အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၃) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&4 / oDwif;u|wfv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&4 / jymodkv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;

uAsm jrefrmwd@k twGuf nDESifhnDrrsm; c&D;onf opPmwdik f twlwuG yG+J y;D rD;ao aejynfawmfacwf umcsi;f opf a'gi;f wd@k &J@apmif; wuUov kd x f u J olw@kd qGEJ w _ rf &wJh ,H=k unfcsuo f rH _d rd;k a&xJu0wˆK wm0efausol oGm;ESiOhf ;D awmh

rif;ok0%f rif;udkEdkif &J+ird ;f =unfatmif armifpdrf;eD cifrrrsdK; armifpGrf;&nf armifped 0f if; (ykw;D uke;f ) xGe;f vif;atmif (opPm) at;jrESif;&nf atmifbndK armifv0S if; (jrif;+c)H

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18

umwGe;f atmfyu D s,f / apmidk / armifvif; / AtH

(65) ESpjf ynfh vGwvf yfa&;ae th xdr;f trSwf (65) ESpaf jrmuf vGwv f yfa&;rSonf 'Dru kd a&pD yef;wdik o f @kd

oef;0if;vd_if

oef;0if;vd_if 0if;xGÉfaZmf

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ordik ;f qdik &f m okw/ &o tdik pf t D ufpf OD;wifxGÉf OD;cifarmifjrifh (od@k ) &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;...

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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'*kew f m&m armif0Ho azjrifh

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a':atmifqef;pk=unf rif;udkEdkif

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jroef;wifh t'D; (AOP)

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oef;0if;vd_if

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0wˆKwdk bl;oD;EkErk cl;& (bmomjyef) 'kut Q ydik ;f tprsm;(3) (tcef;quf)

bmomjyef tcef;quf &ke;f xGucf &hJ aom jrefrmjynf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

jrefrmwdk htwGuf igomv#iaf wmf/ olrawmf[k vlawmfxifyg/ wd@k jrefrmudk b,fcgq,fI &rvJ? ยบuGm;&if;ESiehf pf/ 0g;&if;epfonfh epfvsuaf eyg/ wd@k jrefrmudk b,fcgq,fI &rvJ? taumif;qd;k xif/ qd;k aumif;xifEiS hf txifvyJG g/ wd@k jrefrmudk b,fcgq,fI &rvJ? ol@udik gnKdS ;/ igo h n l KSd ;ESihf tnSKd ;}u;D yg/ wd@k jrefrmudk b,fcgq,fI &rvJ? nnf;It+yD;/ nlr+yD;bl; t+y;D wum/ vkyEf ikd yf grS awmf&ma&mufvrd /hf aemiftzd@k Ed;k =u x=u jrefrmwd@k om;ajr;wd@k twGuf }uKd ;pm;pd@k ?

rif;ok0%f

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

nDESifhnDrrsm; tdk;a0oHESifh wGefyguyg w+yKd ief ufxJ cGyfa'gif;tvHvnf; &ifbwfxJ "toifh"xnfx h m;yg ydv k aS om reufjzeftwGuf Adou k maumif;awG jzpfapcsiw f ,f?

rif;udkEdki f 6/ 2/ 2012

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

c&D;onf 'Dc&D;udk oGm;ae=uonf? b,fvrf;u b,fvo kd mG ;oGm; wae@awmh a&muf=u&rnf? twlwo l mG ;ae=uayr,fh twla&muf=u&rnf r[kw?f vlawGu tusKd ;ta=umif; w&m;ay: rlwnfum &yfwnfcsuaf wGtay: tajccH+y;D Tc&D;udk oGm;ae=uonf? wcsKd @u a&S@uoGm; wcsKd @u aemufuoGm; wcsdK@ wcsdK@u ab;uoGm; wcsKd @ wa&G@a&G@oGm; b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf wae@awmh a&muf=u&rnf? vlonf vl@usi0hf wfawGe@J tnD....oGm;=uygu vl@ordik ;f wGif xm0, vSyaeayvdrrhf nf? od@k r[kwyf gu &SifvsufESifhvnf;ao ao+yD;awmhvnf;ao....ao ae&rnfjzpfonf?

&J+idrf; 27/ 12/ 2012 8

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

opPmwdkif 'Dawmif&;kd usm;qd;k ayg&@J ? armifhtcspf rSspfcsdK;vdkufcJh?

=unfatmif

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

t wl w uG awmifwef;awGuawmh b,fawmhrS a&mufvmrSmr[kwb f ;l oGm;r,f vm nD=u vSr;f pd@k igwdk@a&SŒrSm vrf; ² ² ² ² ² ?

armifpdrf;eD

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

yGJjyD; rD;ao yGjJ y;D vdŒk rD;aooGm;wmvm;/ rD;aovdŒk yGjJ y;D oGm;wmvm;? yGrJ jy;D yJ rD;aooGm;wJhtcg yGJcif;wckvHk; tarSmifuswwfw,f? rD;aooGm;vdŒk yGjJ y;D vdu k w f t hJ cg Zmwford ;f awG rvSry jzpfuse&f pfwwfw,f? oli,fcsif;a& aocsmjyefpOf;pm;?

cifrrrsdK; (21/ 10/ 2012)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

aejynfawmfacwf umcsif;opf

w&kwv f monf ,dik , f ikd af vm ,dik , f ikd f ,dik , f ikd ?f jrSm;rdk;&Gmonf +zdKif+zdKifavm +zdKif+zdKif +zdKif+zdKif? [kww f nf; onf&if;/ onf&if;? [kww f nf; &Sicf si;f / &Sicf si;f ? (jrifpikd ;f acwf/ umcsi;f rS) oDcsif;tp umcsif;u umcsi;f tp jrifpikd ;f u jrifpikd ;f tp wdu k yf u JG usK;ausmt f p w&kwu f ? yef;cst D p eH&u H eH&t H p yk*u H usK;ausmt f p rGe*f u kd rGe*f pkd pfonf usK;ausm+f yD yk*yH ef;csD oufaownf euf0gnKd eD aq;yef;cs?D

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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armifpGrf;&nf/ 12/ 12/ 12 e,l;a,muf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

a'gif;wdk h&J hapmif;

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armifpdef0if;(ykw;D ukef;) ( 8-9-2012 ) ( jrpfqHka&umwm &yfqdkif;r_ESpfvnftwGuf ) 14

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

wuUovkd xf uJ olwkd h

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xGef;vif;atmif(opPm) pufwifbm 30-2012 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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at;jrESi f;&nf atmufwbkd m 22 / 2012 (vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJrsm;twGif;rSm usqHk;oGm;cJhaom ouf&Sdxif&Sm; &kef;uefqJ ,Hk=unfcsuf}uD;rm;aom &Jabmfrsm;/ ol&Jaumif;rsm;odk h) 16

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

rkd;a&xJu 0wˆK

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atmifbndK tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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armifv0S if; ( jrif;jcH ) (wyfrSL; &JabmfcifnKd odk@ uefawmhyef;)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

umwGef;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

umwGef;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

(65) ESpfajrmuf vGwfvyfa&;rSonf 'Drdkua&pDyef;wkdifodk h oef;0if;v_di f

ESpfOD; ponfESifh OD;pGm}uHK&onfh ae@xl;ae@jrwfum; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ae@ jzpfonf? 2013 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 4 &ufae@um; 65 ESpaf jrmuf vGwv f yfa&;jzpfonf? jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;udk udv k ekd eD ,fcs@J . vufr/S zufqpf.vufrS tomw=unf vufjzef@cH,&l &So d nf r[kwb f J jynfov l x l w k &yf vH;k . toufEiS hf aoG;ESihf rsu&f nfEiS hf &if;ES;D &,lxm;&jcif;jzpfonf? wefz;kd }u;D rm;pGm &,lc&hJ aom vGwv f yfa&;udk wnfwchH ikd +f rJ atmif }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G &f rnfh wm0efrmS vlwikd ;f Y wm0ef&adS vonf?

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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uvsm%,k0 ac: 0dkiftrfbDat toif;}uD;udk udkb&if/ udkbab/ udkarmif}uD; wd@k . OD;aqmifrj_ zifh zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifEikd cf ahJ vonf? trsKd ;/ bmom/ omoem/ pmay/ ynmudk cspfjrwfEdk;pdwfjzifh ysdK;axmifay;&if; 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;v_yf¶Sm;r_rsm;udk aqmif¶GufcJh =uonf? 1920 jynfEh pS f atmufwb kd mvwGif jynf+rKd Œ Y *spD b D aD t ac: jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qkid &f m jref r mtoif ; csKyf } uD ; ud k zG J Œ pnf ; Ek d i f c J h a vonf ? xd k t oif ; }uD ; onf rsd K ;cspf 0 H o mEk v_y¶f mS ;r_rsm;jzifh e,fcsŒJ wd@k udk edik if aH &;enf;jzifh qef@usicf =hJ uonf? xdEk pS rf mS udv k ekd yD nma&;udk qef@usiw f u kd cf u kd o f nfh 1920 jynfEh pS f 'DZifbmv 5 &ufae@Y jzpfymG ;cJah om yxr ausmif; om; oydwo f nf trsKd ;om;a&; 0HomEkpw d "f mwfukd yGm;rsm;xGe;f um;apcJo h nf? 1930jynfhESpfwGif oky¾u*VKef&mZmbGJŒcH q&mpHOD;aqmifaom awmifol v,form; ta&;awmfy}kH u;D ay:aygucf o hJ nf? qd;k ¶Gm;vGe;f aom e,fcsŒJ wd@k . v,f,m ajrzdEydS rf r_ sm;udk rcHr&yfEikd o f jzifh xºuGawmfveS cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? awmifov l ,form;wd@k . awmfveS af &;onf vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;jzpfonf? 1900 jynfEh pS f aemufyikd ;f wGif e,fcsŒJ udk twdtvif;qef@usiI f vufeufpu JG ikd f tHwck ahJ om vlwef;pm;awmfveS af &;}u;D vnf; jzpfonf? xd@k aemuf ocifbaomif;OD;aqmifaom Edik if aH &;Ed;k =um;wufºuaG om acwfynm wwf vli,fwpfpu k 1930 jynfEh pS f arv (30) &ufae@wGif A[ef;&yfY wd@k Armtpnf;t¶k;H }u;D udk zGŒJ pnf;wnfaxmifco hJ nf? wd@k Armtpnf;t¶k;H . &nfreS ;f csurf mS e,fcsŒJ qefusiaf &; ESihf vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;jzpfonf? wdŒk Arm tpnf;t¶k;H 0ifrsm;onf "ocif" trnfc=H uojzifh wdk@Armtpnf;t¶kH;udk "ocifygwD" [kvnf; ac:cJh=uonf? wdk@Armtpnf;t¶kH;. aºuG;a=umforH sm;/ wdu k w f eG ;f csurf sm;/ aqmify'k rf sm;onf vlxt k m; ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmef h nf? wufºuGapcJo 1936 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 15 &ufae@wGif 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;jzifh e,fcsJŒudk qef@usifcJh=ujyefonf? 1938 ckESpfwGifum; 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ay:aygufvmcJhavonf? 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkum; tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ausmif;om;tm;vHk;yg0ifaom vlxktkHºuGawmfvSefr_jzpfonf? jzpfyGm;&jcif;rSm jynfol vlxw k &yfv;kH qif;&Jusyw f nf;r_/ ud, k u f sKd ;&SmEkid if aH &;orm;rsm;ESihf e,fcsŒJ wd@k yl;aygi;f +y;D zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_ ponfh ta=umif;w&m;rsm;a=umifhyif jzpfonf? xdkv_yf¶Sm;r_}uD;onf e,fcsŒJ wd@k udk rsm;pGm wkev f y_ af csmufcsm;oGm;apcJo h nf? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;rjzpfyGmrD &ufydkif;tvdkrSm 1939 ckESpf pufwifbmv 1 &ufae@wGif t*Fvdyftcuf Armhtcsuf [laom rludk pGJudkifum *dk%f;*%ygwDra¶G; vGwfvyfa&;udk jrwfEdk;olwdkif; yg0ifEdkifaom ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; OD;aqmifaom 24

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

wdŒk Armtpnf;t¶k;H tzGŒJ 0ifrsm;/ a'guw f mbarmf. qif;&Jom; 0HomEktzGŒJ 0ifrsm;/ OD;bab OD;aqmifaom ig;yGiq hf idk t f zGŒJ ESihf woD;yk*v ~ yk*Kd~ vrf sm;jzifh Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f udk wnfaxmif cJo h nf? Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f udk wnfaxmif+y;D aemuf rsm;r=umrDrmS yif ajratmufawmfveS af &; vSsKd Œ0Sut f zGŒJ rsm; jzpfonfh uGejf rLepfygw/D jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gwD wd@k udk wnfaxmifchJ =uonf? Todk@jzifh vlxkv_yf¶Sm;r_rsm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;t& e,fcsJŒudk qef@usifae&mrS vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; pwifEdkif&ef ocifatmifqef;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifwdk@onf *syefEikd if o H @kd ppfynmoif=um;&ef wdww f qdwx f u G cf mG cJ=h uonf? vGwv f yfa&;pdwpf o JG efv#uf ppfynmrsm;udk tywfwukw}f uKd ;pm;oif,+l y;D aemuf 1942 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 27 &ufae@wGif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;OD;aqmifaom &Jabmfo;kH usyd f 0ifwdk@onf xdkif;EdkifiH befaumuf+rdK@Y ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf ac: bDtdkifatudk zGŒJ pnf;wnfaxmifc=hJ uonf? 1942 ckEpS f ESpq f ef;ydik ;f wGif *syefw@kd tultnDjzifh Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf onf +AdwdoSse,fcsJ@ wdk@udk jrefrmEkdifiHrS wkdufxkwfEkdifcJhonf? odk@aomf *syefwdk@onf jrefrmwd@k tm; rlvay;xm;aom uwdukd azmufzsuI f jrefrmhajray:od@k a&mufonfEiS hf *syefwdk@. zufqpfZmwd¶kyfudk jyoawmhonf? zufqpf*syefwdk@. vufatmufwGif jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;taygif;onf &ufpufr_rsdK;pHk/ zdESdyfr_aygif;pHkudk cg;oD;emusnf;pGm cHpm;=u&.?

vH;k 0vGwvf yfa&;od@k xd@k aemuf jrefrmjynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH onf 1945 ckEpS f rwfv 27 &ufae@wGif zufqpf*syefwdk@udk awmfvSefwdkufxkwfcJh=uonf? odk@aomfzufqpf*syefrsm; qkwfcGm oGm;+y;D aemuf tdE, Nd Edik if H qif;rvm;+rKd Œod@k xGuaf jy;cJah om jrefrmEdik if b H &k ifcH a':refprpf onf uvD,ykd ufx&moabFmjzifh 1945 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 16 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEkid if H odk@ jyefvnfa&mufvm&m jrefrmwdk@ 'kwd,t}udrf e,fcsJŒ+AdwdoSswdk@ESifh &ifqdkif=u &jyefonf? e,fcsŒJ +Aw d o d sS w@kd onf vGwv f yfa&;udk tomw=unfay;vdjk cif; tvsO;f r&Sad y? wkid ;f &if;om;wd@k . pnf;vH;k nDnw G rf u _ kd +zKd c&JG ef ajcvSr;f rsm; jyifvmcJo h nf? xdt k a&;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;u tajrmftjrif¶Sd¶Sd tcsdefrDumuG,fcJh&.? &v'fum; awmifwef;jynfr rcGJjcm;bJ wkdif;&if;om;aygif;pHkyg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpk}uD; zGŒJ Ekid af &;twGuf yifvpkH mcsKyu f kd 1947 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D 12 &ufae@wGif ¶Sr;f jynfe,f yifvHk+rdKŒuav;wGif wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif 22 OD;ESifhtwl AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vufrw S af &;xd;k csKyq f Ekd ikd cf o hJ nf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

xdo k @kd vGwv f yfa&;twGuf }uKd ;yrf;aeqJumvrSmyif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESiw hf uG tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm; 1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 19 &uf eHeuf 10 em&D 35 rdepfwiG f vky}f ucH cH &hJ onf? touf ESihf aoG; ESihf ací;ESihf &if;ES;D vmcJah om vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf YJG xyfavmif;I rsu&f nfoeG ;f +zKd ;cJ&h ao;onf? jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;}uKd ;yrf;r_ordik ;f c&D;um; =urf;wrf;vSayonf? ay;vSLpGe@f v$wcf hJ &aom wefz;kd rsm;vnf; rsm;vS.? toufaygi;f rsm;pGm/ aoG;pufaygi;f tewW/ td;k tdrpf nf;pdrf terw*~rsm;vGe;f vSonf? toufrao use&f pf+y;D cE<mud, k t f pdwt f ydik ;f qH;k ¶_;H oGm;cJo h l wd@k rSmvnf; ra&rwGuEf ikd yf if &So d nf? od@k aomf jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;vlxo k nf pGe@f v$wjf cif;rsm;pGmESit hf wl pnf;vH;k nD nGwrf /_ owW/d ZG/J rmefw@kd jzifh rqkwrf epf }uKd ;yrf;aqmif¶u G cf ahJ oma=umifh jrefrmhvw G v f yf a&;onf 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 4 &uf eHeuf 4 em&D 20 rdepfwiG f vuf0,fyikd yf ikd f &¶Scd o hJ nf? vGwv f yfa&;&¶Scd ahJ om 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 4 &ufae@wGif pwiftw k jf rpfcs pdu k x f cl ahJ om vGwv f yfa&; ausmufpmwdik Yf Tod@k urŠn;f wifcahJ vonf.... "1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 4&uf/ aumif;jrwfaom oef@pif r*Fvmtaygif;ESijhf ynfph kH aomtcgY T igwdk@ jrefrmjynfonf vHk;0vGwfvyfaomtcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif jynfaxmifpkorRw jrefrmEdkifiHawmf}uD; tjzpfodk@a&muf+yD" [lI xdkae@&ufudk vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf;Y a&;xd;k xm;cJo h nf? xd@k tjyif tqdyk g vGwv f yfa&;ausmufwikd }f u;D Y a&;xd;k xm;aom vGwv f yfa&; a=unm pmwrf;Y "igwd@k Eikd if aH wmf}uD;onf rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,muf tzGŒJ wpfoif;. tarGtESpf r[kw/f rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,muftzGŒJ wpfoif;. yk*v ~ u d tydik yf pPn;f r[kw/f rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,muf tzGJŒwpfoif;u csKyfudkiftEdkifodrf;,l tusdK;cHpm;tyfaom EdkifiHr[kwf/ twdwu f mvu vnf;aumif;/ ,ckrsuaf rSmufwiG v f nf;aumif;/ aemifvmvwWŒH aom tem*gwfumvYvnf;aumif;/ igwdk@jynfaxmifpk}uD;Y rSDwif;aexdkif=uaom }uD;i,f a0;eD; usm;r rjcm; opPmawmfcH EdkifiHom;[loa¶GŒ 'dk@. tarGtESpftydkifypPnf; tusdK;cHpm;p&mjzpfonf" [lI vGwfvyfa&; a=unmpmwrf;tydk'f (5) Y azmfjy xm;ayon?f odk@aomf ,cktcg jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;&¶SdcJhonfhESpfaygif; 65 ESpfwkdifcJh+yD jzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmhwikd ;f &if;om;jynfow l pf&yfv;kH wd@k onf vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf;yg tcsut f vufrsm; twdik ;f cHpm;cJ&h onf r[kwaf y? 1962 ckEpS rf S ,ae@wkid f ESpaf ygi;f 50 cef@ pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfaeaom ppftm%m&Sif vlwpfpkuomvSsif wkdif;jynf.ºuG,f0aom ajray:ajratmuf obm0oH,ZH mwypPn;f rsm; ESihf yk*v ~ u d ydik pf nf;pdrOf pPm&wemrsm;udk 26

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

xifovdk cs,fvS,fxkcGJ a&mif;csaeonfhtwGuf wkdif;jynfonf epfonfxufepf/ jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; onf zGwfausmjympk/ c¶kqHuíwfyrm pm;p&mr¶Sd/ aep&mewˆd/ t0wfAvm/ rGJjymaeonfrSmudk ae@pOf&ufqufqdkovdk rdrdwdk@.tauseyfcsufrsm;udk qENxw k af zmf a=u;G a=umawmif;qdak eonfukd =unfyh gu v,fjyifwiG f qifomG ;ouJo h @kd rnfolrSsjiif;r&ay? ppftpdk;&tm%m¶Siftqufquf/ aemufqHk;t&yf0wfvJxm;onfh ppf t m%m¶S i f r sm;onf jynf o l @ tusd K ;pD ; yG m ;ES i f h 0d a &m"d / jynf w G i f ; ppf u wzuf / jynfo@l pD;yGm;a&;u okn/ tkycf sKyo f w l @kd . tcGix hf ;l cH pnf;pdr}f u;D r_u wzuf/ wdik ;f jynf qif;&JrGJawr_taxGaxGedrfhusr_uwzufwdk@jzifh EdkifiHa&;rwnf+idrf/ pD;yGm;a&;A¶kwfokuQ/ vlr_a&;u rnDrSs/ Oya'pdk;rdk;r_u uif;rJh/ ynma&;u avsmhenf;/ urBmhtv,fwGif rsuEf mS i,f&avonf? 2012 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 9 &ufae@wGif rauG;+rKd Œod@k a&muf¶adS eaom trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pD tzGŒJ csKyf OuUÏ a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; vlxak wGŒqHyk w JG iG -f "ESpaf ygi;f 40/ 50 twGi;f rSm jynfoal wG&ŒJ tiftm;awGu tawmf}u;D usomG ; w,f? 'Dvjkd zpfwmuvnf; tkycf sKyrf p_ epfraumif;vd@k / 'Dvrkd rSeu f efwhJ tkycf sKyrf p_ epfwpfck 'Deidk if rH mS t=um}u;D cHomG ;&wm[m jynfoal wGrmS vnf; wm0efruif;bl;aemf? tJ'[ D mudk ud, k b hf mom jyefpOf;pm;&r,f? ud, k cf v H @kd vnf; 'Dvjdk zpfwm" "jrefrmEdik if [ H m tjcm;urBmEh ikd if rH sm;eJ@ Edi_ ;f ,SOyf gu oH,ZH mwt&if;tjrpfrsm; trsm;}uD; ºuG,0f aom wkid ;f jynfwpfcjk zpfw,f? 'ga=umifh wkid ;f jynfqif;&Jjcif;r[kwb f J wkdif;jynftwGif; rSm aexdkif=uaom jynfolawG qif;&Jjcif;omjzpfa=umif;/ jyKef;wD; oGm;aom tzd;k wefuíef;opfawmfrsm; tygt0if ajray:ajratmuf oH,ZH mwypPn;f rsm; tcsnf;tESD;jzpfcJhr_tay: wm0efrJhjyKvkyfcJhaom tm%m¶Sdol/ ae&m&¶Sdolrsm;udk 4if;wd@k rdbrsm;u rnfo@kd oeG o f ifq;kH rcJo h vJ [k pOf;pm;rda=umif;" a':atmifqef;pk=unfu axmufjyajymqdk oGm;onf? rnfo@kd qdak p vGwv f yfa&; txdr;f trSwf ausmufwikd Yf a&;xd;k xm;cJah om vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf;yg vGwv f yfa&;. toD;tyGirhf sm;udk jynfaxmifp}k u;D twGi;f rDw S if;aexdik =f uolrsm;tm;vH;k cHpm;Edik &f ef vlwikd ;f Y wm0ef&o dS vdk ppftm%m¶Sipf epfukd tjrpfrS +zKd zsuI f 'dru dk a&pD Edik if aH wmfopf}u;D udk ZGv J ŒkH v0D&, d jzifh }uKd ;pm;tm;xkwI f nDnmzszs wnfaqmufEikd rf o S mvSsif jynfov l x l t k m;vH;k ºuG,0f csr;f omayrnf? jynfol tm;vH;k ºuG,0f csr;f omrSvnf; Edik if aH umif;Edik if jH rwftjzpf urBmt h v,fwiG f 0HhºuGm;xnf 0gpmG &yfwnfEikd rf nf jzpfa=umif; qENjyKvu dk &f ygonf?

