အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၄) by derric maw

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&5 / wefcl;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&5 / wefcl;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;

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tifwmeufrS umwGe;f rsm; atmfyu D s,f / [efav; / atmifarmf / LETPADAN

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armfew D m*sme,f

armifpGrf;&nf urmykvJ zd;k oH (vlx)k armifv0S if; (jrif;+c)H

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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173

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184 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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av;av;tdk (O\majr) (tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (7)ESpfjynfhajrmuftwGuf *k%fjyKuAsm)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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c&D;oGm; euQwef @J / ,SOu f yfv@kd zGm; aAGygwhJ z0g;eJ@ ta0;qH;k oGm; tai;qHk;om; tarhem;udk/ }udK;=um;&Hcg c%om vmwJo h ?l om;jzpfo/l tyg;u oGm;acs/ em;acs/ tdyfygacs qdak yr,fv h J tar roGm;/ tar rem; om; oufvsmud/k }uKH vmwke;f rSm +yKH ;um &,fum/ ykwcf wfumeJ@ =unfu h mr0 oef;acgiaf usmf oef;vGu J srS c%z,fcmG tar arS;¶Hk arS;&Smw,f? t¶k%t f wuf/ ukvm;wufot H =um; EGm;pmtaus;G / qeftaq; ajr;wpfa,mufuEkd ;_d / wD;wd;k wD;wd;k eJ@ &Gm¶d;k udk avSsmufchJ om;ajr;awG aomufp&m EGm;Ed@k &Sm qdwEf @kd &Sm oumvkyf rke@f zkwf tar tvky¶f y_ cf +hJ y?D

acgi;f ay:rSm wbufwif tdrpf Of tES@H oGm; ,keo f m;0,f/ *sKH o=um;0,f &ufuef;&S,o f vdk &Gmv,f &Gm¶d;k / vGe;f xd;k vmoGm; iSm;vdu k f acs;vdu k /f au|;vdu k f wdu k v f u kd f csujf yKwv f u dk ef @J / ac|;+yKd u+f yKd u, f kd tartdk om;udk au|;vd@k armw,fr&S?d a=omf...cktcg tarh&mG om;ra&muf oH;k ESpaf vmuf =umcJ+h y?D tarhpm "om;/ tjrefvm" wJh ajy;[m v$m;[m/ ¶ke;f [m uef[meJ@ uAsmwpfy'k /f pmwpfqyk f vufvyk v f ufpm;/ tarhom; "m;awmif rqD;/ rD;yifv,f rjcm; tarhac:oH =um;aomfvnf; 0rf;ork'&N m/ tl**Fgjcm;wma=umifh om; rvm/ ajr; rvm uAsmwdk ylyHkyef;ESifh pmwpfnKd / vl}uKH urf;&w,f?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

tar pm;zdk@ bm;yvuf/ wpfb;l ESpb f ;l uvl;ud;k wpfxyk pf ESpx f yk pf wpfEpS rf S wpfcg ESpcf g pwdom yd@k tm;wJh om;crsm tar ay;wJh q,fah v;wef; ynmeJ@ +rKd Œay:rSm aomifwif uavmifrif tufqpfpu G f [dyk uf 'Daumf wpfae@aomf ydik Ef ;kd Ekid Ef ;kd eJ@ a0zefa&; usm;qdk;udk tm;}uKd ;rmefcJ t+r;D udk qGrJ ad yg?h a=omf...tarh&mG om;ra&muf oH;k ESpaf vmuf=um/ oH;k 0g a&$Œqkid ;f ? "rvmjzpfEidk b f /k 0gacwfwpfcguek af wmh" vd@k aw;t}uKH a&S;yHek @J vGr;f vdu k u f hJ qefyef; wjymjym/ tdr=f urf; wcgcge@J EGm;jym woo/ 0g;zsm wrr pm;p&m wcscs trsm;wumudk om;pmjyygv@kd tdr0f rSm tar}uKd a&mh aendKcsdefwkdif;?

armifpGrf;&nf 12

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

ykqdef&kd;eJ h w,fvDzkef; ajymjcif;

[Jvkd [Jvkd Mr President tJovdkac:awmh cifAsm;u }uKd urf ,frxif tdb k ,fh tEkynm&Sif awmfveS af om tEkynm&Sif tJvq kd rkd S cifAsm;u em;0ifcsKd jrr,fu;kd ? jrpfurf;ab;u omrmefwu kd cf ef;av;rSm cifAsm;&J@ orw&Hk;cef; tJ'g cifAsm;&J@ a&mif&h rJ y_ g? ae@cif;tjyifxGuf nbufaxmifx0J if ae@pOfopPm cifAsm;pdu k cf w hJ t hJ yif oHpOfawGcsdKvGifvm &Siw f ek ;f u cef@nm;vd@k aoawmhvnf; cef@nm;&wmayg?h

a[m'DrmS cifAsm;xm;&pfcw hJ mawG tm%mrJah wG&@J =oZm uwWyD g awmfveS af &; jynfoal wG wm0efay;vd@k orwjzpfvm& a,mifawmifawmif *Gw;D *Gus cifAsm;E_wfcrf;awGu &Suf+yHK;+yHK;vdkufyHk arwWm opPmtpGr;f eJ@ trke;f w&m; vSnjhf zm;jcif;awGukd 0yfqif;apcJh &Siw f ek ;f u cef@nm;vd@k aoawmhvnf; cef@nm;&wmayg?h wzufu tEkynm wzufu Edik if aH &; b,fnm ajceif;wpfpekH @J cifAsm;qDu tuawG vSyap a&S@u w&m;pD&ifa&;udk r,Hk orw trde@f eJ@ tukef jyefvw $ cf w hJ mawG &Siw f ek ;f u cef@nm;vd@k aoawmhvnf; cef@nm;&wmayg?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

trSew f &m;[m &_r+i;D wJh tvSw&m;vm; [kww f maygh tvSw&m;udu k trSew f &m; opPmw&m;ud;k tdk orw}u;D ...tdk aqm&D; awmfveS af om tEkynm&Si}f u;D a& tifrwef &d;k pif;wJh tbd"rRmudk cifAsm; xlaxmifcyhJ gw,f tJ'g[m &Siw f ek ;f u cef@nm;vd@k aoawmhvnf; cef@nm;&wmayg?h tdb k ,fh cspv f pS mG aom awmfveS af om tEkynm&Si}f u;D a& [Jvk.d ..[kwu f hJ =um;ygw,f cifAsm;xl;oH u|eaf wmf=um;ygw,f aocsmwmaygh urBmwpf0rS ;f u av;pm;&wJh tEkynm&Siq f w kd m jynfocl spw f hJ acgi;f aqmifqw kd m b0ul;wmawmif qufo, G af &; {&d,mjyify b,fawmhrS ra&mufwm aocsmwmaygh?

rif;udkEdki f 14

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

jrpfwpif;. OayuQm {&m0wD e'D jrpfr/ pD;qif;jyonfh ordkif;aA' oif=um;csu.f ..? acwfraumif;bl; acwfu raumif;awmh &l;csifa,mifaqmif&if; wu,f¶;l oGyo f mG ;olawG 'ke@J a'; vG,v f , G u f av;&,f pkww f owfowf acwfukd yHck svu kd w f muyJ vdyjf ymoef@ 0denf;vGwzf @kd }u=H uayg.h ..? ,keef @J ajy;wke;f uvnf; olw@kd acG;usK;d eJ@ [if;pm;vdu k jf yefawmhvnf; olw@kd wwfvnf; wwfEikd =f uyHrk sm; ajymygw,f eef;us bk&ifwyg;&JŒ pm;cGux f u J rsu&f nfpukd vkaomuf&avmufatmif usaemfw@kd riwfrw G af o;bl;/ rEWav;[m t&mcscx H m;&wJh ra[oDi,fwyg;qd&k if &efuek u f tpGe@f ypfcH {u&Dr,f jzpfvrd rhf ,f tcef;quf &mZ0ifxJ ... {&m0wD rsuEf mS i,fae&yHrk sm; ol@ESv;kH om;&JŒ wkecf goH e&D pnf;csuf rrSeEf ikd &f mS awmhb;l ...?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

tpuwnf;u apwemrSecf &hJ if usepf pfom;[m apmvl;rif;udk ykc;kH xufu cs&ufcyhJ grh vm; ol@ud, k o f l ud, k v f w G ¶f ek ;f csipf w d u f apmvl;&JŒ tm;enf;csut f ay: yHck svu kd af vovm; aESmif;acwfordkif;q&mawGu b,fo@kd a0zef rSwaf usmuf xifuseaf prvJ aerif;onfum; taemufzuf awmifuek ;f wGif trke;f ESihf uG,cf +hJ yD...? acwftqufquf 0Hch sv D mwJh aoG;tvdr;f vdr;f tvHawmfawG acwfukd tcspef @J opfapcJah ygh bmudrk sS ,lroGm;bl; bmtwGurf sS pk;d ¶GŒH rwGe@f qkwcf b hJ ;l xifpJG +r+J rH usaemfw@kd &JŒ rD;¶_;wefaqmif b0pmrsuEf mS rsm; *k%, f zl , G f rsu&f nfprsm;eJ@ zwfcw hJ ,f...? vufacsmif;xdyx f J oHr¶d_ u kd rf xnfah o;bl; E_wyf pf&r,fh twWq;l uav;twGuf emusif tvd&k rRuf rat;Edik &f mS olrsm; acwf}u;D u rEdik 0f efe@J xrf;yd;k xm;wJt h cg...?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

acwfu raumif;bl; acwf}u;D u raumif;awmh ¶l;csio f al wGu 'ke@J a'; tJ'v D kd t+yKd i¶f ;l ae=uolawGxJ oGuo f u G cf gatmif wu,f¶;l oGm;=uwJt h cg tusOf;axmifawGxJ ol&aJ umif;awGu ol&aJ umif;awGukd arG;zGm;aeqJ vGwaf jrmufa&; wdu k yf aJG wGxJ wdu k yf 0JG ifvx l u k acgi;f aqmifppfppfudk a&G;cs,af y;aeqJ... {&m0wD...&mZ0if rdcif tysKrd ol@&ifcek o f pH pfppfe@J tem*wfopfqD &J0hH vSr;f wufcsq D u J kd...?

urmykvJ 25/ 07/ 2011

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

wrf;wjcif; owfrw S cf suf trSwo f nm bGJ w h q H yd af wG eJ ah ygrS aygwhJ tcGo H m &Sd tqH r&Sd aom 'D acwf=u;D rSm atmifqef; vkd vl aygrsm; apcsipf rf;ygb?d

&J+idrf; ( 13/ 2/ 2013) ( atmifqef; ] trsKd;om; vGwfvyfa&; zcif=uD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

rwfv rwfvteDxu J =u,fjzLwyGi&hf J ph ;D qif;cJw h hJ aoG;awGordik ;f a&;t&...&mZ0ifa&;t& rwf v[m ta&;}u;D w,f? tJ'D rwfv&J h jzpfysuyf rkH sm; wrd;k vH;k azsmufqyd =f um;rSm wxdwx f w d ef J h vif;& vuf& wHwm;atmufu a&awGrmS awmh pD;qif;oGm;=u+yD rwfv&J h aEGnrsm; igwkd h jyefr&Edik f qdk eh pfa=uuGJ toHawG rpJb;l "'Dru kd a&pD&rS trSsa0yg"? nDrav;a& aoG;a=u;G ppfppfawGyg eJeaJ v;rS tavSsmah y;p&mrvdk t&d;k awGawmifvkd yHak eyHu k azsmufzsurf &wJh &mZ0wfra_ wG&J h tcif;tusif;awGyJav igwkd h arSsmv f ifx h m;wJh tem*wftwGuf &ef ig pnf;jywfbkd v h kd w h ,f? toufwacsmif;udk toufwacsmif;jcif;uvGv J kd h b,fvt kd a=umif;eJ rh S oifyek ;f acsp&mrvdk ppfusG et f jzpf EGeH pfrcH rwfv &J h [ef rwfv&J h rmef rwfv&J h toH wdu k yf aJG c:oH ygy/J igwkd h rwfvudk tjrifq h ;kH v$ix hf v l u kd w f ,f?

&J&ifhoufZGJ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;

*syef rSm yef;uefaq;aq; rav;&Sm;rSm um;a&aq;aq; rEWav;rSm uAsmyJa&;a&; pifumylrmS ausmif;yJwufwuf uk, d ahf oG; trsK;d tpm; uk, d o f w d wf&r,f? vufzuf&nfyaJ &mif;a&mif; uGr;f ,myJa&mif;a&mif; bD,myJa&mif;a&mif; tifwmeufxrJ mS yJ Chatting wufwuf igw@dk OD;acgi;f ukd axmifrwfay;wJh ausm&k;d ukd aus;Zl;wifwwf&r,f? vlawGu ppfyaJG wG ta=umif;a+ym=u? (uk, d phf w d x f rJ mS ppf+zpfaewmukd rod=ubl;?) vlawGu zke;f awG ta=umif;a+ym=u? (uk, d phf w d ef @J uk, d u hf , dk f qufo, G v f @dk r&wmukd rod=ubl;?) 20

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

vlawGu um;awGta=umif;a+ym=u? (uk, d b hf 0 u b,fvrf;u oGm;aerSe;f rod=ubl;?) vlawGu tcspt f a=umif;a+ym=u? (uk, d t hf rd rf mS qefr&Sw d m rod=ubl;?) vlawGu [kt d a=umif; 'Dta=umif;a+ym=u? (uk, d t hf a=umif; uk, d u f s rod=ubl;?) vlawGu vlawGudk arhaewJh umvrSm w&m;eJ@vnf; ra+zEkid f trSm;eJ@vnf; raoEkid b f ;l ? igw@dk rif;wk@d u iSuaf wmh iSuyf J 'gayr,fh... yif*Gif;iSuf avrSm rysw H wfayr,fh a&qefrmS awmh ul;cwfwwf&r,f?

=unfarmifoef;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

igh&J hbk&m;ocifrsm; touf&iS o f ef &ke;f uef&wdu k yf JG ordkif;tqifhqifh wdu k yf eJG J o h mvGwaf jrmufapcJh... wdu k yf aJG wGu vGwv f yfa&;&apcJ h vl *h % k o f u d Qm q,f,cl ahJ v&J h wdu k yf aJG wG[m ud;k uG,&f m k yf aJG wGom ppfu|eb f 0vGwaf jrmuf&m vlaojy;D wJah emuf wdu aemufb0vGwaf jrmifa&; igu;kd uG,&f m bk&m;ocifjzpfcJ ah ygh ? ightaoG;tom;xJt,Hktjunfuif;rJh kd w f w hJ u kd yf b JG &k m;ocifawG vdv k rJ vdb k ;l ab;csw d x f m;cJah v&J ?h tdk...vSvu Auo wd;k wufausmif;om;awG f &m;cspf ...wwfveG ;f ol rsuaf rSmufypPKye` u f mv trSew k 0 &dak oav;pm; toufxif&mS ;&kyb f 0 eif;jym;vlxb ae w h "l0 obm0wdu k yf JG k 0twGuaf y;qyfpeG f ph m; rdcif0rf;jumwdu k v f jl zpfp vlxb wdu k yf eJG J ph wd;k wuftiftm;pkawG vl b h 0ed*;kH wdu k yf eJG J o h mqH;k ,ckwzef axmifxaJ &mufcJ jh ujyefay ukex f w k v f yk rf l w h u kd yf JG vufyefawmif;awmif0ef;usif h u kd yf JG vlral &;wdu k yf JG aoG;pkwaf jrtjzpfrS uif;vGwzf kd w a&$ w i G ; f wl ; tvk y o f rm;wd u k y f J G vlwef;pm;wdu k yf JG f rm;&ydik cf iG f h puf&x kH u J wdu k yf JG 'Dru kd a&pDwu kd yf JG tvkyo jidrf;csrf;a&;wdkufyGJ ppfajr&Siyf a'o&mZfukd xd;k ESuf h u kd yf JG ud, k =hf urRm ud, k zf efw;D cGif h ppfajru|ef wdk &h J w k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGihf twGuw f u kd yf JG ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGif w h u kd yf JG ud, kd w f J h wdu k yf aJG wG? ppfozH aESmif ah tmufuvGwaf jrmufwu kd yf JG vSvu ig&h J t h m;xm;ud;k uG,&f mocif b0xJrSmjrifae&aygh teuf&_dif;qHk; edru hf seif;jym; b0toFacsxJ ig&J&JjrifcJhaygh?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

b0toufay;qyfrl pGef v h w $ rf l ufk,fceWmac|;aoG;ay;qyfrl ud, k u f sKd ;pGef h tepfemcHrl rdom;pkb0 usKd ;ajuysupf ;D oGm;rl tJ't D &mawGeJ h ,ufvyk x f m; jrifjh rwftvSw&m;eJ h &if;eS;D xm; aoG;jrpfaoG;tdik af wGeJ h xkvyk x f m; wdu k yf aJG wG h h h h w h u kd yf aJG wG txGwt f xdyrf eG jf rwfwu kd yf aJG wG ig&J t h m;xm;,Hjk unf&mocif igu;kd uG,cf J ah yg?h ppfu|efeif;jym;b0toFacsxJ ig&J&Judk;uG,fcJhaygh?

armifpdk;csdef 2012/ 12/ 30

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

0Éf

vufeufe@J vufyaf wmhyf vJr,f jyufv;kH eJ@ rufv;kH awG a0wJah cwf? w¶kw&f ŒJ wkwu f /kd rkcs a=umuf&w,fqw kd hJ Adv k cf sKyaf [mif;wa,muf&ŒJ w¶kwaf jy;rif;acwf? a&$vufe@J ac:r&&if bl;vufe@J aqmf&r,fqw kd hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;acwf? r=um;zl;/ rjrifzl;/ rawG@zl;wJh 'kuo Q nftopfawG arG;zGm;vm/ 'dek m&Smarm&wJah cwf? +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk wrf;qGw/f vGwv f yfjcif; arSsm&f nf c&D;&Sncf sw D ufowJ/h rsK;d wufopfyumo%Dacwf? c¶dek w D oif;eJ@ nDtpfut kd &if;o¾mef yvl;yvJ qufq=H uwJh uGe&f ufacwf?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

c¶djk ymud/k }uKq d ykd g rvdw k rm ajymr&wJh ygw}D u;D 0g'acwf? rlyikd cf iG fh &ifx;kd awG/ vufoyd f cd;k a0xm;wJh vlwef;pm;opfawG vrf;xGiaf ewJah cwf? 2008 om rxde@J / ndpS &mrvdb k ;l tifwmAsL; tvdv k akd y;wJh rD', D macwf? aemufjyefvn S u fh m/ azmufjyefrmS rd@k ta=umuftuef axmufccH ikd ;f wJah cwf? 'Dvakd cwfqakd wmhvnf; tif;aygh b,fo@l udk =unfnK&d rSe;f rodwahJ cwf?

