufrSm &JcsKyef J@ txufq;kH rSm jynfxaJ &; 0ef}u;D &dw S ,f? 'Duae@ jrefrmwpfEkdifiHvHk;udk taxGaxG tkyfcsKyfa&;?OD;pD;XmeeJ@ jynfol@&JwyfzJG@u tkycf sKyaf ew,f? olw@kd ESpaf ,muf&hJ txufrmS jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D &dw S ,f? jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D udk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu cef@ xm;w,f? 'Da wmh wdki f;jynfudk wu,ftkyfc sKyfa ewJh jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;onf orRwtvdkus tkyfcsKyfrvm;/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf tvkdus tkyfcsKyfrvm;? tJ'g wdkif;jynfudk b,folwu,ftkyfcsKyfaeovJ qdkwm jrifomatmif ajymjywm? pmtkyfxJrSm wdkif;jynfudk orRwtkyfcsKyfygw,fvdk@ (xif&atmif) a&;xm;ayrJh wu,fvufawG@rSm wdkif;jynfudk orRw tkyfcsKyyf gw,fvk@d rajymEdkifbl;? 'gudk=unhfjcif;tm;jzihf EkdifiHawmf&JhtkyfcsKyfr_tm%mudkvnf; umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfudk ay;xm;w,f? aemufqHk; w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mudk =unhf&atmif? 1947 zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rSm w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mudk w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyu f dk tjynhft0 tyfESif;w,f? b,fol@udkrS cJGray;bl;? OD;ae0if;vufxufrSmwHk;uvnf; wjcm;[mawGom ol,x l m;w,f? w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mudk ,lrxm;bl;? w&m;ol}u;D udo k m zdtm;ay;csifay;r,f? w&m;a&;tm%mudkawmh w&m;&Hk;csKyfudkyJ tyfxm;w,f? 'Dbuf Adkvfoef;a&$acwfrSmvnf;yJ w&m;&Hk;csKyfudkyJ tyfxm;wmyJ? ppfwyfu b,fwHk;urS w&m;a&;tm%mudk r,lcJhbl;? tck 2008 zJG@ pnf; yHktajccHO ya' yk' fr 343 rSm ppfbufw&m;pD&ifa&; eJ@ywfouf&if umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf&Jh tqHk;tjzwfonf t+y;D tjywfjzpfonf? qdkvdkwmu umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf[m ppfbufw&m;pD&ifa&;&Jh w&m;ol}uD;csKyf/ ppfom;tm;vHk;[m umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf&Jh trdef@atmufrSm b,fvdkrS v_yfvdk@r&atmif xnhfay;vdkufwm? wu,hfudkyJ tm%m&SiftppftrSefjzpfatmif vkyfay;xm;wm? tkyfcsKyfa&;udkvnf; um ˜csKyfyJvkyf/ ppfwyfudkvnf;yJ um ˜csKyfyJvkyf/ w&m;a&;udv k nf; um ˜csKyfyJvyk f qdak wmh b,fvedk nf;eJ@rS w&m;rSswwhJ w&m;pD&ifa&; rjzpfEdkifbl;? 'grsdK; urBmay:rSmvnf; r&dSbl;? qdkawmh EkdifiHawmf tcsKyftcsm tm%m oHk;ckpvHk;udk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfudk wpfrsdK;r[kwf wpfrsdK;tyfxm;wm[m +yD;cJhwJh pwkwjˆ refrmEdik if aH wmfukd tkypf ;kd cJw h hJ ppftpd;k &u aemuf yOPrEdik if aH wmfukd tkypf ;dk bk@d csxm;wJh azmifa';&Sif;bJ? tJ'aD zmifa';&Si;f twdik ;f omoGm;&if b,fawmhrS 'Dru kd a&pDEkid if u H dk ra&mufEikd b f ;l ? 'Dru kd a&pDEidk if w H pfc&k hJ pHcsdef[m Ekid if aH wmftm%m b,frmS wnfovJqw kd t hJ ay: rlwnfw,f? 34

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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armifodef;vGif (WeeklyHeadline 42

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

Vol2, No.6, (6-2-2017)

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1924ckESpf taemufwdki f; *Dwaw;oGm ;wpf ydk' ft m; a&;rSwfx m;aom *DwoauFw pm&Gufav;tm; =unfh&if;r,f'vifjzifh wD;cwf=unfhae.?aemufxyf aw;oGm;wpfydk'f udkvnf; oauFwpm&Guf =unfhum wa,mjzifhvG,fulpGm xdk;Edkifaeonf? xdktcg r,f'vifav;tm; toHjyefn+dSy;D r[m*Dwaw;oGm;av; wpfyikd ;f wpfpudk wD;cwf=unfo h nf? xdk@aemuf wpfoHcsif;rSwfom;jzifh rsOf;5a=umif;yg *DwoauFw pm&GufvGwfY oauFw rsm;jzifh rSwfom;=unfhonf? wpfoHcsif;/ +yD;awmhwpfa=umif;csif;/ xdk@aemuf wpfydk'fcsif;? Todk@jzifh oDcsi;f }u;D wpfyk'fv;Hk ? wpfyk'fvHk;udk a&;rSwf+yD;aomtcg xdkoauFwrsm;twdkif; bif*sKdjzifh vdkufvH wD;cwf=unfo h nf? "eef;bHkoD[maqG ² ² ²oO…manmifa&$/ &$ef;a0xdefajymif/ nDawmifqufum ydkifpdk;pHawmhom/ tdk ² ² ² qifjzLqENefqufjyef dvdk@jim; r&Sm;vdk&m/ bkef;awZm² ² ² " Todk@jzifh wpfyk'fvHk; yDyDjyifjyif acsmacsmarGŒarGŒ? Todk@jzifh w¶kwfwef;vrf;r}u;D ay:&Sd vrf;rD;a&mifrSdefysysatmufrSm wD;0dik f;av; wpf0dkif;. r,f'vif/ wa,m/ bif*sKdwl&d,mrsm; wD;cwfoHwGif armifausmfndef;. "eef;bHo k [ D mawG"bif*sKv d ufou H umvom;rsm;. npOfyaJG wmif;cH&aom bif*sKv d ufoH jzpfvmavawmh .? xdkpOfu TuJhodk@aom vrf;ab;taysmfwrf;wD;0dkif;av;rsm;rSm rEœav;+rdKŒ. tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