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ordkif;wauGŒrS tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxGÉf

oef;0if;vd_i f a&SŒwef; (0JrS,m) OD;btkef;/ OD;apm/ qmbmh*sfydkif/ OD;boef;/ OD;xGef;atmifausmf/ aemufwef; (0JrS,m) OD;ausmfrif;/ rpPwm0gemoH/ rpPwm abmhZfrif;/ OD;wifxGÉf

OD;wifxGÉfonf udv k ekd aD cwfY jrefrmvlrsK;d xJrS yxrqH;k tdE, dN yÉd^mOfc0H efxrf; (tdik pf t D ufp)f udk a&G; cs,cf ef@xm;jcif; cH&oljzpfonf? OD;wifxGÉfukd tz ta&;ydik f OD;zde;f (K.S.M., A.T.M) trd a':rdrw d @kd rS jrif;jc+H rKd ŒwGif 1895 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D 1 &uf ae@Y zGm;jrifco hJ nf? arG;csi;f (7)a,ufteuf t}u;D qH;k jzpfonf? nDtpfukd 4 OD;p vH;k rSm t*FvefrS bm;tufavm (Bar.at. Law) 0wfvb kH ŒJG rsm;&I xl;cseG x f ufjruf xif&mS ;olrsm;jzpfonf? OD;wifxGÉf. nDEiS n hf rD rsm;rSm w&m;ol}u;D ESihf Oya'ygarmuQ OD;ausmjf rif/h oHtrwf}u;D ESihf A[dw k &m;&H;k csKyt f usK;d aqmif OD;jrifo h ed ;f / jrefrmpmay r[m0dZm… bGŒJ &ESihf &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmufpmzwf a':cifjrrl/ &efuek w f uUov kd f ygarmuQcsKyEf iS hf urBmod jrefrmpmayynm&Sif a'guf w mxif a tmif / 0d Z … m *k % f x l ; ES i f h bD t D ; 'D b G J Œ & acwf p rf ; pmqd k a':cif a pmrl / &efuek w f uUov kd f t*Fvyd pf mXmerSL; a':wifapmrlw@kd jzpf=uonf? OD;wifxGÉfonf i,fpOfu &efukef+rdKŒ pdef@aygvftxufwef;ausmif;/ yJcl;+rdKŒ tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;/ &efukefaumvdyfwdk@wGif ynmoif=um;cJhonf? &efukef aumvdyw f iG f vydik ;f rSsomaeI 1911 ckEpS w f iG f t*Fvef*sL; 0pfaumvdy/f 1914 ckEpS w f iG f udef;b&pfwuUodkvf uGif;efaumvdyf/ 1914 ckESpfwGif tdkif,mvef'AŠvifx&DewD 28

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

aumvdyfwdk@wGif qufvufynmoif=um;cJhonf? 1915 ckESpfwGif rufpfopfx&pfydk pmar;yGJudkvnf;aumif;/ 1917 ckESpf tDaumaemfrpfx&pfydk pmar;yGJudkvnf;aumif; atmifjrifco hJ nf? 1916 ckEpS w f iG f t*Fvyd t f ufaq; +yKd iyf YJG [l;pfy&du k q f k &&Scd o hJ nf? 1917 ckEpS w f iG f ude;f b&pfwuUov kd f bDatbGŒJ (0dZm… bGŒJ )udk ocsmF / abm*aA' *k%x f ;l wd@k jzifh &&Scd o hJ nf? 1920 jynfEh pS w f iG f 'AŠvifx&DewD aumvdyrf S bDat (wD/p/D ')D ESihf trfat (r[m0dZm… ) bGŒJ rsm; &&So d nf? xd@k aemuf 1921 ckEpS w f iG f t*Fvefrpf',fwefy,fvf Oya' ausmif;rS bm&pfpwm (Barrister at Law) 0wfvb kH ŒJG &&Scd o hJ nf? t*FvefjynfwGif ynmoif=um;aepOf tm;upm;bufYvnf; xl;csGefonf? 'g;vf0pfaumvdyf (Dulwich college) &wfbt D m;upm; vufa&G;pif (ywfbvpfpul; vufa0SŒcseyf , D )H / ude;f b&pfwuUov kd f &wfbt D oif; acgi;f aqmifEiS hf avSavSmt f oif; OuUÏtjzpf a&G;cs,cf &H onf? 1917 ckESpfwGif jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;xJrS tdEdN ,ppfwyfaumfr&Sif t&m&Sdtjzpf cef@tyfjcif;cH&onf? 1919 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;rsm;xJrS yxrqH;k tdE, dN yÉd^mOfcH 0efxrf; (I.C.S) tjzpf a&G;cs,cf &H onf? 1919 rS 1921 txd atmufpzf @kd 'f wuUov kd Yf tvkyo f iftjzpf ynmoifco hJ nf? 1921 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 12 &ufae@wGif jrefrmjynfo@kd jyefvnfa&muf&o dS nf? 1922 wGif yJc;l wdik ;f urm0J rS OD;bd;k rif;.orD; roef;wif ESihf vufxyfco hJ nf? ,if;aemuf 1922 ckESpfwGif yJcl;0efaxmuf/ 1924 wGif opfawmXme twG i f ; 0ef a xmuf / opf a wmf a umf rwD twG i f ; a&;rS L ;/ 1925 wG i f b¾ma&; twGi;f 0efaxmuf/ 1926 wGif tcGeaf wmfEiS hf o\ar"pHpk rf;a&;aumf rwD twGi;f a&;rSL;/ 1927 wGif or0g,r wGzJ uf &DZpP=wm 0efaxmuftjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1928 ckEpS f {+yDv 10 &ufae@rS 1933 ckESpf {+yDv 17 &ufae@txd tdENd,EdkifiH a'vD+rdKŒESifh qif ; rvm;+rd K ŒwG i f td E N d , tpd k ; &puf r _ E S i f h tvk y f o rm;Xme twG i f ; 0ef a xmuf / 'kwd,twGif;0ef wGJzuftwGif;0eftjzpf tr_xrf;cJhonf? xdkrSwzef 1933 wGif jynfta&;ydkiftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1935 wGif twGif;0efrsm;&Hk; (aemif0ef}uD;rsm;&Hk;) b¾ma&;Xme 'kw, d twGi;f 0eftjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;&Gucf o hJ nf? wzufrv S nf; 1939 rS 1942 ckEpS w f ikd f &efuek w f uUov kd f 'kw, d t"dywdtjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1941 ck E S p f puf w if b mv 23 &uf a e@wG i f eef ; &if ; 0ef *VKef O D ; apm. twGif;0eftjzpf *VKefOD;apmESifhtwl jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; ta&;qdk&ef t*Fvefjynfokd@ ava=umif;c&D;jzifh xGucf mG cJo h nf? atmufwb kd mv 10 &ufae@ vef'ef+rKd Œod@k a&muf&+dS y;D atmufwb kd mv 18 &ufae@wGif +Aw d o d sS eef;&if;0ef qm0ifpwefcsmcsED iS hf OD;apmawGŒqHk tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

aqG;aEG;&mwGif twlwufa&mufco hJ nf? csmcsED iS hf OD;apmwd@k ESpef m&D=um awGŒqHak qG;aEG; cJah omfvnf; jrefrmhta&; ESiyhf wfoufI +Aw d o d sS w@kd bufrS rnfonfu h wdurkd S ray;cJah cs? csmcs. D wif;rmaomoabmxm;ESihf tjcm;+Aw d o d sS acgi;f aqmifrsm;² ra&r&majymqkrd r_ sm; onf OD;apmudk pdwt f aESmift,Suf jzpfapcJo h nf? OD;apmonf +AdwdefrS tar&duefjynfaxmifpkodk@0ifI orRw z&efuvif 'D&;l pAJh tm; 0ifawGŒ&mwGiv f nf; OD;wifxÉG o f nf twlvu kd yf gchJ &onf? tar&dueforRwu +AdwdoSsudkvdkeDe,fwpfck. ta&;t&mrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef vufwGef@aeonfh oabmxm;udk od&+y;D aemuf OD;apmonf OD;wifxÉG t f m;csex f m;I tar&duef&dS *syefo&H ;kH rS aumifppf0eftm; wud, k af wmf 0ifa&mufawGŒqHk aqG;aEG;cJo h nf? OD;apmonf tar&duefrS tjyef ay:wl*ED ikd if H vpfpuGe+f rKd Œ&Sd *syefo&H ;kH rS aumifppf0efukd wOD;wnf;awGŒqHck jhJ yefonf? OD;apmESihf *syefaumifppf0efw@kd ajymqkcd o hJ rSs +Aw d o d sS awmfveS af &;u =um;jzwfzrf;,l+y;D pum;0Surf sm;azmfxw k I f vef'eftpd;k &xH jyefy@kd cJo h nf? OD;apmESihf *syefaumif ppf0efw@kd ajymqdck sut f usO;f csKyrf mS *syefu jrefrmEdik if u H kd usL;ausm0f ifa&mufvsS if jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om; wd@k u +Aw d d oSsw@kd udk *syefw@kd ESiyhf ;l aygi;f I x=uyG ek u f efvrd rhf nf? xd@k a=umifh olŒtaejzifh *syefukd wwfEikd o f rSs tultnDay; rnf[I l jzpfonf? +Aw d o d sS Eikd if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D u OD;apmESihf OD;wifxÉG f ESpOf ;D udk zrf;&ef qH;k jzwfvu kd +f y;D OD;apmwd@k pD; vmaomav,mOf ygvufpwdik ;f jynf (,cktpPa&;Edik if )H [dik zf m+rKd Œod@k 1942 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 18 &ufae@wGif av,mOfqif; onfEiS hf zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f vdu k af vonf? xd@k aemuf OD;apmtm; tmz&duwdu k f ,l*ef'gEikd if o H @kd yd@k vku d +f y;D OD;apmonf ppftwGi;f umvwpfavSsmuf 1946 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 25 &ufae@txd txde;f odr;f cHc&hJ onf? OD;wifxGÉfurkd l +Aw d o d sS w@kd u jyefvw $ af y;+y;D 1942 ckEpS f arv 20 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEdik if rH S qkwcf mG vSsuf tdE, dN Edik if H qif;rvm;+rKd Œ Y zGŒJ pnf;xm;aom qma':refprpf. ppfajy;tpd;k &tzGŒJ Y oGm;a&mufy;l aygi;f aponf? od@k jzifh OD;wifxGÉo f nf 1942 ckEpS rf S 1946 ckESpftxd jrefrmjynf ppfajy;qif;rvm;tpdk;&tzGJŒ. jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;qdkif&m t=uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1945 ckESpf pufwifbmv 6 &ufae@rS 7 &ufae@txd oD&dvuFmEdkifiH uEND+rdKŒ Y ta&SŒwmiftm&Sqdkif&m r[mrdwfwyfrsm;. ppfaoemywdcsKyf avmh'v f 0l aD rmifb h ufwefEiS hf jrefrmEdik if rH S Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; acgi;f aqmif aom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒudk awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;&mwGif ppfajy;tpdk;& t=uHay;yk*~dKvf OD;wifxGÉfvnf; wufa&mufco hJ nf? 1945 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 25 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEdik if H bk&ifcq H ma':refprpf onf jrefrmjynftpd;k &. t =uaH y;t&m&Sd OD;wifxGÉfukd zqyvtzGŒJ csKyo f @kd apv$w+f y;D bk&ifct H r_aqmifaumifpw D iG f tzGŒJ 0if (15) OD;tpm; (11) OD;om cef@xm;rnfjzpfa=umif; 30

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

ajym=um;aponf? 1946 ckEpS f Zefe0g&D 1 &ufae@u +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &u OD;wifxGÉftm; Order of British Emperor (O.B.E) cs;D jri S chf o hJ nf? 1946 ckEpS w f iG f tdik pf t D ufpf 0efxrf;b0rS E_wx f u G I f The Burma Review *sme,fEiS hf New Time of Burma owif;pmudk t*Fvyd b f momjzifh xkwaf 0cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf 1946 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 20 &ufae@wGif zqyvtzGŒJ acgi;f aqmif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;OD;aqmifI bk&ifct H r_aqmifaumifpD zGŒJ pnf;aomtcg OD;wifxGÉfonf bk&ifcHcef@ b¾ma&;ESihf tcGeaf wmfXmeY 0ef}u;D jzpfvmcJo h nf? 1947 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D (2) &ufae@wGif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;acgi;f aqmifonfh jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &ESihf jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;udp aP qG;aEG;&ef oGm;a&muf k yf gomG ; cJo h nf? aomtcg OD;wifxGÉfonf tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf vdu 1947 ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdka&;twGuf jrefrmudk,fpm; vS,t f jzpf wufa&mufchJ onf? xdEk pS rf mS yif awmifwef;a'o pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwD (Frontier Area Enquiry Committee) wGif jrefrmud, k pf m; vS,t f jzpf ocifE/k Adv k cf ifarmif uav;/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f wd@k ESit hf wl yg0ifaqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1947 ckEpS f {+yv D 9 &ufae@wGif wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKvw $ af wmf a&G;aumufyw JG iG f [oFmw+rKd ŒrS 0ifa&muf,OS f +yKd i&f m tEdik &f &Scd o hJ nf? 1947 ckEpS f ZGev f wGif zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'rl=urf;a&;qGaJ &; aumfrwDtzGŒJ 0if/ tajccH Oya'tacsmudik f aumfrwDtjzpf0iftzGŒJ aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 7 &ufae@wGif vef'ef jrefrmjynf qdkif&m aumfr&Sirf if;}u;D tjzpf aqmif&u G o f nf? xdk@aemuf 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 28 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEdkifiH bk&ifcHqm[l; bwfp&f ef. tr_aqmifaumifpD (0ef}u;D tzGŒJ )Y Xmevufuikd rf &Sd 0ef}u;D tjzpf aqmif&u G cf hJ onf? 1947 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvwGif ocifEk OD;aqmifaom =um;jzwftpd;k &tzGŒJ b¾m a&;0ef}u;D tjzpf vnf;aumif;/ 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 4 &ufae@wGif jynf axmifpjk refrmEdik if H tpk;d &. Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D tjzpf vnf;aumif; aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1948 =o*kwfv EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpfrS E_wfxGufI AdkvfrSL;csKyf&mxl;jzifh t&efvufeufwyfrsm;. ppf OD;pD;csKyt f jzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? OD;wifxGÉfuo hJ @kd xdyw f ef; Ekid if 0hH efxrf;wpfO;D ESihf tpd;k &tzGŒJ 0if0ef}u;D wpfO;D tm; ppfwyf.jrifrh m;vSaom &mxl;wpfck ay;tyfc&H jcif;rSm xl;qef;aumif; xl;qef;ayvdrrhf nf? od@k aomf ol@b0onf i,fpOfuyif ppfr_xrf;b0u pwifcJhonf? OD;wifxGÉfonf tif'dkppfwuUodkvfrS bGJŒ&cJh+yD; tdENd, yÉd^mOfcHb0odk@ 0ifa&muf&eftwGuf ppfwyft&m&Sd&mxl;udk pGef@v$wfcJhjcifjzpfonf? jrefrmEkid if H vGwv f yfa&;&Scd +hJ y;D r=umrDrmS yif jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D awmufaecsed w f iG f ppfrx _ rf; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

a[mif;rsm;udk &Edik o f avmuf jyefvnfppk nf;I cdik rf monfh jynfaxmifpt k &H wyfrawmf (Union Auxiliary Force) zGŒJ pnf;a&;wm0efukd ol@zmomol urf;vSr;f cJjh cif;jzpfonf? olonf Ekid if aH wmfvyk =f urH w _ &m;cH *VKeOf ;D apmESihf aemufvu kd rf sm;udk ppfaq; pD&ifaeaom w&m;ol}u;D OD;ausmjf rif. h tpfukd vnf; wdu k w f u dk q f idk q f ikd f jzpfaecJo h nf? xd@k tjyif ol@owif;pmwGif toH;k jyK&eftwGuf *VKeOf ;D apmtr_ukd xdt k csed u f yif tdE, dN yÉd^mOfcHonf pl;prf;avhvmcJhonf? ol. The New Times of Burma owif;pm t,f'w D mtzGŒJ 0ifrsm; tm; Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;vky=f urH E_ iS hf ywfouforSs oJveG pf rsm;udk pkaqmif;&ef apcdik ;f cJo h nf? ,if;aemuf e,l;wdik ;f atmhzb f m;rm; owif;pmwdu k rf S tdro f @kd tjyef 1948 ckEpS f pufwifbmv (17) &uf ae@ n 9;30 em&DwiG f vlowform;wpfOu D vufypfA;kH jzifh ypfcwfvkyf=uHr_a=umifh um;a&SŒcef;wGif xdkifaeol OD;wifxGÉf.ajc&if;wGif usa&muf aygufuGJum ezl;/ b,fbufar;/ b,fbufaygif/ b,fbuf'l;/ b,fbufajc rsufpd tygt0if pkpak ygi;f '%f&m (8) csux f u d m arhajrmoGm;cJ&h onf? OD;wifxGÉfEiS , hf OS u f m xdik af eol Armhu, kd &f aH wmfwyfrS t&m&Sw d pfO;D ESihf ,mOfarmif; armifat;azwd@k rSm '%f&m tenf;i,f&&SdcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; um;aemufrS vdkufygol a*:&cg;udk,f&Hawmf oDb[m'l;ESihf yDb[m'l;wd@k rSm '%f&mjyif;xefpmG &&Scd =hJ uonf? '%f&mjyif;xefpmG &&SI d arhajrmaeaom OD;wifxGÉftm; aq;&Ho k @kd tjrefwify@kd cJh=uonf? odk@aomf q&m0ef rsm;tm;vHk;u toufvk ukoaomfvnf; 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmv (18) &uf n 7 em&D 35 rdepfwiG f uG,v f eG f oGm;cJo h nf? OD;wifxGÉf. =uGif;usefaom &kyfuvmyfudk tmZmenfukef; (,ck tnw& ppfonfArd mefae&m)Y Adv k pf ed rf eS /f Adv k yf w D m wd@k ESit hf wl ,SOv f suf *loiG ;f o+*Kõ [x f m;onf? ,cktcg e0wtpd;k &vufxufY tmZmenfuek ;f Y tnw&ppfonfArd mef wnfaqmuf vdkufaomta=umifh OD;wifxGÉf. tkwf*lvnf; zsufqD;cHvdkuf&onf? uG,fvGefcsdefY ZeD;a':oef;wifEiS hf orD; (3)OD; use&f pfco hJ nf?

oef;0if;vd_i f atmufwbdk m 26/ 2012 (rdk;rcrD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

urBmausmf yef;csq D &m}u;D vD,edk m'kd 'gAifcsu D ol@&JŒtEkynm atmifjrifrt _ jzpf "rkdemvDZm tjyHK;" vkd@ vlawGac:=uwJh yef;csDum;ukd azmfjyEkdifygw,f? urBmausmf ¶k&mS ;pma&;q&m}u;D vD,adk wmfvpf wGKd i;f u ola&;om;cJw h hJ ppfe@J +ird ;f csr;f a&; 0wˆK}u;D ukd vufnSKd;xkd;jy+yD; "a[m'gu ig&h ŒJ tEkynm atmifjrifru _ G" vk@d &J&w J if;wif; ajymEkid w f hJ tajctaerSm &Scd w hJ ,f? odyyH` nmausmf tkid ;f pwkid ;f u &DavwD OD;cifarmifjrifh ADwD oDtkd&D pmtkyf}uD;ukd axmifjy+yD; "a[m'g uawmh ig&h ŒJ atmifjrifry_ u J G" vk@d vufraxmif+y;D (okd rh [kw)f ajymEkid yf gw,f? &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; oHr%dEkdifiHa&;orm; ajymr,fqok&dk ifd@ ayrJ h acwf a jymif ; awmf v S e f a &; wpf&yfudk ,H=k unfcsuf ckid cf idk rf mrmeJ@ qifEaJ$ ewJh awmfvSefa&;orm; wpfa,muf tzkd@uawmh awmf v S e f a &;}uD ; wpf c k atmif j rif c J h o nf h wkdifatmif "'g[m igh&JŒpGrf;aqmifr_a=umifh jzpf wmuG" vk@d rajymEkid yf gb;l ? awmfveS af &;}u;D wpf&yf atmifjrifjcif;[m xkEd idk if &H dS jynfoal wG&ŒJ atmifjrif r_om jzpfygw,f? wu,fvkd@om rdrd yg0ifqifE$JaewJh awmfvSefa&;}uD; us¶_H;oGm;cJhr,f qkd&ifawmh xkad wmfveS af &;orm;twGuf jyp&m atmifjrifr_ qkv d @dk ol@&JŒESv;kH om;eJ@ ol@&JŒb0rSm xifusecf w hJ hJ 0if;xGÉfaZmf ao&myg '%f&m'%fcsuaf wGom jzpfrmS yg? h hJ xko d rl sK;d awGxu J uíefawmf oduírf;cJw wpfO;D uawmh jynfo@l wk;d wufa&;ygw&D ŒJ OuUÏjzpfco hJ l OD;cifarmifjrifh ygy?J uíefawmf OD;cifarmifjrifhukd yxrqHk; teD;uyf awG@qHkzl;cJhwmuawmh ql;avbk&m;vrf;axmifeh @J taemf&xmvrf;axmifrh mS &Scd w hJ hJ (xkt d aqmuftODudk r=umrDu zsuyf pfc+hJ y;D taqmuftODopf jyefaqmufz@dk pDpOfaeygw,f) taqmuftODrmS &Scd zhJ ;l wJh jynfo@l vli,f tzJ@G csKy¶f ;kH rSmyg? EkdifiHa&;ygwD tzJG@tpnf;aygif; wpfq,fhav;zJG@avmufxJu jynfol@vli,f tzJ@G csKyq f w dk muawmh yrnw wyfaygi;f pk0if vli,f tzJ@G wpfz@GJ yg? xkt d csed w f ek ;f u uíefawmf[m &efuek af q;¶H}k u;D a&SŒ [ku d pf ul;rSm ausmif;wuf aecJw h myg? yxr ckEpS w f ef; ausmif;om;/ aemuf &Spw f ef;/ q,fwef;ausmif;om; b0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

wpfavSsmufrSm jynfol@vli,f tzJG@csKyf¶Hk;ukd wpf&ufjcm; wpfcg ESpf&ufjcm;wpfcg wpfcgwpfavrSmvnf; ae@pOfvv dk dk ausmif;oGm; ausmif;jyef a&mufcyhJ gw,f? uíefawmf[m jynfo@l vli,ftzJ@G csKyu f dk a&mufavwkid ;f rSm uko d ef; (tif;pde)f / ukcd sex f eG ;f / ukw d ifat; (wuo OuUÏa[mif; uG,v f eG )f / ukad t;armif/ uk&d jJ rif/h uko d ef;jrifh (aemif Akv d w f axmifowif;pm t,f'w D ma[mif;) wk@d eJ@ r=umc% qHjk zpfchJ pum;0kid ;f zJ@G jzpfcyhJ gw,f? wpfcgwpf&rH mS vnf; ukad tmifAef; (xkt d csed u f jynfo@l vli,ftzJ@G csKyf OuUÏ)/ uko d ed ;f vGif ( pma&;q&m armifom&) eJ@ OD;cifarmifaxG; (cifarmifaxG;/ ysO;f rem;) wk@d ukd tzJG@csKyfrSm awG@&avh&Sdygw,f? wu,fawmh xkdvl}uD;awG[m touft&G,ftm;jzifh usGefawmhxuf rsm;pGm}uD;olawGyg? okd@ayrJh xkdtcsdefwkef;u uíefawmf tygt0if uíefawmfe@J oufw&l , G w f l vli,fawGu olw@dk emrnfawG a&SŒrSm "ukd" wyf+yD; ac:a0: qufqcH =hJ uygw,f? ukad tmifAef;/ ukw d ifat;/ uko d ef;jrifh ponfjzifh w&if;wES;D ac:a0:cJ=h uw,f? xkpd Ofu qk&d if uíefawmfw@dk [m touft}u;D qH;k jzpfwhJ a'guw f m armifarmifausmu f ydk if ukad rmifarmifausmv f @dk w&if;wES;D ac:a0:cJ=h uw,f? xkv d }l u;D awGuvnf; uíefawmfw@dk csmwdwaf wGudk wjyKH ;jyKH ;eJ@ wk@H jyefqufqcH =hJ uygw,f?

jynfol@vli,f tzJG@csKyfrmS awG@qHkcJh wpfae@om;rSmawmh uíefawmfwkd@ vli,fawG jynfol@vli,ftzJG@csKyf¶Hk;rSm pka0;a&muf&SdaecsdefrSm tzJG@csKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ukdoef;jrifheJ@ oleJ@&G,fwl vlwpfa,muf ¶Hk;cef;xJukd 0ifvm=uw,f? olwkd@ESpfOD;[m wpfOD;ukdwpfOD; ycHk;zuf+yD; 0ifvm=uwmyg? xkdol[m tom;ndKndK rsufESmoG,foG,feJ@ ukd,fvHk;ukd,f[ef cyfydefydefyg? uíefawmfhtem;rSmxkdifaewJh oli,fcsif;u "ol b,folvJuG " vkd@ cyfwkd;wkd; d w f ,f? ar;vmygw,f? uíefawmfu ol@trnfudk cyfw;dk wk;d yJ jyefajymvku "ukdcifarmifjrifhqkdwm olayghuG/ yDusL (P3) uav" uíefawmf[m ol@ukd 'Dt&ifuwnf;u wpfcgEpS cf g awG@jrifz;l aecJw h myg? xkad e@u uko d ef;jrifu h ol@ukd uíefawmfw@dk csmwdwaf wGe@J vnf; rdwq f ufay; cJyh gw,f? uíefawmf[m xkt d csed u f p+y;D ol@ukd wpfcgwpf&rH mS eD;eD;uyfuyf wpfcgwpf&rH mS cyfa0;a0;u awG@jrifc&hJ w,f? q&m}u;D r_id ;f OD;aqmifwhJ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; vlxk qENjyyJaG wGrmS tpnf;ta0; tcsKŒd rSm ol@udk awG@cJ&h w,f? wpfcguvnf; (uefawmfrif yef;jcrH mS xifygw,f) vlxk tpnf;ta0;wpfcek @J pifjrifah y:rSm pdwyf gvufyg a[majymaewJh ol@ukd awG@cJ&h ygw,f? 34