&Sm;ESpf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

jyD; rS ajym wdik ;f jynftwGuf [kwv f m; rif;ypfcswŒJ trSKd uu f akd umuf +y;D rSajym? vlrsKd ;twGuf [kwv f m; rif;bd;k pOfabmifqufukd Z,m;csjy +y;D rSajym? bmomtwGuf [kwv f m; rif;zke;f xJu ycsKyq f ikd ef yH gwaf wGzsuf rif;vufxu J t&ufcu G u f ckd s +y;D rSajym? pmayta=umif; [kwv f m; jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf wpfcck ak &; +y;D rSajym? a&S;q&mawGukd a0zefrvdŒk [kwv f m; rif;ud, k rf if; bmaumifvJ t&ifa0zefvu kd Of ;D +y;D rSajym? oDcsi;f u bmjzpfw,f [kwv f m; c&drk ufwpfpau;av;udk o&D;atmŒawŒzftjyeftvSeq f jkd y +y;D rSajym?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

,Ofaus;r_ [kwv f m; rif;yg;pyfutqJawG toHoiG ;f em;axmif=unfŒ +y;D rSajym? vl,w k rf mawGukd okwo f ifr,f [kwv f m; rif;acgi;f xJu tawG;qd;k awGukd t&ifxw k f +y;D rSajym? olrsm;udq k ;kH rr,f [kwv f m; rif;ud, k rf if;t&ifq;kH r=unfŒ +y;D rSajym? igvm; 'Dt&G,t f xd ud, k Œf ud, k u f , kd f jyefq;kH raewm ckxrd vdrmR ao;bl;? vdrmR wJŒaeŒrS igajymawmŒr,f?

v*Gef;tdrf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

vufwkd hrSKrsm; orkdif; vl ah vmurSm vufwdk rh _ [m ig qkw d hJ twWudk ta+ccHw,f? vufwdk rh _ [m &k;d om;r_udk rsuu f , G +f yKw,f? vufwdk rh [ _ m pnf;&k;H rSKawG ukd +yKd uaJG pw,f? vufwdk rh [ _ m vlry_ wf0ef;usiu f dk ysupf ;D qk;d 0g;apw,f? vufwdk rh a_ =umifh pdwq f EN wloal wG pkpnf; yg0ifvmEkid af yrJh aorif; &J h vufwdk rh u _ awmh oif wpfO;D wnf;om? xkd ah =umifh oifh vufwdk rh [ _ m tewW &S&d mokd h OD;wnf Ekid yf gap?

armif 28

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

ig[mjrefrm urBmtESŒH udk ajcqefŒ Edik if aH ygi;f pHu k kd ul;vl; ADZmawG avSsmufp&mrvdw k hJ tiftm;=u;D Edik if H ywfpyf Œkd =u;D awGwv hJ m;/ igah jr/ igah &/ igEh ikd if w H iG ;f rSm twm;qD;/ tydwyf ifr&Sd ul;vl;oGm;vmcGiahf wGavmuf igrrufarmygb;l uGm?

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awmifay:vrf;twdkif; auGŒywfomG ;aewJh &xm;=u;D wJv h m;/ ompnf- a&$anmifvrf;av;ay:rSm vGe;f xd;k jy;D wufaewJh &xm;td=k u;D avmuf ZGv J ŒkH v r&Syd gb;l uGm? bmompum;rsKd ;pHek ŒJ ode;f oef;csaD om pmtkypf u kH kd od r ; f qnf ; xm;wJ h wzGzJ u JG saewJh h u kd =f u;D wJv h m;/ ESif;yGifhav;awGwJhvm;/ pm=unfw &Sr;f awmifwef;=u;D awGay:rSmuswhJ axmif*%mef;om&Sad yr,fh ESi;f pufav;awGavmuf jrefrmpmeJŒ pmtkypf &kH adS ewJh f iSm;qdik af v;avmuf jrwfE;kd p&m raumif;ygb;l uGm? vrf;xdypf mtkyt =u;D us,cf rf;em;rSK r&Syd gb;l uGm? urBmt h qifrh D wuUov kd /f aumvdyf pmoifcef;awGxu J wefz;kd jrifrh m;wJh pmoifom;awG&ŒJ {nfhcef;tvSqif hJ m;/ ynmvdck siaf wmifw h pdww f v hJ m;/ a=uyG ef;uef=u;D awGwv uwf x j l y m;av;eJ Œ vk y x f m;wJh "edr;kd x&Hum pmoifausmif;av;wckqDudk a&$Z;D uGu&f yk af v;awG/ rdik cf scD &D;avSsmufvmcJ=h u&wJh ypfwdkif;axmifav;awG/ f w k f zd;k 0&ky=f u;D awGavmuf igw h ynfah v;awG&ŒJ 00wkww f ;kH xJrmS ynmiwfrw G af wmifw h pdwu f kd igrh suv rDrS ,f rxifygb;l uGm? rvSygb;l uGm?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

a=omf...tajctaersdK;pHk ta=umif;pHak wGa=umifh arG;zGm;&mtrdajreJŒ uGu J mG ae&ayr,fh igu h , kd x f rJ mS pD;qif;aewmu jrefrmhaoG;/ ig&h ifbwfxu J ESv;kH om;tpHu k jrefrmhEv S ;kH om;/ igph w d "f mwfu jrefrmhpw d "f mwf igcspw f mu jrefrmjynf/ igjrwfE;kd wmu jrefrmpm/ igajymcsiw f mu jrefrmpum;/ igwefz;kd xm;wmu jrefrmhajr/ b,ft&murS wm;qD;z,f&mS ;vdŒk r&wmu "ig[mjrefrm"

cifrrrsdK; 14/ 1/ 2012

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

bmvJ[Jh jrefrmjynf acwfwhJ ajymif;oGm;+yv D m; zm;wpfydkif; ig;wpfydkif;yg cifAs...? k +f yv D m; qENjycGihf ay;vdu tzrf;tqD;uawmh =urf;ygbAd sm...? a& rD; tpHek @J ylaZmfjcif;cH&wJh a=u;eDawmif pme,fZif;rSm w&m;0if owif;tjzpf ay;wifw,fAs...? wdik ;f &if;om;a'o xd;k ppfqifayr,fh +ird ;f csr;f a&; oHwrefawGu tjynfah ygh...? tjynfjynf pD;yGm;a&; wHcg;zGi[ hf vd@k ay;ayr,fh ayguaf z:}u;D &J@ usejf zwf qvHoyfv@kd pm;ayawmh...? tarSmifxu J t=uifemawG&@J pGr;f tm; w&kyef @J ,d;k ',m; vif;vufygapom;...? jynfo&l @J toH trSet f uef wifjy&rJah e&m tpdr;f a&mif wrwfom;eJ@ rsuEf mS zH;k pGyx f m;av&J@...? zm;jzpfrvm; ig;jzpfrvm; qef;ppfv@kd om =unf=h uygawmh...?

xGe;f +idr;f (abmufaxmfom;) 32

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

o}uFefyGJrSm E$Jaysmfaysmf

ESpu f ;l o}ueF f a&mufjyefawmhrnf rSe;f qawG;wkid ;f aysm&f ygonf/ aEGcsed cf g T&moD0,f yef;ydawmufwdk h yGiahf 0oD/ a&$tqif;ES,f tvSpn Hk D wmo}ueF &f ufwiG ;f csed cf grDS a&=unfaf t;ESihf avmif;yuf&if; arwWmpdww f dk h yGm;rsm;jcif;/ wpfEHS w h pfvsm; pnfpnfum; jrL;aysmfjcif;wkd h opfvGifyGm; &mpkEpS rf sm; csw d q f ufxm; pOfvmrysuf ESpw f ikd ;f oGm; Armh&;kd &m tarGEpS rf sm; xdr;f odr;f =ur,f 'dk ah rmifErS rsm;//

ckdi f=unf0if;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

OD;atmifqef;wdk htar armfeDwm*sme,f tmZmenf acgif;aqmif }u;D rsm;rS tmZmenf nDtpfukd (2) OD; udk arG;xkwf ay;cJo h l rSm trsK;d om; acgi;f aqmif}u;D Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef; ESihf Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef; . tpfukd OD;b0if; wd@k udk arG;xkwf ay;cJo h l rSm tmZmenf rdcif}u;D a':pk jzpfayonf? tmZmenf acgif;aqmif nDtpfudk ESpfOD;udk arG;xkwfcJhonfh a':pk. b0rSm pdw0f ifpm;p&m avmu"Hrsm;udk }uŒH }uŒH cdik f Ekid o f l tjzpf rSww f rf;wif &rnf jzpfonf? Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef; ESihf OD;b0if;wd@k . rdcif}u;D a':pkukd (22/ 7/ 1877) &ufwiG f rauG;c¶dik /f ewfarmuf+rKd Œ &Sd rif;0dik ;f aetdrf tb OD;jrat;/ a':olZm wd@k u arG;zGm; cJo h nf? arG;csi;f (7) OD; &S+d y;D orD; t}u;D qH;k jzpfonf? we*FaEG orD; jzpfayrJh rdbrsm; u ae@oifh eHoifh r[kwb f J rpk[k trnfrn S ahf c: xm;cJ=h uonf? a':pk. OD;av;awmfol yif;+rKd Œ/ ewfarmuf+rKd Œ/ ausmufyef;awmif;+rKd Œ wd@k . oH;k +rKd Œ0ef OD;armifu tpk [k ac:ayonf? a':pk. atmufwiG f armifrsm; jzpfonfh OD;zd;k oif;/ OD;aiGEikd /f OD;aiGqikd /f nDra':,k/ a':yk/ a':cifarwd@k &Sad yonf? a':pkrmS tarwl orD;jzpfI rsuEf mS ao;oG,u f m tom;ndKI t&yfrSm redrfhrjrifh jzpfonf? udk,fcE<m taetxm;rSm rydefvGef;/ r0vGef;bJ =unfhI aumif;onf? a':pkrmS pum;enf;ol jzpf+y;D rsuEf mS rSm usuo f a& &Su d m cHn h m;vSonf? a':pkonf tpfrt}u;D qH;k jzpfonfh tjyif odumQ orm"dEiS hf jynfph u kH m arG;csi;f rsm; tm;vH;k u tpfr}u;D [k ac:=uojzifh tjcm;olrsm; uvnf; tpfr}u;D vdu k af c: cJ=h uonf? a':pkonf Adkif;aumif; ausmufzd trsKd;orD; jzpfum rdaumif; zcif om;orD; jzpfonfh twGuf rdbrsm;. pum;udk aumif;pGm em,l wwfco hJ nf? od@k twGuf a=umifyh if (11) ESpf orD;t&G,f uyif jrefrmtrsK;d orD;wd@k wwftyfonfh &ufuef;twwfukd olrwl atmif wwfajrmufchJ onf? a':pkonf &ufuef; twwf omru pufcsKyf twwfuykd g oif=um; cJah o;onf? 36

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

a':pk twGuf uHq;kd onfh tcsurf mS olw@kd acwfu trsK;d orD;rsm; rSm pmoif=um;r_ tavhtx enf;yg;aoma=umifh pma&; pmzwfudkyif rwwfajrmuf cJh&ay? pmay roif=um;&I pmrwwf aomfvnf; a':pk. rSwf^m%frSm vlwum vufzsm; cgjcif; cH&avmufatmif aumif;vSonf? a':pk. rdbrsm;onf a&S;vl}u;D rsm; yDyD orD;unm tcgrvifah pESihf qdo k nft h wdik ;f a':pk touf(19)ESpf wGif ewfarmuf+rKd Œ taemufyikd ;f &Sd awmifo}l u;D OD;a'ud;k ESihf a':qGaJ v; wd@k . wpfO;D wnf;aom om; OD;zmESihf vufxyf xdrf;jrm; ay;cJhonf? a':pkrSm rdbESpfyg; oabmwlIom ta=umif;yg &aomfvnf; vufrxyfrD tcsed u f OD;zmudk wpf}urd f wpfcgrsS rawGŒ jrifz;l cJah cs? xdr;f jrm; vufxyf+y;D I ta=umif;ygaom tcsed u f sro S m OD;zmrS ausmufaygurf sm; ygonfukd od&cdS &hJ jcif; jzpfonf? "armifzmrSm ausmufayguf ygreS ;f tdraf xmifusrS od&w,fu, G f" [k &,f&,f armarmjzifh wpfcgw&H &,fp&m armp&m tjzpf ajymwwfavonf? a':pkonf OD;zmESifh ta=umif;qufI aygif;zuf+yD;aemuf a,muQr tdrfwGif vdu k yf g aexdik pf Of twGi;f (1894) ckEpS w f iG f t}u;D qH;k orD; rcif!eG @f udk zGm;jrifco hJ nf? (1895) ckEpS w f iG f 'kw, d orD;jzpfol r0ufukd zGm;jrifco hJ nf? (11/ 6/ 1901) ckEpS w f iG f armifb0if; (tmZmenf acgi;f aqmif OD;b0if;) udk zGm;jrifco hJ nf? armifb0if; aemuf pwkwu ˆ av; ra&$reS f udk zGm;jrif cJah omfvnf; ra&$reS rf mS (13) ESpf orD;t&G,f wGif uG,v f eG f oGm;cJo h nf? xdt k csed u f a':pkonf a,muQrrsm; tdrw f iG v f nf; rae/ rdbrsm;ESihf vnf; raeawmhbJ a':pkw@kd . rif;0dik ;f }u;D twGi;f rSmyif tdrw f pfaqmif oD;oef@ aqmufum aexdik f cJah vonf? (1905) ckEpS f wGif yOPrajrmuf uav; armifaeatmifukd zGm;jrifavonf? xkpd Ofu a':pk. wdu k w f eG ;f csuf t& OD;zmonf v,form; b0udk pGe@f I aysmb f , G +f rKd Œ wGif Oya'oifwef; oGm;a&muf oif=um;cJo h nf? OD;zmonf Oya' oifwef; wufa&muf +y;D aemuf wwd,wef; trde@f awmf& pmar;yGu J kd 0ifa&mufajzqd&k m ESpcf si;f ayguf atmifjrif cJah vonf? xkt d csed rf pS I a':pkonf v,form; r,m;b0rS trde@f awmf& a&SŒae uawmf a':pk b0od@k rarSsmv f ifb h J a&muf&dS cJ&h awmhonf? OD;zm a&SŒaejzpf+y;D r=umrDrmS yif qÏruav; OD;armif ndKarmif ESihf i,fpOfuyif uG,v f eG f oGm;cJah om owWr uav; armifxeG ;f vif; wd@k udk wpfEpS jf cm;pD zGm;jrif cJah vonf?

tarESi hf om;eSi fh acsG;rESi hf (20/ 8/ 1911) &uf wGif tÏr uav; armifatmifoef;udk arG;zGm;I (13/ 2/ 1915) &ufwiG f e0r uav; armifatmifqef; (Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;) wd@k udk zGm;jrifco hJ nf? xk@d a=umifh a':pkonf om;orD; (9) OD; wdwd zGm;jrif cJo h nfh rdcifwpfO;D jzpfonf? a':pkonf tdraf xmifusonfh tcsed rf S pI armifaeatmif arG;zGm;+y;D csed f txd yifyef; qif;&J}u;D pGmjzifh vkyu f ikd f &SmazGum tdraf xmifh wm0efukd xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufc&hJ onf? cifyeG ;f onf OD;zmu tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

i,fpOfu jrif;pD; tvGef 0goemygI xdpk Ofu ewfarmuf+rKd ŒwGif tvGef acwfpm;cJah om jrif;+yKd iyf rJG sm;wGif 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd if pD;aejcif;jzifo h m Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef;wd@k taz tcsed jf zKe;f cJo h nf? a':pk wpfO;D wnf;om tdraf xmifh wm0ef xrf;um om;orD;rsm;udk &iftyk f ruGm aus;G arG; jyKpck ahJ vonf? a':pkonf i,fpOfu pI uG,v f eG cf sed f txd a&S;bke;f uHyg&rDEiS hf jynfph ckH o hJ nfh trsK;d orD; wpfO;D jzpfco hJ nf? orD; t}u;D qH;k rcif!eG @f rSm a':pkEiS t hf vGew f o l nf? rcif!eG @f onf tdraf xmifom;arG;tvkyu f kd pufqyk o f nf? od@k twGuaf =umifyh if touf(46)ESpt f &G,t f xd tdraf xmifrjyKbJ tysK}d u;D b0 ESihf rdcif}u;D a':pkEiS t hf wl aexdik cf o hJ nf? a':pku a&SŒa&;udk arSsmaf wG;um orD;}u;D rcif!eG @f tm; ajrpm&if; tifpyufawmf OD;om&if ESihf vufxyf ay;cJo h nf? 'kw, d orD; r0ufuawmh rdcif}u;D ESihf &moufyef rcGv J o kd jzifh rdcif}u;D u wdu k w f eG ;f aomfvnf; uG,v f eG cf sed f txd tysK}d u;D b0ESihf aexdik f oGm;cJh avonf? om;}u;D armifb0if; uawmh a':pktm; tvGef =unfnKd onf? ¶d;k om; ajzmifrh wfol jzpfonf? ewfarmuf+rKd Œ wGif jrefrm (9) wef; atmif+y;D aemuf a&eHacsmif;+rKd Œu bDtpkd D ukr% ` w D iG f pma&; tvkyu f kd vkyu f ikd o f nf? ?&aom vpmudk pkI rdcif axmufyahH om aiGEiS hf yl;aygi;f um wuUov kd f qufwufco hJ nf? Tod@k jzifh (1929) ckEpS f ocsmF *k%x f ;l jzifh odyb H` ŒJG (BSc) atmifjrifco hJ nf? xk@d aemuf a&eHacsmif; +rKd Œ wGif ausmif;q&m}u;D jzpfco hJ nf? a':pkonf om;}u;D armifb0if; tm; ? oabmusonfh awmifwiG ;f }u;D Zmwd OD;tH}h u;D ESihf a':a&$arwd@k . orD; rcifapm ESihf (1935) ckwiG f ud, k w f ikd f aphpyfI awmif;&rf; vufxyf ay;cJo h nf? a':pkonf om;/ acs;G r rcifapm/ ajr;rsm; jzpfaom rwifv0S if;/ armifapm0if;/ armifat;0if;/ cifjr0if;/ armifped 0f if;/ armifaxG;0if; wd@k ESihf twl *syef wpfacwfv;kH twlwuG aexdik cf &hJ ojzifh pdwaf useyfr_ &cJo h nf? a':pk. om;tvwf jzpfol armifaeatmifrmS (1927) ckEpS f wGif wwd,wef; a&SŒae pmar;yGJ atmifjrif+y;D aemuf ewfarmuf+rKd Œ teD;&Sd bke;f awmf jynf&h mG ol}u;D OD;bd;k vdi_ . f orD; rcifav; ESihf (1930) jynfw h iG f tarpk ud, k w f ikd f awmif;&rf; vufxyfay;cJo h nf? armifaeatmif onf *syefacwfwiG f w&m;r+rKd Œtkyf cef@xm;jcif; cH& onf? a':pkonf om; tm;vH;k wGif armifaeatmif ESit hf wl ae&onfu rsm;ojzifh armifae atmif tay: oHa,mZOf yd}k u;D cJo h nf?