jywdkufrSm tESH@tjym;&SdcJhonf? w¶kwfwef;rSm yJykyfwef; rSm/ ouFef;wef;rSm/ qdkifwef;rsm;? xdk@aemuf xdkwD;0dkif;av;awG tjyeftvSefvnfywf aygif;pkwD;r_wf=u&if; rEœav;aps;csKd/ taemufbuf qdkif wef ;&yf&S d {&m0wDpma&;}uD; udkj rod ef; aetdrfY taysmfwrf; wD;0dik ;f av;wpf0ikd ;f pkppk nf;pnf;wnfaxmifvku d =f uawmh.? udkbouf/ udb k tke;f / udb k aiG/ udkoef@/ udkvS'if/ udkjrodef;/ udkb+idrf; polwdk@ pwifwnfcJh=uonfh wD;0dkif;av;udk armifausmfndef;(0g)udkb+idrf;u "Ak'< a0,sm 0pP+rdKŒr taysmfwrf; wl&d,mtoif;"[k pwiftrnfay;cJhonf?

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1928ckESpf xd k t csd e f r Sp I taemuf w d ki f; wl& d , mypP n f ; rsm;ud k u|rf ; usif y dk i f E dk i f p Gm wD;r_wfEdkif&eftwGuf taemufwdkif;wl&d,mrsm;ESifh ur?mh*Dw oauFwenf;ynmrsm;udk uGsrf;usifwwfajrmufcJhaom udkb+idrf;onf "m;wef;&yfrS udkoef@ESifhtwl yl;aygif; OD;aqmifum toif;om;rsm;tm; taemufwidk f;*Dwynmrsm; avhusiho f if=um;ay;cJo h nf? tndKa&mif oajy!Gef@uav;awGcsnf; pkpnf; xdk;xm;aom a=uGyef;tdk;jzLY Oa&my*Eˆ0if[efuJonfh =uufaoG;&ifha&mif ESif;qDwpfyGifh vnf; tpGrf;ukefyGifhaeonf? oajyndK/ ESif;qDeDESifh a=uGyef;tdk;jzLt&dyfu pEN&m;cHk. ra[mf*eDa&mifa=u;rHkjyifudk uif;ZmqifpG,fEkav;jzwf +yD;rS r&Jw&JrSef=unfh&&Sm.? pEN&m;cHkab;rSm acwfrDatmf'D,dk *&rf}uD;&Sdonf? atmf'D,dk*&rf&Sd "mwfpufY "mwfjym;wpfcsyfvnfaeonf? Oa&m y*Eˆ0ifaw;}uD; bGJŒ }uD;wpfyk'fu "mwfjym;rSwpfqifh atmf'D,dk*&rfrS toHxGufae.? cyfvSrf;vSrf;tcef;axmifhwGif rSefpDa&$csqdkif;0dkif;}uD;rS a&$&dyfrSef&dyfrsm;u tvif;oD;rSdefrSdef tuif;av;awGudk v_yfjyaeonf? Oa&myaw;}uD;bGJŒ }uD; "mwfjym;udk em;axmif&if; "mwfjym;t,fvbrftzHk;Y ¶dkufESdyfxm;aom &Sif;vif;zGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk zwfolzwf/ &Sif;jyol&Sif;jy/ aw;oGm;tm; jyefvnfzGifh&if; em;pdkufr Swfom;olu rSwfom;=u.? Todk@jzifh udkb+idrf;wdk@ onf 60

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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Min Soe Naing

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uaemif? ? tdrf;/ nDawmfokH;q,frif;om; ,rf;pyfazmfenf;uvJ tawmf aumif;oAs? vufeuf ynmawmfoif ia&$om;vnf; jyefvmawmhrmS rdŒk r=umcif jrefrmEdik if H udk vufeufwyfqifjyD; ukvm;jzLawGudk armif;xkwfEdkifr,fAs? OD;bdk;vd_if? ? rSefvSyg/ udk,fawmf=uD; puf¶HkrSm wpfaeŒu jyD;pD;xGuaf jrmufwJh "0ZD&m0k"" tajrmuf=u;D 40 tjyif AxufjcKd uf aoewf 2000 xGuaf ejyrD Œkd ukvm;jzLrsm;udk a=umufz, G f r&Sdyg? uaemif? ? 'geJh rif;=uD;&Jh/ 'DuaeŒ aemifawmfbk&m;u oHC'ge qGrf;auGs;yGJ=uD; cif;usif;wJah eŒygvm;? a&$eef;&Sifujzihf omoema&;udo k m tuJay;awmfrlw,f? wdik ;f jynf&hJ &efp, G &f efajimihfawGudkjzihf wpfqdwfavmufrSs atmufarhawmf rrlbl;? OD;bdk;vd_if? ? rSefyg? t&G,af wmfu axmufvmawmh omoemt&dyf cdkvH_awmf rl&Smwmyg bk&m;? uaemif? ? tJovdk wdki;f jynfukd ypfxm;vdkŒvnf; b,frSm awmfygrvJ? usKyrf Sm awmh aemifawmfbk&m;udk opPmawmfjrJjyD; toufeJhvJjyD; wdkif;jynfta&; &Gufaqmif ae&w,f? 'DtxJ jrifueG ;f nDaemifu ae&mwum armufarmufrmrm 0ifpyG cf sifao;w,f? tcsdefawmf usjyDvm;/ uEMDapmfuJawmfrif;&Jh? uEMD0ef? ? rSefyg? uaemif? ? uJ/ ud, k af wmfuyG u f w J hJ awmfy'D Akd ;Hk udk aAGaqmf prf;=unhrf ,f? aemufjy;D a,mrif;=uD; pD&ifwJh a&jrKyfAkH;udk prf;=u armifrif;rsm;? tcsed fum; eHeuf 2 armif; (7 &meD) cefŒ&Sad vjy?D atmifyifv,f wpf0u dk fwiG u f m; wdwfqdwfvsuf &S. d ? uaemifrif;u awmfyD'dkpeufwHukd rD;¶d_Œ I tm;ukefv$Jum uefwGif;odkŒ vGihfypf vdkuf.? "'dkif;" [laom toH=uD;rSm p=um0Vm wpfckvkH;udk wkef¶dkuf jrnf[nf;oGm;.? atmifyifv,fuefudk rD;cdk;zk;H v$rf;oGm;.? uaemif? ? [m; [m; atmifjy/D ur?mwpfvm$ ;rSm jrefrm=umG ;Edkijf yaD [h jrefrmudk txifao;&if ukvm;jzL &ifav;r[a[h aemf? 0efrif;rsm;? ? atmifjyD bk&m;? uaemif? ? aemifawmf =um;&if tm;&awmfrlr,f? ............