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

oHr%dEdki fiHa&;orm;wpfa,muf wu,fawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh[m ol@&JŒb0wm wpfckvHk;udk ol@&JŒEdkifiHa&; ,H=k unfcsut f wGuf ay;qyfcw hJ hJ oHr%d Edik if aH &;orm;wpfa,mufyJ jzpfygw,f? OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m 1929 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm 11 &ufrmS a';'&J+rKd Œ tbOD;a&$vif; / trda':pmOwd@k rS arG;zGm;cJo h l jzpfw,f? ol[m om;orD;ig;a,mufxu J pwkwo ˆ m;jzpf+y;D ol@atmufunDjzpfoluawmh uíefawmfwdk@ q,fausmfouft&G,fu wrf;wrf;ww jzpfcJh&wJh " =uifemjcif;wpf0uf ¶_yfaxG;jcif;wpf0uf" "wpfaqmif;opfjyef+yD" pwJh oDcsi;f awGe@J atmifjrifausm=f um;cJw h hJ Edik if aH usmt f qdak wmf}u;D udo k ef;vdi_ f (uG,v f eG )f yJ jzpfygw,f? OD;cifarmifjrif&h ŒJ rdbawG[m a';'&J+rKd Œ oJuek ;f av; aus;&Gmu csr;f omwJh v,form;awG jzpfw,f? OD;cifarmifjrif&h ŒJ rdbawG[m &efuek +f rKd Œudk ajymif;a&$ŒvmcJ+h y;D aemuf 1937 ckEpS rf mS OD ; cif a rmif j rif h u d k ruf o 'pf trsKd ; orD ; ausmif ; rS m pwif ynmoif a pcJ h y gw,f ? OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m 1946 ckEpS rf mS pde*f íef;ausmif;udk a&muf&SdcsdefrSmawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh ausmif;trnf[m "a*smha&$vif;" jzpfvmcJhygw,f? ol[m 1949 ckESpfrSm 'orwef; atmifc+hJ y;D aemuf &efuek w f uUov kd rf mS wufa&mufynmoifcyhJ gw,f? &efuek w f uUov kd u f kd a&mufcJhcsdefrSmawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh&JŒESvHk;om;xJrSm EdkifiHa&;pdwf"mwf[m oaE<wnf vmcJw h ,f? ol[m 1949 ckEpS rf mS &efuek cf ¶dik f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (&uo) tr_aqmif wpfO;D jzpfvmcJw h ,f? 1950 ckEpS rf S 1951 ckEpS t f xd topfjyefz@JG cJw h hJ ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf (Auorsm;/ tzG@J csKy)f &JŒ tr_aqmifjzpfc+hJ y;D 1952-53 ckepS f &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ (wuo)&JŒ tr_aqmifwpfO;D jzpfcyhJ gw,f?

awmfveS af &; qufom;uav; wu,fawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh&JŒ EdkifiHa&;pdwf"mwf[m *syefawmfvSefa&; umvuwnf;u pwifco hJ aE<wnfcchJ v hJ @kd qd&k rSmyg? *syefawmfveS af &;umvwke;f u a';'&J/ oJuek ;f av;aus;&GmrSm&Sw d Jh OD;a&$vif; a':pmOwd@k &JŒ aetdr[ f m *syefawmfveS af &; wdik ;f (2) &JŒ XmecsKyjf zpfcyhJ gw,f? wdik ;f (2) XmecsKyf&JŒ EdkifiHa&;rSL;u ocifpdk;jzpf+yD; ppfa&;wm0efcHuawmh AdkvfrSL;}uD;ae0if; yg? xdt k csed w f ek ;f u toufq,fah v;ig;ESpf t&G,o f m&Sad o;wJh udck ifarmifjrif[ h m ocifp;kd / Adv k rf LS ;ae0if;eJ@ tjcm;acgi;f aqmift=um;rSm qufom;tjzpf aqmif&u G cf &hJ olyg? xdkpOfu wa,mxdk;0goem}uD;+yD; uírf;usifr_vnf;&SdwJh ocifpdk; wa,m xd;k csiw f q hJ ENjyif;jyvmtcgrsK;d rSm (ab;ywf0ef;usiu f vlawGu ocifp;kd &Srd eS ;f r&dyrf ad tmif) xdek ,frmS &Sw d hJ emrnfausmf wa,mq&m}u;D OD;vpf qdo k u l kd tdro f @kd zdwaf c: xrif;auí;+y;D tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

tdycf ikd ;f um ocifp;kd u OD;vpfwa,mxd;k wJh ykpH eH @J wa,mxk;d avh&cdS yhJ gw,f? xdt k csed rf sK;d awGrmS udck ifarmifjrifu h OD;vpfukd oGm;ac:ay;cJ&h ygw,f? OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m bDtufpD aemufq;kH ESpaf &mufwhJ 1952 ckEpS rf mS OD;xGe;f az/ a':usif&Dwdk@&JŒorD; a':wifwife@J tdrfaxmifuscJhw,f? xdk@aemufrSmawmh pmar;yGJ rajzawmhbJ ausmif;u xGucf mG vmcJw h ,f?

yDoHk;vHk;ygwD A[dkaumfrwD tdrfaxmifus+yD;aemufrSmawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh[m b0&yfwnfr_twGuf ausmif;q&mtvkyu f kd vkycf &hJ ygw,f? 1953 ckEpS t f xd yJc;l tpd;k & txufwef;ausmif;rSm txufwef;jyq&mtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcyhJ gw,f? 1955 ckEpS rf S 1960 ckEpS t f jynft h xd yJc;l +rKd ŒrSm tvGwyf nmoifausmif;q&mtjzpf vkyu f ikd cf yhJ gw,f? ocsFmbmomuírf;usifwJh tvkyfvkyfaepOfrSm OD;cifarmifjrifh[m yJcl;c¶dkif y²r²n²w &JŒ obmywdtzG@J 0iftjzpf aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? 'Daemuf 1958 ckESpfrSm ig;c¶dkif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJudk &efukefrSm usi;f y&mrSm OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m yJc;l +rKd Œ ppfa=umif;udk OD;aqmifcsw D ufcw hJ t hJ wGuf zrf;qD; xde;f odr;f cHc&hJ w,f? xd@k aemuf 1959 ckEpS t f wGi;f jynfvnfvw G af jrmufvmcJ+h y;D aemuf ocifoif/ ocifAarmifwdk@ OD;aqmifwJh jynfol@'Drdkua&pDygwDrSm A[dkaumfrwD0if jzpfvmcJhw,f? ,if;ygw&D ŒJ A[dak umfrwD0ifjzpfwhJ OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m y²r²n²w XmecsKy&f ŒJ obmywd tzG@J 0if jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? xdkESpftwGif;rSmyJ jynfol@'Drdkua&pDygwD OD;atmifoef;(AdkvfcsKyftpfudk) u OuUÏtjzpfaqmif&u G +f y;D OD;atmifjrifh ac: udu k }kd u;D (zsmyH)k u taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufwJh trsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwDeJ@ udkcifOD; (1953 ckESpf atmufwdkbm ausmif;wpfvydwaf &; ta&;awmfyakH =umifh rEWav;wuUov kd rf S &moufyef ausmif;xkwcf H cJ&h ol) eJ@ udb k ek ;f vdi_ w f @kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ &Jabmfaygi;f pHk xde;f odr;f a&;tzG@J wd@k yl;aygi;f +y;D jynfo@l wd;k wufa&;ygwD (People’s Progressive Party) udk wnfaxmifcyhJ gw,f? OD;cifarmifjrifhu yDusLvdk@ twdkaumufac:a0:wJh yDoHk;vHk;ygwDrSm A[dk aumfrwD0if jzpfvmcJw h ,f? 1978 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSm OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m Auy ajratmuf v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf aemufxyf xdef;odrf;cHcJh&+yD; 1980 jynfESpfrSm vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifheJ@ jyefvnfvw G af jrmufcw Jh ,f? 'Daemuf 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv (8) &ufrSm &Spfav;vHk; vlxktHk=uGr_}uD; ay:aygufcJhygw,f? 1988 ckESpf pufwifbmv 18 &ufrSm wyfrawmfu EdkifiHawmf tm%mudk &,lum EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;cJhw,f? 36

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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'*kefwm&m 23/2/ 99

(xkwfa0jcif; rjyK&ao;onfh cspfjcif;arwWm pmtkyftwGuf a&;om;ay;onfh pmrl jzpfygonf) (jynfol@acwf*sme,f twGJ 2 trSwf 71 rS ) (ae@opf rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

udk,fhxufom emvdkwwfwJh pdwf"mwf

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

a,musmf ;[m rdom;pk&ŒJ acgi;f aqmif jzpfvmygw,f? 'Dtxd acgi;f aqmif a&G;cs,rf j_ y\em r&Sad o;bl;?

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armif0Ho 01 / 12 / 2012 (jynfol@acwf *sme,f rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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azjrifh (jynfol@acwf *sme,frS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

OD;ydkifudk

Reform

vkyf&ef tcsdefwefygjyD

James Mint

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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a'gufwm&efrsKd;odrf; tDvpfqakd omtv$monf yg;v$maomfvnf; tvGet f oGm;xuf vufw&H n S f ojzifh EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk@wGif olwdkh. ae&mrSm rSef;qonfxuf us,0f ef;wwfonf? tcsK;d ysuf =u, G 0f csr;f omr_ odrhk [kwf Edik if aH &;tm%mudk ydik q f ikd af om vltenf;i,fyg0ifonfhtzGJŒ odkhr[kwf tDvpfrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;wGifjzpfap/ pD;yGm;a&; wGifjzpfap tajymif;tvJudk acgif;udkifolrsm;/ aemufuG,frS xdef;ausmif;olrsm;[k udk,fhudk,fudk uifyGef;wyfavh&Sdonf? tDvpfwdkhonf rif;tpdk;&wdkhrS ay;oem;aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf tqD&pfavaomtcg wdik ;f jynf. Edik if aH &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;b0 wd@k onf avajyjzpfvu kd /f rkew f ikd ;f jzpfvu kd f ajAmif;qefaeEdik o f nf? Edik if w H pfEikd if . H orRw/ 0ef}u;D csKyEf iS hf tpd;k &tzGŒJ 0ifrsm;udk evyde;f wH;k rsm;ozG,f tDvpfwu hkd orkw+f y;D / olwu hkd , kd o f w l hkd t&dyt f pd;k &tjzpf wifpm;wwf=uonf? tu,fpifppf tDvpfwo hkd nf tpd;k & t}u;D tuJw@kd . OD;aESmufazmufpm; cH&olrsm;omjzpf+y;D tpd;k &tzGŒJ . tawG;tac: aysmaf wmfqufrsm; tqifo h m jzpfa=umif; tuJcwfrsm;u oH;k oyf=uonf? tDvpfrsm;onf tpd;k &taejzifh tqH;k tjzwfrsm; csrw S Ef ikd &f ef taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k yH h y d k ; ay;&onf h t avsmuf tpd k ; &. tqH k ; tjzwf r sm;tay: twdkif;twm wpfcktxd v$rf;rdk;onf[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf; qHk;jzwfol r[kwfonfudk trsm;jynfou l &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; odjrif&rnf? jynfaxmifpkorRw jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;& zGJŒpnf;+yD;csdefrSp+yD; tpdk;&opfonf ynm&Sifrsm;udk pkpnf;/ csOf;uyf/ wnfaqmufvmonfudk awGŒ&onf? todynm&Sif/ twwfynm&Siw f ikd ;f onf tDvpf r[kwaf omfvnf; tDvpfw@kd onf ynm&Sirf sm;jzpfonf? olwdkhwGif udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; twdkif;twm wpfcktxd yl;uyfaeolrsm;vnf; &SdEdkifonf? tDvpfrsm;onf tm%mudk }uKd ;udik Ef ikd af =umif;/ jc,fv, S Ef ikd af =umif; jyovdo k rl sm;vnf; jzpf&m olwt hkd pGr;f xuf tqaygi;f rsm;pGm omvGe=f umG ;0gwwf=uonfrmS vnf; olw@kd . t&nftaoG;jzpfonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

jynfaxmifpo k rRw jrefrmEdik if . H Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &; ponfeh ,fy,f toD;oD;wGif jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; taumiftxnfazmfvmonfh wpfcsdefwnf;wGif tDvpftv$monfvnf; wjznf;jznf; ¶kyv f ;kH ay:vmaeonf? olwo hkd nf a,bk,stm;jzifh tpdk;&udk udk,fpm;jyK+yD;/ tpdk;&. rl0g'/ vrf;pOf/ pDrHudef;rsm;udk yHhydk;tm;ay;=uonf? tDvpfrsm; &GŒH a=umufonfrmS todynm&Si/f twwfynm&Sirf sm;yifjzpfonf? olw@kd onf tDvpfwdk@ usm;uefay;avh&Sdaom tpdk;&. tvGJrsm;udk axmufjya0zefwwf=u+yD;/ atmufajcausmrGJtv$mESifh eD;pyfonfhtjyif tm%mpuf0ef;ESifh eD;jcif;/ a0;jcif;tay: at;puforl sm;jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh ynmwwfrsm;onf tusK;d pD;yGm; uif;uGm+y;D tDvpfrsm; udk &ifqikd Ef ikd o f rl sm; jzpfvm=uonf? tDvpfwdk@. t"dutm;enf;csufrSm vl@tzGJŒtpnf;.atmufajc qif;&Jom; rsm;ESifh uif;uGmjcif;jzpf+yD;/ atmufajcqif;&Jom;rsm;. yuwdb0udk oabmayguf em;vnfEdkifpGrf; r&Sdjcif;/ em;vnfatmifvnf; tm;rxkwfjcif;yif jzpfonf? olwdk@onf ynmwwfEiS hf tm%m& txufvm$ udo k m &ifcek pf mG xdawGŒqufqaH vh&o dS nf? owif; orm;rsm;/ pme,fZif; orm;rsm;onf vlt h zGŒJ tpnf;. atmufajctv$mrsm;ESihf edp"P 0l xdawGŒqufqHaeolrsm; jzpfonfhtjyif atmufajcjynfolvlxk. b0rsm;udk xif[yf onfhowif;rsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;aomtcg tDvpfwdk@ESifh pD;csif;xdk;=u&onf? xdkhtjyif owif;pmorm;rsm;onf tDvpfwdkh. tm;enf;csufrsm;/ t+zD;tzsef;rsm;ESifh qifa0SŒ&efa&Smif pum;rsm;udk trsm;jynfot l =um;wGif ajzcsjy=uaomtcg/ tDvpfw@kd ESihf owif;orm;rsm;onf vlt h zGŒJ tpnf;twGi;f r=umc% xdyw f u kd af wGŒvm=u&onf? vlro _ yd yH` nm&Sif pD¶u dk af r;vf jyKpak om tm%mtDvpfpmtkyt f & tar&duef jynfaxmifpkwGif tpdk;& tDvpftv$mudk tpkoHk;pkESifh pkpnf;xm;onf? yxrtpkwGif orRwtygt0if t"duEdik if aH &; ygwaD cgi;f aqmifrsm;/ 0ef}u;D tcsKŒd ESihf teD;uyf t}uaH y; tcsKdŒ yg0ifonf? 'kwd,tpkwGif pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;/ aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;. ydik &f iS rf sm;ESihf n$e=f um;a&;rSL;rsm; yg0ifonf? wwd,tpkwiG f ppfwyft&m&S}d u;D rsm; yg0ifonf? pD¶u dk af r;vf. wifjycsut f & Edik if aH &; acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;&Si}f u;D rsm;ESihf ppfwyft}uD;tuJrsm;onf tm%mtDvpfrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonf? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; ywf0ef;usiw f iG f vwfwavmjzpf&adS eaom tDvpftpkrsm;onfvnf; tar&dueftv D pf tpkrsm;ESihf tawmfqifwo l nf[k oH;k oyfEikd o f nf? vlt h zGŒJ tpnf;. tvGeyf g;v$maom tenf;pkukd ud, k pf m;jyKonfh tDvpfw@dk onf jrefrmEdik if u H kd olwu hkd ,fwifrS jzpfvrd rhf nf[k avvH;k xGm;wwf=uonfrmS vnf; 0oDyif jzpfonf? olwo hkd nf tm%m& tpd;k &tzGŒJ . teD;tyg;wGif usiv f nfusupf m;+y;D / wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsKd;tusKd;udk azmfaqmifrnfh t=uHOm%fwdk@udk yHhydk;ay;aeonf[k qdkaomfvnf; 60

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

olwdkhtusKd;udk tenf;ESifhtrsm;/ trsm;tusKd; =um;wGifnSyfum tom;nSyfaygifrkefh vkyfwwf=uonfrSmvnf; trSefyifjzpfonf? xdkxdktDvpfwdkh. tom;nSyfaygifrkef@udk wpfvm$ csi;f cGmcswwforl sm;rSmvnf; owif;orm;rsm;/ pme,fZif;orm;rsm;yif jzpfonf? xdkha=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH tygt0if EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tDvpfwdkhonf owif;orm;/ pme,fZif;orm;wdkhudk rcspfaomfvnf; atmifhumerf;&onfrsm; &Sdvifhupm; rkef;wD;/ trsu&f t S m; }u;D rm;onf? Edik if aH &;ywf0ef;usiEf iS hf pD;yGm;a&; t0ef;t0kid ;f wGif tDvpfwu hkd kd t+rw J rf; rsujf cnf rjywf apmifh=unfhaeolrsm;onf owif;orm;rsm;/ pme,fZif;orm;rsm;yif jzpfonf? tDvpfw. hdk a&SŒaemufpum; rnDrr_ sm;/ jynfov l x l u k kd rsuv f n S jhf yr_rsm;/ jynfot l ay: wvGv J r$ ;f rd;k &ef tm;xkwrf r_ sm;udk owif;orm;/ pme,fZif;orm;wdu hk zGichf s+y;D jynfou l kd rsuEf mS rl=uonf? jrefrmhvt hl zGŒJ tpnf;wGiv f nf; tDvpfwo hkd nf owif;orm;/ pme,fZif; orm;rsm;udk tEœ&m,faumifrsm;/ 'kuaQ y;rnfo h rl sm;tjzpf jrifae=uonfukd awGŒ&onf? owif;orm;rsm;ESihf ynmwwfrsm;onf wpfcgwpf&H aygi;f pnf;rd+y;D tDvpfrsm;. ajcvSrf;rsm;/ tvGJrsm;/ vSnfhpm;r_rsm;udk trsm;od&Sdatmif ynm&Sif/ owif;orm; ¶_axmifhwdk@rs a&;om;wifjyojzifh tDvpfwdk@ tusyf¶kdufapcJh&onfrsm;vnf; &Sdonf? tpd;k &wpfco k nf ynmwwfrsm;/ owif;orm;rsm;. a&;om;csurf sm;/ t=ujH yKcsurf sm;/ pum;rsm;udk vspfvsL¶_+yD;/ tDvpfrsm; ajymorsudkom trSef[k ,Hk=unfvm+yDqdkvsif xdt k pd;k &rif;wdo hk nf }u;D pGmaom tusyt f wnf;udk r=umrwif &ifqikd &f vwœ[ hH k a[mude;f xkwEf ikd o f nf? EdkifiHa&;tDvpfrsm;udk vl@tzGJŒtpnf;wpfckwGif ta&;}uD;aom tm%mtpk tzGŒJ [k uifyeG ;f wyfEikd o f nf? Edik if aH &;tDvpfrsm;onf 'Dru kd &ufwpf vl@tzGŒJ tpnf;wGiyf if wpfcgwpf&H 'Dru kd a&pDusus tvkyv f yk =f u&ef rodusK;d uGsH jyKwwf=u+y;D / tajymif;tvJ/ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDwu hkd kd rodrom ausmcdik ;f wwfonfuv kd nf; owdjyK&rnf jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd EdkifiHa&;tDvpf[k qdkolrsm;onfvnf; 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;udk ckeyf saH usmv f m$ ;Edik pf rG ;f &S=d uonft h jyif olwyhkd akH vmif;vdak om tajymif;tvJukd yg;yg;eyfeyf vrf;a=umif;ay;Edik pf rG ;f vnf; &So d nf[k oH;k oyf=uonf? trsm;tm;jzif/h Edik if aH &;tDvpfwo hkd nf jynfov l x l k trsm;pk}u;D udk ud, k pf m;jyK Edik af jctydik ;f wGif tvGet f m;enf;onf[k oH;k oyf&rnf? Edik if aH &;tDvpfwo hkd nf ynm&yf qdkif&m/ t,ltqqdkif&mwdkhwGif w,loefpGm od&Sdem;vnf=u+yD;/ aoe*FAsL[mydkif;/ y&d,m,fyikd ;f wGif uGsr;f usiEf @HS pyfvifu h pm; atmufajcausmrGJ jynfov l x l k trsm;pk}u;D . &ifbwfxu J kd rnfo@kd 0ifa&muf =unf¶h &_ rnfukd em;rvnf wwf=uay? owif;orm;rsm;ESihf pme,fZif;orm;rsm;onf Edik if aH &;tDvpfrsm;ESirhf wl/ wrlujJG ym;onf? owif;orm;wd@k onf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

atmufajcjynfolvlxk trsm;pk}uD;ESifh eif;jym;xk}uD;. &ifbwfudk rnfodkhzwf¶_&rnf/ rnfoehkd m;vnfatmif vky&f rnfw@kd udk aumif;pGmydik Ef ikd =f uonf? odjhk zifh tDvpfrsm;ESihf owif; orm;rsm;t=um; yÉdyuQonf aejrifah v t¶l;&ifah v jzpfvmwwfonfrmS vnf; obm0 yifjzpfonf? tcsKdŒuvnf; EdkifiHa&;tDvpfudk tm%m&SdtDvpf odkhr[kwf tDvpftopfESifh tm%mrJt h v D pf od@k r[kwf tDvpfta[mif;[k cGjJ cm;=uonf? Edik if w H pfEikd if w H iG f tDvpfw@kd onf tpd;k &. tm%moufwrf; tvdu k o f m tm%mpuf0ef;ESihf eD;pyf=uonf? tqdyk g umv ausmv f eG v f sif tDvpfta[mif;rsm; jzpfomG ;wwf=uonf? tDvpfta[mif;wdo hk nf vl@tzGŒJ tpnf;ESihf atmufajcvlrb _ 0 tajctaersm;udk tawmftoifh eD;pyfwwf=uonf? vlt h zGŒJ tpnf; wpfcw k iG f tDvpfw@kd udk ausmaxmufaemufcjH yKaeaom/ tm;ay;aeaom ynm&Sifrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym; &Sdwwf+yD; ynm&Sifrsm;onf vl@tzGJŒtpnf;0ifrsm;. tajccH&ydik cf iG rhf sm;/ tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tDvpfwx hkd uf ydrk ekd m;vnf oabmayguw f wf=u+y;D / olw@kd onf tm%mtDvpf odrhk [kwf tDvpftopfw@kd ESihf jcm;em;onf[k qd&k rnfjzpfonf? Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;onf tkycf sKyaf &;ESihf Oya'jyKa&; vkyif ef;pOfwiG f tvGet f a&; }uD;onf[k qdkEdkifonf? odkhaomf twdkifyifcH/ t=uHay;ae&mwdkhwGif &yfwnfaeaom tDvpfrsm;onf Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;udk raumif;ajymrnf? twif;tzsi;f ESihf toa&zsurf nf? tu,fpifppf/ 'Dru kd &ufwpfEikd if aH &; tcif;tusi;f wGif Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;onf tqH;k tjzwf ay;olrsm;jzpf+y;D jynfov l x l k tajctaeudk tDvpfw@kd xuf ydrk v kd ufawGŒusus odjrifum/ b,fauGŒudk b,fwufEiS hf avSm&f rnfukd aumif;pGm oabmaygu=f uonf? Edik if aH &;orm; wdik ;f onf tDvpf r[kwo f uJo@kd / tDvpfwikd ;f vnf; Edik if aH &; em;rvnf=uay? wyfrawmfwiG v f nf; tDvpftv$monf ta&;yg t&ma&mufonf? wyfrawmf xdyw f ef;t&m&S}d u;D rsm;onf wyfrawmf. tDvpftv$mudk ud, k pf m;jyKwwfonf? olw@kd onf Edik if w H pfEikd if . H tm%mtDvpfw@kd ESiv hf nf; csw d q f ufaewwfonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG v f nf; zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya' t&yif/ wyfrawmfom; v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;onf jynfo@l v$waf wmf/ trsK;d om;v$waf wmf/ wdik ;f a'o}u;D v$waf wmfEiS hf jynfe,fvw $ af wmfrsm;wGif tvd k t avsmuf yg0if v suf & S d a e&m wyf r awmf w G i f tD v pf w d k h . tcef ; u¾ES i f h ta&;ygro _ nf ydrk t kd m;aumif;vmzG,f &Sad eonf[k aumufcsujf yKEikd o f nf? ordik ;f a=umif;ESihf jyefqufpyfawG;vsif jrefrmEdik if H udv k ekd v D ufatmuf a&mufc&hJ onfjh zpfpOfwiG f xdak cwf tDvpfw@kd . vuf&mruif;[k oH;k oyfrr_ sm; &So d jzifh rsuaf rSmufacwf tDvpfqo kd w l o hkd nfvnf; oifcef;pm,l avhvm=uzdahk umif;onf? &wemyHk eef;uscge;D / eef;wGif;tcif;tusif;wGif tDvpfwdkh ajc¶_yfcJh=uonfrSm rjiif;Edkifaom udpPjzpfonf? eef;wGi;f tDvpfjzpfaom uif;0efrif;}u;D OD;aumif;onf t*FvefEiS jhf yifopfukd tvnftywf 62