rdom;pkeJ@ 'Dvdk a':pkonf Ed@k nSmom; jzpfol armifatmifoef; (1911 - 1991) udv k nf; &efuek f wuUodkvfwGif (1934) wGif 0dZ…m (BA) bGJŒ &&Sd+yD;aemuf e,fydkif 0efaxmuf &mxl; &&So d nftxd ynmoif=um; ay;cJo h nf? OD;atmifoef; rSm wuUov kd f wufaepOf ,pfrsK;d 0efaxmuf OD;b/ a':pH wd@k . wwd, orD; rcifEEk iS hf ta=umif; qufco hJ nf? rcifE. k tpfr rcifww k rf mS &Jabmf oH;k usyd 0f if ocif xGe;f tkyu f vufxyfco hJ jzifh armifatmifoef; 38

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

ESihf ocif xGe;f tkyf wd@k onf r,m; nDtpfukd awmf=uavonf? rcifEo k nf a':pkw@kd ESihf trsK;d awmfaom awmifwiG ;f }u;D Zmwd OD;bwif. orD; jzpfonfh twdik ;f a':pku oabmus auseyfum tif;pde+f rKd Œod@k ud, k w f ikd f oGm;a&muf aphpyf awmif;&rf;I (7/ 11/ 1936) &ufwiG f }u;D us,f crf;em;pGm r*Fvmaqmif ay;cJah vonf? OD;atmifoef; onf rcifEEk iS hf om;orD; (5) OD; apmvS atmifoef;/ r&D&o D ef;/ rwDwaD tmifoef;/ armifcsKad tmifoef;/ ri,frroef; wd@k xGe;f um; cJah vonf? a':pkonf om;taxG;qHk; ESifh tvdk vdkuf&qHk; armifatmifqef; udkum; ewfarmuf+rKd Œ bke;f awmf}u;D OD;aombdw. txufwef;ausmif;wGif (7) wef; txd ynm oif = um;ay;+yD ; aemuf (1928) rS (1932) ck E S p f txd a&eH a csmif ; trsKd ; om; txufwef;ausmif; wGif (10) wef; atmifjrifonf txd ausmif;xm;cJo h vdk &efuek f wuUov kd o f @kd yd@k I (1937) ckEpS w f iG f 0dZm… (BA) bGŒJ atmifjrifonf txd ynmoif ay;cJo h nf? Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef; ESihf rcif=unf wd@k rSm *syefacwfwiG f (6/ 9/ 1942) &ufwiG f ESpOf ;D oabmwl csp}f uKd uI f BIA jynfoŒl aq;¶H}k u;D (,ck Ekid if aH wmf umuG,af &; wuUov kd )f wGif vufxyf cJ=h u&m a':pkrmS tjcm; om;orD;rsm; uJo h @kd uk, d w f ikd f ud, k u f s awmif;&rf; vufxyf ray;cJh &aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf &mxl; vufcH& +yD;aemuf r,m;jy tjzpfESifh ewfarmuf+rKd Œod@k Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; oGm;a&muf vnfywfpOf rcif=unftm; ac:aqmif oGm;cJh&m acsG;ruav; rcif=unf. ¶dkao udkif;¶d_if;r_/ vdrRma&;jcm; &Sdr_ wdk@udk odjrif &aomtcg a':pkrmS om; atmifqef;ESihf acs;G r rcif=unf uav;wd@k tay:wGif w+yKH ;+yKH ; ESihf auseyf 0rf;ajrmufrd &awmhonf? a':pkonf touf (60) jynfah om ESpw f iG f i,fpOf awmifaus;u pI aygi;f oif; cJ&h aom cifyeG ;f onf jzpfol OD;zm (67) ESprf mS vl}u;D a&m*gjzifh (18/ 5/ 1931) &ufwiG f uG,v f eG f tedpP a&mufomG ;cJh &um a':pkrmS rkq;kd r b0jzifh om;orD; rsm;udk tkyx f ed ;f apmifah &Smuf cJ&h avonf? Tonf a':pk. yxrqH;k t}urd f avmu"Hukd cHpm; &orSs jzpfonf? a':pkonf touf (64) ESpf t&G,f wGif avmu"H '%f. ¶du k cf wfr_ udk 'kw, d t}urd f cHpm;&r_ rSm tcspq f ;kH orD;}u;D jzpfol rcif!eG @f rSm (1946) ckEpS f wGif rD;,yf a&m*gjzifh uG,v f eG f oGm;cJ&h m yxrqH;k om;orD; tylukd pwif cHpm;cJ&h onf? xd@k aemuf a':pkonf (19/ 7/ 1947) &uf wGif om; ESpOf ;D 0ef}u;D OD;b0if; ESihf Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef; wd@k onf rormol wd@k . vufcsuf jzifh usq;kH cJ&h ojzifh y&da'0rD; udk xyfrH awmufavmif cJ&h jyef avonf? xkrd S wpfzef a':pkonf om; OD;aeatmif. orD; jrihjf rifh uav; rSm i,fpOfuyif a':pkEiS hf vma&muf aexdik cf I hJ om; tcspf ajr; tESpf qdo k nft h wdik ;f ajr;uav;udk tvGef tcspf ydck o hJ nf? od@k aomf jrifjh rifu h av; rSm ewfarmuf+rKd Œ/ Adv k cf sKyf txdr;f trSwf Edik if aH wmf wef;jrifah usmif;Y qÏrwef; ynm oif=um; aepOf tzsm; a&m*gjzifh a':pk vufay:wGif tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

¶kww f &uf tedpP a&mufomG ; av&m a':pkrmS avmu"H. tylr;D udk ajr;tylEiS hf }uKH awGŒcJ&h jyefavonf? a':pkonf avmu"H w&m;udk t}udrf}udrf }uHKawGŒcJh& aomfvnf; wkefv_yf acsmufcsm;jcif; r&Sb d J &J0phH mG &ifqikd f ausmv f m$ ;&if; ewfarmuf+rKd Œudk &JabmfjzLrsm; odr;f ydu k f xm;csed f touf (75) ESpf t&G,f (3/ 12/ 1951) &uf wGif uG,v f eG f tedpP a&mufcahJ vonf? a':pk. psmyeudk (5) &uf wdwd xm;+y;D psmye udpP t00 udk a':pk. armifjzpfol bke;f }u;D OD;aombdw u }uD;=uyf pDpOf ay;cJhonf? ewfarmuf+rdKŒ wGif &Sdaom aqGrsKd;rsm; u Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; . rdcif jzpfonfh twGuf *k%jf 'yf ESihf vdu k af vsmpGm r,fawmfysH uJo h @kd }u;D us,f crf;em;pGm usi;f y&ef pDpOf cJah omfvnf; acwfumv tajctae t& tusO;f ¶H;k um udp+P y;D atmif jyKvyk &f ef OD;aombdw u qH;k rcJo h jzifh tusO;f ¶H;k I usi;f ycJh =u&avonf? a':pk. oufaphtjzpf oHCmawmf (75) yg; yifah qmifI 0wˆKaiG ( 5 ) usypf D vSL'ge;f ylaZmfchJ =ujcif; jzpfonf?

armfewD m*sme,f Edki fiHa&;txl;aqmif;yg;aygif;csKyf

axmifEi S r hf c d if

vlxk a':trm xGufjyD - udk,fawG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - zdk;oH (vlxk) trSmpum;ESifhtwl - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf? 40

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

axmifpmayordkif;

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+idrf;csrf;a&;odk@ ... tvnfa&muf&jdS cif; (2) '*kewf m&m. OD;cifarmifjrifh/ ref;'g0dwfEiS fh Adkvfae0if; q&m. v?uf&nf=urf;um; c%uav;ESiyhf if usK+d y;D oGm;onf? usaemfw@kd rSm xdik &f rvd/k x&rvd/k 0dik ;f ul&rvdEk iS hf csw D ckH sw?kH tjriftm;enf;ol tzd;k }u;D wOD;. tEW&m,f rsm;vSaom v?uf&nf=urf;udk aomuf&onfrmS &ifwxdwx f w d /f &ifwckecf ek jf zifh aomufae &onfuk.d ..? "OD;cifarmifjrifh axmifxrJ mS usq;kH oGm;cJ+h yD q&m" "a=omf ²²² [kwv f m;" pum;0dik ;f um; acwWww d q f w d f +ird o f ufomG ;onf?

"rSwfrdaeao;w,fAs? Adkvfae0if; wdkif;jynftm%modrf;vdkufwkef;u/ 1962 uayg?h udck ifarmifjrifh usaemfq h D trSwrf xif a&mufvmw,f? tay:u [ma0,H &Syt f uFseD @J / atmufu abmif;bD&n S ef @J As? ¶kyzf sux f m;w,faygAh sm? 'gayrJh usaemfu ol@udk jrifjrifcsi;f rSwrf ad ew,f" q&monf OD;cifarmifjrifh usq;kH oGm;aom owif;udk rod&ao;? q&mh rdwaf qG rsm;/ &Jabmf rsm;u wrif rajymbJ xm;avovm;? usaemfw@kd rSm ajymvufpESihf rxl;awmh+y?D q&monf ol@[ef twdik ;f ai;ai;qq tawG;rsm;jzifh ol@rdwaf qG &Jabmf}u;D OD;cifarmifjrifh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

(tqdak wmf udo k ef;v_id . f tud/k zufqpfawmfveS af &; &Jabmf}u;D / yrnw. Edik if aH &; acgi;f aqmifwOD;/ jynfo@l wd;k wufa&;ygw. D OuUÏ/ xdpk Ofu e0w ppftpd;k &. aemufu, G f wGif Adv k af e0if; &Sad e/ }uKd ;udik f aea=umif; tpnf;ta0;wGif &J&aJ wmuf zGichf sco hJ )l ta=umif; ukd pOf;pm;aeyH&k onf? "usaemf&h ŒJ qdwzf vl;&eH@wGif rdru d , kd u f , dk f &SmazGawGŒ&Sjd cif;..." "[kwu f hJ zwfz;l w,f q&m" "tif; tJ'x D rJ mS usaemfu tawG;puf0ikd ;f udk usKŒH vdu k w f ,fv@kd a&;cJw h ,f? tJ'gukd olw@kd u usaemf w&m;vdik ;f buf a&mufomG ;+yv D @kd xifomG ;yHk &w,fAs" q&monf ajym&if;u t+yKH ;jzifh ai;&Daeonf? "wcku ... usaemfu tJ'x D rJ mS Edik if aH &;rSL;vd@k oH;k xm;w,f ...[kww f ,f? tJ'DtoHk;udk olwdk@u r}udKuf=ubl;? jyifay;ygwJh? 'geJ@ usaemfu pnf;¶Hk;a&;rSL;vdk@ jyifay;vdu k w f ,f? tJ ... tJ'g olw@dk vufco H mG ;w,f? tJ't D wkid ;f yHEk ydS cf iG ahf y;vku d w f ,f? &,f&w,fAsm ... cifAsm;wdk@ pOf;pm;=unfh EdkifiHa&;rSL;eJ@ pnf;¶Hk;a&;rSL; ..." xdkpOf apmapmu ajy;xGufoGm;aom a'0Duav; tdrfxJ jyef0ifvmonf? vufxw J iG f yef;uefuav;wcsyEf iS ?hf yef;uefxw J iG f vufrvH;k cef@ }ut H ao;rsK;d }uaH csmif; uav;rsm;udk vufEpS q f pfcef@ jzwfawmufxm;um ,lvmygonf? q&mESihf usaemfw@kd t=um; pm;yGcJ kH edrehf rd u hf av; wckcsI }uyH ef;uefuav;udk wifvu kd o f nf? "zdk;zdk;... pm;? {nfo h nfawG pm;aemf" "[kwu f yhJ gAsm" a'0Dorl onf xdo k @kd {nf0h wfjyK&if; ol@oli,fcsi;f rsm;ESihf aqmhupm;&ef jyefvnf ajy;xGuo f mG ;ygonf? "usaemf&h ŒJ rm,m uAsmpmtkyf zwfz;l =uvm;" "zwfz;l w,f q&m" "tJ... tJ'x D rJ mS ... c0JyiG . hf qH;k rcef; uAsm ygw,fAs? usaemfa&;wmu ref;u &,farm vd@k a&;wm? tJ'gukd pm¶du k w f o hJ u l yef;u &,farmvd@k ¶du k v f u dk w f ,f? tJ't D wdik ;f yHEk ydS rf mS ygvmw,f? usaemfuvnf; rsuv f ;kH u tm;raumif;awmh t&ifvkd rppfEikd cf b hJ ;l ? usaemfajymwJh ref; u usaemfe@J twl tif;pdeaf xmifrmS axmifuszuf ref;'g0w d f ukd a&;wm? tJ'g wu,ft h jzpftysuAf s" q&mhukd ol. twdkuftcHpma&;q&mrsm;u pum;vHk;topfxGif&mwGif vSsyaf y:avmfvnf onf[k a&;om;ajymqdk wku d cf u kd cf =hJ uonf? q&m. a0gv'f pPae tjym/ 0wfvpfpvpf vrf;r}uD; qdkonfh pum;vHk;opfrsm;? avEkat; onfum; ,ae@xd uAsma&;ol/ oDcsif;a&;ol/ &opmwrf; a&;olrsm;. ESvHk;om;vufpGJ pum;vHk;tjzpf xifuseaf eygonf? xd@k tjyif acwf+yKd icf pH m;r_/ ¶kyyf v kH m$ ... ponfjzif?h 50

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

q&mESifh pmaya&;&mwGif twkduftcH jzpfcJholrsm; &Sdygonf? xdktwdkuftcH jzpfcJholrsm;onf q&mhukd aemufqHk;wGif em;vnf vufcHoGm;cJhonf? wavmav; ESprf sm;qDu pma&;q&m aZmfaZmfatmifonf aqmif;yg;jzifh q&mhtay: ol@tjrifrmS ;cJh onfudk 0efcsawmif;yefcJhonf? i,f&G,fpOf *dk%f;*% pdwftpGJjzifh wdkufcdkufcJhrdjcif; jzpfygonf[k aqmif;yg;jzifh w&m;0if awmif;yefco hJ nf? a'0Duav; tdrx f jJ yef0ifvmygonf? q&monf ajr;jzpfo. l }uaH csmif;uav; rsm;udk vufjzifh prf;um pm;aeonf? a'0Duav;u ol@}uaH csmif;uav;rsm;udk ol@tzd;k pm;aeonfukd =unfI h =unfE;l aeonf? usaemfx@kd rSm xdjk rifuiG ;f uk=d unf&h if; tH=h o&onf? 'g[m vlwa,muf&ŒJ rSeu f efonfh apwemudk vufawGŒusus todtrSwjf yKvu kd w f myJ? ,ck xdv k w l a,mufonfum; oH;k ESpf av;ESpt f &G,f uav;i,frav;? q&mu ol@ajr; uav;ESihf pum;ajym&mwGiv f nf; usaemfEiS /hf cifAsm;ESio hf m oH;k E_;H ajymqdak eonf? pum;0kid ;f u Adkvfae0if;qD a&mufoGm;onf? OD;cifarmifjrifh ta=umif; ajym&mrS qufoGm;jcif; jzpfonf? "Adkvfae0if;rSm Om%fwck &Sdw,fAs? pum;vHk;t& b,fvdkajymrvJ. .. zJorm;Om%f..." "uvdeu f uspOf m%f rsK;d vm;q&m" "r[kwaf o;bl;As? zJorm;Om%f ... 'Dvakd vAsm ole@J twl upm;aewJh zJ0ikd ;f xJu vlawGrmS bmzJ udik x f m;w,fqw kd m odovdrk sK;d ... qdak wmh zJorm;Om%faygAh sm? +y;D olu vlawmfwa,mufAs ...'gayrJh..." "raumif;wJb h ufrmS awmfwo hJ al ygq h &m" "[kwfw,f... cifAsm;wkd@ajymwm [kwfw,f...olu raumif;wJhbufrSm awmfaewm" tcsed u f m; naeapmif;cJ+h y?D q&mESihf awGŒqH&k onfrmS tawmfu h kd &ifcek v f y_ &f mS ; zG,f jzpfonf? uAsmudk awG@&S&d onf? yef;csu D dk cHpm;&onf? ud, k rf rDvu kd o f nfh ordik ;f udk ud, k w f ikd f jzwfoef;ae&ovdv k kd... 1919 ckEpS f arv (10) &ufae@wGif jrpf0u|e;f ay: usKu d v f wf+rKd Œ xdik u f jl rpfwef; aus;&Gmuav;wGif zGm;jrifcahJ om/ 1936 ausmif;om;oydwYf &efuek +f rKd Œ *sLAvDa[mwGif usif;yaom yxrqHk; ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; nDvmcHodk@ usKdufvwf+rdKŒ ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vnftjzpf wufa&mufcJhaom/ &efukef wuUodkvfodk@ ukd,fykdif pEN,m;jzifh pudik ;f aqmifwiG f taqmifae wufa&mufcahJ om/ 1938 ckEpS f wGif (0ef}u;D rsm;¶H;k ) odk@ ausmif;om;rsm; 0dkif;ywfcsDwuf qENjy&mwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif Adkvfatmif ausmfwdk@ESifhtwl yg0ifqifE$JcJhaom/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkb[def;. t&if;ESD;qHk; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