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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Min Soe Naing

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xGuf+yD tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

ppfwyf[m EkdifiH&JŒ tapcHjzpf&r,f EdkifiH[m ppfwyf &JŒ tapcH rjzpf&bl; Adv k fcsKyfatmifqef;

&Jabmfw@dk ²²²²²²²² ,ae@ &Jabmfwdk@ tpktcsKdŒ[m ppfAdkvfavmif;uav;rsm;tjzpf bGJ@tqihf twef;ukd cH,=l u&awmhr,f? ,ae@ txd &Jabmfw@kd [m ausmif;om;rsm;jzpf+y;D wm0ef&,fv@kd rdrw d dk@tay:rSm r&Sd=uao;bl;? ,ae@ausmif;uxGuf+yD; ArmhwyfrawmftoDoD; ÏmetoD;oD;rSm &mxl;tvkyf 0wW&m;rsm;&wmeJ@w+ydKifeuf &Jabmfwdk@ toD;oD;rSm udk,hfwm0efESihf udk,hf0wW&m;ESihf jzpfoGm;+yD? 'Dvdk udk,hfwm0ef udk,f0h wW&m;ESihf ArmEkdifiHawmfeJ@ Armhwyfrawmf&JŒ tr_udk xrf;=uwJt h cg &Jabmfwk@d udk rSmoihfrSm&m tcsuaf wGudk igwd@k rSm=um;vkdw,f? yxrqk;H &Jabmfw@dk ukrd mS csiw f mu igw@kd tck ArmEdik if [ H m udk,rfh if;ud, k fch si;f Edik if H jzpfw,f? 'd@k wyfrawmf[m wEdik if v H ;Hk wrsK;d om;vk;H &JŒtusK;d twGujf zpfw,f? 'ga=umihf 'DEifkd if H 'DtusK;d ukd umuG,f&r,hf Armhwyfrawmf [mvnf; ArmwEkid fiv H kH; wrsKd;om;vkH;twGuf jzpfw,fqw kd m em;vnf&r,f? 'Dwyfrawmf[m vlwOD;wa,muftwGuf wnfaxmifxm;wmr[kw?f wEdik if v H ;Hk wrsK;d om;vk;H twGuf jzpf w,f? 'Dwyfrawmf[m wzG@J wygwD vlwpktwGuf wnfaxmifxm; wmr[kwf?wEdikf fiHv;Hk wrsKd;om;vkH;twGuf jzpfw,f? wu,hfopPmjzpf&r,f 'Dwyfrawmf[m a&S;t*Fvyd f vufxufuvdk a=u;pm;wyf r[kw?f Edik if eH @J trsK;d ukd umuG,af pmihfa&Smihfzdk@ EdkifiH ESihftrsKd;udk rwifay;zdk@ jzpfw,f? 'ga=umihf 'Dwyfrawmf[m EdkifiHeJ@trsKd;. opPmudk tjrJapmihf&r,f? a&S;wkef; uvdk wjcm;EkdifiH wjcm;trsKd;udk 90

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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&mxl;tqihftwef; uae@ &Jabmfwdk@tm;vkH;ukd pdfwfxJrSm &Sdonhftwkdif;ajymjyr,f? ,cktcg igwdk@txJrSm EdkifiHtwGuf trsKd;rsKd; t epfemcHbl;wJh vlawG&Sdw,f? igwdk@ odwmvnf; &Sw d ,f? rodwmvnf;&Sw d ,f? od@k aomfvnf; a&S;uom 'Dvkd t epfemcH+y;D tcktvkyrf vky&f if b,folrS rwkd;wwfEdkifbl;? tu,fI tckvnf; tvkyfvkyfw,f? a&S;uvnf; tepfemcH zl;w,fq&dk if 'Dvv dk rl sK;d [m vlrsm;wumxuf wk;d wwfrmS trSefy?J uae@ qdik &f mvl}u;D awG rodao; vdk@ rwkd;wwfao;&if aemufwae@ wkd;wwfrSmyJ? wu,fawmfwJholawG[m b,forl S ESrd x f m;vd@k r&ygb;l ? ud, k u fh , dk u f v kd nf; od'w d< ifaep&mrvdb k ;l ? vl}u;D awGuv kd nf; rsuEf Smvkypf &mrvkdbl;? 'gayr,hf eDyeG fu jyefvmvd@k ppfausmif;uqif;vd@k a&S;u tepfem cHzl;vdk@qkd+yD; ,cktcg tvkyfaumif;aumif; rvkyf&if b,folrSwwf rSm r[kwfbl;? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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wefcdk;jybdk@r[kwf wjcm; rSm=um;vkw d hJ tcsuu f awmh ajymae=upum;yJ? 'gayr,hf xyf+y;D t"dym` ,f av;eufatmif ajymvdkuf OD;r,f? igwk@d ppfwyf[m Edikf fiHol EdkifiHom;awGudk nSOf;bdk@r[kwf? vufeuftm;udk;wefcdk;jybdk@ r[kwf? ppfwyf[m EkdifiH&JŒ tapcHjzpf&r,f? EdkifiH[m ppfwyf &JŒ tapcH rjzpf&bl;? 'gu pum;&dkif;&dkif;eJ@ em;vnfatmifajymjywm yJ?'Dpum;ukd usKyfajymwmu ppfwyfudk usKyfjyefESdrfcsifwJh oabmeJ@ajymwm r[kwfbl;? igwdk@[m vufeufudkif vlawGjzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m; rvkyf? EdkfifiH&JŒ &efolawGr[kwf? EdkfifiH&JŒ rd w f a qGa wGq kd w m tm;vk H; oabm ayguf a tmif ajymjyjcif ; yJ ? trS e f a jym&&if vlawG[mykxkZOfawGbJ tm;&SdwJhtcg tm;enf;wJhvlawGudk nSOf;csifwJh pdwf&Sdw,f? tm;enf;wJholawGuvnf; tm;enf;wJhtcgwkef;uawmh tm;}uD;aewJhvludk vufeuf tm;ukd; tm%mtm;udk; vkyfcsifw,fajym=uwmyJ? rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif tm;}uD;wJhae&m tm%m&Sw d ahJ e&m a&mufwt hJ cgus awmh t&ifwek ;f uajymwmawGarh+y;D wrsK;d vky=f uwmyJ? 'gx;kH pHb?J igw@dk u 'Dvrdk [kwf tm;enf;wJhtcgvnf; tm;}u;D wJv h u l dk rw&m;&if ra=umuf? tm;}uD;wJt h cgvnf; tm;i,fwhv J lukd rw&m;rvkyf qkw d t hJ wkid ;f vkycf sif w,f? jycsiw f ,f? tJ'ga=umihf ppfwyf[m EdkfifiH&JŒ tapcHjzpfw,fvdk@ ajymwmbJ? EdkfifiH[m bmvJ? EdkifiH[m t rsK;d yJ? trsK;d [m bmvJ? trsKd;[m wEkdifiHv;Hk rSm&Sw d hJ EdkifiH&JŒtusKd;udkvkyf+y;D EdkifiH&JŒtr_ukd b,fcgrqdk xrf;r,f qkw d v Jh l tm;vkH;yJ? 'Dae&mrSm vlrsK;d a&;w&m;tppfukd ajymjycsifw,f?