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

c&D;oGm;a&muf+yD;aemufydkif;wGif/ t*Fvdyfudk vufeufcsif;,SOfzdkh rjzpfEdkifa=umif; odjrifvmcJo h nf? pnf;rsO;f cH bk&ifpepfukd t*Fvefuo hJ @kd ajymif;vJwnfaqmuf&ef pdwu f ;l ,Ofco hJ nfrpS I t*Fvyd w f . hkd toH;k csc&H um t&SiEf pS yf g;udk t*Fvyd v f uf tomw=unf xd;k tyfc&hJ onftxd jzpfcahJ om ordik ;f wGif tDvpfw@kd twGuf oifcef;pm,lz, G f jzpfonf? tDvpfwo hkd nf wdik ;f jynfaumif;atmif jyKvyk Ef ikd o f uJo h @kd wpfzufwiG v f nf; tDvpfw@kd . qef;opfaom tawG;tac:/ vky[ f efrsm;a=umifh wdik ;f jynfukd ydrk ¶kd y_ af xG;atmif jzpfomG ;ap Edik o f nfuv kd nf; owdcsyo f ifo h nf? jrefrmEdik if aH &;ordik ;f wGif zqyvacwf/ rqvacwf/ ppftpd;k &acwf toD;oD; wGif tDvpfwo hkd nf wpfausmif;wpf*gxm/ wpf&mG wpfy'k q f ef; qdo k uJo h hkd qufpyfywfouf cJhonfcsnf; jzpfonf? rif;t}udKufvdkuf/ udk,fhtcGifhta&;awmif;/ jynfolvlxktay: 'kuQyHkcscJhonfcsnf; jzpfonf? tDvpfwdkh jynfolvlxktwGuf vkyfonfu enf;enf;/ trsm;od a tmif yH k } uD ; csJ Œ ajymonf u yd k r sm;wwf o nf ? tD v pf w d k @ ES i f h eD ; pyf a om todynm&Si/f twwfynm&Sirf sm;onfvnf; jrefrmhEikd if aH &; a&SŒc&D;wGif r&Srd jzpf tc&mrsm; jzpfonf? vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygi;f ig;q,fausmf umvtwGi;f tm%m&Sit f pd;k & tqufquf onf ynmwwfrsm;udk csK;d ESrd zf Ed ydS cf =hJ uonf? tm%mpuf0ef;. xdyyf ikd ;f wGif tDvpfw@kd &Sad e aomfvnf;/ ynm&Sifrsm;udk ae&may;zdk@ tm%m&Sifudk azsmif;zs&ef wGefhqkwfaewwf onfrmS vnf; tDvpfw@kd . ae&mqH;k ¶_;H Edik af jctay: ta=umufw&m;yifjzpfonf? tcsKyftm;jzifhqdkaomf/ jrefrmh'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&; vkyfief;pOfwGif tDvpfwdkhESifh ynm&Sifwdk@. tcef;u¾onf tvGefta&;}uD;onf[k aumufcsufjyK Edkifonf? tDvpfwdk@onf EdkifiHa&;tm%mESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGifhwdk@udk ckeftkyfaeonfh tcsed w f iG f ynm&Siw f @kd onf jzpfwefprG ;f udk wGucf suu f m/ vmrnft h usyt f wnf; umvrsm; twGuf jyifqifwwf=uonf? toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; ywf0ef;usiw f iG f tDvpfEiS hf ynmwwfw@dk yÉdyuQjzpfwwf =u+yD;/ tDvpfu vlenf;pktusKd;udk tav;xm;onfh tcsdefwGif ynmwwfwdk@u vltrsm;tusKd;udk a&SŒwef;xdk;wif wwf=uonf? owif;orm;rsm;ESifh tDvpfwdk@onf vufawGŒb0wGif apmif;csw d af e=uolrsm;[k uifyeG ;f wyfEikd o f nf? owif;orm;rsm;onf tDvpfwdk@. ajcvSrf;rsm;udk rsufjcnfrjywf apmifh=unfhvsuf tvGJ/ trSm;rsm;udk trsm;jynfolodatmif vkyfay;jcif;jzifh jynfolvlxk tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rsufESmrlaeonfh tcsed w f iG f tDvpfw@kd onf atmufajcjynfov l x l u k kd vSnphf m;Edik rf nfh enf;vrf;opfrsm;udk tpdk;&twGuf OD;aESmufpm;ay; wwf=uonf? xdk@a=umifh tDvpfwdk@ tqDr&pf=uygESifh/ Edik if aH &; rkew f ikd ;f udyk if Edik if aH &; avajyjzpfatmif jynfou l kd rvSnphf m;=uygEiS hf [kowdw& rD;armif;xd;k vdu k &f ygonf? a'gufwm&efrsKd;odrf; (tvJAif;rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

'Dvdkenf;eJ hjynfwGif;jidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufvkd &h rwJvh m; &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif;

Armjynf&JŒ &mpkESpf w0ufausmf=um jynfwGif;ppf}uD; pwifjzpfay:cJhwmrSm Armjynfppftyk pf k tqufquf&ŒJ a&S;OD; vrf;azmufov l @kd ajym&r,hf ppfwyftwGi;f u Adv k af e0if;/ Adv k af rmifarmif/ Adv k af tmif}u;D polawG&ŒJ qd&k , S v f pf tkypf [ k m ta&;}u;D wJh tcef;u yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? aemuf+y;D zqyv-yxptpd;k &awG&ŒJ vufxuf wavSsmufv;kH rSmvnf; olw@kd [m jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;udk tjyif;txefqef@usi+f y;D tjyKww f u kd af &; aºuG; a=umfou H kd pGpJ +JG r+J rJ qkyu f ikd cf =hJ uygw,f? ArmjynfrmS yxrqH;k +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGq J w kd mu 1962rSm tm%modr;f cJw h hJ Adv k af e0if;u 1963 ckEpS rf mS ac:qdck w hJ ahJ qG;aEG;yGJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'w D ek ;f u awmfveS af &; aumifpt D pd;k &u 'DaqG;aEG;yGu J akd c:&wm&JŒaemufcu H ... (1) 1962ckEpS f tm%modr;f yG[ J m jynfov l x l u k wbufapmif;eif; 0ScJ s;D rJay;cJw h hJ OD;Ek&ŒJ yxp tpd;k &vufxu J tm%modr;f wmrd@k wjynfv;kH u rcHr&yfEikd f jzpfaecsed f jzpfw,f? (2) 7 &uf Zlvikd af usmif;om;owfyv JG /kd &efuek f wuUov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ taqmuft?}u;D +zKd cswmvdk vlxq k ef@usiaf &; vkyif ef;awGa=umihf ppftpd;k &[m jynfwiG ;f jynfyrSm t}u;D tus,ef mrnfysu+f y;D txD;usejf zpf ae&w,f? (3) jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfqw kd hJ topftqef;wckuv dk nf; yGx J w k af wmhrmS rd@k tm;vH;k u txif}u;D r,h/f tm&Hk qGaJ qmifEikd w f hJ pwef@vky&f yfwck vkyjf yzd@k vdak eygw,f? 'ga=umihf 1963 ckEpS f jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ qdw k mudk ac:qdv k u kd w f myg? tJ'DaqG; aEG;yGJawG+yD;oGm;wJhtcgusawmh ppftpdk;&taeeJ@ vufeufudkif tzG@J tpnf;wcku acgi;f aqmif2 OD;udk &mxl;ay;/ tcGit fh a&; ay;+y;D 0,f,v l u kd Ef ikd w f myJ tzwfwifusef&pfygw,f? usefvufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf;awG tay:awmh }uD;rm;wJh xd;k ppf}u;D awG qufwu kd q f ifEcJ$ yhJ gw,f? 64

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

'kw, d w}urd u f 1980-81 wke;f u Auy/ autdik t f w kd @kd eJ@ wd;k wd;k wdww f w d f ac:qdu k si;f ycJw h hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG; aEG;yGq J w kd mawGyg? tJ'guvnf; Adv k af e0if;wd@k u qEN&v dS @kd vufO;D r_,al c:cJw h m r[kwyf gb;l ? w¶kwu f ol@wdik ;f jynf pD;yGm;a&; wGe;f wifz@kd twGuf Armjynfe@J e,fpyfwavSsmufrmS ppfwu kd w f mawG &yfpaJ pcsiv f @kd wdu k w f eG ;f wmeJ@ w¶kwf acgi;f aqmifawG auseyfatmif Adv k af e0if;u [efaqmifa qG;aEG;yGaJ c:cJw h myg? AuyeJ@ autdik t f w kd @kd uawmh olw@kd taeeJ@ +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk wu,fvv kd m;a=umif; azmfjycsiw f meJ@ oGm;aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? 'gayrJh rqv tpd;k &[m AuyeJ@aqG;aEG;yGu J kd wreufyaJ qG;aEG;+y;D bmta=umif;jycsurf S r,fr,f&&rjybJ zsuyf pfcyhJ gw,f? autdik t f ekd @J aqG;aEG;wmudak wmh ¶kyjf yaumif;atmif tcsed q f x JG m;+y;D aemufq;kH usawmhvnf; bmtoD;tyGirfh S rawG@=u&bJ ppfjyefjzpfcw hJ m 'Dae@txdygy?J wwd,t}urd u f awmh ¶Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D +y;D vd@k 1990 ckEpS af ¶G;aumuf yGv J yk af wmhr,hf tcsed w f 0du k rf mS yg? tm;vH;k od=uwJt h wdik ;f ygyJ tJ't D csed af vmuf ppftpd;k & txD;usejf zpfwm b,fwek ;f urSr&Syd gb;l ? olw@kd rSm tiftm;}u;D vSwhJ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyef @J jynfov l x l }k u;D ud&k ifqikd af e&ygw,f? olw@kd taeeJ@ ppfrsuEf mS awGtrsm;}u;D rzGihfEdkifygbl;? tJ'Dwkef;u olwdk@&JŒppftiftm;[m t"dutm;jzihf qENjyvlxkudk+zdKcGJzdk@ t&Hwyftjzpf xm;&Sd&ygw,f? 'DvdktcgrSm e0wtpdk;&[m "typf&yf" v_yf&Sm;r_udk taumiftxnf azmfcJh&ygw,f? aemuf+yD; tJ'Dwkef;u wdkif;&if;om; wyfawGu vrf;cGv J u kd w f hJ Auyudk ajcukyt f opfr&atmif vkyzf @kd uvnf; txl;vdt k yfaeygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ tESpfESpfq,feD;yg;=umwJh ppfvnf;rjzpf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;vnf; r[kwfqdkwJh tae txm;wckukd wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ o,HZmwawG tqH;k t¶H;_ cH+y;D wnfaqmufcw hJ m jzpfygw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u Adv k cf if!eG @f udk tultnDt axmuftulawG trsm;}u;D ay;cJw h hJ bde;f bk&if avmfppf[efeJ@ ol@om;udk ppftkyfpku olwdk@ydkif rl;,pfaq;0g;u& wJh aiGpuULawG c0gcszdk@twGuf wjcm;vkyfief;trsKd;rsKd; vkyfudkifcGihfay;wmtjyif jrpfqHk a&tm;vSsyfppf pDru H ed ;f t wGuf pm;ayguaf wG zefw;D qkcscyhJ gw,f? tck t+ird ;f pm;Adv k cf sKy}f u;D OD;ode;f pde&f ŒJ vufxufrmS +ird ;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG jyefacwfxvmygw,f? 'Dwcg [mvnf; olw@kd &JŒ"tajymif;tvJ" Zmwfvrf;opftwGuf ¶kyjf yaumif;zd@k vdt k yfaecsed f jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzihf tar&dueftyg taemufEikd if aH wG&ŒJ todtrSwjf yK qufqrH u _ kd t&rf;vdck siaf ecsed f jzpfygw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppfukd tESpf 60 ausmf wdu k v f mwJh ppfwyftaeeJ@ 'Dppfukd Edik af tmifwu kd v f @kd r&bl;vd@k oabmayguv f mwm uvnf; wa=umif;jzpfEikd yf gw,f? txufrSmazmfjycJhwJh ppftpdk;&tqufquf&JŒ "+idrf;csrf;a&;" ac:qdkw,f qdkwmawGudk jyef=unhfvdkuf&if ppftpdk;&awG[m olwdk@&JŒEdkifiHa&; t=uyftwnf; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

udak usmv f m$ ;zd@k / 'grrS [kwf jynfy tiftm;}u;D awGukd rsuEf mS csKad oG;zd@k / rD', D mtjrwfxw k zf @dk "+ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yG"J Zmwfcif;avh¶w dS ,f qdw k mudk awG@&rSmyg? wenf;ajym&&if 'DauG@ rsK;d udk 'Dwufe@J rS ausmv f @kd &w,fqw kd m ppfAv kd cf sKyaf wG aumif;aumif;odaeyg+y?D Adv k af e0if; vufxufupvd@k jynfwiG ;f ppfukd wrifarG;xm;wJh ppftyk pf [ k m aemifrmS vnf; 'Dvkd "+ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ" Zmwfvrf;awG vdt k yf&if vdt k yfovdk cif;aeOD;r,fqw kd m aocsmygw,f? 'Dae@umvrSm jynfwiG ;f ppfukd jzpfay:apwJ/h jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk ysujf ym;apwJh t&mawG[m }uzhH w G t f pd;k &&JŒ 2008 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'eJ@ rw&m;oif;Oya'/ yk'rf (5) wd@k vdk Oya'awGxrJ mS wnf¶adS eygw,f? tJ'D Oya'awGurkd zsuo f rd ;f bJ +ird ;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmufw,fqw kd m[m a&ay:rSm oJyakH pwD wnfovdo k m jzpfygvrd fh r,f? }uHhzGwftpdk;&[m +idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJawGudk ac:qdk&mrSm wu,fwrf;om ¶d;k om;w,fq&kd if wbuftiftm; pkawGukd +zKd czJG @kd / OpPm"e tcGit fh a&;eJ@ qGaJ qmifwm rjzpfz@kd vdyk gw,f? ppftpd;k &awGe@J "aqG;aEG;" vd@k tzG@J tpnf; awGtwGi;f uGw J ,f+yw J ,f qdkwm[m 1963-64 ckESpfawG uwnf;u awG@cJh&+yD;yg+yD? tcktcgrSmvnf; wzGJ@csif;/ wpkcsi;f / wOD;csi;f yJx h u G /f uGx J u G w f mawG rjrifcsit fh qH;k awG@ae&ygw,f? Adkvfae0if;&JŒ 1963 ckESpf aqG;aEG;yGJwkef;u Adkvfae0if;[m "vufeufudkif wdu k cf u kd af e=uaom awmwGi;f tzG@J tpnf;tm;vH;k od@k " vd@k vdyrf +l y;D wdik ;f jynf weHwvsm;udk aqG;aEG;yGJ zdwaf c:a=umif; twdtvif;a=unmcJyh gw,f? 'ge@J ajymif;jyef }uzhH w G t f pd;k &uawmh "=um;cH" vlawGuwqihf cdk;a=umifcdk;0Sufvkyf/ tajctaewcka&muf&if vlod¶Sif=um; a=unm qdw k mrsK;d awG vkyaf eygw,f? tJ't D cgwek ;f u ESpb f ufoabmwlncD suaf wG r¶Sad yrJh ESpb f uf[m ppf&yfxm; ovdk jyKr=l uygw,f? 'Dae@ }uzhH w G f tpd;k &uawmh ucsijf ynfe,fe@J ¶Sr;f jynfe,fxrJ mS xd;k ppf t}u;D tao;awGukd &yfxm;jcif; r¶Sw d t hJ jyif 'Dvkd ppfwu kd +f y;D aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGrmS zdtm;ay; wmawGawmif vkyaf eygw,f? 1963 ckEpS w f ek ;f u &efuek rf mS (7) c¶dik jf ynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; qENjyyG}J u;D / rEœav;rSm (5) c¶dkif +idrf;csrf;a&;qEN jyyGJ}uD;awGudk vlawGodef;csDwufwm &SdcJhygw,f? 'gawGudk Adv k af e0if;u "+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ" awG rzsuo f rd ;f rcsi;f cGijfh yKxm;ygw,f? (aqG;aEG;yGJ awG+yDawmhrS tm;vHk;udk 0g;vHk;odrf; vdkufzrf;ygw,f) 'geJ@rwlh t+idrf;pm; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; OD;odef;pdefuawmh "+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ" awGvkyfaew,f qdkwJh umvtwGif;rSmyJ nrSmtdyaf ewJh oHCmawmfawG (olw@kd xuf +ird ;f csr;f pGm qENjywmr¶S)d udk rD;avmifwu kd f oGi;f wm/ te,fe,ft&yf&yfu oydwf orm;awGukd zrf;qD;ESyd pf ufwmawG vkyaf eygw,f? Adv k af e0if;upvd@k Adv k o f ed ;f pdet f xd ppftpd;k &tqufquf vkycf w hJ hJ "+ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ" qdw k mawGrmS xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wlncD suf ESpcf suu f awmh 'DaqG;aEG;yGaJ wGxrJ mS 66

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

axmufvrS ;f a&;ut"du yg0ifaewmeJ@ tpd;k &[m vlxu k v kd @_H aqmf usi;f ywmrsK;d rvkyf wmygy?J wu,fawmh jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk wu,ftvdv k m;qH;k ol[m jynfov l x l ak wGyg? wu,fwrf; +ird ;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmufr,fq&kd if olw@kd wawG tifrwef 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpf¶rkH u wufwufºuGºuG yg0if=urSmyg? 'gayrJh ppftpd;k &awGuawmh tJ'ge@J ajymif;jyef vlxu k kd ajcmufveS @f wm awGawmif vkyx f m;=uygw,f? 1963 ckESpf "+idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ"qdkwmeJ@ trftdkifwifOD;/ 1990 ckESpf w0dkufu "typf&yfaqG;aEG;yGJ" awGeJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@/ 'Dae@vkyfaewJh" +idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ"+awGe@J Adv k af tmifrif; (Adv k af tmifrif;[m wydik ;f u axmufvrS ;f a&; tvkyu f kd vkyaf ew,fqw kd m vlwikd ;f od=uygw,f)/ cGrJ &Edik w f hJ vufonfawGv@kd ajymEdik yf gw,f? 'g[m ppftpd;k &bufu ¶d;k om;r_r¶Sw d mudk azmfjyaewmvd@k ajym&if rrSm;ygb;l ? Adv k cf sKy}f u;D a[mif; oef;pdew f @kd taeeJ@ wu,fwrf;+ird ;f csr;f a&; azmfaqmifcsif w,fqdk&if.... (1) wEdik if v H ;kH udk a=unm+y;D tzG@J tpnf;tm;vH;k eJ@ wwef;wnf; qufqv H yk u f ikd yf g? (2) jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmuf&mrSm jynfov l x l u k kd vGwv f w G v f yfvyf wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifcGihfjyKyg? (3) jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk twm;tqD;jzpfaewJ/h jynfwiG ;f ppf qufvufwnf¶dS a&;twGuf tusK;d jyKaewJh 2008 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'tyg rw&m;wJ/h Edik if aH &; vuQ%maqmifwhJ trde@f Oya'awGukd zsuo f rd ;f ypfyg? (4) ud, k Efh ikd if aH &;/ 'grrS [kwf pD;yGm;a&;/ 'grrS [kwf oHwrmefa&; t=uyftwnf; awGukd ausmv f m$ ;Edik ¶f kH weyfpm; ajz¶Si;f enf;awGe@J rajz¶Si;f yge@J ?

&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; (ae@opf rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

rsdK;cspfpdwf

a&$Oa'gif; rsdK;cspfpwd rf &Sod avm 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Eku vli,fwa,muftm; rif;wdk t h *Fvyd pf mawG zwf&if t*Fvyd u f kd =unfnKd uek }f uvdrrhf ,f [k ajymzl;aom pum;wvH;k udk u|Eykf u f rcHr&Ekid o f nfeh ,f acsyoH rsKd ;ESihf a&;om;cJjh cif;udk zwf&&_ aom y&dwo f wfu u|Eykf t f m; rsKd ;csppf w d rf S &Syd gav.avm awG;awmp&mjzpfcJhonfh twGufa=umifh Tae&mY &Sif;vif;wifjyvkduf&ay;OD;rnf? u|Eykf o f nf q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmf rdi_ ;f vdk yk*Kd~ vrf sKd ; uJo h @kd tvGet f rif; jyif;xef aom rsKd ;csppf w d rf sKd ;rlum; b,ftcgrS r&Scd jhJ cif;udk ruG,rf 0Suf oGuv f ufpmG 0efczH @kd toifh &Syd gonf? t*Fvyd v f rl sKd ;Y ( *sew f vfreJ ;f )qdo k rl sKd ; &So d nfqakd oma=umif(h ud, k w f ikd rf awG@zl; apumrl) t*Fvyd v f rl sKd ;udk u|Eykf f =unfnKd aomfvnf; u|Eykf w f @kd jrefrmjynfukd wdu k , f o l nfh vlpu k kd vnf;aumif; / wdu k , f o l nfh tjyK trluv kd nf;aumif; u|Eykf f &G@H rke;f wwfz@kd em;vnf ygonf olw@kd txJrS vlrsm;u wdu k , f al omfvnf; wrsKd ;vH;k udk rke;f I rjzpf / xdt k jyKtrlEiS hf xkv d pl u k o kd m &GrH ek ;f Edik yf gonf? xdEk pS cf t k eufwiG f vlpx k uf tjyKtrlukd ydI k rke;f ygonf? u|Eykf u f m; vlwrsKd ; jzpfyg./ urBmudk t*Fvyd w f @kd e,fcs@J cJph Ofu xdt k jyKtrlukd raxmuf cHonfh t*Fvyd rf sm; &Scd b hJ ;l &m u|Eykf rf mS vnf; xdv k pl Ek iS hf oabmwlygonf? xdv k pl t k m; (enf;awmhenf;onf) rsKd ;csppf w d rf &S[ d k pGypf JG =urnfqv kd #if u|Eykf t f m;vnf; tvm;wl pGypf rJG nf qdyk gu cHEikd &f nf &Syd gonf? xdv k el nf;pkonf vnf;aumif; / u|Eykf o f nfvnf;aumif; ol@vlrsKd ; ud, k v hf rl sKd ;xuf w&m;jcif; rw&m;jcif; tay:wGif tajcwnf+y;D qH;k jzwfcsio f rl sm; 68