rdwfaqG &Jabmfjzpfol/ Aef;armfwifatmif. pmay&Jabmf}uD;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&;wk@d wGif wuf=uv G y_ &f mS ;cJo h l ...ukad X;+rKd if (ac:) q&m '*kew f m&m...? q&monf ,ae@txd +ird ;f csr;f a&;tay: ,H=k unf &yfwnfaecJ/h &yfwnfaeqJ jzpfonf? ol. +ird ;f csr;f a&; &yfwnfcsurf mS vl=um;aumif;atmif/ cgawmfrD &yfwnfcsurf sK;d r[kwf? ol@. ordkif;jzwfoef;r_/ ol. ordkif;tawGŒt}uHKt& +idrf;csrf;a&;udk ,Hk=unf &yfwnfjcif; jzpfonf? ol. +ird ;f csr;f a&; &yfwnfcsuw f iG f buf &So d nfukd awGŒ&Sd cHpm;&onf? trSew f &m;buf/ arwWmw&m;buf/ tzdEydS cf w H @kd bufrS jzpfonf[k cHpm;&onf? q&monf +ird ;f csr;f a&;. &efol ppfukd qef@usio f jl zpfonf? ppfukd qef@usio f jzifh wurBmvH;k &Sd ppftyk pf /k ppftm%m&Sif/ ppftpdk;&udkvnf; vufrcH? qef@usifonf? ppfjzifh tusKd;pD;yGm;&SmazG jzpfxGef;aer_rsm;udk rnfodk@ vufcHEdkifygrnfenf; ...? q&monf tDaAmfvl;&Sif; tif &DaAmfv;l &Si;f udk vufc, H =kH unfol jzpfonf[k ol@pmrsm;wGif zwfc&hJ zl;ygonf? q&monf awmfveS af &;udk vufc, H =kH unfol jzpfonf? vufrcH/ ypfy,faeol r[kwf...? wquf wnf;wGif olonf +ird ;f csr;f a&;&yfwnfcsu/f +ird ;f csr;f a&;orm;...? "usaemfw@dk jyefvu kd yf gO;D r,f q&m" "a=omf ..[kw+f yD" +cH0a&mufawmh q&mh rJZmaus;vuf tdrfuav;udk jyefvSnfh=unfhrdonf? tdrt f 0if wHcg;0wGif t+yKH ;jzifh ai;&Daeaom q&mhukd awG@&onf? tjyefvrf;wGif usaemfEiS hf oli,fcsi;f jzpfol ESpOf ;D onf ud, k pf D tawG;rsm;jzifh...? (zxD;ref;'g0dwfonf 8888 ta&;awmfyHkaemufydkif; EdkifiHa&;r_jzifh ESpf&Snf axmifus tusOf;om;tjzpf axmifxyfusum tusOf;axmifxJwGifyif usqHk;cJhol jzpfonf)

+idrf;csrf;a&;odk@ ... tvnfa&muf&jdS cif; (3) +idr;f csrf;a&;rS...tjyef +ird ;f csr;f a&;od@k trSwrf xif tvnfa&muf&cdS o hJ nf? +ird ;f csr;f a&;qDrS ol@jzwfoef;r_/ ol@tEkynm/ ol@,Hk=unfcsufukd tenf;i,frSs ul;qufcHpm;rdcJhonf? tjynfht0 ul;qufcpH m;Edik cf yhJ gonf[k qdyk gvsS if r¶d;k om;&m usrnfjzpfonf? +ird ;f csr;f a&;onf ol@pum;/ ol@t"dyg` ,f owfrw S cf sut f & yxr rsK;d quf? usaemfw@kd um; wwd,rsK;d quf aESmif;ydik ;f awG jzpfonf? +ird ;f csr;f a&;ESihf vlu, kd w f ikd f rqHak wG@bl; cJph Ofu ol. pmrsm;ESio hf m xdawG@cJo h nf? ol@pmrsm;. wefz;kd udk taotcsm odvmum ol.pmrsm;udk rufrufarmarm &SmazGzwf¶_ csifvmonfh pdwftm[m& csOfjcif;udk arG;zGm;ay;vdkufonfrSm 8888 ta&;awmfyHk v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D yif jzpfonf? 52

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

8888 ta&;awmfy}kH u;D u ausmif;om;rsm;wifru jynfov l x l u k ydk g rsuaf phziG hf ay;vdu k f onf? rqv wacwfv;kH odr;f qnf;xm;onfh ordik ;f tjzpfreS f aemufcH pmtkyrf sm;/ *sme,f pmapmifrsm;/ ajratmufxw k f vufurf;pmapmifuav;rsm; vufqifu h rf; ay:xGuf vmonf? xdek nf;wl awmfveS af &;tajccH bmomjyefpmtkyrf sm;vnf; ay:xGuv f mcJo h nf? 8888 ta&;awmfy}kH u;D udk ud, k w f ikd jf zwfoef;&onft h cg ausmif;om; or*~ukd odcsifvmonf? ausmif;om;or*~u dk odcsifvmonfhtcg wdku fyGJ0ifausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk odcsif vmonf? udkatmifqef;udk odcsifvmonf? udkA[def;udk odcsiv f monf? udAk aqGukd odcsiv f monf? xdrk w S qifh teD (ocifoef;xGe;f )/ rkew f ikd ;f xJrS opf&u G u f av; (ocifE)k ... ? ol. 1955 ckEpS x f w k f ¶kyyf v kH m$ pmtkyrf S wqifh txufyg ordik ;f 0if yk*Kd~ vrf sm;ESihf awGŒ&onf? ol. t,f'w D m pm;yG/J yef;Eka&miftrkd S ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f / jrefrm/ urBm tEkynm ...yef;cs/D *Dw/ uAsm...? {&m0wD/ ,efp/D abmfv*g pmtkyrf S olw@kd rsK;d quf. urBmh acwf+yKd if tawG@t}uKH / tjzpftysu/f +ird ;f csr;f a&; c&D;xdx k kd ...? csufEdkifiH&JŒ vGwfajrmufa&; acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol *sL;vd,ufzl;cspf. ZeD; armif*h pl wDem ESihf tdE, dN Ekid if w H iG f usi;f yjyKvyk af om pma&;q&m nDvmcHwiG f qHak wG@cJ=h uyH/k (xdo k @kd awG@qHpk Of *sL;vd,ufz;l csp. f }uKd ;pifay:u rSww f rf; pmtkyu f kd jrefrmbmomod@k bmomjyefaea=umif; +idrf;csrf;a&;u rdwfqufay;cJhonf)? ydawmufyef;udk cspfonfh csv D jD ynfrS awmfveS u f Asmq&m eD¶'l g ...? rwfv awmfveS af &; uAsmudk zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuf o¶kyaf z: a&;om; cJah om +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ avmu trGef uAsmjzifh oljzpfapcsio f nfh Armjynf acwfopfpepfukd yHak z:cJo h ?l olonf pdwu f ;l ,Ofrj_ zifh w[D[D u|e;f od@k vnf; uAsmzG@J oGm;a&mufcyhJ gao;onf?

+idrf;csrf;a&;. &yfwnfcsuf q&m '*kefwm&m/ ... +idrf;csrf;a&;orm;jzpfol... ol. ordkif;jzwfoef;r_ &yfwnfcsuo f nf tjyefvrf;wGif tawG;xJ w0Jiifiif vku d yf gvmcJo h nf? ausmif;om; b0uvnf; tzdEydS cf b H ufrS wdu k yf 0JG if &yfwnfonf? pmay/ tEkynmwGiv f nf; pmayopf t,ltqjzifh avmu trGeaf cwfukd xkqpfz@kd @ }uKd ;pm;cJo h nf? vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;ukd zdEydS o f l tpd;k &tqufqufu jyXmef;cJo h nf? xdjk yXmef;csut f & vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &; b0ukd qif;cJ&h onfh tzG@J tpnf; b0xdx k kd bufrv S nf; rSerf eS u f efuef &yfwnfco hJ nf? +ird ;f csr;f a&;onf ol,=kH unfonfh +ird ;f csr;f a&; ,H=k unf&yfwnfcsut f wGuf ESp&f n S v f rsm; tusO;f us cHc&hJ ao;onf? olonf zdEydS o f l tpk;d &rsm;. ay;tyfcahJ om Edik if u H , kd pf m;jyK ordik ;f qkwq H yd rf sm;udk tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

rESp+f rKd Œ vspv f sL¶_co hJ l jzpfonf? olajymonfh Edik if aH &;onf trsm;ta&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDa&; jzpfonf? ol,=kH unf onfh A[k0g'onf t"rRzEd ydS af eonfh tm%m&Sipf epfukd qef@usio f nf? olonf jynfov l x l . k tkycf sKyaf &; pepfuo kd m vufc, H =kH unfonf? ol. +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ A[k0g'. tem*wfonf yef;wdik ;f zl;cGi/hf yGichf iG &hf o dS nfh urBmajr...? Adv k af e0if;u jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pf vrf;pOfqu kd m twkta,mif qd&k , S v f pf pepfjzifh wdik ;f jynfudk 26-ESpw f m tkycf sKyaf csre_ ;f cJo h nf? ocifp;dk u tvHeD uGejf rLepfygw[ D q k u kd m ol. vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; rSm;yga=umif; Adv k af e0if;xH vufeufcsco hJ nf? cufonfrmS twkta,mifrsm;u Edik Ef ikd af ewwf.? twkta,mifw@dk u v$r;f rd;k wGiu f s,f ojzifh vufO;D pGe@f I wnfxiG o f l tppfw@kd rSm zH;k uG,jf cif; cHae&wwf.? vlxrk mS twkta,mifrsm;u umxm;ojzifh tppfudk rjrif=u&ay´ (ocifoef;xGe;f - teDukd avhvm=unf¶h c_ suf - '*kew f m&m. &kyyf v kH m$ )

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+idrf;csrf;a&;. Edki if aH &; ,Ofaus;r_ 8888 ta&;awmfy}kH u;D um; 23 - ESpf jynfah jrmufc+hJ y?D e,fpyfxx kd w kd iG f b0ukd a&$Œajymif; aexdkif&if; +idrf;csrf;a&;. pmrsm;udk vufvSrf;rDorSs zwf¶_avhvmcJh&onf? 54

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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jyef0ifomG ;+y;D oljyefvmaom tcg =uu G af av;awGvdk 0ufaygupf uav; 4 aumif ole@J twl jyefygvmonf? 0ufuav;awGu 0ufr}u;D &JŒ Aku d x f rJ mS rS r[kwyf gy?J 0ufr}u;D u arG;xm;+y;D vdk@ tjyifa&mufae=u+yD? onf0ufr}uD;eJ@ 0ufuav;awGukd usrwdk@ ausmif;om; wyfrawmfu qufvufarG;jrLxm;ygonf? wku d yf jJG zpfaecsed v f nf; rwwfEidk yf g/ ausmif; om;wyfrawmfu ESv;Hk om; &Syd gonf/ wd&pm?efuav;awGe@J olw@kd &JŒrdcifuydk if rowf&uf =uyg? wd&pm?efawG uvnf; ausmif;om;awGudk cifrif=uygonf? rdnKed @J rdjzLqkw d hJ acG; 2 aumifawmifrS Ak;H qef tajrmufqefawG xJrmS ausmif;om;&JabmfawGe@J twlaeonf? av,mOfu Ak;H vm}uv J sS if Ak;H cku d si;f xJ t&ifq;Hk a&mufEiS ahf e onfrmS olw@kd ? &JabmfawG Ak;H cku d si;f xJ vm=uzd@k olw@kd uyifvsS if toHay;+y;D ac:ae=uao;onf? ok@H yef;awGuv dk nf; ausmif;om;awGu aumif;aumif;rGerf eG x f m;ygonf? wku d yf JG wyGt J a=umif; tifwmAsL;vm ar;wmukd ausmif;om;awGu rajzcsiyf g? ,k=H urnfr[kwb f J =umG ;w,fv@kd xifomG ;rSm pk;d vd@k yg? xk;d vmaom tpk;d &ppfwyf wyf&if;w&if;vk;H wyfysuf rwwf aoaus'%f&m&=u+y;D ausmif;om;wyfrawmfu wa,muf om '%f&m&cJyh gonf? '%f&m&onfrmS vnf; odr;f qnf;rdaom &efo@l vufeufudk aumuf,&l if; ol@aoewfu usnq f efxu G +f y;D uk, d u hf snq f ef uk, d jhf yefreS v f @kd yg? xkw d u dk yf rJG mS ausmif;om;wyfrawmfu okŒH yef; 7 a,muf &cJyh gonf? onfo@Hk yef;awGxu J 2 a,mufu tck rjyef=uawmhb;l wJ?h okŒH yef;wa,mufu jyefajymjyonf? autkid af tbufu '%f&m&+y;D olw@kd tpk;d & wyfu rdxm;olqv dk sS if olw@kd ppfAv dk u f t&ufr;l rl;eJ@ tukeyf pfowfcidk ;f wmwJ?h [kwfrSmyg? tck autkdifateJ@ ausmif;om;wyfrawmf qkwfay;vkdufwJh awmifuek ;f qkw d mu [k;d t&ifu tpk;d &0efxrf;awG (ptzeJ@ v0u) wyfawG aecJw h myg? tJ'Dawmifukef;ukd usrwdk@bufu odrf;vkdufawmh awmif ukef;ukd oGm;=unfhwJhtxJ usrvnf; yg0ifcJhygonf/ tkd; aomufxm;vkdufwJh t&ufykvif;awGqkdwm? av; axmifhykvif;/ ykvif;jym;eJ@ bD,mykvif;awG? ykvif;jym;u trsm;qkH;ygyJ/ ykdqkd;wmu &mraq;awG aomufo;Hk =u/ bde;f ¶SL=l uwJh ajc&mvuf&mawG awG@&wmygy/J ysupf ;D aewJh wyfq+dk y;D usr txifao;rdygonf? "tar}u;D vufyyH iG ahf umuf jyefvmwmvm; " "at;aygh 'Dtcsed q f dk ArmjynfrmS vnf; vufyyH iG ahf umufcsed yf ?J rif;wd@k twGuf [if;wcGuaf ygh " "xrif;awmh +red Of ;D rSmyJ " onf&aJ bmfav;emrnfu "aZmif*sr;f " yg? wcsKŒd autkid af t&JabmfawGuawmh ol@emrnfukd tac:&cufvdk@ usefausmif;vdk@ ac:a0:E_wfusKd;ae=uyg+yD/ ol@taru aZmif*sr;f yifatmufrmS arG;cJv h @kd ol@ukd aZmif*sr;f vd@k emrnf ay;cJah =umif; olu r=umc% tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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armifv0S if; (jrif;+cH) (ae@opfrD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

armifvnf;vdkufr,f csefrxm;eJ h

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rnf;}u;D rsm;udk awG;I ycH;k wGe@f rdygonf? q&m}uD; onfvnf; Zmwdajrudk tvGefcspfygonf? q&m}uD; . "rdcifodk@" qkad om "t oH;k vH;k " umv u a&;pyfcahJ om uAsmav;wGif "ig. trd/ igh Zmwdudk owd&cg/ ig0rf;omonf/ 0rf;omvsuv f nf; ig0rf;enf;cJh" [k tpcscD zhJ ;l ygonf? q&m}u;D . Zmwd ajrudck spo f nfh tvGr;f "mwfco H nf uAsmzwf&olo@kd tvG,w f ul ul;pufcpH m; apygonf? q&m}uD;. uAsmonf toHcsKd ygonf? um&Hrsm;u vnf; vSygonf? q&m}uD;. uAsmrsm; udk csD;usL;&ef u|efawmf ^m%f &nfrrDyg[kyif qkdcsifygawmhonf? q&m}uD ; pmayrsm;onf Zmwd rmef u k d v nf ; wuf a pygonf ? avmu"H u d k v nf ; }uH h }uH h c H E d k i f apygonf ? ES v H k ; om; &if c k e f o H rsm;udv k nf; oabmxm;}u;D pGmESihf wk H @ qd k i f ; apEd k i f c J h y gonf ? omref &Gmom;wHigonfav; wpfa,muf . &yf&Gmtay: oufpGef@umuG,f oGm;aom rsdK;cspfpdwfudk zGJŒoGm;&m wGif wu,fyif "zk;d armif"twGuf 0rf;enf; ,lusL;H r& cHpm;rdygonf? rsd K ;cspf p d w f qd k a om t&monf &mxl;}u;D olrsm; aiGa=u; q&m}uD; rif;ok0%f jynfhpHkcsrf;om olrsm;Yom&Sdaom t&mr[kwf igw@dk rS vGv J sS if rnforl S rsKd ;csppf w d rf &Sd qdo k nfh vGrJ mS ;aom ,lqr_udk q&m}u;D u vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmu "zd;k armif vm+yD" [laom uAsmjzifh axmufjycJyh gonf? ,ae@wdik f q&m}u;D cHpm;oH;k E_e;f cJah om edrw d yf rkH sm;udk u|eaf wmf woojzpfae ygonf? q&m }u;D . *E<0if tajrmufq;kH aom tEkynm (Master Piece) [k ,lq=uonfh 4²1²1938 ckEpS u f t*FvefEikd if u H Chester +rdKŒteD;&Sd St. DEINIALS’S Library wGif a&;zGJŒcJhaom "oajyndK" uAsmwGif oH;k xm;aom erdwyf rkH sm;. vSyvuf&m ajrmufr_ onfum; pOf;pm;rdwikd ;f =unfE;l yDwEd iS hf tiftm;rsm;udk jynfv h sS v H m apygonf? puFmylvdk Edik if w H iG f uav;rsm; upm;=uaom ta0;xde;f cvkwjf zifh armif;ESio f nfh um;av;rsm;/ 66