rSefuefaom vlrsKd;a&;w&m; vlrsK;d a&;w&m;qkw d m bmvJ? ud, k t fh rsK;d om csp+f y;D 'Djh yif vlrsK;d awGukd rke;f xm;wm vlrsKd;a&; w&m;bJvm;? r [kwfbl;? udk,t hf rsKd;csp, f Hek J@ 'Djh yifvlrsK;d ukv d nf; rkef;bd@k rvdkb;l ? od@k aomfvnf; ud, k t fh rsK;d tusK;d udk vmxdwhJ vlawGuakd wmh twGi;f uvl jzpfjzpf tjyifuvl jzpfjzpf wdkufckdufESdrfeif;&rSmayg?h 'gu igwdk@trsKd;&JŒ &efol tjzpf om ESdrfeif;jcif;jzpfw,f? b,fvrl sK;d b,fol b,f0gq+kdy;D ESrd ef if;wmr[kwb f ;l ? &mZ0ifu=kdunh&f if ur?mhvrl sK;d awG[m tcsif;csif; wdkufwJhtcg wdkuf=uwm awG@ &rSm yJ? rwnhfo nhftcg wkduf=uwJhtcg wkduf=u&rSmaygh? 'g ayr,hf wjcm;vlrsKd;awGudk rkef;wm[m vlrsKd;a7;vdk@ xifwm wxpfcs rS m ;w,f ? usKyf w dk @ [m rqk d i f w J hw jcm;vl r sKd ; awG u k d rk e f; bdk @ rvd k b l; ? usKyfw d k @ EkdifiHtwGif;rSmvnf; wkdif;&i;fom;tcsif;csif; ArmyJ &Srf;yJ u&ifyJ csif;yJ pojzihf cGJp&m rvdkb;l ? 92

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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xGufjy Ekdfifygap? usKyfz,fay;bdk@ toihfyJ?

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (

Thuya Soemoe Daweithar

xHrSwqif@ ul;,lygonf)

(7) Zlvdki f atmifapmOD; (rd_if;&mjynfh)/ OD;ynmoD&d 0if;wifhxGef;/ ref;&Smvm;zef;/ wifhaZmf/ ZGefrd_if;/ OD;atmifxl; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef@csdonf 94

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

EdkifiHawmfus&SHK;jcif;

(state failure)

cifrrrsdK;

EdkifiHawmfqdkwJh oabmw&m;ay:rSm tajccHjyD;/ EdkifiHawmfawG wnfaxmif vm=uwma=umifh urBmay:rSm EdkifiHawmf trsm;tjym; ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f? tcsdKŒEdkifiH awmfawGu tiftm;=u;D rm; vmjyD; tiftm;=u;D rm;aomEdkifiHrsm; (strong states) awG jzpfvm=uovdk/ tcsdKŒ EdkifiHawmfawGus awmh tm;enf;aom EdkifiHrsm; (weak states) awG jzpfvmygw,f? tcsdKŒEdkifiHawmfawG usawmhvJ us&SHK;aom EdkifiHrsm; (failed states) awG jzpfoGm ;=ujyD;/ Edk ifi H tcsdKŒuawmh jydK vJa omEdk i fiH r sm; (collapsed states) awG jzpfoGm;=uygw,f? tcsKd ŒEdkiif HawG[mqdk&if tm;=uD;aom EdkifiHtqifhukd r&yJ/ vGwfvyfa&; &puwnf;u tm;enf;aomEdik if t H qifhrSmyJ &Sjd y;D / wjznf;jznf;eJŒ us&KHS ;aom EdkifiHtqifu h kd a&GŒavsmoGm;&muae jydKvJrSKtxd jzpfoGm;wmawGvJ &Sdygw,f? tcsdKŒEdkifiHawG usawmhvJ tm;enf;aomEdik fit H qifrh mS yJ q,fpEk pS af ygi;f rsm;pGm &yfwefŒaeygw,f? qdrk m;vD;,m;/ uGe*f k/d vdu k af b;&D;,m;eJŒ abmhpeD;,m;pwJh Edik if HawG[m us&KHS ;jy;D / jyKd vo J mG ;wJh Edik if aH wG jzpfygw,f? 'DEdkifiHawGrSm A[dktpdk;&&JŒ &yfwnfEdkifrSK &yfwefŒoGm;jyD;/ jynfolvlxk tay:rSm tpdk;& wm0efausjyGefatmif xrf;aqmifEdkifjcif; r&SdwJhtxd jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? Edik if aH wmfukd wm0ef,x l m;&wJh tpd;k &w&yf[m jynfov l x l t k wGuf yHyh ;kd ay;&r,fh vkyfief;wm0efawGudk rxrf;aqmifEdkifwJhtcg EdkifiHawmftm;enf;jcif;eJŒ us&SHK;jcif;awG jzpfyGm;wwfygw,f? 'Dvdktm;enf;jcif;eJŒ us&SHK;jcif; jzpfvmwJh vuQ%m&yfawGuawmh pD;yGm;a&;wnfjidrfrSKr&Sdjcif;/ ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrSKrsm; tm;enf;jcif;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