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

ordik ;f tpOftvm&Sw d hJ 'DwuUov kd }f u;D udk ydwyf pfxm;&wJh t"duta=umif;&if;udk ordik ;f pmrsuEf mS rsm;rSm &SmazG=unfah wmh om;orD;rsm;ESiw hf w l hJ ausmif;om;/ ausmif;ol rsm;u rrSswwJh tkycf sKyaf &;ay:vpDwpfct k ay:rSm &ifziG o hf aH wG yGit hf x H u G u f svmrSak =umifh jypf'%fcwfwt hJ aeESihf ydwyf pfxm;cJjh cif;yg? wu,fawmh 'DwuUov kd }f u;D [m wuUov kd 0f if; xJrSm&SdwJh opfykwfyif}uD;&Jhusdefpm/ ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD;}uD;&Jhusdefpm/ 'Dused pf mawGrsm; oifah ea&mhavovm;vd@k wcgwcg awG;xifrjd cif;yg? bmyJjzpfjzpf 'Dused pf m awGtwGuf txnf;useb f 0rsK;d ESihf ESp&f n S v f rsm;pGm used pf moifjh cif;udk cHc&hJ +yrD [kwv f m;? 'Dvt kd ajctae/ 'Dvjkd zpf&yfawGa=umifh 'DwuUov kd }f u;D [m tyifyrf;}u;D yifyrf;cJ&h wmudv k nf; jynfolawG odxm;+yD;+yDr[kwfygvm;? om;orD;rsm;twGufqdkvSsif ESvkH;aoG;&nfudk arwWmEd@k &nf=unftjzpf ajymif;vJay;Edik pf rG ;f &Sw d hJ rdcifwpfa,mufyrm ynmEd@k &nfrsm;udk om;orD;rsm;ESifhwlwJh ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olawGudk jyefvnfwdkufausG;Edkifzdk@ tm;tif awGvdkaewJhtcsdefrSm rdcif}uD;udk jyefvmapmifha&Smufay;&rSmu aus;Zl;odwwfwJh om;orD;rsm;&Jh wm0efyifr[kwfygvm;? 'Dawmh rdcifESifhwlwJhwuUodkvf}uD;&Jh aus;Zl; w&m;awGukd jyefvnftrSw&f =uzd@k yg? ,ciftajctaersK;d od@k jyefvnfa&muf&v dS mEdik af tmif 0dik ;f 0ef;ulnED ikd =f uzd@k yg? ordkif;tpOfvm&SdwJh &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;&Jh ordkif;a=umif;av;udk enf;enf; ajymyg&ap? 'DwuUodkvf}uD;udk b,fwkH;u pwifwnfaqmufcJhwmvJ? odxm;zdk@yg? 'DwuUov kd &f hJ ordik ;f OD;tpu t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd D vufatmufct H jzpfe@J &Sad epOf 1878-ckEpS rf mS t*Fvdyftpdk;&u tdENd,EdkifiH/ umv uwWm;wuUodkvf}uD;&Jh ausmif;cGJtjzpf &efukef aumvdyaf usmif;udk pwifziG ahf y;cJw h myg? 1920-ckEpS rf mS awmh aumvdyt f jzpfrS &efuek f wuUodkvf&,fvdk@ wuUodkvftqifhodk@ t*Fvdyftpdk;&u jrSifhwifay;cJhwmyg? 'guvJ apwemaumif;eJ@ jrSifhwifay;cJhwmrsKd;awmhr[kwfyg? ausmif;om;rsm;u tdENd,EdkifiHvdk &efukefaumvdyfudk &efukefwuUodkvftqifhodk@ wdk;jrSifhay;zdk@ awmif;qdkcJh=uvdk@ jrSifhwif ay;cJjh cif;yg? od@k aomf xdo k @kd jriS w hf ifay;&mrSm &efuek w f uUov kd u f kd vef'efrmS &Sw d hJ uif;b&pfcsf wuUov kd }f u;D (University of Cambridge) ESihf atmufpzd@k 'fwuUov kd }f u;D (University of Oxford) udk pHr+DS y;D wnfaxmifcw hJ mjzpfv@kd &efuek w f uUov kd }f u;D &Jh cef@n k m;x,f0gru kS kd urBmuyif todtrSwjf yKxm;jcif;yg? odk@aomf &efukefwuUodkvf[m wuUodkvf}uD;tqifhokd@ a&muf&SdvmcsdefrSm wuUodkvfodk@ wufa&mufcGifh&SdwJh ausmif;om;/ ausmif;oltrsm;pk[m tcGifhxl;cH todkif;t0dkif;. om;orD;rsm;om jzpfae+yD; jrefrmEG,fzGm; ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;rSm wuUodkvfwufa&mufcGifh tcGifhvr;frsm; enf;yg;aecJhjcif;yg? xdk@a=umifh xdkjzpf&yfudk rauseyfEikd v f @kd ausmif;om;rsm;[m trsK;d om;a&;qdik &f m oydwrf sm;udk 1930-ckEpS rf sm;rS tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

ordik ;f qdwk m oif,&l ef bmom&yfwpfrsKd; jzpfEikd fovdk/ vdkufemusifoh ;Hk &ef oifcef;pmwpfrsKd; vnf; jzpfEikd fjcif;yg? ordki ;f jzpfpOfrsm;twGuf trSm;/ trSefudk tajz&Sm aejcif;rsKd;xuf ordik f;jzpf&yfreS f rsm;udk em;vnfay;+yD; twdwfordki ;f rsm;a=umifh jzpfay:aewJh emusnf;csufrsm;udk wkid f;jynfEiS fh vlrsKd;twGuf ajzazsmufEdki f=uzdk@yg? &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;&Jh ordik f;a=umif;rsm;[m tm;omcsufawG&cdS hJ ovdk tm;enf;csufawGvnf; a&maxG;yg0if aewmrdk@ &efukefwuUodkvf}uD; jyefvnfzGifhvpS fEdki fa&;onf wpfrsKd;om;vkH;. ta&;jzpfa=umif; acwfordki ;f udk jyefvnfokH;oyfrdjcif;yg? ..... pwifI qifEcJG =hJ u&mrS &efuek w f uUov kd ef ,fajronf rsK;d csppf w d &f iS f oefaom trsK;d om;a&; pdwf"mwfjyif;jyaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk arG;zGm;ay;cJh&m ae&mÏme wpfck jzpfvmcJjh cif;yg? ordik ;f rSmxif&mS ;wJh ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;[m udafk tmifqef;/ udEk /k udak usmn f rd ;f / udb k aqG/ udo k ed ;f azjrifph wJyh *k K~ v d rf sm; yg0ifaejcif;yg? 1940-ckEpS rf pS I 1960-ckEpS rf sm;txd &efuek w f uUov kd }f u;D onf ta&S@awmif tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif xifay:ausmf=um;vS+yD;/ ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;xJrSm xdyfwef; wuUov kd }f u;D wpfck jzpf&adS ecJjh cif;yg? 1962-ckEpS f awmfveS af umifpD tpd;k &wufvm+y;D aemuf jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw. D rl0g'rsm;ESihf tnD ,cifu wuUov kd b f mom&yfwikd ;f rSm jrefrmbmomrSv+JG y;D useb f mom&yftm;vk;H udk t*Fvyd v f kd oif=um;ay;ae&mrS bmom&yf tm;vk;H udk jrefrmbmom&yfjzifo h m oif=um;ay;&ef wuUov kd rf sm; aumifprD S trde@f xkwjf yef cJ+h y;D ynma&;rl0g'rsm;udv k nf; jrefrmqd&k , S v f pf vrf;pOfygw. D rl0g'rsm;eSihf tnD taumif txnfaz:aqmif=u&mrS &efuek w f uUov kd }f u;D . tajctaewd@k onf ?rSeu f if;?tjzpfrS ?xif;? tjzpfo@kd qdu k af &mufc&hJ onfu h ed ;f ESihf }uKaH wG@oGm;&jcif;yg? 1989 ckEpS rf mS 0dZm… odyH` wuUov kd u f kd &efuek w f uUov kd v f @kd trnfajymif;vJay; cJh+yD;/ 1990-ckESpf aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;rSmawmh EdkifiHa&;Y &_yfaxG;vSaom jy\em t&yf&yfukd ajz&Si;f Edik &f ef &efuek w f uUov kd Yf bG@J vGew f ef;rsm; (MA , Ph D) ESihf tcsK@d aom 'Dyvdrk mwef;rsm;udo k m oif=um;ay;&ef nGe=f um;csux f w k +f y;D / tajccHb@JG rsm; (BA , BSC ponf) twGuf +rKd@ESifha0;vHvSaom '*kHwuUodkvf (ajrmuf'*kH+rKd@.ta&S@t&yfrSm wnf&o dS nf)/ ta&S@ydik ;f wuUov kd f (oHvsS i/f wm0a'orSmwnf&o dS nf)ESihf taemufyikd ;f wuUov kd f (&efuek jf rpftaemufzuf vSidk o f m,ma'oY wnf&o dS nf) rsm;od@k a&G@ajymif;+y;D ynmrsm;udk oif,lapcJhjcif;yg? xdktcgrSm wuUodkvfq&m/ q&mrrsm;ESifh wuUodkvf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;[m awmifrif; ajrmufrif;ru,fEikd /f ajrmufrif;udk awmifrif; ru,fEikd f b0rsK;d od@k a&muf&cdS &hJ jcif;yg? 76

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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a'gufwm"rRyd, (ITBMU) Ekd0ifbm 14/ 2012

(rdk;rcrD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

rsu&f nfawGyg? 1994 ckEpS af vmufwek ;f rdrw d Œdk t&yfrS aqGrsKd ;awmfow l pfa,muf a&m*g&v dS Œdk &efuek f *syefaq;&k}H u;D ukd vmwufyg w,f? rdru d wwfprG ;f Ekid o f rSs ulnaD y;&ygw,f? olŒrdef;ru aeŒvnfbufrSm apmifhay;w,f? pma&;oluawmh naeykdif; aeŒwkdif; oGm;awGŒygw,f? a&m*gu wpfcgco JG nf? [kwrf vkv d edk ŒJ ratmifjrifay? ykq d ;dk vmjyefonf? xkŒd a=umifh q&m0efrsm;u 'kw, d t}urd f xyfcjJG yefonf? rxl;yg? ykv d Œdk yif qk;d vmygw,f? onfawmh olŒuk, d o f l &dyrf v d mw,f? onfawmifukd olrausmf Ekid af wmhay? olŒrSm orD;av; ESpaf ,muf&o dS nf? i,f=uao;.? rde;f ruvJ i,fao;onf? xkad eŒ naeykid ;f aq;&ku H {nfhonfjyefcsdef acgif;avmif;acgufawmh olŒrdef;ra&m/ uíEkfyfa&m jyef=u&awmhrnf? onfawmh olŒrde;f rvufudk uspu f spf ygatmif qkyx f m;ygawmhw,f? rsuv f ;Hk uvnf; tm;i,faewJhrsufvkH;? +yD;awmh rsuf&nfawGvnf; usvkdŒ? idkaeonfajymu ykdrSefrnf? usGEkfyfu w&m;av;awG owday;aeonfukdyif olem;raxmifawmh? ZeD;ESifhorD; ESpaf ,mufudk cGx J m;cJ+h y;D ao&rSm ukd a=umufae&Smonf? [kwyf gonf? aemufaeŒreuf aq;&krH mS v_y&f mS ;r_rahJ eonfh olŒtavmif;uko d m ukwifay:rSm awGŒvku d &f awmh.? 'ga=umifh raeŒu olrsu&f nfusonf? aozkŒd jyifqif rxm;ao;wJt h wGuf ao&rSma=umufI uswhJ rsu&f nfawGyg? +y;D cJw h hJ Ek0d ifbmv(6)&ufaeŒuawmh tar&dueforRw tkb d m;rm;[m olŒ&JŒ 'kw, d oufwrf;twGuf +yKd ib f uf jzpfwhJ rwfa&mreDudk tjywftowfEiS hf tEkid &f cJyh gw,f? aemufwpfaeŒ tdrjf zLawmfudk rjyefcif olŒ&JŒ pnf;&k;H v_aH qmf a&;XmecsKyu f o dk mG ;+y;D yg0if v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uwJh 0efxrf;awG˜vkyt f m;ay;olawGudk uk, d w f idk o f mG ;a&muf aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajymygw,f? olajymykHu.... "I’m really proud of all of you. 'Obama said' What you guys accomplished will go on in the annals of history."vkŒd jzpfygw,f? ol[m txufygpum; ajym&if; rsuf&nfrsm;yg usvmygw,f? orRw}uD; tkdbm;rm;uawmh olŒvkyfaz: ukid b f ufawG&ŒJ axmufct H m;ay;r_[m aus;Zl;}u;D rm;vGe;f vkŒd uswrhJ su&f nfygw?hJ [kw d ek ;f u pma&;ol &efuek f r[mpnf&yd o f mrSm aepOfu 'umrwpfa,muf w&m;xkid v f mygw,f? t&ifu w&m;xkid &f rSm tifrwef a=umufoyl g? pma&;olu tckae tm;rxkwrf v d sS if rdrt d wGuf jzpfvmEkid rf nfh qk;H &_;H r_eŒJ vkyv f sS if &Ekid rf nfh ypPKye` w f rvGef tusKd ;rsm;ukyd g ajymjyvkŒd aemufq;Hk w&m;xkid jf zpfomG ;ygw,f? tpykid ;f rSm tawmf}uKd ;pm; &Smygw,f? okŒd aomf w&m;u rwufyg? &ufuav; tawmf=umvmawmh orm"dav; awmfawmfaumif;vmw,f?f xl;qef;onfh cHpm;r_rsm;/ at;csr;f r_rsm;/ b,fwek ;f urS r&zl; onfh pdwcf sr;f omr_rsm; awGŒvm&vkŒd aemufaeŒ w&m;avSsmufawmh rsu&f nfawGeŒJ pdwt f m; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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vmp&mrvdyk gb;l ? awmfwmawGukd jrifcsif =um;csif *k%, f cl siw f ,f qd&k if jrefrmh¶yk jf rif oH=um;udk =unf=h uyg? (atmf[pf vufcyk o f rH sm;) tcktcsed u f p+y;D awmh "*sL;" &J@ nHzh si;f r_ awGukd 0efcyH gawmhr,f¶iS ?f usr[m trsm;od=uwJt h wdik ;f q&m0ef pma&;q&m jzpfygw,f?(atmf[pforH sm;) =umG ;wm r[kwyf gb;l ? tJ'h aD wmh q&m0eftvkyv f J w+yKd ief ufvyk w f ,f? pma&;wJt h vkyf vJ w+yKd ief ufvyk w f ,f qdak wmh b,ftvkyrf mS rsm; usr nHyh govJv@kd ar;cJ&h if usr ajzcsif vd@k yg? usr[m tvkyEf pS rf sKd ;pvH;k rSm nHzh si;f ygw,f? tJ'h aD wmh usr nHch w hJ t hJ a=umif;awGukd ajymjyygr,f? usr[m i,fi,fuav;uwnf;u nHhygw,f? usr i,fi,fwkef;u jrefrmEdik if t H a=umif; yx0D0ifbmomrSm oif&aomfvJ jrefrmEdik if &H @J pD;yGg;a&;tjrif bmrS r¶Scd yhJ gb;l ? (vufcyk o f rH sm;) usr wwd,wef;t¶G,f avmufrmS jrefrmh yx0D0ifbmmomudk oif&ygw,f? tJ'h rD mS jrefrmEdik if &H J @ oH,ZH mwawG ta=umif; pmoif&ygw,f? jrefrmEdik if [ H m o,HZmw tvGeaf ygrsm;=u, G 0f wJh Edik if jH zpfygw,f? qefpyg;awG xGuw f ,f? uíef;opfawG xGuw f ,f? a&eHawGvJ xGuyf gw,f? a&eHxu G w f mvJ usr rsujf rifu, kd af wG@ ygy?J usru a&eHacsmif;ol jzpfygw,f? a&eHacsmif;olqakd wmh usrwd@k a&eHajruae jzwfomG ;wJt h cgrmS a&eHw;l pif}u;D eJ@ a&eHwl;aewm awG/ wl;+yD;om; a&eHwGif;awGuae ydkufvHk;awGeJ@ armif;wHawGeJ@ pkyf,l+yD;awmh a&eHavSmifuefxJ xnfhaewmawG usr rsufjrifudk,fawGygyJ? tJh'D a&eHavSmifuefawGxu J rsm;jym;vSwhJ a&eHawG b,fa&mufomG ;vJqw kd mawmh usru rjrif&bl;ayg?h (vufcyk o f rH sm;) usr jrif&wmu a&eHavSmifuefyJ jrif& wmud;k ? tJ'h aD wmh tJ'h g a&eHe@J ygwo f uf wJh tydik ;f yg? aemufxyf oH,ZH mwawG trsm;}u;D xGuw f ,fv@kd od&ygw,f? Oyrm wGi;f xGuf ypPnf;awG/ ausmufrD;aoG;vJ xGufygw,f? ywWjrm;/ eDvm/ a¶$/ a¶$a=um}uD;awGvJ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm trsm;}uD; ¶Sdygw,f? 'Dawmh 'D a¶$/ aiG/ ausmufoHywWjrm;awG tjyif ausmufrD;aoG;/ cJrjzLwdk@/ t+zdKufeufwdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm rxGufwJh wGif;xGufqdkwm r¶So d avmuf trsm;}u;D xGucf yhJ gw,f? aemuf+y;D awmh jrefrmhyikd ef uf yifv,fa&jyifqw kd m trsm;}u;D ¶Syd gw,f? yifv,fjyifuxGuw f hJ ig;ykpeG af wG[m jrefrm jynfov l x l k pm;oH;k vd@k awmif rukew f t hJ wGuf pnfow G Af ;l awGe@J 'grrS [kwf a&cJ¶u kd +f y;D awmh Edik if jH cm;udak wmif wify@kd a&mif;csv@kd &ygw,fw?hJ 'Dawmh wwd,wef; ausmif;ol usr[m usrEdik if u H kd usr awmfawmf *k%, f cl yhJ gw,f? (vufcyk o f rH sm;) o,HZmwawG odyrf sm;wmyJayg?h 'gayr,fh wae@usawmh usru ausmif;pmtjyif wjcm;jyifyr*~Zif;wckudk oGm;zwfrdygw,f? oGm;zwfawmh tJ't D csed rf mS usr pmawmh [kww f yd wfwd rzwfz;l ao;ygb;l ? 'gayr,fh aqmif;yg;wd@k yHjk yifw@kd qd&k if wa=umif;p ESpaf =umif;p zwfwwf aeyg+y?D tJ'h rD mS uHq;kd pGmeJ@ 86

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pma=umif;av;wa=umif; oGm;awG@ygw,f? tJ'h D pma=umif;av;udk usr tckxd rarhEikd af o; ygbl;?"jrefrmEdik if o H nf urBmt h qif;&Jq;kH Edik if rH sm;wGif wwd,ajrmuf vdu k yf gonfwhJ"? (atmf[pforH sm;/ vufcyk o f rH sm;) tJ'h aD wmh usru yx0D oifcgp wwd,wef;ausmif;ol tjrife@J qdak wmh usr 'Dvykd J jrifwmayg?h wu,fwrf;awmh Edik if w H ck wd;k wuf }u;D yGg;zd@k o,HZmw xGu¶f ekH @J wif rvHkavmufygbl;? (vufckyfoHrsm;) 'g usr&J@ tajymr[kwf ygbl;? urBmhpD;yGg;a&; ynm¶Siaf wGajymwJh tajymyg? olw@kd u b,fvakd jymovJqakd wmh Edik if w H ck wd;k wuf}u;D yGg;zd@k tcsu}f u;D (4)csuf vdyk gw,fw?hJ o,HZmw/ obm0o,HZmw (Natural Resource) vd@k ac:wJh obm0o,HZmwawG aygrsm;zd@k wJ?h eHygwf (2)uawmh tpOftqufu }u;D yGg;cJw h /hJ tpOftqufu ¶Scd w hJ hJ t&if;tES;D / eHygwf (3) u Technology vdk@ac:wJh enf;ynm f l awG/ tJ'D av;rsKd ;vH;k topftqef;awG/ eHygwf (4) uawmh tJ'h eD nf;ynmudk uírf;usio ¶Sw d hJ Edik if [ H m (od@k r[kw)f av;rsKd ;rSm oH;k rsKd ;avmuf ¶Sw d EhJ ikd if [ H m tJ'h D Edik if [ H m csr;f omyg w,fw?hJ tJ'h aD wmh usrwd@k jrefrmEdik if u H (1) o,HZmwawGawmh aygrsm;=u, G 0f ygw,f? aemuf eHygwf (2) (3) (4) ¶Sd r¶Sad wmh usr rodygb;l ? (vufcyk o f rH sm;) tJ'h aD wmh usrnHw h hJ ta=umif;u tJ'h u D p ygw,f? aemufxyf usr nHw h t hJ a=umif;udk ajym&&ifawmh jrefrmEdik if H &J@ Edik if aH &;eJ@ ywfoufv@kd usr nHw h myg? Edik if aH &;tjrif bmrS r¶Scd w hJ hJ ausmif;olwa,muf ta=umif; usr jyefajymygr,f? pwkwˆwef; ('grSr[kwf) yOPrwef; t¶G,f avmuf uav;b0rSm usrwd@k Edik if rH mS ta&;tcif;wck jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tJ'h D ta&;tcif;rSm +rKd @}u;D awG/ &efukef/ rEWav;awGuae +yD;awmh pwif jzpfyGg;cJh+yD;awmh usrwdk@qDudk wjznf;jznf;eJ@ ysH@ES@HvmcJhygw,f? tJh'D ta&;tcif;uawmh w¶kwf-Arm ta&;tcif;yg? w¶kwfawGeJ@ ArmawG csuek +f yv D @kd (&DorH sm;) usrwd@k =um;&ygw,f? usrwd@k a&eHacsmif;rSm w¶kwv f rl sKd ;awG trsm;}u;D ¶Syd gw,f? usrwd@k a&eHacsmif;u w¶kwv f rl sKd ;awGe@J ArmvlrsKd ;awGawmh rcs=uygb;l ? usrwd@k tcsi;f csi;f awmh cifcifrifrifygy?J usrwd@k ausmif;rSm twef;xJrmS usrwd@k eJ@ pm+yKd izf uf w¶kwrf av; 3 - 4 a,muf ¶Syd gw,f? olw@kd eJ@ usrwd@k vJ pmar;azmf ar;zuf &if;&if;ES;D ES;D cifcifrifrifygy?J 'gayr,fh jrefrmEdik if H rSmawmh w&kwf- Arm ta&;tcif; jzpfae+yDvdk@ od& ygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk@ vJ vufcv H u kd ¶f ykH aJ yg?h w¶kwaf wGe@J ArmawG csuek +f y/D 'DavmufyJ oabmxm;vdu k yf gw,f? w&ufawmh usrwd@k ausmif;wufaewJt h csed rf mS q&mru usrwd@k udk ajymygw,f? wd@k wawG reufzef a&mufvdk@¶Sd&if 'D+rdK@&J@ vrf;awGay:rSm ausmif;om;awG tm;vHk;wef;pD vrf;wavSsmuf csDwuf&r,fwJh (vufckyfoHrsm;) tJ'Dawmh usru ausmif;pmoifwJh tcsdefrSm tjyifxGuf &r,fqdkawmh odyfaysmfoGm;ygw,f? (&DoHrsm;) tJh'geJ@yJ usrwdk@ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

wufwufºuGºuGe@J yJ vdu k zf @kd pDpOfygw,f? q&mru ajymw,f? eifw@kd tm;vH;k pnf;urf;¶S¶d dS aoao0yf0yf csw D uf&r,faemfw?hJ ESpaf ,mufwwGJ wGv J @kd &w,f? eifw@kd }uKd uw f v hJ el @J eifw@kd wG=J uygw?hJ tJ'h ge@J usruvJ usr&J@ vufwaJG zmftjzpf w¶kwrf av;udk a¶G;vdu k yf gw,f? usreJ@ usroli,fcsi;f w¶kwrf av;[m w¶kwAf rmta&;tcif; rSeu f efa=umif; axmufczH @kd +rKd @xJrmS csw D ufvrf;avSsmufcyhJ gw,f? (&DorH sm; vufcyk o f rH sm;) tJ'h aD wmh usrwd@k u 2 a,mufwwGJ vrf;avSsmuf vrf;awGay:rSm csw D uf=uw,f? ¶d;k ¶d;k wef;wef; csw D uf=uwm r[kwb f ;l ? a¶S@u wa,mufu pm¶Guaf wGe@J wdik af y;w,f? usrwd@k u aemufuae+y;D vdu k af tmf&w,f? vdu k af tmfawmhvJ wd@k ta&;/ wd@k ta&; ayg?h a¶S@u bmatmfovJawmh usrwd@k aumif;aumif; r=um;&bl;? (&DorH sm;) tJ'h v D ekd @J a¶S@uwa,mufu wdik af y;vdu k /f bmrSrodyJ aemufu wd@k ta&; atmfvu kd /f atmf&if;eJ@yJ vrf;wumudk a&mufcyhJ gw,f? tJh'DrSm usrwdk@ ausmif;om;awGudk vrf;avSsmuf&wm/ atmf&wm arm&if a&aomuf&atmif/ tat;aomuf&atmif qdk+yD;awmh tdrfawGuae+yD; tdrfa¶S@rSm pmyGJav;awG cif;+yD;awmh usrwdk@udk tpm;tpmawG auí;arG;ygw,f? usrwdk@vJ tvum;&wm rSeo f rSs tukepf m;ygw,f? (&DorH sm;) tusiu hf ygaewmud;k ? (&DorH sm;) Armu auí;auí;/ w¶kwu f auí;auí; tukepf m;ygw,f? (&DorH sm;) 'Dvekd @J yJ enf;enf; aejrifv h mwJt h cgrmS usrwd@k ausmif;udk jyef&ygw,f? ausmif;a¶S@rSm tifrwef us,0f ef;wJh ajrwvif;jyif}uD; ¶Sdygw,f? tJh'DrSm tm;vHk;pk¶Hk;+yD;awmh twef;vdkuf twef;vdkuf ud, k v hf pl ek @J ud, k f pk¶;kH =uygw,f? tJ'rD mS usrwd@k q&mru bmajymvJqakd wmh/ atmf... usr arhaevd@k / usrwd@k vrf;avSsmufwhJ tcgrmS 'Dtwdik ;f vufvw G af vSsmuf&wm r[kwb f ;l ? 'acgi;f ' }u;D awGukd }uKd ;eJ@ qG+J y;D awmh 'Dacgi;f }u;D awGuawmh usrwd@k ausmif;om;av;awG qGEJ ikd af tmifyg? puULawGeJ@vJ acgif;yHkpH jzpfatmif a&;xm;ygw,f? tJh'DxJrSmvJ usrwdk@ rsufpda¶S@rSm puULpkwfawG xnfhxm;wm jrif&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJh'D puULpkwfawGudk usrwdk@u puULpkwaf wGv@kd rrSw&f bl;wJ?h tJ't D xJrmS tavmif;awG ygw,fv@kd rSw&f r,fw?hJ tJ'h rD mS rS usr yxrOD;qH;k eHrnfwckukd =um;zl;ygw,f? tJ'h eD mrnfuawmh armfpw D ek ;f wJ?h armfpw D ek ;f qdw k ehJ mrnfukd tJ't D cdserf mS rS yxrOD;qH;k =um;zl;wmyg? armfpw D ek ;f usq;kH ygap ayg?h tJ'h v D kd qdw k ,fv@kd usr xifygw,f? 'Dvekd @J ausmif;a¶S@udk jyefa&mufawmh usrwd@k q&mru tJ'D acgi;f }u;D udk rD;¶d@_ &r,fv@kd ajymw,f? 'Dawmh usru olrsm;atmf&ifom aemufuae wd@k ta&; vdu k af tmf&w J m? usruawmh rD;¶d@_ zdak wmh a=umufygw,f? a=umufawmh usru aemufqw k f w,f? tJ'h t D csed rf mS q&mru usrudk a¶S@xGucf ikd ;f w,f? usru twef;&J@ armfew D m jzpfygw,f? (&DorH sm;) "wifwif0if; eifa¶S@xGuf eifrD;¶d_@&r,f" vdk@ ajymw,f? tJh'Dawmh usru 88