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

[,fvDaumfywm rsm;onf u|efawmfwkd@cspfaom tkef;vufEGm;av; rsm;ESifhvJI &rnfrxifyg? olwkd@pD;aom pudwfjym;rsm;onf u|efawmfwkd@ i,fpOfupD;cJhonfh uGrf;oD;yifrS uGmusaom uGrf;oD;vufudk yufvufvSefum wpfa,mufu a&SŒrSqGJ wpfa,mufu uGr;f oD; yifpnfwiG f uyfaom uGr;f vufzwfay:wGif xkid I f pD;&aom pGyzf m; avmuf t&om &Sdrnfrxifyg? u|efawmfwdk@. aus;vufi,fb0onf ¶dk;pif;I vGr;f armzG,&f mtjzpf cHpm;rdygonf? q&m}uD;onf jrefrmpmay udk u-c tuQ&mrS jrefrmpmay tbd"meftxd uav;pmaytwGuf armifacG;tzk@d uAsmrsm; trdajr umuG,af &;twGuf "zk;d armif vm+y"D uJo h @dk uAsmrsm;tqH;k =oumo avmu}u;D wGiv f nf; =umjzL-=umeD/ ysO;f rikww f /kd ESi;f qD ca& oajy wk@d udk ol@ae&m ESio hf l ¶d;k pif; vG,u f al om eHrw d yf rkH sm;tjzpf toH;k jyKcpH m; apcJyh gonf? trsKd ;om;ynma&; r,kwf avsmah p&ef trsKd ;om;ausmif;rsm; ESihf usm;uefchJ ygonf? Zmwd+rdKŒ av;. +rdKŒol+rdKŒom;rsm; vlr_a&; udpPrsm; aqmif&GufEdkif&ef uGrf;+cH uke;f +rKd Œe,ftoif;(&efuek )f [lI vGecf ahJ om ESpf 60 ausmu f pwif zGŒJ pnf;cJyh gonf? q&m}u;D . pmayrsm;onf &opHv k ifvo S nfh vlb0}u;D tm; &ifqidk w f wf&ef/ pmay,Ofaus;r_ trsdK;om;a&; wdk@udk aqmif&GufEdkif &ef oif=um;ay;cJhygonf? acwf prf;pmay wpfacwfudk q&m aZmf*s/D q&modyaH` rmif0wd@k ESihf acwf+yKd if }uKd ;pm;cJrh r_ sm;u u|eaf wmfw@kd aESmif;vlrsm;twGuf tusKd ;rsm;ap cJyh gonf? u|eaf wmfw@dk jrwfE;kd cspcf if av;pm;=unfnKd c&hJ ygaom rsKd ; csppf mqk}d u;D jzpfaom q&m}u;D onfvnf; avmued,mr t& bk&m;&Siyf if rvGeq f efEikd af om c&D;udEk iS cf o hJ nfrmS tawmfyif=umcJyh g+y?D acwfwnf;[laomumv ,Eœ&m;uvnf; wa&GŒa&GŒ? ,ae@acwfwGif u|efawmfwdk@ vli,frsm;udk jyKpkysdK;axmif&efrSm ta&;w}uD; vdt k yfaeygonf? vli,frsm; tm;uspeH rlem,l&rnfh yk*Kd~ vrf sm;udk ,if;wd@k todtwGi;f od@k odraf rGŒpGm oGwo f iG ;f ay;&rnf jzpfygonf? xkt d &mrSm useG af wmf wd@k . trsKd ;om;a&; wm0efwpf&yf tjzpf cH,yl gonf? TwGif q&m}u;D . Zmwd+rKd Œ Y q&m}u;D . ¶kyw f w k pfck xnf0gcef@nm;pGm ay:aygufvma&; wm0efonf u|efawmfwkd@ yckH;ay:okd@ tvdkvkd a&muf&v dS mygawmhonf? q&m aZmf*s¶D yk w f o k nf zsmyk+H rKd ŒwGif cef@nm;aecJo h nfrmS zsmyHk om;rsm;. pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ESifh jrefrmpmayukd cspfaom yk*~dKvfaygif;pHkwdk@ axmufyHhr_ aus;Zl;udk OD;r!$wI f r&Edik yf g? q&m}u;D ¶kyw f u k pd o P nf u|eaf wmfw@dk &ifwiG f ude;f atmif; cJo h nfrmS q,fpEk pS f ru =umcJyh g +y?D xku d mvu ¶kyw f rk qkx d m; ESihf q&m}u;D . pmay q&m}u;D ESiphf yfqidk o f rSs tjrifvrJG mS ;r_rsm; =um;0,f wdrjf rKycf &hJ ygonf? ,cktcsed w f iG u f m; u|eaf wmfw@dk wdik ;f jynfonf k kd +ird ;f csr;f pGmjzifh wk;d wufa&;vrf;ay:od@k 0dik ;f 0ef; wkid ;f jynfEiS v hf rl sKd ;twGuf u¾aygi;f pHu tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

jriS w hf ifaeaom umvok@d a&muf&adS ecsed jf zpfygonf? useG af wmfw@dk onf jrefrmpmayudk cspf aom q&m}u;D tm; av;pm;=unf ndKaom ¶d;k pif;onfh pdw"f mwf tajccHjzifh q&m}u;D . Zmwdjzpfaom uGr;f +cu H ek ;f +rKd ŒwGif q&m}u;D ¶kyw f k ay:ayguaf &; }uKd ;pm;=urnf[k pdik ;f jyif; =u&m0,f qENapmr_av;rsm;ESifh q&m}uD; ¶kyfwkjzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwDzGJŒ&mwGif usO;f ajrmif;r_av;rsm;udk jrifawGŒae &ygonf? Tod@k om qufvuf aqmif&u G f vSsijf zifh armif;axmifO;D ausmv f . S oHcsKd xJ uvkd tyfcsnEf iS hf tyfezm; 0ifvdk 0if xGuv f x dk u G f jzpfay+crd rhf nf? q&maZmf*s¶D yk w f t k wGuf }uKd ;pm;=upOfu q&m}u;D yg&*l . =o0g'pum;jzpfaom "a0v ig;tm; ajrmif;xJ v$wo f vdk" qko d nfuv kd nf; tav;*¶kjyK&rnf jzpfygonf? vlrt _ zGŒJ tpnf;rsm; zGŒJ =u&m0,f rsm;aomtm;jzifh aiGa=u; "etiftm; jynfph rkH _ r&S=d uonfu rsm;ygonf? xkad omtcg u,fwif&iS u f kd iHv h if=h u&ygawmhonf? rdrw d @dk ywf0ef;usirf S &mxl;}u;D }u;D &So d /l tm%m&So d /l aiGa=u; "e&So d w l @kd udk xkt d zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;twGi;f em,ursm; OuUÏ&mxl;rsm;udk um,uH&iS rf sm; rodbJ a&G;cs,f wifajrmS uf =uygonf? xkdtcg um,uH&Sifrsm;uvnf; rdrd vkyfEdkifudkifEdkifpOf wwfEdkifoavmuf ud, k +hf rKd Œuk, d hf &Gmudk jyefvnf aus;Zl;jyK =uonfrmS vl@obm0jzpfygonf? atmufajcvlxEk iS hf vl}u;D rsm;=um; qufo, G u f ;l vl;aom vlrsm;. tcef;u¾ rSm awmfwnfh rSeu f ef &ef tvGeyf ifta&; }u;D ygonf? acwftqufquf zGŒJ pnf; orSs tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;wGif vl}u;D vkyIf rdru d , kd u f sKd ;pD;yGm; zefw;D =uaom vlwef;pm;uvnf; tcGit hf a&;udk t+riJ v hH ifI h u|eaf wmfw@dk jrefrmvlrsKd ; wd@k . tm;em wwfrw _ nf; [laom tm;enf;csuu f kd tcGiahf umif;t&,lum r&Surf a=umuf zefw;D vkyu f ikd f =uygawmhonf? ,ckrrS [kwyf g txufu qkcd o hJ vkd acwftquf qufupcJh ygonf? xkdvlrsdK;rsm; twGuf q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;u =o0g'ay;cJhonfum; "rif;wd@k uGm jrefrmjynfrmS xrif; wpfvw k t f wGuf xif;ckwpf m;=u prf;yg? onfvrdk vkyf =uygEiS h"f [lownf;? rsm;r=umrD vli,fvv l wf vl}u;D tv$maygi;f pHrk S q&m}u;D udk av;pm;=unfnKd aom/ q&m }u;D . &o ajrmufvaS om um&ef tvuFmpmayrsm;udk cspaf om yk*Kd~ vrf sm;/ jrefrmpmayynm&Sirf sm; us,jf yef@pGm pkpnf;I rsLd ;cspf jrefrmpmqk}d u;D jzpfaom q&m}u;D rif;ok0%f. cef@nm;xnf0gvo S nfh ¶kyw f u k kd aESmif;vlrsm; twGuf trsKd ;om;a&;wm0efwpf &yfukd xrf;aqmifonft h aejzifh 0dik ;f 0ef;aqmif&u G f Edik =f uygap [k arSsmv f ifah evsuf &Syd gonf?

pd;k armif(ausmif;pk) (The Myanmar Independent News Journal r)S 68

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

Oya' qdkwm txufpD;&onfh vlwef;pm;twGuf "m;wpfvuf r[kwfyg

aZ,smwifnh Kd wpf&w H pfcgu jzpfyg.? u|eaf wmfonf Ekid if 0hH efxrf; b0/ Ekid if jH cm;ynm oifciG hf &&Scd o hJ jzifh *syefEidk if o H @kd a&muf&cdS zhJ ;l ygonf? Oya'ynm&yfrsm; qnf;yl;avh vmrSwo f m;&if; wpfae@aomtcg Y wku d sK+d rKd Œ&Sd *syefEidk if . H w&m; ¶H;k csKyo f @kd ynmoifzufwpfO;D ESihf twl oGm;a&mufavhvmcGi&hf &Scd hJ ygonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd udk }uKd qkd qufqaH &;t&m&Su d apmifq h idk ;f }uKd qydk g.? w&m;¶H;k csKyt f wGi;f vSnv hf nf jyoyg.? &Si;f vif; ajymjyyg.? ¶H;k cef;rsm;/ w&m; cGirf sm;ESihf w&m;ol}u;D em;aecef; rsm;/ pm=unfw h u dk f ESihf rSww f rf; Xmersm; omru w&m;¶H;k csKyf y&0%ftESŒH udv k nf; vku d v f jH yoyg.? *syefEidk if /H w&m;¶H;k csKyf taqmuftOD.t0if0 nmbuf jcrf;wGif ¶kyfwk}uD;wpfckxm;&Sd&m qufqHa&;t&m&Sdu ,if;¶kyfwk xkvkyf xm;&S&d jcif; ta=umif;udk &Si;f vif;ajymjy ygonf? a&S;a[mif; *&dacwfrS w&m;apmifh ewforD; (Themis) . ¶kyw f k yHo k ¾mefukd Oya'orm;rsm; tjriftm¶Hw k iG f owdjyKr=d urnf [kxifyg onf? rsuv f ;kH ESpv f ;kH udk t0wfeufpnf;ydwv f su/f b,f bufvufu csed cf iG u f kd qGu J ikd f ajrSmufxm;+yD;/ nmbufvufu "m;vGwfwpfpif;udk qkyfudkifcs xm;onfh yHko¾mef yifjzpfyg onf? xkpd Ofu u|eaf wmfjrifawGŒ cJ&h aom ¶kyw f }k u;D rSmum; xdo k @kd aom w&m;apmifh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

ewforD;¶kyw f yk if jzpfaomf vnf; ajymif;vJr_ 2 ck&adS eonfukd awGŒcJ&h ygonf? xd@k twGuf pma&;olu ¶kyw f . k rsuv f ;kH rsm;udk rnfonft h wGuf a=umifh t0wfpnf;rxm;&jcif; ESihf nmbufvuf&dS "m;vGwf onf tb,fa=umifh ckwrf nfh [efjzifh udik af jrmS ufxm;&yga=umif; Original yHo k ¾mefESifh uGJjym;aeyga=umif; ar;jref;cJhyg onf? qufqHa&; t&m&Sdu ¶kyfwkwGif rsufvHk;rsm;udk t0wfpnf; rxm;&onfrSm ,if;wk@d . w&m; pD&ifr_ onf rnfo. l rsuEf mS udrk sS r=unfjh cif;rsK;d r[kwb f J jynf oljynfom; rsm;. Oya't& tcGit hf a&;rsm;/ w&m;rSswr_rsm;udk Oya'ESit hf nD jzpfapa&; =unf¶h o _ ;kH oyf azmfaqmifay;jcif; jzpfa=umif;/ trSew f &m; udk rsuv f ;kH rSw d I f &SmazGay;jcif; r[kwaf =umif;/ "m;qdo k nfrmS xd;k ckwf &eft&mwpfcjk zpfa=umif;/ "m;vGwu f kd atmufo@kd cs+y;D udik af qmif h efr[kwI f tqkyd g "m;rSm tpGr;f r&Syd ga=umif;/ xd;k xm;onfh yHko¾mefonf xd;k ckwrf nf[ ckwrf nf[efjzifh udik af qmifxm; jcif;rSm tcsed rf a&G;toH;k jyKEikd rf nfh t"dym` ,fukd azmfaqmifyg a=umif;/ qkv d o kd nfrmS rdrw d @kd . Oya'rsm; onf pmtkyw f iG ;f Yom a&;om; xm;onf r[kw/f vufawGŒe,fy,frsm;wGif jynfo@l twGuf xd a&mufaom/ xufjrufaom/ tumtuG,f ay;aom/ tusK;d &Sad om/ toH;k 0ifr_ toH;k jyKrv _ nf; &Sad om Oya'rsm;jzpfa=umif;/ xd@k twGuf T¶kyw f k udk rsuv f ;kH rsm; zGi+hf y;D "m;vGwu f kd qGu J ikd af jrmS uf xm;onfh yHo k ¾mefxv k yk x f m; jcif;jzpfyga=umif; &Sif;jyygonf? u|eaf wmfpOf;pm;=unfyh g onf? w&m;Oya'[lonf ormorwfusaom awG;ac: r_/ qifjcifo;kH oyfru _ kd tajccH&ayonf? trSeEf iS hf trSm;/ w&m;r_EiS hf rw&m;r_w@dk udk vufawGŒ usus pOf;pm;I cGjJ cm;qH;k jzwf&ygonf? od@k jzpfIvnf; Oya'odyyH` nm (Jurisprudence) [laom ynm&yf &Sad e&jcif; jzpfyg.? Ekid if aH wmfEiS hf jynfol trsm;twGuf oufqikd &f m e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif vdktyfaom Oya' rsm;udk jyKvkyfjyÏmef;ay;&mY ¶_axmifhrsKd;pHkrS tusKd;ta=umif;/ qufpyfqifjcif pOf;pm;jcif;jzifh pnf;aESmifr_ tm;aumif;aom/ tusKd; &Sad om Oya' rsm;jzpfay:vm&ay onf? pdwu f ;l onf vufawGŒ . tpyifjzpf.? awG;ac: qifjcifr/_ qufpyfpOf;pm;r_/ ydik ;f jcm;a0zefr/_ E_id ;f ,SOo f ;kH oyfr_ wk@d onf aumif; usK;d w&m;. tajccHrsm;yifr[kwf ygavm? od@k aomf rdrw d pfO;D wpf a,muf od@k wnf;r[kwf tzGŒJ tpnf; wpf&yfukd OD;pm;ay;I pOf;pm; aqmif&u G jf cif;rSmum; trsm;jynfou l kd ud, k pf m;jyKjcif;r[kwf onfukd owdcsyo f ifah yonf? u|eaf wmfw@dk Edik if w H iG f ,ae@ tcsed u f mvtxd usio hf ;kH aeqJ jzpfaom jyÏmef; Oya'tawmfrsm; rsm;rSm a&S;,cif t*Fvyd v f uf xufuwnf;u jyÏmef;cJah om Oya'rsm; jzpfygonf? t*Fvyd f tpd;k &onf xkad cwfumvu ,if;wk@d . tusK;d pD;yGm;udk t"du xm;cJh rnfrmS aocsmouJo h @kd tjcm;wpfzufwiG f vnf; Oya' wpf&yf. tESpo f m&rsm;udk use aocsmpGm pOf;pm;qifjcifI a&;qGjJ yÏmef; cJjh cif;a=umifh ,ae@xdwidk f vufco H ;kH pGJ ae&onfrmS 76

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

vnf; tjiif;rxGufaom tcsuf wpf&yfyifjzpfygonf? vGwfvyf a&;&+yD;aemufydkif; a&;qGjJ yÏmef; cJah om Oya'rsm;onfvnf; rnfo@kd &SEd idk yf goenf;? trsm;jynfo. l tcGit hf a&; rsm; udk uef@owfonfh Oya'u rsm;rnfomjzpf yg.? yxrESpf Oya'ausmif;om; b0u avhvmusurf w S f zl;ygonf? xdpk Oftcsed f umvu jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pf vrf;pOfygwD OuUÏ}u;D u rde@f =um; cJyh g.? "Oya'qdw k m txufp;D &wJh vl wef;pm;u ol@tusK;d pD;yGm;udk umuG,zf @kd jyKvyk f jyÏmef;jcif;om jzpfw,f" wJ?h xdpk um;vGepf mG yif [kwrf eS v f aS =umif; xdak cwfumv rsm;u jyÏmef;cJo h nfh Oya'rsm;u oufaocHaeygayonf? xdk acwfumvrsm;om r[kwf +y;D cJh avaom tpd;k &. jyÏmef;Oya' rsm;onf vnf; jynforl sm;. tusK;d udk rnfrsS umuG,f apmifh a&Smufay;cJyh goenf;? ajz&efvrkd nf r[kwyf g? twdwu f kd orkid ;f xJwiG x f m; vku d yf g rnf? ypPKye` u f dk =unfh onft h cg 'Dru dk a&pD vrf;a=umif;ay: yGiv hf if;jrifomr_rsm;jzifh c&D; ESiaf eygonf? v$waf wmfrsm;u vnf; Edik if EH iS jhf ynforl sm;. tusKd ; qxufxrf;yd;k wk;d I azmf aqmifae=uygonf? topfjyÏmef;jcif;/ jyifqifjcif;/ y,fzsufjcif;wkd@jzihf EdkifiHESifh jynforl sm;twGuf Oya'rsm; wk;d yGm; jyÏmef;Edik af &; }uKd ;pm;aqmif&u G af e =uygonf? jynfol rsm;. tusK;d udk trSef wu,f umuG,f apmifah &Smufonfh Oya'rsm;jzpfay:&efvnf; vkt d yf ygrnf? Oya'[lonf r=umc% topf jyÏmef;&jcif;/ jyifqif& jcif; rjzpf&efvnf; vkt d yfyg onf? EdkifiHawmfzGJŒpnf;yHktajccH Oya'ESifhvnf; udkufnD&ygrnf? acwfpepfESifhvnf; vku d af vsmnDaxG &S&d ygrnf? jyKvyk jf yÏmef;ol. vdv k m;csuu f dk azmfaqmif ouJo h @kd oufqikd f &me,fy,f&dS jynforl sm;. tusK;d pD;yGm; tcGihf ta&;rsm;ukv d nf; tav;*¶kjyK &efvykd grnf? pnf;aESmiftm;&S&d ef vkt d yfouho J @dk jynforl sm; ud, k w f ikd f vufcv H u kd ef m vdo k nfh qEN &Sad p &efvnf; vkyd grnf? jyÏmef;+y;D ¶Hrk sS jzifh Oya' r[kwaf o;/ av;pm;vku d ef mr_/ pnf;aESmiftm; &Sdr_wkd@vnf; vkdtyfonfjzpf&m xda&mufxufjrufr_/ toHk;0ifr_/ tusKd;jyKr_udkvnf; tav;xm; pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfygonf? yef;yJzrkd S xGuv f monfh "m;wpfvufonf oHom;rmrm/ ckwt f m;aumif;aumif;/ toGm; xufxuf "m;wpfvuf jzpf&ygrnf? toH;k rcH OD;usK;d oGm;yJh rjzpfap&yg? Oya'jyK olw@kd u jyÏmef;vku d o f nfh Oya' rsm;onf trsm; jynfol tusK;d pD;yGm;ESihf tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk xda&mufpmG umuG,af y; Edik &f ygrnf?