&mZ0wfrKS EiS fh t=urf;zufrKS rsm; xlajymjcif; pwmawGyJ jzpfygw,f? 'DvuQ%m&yfawG&adS ewJh EdkifiHawGrSm tpdk;&&JŒ zdESdyfrSK ,EW&m; uyg aygif;pyfvmwJhtcg vufeufudkif yËdyuQawG ay:xGuv f mwwfygw,f? 'Dvkd yËdyuQawG jzpfymG ;&mu ppfajy;'kuo Q nfrsm; rsm;jym;vmjcif;/ a&&Snftpma&pm jywfvyfrSK jzpfjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkjydKvJjcif;/ jynfoltrsm; aoa=uysuf p D; jcif; / a&m*gb,qdk ; rsm; wd k ;yGm ;jcif ; pwmawGy g xyf qifhj zpf y Gm ; vmwwfygw,f? tqdkygtajctaerSm oufqdkif&m tpdk;&awGu zdESdyfrSK,EW&m;udk &yfwefŒ jyD; / Edkifi Hawmfudk jyefvnfw nfaqmufa &; =udK;yrf;Edki fzdkŒ vdktyfygw,f? 'DvdkvkyfaqmifrSKr&Sd&if EdkifiHawmf[m Failed states tqifhudk a&mufoGm;&mu/ collapsed states txd jzpfoGm;wwfygw,f? 'ga=umifh EdkifiHawmf&JŒ vkyu f idk faqmif&GufEdkifrSK pGrf;&nf eJŒ EdkifiHawmfus&SHK;rSK[m wdkuf&dkuf qufpyfrSK &Sdw,fvdkŒ qdkEdkifygw,f? EdkifiHawmfus&SHK;jcif;udk avhvmwJh EdkifiHa&;ynm&SifawGu &SKaxmifhoHk;rsdK;uae avhvm xm;=uygw,f? yxr&SKaxmifhuawmh EdkifiHwumpepfrSm jzpfyGm;aewJh macrolevel changes awGukd tm&HkpdkufjyD;/ 'kwd,&SKaxmifuawmh EdkifiHawmf- vlŒtzGJŒtpnf; wdkŒt=um;u qufqHa&; (state–society relations) udk txl;jyKavhvmxm;ygw,f? wwd,&SKaxmifu h awmh tkypf rk sm; t=um;u r[mAsL[mqufEG,rf KS (micro-level strategic interactions) awGukd tm&Hkpdkuf xm;ygw,f? (1) Macro-level perspectives EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufjcif; (state building) &JŒ t"du oGifjyifvuQ%m awGjzpfwJh EdkifiHa&;pGrf;aqmifrSK/ EdkifiHa&;w&m;0ifrSKeJŒ EdkifiHa&;vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m&SdrSK pwmawG zGHŒ jzdK; wdk;wufa &;[m linear process r[kwfy gbl;? tajctaeawG ajymif;vJwmeJŒtrSs 'DoGifjyif vuQ%mawG&JŒ zGHjzdK;wdk;wufrSKawGuvJ aemufjyefqkwf oG m ;Ed k i f y gw,f ? Oyrmtm;jzif h system structure rS m ajymif ; vJ o G m ;wJ h t cg EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufjcif;udk oufa&mufrSKESpfrsdK; jzpfyGm;Edkif ygw,f? tifyg,m=uD;awG us&S H K ;oG m ;wJ h t cg wbufr Sm Ed ki f iH w umpepf ud k rSD c dkw J h tm;enf; aom Ed k i fi H rsm; ay:xGufvmjy;D / tjcm;wbufrmS vJ pD;yGm;a&;pepfajymif;vJrKS awG jzpfay:vmwwf ygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh azmfjy&&if 19 &mpkwek f;u pydet f ifyg,m us&KHS ;oGm;csed rf mS awmiftar&durSm Edik if rH sm;pGm ay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? yxrurBmppfjyD; umvrSmwke;f uvJ &k&mS ;/ =op=w;D ,m;[efa*&DeŒJ Ottoman tifyg,mwdŒk jyKd usjy;D / Oa&myrSm Edik if rH sm;pGm ay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? 'kw, d ur?mppfjy;D umvrSm b,fv*f s, D /H a[mfvef/ jyiopf/ jAw d o d sS eŒJ ay:wl*t D ifyg,mawG jyKd usjyD;/ tm&SeJŒ tmzd&duwdkurf Sm EdkifiHrsm;pGm ay:xGuf vmcJhygw,f? qdAk D,uf,leD,H=uD; jyKd vo J mG ;csed rf mS vJ tm&Stv,fyikd ;f eJŒ ta&SŒ Oa&mywdŒk rSm Edik if Hrsm;pGm ay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? 'Dvdk systemic transitions awGa=umifh/ EdkifiHrsm;pGm ay:xGufvmcJhovdk 96