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

r¶d_@&Jbl;qdk+yD; aemufudk uyfw,f? tJ'Dawmh usrwdk@ ESpfa,muf&J@ tjzpftysufudk r=unf&h ufwhJ enf;enf;touf}u;D wJh ausmif;olwa,mufu usrwd@k ESpaf ,muf ud, k pf m; ajz¶Si;f ay; vdu k yf gw,f? olyJ quf+y;D awmh rD;¶d@_ w,f? (&DorH sm;) usr[m 'Dvkd Edik if aH &; r¶Sad tmif nhw H ,fqw kd m usr 0efcyH gw,f? 'g usr&J@ pD;yGg;a&; nHzh sirf /_ Edik if aH &; nHzh si;f r_yg? 'gayr,fh tJ'v D o kd m nHw h ,f? usru bmjzpfcsio f vJqakd wmh usrb0rSm tjzpfcsiq f ;kH qENwcku pma&;q&m b0wckygy?J pwkww ˆ ef;t¶G,f uwnf;u usr[m pma&;q&m wa,muf jzpfcsicf yhJ gw,f? pma&;q&mjzpfz@kd usrudk wGe;f tm;ay;wJh tcsuaf wG trsm;}u;D ¶Syd gw,f? tJ'guawmh usr zwfcw hJ hJ pmtkyaf wGygy?J usr[m ausmif;pmu vG+J y;D awmh tjyifbuf pmayawGukd r*~Zif;awGukd trsm; zwfchJ ygw,f? ausmif;pmxuf yd+k y;D awmh zwfcyhJ gw,f? tJ'h aD wmh usr rSwrf o d avmufayg/h usr zwfcw hJ hJ pmtkyaf wG[m trsm;}u;D ygy?J pma&;q&m}u;D wuUov kd b f ek ;f Edik /f pma&;q&m}u;D "l0/H q&mr}u;D a':cifEiS ;f ,k/ *sme,fausm rf rav;/ olw@kd pmtkyaf wGukd usr zwfygw,f? tJ'h rD mS usrb0rSm yxrOD;qH;k zwfz;l wJh pmtkyw f tkyu f kd tckxd rSwrf yd gw,f? 'g[m usrtwGuf yxrOD;qH;k 0wˆKyg? tJ'h guawmh pma&;q&m}u;D "l0&H @J "rmvm" vd@k trnf&wJh 0wˆK jzpfygw,f? "rmvm" [m vufo;kH vH;k avmuf xlwhJ pmtky}f u;D wtkyyf g? ol@ tJ'h pD mtkyu f kd usr&J@ usrud, k yf ikd t f jrife@J zwfcJhwmawmh r[kwfygbl;? tJh'Dtcsdefwkef;u usru umwGef;awGyJ zwfygw,f? umwGe;f awmifrS xl&if rzwfygb;l ? cyfyg;yg;yJ zwfygw,f? w&ufusawmh usr pwkww ˆ ef; pmar;yGt J +y;D ausmif;tm;wJh tcsed rf mS usr araru pmtkyw f tkyf ,lvmay;ygw,f? "orD; 'D0wˆKukd zwfprf;" vd@k usrudk ajymygw,f? tJ'h 0D wˆKu "rmvm" 0wˆKyg? usru pmtky}f u;D udk =unf+h y;D awmh vef@oGm;w,f? "tm; pmtky}f u;D u txl}u;D ygvm;arar" vd@k ajymawmh "at; xlawmh xlw,f/ 'gayr,fh orD; pdw0f ifpm;rSmyg" wJ?h orD;wd@k armifErS awG[m pum;ajym&if tifrwef ¶dkif;w,fwJh? udkudk&,f/ nDrav;&,f b,fawmhrS pum;rajymbl;/ armifErS tcsi;f csi;f t}u;D eJ@ti,fukd eif˜ ig oH;k w,fw?hJ tJ'h g raumif; bl;wJh/ 'Dawmh orD; 'Dpmtkyfudk zwfwJhtcgrSm zwf+yD;oGm;&if orD; ,Ofaus;odrfarG@ vmvdrrhf ,f? 'Dpmtkyx f rJ mS vlawG[m pum;ajym&if ody, f Ofaus;wmyJw?hJ zwf=unfyh gw?hJ tJ'h aD wmh usruvJ araru zwfcikd ;f w,fq&kd if igzwfz@kd oifw h mayg?h ud, k zhf momud, k f awG;+y;D awmh arharha¶S@rSmyJ tJ'h pD mtkyu f kd usr zGizhf wf vdu k yf gw,f? pzGizhf iG chf si;f yJ tJ'h D pmtkyu f kd usr pdw0f ifpm; oGm;w,f? olu tcef;(1) tzGirhf mS tusO;f axmifwck&@J jrifuiG ;f eJ@ pxm;ygw,f? tJ'h D tusOf;axmifxJrSm/ tcsKyfcef;xJrSm/ oHwdkifawG aemufrSm tusOf;om; 10 a,muf tusO;f us aeygw,f? olw@kd uawmh wdik ;f jynfukd awmfveS yf ek u f efv@kd csKyx f m;wJh tusO;f om; awGyg? wa,mufu acgi;f aqmif/ tJ'h aD cgi;f aqmifemrnfu Adv k ef ENv@kd ac:ygw,f? ol@&J@ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

aemufygu 9 a,muf ¶Syd gw,f? olw@kd 10 a,mufukd 'Duae@ nae aeuG,v f @kd ¶S&d if vnfyif;udk }uKd ;uGi;f pGy+f y;D / raorcsi;f }uKd ;ay;owfc&H zd@k bk&ifu trde@f cs+y;D om;yg? 'Dawmh olw@kd tm;vH;k [m 'Duae@ naerSm aor,fqw kd m aocsmaeawmh awmfawmf a=umuf¶@G H wkev f y_ af eygw,f? wynfah wG[m idw k o hJ u l idak e=uw,f? eH&u H kd vufo;D eJ@xd;k +y;D atmfwhJ olu atmfae=uw,f? aemuf a'gow}u;D pum;ajymwJo h u l ajymae=uw,f? tJ'h gawGukd =unf+h y;D awmh olw@kd &J@acgi;f aqmif Adv k ef ENu awmfawmfpw d rf aumif; jzpfw,f? "olw@kd crsm ig&h @J acgi;f aqmifru _ kd vdu k cf w hJ t hJ wGuf olw@kd [m }uKd ;ay;+y;D towfc&H awmhrmS ygvm;/ olwdk@awG taoajzmifhatmif/ aojcif;w&m;udk wnfwnf+idrf+idrf &ifqdkifEdkifatmif ig uAsmvuFmwyk'f ¶Gwjf yrS jzpfr,f" vd@k ol@zmomol awG;+y;D awmh ol uAsmvuFmwyk'f ¶Gwjf yygw,f? tJ'h u D Asmuawmh teENo&l , d trwf}u;D a&;pyfcw hJ hJ trsuaf jz tvuFmvd@k trnf&wJh uAsmav;wyk'yf g? "olwnf;wa,muf/ aumif;zd@k a&mufr/l olwa,mufrmS / ysuv f ifu h mom/ "rRwmwnf;" tJ'h u D Asmyg? olu tJ'h u D Asmudk ¶Gww f t hJ cgrmS pma&;q&mu b,fvzkd @JG xm;ovJqakd wmh Adv k ef ENonf ol. atmifjrifvaS om toH0g}u;D eJ@xdu k Asmudk ¶Gwq f . kd wJ?h tJ'h rD mS usru enf;enf; uav; em;rvnfb;l jzpfomG ;w,f? Adv k ef ENukd usrodwmu olyek Af v kd v f @kd usrodygw,f? olyek Af v kd f wa,mufukd bmjzpfv@kd tJ'h v D kd zG@J ovJ atmifjrifvSaom toH0g}uD;qdkwm olykefAdkvfudk zGJ@&r,fh pum;r[kwfygbl;? 'g[m ol&aJ umif;awG [D;¶d;k awGuo kd m oH;k &r,fh pum;yg? 'Dawmh usrtjrifrmS olyek Af v kd q f w kd m vlq;kd yJ/ vlq;kd wa,mufukd atmifjrifvaS om toH0g}u;D eJ@vd@k zG@J wm[m enf;vrf;rus bl;vd@k usr&J@ pwkww ˆ ef; tjrife@J awG;ygw,f? tJ'h ge@J ararhukd ar;rdw,f? ararvd@k Adv k ef EN[m bmvJv@kd / tJ'h v D kd ar;awmh araru Zmwfvu kd w f /hJ (&DorH sm;) usryd+k y;D awmh em;rvnfb;l jzpfomG ;w,f? (&DorH sm;) olyek Af v kd v f @kd vJ ajymao;w,f/ Zmwfvu kd v f @kd vJ ajymao;w,f/ usr tJ'h rD mS tJ'h ED pS cf u k kd ,SO+f y;D em;rvnfb;l ayg?h usr tjyifrmS olc;kd awG/ "g;jyawG/ olyek af wG/ cg;ydu k Ef u _d af wG/ tJ'h gawG tukefvHk;u vlqdk;awG pm&if;xJrSm ygw,f? 'Dawmh 'Dvlqdk;wa,mufu bmjzpfvdk@ Zmwfvu kd jf zpfovJ usru ararhukd jyefar;w,f? ararvd@k ararhOpPmu jzpfEikd yf grh vm;/ olyek u f b,fvv kd yk +f y;D awmh Zmwfvu kd f jzpfrvJ/ rjzpfEikd b f ;l xifw,fv@kd usruajymawmh araru jzpfEdkifwmayhg orD;&,fwJh/ wcgwcgusawmh wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfwJh ¶Sifbk&ifu qdk;ae&if/ ,kwfrmae&if/ aumufuspfae&if olykefqdkwmvJ Zmwfvdkuf jzpfwwfygw,fw?hJ (&DorH sm;/ vufcyk o f rH sm;) tJ'h aD wmhrS usr a&;a&;av; oabmayguo f mG ;ygw,f? usr 'D0wˆKukd awmfawmf pdwf0ifpm;oGm;+yD/ 'gayr,fh xyf+yD;awmh ar;ao;w,f/ [kwfyg+yDvdk@ tJh'gqdkvdk@¶Sd&if 'Doyl ek Af v kd u f Zmwfvu kd jf zpfae&wm olu bmjzpfv@kd olyek b f 0udk bmjzpfv@kd a&mufovJ 90

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

ararvd@k usru jyefar;w,f? jyefar;awmh araruvnf; ol@orD;udk pmzwfapcsiaf wmh ¶Si;f jyw,f/ ol@b0wJ/h oluawmh olyek b f ,f[w k rf vJ orD;&,fw/hJ olu bk&ifo h m;awmf wyg;yg/ olwuUov kd jf ynfrmS ynmoGm;oifaewke;f u ol@taz&J@ xD;eef;pnf;pdru f kd ol@taz vufatmufu ppfo}l u;D wyg;u wdu k cf u kd +f y;D awmh odr;f ,lxm;wJt h wGuf ol[m jyefvmwJh tcgusawmh olyek b f 0udk a&muf&wmygw?hJ (vufcyk =f obmoHrsm;) tJ'h v D kd ajymygw,f? (vufcyk o f rH sm;) tJ'h aD wmh usru yd+k y;D pdw0f ifpm;oGm;ygw,f/? [kwyf g+yaD rar tJ'h gq&kd if orD; 'D0wˆKukd zwfygawmhr,f? 'gayr,fh orD; 'DZmwfvrf;tqH;k udk odyo f cd siw f mvd@k / tJ'h D Zmwfvrf;tqHk;udkawmh orD;udk }udK+yD;awmh ajymygtkef;vdk@? olu ol@taz&J@ xD;eef; pnf;pdru f kd jyef&&J@vm;vd@k usr ar;vdu k w f ,f? usrar;vdu k af wmh araru &w,f orD;wJ?h aemufq;kH usawmh ol&oifw h hJ ol@taz&J@ pnf;pdru f kd oljyef&oGm;ygw,fw?hJ tJ'h v D kd usrudk ajymygw,f? (&DorH sm;/ vufcyk o f rH sm;) tJ'h ge@J yJ usr 'DZmwfvrf;udk }uKd uv f @kd 'D0wˆKukd zwfyg w,f? wu,fvJ ararajymovdyk J olyek Af v kd ef EN[m ol&oif&h xdu k w f hJ ol@taz&J@ 'Deef; pnf;pdrfudk jyef&oGm;ygw,f? b,fvdkenf;eJ@ olxD;eef;pnf;pdrfudk jyef&oGm;vJ/ tJh'gudk odcsif&ifawmh "l0H&J@ "rmvm" pmtkyfudk zwf=unfhyg? (vufckyfoHrsm;) tJh'g usr&J@ pma&;q&m jzpfcsiw f phJ w d t f pygy?J usr[m vlawGudk p¶dkuftrsdK;rsdK; a&;zGJ@csifw,f? vlqdk;qdkvJ vlqdk;p¶dkuf/ vlaumif;qdk&ifvJ vlaumif;p¶dkuf tJh'Dvdk a&;zGJ@awmh Zmwfvrf;awG qifcsifw,f? trSew f &m;[m a¶S@rSm a&mufoifw h hJ tcsed rf mS a¶S@rSm a&mufz@kd usru xnfch siw f ,f? tJ'h v D kd pdwaf v;awG[m 0wˆKawG zwf&if; zwf&if;uae+y;D usrudk ydyk kd ydyk kd wGe;f tm;ay;vmawmh usr[m pma&;q&m jzpfcsiw f hJ pdww f ckxeJ @J usr[m }u;D jyif;cJh ygw,f? 'gayr,fh usr q,fwef;atmifwJhtcg ajcacsmf vufacsmfeJ@ *k%fxl; (5) ck &oGm;ygw,f? tJh'Dawmh tJ'*D % k x f ;l (5) ckav;udk usru ESarsm+y;D awmh aq;wuUov kd u f kd vdu k yf gw,f? (&DorH sm;) usrwd@k acwfwek ;f u *k%x f ;l (6) ckawG/ (5) ckawG/ (4) ckawG trsm;}u;D ygy?J olw@kd awG tm;vH;k [m aq;wuUov kd u f 0kd ifz@kd yJ tm¶H¶k =dS uygw,f? ¶lyaA'/ "gwak A'awGukd r0if=uygb;l ? rdbawG ud, k w f ikd u f vnf; aq;wuUov kd u f kd 0ifapcsiw f ,f? usrud, k w f ikd u f vJ usr&J@ rdbawGu aq;wuUodkvfudk vdkufzdk@ ajymvdk@ usruvJ *k%fxl;av;udk tm;emvdk@ aq;wuUodkvfudk 0ifcJhygw,f? 0ifcJhawmh usr[m q&m0efb0udk vHk;00goemrygyJ a&mufcw hJ mqdak wmh twef;xJrmS aq;ynmuvG&J if tm;vH;k udk pdw0f ifpm;ygw,f? (&DorH sm;) usr wae@wae@ zwfwhJ pmawG[m aq;ynmeJ@ bmrS rqdik yf gb;l ? usrwd@k a&eHacsmif;rSm pm=unfw h u kd f aumif;aumif; r¶Sb d ;l / aq;ausmif; a&mufawmh rEWav; aq;wuUodkvfrSm tifrwef }uD;rm;wJh pm=unfhwdkuf}uD;wck usroGm;awG@w,f? tJh'D pm=unfw h u kd f }u;D xJrmS usr rzwfz;l wJh pmtkyaf wG/ =um;zl;+y;D awmh rzwfz;l wm/ =um;awmif tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

r=um;zl;wm/ jrefrmvdk t*Fvyd v f kd tpHyk gy?J tJ'h g}u;D udk usr jrif+y;D awmh igawmh 'Daq; wuUov kd f (7) ESpf twGi;f 'Dpmtkyaf wG +y;D atmifzwfrS jzpfr,fv@kd qH;k jzwfygw,f? tJ'h v D ekd @J usr tjyifpmawG zwfcw hJ ,f? twef;xJrmS pmoifwt hJ cgrmS usru aemufq;kH uae rwfwwf&yfygw,f? q&m pmar;vGwaf tmifv@kd yg? a¶S@rSm &yfv@kd ¶S&d if q&mu vSr;f vSr;f +y;D pmar;vd@k yg? pmoif&wJt h cgrmS vJ usr tm;uspw d f vH;k 0ray:ygb;l ? usrwd@k ausmif;rSm a&m*g eHrnfawG/ ukx;kH emrnfawG tJ'h gawG tm;vH;k [m vlerH nfawGe@J csn;f ygy?J Oyrm a&m*gwckckudk wa,mufa,mufu ¶SmawG@oGm;+yDqdk&if tJh'Dvl&J@ emrnfudk a¶S@rSm wyf+y;D awmh eHrnfe@J a&m*gerH nf ay;ygw,f? Oyrm "aumh" qdw k o hJ u l a&m*gwckukd ¶SmazGawG@cJw h ,f? tJ'h D "aumh" ¶SmawG@cJw h hJ tqkyaf &m*gukd aumh Lung aumh'pdayg?h aumh&@J a&m*gv@kd eHrnf wyfygw,f? aemuf+y;D yJavmh vd@k ac:wJh jyifopf orm;awmf}u;D wa,mufu ¶SmawG@cJhwJh a&m*g/ arG;&myg ESvHk;a&m*g/ tJh'gqdkvdk@ ¶Sd&if yJavmhwuf xGmavmf*sDvdk@ olwdk@u eHrnfay;ygw,f? yJavmh ¶SmawG@cJhaom a&m*g/ tJh'DvdkrsdK;awG axmifaygi;f / aomif;aygi;f rsm;pGm ae@pOf usrwd@k pmusu&f ygw,f? tJ'h v D kd usuaf ewJh tcgrSm 'DeHrnfawGudk usuf+yD;awmh igolwdk@ b0udk tm;usvdkufwm qdkwJhpdwfrsm; 0ifcrhJ o d vm;vd@k tckae usrjyefawG;=unfah wmh usr enf;enf;rS tm;uspw d f r0ifcyhJ gb;l ? wcgwcg olw@kd udk +iKd awmif+iKd jiif rdygw,f? olw@kd [,f ¶Smvdu k f azGvu kd =f uwm/ awG@yJawG@Edik f vGe;f w,f/ olw@kd ¶Sm+y;D awmh awG@awmh igw@kd rSm pmawG usuv f @kd udk r+y;D Edik af wmhb;l ? (&DorH sm;/ vufcyk o f rH sm;) tJ'h aD vmufxad tmif usr arwWmyd@k cJh ygw,f? 'g usr aq;ausmif;olb0 nHhzsif;r_awGyg? 'Dvekd @J wESp+f y;D wESpf ,ufuef,ufuefe@J pmar;yGaJ wG eD;awmh pmav;usuv f u kd /f atmifvu kd /f wcgwav wcgwnf;eJ@ ratmifv@kd ESpcf gjyef ajz&ygw,f? usrwd@k ausmif;rSm awmh qyfyvDrefx&Dqw kd m ¶Syd gw,f? qyfyvDrefx&Du pmar;yGJ us+y;D awmh uswb hJ mom udyk J jyefajz&wmyg? awmfygao;&J@ qyfyvDrefx&Dom r¶Scd &hJ if usr wwef;ESpEf pS f avmuf ae&zd@k ta=umif;¶Syd gw,f? tJ'h v D ekd @J usr q&m0ef jzpfygw,f? q&m0efjzpfvmawmh 'Dvkd cyfnHhnHh aq;ausmif;olwa,mufu b,fvdkq&m0efrsdK;jzpfrvJ? awG;=unfh&ifawmh oabmayguEf ikd pf &m ta=umif;¶Syd gw,f? 'gayr,fh usr&J@ q&m0efb0udk ydk+yD;awmh yHkay:oGm;atmif/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG yd+k y;D awmh em;vnfomG ;atmif usr umwGe;f av;wyk'ef @J Oyrmay;csif ygw,f? tJh'DumwGef;av;udk a&;qGJwJhol b,folvJvdk@ usr rrSwfrdawmhygbl;? usrnhHwJhtxJrSm tJh'gvJ ygygw,f? usru q&matmfyDus,fudk awmif ar;=unfhyg ao;w,f? umwGe;f [m usr tckxd owd&aeao;w,f q&mvd@k ? q&mrsm; qGcJ hJ ovm;vd@k usaemf rqGJcJh ygbl;wJh? 'gayr,fh usr&ifxJrSm tJh'D umwGef;av;[m tckcsdefxd 92