aZ,smwifnh Kd (The Myanmar Independent News Journal r)S

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

'Drdkua&pD/ t&yfom;tpdk;&/ ppfwyf

ausmfausmfpkd;(*syef) 'Dru kd a&pDukd pwifxal xmif rnfo h @kd r[kwf Eke,fp 'Dru kd a&pD Edik if rH sm;twGuf tEœ&m,ft}uD; qHk;ESifh tzsufqD;Edkif qHk; tiftm;pkrSm a&G;cs,f wifajrSmufcHEdkif iHa&; acgi;f aqmifrsm;u tjynft h 0 xde;f csKyf Edik jf cif; r&Sad om ppfwyfyif jzpfonf? vufeufEiS hf tjcm;ud&d ,mrsm;udk udik af qmifxm;+y;D ppfa&; qkid &f m v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf udpP &yfrsm;udk pepfwus wwfajrmufxm;+y;D awmifw h if;onfh tzGŒJ tpnf; jzpfonfph pfwyfonf 'Dru kd a&pD a&; tm;ay;}uKd ;yrf;csuf rsm;udk wefjyefaESmif, h u S f zsuq f ;D Edik o f nfh taetxm;wGi&f dS onf qdo k nfh tcsuu f kd aumif;pGm od&edS m;vnf oabmaygux f m;&ef vdt k yfonf? t&yfom;u ppfwyfux kd ed ;f csKyx f m;&rnfqo kd nfrmS 'Dru kd a&pD Edik if w H iG f Ekid if o H m; tm;vH;k u cdik f rmpGm wefz;kd xm; pGu J ikd u f sio hf ;kH &rnfh t&mrsm;xJrS wpfcjk zpfonf? 'Dru kd a&pD t&ift h rmEdik if }H u;D rsm;jzpf =uonfh uae'g/ =opa=w;vs/ +Aw d ed Ef iS hf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk uJo h @kd aom Ekid if rH sm;wGif ppfwyf udk t&yfom;xde;f csKyrf a_ tmuf wGif xm;&S&d rnfqo kd nfukd ppf wyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;uomru ppfom; r[kwaf om t&yfom;rsm;uyg tajccH ,H=k unfcsuf tjzpf vufcH usio hf ;kH vsu&f o dS nf? tqkyd gEikd if H rsm;wGif ppfwyfzŒJG 0ifrsm; ppfwyf t}u;D tuJ rsm;udk jynfov l x l u k av;pm;cspcf if=uonft h a=umif; &if;rsm;xJwiG f Tonfu tcsuf wpfcsut f aejzihf yg0ifayonf? xd@k tjyif tqkyd gEikd if rH sm;Y ppfrx _ rf;rsm; ppfwyfrES w k x f u G f onft h cg od@k r[kwf tem;,l onft h cg toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyif ef;rsm;wGif rdrw d @kd t&nf tcsif;/ xif&Sm;ausmfapmr_rsm;jzifh 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifEdkifonfh tcGifh tvrf;rsm; udv k nf; zefw;D ay;xm;onfukd awGŒ&onf? pD;yGm; a&;avmu/ ynma&;avmu/ vlrt _ odik ;f t0kid ;f e,fy,f/ jynf ol@ud, k pf m;vS,f ponfjzifh 0ifa&muf vkyu f ikd f v_y&f mS ;=uayonf? 78

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

rsm;jym;vSpmG aom Adv k cf sKyf }u;D rsm;onf Edik if ahH cgi;f aqmif rsm;/ orRw/ 0ef}u;D csKyf ponf jzifh a&G;cs,cf =H u&onf rsm;vnf; &So d nf? xko d @kd a&G;cs,f cH=u&I Ekid if u H kd OD;aqmif OD;&Gujf yK&aom tcg rdrw d m0ef xrf;aqmif cJzh ;l onfh Adv k cf sKy}f u;D tjzpf r[kwb f J a&G;cs,cf H t&yfom;wpfO;D tjzpf OD;aqmif=uavonf? tmqD,H tzGŒJ 0if tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if YH orRw plpv D b kd efbef; ,l', kd Ekd o kd nf t+ird ;f pm; Adv k cf sKy}f u;D wpfO;D jzpf onfukd tm;vH;k todyif jzpfonf? Oyrm taejzifh wifjyvdkayonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u ajrmufOa&my r[mrdww f yfzŒJG rsm;. ppfO;D pD;csKyt f jzpf wm0efxrf; aqmifco hJ nfh tar&duef Adv k cf sKyf }u;D 'GKd ut f ikd pf ifa[mif0g Dwight Eisenhower onf t&nftcsi;f jynfh 0aom ppfacgi;f aqmif wpfOD;jzpf+yD; trsm;. av;pm;r_udk &&Sdaoma=umifh tar&duef EkdifiHa&; ygwDrsm;u ppf+y;D acwforRw a&G;aumufyw JG iG f ,if;wk@d ygwD rsm;. orRwavmif;tjzpf ud, k pf m;jyK a&G;cs,cf &H ef zdw=f um;cHc&hJ onf? xkyd gwrD sm;u tdik pf if a[mif0g. vlxt k =um; a&yef; pm;r_EiS hf vl}uKd urf sm;r_ukd toH;k csum orRwavmif;tjzpf yg0ifapvd=k ujcif; jzpfonf? tdkifpifa[mif0g uvnf; &DywfAvDuef ygwD udk,fpm;jyK orRwavmif;tjzpf orRw a&G;aumufyJG 0ifc+hJ y;D orRw jzpfvmcJo h nf? orRw jzpfvmaomtcg Ekid if t H m; ppftwGi;f u acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D tjzpfjzifh tk y f c sKyf c J h j cif ; r&S d b J t&yf o m; orR w wpf O D ; tjzpf tk y f c sKyf c J h a vonf ? tar &duefwyfzŒJG rsm;. umuG,af &;OD; pD;csKyf (Commander-in-Chief) jzpfvmcJ+h y;D Adv k cf sKy}f u;D r[kwb f J orRwtjzpf udik w f , G cf ahJ vonf? orRw wm0ef xrf;aqmifcsed f twGi;f tdik pf if a[mif0gonf tar&duef jynfojl ynfom;rsm;tm; ppfwyf qufE, G o f nfh vkyif ef;rsm; Edik if w H iG ;f tm;aumif;aejcif;onf 'Dru kd a&pDukd +crd ;f ajcmufrj_ yKEikd o f nf [kyif owday;cJh avonf? xk@d a=umifh tpd;k &.bwf*suw f iG f ppfwyfEiS o hf ufqidk af om toH;k p&dwf rsm;udk avSsmch sEikd af &; vkyaf qmif}uKd ;yrf;cJo h nf? ppfwyfEiS hf vufeufqidk &f m toH;k p&dwrf sm;jym;jcif; onf t&yfbufqikd &f m toH;k p&dwrf sm;jzpfonfh ynma&;/ use;f rma&;/ vlra_ &;qdik &f m toH;k p&dwrf sm; tygt0if vlo;kH ukef ypPn;f rsm; xkwv f yk af &; twGuf toH;k p&dwrf sm;udk avsmyh g;apjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pD t&ifhtrm EkdifiH}uD;rsm;wGif ppfwyf acgif;aqmifonf ,if;. OD;pD;csKy. f trde@f udk emcHjcif; r&Sv d sS if &mxl;csc&H jcif; ok@d r[kwf &mxl;rS xkwyf ,fc&H jcif; ponfh om"ursm;vnf; &So d nf? xkt d jzpftysuf rsm;onf tar&duef ppfwyftwGi;f t}urd f trsm;tjym; jzpfco hJ nf? Oyrm taejzihf azmfjyvdak yonf? Akv d cf sKy}f u;D a'gu*f vyfpf ruftmom Douglas Mac Arthur qko d nfrmS vGepf mG xif&mS ; ausm=f um;aom tar&duef ppfAkdvfcsKyfwpfOD; jzpf+yD; *syefEkdifiH 'Drkdua&pDukd OD;aqmifa&;qGJ taumiftxnfazmf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

cJo h t l jzpfvnf; *syefwiG x f if&mS ; onf? Akv d cf sKy}f u;D ruftmomonf uk&d ;D ,m; ppfyt JG wGi;f ol. umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyjf zpfaom tar&duef orRw [m&Dx¶l;rJe;f Harry Truman . trdef@atmufrS r[kwfbJ rdrdoabmtwkdif; qHk;jzwfvkyfukdifcJhonfrsm; &SdvmcJhonf? ppfyt JG wGi;f ol@uk, d yf idk f tawGŒt=uKH rsm;tay: tajccHum rl0g'rsm; csrw S +f y;D vkyaf qmif cJo h nfh twGuf 'Dru dk a&pD. tajccH Oya'wpfcjk zpfaom t&yfom;OD;pD;csKy. f trde@f ukd emcH&ef ysuu f u G cf ahJ vonf? xk@d a=umifh orRwu ol@tm; &mxl; taqmifta,mifrsm;ukd ¶kyo f rd ;f um t+ird ;f pm; ay;cJah v onf? tar&dueforRwu xkduJhokd@ qHk;jzwfvkyfukdifcJhjcif;ukd tar&duef txuf v$waf wmfEiS fh atmuf v$waf wmf 2 &yfpvH;k rS trwf trsm;tjym;u orRwtm; jypf wifa0zefrr_ sm;jyKum Akv d cf sKy}f u;D ruftmomukd &mxl; taqmifta,mifrsm; jyefay;&ef awmif;qkcd =hJ uonf? od@k aomfvnf; orRw x¶l;rJe;f u vufrcHbJ jiif;y,f cJo h nf? aemufyidk ;f wGif trwftrsm;pku orRw. vky&f yfonf vdt k yfaom vkyaf qmifcsujf zpf+y;D 'Dru dk a&pD twGuf rSeu f efaomvky&f yf jzpfonf[k vufccH =hJ uonf? tb,fa=umifh qkad omf ppfwyf acgi;f aqmif rSeo f rSsonf t&yfom; tpd;k & tzGŒJ t}u;D tuJ. vuf atmufwiG f emcH&rnf qko d nfh 'Dru dk a&pD. tajccH tcsuw f pfcsuaf =umihf jzpfayonf?

tcsKyftjcm tm%moH;k &yf atmufrS vGwaf eonfh ppfwyf 'Dru dk &ufwpf tpk;d &wpf&yf. oGijf yifvuQ%mxJwiG f ppfwyfonf t&yfom; tpk;d & vufatmufwiG f &S&d rnfqo dk nft h csuf onf tcsKŒd aomEkid if rH sm;wGif wnf&jdS cif; r&So d nfudk awGŒ=uKH c&hJ avonf? tu,fI ppfwyfonf Ekid if . H tcsKyt f jcmtm%m oH;k &yf jzpfaom Oya'jyKtm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%m/ pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&; tm%matmufrS vGwu f if; aevSsif orRwjzpfap/ v$waf wmf trwfjzpfap/ w&m;ol}u;D jzpfap ppfwyftay: rnfo@dk rSs =oZm oufa&mufEidk af wmhrnfr[kwaf y? tvm;wlyif ppfwyf acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D ok@d r[kwf ppfwyfacgi;f aqmifrsm;u ,if;wd@k onf orRw/ v$waf wmftrwf/ w&m;ol}u;D wd@k onf ,if;wdk@tay: =oZmouf a&mufjcif;r&Sd[k ,lqvmygu xkdorRwukd &mxl;rS z,f&mS ;jcif;/ v$waf wmfudk zsuo f rd ;f jcif;/ w&m; pD&ifa&;pepfudk 0ifa&mufpu G f zufcs,v f , S f jcif;rsm;udk jyKvyk f vmEkid af yonf? jynfo@l uk, d pf m;vS,f wpfO;D OD;ukd zrf;qD;csKyaf ESmifjcif;/ z,f&mS ;jcif;rsm;ukd ppfwyf acgi;f aqmifrsm;u jyKvyk af oma=umifh uef@uGuf qef@usirf r_ sm; jyKvyk f vmvSsif ,if;wd@k onf a&G;aumufcjH ynfo@l uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;/ w&m;ol}u;D rsm;onf tusiyfh suf vmbfpm; r_rsm; jyKvyk af ejcif;ukd onf;nnf; rcHEidk af wmhonfh twGu[ f k qku d m ta=umif;jy vm=u vdrfhrnf? ppfwyftpkd;&u omvSsif wkdif;jynfwGif jynfolrsm; vwfwavm =uHKawGŒ ae&aom tajctaersm;ukd ajz&Si;f Ekid o f nf[k qifajc ay;vdrrfh nfjzpfonf? 80

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf 'Drkd ua&pDukd ta=umif;jyI t&yf om;jynfol@ uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; ae&mwGif ppfwyf uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; aocsmayguf &,lEidk &f ef a&G;aumufyJG rsm;wGif tuGuu f s pDpOfavh&w dS wf ovdk oD;jcm;ae&m owfrw S cf aJG 0um &,ljcif;rsm;vnf; &So d nf? Tok@d aomenf;rsm; jzihf ppfwyfu vuf0g;}u;D tkyaf om trnfcH 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if H jzpfvmap&ef vkyaf qmif=uonf?

v$wfawmf tajcjyKtpkd;&ESihf ppfwyf jynfolrsm;u rJay;a&G;cs,fr_rsm;jzihf ygwDrsm;udk ukd,fpm; jyKI v$wfawmf trwfrsm;jzpfvm+y;D tpk;d & wpf&yftm; OD;aqmif rnfo h u l dk 0ef}u;D csKyt f jzpf a&G;cs,u f m tpk;d &zGŒJ pnf;um wdik ;f jynfudk tkycf sKyf =uonf? xko d @kd aom v$waf wmfrsm; ay:ayguv f m aomfvnf; v$waf wmftxufwiG f tjcm;aom tm%mykid f tzGŒJ tpnf; od@k r[kwf ppfaumif pD odk@r[kwf tm%m&Sifrsm; &Sdaeygu xkdEkdifiHwGif usihfoHk;aeaom EkdifiHa&;pepfukd 'Dru dk a&pD[k ac:qkI d r&ay? 'Dru dk a&pD Ekid if H wpfEidk if . H =ueftif vuQ%mxJ wGif jynfo@l v$waf wmfonf tjrifq h ;kH aom tm%mydik f tzGŒJ tpnf;jzpfonfqo dk nfudk zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccH Oya'xJwiG f twdtvif; jyÏmef; xm;avh &So d nf? Ttcsuu f dk Ekid if w H pfEikd if w H iG f usio hf ;kH Ekid f rSom 'Dru kd &ufwpf tpd;k &[kac:qd&k ef oifah vsmrf nf jzpfonf? ,ae@ urBmEh ikd if w H csKŒd wGif v$waf wmfrsm; wnf&+dS y;D xkv d w $ af wmfrsm; txufwiG f bk&ifrsm;&So d nfudk vufawGŒtm;jzifh jrifawGŒEdik af yonf? ok@d aomfvnf; tqkyd g bk&ifrsm; onf Ekid if . H taqmifta,mif *k%x f ;l aqmif tqift h jzpf owfrw S x f m;+y;D edp"P 0l Edik if hH ta&;t&m udprP sm;wGif 0ifa&mufyg0if pGuzf ufjcif; vkyaf qmifjcif;rsm; r&Sad y? xk@d a=umifh xku d o hJ @kd aom pepfrsm;onf 'Dru dk a&pDudk +crd ;f ajcmuf jcif;r&Sad y? v$wfawmfrsm;onf 0ef}uD;csKyf. vkyfydkifcGifh tm%mjzifh oufwrf;rukefrD zsufodrf;ydkifcGifh qkdonfh tcsufukd ygvDref 'Drkdua&pDpepf usifhoHk;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif vufawGŒ vkyaf qmifvsu&f o dS nf? xko d @dk vkyaf qmifjcif;rsKd ; udk Ekid if t H wGuf ta&;ygaom udpPrsm;twGuf oabmwlnDcsuf r&EdkifbJ jzpfaeaom tcgrsdK;wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfonf usifhoHk;avh&Sdonf? jynfolvlxku ,if;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;udk rJay;a&G;cs,f+yD; Edik if t hH a&;t&m udprP sm; wGif yg0ifvyk af qmif=uaomfvnf; 0ef}u;D csKyjf zpfou l v$waf wmf udk zsuo f rd ;f jcif;rsKd ; udprP sm;wGif jynforl sm;taejzifh vufvrS ;f rrD jzpf=u&onfuv kd nf; od&Sdxm;&ef vdktyfonf? 'Drdkua&pD t&ifhtrmEkdifiHrsm;Y xkdokd@aom tjzpftysuf rsm;twGuf ppfwyfu 0ifa&muf pGuzf ufrnfh ta&;udk pd;k &drpf &m rvkad omfvnf; 'Dru dk a&pD Eke,fpEkdifiHrsm;/ ,ckrSpI 'Drdk ua&pDvrf; avSsmufvSrf;=urnfh EdkifiHrsm;rS EdkifiHa&; orm;rsm;tae jzifh TtajctaersKd ;wGif txl; owdxm; vkyaf qmif&ef vdt k yfvaS yonf? Edik if w H pfEikd if YH txl;ojzifh 'Dru dk a&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyaf qmifp Ekid if w H iG f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