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

e,fajrydkifeufeJŒ vlrsdK;pkta&;pwmawGay:rSm rlwnfwJh yËdyuQrsm;pGmvJ ay:ayguf vmcJyh gw,f? 'kwd,urBmppfjy;D umveJŒ qdkA, D uf,el , D =H u;D jyKd vJjy;D csed frmS ay:xGuv f mwJh EdkifiHawGudk OD;aqmifwJh EdkifiHacgif;aqmifawGrSm jy\emoHk;&yfudk &ifqdkifcJh&ygw,f? yxrjy\emuawmh Edkifi Hawmf&JŒ e,fa jrydkife ufudk umuG,fa pmifha&Smuf&r,fh jy\emjzpfjyD;/ EdkifiHi,fawG/ EdkifiHopfawG jzpfwma=umifh usL;ausmf&efpcH&rSKawGeJŒ e,fajrydkifeuftjiif;yGm;rSKawGudk &ifqdkifajz&Sif; =u&ygw,f? 'kwd, jy\emuawmh EdkifiHwGif;rSm &SdaewJh vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;awGu vlrsdK;a&;/ bmoma&; uGJjym;rSK rsm;jym;jyD;/ yËdyuQjzpfEdkifacs rsm;jym;aewm jzpfygw,f? aemufqHk; jy\em=uD;uawmh EdkifiHacgif;aqmiftrsm;pk[m vGwfvyfa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSKawG/ awmfvSefa&;awGu acgi;f aqmifawGjzpfwma=umifh/ ppfa&;eJŒ awmfvSefa&; tawGŒt=uHKrsm;om&SdjyD; 'Drdkua&pD ,Ofaus;rSK&SdwJh wdkif;jynfwnfaxmifrSKqdkif&m/ EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m todynmawGeJŒ tawGŒt=uHKawG r&Sd=uwmyJ jzpfygw,f? 'D j y\emawG u Ed k i f i H a wG u d k weak states tqif h r S m q,f p k E S p f a ygif ; rsm;pG m &yfwefŒaeap&Hkomru/ tcsdKŒEdkifiHawGudk failed states tqifhtxd a&muf&SdoGm; apcJhygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;p EdkifiHawGrmS jzpfyGm;avh&SdwJh vlrsdK;a&;tajcjyK yËdyuQawG[m udkvdkeDpepf&JŒ tarGqdk;awGjzpfa=umif; axmufjyajymqdk=uwJh EdkifiHa&;ynm&SifawGvJ &Syd gw,f? udv k ekd D vufatmufcH Edik if aH wGrmS awmifay:ajrjyefŒqdik &f m/ ta&SŒtaemufqikd &f m/ awmifajrmufqdkif&m cGJjcm;tkyfcsKyfrSKawG &SdwwfjyD;/ EdkifiHa&;yg0gawGudk a'oqdkif&m uGJjym;rSKay:rSm cGJjcm;ay;tyf avh&Sdygw,f? udkvdkeDtifyg,mawG jydKusjyD;/ vGwfvyfa&; ay;csed fawGrSmvJ ajryHkawGay:rSm e,fajrawG cGJjcm;jyD;/ vGwfvyfa&;ay;cJhwmawG &Syd gw,f? tcsdKŒtm&Se JŒ tmz&duEdki fiHa wGrSm qdk&if vlrsdK;pkwckxJwif e,fe dr dwfxdpyfaewJh EdkifiHESpfckxJrSm uGJjym;pGm a&muf&Sdaewwfygw,f? 'Dvdk e,fajrcGJjcm;owfrSwfrSKawG/ EdkifiHa&;yg0gcGJjcm;ay;tyfxm;rSKawGa=umifh vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;csdefrSm vlrsdK;pkuGJjym;rSKqdkif&m yËdyuQawG/ oufqdkif&m e,fajra'oay:rSm tajccHjyD; vGwfvyfa&; awmif;qdkrSKawG jzpfymG ;vmygw,f? 'geJŒ ywfoufjyD; EdkifiHa&;ynm&Sif Charles Alao qdkolu tmz&duwdkufrSm yËdyuQjzpfymG ;wJh tm;enf;aomEdik if Hrsm; ay:xGuv f mjcif;[m udv k ekd pD epf a=umifjh zpfa=umif; twdtvif; xkwfazmfa&;om;cJhygw,f? udkvdkeDpepfu aoG;cGJxm;wJh vlrsdK;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;eJŒ bmoma&; tkyfpak wGt=um;rSm common sense of citizenship wnfaqmufzŒkd cJ,Of; wma=umifh yËdyuQawG jzpfyGm;vm&jyD;/ EdkifiHawmfus&SHK;jcif;rsm; jzpfyGm; cJh&a=umif; qdx k m;cJyh gw,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

Edkiif Hawmfus&HKS ;jcif;jzpfyGm;apwJh aemufxyftcsuw f csufuawmh pD;yGm;a&;pepf ajymif;vJrSKrsm; jzpfygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeawG[m EdkifiHa&;eJŒ vlrSKa&;tajctae awGukd v$rf;rdk;Edkifygw,f? txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;&m wef;wlnDrSsrSK (economic equity) [m Edik if aH wmfus&KHS ;rSKeŒJ qdik w f hJ ta&;jzpf ygw,f? Edik if aH &;ynm&Sif Gurr eJŒ Duvall qdo k w l Œkd u EdkifiHawmftwGif;rSm pD;yGm;a&;eJŒ EdkifiHa&; vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawGudk nDrSspGm cGJa0rSK r&Sd&if jidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufzdkŒ cufcJa=umif; qdkxm;cJh ygw,f? wdkif;jynfrSm qif;&Jcsrf;om uGm[rSK=uD;rm;jyD;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk tpdk;&jzpfap/ vlwef;pm;w&yfujzpfap/ ppfwyfu jzpfap vuf0g;=u;D tkyx f m;rSKawG &Sad ecJ&h if ykeu f efrSKeŒJ Edik if aH &;rwnfjidrrf KS awGu rvGJraoGjzpfvmEdkiaf =umif; EdkifiHa&;ynm&Sifrsm;u avhvmawGŒ&SdcJh=u ygw,f? (2) Intermediate perspectives: state–society relations 'D&KS axmifhu jynfwiG ;f zdtm;rsm;a=umifh EdkifiHawmfus&HKS ;&jcif;udk txl;jyKavhvm xm;ygw,f? 'D&SLaxmifht& EdkifiHawmfus&SHK;jcif;[m political order udk EdkifiHwGif;rSm rSDwif;aexdkifwJh jynfolawGu todtrSwfrjyKjcif;a=umifh jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHwEdkifiHrSm&SdwJh EdkifiHom;awGtcsif;csif; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfpGm twlwuG,OS fwGJaexdkifzdkŒtwGuf tm;vHk;u vufcHxm;wJh national identity vdktyfy gw,f? 'grSom vlr sdK ;a&;/ bmoma&; uGJjym;jcm;em;wJh tkypf ak wGt=um;rSm inter-group cooperation &Sv d mrSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd national identity aysmufuG,fvm&if state-society relations ysufjyD;/ EdkifiHawmf us&HKS ;jcif; jzpfwwfygw,f? Edik if aH &;ynm&Sif Douglas Dearth qdo k u l Edik if aH wmfukd tkycf sKyw f t hJ pd;k &taeeJŒ (basic obligations of statehood) udk jynfolawGtwGuf ryHhydk;ay;Edkif&if EdkifiHawmf us&SHK;jcif; jzpfwwf w,fvdkŒvJ qdkxm;ygw,f? tpdk;&[m internal order &Sdvmatmif xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;/ external aggression udk wGef;vSefEdkifjcif; rjyKvkyfEdkif&if state-society relations ysufoGm;wwfygw,f? 'ga=umifh Edi k fiaH &;ynm&Sif Pauline Baker eJŒ John Ausink qdkolwdkŒu EdkifiHawmfus&SHK;jcif;[m tpdk;&,EW&m;ysuf,Gif;jcif;rSm tpjyKa=umif; qdx k m;cJyh gw,f? tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ vdktyfcsufawGudk yHhydk;Edkifjcif; r&Sad wmhwt Jh cg/ wdik ;f jynfwGi;f rSm qif;&JErG ;f yg;rSK/ aus;vufa'orS tajrmuftjrm;pGeŒf cGmrSK/ obm0ywf0ef;usif ysu, f iG ;f rSK/ pD;yGm;a&; tcGihf tvrf; wef;wlnrD sS r&Srd SKawG jzpfymG ;vmjy;D / vlxku EdkifiHawmfudk t,Hkt=unf uif;rJhvmygw,f? 'DtcgrSm EdkifiHawmfjzpfwnfrSKudk todtrSwfjyKrSK usqif;vmjyD;/ EdkifiHawmf us&SHK;jcif; jzpfyGm;apEdkifa=umif; axmufjy a&;om;cJ=h uygw,f? EdkifiHawmfus&SHK;rSK[m tpdk;&&JŒ EdkifiHa&;pepftay:rSmvJ rlwnfa=umif; tcsdKŒ 98