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tJ'h aD wmh vlem¶Sif rde;f ru usr xifom;yJ q&mrwJ?h tJ'h v D kd ajymygw,f? usr awmfawmf ¶Suo f mG ;w,f? igrh mS awmh 'Dvel m aorao pOf;pm;vdu k &f wm/ oluawmh }uKd +y;D awmh odaecJyh gvm;? tJ'h t D csed rf mS usr[m xdik &f muae x+y;D awmh xGuaf jy;oGm;csiaf vmufatmif ¶Suyf gw,f? ¶Suw f meJ@trSs a'govJxu G ?f igu h kd 'Dvel m aorSe;f odvsuef @J aoaew,fv@kd xifaevsuo f m;eJ@/ igah q;cef;udk ydw+f y;D vmcJ&h atmif igu h kd ac:w,f? usr[m a'goeJ@ a[mufxnfv h u kd w f ,f? vlemaow,fv@kd xifvsuo f m;eJ@ usrudk bmjzpfv@kd vmac:wmvJ/ usrrSmjzifh aq;cef;vlemawG ypfxm;cJh&wm/ ¶Sift"dy`g,fr¶Sdbl;? bmvdk@ vmyifhwmvJ a[mufvdkufawmh/ vlem¶SiftrsdK;orD;u rsufESmav;cs+yD; ajymygw,f? q&mr&,f aow,fv@kd awmh xifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh q&mrqDu twnfjyKcsuaf v; ,lcsiv f @kd ygw?hJ (&DorH sm;) tJ'h g usrb0&J@ tifrwef xl;jcm;wJh tjzpftysuu f av;wckyg? 'Dawmh usr[m q&m0efb0rSmvJ nHzh si;f wJh q&m0efyg? b,favmuf nHhzsif;ovJqdk&if usr vlrrmawG tdrfawG vdkufoGm;w,f/ cav;arG;ay;&w,f/ nSyef @J qGaJ rG;ay;&w,f qd&k ifyJ usr[m om;zGg;rD;,yfynm¶Siaf wGvkd cHpm;&ygw,f? b0ifjrifch yhJ gw,f? tvH;k t}uw d af v;awG/ tqDv;kH av;awG cGpJ w d &f wmudyk J usr[m cGpJ w d u f k q&m0ef}u;D vdk usr b0ifjrifch w hJ ,f? tJ'h t D csed rf mS usrwd@k Edik if &H @J tjyif bufrmS aq;ynmeJ@ ygwo f uf+y;D bmawG awG;xif aeovJ/ bmawG pDpOfae=uovJ usr rodygb;l ? 'dxufyn kd w hH mwcku usrwd@k q&m0ef jzpfawmhaemufrmS usrwd@k Edik if &H @J jynfo@l aq;¶Hak wGrmS wm0efxrf;aqmifz@kd vdyk gw,f? jynfo@l aq;¶Hk awGrmS wm0efxrf;aqmifz@kd u bG@J &¶Hek @J rjzpfygb;l ? usrwd@k wdik ;f jynfwm0efukd xrf;aqmifcsiw f phJ w d ¶f &dS if wdik ;f jynf wm0efukd xrf;aqmifz@kd tcGit hf a&;&atmif pmar;yGaJ wG ajz&ygw,f? tJ'h u D pmar;yGaJ wGuawmh 0efxrf;a¶G;cs,f avhusifha&;tzGJ@u usif;yay;wJh pmar;yGJawGyg? tJh'D pmar;yGJawGu ajz+yD;atmifrSom usrwdk@[m wdkif;jynfwm0efudk xrf;aqmifcGifh ¶Sdygw,f? usr[m bGJ@&&jcif; wdkif;jynfudk tifrwef tusdK;jyKcsifygw,f? wdkif;jynfwm0efudkvJ tifrwef xrf;aqmifcsiyf gw,f? tJ'h ge@J yJ usr pmar;yGaJ wG ajzygw,f? ajzwdik ;f ajzwdik ;f usygw,f? aemufqHk;w}udrfrSmawmh a&;ajzpmar;yGJ atmifoGm;w,f? atmifoGm;awmh usrwdk@ usu&f wJh pmawGuvJ Edik if aH &;odyH` ygygw,f? jrefrmpm ygygw,f? A[kow k ygygw,f? aq;ynmawmh rygygb;l ? (&DorH sm;) tJ'h aD wmh usrwd@k a&;ajzatmifomG ;wJt h cg usr &efuek u f kd vm+y;D E_waf jz ajz&ygw,f? E_waf jzajzawmh usrwd@k oli,fcsi;f oH;k av;a,muf pk+yD; wtdrfrSm wnf;w,f? wnf;+yD;awmh aemufqHk;ay: *sme,fawG/ aq;ynmeJ@ ywfoufwmawG usrwd@k tukezf wfygw,f? tJ'h t D csed w f ek ;f u (tdwpf )f a&m*g urBmrSm vlocd gp/ a&mh['fqefa=umifh tJ'h aD &m*gukd vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u oduek =f uyg+y?D usrwd@k 96

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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100

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101

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101

102

t"dyg` ,f twdtusukd usrwd@k taotcsm rodygb;l ? tJah wmh arSsmv f ifch suef @J ywfouf+y;D awmh usr zwfczhJ ;l wJh pmtkyx f u J ta=umif;t&mav;udk ajym&if;eJ@ ed*;kH csKyaf y;ygr,f? usrzwfzl;wJh pmtkyfwtkyf ¶Sdygw,f? urBmausmf pdwfynm¶Sif q&m}uD; tJvpfpwke;f qdw k m =um;zl;=urSmyg? *srefpw d yf nm¶Si}f u;D yg? tJ'D tJvpfpwke;f u pmtkyaf wG trsm;}u;D a&;ygw,f? ola&;wJh pmtkyaf wG teufu arSsmv f ifch suef @J ywfouf+y;D a&;cJw h hJ pmtkyfyg? acgif;pOfu 'Revolution of Hope' arSsmfvifhcsuf.awmfvSefa&;? tJhvdk bmomjyefv@kd &r,fxifygw,f? tJ'h D pmtkyu f kd usr odwrf =umcifu zwfvu kd &f ygw,f? vGecf w hJ hJ ESpEf pS af vmufuyg? tJ'h aD wmh 'Dpmtkyu f kd zwfawmh pmtkyx f rJ mS u arSsmv f ifch suef @J ywfouf+y;D awmh olt"dyg` ,f zGiq hf w kd mu tifrwef oabmusz@kd aumif;ygw,f? olu arSsmv f ifch suq f w kd m qENoufoufuo kd m ajymwm r[kwyf gb;l ? usrwdk@uawmh arG;uwnf;u ckcsdefxd xifvmcJhw,f? usrwdk@ jzpfcsifwJh qENawG[m usrwd@k arSsmv f ifch suyf v J @kd usrxifcw hJ ,f? usr[m ode;f (50) ausmaf vmuf csrf;omwJh olaX;r}uD; jzpfcsifw,f? jzpfatmif}udK;pm;&if &r,fxifw,f? usr[m vufnKSd ;n$e&f m a&yGwaf wG trsm;}u;D ydik w f hJ b0 a&mufcsiw f ,f? Oyrm ajymwmyg? tJ'h v D kd b0rsKd ;a&mufcsiw f ,f? tJ'h g[m usr&J@ qEN/ 'DqEN[m usr&J@ arSsmv f ifch suyf v J @kd usr t"dyg` ,f aygucf w hJ ,f? q&m}u;D tJvpfpwke;f u bmajym ovJ/ arSsmv f ifch suf qdw k m qENoufoufukd ac:wm r[kwb f ;l wJ?h arSsmv f ifch sut f wGuf qENrmS qH;k jzwfcsuf wG+J y;D yg&r,fw?hJ qH;k jzwfcsurf ygwhJ arSsmv f ifch su/f qH;k jzwfcsurf ygwhJ qEN[m arSsmfvifhcsuft& arSsmfvifhcsuf tao}uD; yJwJh? olu Passive Hope vdk@ usrwd@k udk ¶Si;f jyygw,f? Passive qdw k m ud, k w f ikd jf yKjyif zefw;D wm r[kwyf eJ @J olwyg;jyKjyif zefw;D wmudk apmif+h y;D aewJh oabmw&m;udk Passive vd@k ac:ygw,f? tJ'h aD wmh olu qH;k jzwfcsurf ygwhJ arSsmv f ifch su[ f m arSsmv f ifch suf jzpf&ifawmifrS arSsmv f ifch suf tao}u;D yJw?hJ tJ'aD wmh arSsmv f ifch sut f aoeJ@ arSsmv f ifch sut f ¶Sif olu cGjJ cm;jyw,f? tJv h kd cGjJ cm;jyzd@k twGuv f J olu usrwd@k udk tifrwefaumif;wJh yH0k wˆKuav;wyk'u f kd ajymjyygw,f? tJ'h D yH0k wˆKav;u oH;k av;a=umif;yJ ¶Sw d hJ yHjk yifwu kd av;yg? tJ'h D yH0k wˆKuav;udk a&;cJhygw,f? acgif;pOfu "w&m;Oya'a¶S@arSmufrSm" wJh/ tJh'D yHk0wˆKxJrSm Zmwfvdkuf ESpfa,mufyJ ygygw,f? wa,mufu c&D;onf}uD;wa,muf/ tJh'D c&D;onf}uD;u ol@vrf;c&D;uae+y;D awmh wHcg;wck&@J a¶S@udk a&mufvmygw,f? tJ'h w D cH g;}u;D u zGix hf m;wJh wHcg;}u;D yg? ydwaf ewJh wHcg;}u;D r[kwyf gb;l ? zGix hf m;wJw h cH g;qdak wmh zGix hf m;wJh wHcg;}u;D &J@ [db k ufrmS ol[m trsm;}u;D oljrifcsiw f mawG tukejf rif&ygw,f? tJ'h zD ufrmS tifrwef om,mat;csrf;wJh +rdK@awmf}uD;wck ¶Sdygw,f? onfwHcg;}uD;u tJh'D+rdK@awmfudk 0ifwJh wHcg;}u;D yg? tJ'h w D cH g;}u;D uae vSr;f =unfv h u kd w f t hJ cg [d;k +rKd @awmfxrJ mS vlawG aysm¶f i$ f 102

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

103

ae=uwm/ oGm;csiw f hJ ae&mawG oGm;ae=uwm/ pum;awG ajymae=uwm/ a&;csiw f mawG a&;ae=uwm/ em;axmifcsiw f mawG olw@kd =um;atmif em;axmifaeEdik f =uwm/ tJ'gawG tm;vH;k udk oljrifae&awmh tJ'h u D kd odyo f mG ;csiw f ,f? tifrwef aysm¶f i$ w f hJ Edik if }H u;D wcky?J tJ'h aD wmh igomG ;csiw f ,f? cufaewmu wHcg;}u;D &J@ a¶S@rSm tapmif}h u;D wa,muf ¶Syd gw,f? tJ'h D tapmif}h u;D u rwfrwf&yf+y;D awmh c&D;onf}u;D qDukd =unfah ew,f? c&D;onf}u;D u tapmif}h u;D qDukd oGm;ygw,f? "tapmif}h u;D cifAsm" wJ/h "usaemf 'DwcH g;uae jzwf+y;D awmh [d;k +rKd @awmf}u;D qDukd oGm;csif ygw,f? usaemfu h kd 0ifciG ahf y;ygcifAsm" wJ?h tJ'h v D kd olu ,Ofaus;pGm cGiahf wmif;vdu k yf gw,f? 'Dawmh tapmif}h u;D u 0ifciG rhf ay;ygb;l vd@k rsuEf mS xm; wnfwnfe@J jiif;vdu k w f ,f? tJ'h aD wmh c&D;onf}u;D u 0ifciG rhf ay;ao;bl; qdak wmh wcsed rf mS awmh igu h kd 0ifciG ahf y;rSmeJ@wlw,fq+kd y;D ol[m aemufjyefqw k o f mG ;w,f? jyef+y;D awmh cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rSm xdik +f y;D awmh apmifah eygw,f? pdw¶f n S v f uf¶n S ef @J 0ifciG ahf y;wJt h xd apmifw h ,f? olwcg rwfwwf&yf+y;D awmh tapmif}h u;D qDukd jyefomG ;ygw,f? "tapmif}h u;D cifAsm usaemf [dk +rKd @awmf}u;D xJukd 0ifcsiyf g+y/D usaemfu h kd 'DwcH g;uae 0ifciG ahf y;yg" wJ?h tJah wmh rESpu f vdyk J tapmif}h u;D u rsuEf mS rmrmeJ@ 0ifciG rhf ay;bl;vd@k jiif;vdu k w f ,f? olu rESpu f vdyk J aemufjyef qkw+f y;D cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rSmyJ xdik af pmifah ew,f? igu h kd wcsed cf sed af wmh 0ifciG ahf y;rSm xifyg&@J / 'grrS [kwf wa,mufa,mufuyJ igu h kd 0ifxu G cf iG hf vufrw S f awmifay;rSm xifyg&@J / 'grS r[kwf wa,mufa,muf&@J aemufuae uyf+y;D vdu k &f if awmh ig 'DtxJukd 0if&vdrrhf ,f xifyg&J@? ol[m awG;+yD;awmh ol@ae&mrSm +idrf+yD;awmh xdkifaeygw,f? tJh'Dvdk wpHk wa,mufu ay;vmEdk;eJ@ arSsmfvifhcJhwm &ufuae v/ vuae ESpf/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =umwJt h xd olu tJ'h aD e&mrSm xdik +f y;D apmifyh gw,f? aemufq;kH ol[m tzd;k }u;D b0eJ@ wkew f ek f csdcsdeJ@ x+yD;awmh tapmifh}uD;qDudk xoGm;ygw,f? oloGm;wJhtcsdefrSm olpOf;pm;w,f/ 'DwcH g;}u;D [m zGix hf m;wmvJ [kww f ,f/ b,forl v S J 0ifciG hf vmrawmif;=ubl;/ igwa,muf yJ0ifciG ahf wmif;w,f/ jzwfqif; oGm;wJh vlvJ rjrif&bl;/ tJ'h g xl;awmh xl;qef;w,f/ ig 'Dwcg prf;=unfOh ;D rS jzpfr,fq+kd y;D .... "tapmifh}uD;cifAsm/ usaemf 'Dta¶S@rSm apmifhvmcJhwm usaemf 'Dta¶S@rSm apmifv h mcJw h m ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm =umcJyh g+yD usaemf tdv k J tdak eyg+y/D aovJ ao&ygawmhr,f tcktcsdefxd usaemf 0ifcGifhr&ao;bl;/ usaemf'Da¶S@rSm apmifhaeorSs ESpfawGrSmvJ 'DwcH g;}u;D xJukd 0ifwo hJ &l ,fv@kd wa,mufrS rawG@ao;ygb;l / usaemfwa,mufwnf;yJ 'Da¶S@rSm ¶Sw d ,f/ tJ'g[m bmoabmvJ cifAsm" wJ?h olu tJ'h v D kd ar;vdu k af wmh tapmifh }u;D u "[kww f ,f cifAsm;u vG+J y;D awmh wa,mufrS txJukd 0ifciG rhf awmif;ao;bl;/ 0ifv@kd vJ r&ao;bl;/ bma=umifv h q J akd wmh 'DwcH g;[m cifAsm;twGuf &nf¶, G +f y;D zGix hf m;wJh wHcg;jzpfv@kd yJ/ b,forl v S J vmrar;ygb;l / tckawmh usaemf 'DwcH g;udk ydw&f ygawmhr,f" tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

103

104

'Dawmh uyfzum&J@ tJh'D yHk0wˆKav;udk tJvpfpwkef;u usrwdk@udk ¶Sif;jycJhw,f/ 'Dv[l m ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm 'DxJudk 0ifcsifwJh pdwfeJ@ apmifhqdki ;f aecJwh m tJ'h g[m arSsmfvifhcsuf r[kwfbl;wJh? apmifhqdki ;f r_qwkd m ygvm&if 'g[m qENyJ jzpfw,f? 'g arSsmfvifch suf rjzpfEikd fbl;/ arSsmfvifch suf&,fv@kd ajymwJth wGuf ol[m wHcg;xJukd 0ifzdk@ }udK;pm;oifwh ,f? 'DwcH g;udk olu,kd wf ikd f 0ifzdk@ r}udK;pm;yJ wpHkwa,muf&J@ trdef@tm%m/ wpHwk a,muf&@J tm;ud;k r_e@J ol0ifz@kd ol[m apmifah ecJwh m? 'ga=umifh ol[m 'DwcH g;xJukd 0ifciG fh r&cJhbl;?aemufqHk;=uawmh wHcg;}uD;u jyefydwfoGm;&+yDwJh? urBmay:rSm vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m 'Dvdk pdwfxm;rsdK; ¶Sd=uw,f? usaemfwdk@awG tm;vHk;rSm 'Dtzdk;tdkvdk pdwfxm;rsdK; ¶Sd=uw,f? 'g arSsmfvifch sufyikd ¶f iS fawG r[kwfbl;vdk@ tJvpfpwkef;u ajymygw,f? ...... wJh ajym+y;D awmh ol@a¶S@rSmyJ wHcg;}u;D udk ydwv f u kd w f ,f/ 'Dawmh uyfzum&J@ tJ'h D yH0k wˆKav;udk tJvpfpwke;f u usrwd@k udk ¶Si;f jycJw h ,f/ 'Dv[ l m ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm 'Dxu J kd 0ifcsiw f hJ pdwef @J apmifq h ikd ;f aecJw h m tJ'h g[m arSsmv f ifch suf r[kwb f ;l wJ?h apmifq h ikd ;f r_qw kd m ygvm&if 'g[m qENyJ jzpfw,f? 'g arSsmv f ifch suf rjzpfEikd b f ;l / arSsmv f ifch su&f ,fv@kd ajymwJt h wGuf ol[m wHcg;xJukd 0ifz@kd }uKd ;pm;oifw h ,f? 'DwcH g;udk olu, kd w f ikd f 0ifz@kd r}uKd ;pm;yJ wpHw k a,muf&@J trde@f tm%m/ wpHw k a,muf&@J tm;ud;k r_e@J ol0ifz@kd ol[m apmifah ecJw h m? 'ga=umifh ol[m 'DwcH g;xJukd 0ifciG hf r&cJb h ;l ? aemufq;kH =uawmh wHcg;}u;D u jyefyw d o f mG ;&+yw D ?hJ urBmay:rSm vlawmfawmf rsm;rsm;[m 'Dvkd pdwx f m;rsKd ; ¶S=d uw,f? usaemfw@kd awG tm;vH;k rSm 'Dtzd;k tdv k kd pdwx f m;rsKd ; ¶Sd=uw,f? 'g arSsmfvifhcsufydkif¶SifawG r[kwfbl;vdk@ tJvpfpwkef;u ajymygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwd@k u tJ'h D yH0k wˆKukd =unf+h y;D wJt h cgrmS usrwd@k nHah ewmawG awmfvm atmif arSsmv f ifch suq f w kd m apmifq h ikd ;f ae¶Hek @J r&bl;/ usrwd@k ud, k w f ikd f rjzpfjzpfatmif vkyrf ,f qdw k hJ qH;k jzwfcsuf ygz@kd vd+k y;D vd@k usr tJv h kd awG;ygw,f/ tJ'h ge@J tJvpfpwke;f ajymovdk arSsmv f ifch suf t¶Sijf zpfatmif usrwd@k enf;vrf;awG ¶Sm=uygw,f? 'Dtapmif}h u;D ausm+f y;D awmh txJukd 0ifz@kd enf;vrf;awG/ 'gayr,fh usr bmenf;vrf;rSm rawG@ao;ygb;l ? ckcsed x f d wHcg;}u;D u yGiahf eqJyg? 'gayr,fh usr enf;vrf;rawG@ao;wJt h wGuf rawmfao;yJ nHhzsif;wJh vlwa,muf jzpfaeygw,f/ 'g[m usrwa,mufwnf; r[kwfygbl; usr oli,fcsi;f awG tukev f ;kH 'Dvykd gy?J q&m0efawG/ wcsKd @ pma&;q&mawG usravmufe;D yg; 104

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

105

nHw h v hJ al wG ¶Syd gvrd rhf ,f? 'Dawmh usrwd@k txJukd 0ifz@kd enf;vrf;wckcak wmh ¶Srd ,fq+kd y;D ¶Sm=uayr,fh enf;vrf;rawG@cJah wmh ud, k u f u kd , kd f enf;enf;awmh a'gojzpfrw d ,f? ab;u =unfw h hJ y&dowfvJ 'Davmufn&hH ovm;qd+k y;D a'goxGucf sif xGuyf gvrd rhf ,f? trSet f wdik ;f 0efc&H &ifawmh usr[m 'Dc&D;onf}u;D vdk jzpfaeqJyg? 'Dae&mrSm usr pme,fZif; owif;pmq&m}u;D wa,mufukd vlwa,mufar;wJh ar;cGe;f eJ@ ud, k u hf u kd , kd f ajzodryhf gw,f? olu Edik if aH usmf pme,fZif; owif;pmq&m}u;D wa,mufudk bmar;ovJ bmajymovJqdkawmh "cifAsm;wdk@ owif;pmq&mawG[m jy\emawGukd ¶Smae=uwmyJ/ jy\emawGukd ¶Sm+y;D 'Djy\em&J@ tajzudak wmh jynfoal wGukd csjyzdk@ owdr&=ubl;/ cifAsm;wdk@ awmfawmfnHhwJh vlawGyJ" vdk@ owif;pmq&m}uD;udk a0zefygw,f? 'Dawmh owif;pmq&m}u;D u jyefajymvdu k yf gw,f? "[kwu f /hJ usaemf[m jy\em&J@ tajzrodv@kd om owif;pmq&m vkyaf ewmyg/ jy\em&J@ tajzudo k m od&if Edik if aH &;orm;yJ vkyrf mS aygh" wJ?h tJ'h v D kd olu ajzw,f/ 'Dawmh usrvJ 'Dowif;pmq&m}u;D vdkyJ ajz&ygvdrfhr,f? usr[m pma&;q&mom jzpfygw,f/ pma&;q&m jzpfwJhtwGuf jy\emawG ¶Smw,fv@kd t"dyg` ,f oufa&muf&if oufa&mufomG ;ygvrd rhf ,f? usr[m jy\emawG&@J tajzudk rodv@kd om pma&;q&m jzpfaewmyg? jy\emawG&@J tajzudk od&if Edik if aH &;orm; vkyrf mS ayg?h tJ'h v D q kd &kd if (vufcyk o f rH sm;) tJv@kd omqd&k if usrudk ckvkd &efuek f pufr_wuUodkvf pmaya[majymyGJ pifjrifhay:rSm usrudk awG@&rSm r[kwfawmhygbl;? aus;Zl;wifygw,f¶iS ?f (vufcyk o f rH sm;)

a[majymol - *sL; (1996 &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfwGif a[majymcsuf)

tarSmif}um;u Armjynf 0if;wifhxGef; tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

105

106

tuseft}uGif;awG&JŒ em;yefusif;rcH&atmif 'Hk&if;awGudk 'Drdkua&pDZmwf tukefoGif;}u

[Hom0wDO D;0if;wif usKyu f toufawG =u;D jcif;ru=u;D vmawmh ajcaxmufuvnf; wkew f ek q f ikd ;f / OD;aESmuf uvnf; r_erf e_ rf ikd_ ;f ? &dik ;f vdu k w f v hJ u l av;awG Asm? rawmfwa&mfawG ar;cGe;f vm xkw=f uw,f? usKyjf zifh ajym rajym csiyf gb;l ? ar;wJ[ h muvnf; =unht f ek ;f av? bmwJ?h "'Dae@wpfjynfv;kH rSm qENjyyGaJ wG tke;f tke;f xaew,f? tb b,fvkd xifovJ? 'Dval wG aemufa=umif;jyefz@kd ajcvSr;f jyifvm=uovm;Asm" wJ?h usKyb f modrmS vJ? aemufa=umif;jyefqw kd mbmvJ? ajcvSr;f jyifqw kd m bmvJ? ud, k u hf , kd u f akd wmifrS tEkid Ef ikd &f ,f? r,dik rf vJ/ r&GrJ ,dak tmif tawmfxed ;f ae&wm? a[hoil ,f²²²²²aemufa=umif;/ aemufusG r;f awGvmajymraeeJ@? rodb;l a[h? ud, k af wmfacsmav;u tawmfpum;a=um &Snw f ,f? "[m tbuvnf; / aemufusrG ;f ypfwm rajymygb;l ? aemufa=umif;jyef wmajym aewmAs" "r=um;bl;aygifuGm/ [dkppfom;awG aemufwef;jyefw,fqdkwmrsdK;yJ =um;bl; ygw,f" 106

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

107

"tJ'h gajymwmaygh tb&JŒ? ppfwyfu a&SŒwef;xGuw f m wd@k / aemufwef; jyefwmwd@k qdkwmawG vkyfaeusqdkawmh tcka&m aemufwef; aemufa=umif;jyefOD;rSmvm;vdk@ ar;ae&wmayg?h 'Dru kd a&pD vkyrf ,fq&kd mu aemufjyefqw k rf mS vm;ar;wmAsKŒd " "aeygO;D / ppftpd;k &u b,fwek ;f u a&SŒwef;a&mufaevdu k w f mvJ" "aoygawmhtb&,f ppftpd;k & ajymwmr[kwb f ;l ? orRw=u;D OD;ode;f pdef tpd;k & wufvmcsdefuwnf;u 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJawG vkyfaejyDvdk@ a=unm xm;wmavAsm" "a[haumif aopum;awmh vmrajymeJ@? 'Drdkua&pDoH=um;av/ igraocsif avuG" "csifcsif rcsifcsifAsm/ 'Drdkua&pDqdkvm;/ bmqdkvm;=uD;uawmh aoapmfeH vmaejyeD @J wl&ŒJ " "a[h²²²²²a[h tJh'D[m=uD;qdkwmu b,fwkef;urS r&SifcJhwm? bmaoapmfeH &rSmvJu?G tJ'h g=u;D aemuf a=umif;jyefrmS vm;wd@k / aemufusrG ;f ypfrmS vm;wd@k vmrar;eJ@? bmrSrvkyb f ;l v[J?h pdwcf s? e*du k wnf;u 'H&k if; 'H&k if;uG" 'Dacwfuav;awG w,f';kH a0;=uoAsm? bma=umifrh sm; 'Dvakd r;cGe;f awG xkwaf e=u ygvrd ?hf 'ge@J ar;=unhrf w d ,f? "aeygO;D uGŒJ ? bmjzpfv@kd rif;wd@k u 'Dru kd a&pD aoapmfev H mjyD ajymae&wmvJ" "[mtbuvnf ; ''d w f a tmuf ' aejyef y gjyD ? r=um;rd b l ; vm;Asm? vufyHawmif;awmif a=u;eDpDrHudef; zsufay;awmif;qdkae=uwm? r=um;rdbl;vm;Asm? a'ocHvx l ak &m/ a'o0ef;usiv f x l ak &m 0dik ;f ulqENjyae=uwm? rjrifb;l vm;Asm? oydwpf cef; t=urf;zufjzKd ccJG v hJ @kd oHCmawmfawG rD;avmifA;kH pmrdcw hJ m" "ppftpd;k &yJumG / 'Davmufawmh vufoaH jymifvrd rhf aygh" "[mtbuvnf;vkyfjyefjyDAsm? b,fuvm ppftpdk;&vJAsm/ abmif;bDcsGwf vdu k jf yAD s? t&yfom;tpd;k &AsKŒd / t&yfom;tpd;k &? v$waf wmf=u;D vnf;ay:jyAD sm? pme,fZif;awG vnf;aqmfjyAD sm" "[²²²²²[ bmaqmfwmvJ" "rSm;vd@k tba& rSm;vd@k ? aysmaf ejyD ajymwmyg? orRw&H;k 0ef=u;D wpfyg; rD', D m awGe@J awGŒowJ?h ajymowJ?h orRw=u;D udk aysmaf tmif xm;=uygw?hJ " "taumif;om;ayghuGJŒ? ESvHk;a&m*gorm; oem;ygw,f? aysmfaysmfaeyavh apuG,f" "tJv h v kd nf; r[kwaf o;bl;tb&JŒ? olŒcrsm b,frmS aysmt f m;ygrh vJAsm? wpfjynf vHk;ESH@ oydwfuifqma&m*g jyef@aejyDAsm? orRw=uD;u [dkaumfr&SifzGJŒ/ 'Daumfr&Sifcdkif; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