v$wfawmfrsm;onf 0ef}uD;csKyf. vkyfydkicf iG hf tm%mjzifh oufwrf;rukefrD zsufodrf;ydkicf iG hf qkdonfh tcsufukd ygvDref 'Drkdua&pDpepf usifoh ;kH aom Edik fiHrsm;wGi f vufawGŒ vkyaf qmifvsuf&odS nf? xkod @dk vkyaf qmifjcif;rsdK; udk Ekdi if tH wGuf ta&;ygaom udprP sm;twGuf oabmwlncD suf r&Edik bf J jzpfaeaom tcgrsdK;wGi f 0ef}uD;csKyfonf usifhoHk;avh&doS nf? jynfovl xl uk ,if;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;udk rJay;a&G;cs,f+yD; Edkiif thH a&;t&m udprP sm; wGif yg0ifvyk af qmif=uaomfvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfolu v$wfawmf udk zsuford ;f jcif;rsdK; udpPrsm;wGi f jynfolrsm;taejzifh vufvrS f;rrD jzpf=u&onfudkvnf; od&dxS m;&ef vdktyfonf? 'Drdkua&pD t&ifhtrmEkdi fiHrsm;Y xkdokd@aom tjzpftysuf rsm;twGuf ppfwyfu 0ifa&muf pGufzufrnfh ta&;udk pdk;&drfp&m rvkdaomfvnf; 'Drkdua&pD Eke,fpEkdiif rH sm;/ ,ckrpS I 'Drdk ua&pDvrf; avSsmufvrS f;=urnfh Edik fiHrsm;rS Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;taejzifh TtajctaersdK;wGi f txl; owdxm; vkyfaqmif&ef vdtk yfvaS yonf? ........ tm%m&Siw f pfO;D od@k r[kwf wpfpw k pfzŒJG u ppfwyfukd xde;f csKyx f m;Edik o f nfh tajctae wpf&yfjzpfxGef;aeygu a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rS wpfqifh ay:xGef;vmonfh tpdk;&/ a&G;cs,f wifajrmS ufcH jynfo@l ud, k pf m;vS,f rsm;onf xkt d m%m&Sif wpfO;D wpfa,muf od@k r[kwf wpfpw k pfzŒJG . ta=umif;jycsuf wpfcrk [kww f pf ckjzifh z,f&mS ;cH&Edik o f nf qko d nfh tjzpfo@dk qku d af &mufEikd o f nfukd }uKd wifo&d x dS m;&ef vkt d yfonf?

'Drkdua&pD zGHŒ+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ESifh ppfwyf zGJŒpnf;wnfaqmufr_ txufwGif azmfjycJhonfh twdkif; ppfrSefaom 'Drkdua&pD xlaxmifa&;wGif ppfwyf. tcef;u¾udk EkdifiHa&;ESifh vHk;0oD;jcm; xm;&Sd&rnfqkdonfh tcsufudk tajccHrltjzpf vufawGŒ taumiftxnfazmf usifhoHk;&ayonf? xkdokd@ oD;jcm; xm;&S&d rnf qko d nfudk aumif;rGepf mG em;vnfEikd af &;twGuf ppfwyf. zGŒJ pnf;yH/k oabm obm0/ ppfwyf. &nf&, G cf suf rsm;udk jynfojl ynfom;tm;vH;k u od&adS p&rnf? Tonfukd tpd;k &omru jynfo@l a&;&m tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;uvnf; todynmay; Edik af yonf? ok@d rSom 'Dru dk a&pD zGŒH +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;twGuf vkyaf qmif}uKd ;yrf;&mY tEkwv f uQ%m jzpfaprnfh tajctaersm; udk a&Smif&mS ;Edik rf nf/ umuG,Ef ikd rf nf jzpfonf? ppfwyfqkdonfrSm zGJŒpnf;yHkt& wif;usyfcdkifrmaom tzGJŒtpnf;jzpfonf? tqifq h ifh trde@f udk emcH&onf? 'Dru dk &ufwpf tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf Edi_ ;f ,SOyf gu zGŒJ pnf;yHk t&a&m/ vkyaf qmifyt kH &yg jcm;em;onf? 'Dru dk &ufwpf tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;wGif tzGŒJ 0ifrsm;udk wef;wlxm;qufqo H nfqo dk nfh tcsuEf iS , hf OS v f u kd v f sS if vH;k 0jcm; em;aeonfudk xifxif 82

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&Sm;&Sm;awGŒ jrifEikd o f nf? 'Dru dk a&pDukd pwifxal xmif pEdik if rH sm;/ ppfwyf}u;D pk;d aom Edik if aH &;tajctaerS 'Dru dk a&pDo@dk toGiu f ;l ajymif;p Edik if rH sm;/ tm%m&Sif vufatmufrS 'Dru kd a&pDo@dk ajymif;vJ xlaxmifaom EkdifiHrsm;taejzifh ppfwyfacgif; aqmifrsm;/ tm%m&Sifrsm;u ,if;wdk@ tm%m&SdaepOfumv twGif; EdkifiHydkifaiGa=u;ypPnf; OpPmrsm;udk ,if;wdk@ydkifqkdifonfh t&mrsm;ozG,f &,lo;kH pG=J uovdk Edik if &H yfjcm;&Sd b%frsm;wGif odr;f qnf;xm;jcif;/ Ekid if H &yfjcm;wGif &if;ES;D jrKS yEf HS xm;jcif;rsm;&S=d uonf? TonfrmS urBmay:&Sd tm%m&Sif tm;vH;k vkv d dk jyKusi=hf uonf? xko d @dk vkyaf qmif =ujcif;rSm xko d l rsm;onf aowpfyefoufq;kH aqGpOf rsKd ;quf cs,v f , S f csKyu f ikd I f r&/ tm%muae jyKwu f somG ; onft h cg ykid q f idk x f m;&ef vkt d yf onf qko d nfukd od&edS m;vnf xm;jcif;a=umifjh zpfonf? Taqmif;yg;tpwGif azmfjyxm;onfh twdkif; ppfwyfudk t&yfom;tpkd;&u tjynft h 0 xde;f csKyf xm;&rnf jzpfonf? xko d @dk r[kwyf gu Ekid if w H pfEikd if o H nf rnfonfh tcgrsS 'Dru dk a&pD xGe;f um;aom Edik if jH zpf vmrnf r[kwaf y? Ref: How to establish a democracy or Improve the one you now have “Apractical Guide for Developing Essential Government and Business Structures and Personal Systems of Value” By Walter E.Boek-PhD President, College of Democracy Virginia, USA

ausmfausmfpkd;(*syef) (The Myanmar Independent News Journal r)S

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

EdkifiHa&;udk jyuf&,frjyKygeJŒ vlxkpdef0if; ordkif;qdkwm vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH&JŒ touf0dOmOfjzpfw,f? toufukd apmifah &Smufovd/k *&kwpdu k f eJ@ xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smuf &w,f? t&dyw f =unf=h unfeh ŒJ wefz;kd xm; tav;tjrwfjyK&w,f?

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cifaqGO ;D (1)

nD!Gwfjcif; touf0dOmOfrsm; usr ,cifwpfywfu a&;cJw h hJ q&m jroef;wif/h q&mwifr;kd wd@k ESifh usrwd@k pmay a[majymyGJ oGm;cJ=h uwJh ta=umif;/ q&m jroef;wifh ol@b0/ ol@tawG;awG ajymcsi&f m&m awGukd v#Kd @0Suf eufew J hJ ta=umif; a&;cJ+h y;D yg+y?D q&mu usaemfw@kd &J@ (Intimate thoughts) awGu/kd b,fou l rkd S xkwrf ajymwJh pdwu f ;l awGukd b,fo@l udrk S rjyapcsib f ;l qd+k y;D ajymcJw h m/ xl;jcm;wJh q&m&J@ e&odef tusOf;om; b0/ udkudk;u|ef;/ a':a':rm om;/ udkoHacsmif; ponf...q&mu udo k aH csmif;udk tb,fr# cspcf if av;pm;yHrk mS q&m&J@ ""m;awmifuakd usmI f rD;yifv,fukd jzwfrnf" 0wˆK Zwfvu kd f yifrrSm "oHacsmif;" qdw k m rSwrf =d uayvdrrhf nf? pmzwfoal wGukd jyef+y;D / rdwq f ufay;&&if...udo k aH csmif;u a':a':rm om;i,f/ ud! k kd (pma&;q&m nDyak v;) &J@ tudk t&if; jzpfygw,f? pmay jrwfE;kd olawG od=uygw,f? r-q-v acwf udo k aH csmif; udu k ;kd u|e;f yd@k tESyd pf ufc&H wJh ta=umif;/ udo k aH csmif; ud, k w f ikd f rSww f rf;tjzpf a&;cJzh ;l ygao;w,f? udo k aH csmif; awmcdak wmh/ a':a':rmu udo k aH csmif; oD;jcm; ud, k yf idk f tcef;rSm/ ajc&m vuf&m rysu/f xm;cJw h mu ae@wdik ;f yJ? tcef;udk oef@&Si;f xde;f odr;f cJw h mvnf; ae@wdik ;f yJ? usrwd@k c&D;oGm;+y;D / rEWav; a&mufwikd ;f q&mjra&m usra&m/ udo k aH csmif; tcef;rSm wnf;cdck iG &hf cJyh gw,f? yef;csD a&;xm;awG awG@&awmh/ usrrSm vGr;f vGr;f wwESifh aysmv f nf;aysmf rdao;w,f? 1970 rSonf 80 umvawGrmS usrwd@k pmayorm;awG tifrwef nD!w G cf =hJ u ygw,f? ,ae@xd Edik if aH &;jzwfoef;r_umvawGrmS bH&k efou l kd tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

wdkuf&r!fhtpm;/ tcsif;csif; wdkufae=uw,f? q&mjroef;wifh }udKufESpfoufwJh "wdref v D m 0wˆK" (uvsm r*~Zif; t&ifvawG wke;f uvnf; a&;cJzh ;l yg +y?D ) "tiftm;qdw k m nD!w G rf _ tay: wnfwmyJ? 'grS 'opPm' vrf;a=umif;ay: ajzmifhajzmifh h}uD; av#mufEdkif =urSmayhg?" "wdref v D m" 0wˆKu (38) }urd af jrmuf yifuakd &; vH;k csi;f 0wˆK jzpfygw,f? 1975 ckEpS f wke;f u xkwaf 0cJw h m jzpfygw,f? jrefrmEdik if H awmfveS af &; 'Da& jrifw h ufvmwJh tcsed f jzpfygw,f? q&m jroef;wifu h pma&;q&m q&mr [efq, k Of a&;cJw h hJ (Mornf pf" emrnfEiS fh bmomjyefcyhJ gw,f? q&m jroef;wihu f tJ'D ing Deluge) udk "'Da&jriho tcsed t f wGi;f rSm usrudk [efq, k Of twˆKyw ` dˆ 0wˆKawG ydwyf ifxm;wJh / ta=umufw&m;rS vG w f u if ; jcif ; ( Freedom From Fear)) / a&;ol r sm;rS m rd k u f u ,f tJ & pf ( pf ) / (a':atmifqef;pk=unf cifyeG ;f )/ qlqif (Susan))/ a':pk&J@ oli,fcsif;/ 'dk&m oef;at;ESihf a':atmifqef;pk=unf ud, k w f ikd yf J jzpfygw,f? t*Fvyd f bmomESifh a&;xm;wJh pmawGrmS ... "cifaqGO;D b,faqmif;yg; t}uKd uq f ;kH vJ"...ar;ygw,f? usrtjrif ajym&&if/ 'd&k moef;at; ta&;tzG@J awG }uKd uw f ,f? olqw kd hJ oDcsi;f awGvnf; }uKd ucf w hJ ,f? ol@ t*Fvyd b f mom a&;yHu k vG,u f l &Si;f vif;&Hrk u/ tEkynm&ovnf; ajrmufw,f? vSw,f? pmtkyfu zwfcGifh ydwfxm;wJh pmtkyfqdkwm/ usr rodawmh tdrfa&S@ pm;yGJay: wifxm;wm? 'Dwek ;f u pmay tm;opf xkwaf 0ol atmifausmaf ZmeJ@ ausmaf ZmOD;wd@k nDtudk (Adv k rf ;_ ausmaf Zm om;awG) a&mufvmawmh/ ausmaf ZmOD;u ysmysm ovJvJ... "rrOD; rrOD; 'Dpmtkyf ydwx f m;wm jrefjreford ;f " owday;vdu k af wmhrS tdrx f rJ mS yJ qufzwfw,f? aemufw}urd f zwfcsiaf o; wmyJ? yef;csD jrifah rmifausmq f D orD;v$w+f y;D uGeyf sLwmeJ@ ul;cdik ;f vdu k &f w,f? jrifah rmif ausmu f orD;udk ajym+y;D owday;vdu k w f ,f? "arOD;u awmfawmf &JwmyJ"...wJ?h "pmtkyf arOD;qD rxm;eJ@" vk@d ajymwJo h u l vnf; ajym=uw,f? tjrefq;kH ul;+y;D q&m jroef;wifq h D jyefay;vdu k yf gw,f? (2)

e&odef tusOf;olEiS hf +idrf;csrf;a&;vrf; aemifEpS f (20) =umaomtcgaygh... pmtkyEf iS hf ywfoufv@kd tzrf;cH&w,fqv kd @kd / usr pmawGukd axmifjyifrS ae+y;D / axmifxaJ &mufwhJ txd&atmif/ &SmazGzwfcw hJ hJ pmzwfol wpfO;D ta=umif; ajym&OD;r,f? rmrmOD;wJh...wuUov kd af usmif;xGuyf ?J olw@kd om;tz acsa*GAm;&m; pmtkyu f ikd v f m+y;D / &xm; tpkef (rEWav;u &efuek )f pD;r,fv@kd &xm;ay: rwufcif tzrf;cH&yga&m? om;tz ESpaf ,muf pvH;k qGv J u kd w f m? rmrmOD; azazuvnf; Edik if aH &;orm;yJav? tJ'w D ek ;f u 90

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

rmrmOD;u touf (20) 0ef;usiyf rJ @kd uav;pdwaf v; usew f ek ;f ? "Adv k }f u;D wd@k 'Dpmtkyf odr;f vdu k w f m zwfz@kd vm;..."qdak wmh "rD;&_@d rSm rD;&_@d rSm" vd@k cyfqwfqwf ajzwmwJ?h rmrmOD;u tawmfpw d q f ;kd +y;D / vlvm;/ pm;yGv J m;udk vufo;D eJ@ xk;d wmwJ?h wcgwnf; ppfc&kH ;kH a&mufomG ;+y;D / om;tz ESpaf ,mufpvH;k / axmifo;kH ESppf D usomG ; awmhwm? axmifu vGwv f w G cf si;f / usrqD vmvnfwm? axmifxrJ mS usr pmtkyaf wG zwf& owJ?h "tif=uif;&*Hk " qdw k hJ 0wˆK tawmf }uKd uEf pS o f ufowJ?h ol usrudk axmifxu J tawG@t}uKH wpfyikd ;f wpfp ajymjywm oem;p&mvnf; aumif;&J@? &,fp&m awGvnf; yg&@J ? "arOD; pmtkyaf wG jyefxw k af eawmh orD;udk vufaqmifay;aemf" wJ?h wu,fukd pmcspo f yl gy?J rEWav;ol tom;vwfvwf/ rsuEf mS 0dik ;f 0dik ;f / rsuv f ;kH eufeuf/ tpOf +yKH ;a,mif ESpcf rf; tpHEk iS hf t&yfredrhf rjrif/h cEQmuk, d f ryderf 0/ usrwd@k tcsed w f w kd Ekd iS hf om;trdvkd cifomG ;=uw,f? ol axmifuvGwaf wmh/ puf&kH tvkyo f rm;awGqD oGm;+y;D / vkw d m tultnDay; v_y&f mS ;aewm? wae@aomtcgrmS ukr% R yD ikd f ud&k ;D ,m; tvky&f iS u f / xkid f oydwo f rm; trsKd ;om;udk yg;&du k v f @kd wJ?h rmrmOD; oGm;&Si;f w,fw?hJ b,fvkd &Si;f vJ usr rodb;l ? avsmaf =u; rwefwqom awmif;ayawmhv@kd t}uaH y;csiw f m/ +y;D awmh 0efcs awmif;yefcikd ;f vkyaf pcsiw f m? rmrmOD; awmfawmf=um aysmufae&mu wpf&uf tarmwaum tdraf jy;vm +y;D / (6) &uf/ (2) v/ 2012 ck ae@ &ufcsed ;f +y;D / +ird ;f csr;f a&; tqdw k pfcu k /kd t*Fvyd b f momESifh a&;ay;zd@k ygw?hJ Come, People of Burma, Let us walk the path of peace. On this path walk the generous type. Lets try teaming of the cruel crooked type also.

"vmvS!hf ArmEdik if H jynfow l @kd +ird ;f csr;f wJv h rf;/ av#mufvrS ;f =upd@k / 'Dvrf;rSm jrifjh rwfol wd@k av#muf=uwm...? aemuf &ufpuf =urf;=uKw/f aumufuspo f rl sm; ,Ofyg; vmzd@k }uKd ;pm; =u &atmifyg..." 'Dvkd a&;ay;vdu k af wmh rmrmOD;rSm ckeaf ygurf wwf 0rf;omoGm;&Smygw,f? (3)

xl;jcm;wJh o0%fvm$ usrrSm usr pmawGzwf+y;D / usrudk &if;ES;D u|r;f 0ifwhJ vli,fwOD; &Syd gw,f? pmvnf; tifrwef zwf&rkH u/ tawG@t}uKH jzwfoef;r_awGEiS hf 0rf;pmrsm;awmh odyu f kd tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

Come, People of Burma, Let us walk the path of peace. On this path walk the generous type. Lets try teaming of the cruel crooked type also.