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

ynm&S i f r sm;u qd k x m;=uygw,f ? Paul Brass eJ Œ Atul Kohli qd k o l w d k Œ u vufeufukid fykeu f efrSKrsm;eJŒ vlxw k ku d yf JrG sm; jzpfymG ;vm&jcif;[m vlxk&JŒ vSKy&f Sm;rSKawGukd tpd;k &u udkiw f , G yf rHk mS rlwnfa=umif; axmufjyxm;cJyh gw,f? tpdk;&[m Edik if o H /l Edik if Hom;&JŒ vd k t yf c suf a wG u d k yH h y d k; ay;jcif; r&S d & H k o mru/ jynf o l v lx k & J Œ touf t d k ; td r f pnf;pdrfvHkjcHKa&;udkyg jcdrf;acsmuf vmw,fvdkŒ vlxku ,lqvmwJhtcsdefrSm state-society relations udk xdcdkufjyD; vufeufudkif ykefuefrSK jzpfyGm; wwfygw,f? vlrsdK;pkwckudk EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlrSKa&;t& ta&;ay;jcif;[mvJ tjcm; vlrsdK;pkawG&JŒ awmfvSefa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSKawGudk jzpfyGm;apwwfygw,f? &0rf'geJŒ bl&ef'D EdkifiHawGrSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh yËdyuQawG[m vlrsdK;pka&;&m rl0g' (ethnic policies) awGrSm tajccHcJhwm jzpfygw,f? (3) Micro-level perspectives 'D&SLaxmifhu vlwOD;csif;eJŒ tkyfpka&;&m yËdyuQawGa=umifh EdkifiHawmfus&SHK;jcif; jzpfyGm;wwf wmawGudk txl;jyKavhvmxm;ygw,f? vlwOD;csif;eJŒ vltkyfpkawGudk vlwcsKd Œu qGaJ qmif pnf;&H;k jy;D / tjcm;tkypf 0k ifrsm;udk rke;f wD;vmatmif/ a=umuf&ŒHG vmatmif jyKvkyfwmawG &Sdwwf ygw,f? tJ'Duaewqifh t=urf;zufwdkucf dkufrSKrsm;/ vlrsdK;wkef; owfjzwfrSKrsm;udk OD;wnf oGm;apEdkiyf gw,f? micro-level &SLaxmifht& qufE, G frKS jzpfpOf ESpf&yf&Sdygw,f? yxr jzpfpOfu vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;eJŒ tkyfpkrsm;t=um;u qufEG,frSKjzpfpOfjzpfjyD;/ 'kwd,jzpfpOf uawmh vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;/ tkyfpkrsm; eJŒt=urf;zufrKS &ŒJ OD;wnfvrf;a=umif;udk ajymif;vJ apEdik af om jyifytiftm;pkrsm;t=um;u qufEG,frSKawGjzpfygw,f? yËdyuQawG jzpfyGm;aewJh EdkifiHawGrSm ‘emerging anarchy’ qdw k Jh jy\em&Sdwwfygw,f? rif;rJhp&du k q f efqef jyKusihrf KS awG ay:ayguv f mwmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdkay:aygufvm&if tkyfpkzGJŒ&efjyKrSKawG ay:xGufvmjyD;/ t=urf; zuf wdkufcdkufrSKawG jzpfymG ;vmwwfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ynm&Sif Beverly Crawford eJŒ Ronnie Lipschutz qdkolwdkŒu zdEySd fcsKycf s,rf KS &SdwJh tkycf sKyaf &;,EW&m;[m political space wckukd ay:xGufapEdkifa=umif; qdkxm;cJhygw,f? 'D political space udk rif;rJh0g'DtcsdKŒu toHk;csrSK&SdvmwJhtcg intergroup violence jzpf w wf ygw,f? 'D v dk jzpf y Gm ; vmcsd e fr Sm tk yf c sKyfa &;,EW&m;u tk y f p kw ck w nf; ud k y J OD ; pm;ay;vmwJ ht cg tjcm;tk y f pk wck u Ed k i f i H a wmft ay: ,H=k unfrKS uif;rJv h mygw,f? wwd,tpktzGŒJ (Oyrm- Edik if Hwum)&JŒ vHjk cKH a&; tmrcHcsuu f kd awmif;qdkrSK&Sdvmygw,f? 'DvdkvHkjcHKa&;tmrcHcsuf r&&SdwJhtcg yËdyuQ =uD;rm;vmjyD;/ EdkifiHawmfus&SHK;jcif; jzpfyGm;apwwfygw,f? 'kw, d qufE, G frKS jzpfpOfuawmh belligerents awGeŒJ conflict dynamics udk v$r;f rd;k Edik pf rG ;f &Sw d hJ jyifytiftm;pkawGt=um;u qufEG,rf KS jzpfygw,f? jyifytiftm;pkawGu tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