107

108

vkypf &m&Swd m vky=f uaygh? igajymcsifwmuawmh aemufa=umif; jyefwmawG rjyefwmawG odyaf jymraeygeJ@umG ? aemufa=umif;tusefta=uGi ;f awGu tm%mydik af wG =um;rSm&Sdwkef;v[? 'Dae@vlxkudk em;yefusif;aewm olŒwdk@v[Jh? 'Dae@bkef;=uD;awGudk rD;t&k%fqGrf;uyfaewm olwdk@v[Jh? wdk@'aD e@wu,fvkyf&rSmu tJ'D 'usefppfom;' awGa&m/ tpd;k &a&m/ v$waf wmfawGa&m/ rD',D mawGa&m tm;vH;k udk 'Drukd a&pDvrf;=urf;ay: wGe;f wif=uzdk@yJuGJ@? 'Drdkua&pD vrf;a=umif;twdki ;f 0dik ;f qGJ ac: =uzdk@yJuGJŒ ..... vkyaf evd@k om wdik ;f jynfu jird u f yk u f yk jf zpfaewm tb&JŒ? at;vSwmr[kwb f ;l ? oydwpf &kH if awmhvm;? olyek q f v kd m; bmqdv k m;/ xrSm =urG mS rsm;awmif pd;k &owJh" "r[kwrf [wfawGu, G ?f zG[v hJ yJG gap/ z,fygap? 'gawGa=umifh aemufa=umif; jyefrmS vm;awG 'gawGtwGuf &ifav;awG;yl ajymae=uwmeJ@ wl&ŒJ ? at;av? awG;vnf; a=umufrae=ueJ@uGJŒ? tpdk;&rsm;uawmh t&dyftuJapmifh=unfh ae[efwlyg&JŒ? 'Dae&m rif;wdŒk wpfawGo&d r,fh pum;av;wpfceG ;f &So d uGŒJ ? tJ'h guawmh²²²²" "b,fvw kd ;kH As? ajymygO;D As" "a':atmifqef;=unf&h ŒJ pum;uGŒJ ? tpd;k &aemufa=umif;jyefvn S hf rvSnq hf w kd m vlxt k ay:rlwnfowJ?h aemufa=umif;vSnahf tmifvnf; vlxyk v J yk ef idk o f wJ?h aemufa=umif; rvSnahf tmifvnf; vlxyk v J yk Ef ikd o f wJ?h rSwo f m;p&maygu h , G f" "'Dvdkqdk usGefawmfeJ@ vlxkeJ@wGJjyD; tpdk;&aemufa=umif;rjyefatmif 0dkif;wGef; =u&rSmAsKŒd " "at;aygu h , G ?f vkypf &m&Sw d m vky=f uayg?h igajymcsiw f muawmh aemufa=umif; jyefwmawG rjyefwmawG odyfajymraeygeJ@uGm? aemufa=umif;tusefta=uGif;awGu tm%mydkifawG =um;rSm&Sdwkef;v[? 'Dae@vlxkudk em;yefusif;aewm olŒwdk@v[Jh? 'Dae@bke;f =u;D awGukd rD;t&k%q f rG ;f uyfaewm olw@kd v[J?h wd@k 'Dae@wu,fvyk &f rSmu tJ'D 'usefppfom;' awGa&m/ tpdk;&a&m/ v$wfawmfawGa&m/ rD'D,mawGa&m tm;vHk;udk 'Drdkua&pDvrf;=urf;ay: wGef;wif=uzdk@yJuGJ@? 'Drdkua&pD vrf;a=umif;twdkif; 0dkif;qGJ ac:=uzd@k yJuŒJG "?

[Hom0wDO D;0if;wif 'Dvd_if;*sme,f? twGJ(1)/ trSwf(48)rS

108

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

109

trSwfr&csifaom trSwfw&rsm;

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109

110

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cifjidrf;opf

(Khin Nyein Thit's facebook

rS jyefvnful;,lazmfjyygonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

111

112

jrifuGif;wp

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113

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113

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jzpfrnf? xm0&ef&efow l @kd / xm0&rdwaf qGw@kd qdw k mr&SEd ikd ?f tusKd ;tjrwf &S&d m&Sad =umif;udo k m tajccHum csKd ;iSuw f pfvn S /hf oefvsuw f pfvn S hf vkyaf e=ujcif; jzpfonf? onfvdk ordkif;acwfpmrsufESmawGudk jzwfoef;&aomtcg uAsmq&mawG b,fvckd pH m;=urvJ? ADved w f @kd / [D;&d;k wd@k ESihf ywfoufaom oabmxm;cH,cl suaf wGa&m tajymif;tvJ &Srd &S?d acsa*GAm;&m;u tcktxd ol&aJ umif;ao;vm;? armfpw D ;Hk ua&m/ [kdcsDrif;/ ik,ifAef;x&GdKif; tck ol&Jaumif;=uao;ygp? r[wWr*E<Dua&m tckxdwkdif olawmfpifao;ygp? pdw0f ifpm;zd@k aumif;aomudp[ P k useG af wmfxifygonf? (ESp)f AD,uferfEikd if t H a=umif;udak jymvSsif [dck srD if; [lonfh trnf ryg0ifIrjzpfovdk ik,ifAefx&dKG i;f [lonfh trnfuv kd nf; csev f yS zf ,f&mS ;xm;zd@k qdo k nfrmS rjzpfEikd yf g? Ngu Yen Van Trai

uGref efZmwd? jyifopf. AD,uferfx;dk ppftwGi;f rSm taru iwf+y;D aoonf? onfawmh OD;av; tpfuw kd @kd . vufay:rSm i,fb0}u;D &ifch &hJ onf? t&G,af &mufaomtcg qif;&JveG ;f aom tpfuw kd @kd rdom;pkukd xm;&pfc+hJ y;D qdik *f o Hk @kd ajymif;onf? yxr qdu k u f m;eif;? aemufawmh vSsypf pftvkyo f rm;? xrif;eyfrrSeo f l vlwpfa,muf? uíJc sd K um;um;}uD ; awG / 0g;carmuf a wG / v,f u G i f ; awG / avS o rŠ m ef a wG / "edawmawG/ &$ŒH EGaH wGEiS hf uíefawmfw@kd Edik if EH iS hf toGiw f al om AD,uferfordik ;f u =urf;wrf; cufxefygonf? 19 &mpk tv,fwiG f jyifopfw@kd vufo@kd usa&muf? [dck srD if; (Ho Chi Minh) u League of Nation zGŒJ um vGyv f yfa&;udk awmif;qd?k 1945 rS 1954 txd jyifopf/ AD,uferf 9 ESpf ppfy?JG 'deAf ifz;l (Dein Bien Phu) cHwyfrmS jyifopfw@kd txdem &_;H edr?hf qkwfcGmoGm;=u&mu AD,uferf awmifajrmufuGJoGm;? *sDeDAmoabmwlnDcsufjzifh ajrmufyikd ;f udk qdAk , D ufEiS hf w&kww f @kd u uGyu f ?J awmifyikd ;f udk tar&duefppfom; 5 ode;f eJ@ xde;f csKy?f xk@d aemuf awmifA, D uferf. tar&duefqef@usiaf &;ppfyu JG mvrsm;? ik,ifAef;x&GdKif;u onfumvqdk;}uD;xJrSm toufudk pGef@cJhol jzpfygonf? wpfcgrmS tar&duefumuG,af &;0ef}u;D ruUemrm;&m; (Mc Namara) awmifA, D uferfukd a&mufvmcJh&m ik,ifAefx&dGKif;u aumifvDwHwm;rSm AkH;cGJvkyf}uHzdk@jyifonf? odk@aomf ratmifjrif? 1964 ar 10 rSm zrf;vdu k +f y;D atmufwb kd m 15 rSm ypfowfvu kd o f nf? olŒudk zrf;rdawmh vufxyf+y;D p 19 &ufom &Sad o;onf? tusO;f axmif abmvk;H uGi;f xJrmS rsuv f ;Hk t0wfpnf;xm;onfukd vufrcH? Let me look at our beloved land.

igcspw f hJ ajrudk =unfch iG ahf y;? 120

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Long live Vietnam.

AD,uferf t"Ge@f &n S yf gap? yGufyGufnHonfh [pfaºuG;oHrsm;ESifhtwl taocHoGm;cJhonf? tmZmenf ik,ifZefx&GdKif;? tar&duefusL;ausmfppf. aoG;nSDe@HawG AD,uferfrSm raysmufao;? tar&duefavwyf Air Force C-123 jzifh yufjzef;cJo h nfh "mwkaA'tqdy&f nfrsm;a=umifh awmifA, D uferfrmS opfawm}u;D awG ckxd rpdr;f pdEk idk af o;? od@k aomf ordik ;f u a&$Œonf? 1976 rSm awmifajrmufaygi;f cJah om/ qd&k , S v f pfEikd if H xlaxmifcahJ om AD,uferfu aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&; qdak omtoHukd AD,uferftoHjzifh Doi Moi [k a=u;G a=umfvu kd o f nf? tcsed u f 1986? urBmvSnchf &D;onf 3 oef;avmuf AD,uferfukd vSrd 0hf ifvmowJ?h [EGKd i;f +rKd Œawmf&ŒJ ajruGuaf ps;ESe_ ;f [m wdu k sKd / e,l;a,mufw@kd eJ@ wpfwef;wnf;jzpfomG ;owJ?h tar&duef vufaxmuf Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D AD,uferfukd vmvnfowJ?h rae@u &efo/l onfuae@ rdwaf qG? 'gqkd ik,ifAefx&GKd i;f udk b,fae&mrSm xm;&yg?h 'guykd J uAsmq&m rdC k ;f aZmfu ordik ;f ta&$Œtajymif;udk uAsmzGŒJ ypfvu kd o f nf? 2006 Ek0d ifbmv &ky&f iS af w;uAsm r*~Zif;xJu uAsm? "ik,ifAefx&GKd i;f nae"? (ok;H )

ik,ifAefx&GdKif;nae oufawmifo h ufomjzpfrt _ wGuf &efou l kd tnHch w H phJ m&ifxrJ mS oif ryg0ifcb hJ ;l ? emusirf ,freS ;f od&ufe@J a&SŒqufw;kd 0Ho h rl sm; &Scd &hJ if a&qkH;a&zsm; ZGaJ umif;olrsm; &Scd &hJ if aorif;uawmif 'l;wke&f olrsm; &Scd &hJ if tJonftrnfpm&if;xJrmS oif yg0ifcahJ y&JŒ? AD,uferf&ŒJ awmufywJah usmufrsu&f wem ik,ifAefx&GKd i;f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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oif aemufq;Hk xpfcsK;H vdu k w f hJ toH[m 1946 atmufwb kd mu a&wGu&f if 42 ESpf wdik cf +hJ y?D 42 ESpq f w kd u hJ mv[m arhavsmch zH @kd &m vkaH vmufayr,fh uíefawmft h onf;ESv;Hk xJrmS awmh oifah w;oH[m yJw h ifxyfaeqJygav? ESif;awGa0aewJh tusO;f axmif abmvk;H uGi;f xJrmS vufr&GŒH wyfzŒJG u ypfowfawmhr,fq h q J J ao&rSm 0rf;renf;bl;vm;vd@k owif;pmorm;u ar;jref;awmh wkev f y_ jf cif;uif;rJw h hJ oif[m tar&duefumuG,af &;0ef}u;D ruUemrm;&m;udk rvky}f uEH ikd w f mudyk J uíefawmf 0rf;enf;ygowJh umbdkifajymif;rsm; a&SŒarSmufrSm tzwdik ;f jynfukd aemufq;Hk taeeJ@ E_wq f ufz@kd rsuv f ;Hk ay: pnf;xm;wJt h 0wfukd qGcJ íwfypfcw hJ ,f? tpaw;cJ&h awmhr,fh rdepfyikd ;f uav;rSmawmif wnf+idrfat;aq;vGef;aewJh oif"h mwfyu Hk kd =unf&h if; tH=h opdwef @J uíefawmf rifoufrad yg?h b,fta=umif;t&mursm; oifEh v S ;Hk om;xJukd 'Dvrdk sKd ;wefc;kd pGr;f yum;awG xnfo h iG ;f xm;ay;ovJv@kd 122

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aphirk w d ,f? ik,ifAefx&GdKif;cifAsm; urBm}u;D rSm acwfawGajymif;vJomG ;ayr,fh ESpaf wGumG a0;oGm;ayr,fh [dck srd if;&kyx f ak tmufrmS bDv*f w d u f kd awGŒvdu k &f ayr,fh 'Duae@ rdk;&Gm+yD;p nae rdk;&Gm+yD;p naecif;av;rSmayhg 21 &mpk&ŒJ tar&duefpwdik f uaz;qdik u f av;xJuae raomuf&ao;wJh aumfzcD u G u f kd udik af jrmS uf&if; oift h m; owd& OD;n$wv f u kd yf g&ŒJ ? rkC kd af Zmf (av;) 'guawmh uAsmq&mrdC k ;f aZmf. ordik ;f udk wpfcsuf vSnt hf =unfyh ifjzpfonf?

armifomcsdK (ydawmufyGifhopf pmaytEkynmr*~Zif; / pufwifbm/ 2008) (armifomcsdK . apmif;}udK;ay:rSm =u,fa&mifawG Edk;jyefawmh pmtkyfrS)

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'Duae hArmawG Armpm a}uapzdk h

O\mq&mtdk toHxGufrSm;I t"dy`m,f vHk;0 uGJjym;oGm;aom "wdk@p&m" iydESifhjrSKyfpm;& aomt&m ESihf wd@k q&m (Our Teacher) wd@k ESpcf k vGrJ mS ;&yHk ta=umif;av;udk 'Dwywf rSmawmhjzifh q&mtdu k &Si;f vif;wifjyay;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f?

xGupf m ESi fh eyfpm "xGufpm eyfpm" ESifhywfoufI okawoejyKaomtcg atmufygtwdkif; awG@&S&d avonf? xGufeyf- ausG;arG; pm;aomufaponf? OD;omjrwfayg&m%pum;tbd"mef- ESm (88) / xGufeyf- }ud / xGufeyf / (ayg) pm;zG,f/ aomufzG,f vufaqmify%mwdk@jzifh {nf0h wfjyKonf? jrefrmpmtzGJ@ - ESm - (167) / xGufeyf - xGufpm; / eyfpm;jyKonf? q&m,k'oef - ESm (534) / "pma&; pmcsw D @kd ESihf &Sr;f pum;jyef wd@k udk cef@I 'xGupf meyfpm' ydk@&onf? 124

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(avmuAsL[musr;f - tif&pkH mwrf;) "b¾maqmifrLS ; wd@k udk pD&ifapI oHw@kd udk 'xGupf meyfpm' ay;yd@k vm&onf? (avmuAsL[musr;f - tif&pkH mwrf;) "axmywf/ EGm;Edk@/ xef;v#uf/ qD/ i&kwf/ =uufoGef/ ig;ajcmuf/ ig;jcrf;/ig;pdrf;/ qef/ 'xGupf m' ay;ydk@&onf ? (avmuAsL[musr;f - pm&Hpk mwrf; ) txufyg awG@&Sdcsufrsm;ay: rlwnfI / aphpyfaocsm xdrd wdusatmif &Si;f vif;csuf xkwyf gO;D tHh ? "xGuef yfwiG f jyoemr&Syd g? tajztm;vH;k oabmoGm;wlae=uygonf?" "xGufpmeyfpm" ESifhywfoufIum;uGJvGJr_ tenf;i,f&Sdygonf? q&m}uD;,k'oefu "xGupf m;eyfpm;"[k 0doZ…ex D nfI h a&;xm;ygonf? tif&0kH ef}u;D u "xGupf meyfpm" [k qdyk gonf? Tae&mwGif tif&0kH ef}u;D rSm a&;xH;k trSejf zpfI twdtus rSeyf gonf? q&m ,k'oefurkd l rSm;onf[k rqdck siyf g? vlrsKd ;uGjJ zpfI t=um;rSm;jcif;jzpfygvrd rhf nf? q&m}u;D ,k'oefu, kd w f ikd f ajymavh&adS ompum;rSm "jrefrmpum; toHxm;cufonf"[kjzpfygonf? uíefawmftxufwef;jyq&mvkyfpOfu pmoifbuf ukvm;q&mem&,m;u iydEiS hf jrKS yI f pm;&aom "wd@k p&m"udk "wd@k q&m" [k toHxu G rf mS ;+y;D (Our Teacher) [k t"dym` ,faumuf a&;om;cJzh ;l ygonf?od@k jzpf&m q&m}u;D ,k'oefa&;aom "xGupf m;eyfpm;" ESihf tif&0kH ef}u;D . "xGupf meyfpm" onf twl wlygy[ J k pma&;olu qH;k jzwfygonf? wpfzef tif&pkH mwrf;u "axmywf/ EGm;Ed@k / xef;v#u/f qD/ i&kw/f =uufoeG /f ig;ajcmufig;jcrf;/ ig;pdr;f / qef/ "xGufpm" ay;ydk@&onf[k tcdkiftrmaz: jyxm;ojzifh "eyfpm" . t"dy`m,fudk uGi;f uGi;f uGuu f u G f jrifvm&jyefayonf? tb,fo@kd jrifoenf;qdak omf "xGupf m" onf qefjzpfaeonfhtwGuf "eyfpm" onf xrif; / ,m*k/ xrif;a=umf/ xrif;aygif;/ xrif;okwfrsm;jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vSygonf? xdkenf;wl "ig;pdrf;" onf "xGufpm" jzpfonft h wGuf "ig;pdr;f " udk csujf yKwf a=umfavSmf aygi;f ESyx f m;aom [if;v#mrsm;onf "eyfpm" jzpf&jyefavonf? tjcm; "xGupf m" rsm;udv k nf; Tenf;twdik ;f om ,lygav? pma&;ud&, d m &Sm;yg;vSaom acwfjzpfI pmudjk rKS yaf &;enf;/ csKyaf &;enf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKcJh&m - y - , - v - ay [laom ay,sv av;rsdK; ay:aygufvmjcif;a=umifh "xGupf meyfpm" udk "xGuef yf" [lI csKyfa&;jcif; ay:aygufvmygonf? ed*Hk;csKyf taejzifh "xGupf m"onf rcsurf jyKwb f J pm;I&aom (ajr}u;D rS xGuaf om) opfo;D 0vH/ opfOopfz/k tpG,/f t&Gu/f tap;/ tacgurf sm;ESihf csujf yKwpf m;I&aom om;pdr;f / ig;pdr;f ponfrsm; jzpfayonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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q&m}uD; ,k'oefa&;aom "xGufpm;eyfpm;" ESi fh tif&0kH ef}uD;. "xGufpmeyfpm" onf twl wlygyJ[k pma&;olu qH;k jzwfygonf? wpfzef tif&Hkpmwrf;u "axmywf/ EGm;Edk@/ xef;v#uf/ qD/ i&kwf/ =uufoGef/ ig;ajcmufig;jcrf;/ ig;pdrf;/ qef/ "xGupf m"ay;ydk@&onf[k tcdki tf rmaz: jyxm;ojzifh "eyfpm" . t"dy`m,fudk uGi f;uGi f;uGufuGuf jrifvm&jyefayonf? tb,fo@kd jrifoenf;qdak omf "xGupf m" onf qefjzpfaeonfth wGuf "eyfpm" onf xrif; / ,m*k/ xrif;a=umf/ xrif;aygif;/ xrif;okwfrsm;jzpfa=umif; xif&mS ;vSygonf? xdkenf;wl "ig;pdrf;" onf "xGupf m" jzpfonfth wGuf "ig;pdrf;" udk csufjyKwf a=umfavSmf aygif;ESyfxm;aom [if;v#mrsm;onf "eyfpm" jzpf&jyefavonf? tjcm; "xGupf m" rsm;udvk nf; Tenf;twdik ;f om ,lygav? ..... "eyfpm" qdo k nfrmS csujf yKwf a=umfavSm/f uifzw k f ponfjh yKvyk +f y;D rS El;rSeyfrS pm;&aomtpmrsm;udk qdyk gonf? usr;f &if;r=unfh todrยบuG,/f usr;f yifv,fr@kd ul;zd@k rvG,/f zwf}uHrw S v f @kd rjywf&u _ , G /f wpfzufurf; wufvrS ;f Edik zf @kd &G,?f

O\mq&mtdk (jrefrmwdkif;(rf) twGJ (1) trSwf (16) wGif az: jy+yD;?)

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acwfpum; a':atmifqef;pk}unf rauG;wdkif; c&D;pOf rdef hcGef; aumufESKwfcsuf

obm0 o,HZmwawG bm+zpfv@dk jyKe;f wD;oGm;vnf;/ aysmufu, G o f mG ;vnf; qkad wmhuíefrwk@d &J@ wu,f&h wemawG +zpfwhJ +ynfov l x l k Ekid if o H m;awGtaeeJ@ 'Dopfawm awGudk rumuG,Ef idk cf v hJ dk /h rapmifah &SmufEidk cf v hJ dk ?h tJ wcsKd u h a+ymrSmaygh 'g uíefawmfw@dk uíefrwkd@eJ@qkdifwmrSr[kwfbJ? tpkd;&u ol@[mol vkyfcsifwkdif;vkyfoGm;wm? rSefawmh rSefygw,f? 'gayrJh +ynfol+ynfom;awGrSmvnf; wm0ef&SdwmyJ? 'Dtpkd;&qkdwmuvnf; b,fxu J ayguzf mG ;vmvkd v h nf;? +ynfo+l ynfom;awGxu J yJ ayguzf mG ;vmwmyg? tJ'h aD wmh usr wcgwavpOf;pm;=unfw h ,f 'Dvw dk m0efrhJ vkyw f hJ tm%m&Sw d hJ vlawG/ ae&m&Sw d Jh vlawG b,fvdk rdom;pkawGrmS =u;D +yif; vmovJ? olwdk rh b d awGub,fvdk oGeo f if qk;H rcJo h vJ qkw d mukd usrwcgav pOf;pm;rdygw,f? usrwkd &h J h +ynfov l x l [ k m tckq&dk if om;orD;awG i,f&, G w f hJ om;orD;awG&w dS hJ usrwkd &h J h +ynfoal wGudk pOf;pm;ap csiw f ,f? igwdk h om;orD;awGu tu,fI olwdk o h m Ekid if rH mS tifrwefrS =oZm&Sw d hJ &mxl;awG &cJv h dk &h &dS if b,fvydk *k Kd~ vrf sK;d +zpfapcsio f vJqw dk m pOfpm;yg? tJ'h v D dk pOf;pm;+y;D om;orD;awGudk +yKpyk sK;d axmifyg? om;orD;awGudk +yKpyk sK;d axmifwahJ e&mrSm uk, d &hf J rh o d m;pk tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuyf J =unf+h y;D awmh +yKpyk sK;d axmifwmukd rvkyyf geJ h ? tJ'h v D dk vkyv f dk &h &dS if uíefrwkd h rvkcd siw f hJ tpk;d &rsK;d +yefxyfay:vmvdrrhf ,f ?

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( rauG;+rKd h / 'DZifbmv 9 &uf / 2012 ) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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udkrif;udkEdkif a[majymcsuf

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131

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