100

EdkifiHa&;tajctae tcsdK;tauGŒawGrSm toHk;jyK&r,fh t=urf;zufrSKo¾mefawGudk a&G;cs,rf KS awGrmS v$r;f rdk;wm awGvJ &Sw d wfygw,f? vlrsdK;a&;/ bmoma&;tkyfpkrsm;t=um; t=urf;zufrSKawG&JŒ vrf;a=umif; awGudk jyifytiftm;pkawG OD;wnfwJh vrf;a=umif;awG bufukd a&$Œ,lomG ;wmawGvJ &Syd gw,f? abmhpeD;,m;/ udq k Akd ekd ŒJ &0rf'gEikd if aH wGrmS jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ tkyfpw k Gi;f t=urf;zufrKS awGudk avhvm =unf&h mrSm abmhpeD;,m;u Serb acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ &0rf'gu Hutu acgi;f aqmifrsm;&JŒ yËdyuQ pwifzŒkd qHk;jzwfcsuaf wGrmS jyifytiftm;pkawGu v$rf;rd;k rSKrsm;pGm&SdcJhygw,f? jyifytiftm;pk awG&JŒ v$rf;rdk;rSKawGa=umifh conflict intensity ajymif;vJEidk fygw,f? urBmay:rSm wnfaxmifjzpfwnfvmwJh EdkifiHawmfawGxJrSm tm;=uD;aomEdkifiH rsm;&Sdovdk/ tm;enf; aomEdkifiHrsm ;/ us&SHK;aomEdkifiHrsm;eJŒ jydKvJaomEdkifiHrsm;awGvJ ay:xGuv f mygw,f? tm;enf;aom EdkifirH sm;tjzpf q,fpEk pS af ygif;rsm;pGm &yfwaHh e&muae us&KHS ;aomEdik if rH sm;tqifu h kd a&muf&jdS y;D / Edik if aH wmfjyKd vjJ cif;awGvJ jzpfymG ;apwwfwt Jh wGuf udk,fhEdkifiHudkus&SHK;aomEdkifiH/ jydKvJaomEdkifiH tqifhodkŒ ra&muf&Sdapa&;[m oufqdkif&m EdkifiHrsm;u EdkifiHol/ EdkifiHom;rsm;&JŒ wm0efjzpfyga=umif; a&;om;wifjytyfygw,f?

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1 0 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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arSmifxJusrS om;idkwm? tdyf&mxJa&mufrS bufx&DrD;vHk;av;vJ +idrf;oGm;rS om;idkwm? 'grS om;tdyfaysmfoGm;wJht cg taz om;udk vm=unfh&if; rsuf&nfawGudk awGudk rjrif&rSmaygh? om;av tJhonfwkef;utdrfrufawGvnf; c% c% rufwmyJ? tdrfrufxJrSm om;eJŒtaz armifArm pufbD;av;eJŒ ausmif;oGm;=uw,f? tazu a&SŒu eif;vdkŒ? om;uaemufcHkrSm pD;vkdŒ? om;}udKufwJh onfpufbD; uvifoHav;uvnf; wD; … awmif/ wD; … awmif eJŒ qlnHvdkŒ? wpfcgwav usawmhvnf; tdrfrufxJrSm b,folrSef;rodwJh vl}u;D wpfa,mufu om;wdŒk udk ydkuq f HawGay;vdkŒ? ''a&mh ydkuq f Hig;&m/ pufbD;xkwfzkŒd '' wJh? tdrfrufxJrSm om;aysmfvkduf&wm? Ekd;vmawmhvnf; tvum;? tjyifrSm tJhonfvdk ydu k q f aH y;r,fv h l wu,f&d&S if odyaf umif;rSmyJ? om;wkŒd tar&JŒ trsK;d awGuvnf; tvum;? om;wdŒk vdk ydu k q f rH &Sw d hJ vlcsn;f yJ? 'gayr,fh 'gawGukd om;tarhukd ajymrjycsiyf gb;l ? om;bmrS rjzpfovkdbJ tazeJu twlwl tvsifuvkd ausmif;oGm;wmyJ? ausmif;jyef&ifvJ tazeJutwl uyfaygufwJh tvkyfvkyfwmyJ? 'gayr,hf om;av odyfpum;rajym csifawmhbl;? upm;vJrupm;csifbl;? pmvJrusufcsifbl;? om;rS raysmfwmudk; taz&? tazuawmh om;ta=umif;udk rodbJ ausmif;tjyefvrf;awGrmS tvsiu f vkyd J om;ukd ausmif; uta=umif; awG w kd Œ / tazzwf w Jh pmtk yf xJ u ta=umif ; awG udk ajymjyaewwfw,f? wwGwfww G f ajymaewJh tazhpum;awGukd om;pdw0f ifpm;&r,ft h pm; om;&ifxJrSm tazhudk ar;cGef;wpfckyJ ar;aerdw,f? om;wkdŒab;em;u jzwfoGm;wJh pufbD;awGudk =unfh&if;aygh? "om;&JŒbD;av;udk tazb,frSma&mif;ypfvkduw f mvJ[if" vdŒk av? 'gayr,fh avtaz/ om;rSwrf w d ,f? a&}u;D wJhwpfaeŒ om;wdŒk om;tzESpaf ,muf ausmif;oGm; =uwkef; tazuom;udk uwday;awmhvJ om;jyefaysmfoGm;w,fodvm;? tazu onfajcmufwef;ESpfqk&&if om;udk pufbD;xkwfay;r,fwJh? pm}udK;pm;wJh? om;0rf;omwmaygh? om;pmawG jyefusufcsifvmw,f? Om%f}uD;armifygwJh taz&m? bmvdŒk r&&rSmvJvŒkd om;wdwfww d u f av; }uKH ;0g;ypfvku d fw,f? om;jyefaysmw f mjrifawmh tazhrsuEf mS vnf; =unfvifaewmyJ? om;odypf w d cf sr;f omwmyJ? pmusuv f Œdk vJ odyaf umif;wmyJ? uyfayguf uyf&uf&wmvJ odyaf umif;wmyJ? om;onfavmuf aysmfaerSawmh ajcmufwef;udkvnf;tomav; vGwfvGwfu|wfu|wf atmifwmaygh? atmifwaJh eŒup+yD; om;&ifxJrSm t+rJwxdwfxdwf/ xdwfxdwfeJŒaewmyJ? om;rESpfwkef;uvdk yxr&ygawmhrvm;/ r&&if b,fES,fhvkyfrvJqkdwmu wpfrsdK;? wu,fvdkŒr&cJh&if tazhrSm ydkufqHig;&m&Sdy ghrvm;qdkwmu wpfrsdK;/ om;&ifxJrSm wxdwx f w d feŒJ jzpfaewmudk tazodapcsifvku d w f m? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ (7) trSwf (11)

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