"vmvS!hf ArmEdik fiH jynfolwdk@ +idrf;csrf;wJhvrf;/ av#mufvrS f;=updk@/ 'Dvrf;rSm jrifjh rwfol wd@k av#muf=uwm...? aemuf &ufpuf =urf;=uKwf/ aumufuspforl sm; ,Ofyg; vmzdk@ }udK;pm; =u &atmifyg....." 'Dvkd a&;ay;vduk af wmh rmrmOD;rSm ckefaygufrwwf 0rf;omoGm;&Smygw,f? .............. awmfygw,f? ol@emrnfukd azmfa&;rSm pd;k &dr&f mS vd@k / trnfrazmfvo kd l (anonymous vli,f ) jzpfygw,f? olu q&m *sme,fausmf OD;cspaf rmifvkd a&S@wef; emrnf razmfvw kd o hJ ?l Popular Type r[kwy f g? usr ,cif aqmif;yg;awG a&;cJzh ;l wJh / bdek aD tmif qdw k hJ vli,fvkd ( q&mr oef;jrifah tmif&@J om;ozG,rf sKd ;yg?) oef;jrifah tmifEiS v hf nf; &if;ES;D u|r;f 0ifygw,f? olu ,cif usr aecJw h hJ awmifOuUvmy t&yfom;/ (10) wef; atmif+y;D prSm (88) ckEpS f ta&;tcif; e&odeo f m; jzpfomG ;ygw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u touf 18/ 19 ESpo f m; xifyg&@J ? axmifouf (10) ESpf ausmaf usm/f tjyifxu G v f mawmh/ touf (30) jzpfae+yD? wpfOD;wnf;aom om;/ rat rkqdk;r&J@ tonf;ESvHk;aygh...? axmifxJ aeraumif;wdik ;f idik kd ae&Smwm/ tpmtdrf jzpf+y;D / tawmfukd aeraumif;wmwJ?h ol[m t&G,if ,fi,fwnf;u/ Edik if aH &; ta&;tcif;awGukd odyaf jymwwfwmrd@k / usrrSm rdwaf qG rsm;ESihf olvmvnfwmudk ar#maf e&wm? ol wpf&uf nbuf tdrv f mvnf+y;D ajymwm &,fp&mav;? "arOD; usaemf arOD; a&;wJ/h 'oabFmc&D;ESihf usr' zwfawmh/ arOD;[m oabFm (r[m) ESihf [ef;eD;rGe;f qd+k y;D xGuv f m=uwm/ arOD;ESihf twl arOD;arar&,f / nDrav; at;yg vdu k yf gvmwm?" "[kww f ,fav arOD;oGm;av&m/ arOD; ararESihf nDrav; at;udk ac:r,fv@kd trsKd ;om;udk uwdawmif;xm;wm" "&,f&w,f...arOD;u owd@k om;ESihf twlwl tdycf ef;xJ raeyJ/ tareJ@ xGuf pum;ajymwmav? vjy!fv h v k k nawG ody}f uKd uw f m? [efq, k Of&@J Many Splendored Thing rSm a&;xm;wJh Moon Feast }uKd uw f hJ ta=umif; "wdref v D m"0wˆKrmS a&;xm;wmav? +y;D awmh bDpuGwyf ;kH azmuf+y;D / om;trdwpfawG pm;=uwmav" 'ge@J olaxmifxJ &Sw d ek ;f / ol@tarudk...tar oDwif;u|wrf mS arOD;udk tJ'D bDpuGwyf ;kH rsKd ; 0,f+y;D uefawmhygv@kd rSmwmwJ?h aumifav; axmifu xGuv f mawmh 92

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

touf (30) ausmef @J em;xifpyfrmS qHyifawG jzLae+y?D ol usrqD aemufwpfacguf a&mufvmawmh usr tdrrf mS twlaewJh ajr;rav; touf (19) ESp&f , G f oDwmjrifu h kd pma&; pm;yGJ xdik cf ikd ;f +y;D / abmvfyifziG hf a&;cdik ;f wm/ acgif;pOfu "vufyaH wmif;awmif a=u;eD pDru H ed ;f ?" (1) jynfoal wG&@J ajr,mrsm;udk (768776) {u odr;f ydu k cf w hJ ,f? (2) obm0 0ef;usif npfErG ;f r_awGukd wm0ef r,l=uyg? (3) pDru H ed ;f ESihf ywfouf+y;D yGiv hf if; jrifompGm &Si;f vif;r_ r&S?d rSwcf suf...jrefrm OD;ydik f ukr% R ED iS hf w&kwf (...) ukr% R D vkyif ef;aqmif&u G f wm/ ESpf (60) pDru H ed ;f yg? tJ'DtcsdefrSm usr *sme,fawGu wpfqifh tpOD;ydkif;rSmyJ odcGifh&cJhygw,f? aemifumvrSm *sme,fawG tm;vHk;/ jy!fhjy!fhpHkpHk wm0efausauseJ@ a&;ae=uyg+yD? usrqDu trsKd ;orD; ESpaf ,muf o0%fvm$ awmif;ygw,f? apmapmu usr om;av;u wpfqihf v$wv f u kd w f myg? olu vufyaH wmif;awmif a&mufaeyg+y?D ol@&kyyf akH wGvnf; tifwmeufuwpfqifh jrifawG@=u &w,fw?hJ usr acwfrpD ufawG rjy!fph w kH mrd@k rjrif rawG@&yg? trsdK;orD;av; ESpfa,mufteuf / wpfa,mufu pm=u!fhwdkufr_;? aemuf wpfa,mufu r[modyb H` @JG eJ@ tifrwef &d;k pif;wJh 0wfpm;qif,ifre_ @J aus;vufol av;awGvykd ?J olw@kd vnf; usr 0wˆK aqmif;yg;awG zwfae=uolawG jzpfygw,f? olw@kd vnf; tvkyv f yk yf kH tifrwef zswv f wf=uw,f? "arOD; 'Dae@nae tqef&xm; vufrw S f ,l+y;D +yD" "arOD; o0%fvm$ a&;ay;wm odyaf us;Zl;wifygw,f" usrvnf; o0%fvm$ rdwLW ul;ay;zd@k rSmayrJ/h olw@kd vnf; vufyaH wmif;awmif a&mufomG ;rSjzih/f b,fvrkd S bmrS rvkyEf ikd w f mhb;l ? usrvnf; ud, k af &;wm vufwef;a&; wmrd@k ud, k af &;wm twdtus rrSwrf ad wmhygb;l ? ,maysmuf tdraf ysmuf/ td;k rJh tdrrf hJ jynfoal wGtwGuf ae&mxdik cf if; &apzd@k / trSwrf q d ;kH wpfcu k yef;csq D &m jrifah rmifausmf ajymcJw h hJ pum; pmwef;... ajrqDvm$ xde;f odr;f yg tEkynm idk &ygvdrrhf nf? Save Soil Art Cry.

orD;av;ESpaf ,mufpvH;k / 'DajrqDvm$ xde;f odr;f a&; tawG; aqmify'k u f kd uAsm a&;zG@J xm;wm &Gwq f jkd yoGm; =uao;w,f? 'gvnf; usrudk a&;ul;ay;zd@k tcsed rf &&Sm=ubl;? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

usrvnf; o0%fvm$ rdwˆK ul;ay;zdk@ rSmayrJh/ olwdk@vnf; vufyHawmif;awmif a&mufoGm;rSjzih/f b,fvrkd S bmrS rvkyfEdki fwmhbl;? usrvnf; udk,fa&;wm vufwef;a&; wmrdk@ udk,fa&;wm twdtus rrSwfrdawmhygbl;? ,maysmuf tdrfaysmuf/ tdk;rJh tdrfrJh jynfolawGtwGuf ae&mxdkicf if; &apzdk@/ trSwfrdqHk;wpfcku yef;csDq&m jrifharmifausmf ajymcJwh hJ pum; pmwef;... ajrqDv$mxdef;odrf;yg tEkynm idk &ygvdrfhrnf? Save Soil Art Cry. ....................

'Dvekd @J yJ usr om;av;a&m / orD;av; ESpaf ,mufa&m rawG@=u&awmhyg? olw@kd jyef=uawmh ig;em&D nae &xm;qif;zd@k ypPn;f awG odr;f =u&OD;r,f...wJ?h usr o0%fvm$ udk b,fvkd a&;vdu k rf w d ,f aoaocsmcsm rrSwrf ad yrJ/h vufyaH wmif;awmif a&mufomG ;wJ/h usr o0%fvm$ udk / pdik ;f emrnftp &Sr;f av; wpfO;D u/ vli,fwpfO;D zwfomG ;a=umif; owif;ay;ygw,f? udu k akd &$ (Adv k rf ;_ csKyf ausmaf Zm) uG,v f eG w f hJ vywf tcrf;tem; awmf0ifEiS ;f qDrmS odciG &hf cJyh gw,f? aemuf +rKd @awmfcef;r pma&;q&m toif;udk uefawmhco H mG ;awmh uAsmq&m}u;D OD;tHah rmifu usr o0%fvm$ udk =um;&a=umif; owif;ay;ygw,f? OD;tHah rmifu vufyaH wmif;awmif a&muf+y;D aeaewm/ tawmf=um+yD ajymoH=um;&ygw,f? usr o0%fvm$ udk rdwLW ul;xm;wm &cJ&h if / uvsmr*~Zif;rSm wpfcsed cf sed f a&;ay; ygO;D r,f? usr tck bk&m;pifa&S@ t=um}u;D xdik +f y;D arwWm yd@k ygw,f? arwWm xkxnfu/ b,ft&meJ@rS rwl/ tvGef }u;D rm;&Hrk u jrihjf rwfvyS gw,f? usrwd@k jrefrmEdik if H +ird ;f csr;f a&; 'DarwWmyJ tajccHw,f r[kwyf gvm;?

cifaqGO ;D (uvsmr*~Zif;)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

twGif;tjyif (10)

wmwD;

at;jrvSwhJ *syefEikd if &H ŒJ tckv&kd moD nzufawGrmS trdjrefrmjynfukd ydrk +kd y;D owd& vGr;f qGwrf w d ,f? atmifah rhrw d ,f? wrf;wrdw,f? rdom;pktygt0if taygi;f toif;awGe@J ywf0ef;usif awmawmifa&ajr jrefrmwd@k &JŒ "avhobm0awGuakd yg?h jrefrmEdik if q H w kd m vlrsKd ;pk aygi;f pkH pkaygi;f aexkid =f u+y;D / ud, k yf ikd , f Ofaus;rSp_ may"avhx;Hk wrf;pOfvmawG tpkt H vif eJ@ayg?h 'gt h jyif ajray:ajratmufo,HZmwawGajrmufrsm;pGmaygºuG,u f m/ om,mcsr;f ajr@ =unfE;l zG,f awmawmifa&ajr obm0awG 0ef;&Hwnf&adS ewJh tifrwefvyS wJh wkid ;f jynfyg? rSDwif;aexdkif=uwJh wkdif;oljynfom; taygif;[mvnf; tifrwefrS ,Ofaus;az:a&Gum yifu, kd Of m%f&nf xufjruf=u+y;D / ud, k cf si;f pmw&m; vufuikd x f m;vsuf ud, k u f siw hf &m; aumif;rGefvSwJh vlom;awG? 'ga=umifh tdrfeDcsif;wdkif;jynfawGtygt0if urBmhwdkif;jynf awGuyg tav;xm; wefzdk;xm;&wJh wkdif;jynfwpfck? vdkcsifwyfrufae=uwJh urBm ajrxJu ae&mwpfae&myg? "urBmra=u...Armajy...'g'@kd ajr...'g'@kd ajy...'d@k ydik w f ahJ jr?" "urBmra=u...Armajy...'g'@kd ajr...'g'@kd ajy...'d@k ydik w f ahJ jr?" vGr;f qGww f yfrufpmG vGwv f w G v f yfvyf cHpm;aewJt h awG;[m oDcsi;f oHa=umifh &kww f &ufvef@+y;D / owdjyef0ifvmum vSaJ vSmif; tdyaf e&muae ikww f w k x f xdik rf w d ,f? +y;D awmh bmawG awG;aerSe;f rodwhJ tawG;awGukd awG;awmaecsed rf mS ... "aqm&D;tudk oDcsi;f zGiw hf t hJ oHu us,o f mG ;w,f usaemf toH twd;k tcsŒJ udk owdrxm;rdvu kd b f ;l " "&ygw,fumG " tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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100

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100

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

101

tdkZmwm

cif+idrf;opf Ak'&< ŒJ w&m;awmfrmS tdjk cif;/ emjcif;eJ@ aojcif;awGukd 'kuv Q @kd a[m=um; awmfrcl hJ aomfvnf; u|efr i,fi,fuawmh bma=umifh 'kuQvdk@ owfrSwf&rSef; a&a&&m&m em;rvnfvyS g? u|erf &JŒararu u|erf wd@k udk oltZkd mwm aumif;rnf vd@k aA'ifq&mawGu ajymwJh ta=umif;udk tjraJ jymwm rSwrf ad eonf? ararbma=umifh tdZk mwmaumif;csif onfqw kd mudk u|erf wd@k em;rvnfwwfcyhJ g? tdZk mwmeJ@ ywfouf+y;D u|erf aocsmem;vnf vdu k af om tjzpftysuw f pfcu k kd 1985 ckEpS af vmufu usr =uKH awG@cJh wmudk rSwrf ad eao;onf? u|erf eJ@ azaz ukew f u kd (f 2) udka&mufwJh tcsdefrSmyJ vrf;ab;rSm aps;a&mif;aewJh aps;onfawG v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm; ajy;=uv$m;=u jzpfoGm;onf? tJ'Dhtcsdefu t}uD;tus,f vkyfaewJh *VKefpDrHcsufeJ@ vrf;ab;aps;onf awGukd vdu k v f H zrf;qD;aeaom pnfyif om,mu vlawGvm=ujcif; jzpfonf? aps;onfawGtm;vH;k ud, k yhf pPn;f udk o,f+y;D ajy;=u onf? *VKet f zG@J u ypPn;f rdvsS if ypPn;f odr;f onf/ vlrv d sS iaf wmh vlygzrf;onf? xdo k @kd vlawG &kw&f w k o f o J J jzpfaeayrJh touf t&G,}f u;D &ifah ewJh tbGm;tdk wpfO;D uawmh jzifh olrsm;vdk rajy;Edik &f mS yg? ol@aps;bef;udk r rEdik cf ifrmS yJ *VKet f zG@J 0ifawG tbGm;tdak &SŒudk a&mufvmcJo h nf? *VKet f zG@J 0ifawGu tzGm;tdk a&mif;csaeaom opfo;D rsm;udk zdeyfEiS ehf if;ajcvdu k +f y;D tzGm;}u;D tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

101

102

udkygum;ay:odk@ qGJwifvdkufonfudk u|efrjrifawG@vdkuf ygonf? &kwfw&uf u|efr *VKeaf wGukd a'goxGuo f nf/ aemuf+y;D 'DtzGm;}u;D &JŒ om;orD;awGuv kd nf; a'goxGuf rdonf? 'Davmuf touf}u;D ae+yjD zpfwhJ ud, k &hf ŒJ rdcifub kd ma=umifrh sm; rapmifah &Smuf &wmvJqw kd hJ tawG;a=umifh a'goxGurf d jcif;jzpfonf? tzGm;}u;D rSm om;orD; &S/d r&Sd useG rf aocsmrodyg? u|erf &JŒ rdepfyikd ;f twGi;f rSm jzpfay:vmwJh tawG;awG/ cHpm;csuaf wG yJjzpfygonf? u|erf &JŒ azazuawmh tdZk mwm raumif;wJh tzGm;}u;D yJv@kd rSwcf sujf yKco hJ nf? rJaqmufrSmaecJhwkef;u OD;vSbl; vdk@ac:aom touf 81 ESpft&G,f tbdk; wpfO;D ESihf qHck zhJ ;l onf? tbd;k u pufb;D jyifonf? t&d;k awG +yKd i;f +yKd i;f xaewJh vuf uav;eJ@ yvm,mawGukd vSnahf ewmawG@awmh u|erf pdwrf aumif;jzpf&onf? tzd;k eJ@ u|erf tvmy/ ovmy ajymrd awmh tzd;k u " ao&ifawmif jrefrmjynfrmS yJ jyefaocsiyf gw,f/'gayrJh jrefrmjynfrmS tzd;k twGuf aep&mr&Sb d ;l / tvkyv f yk f zd@k vnf; rvG,b f ;l xifw,f/ 'DrmS u pufb;D wpfcgjyif&if 5 bwf/ 10 bwfe@J pm;zd@k awmh jzpfaeao;w,f/ 'ga=umifh rjyefjzpf ao;wmaygh " vd@k u|erf udk ajymjycJb h ;l onf? tzd;k udx k ikd ;f u&if ujym;wpfO;D u aezd@k twGuf 10 ay ywfvnf ajruGuaf v; ay;xm; onf? tzd;k u tdraf xmif rjyKwhJ vlysKd }u;D qdk awmh tzd;k rSm om;axmuforD;cHr&Syd g? tzd;k udk apmifah &Smufrnfv h l r&Syd g? 'gayrJh tdref m;eD;jcif; jrefrmawGuawmh tzd;k aeraumif;vSsif tcsi;f csi;f apmifah &Smuf=uonf? u|erf wd@k jrefrmjynfukd jyefa&muf+y;D aemufu|erf aexdik w f hJ vrf;xdyrf mS touf 72 ESp&f +dS yjD zpfwhJ tzGm;}u;D wpfO;D aps;a&mif;aeonf? &moDay: oD;ESaH v; awGa&mif;cspm; aomuf&onf? tbGm;rSm om; 2 a,muf&adS yrJh 2 a,mufpvH;k t&uform;awG csn;f yJ qdak wmh tbGm;uawmifrS olw@kd udk au|;arG;ae&ao;onf? wpfcgwpf&H u|erf aps;oGm;0,f wdik ;f tzGm;u ol@&JŒ tajctaeudk +i;D wGm;aewwfonf? om;orD; awGukd tm;ud;k vd@k r&wJh ta=umif;eJ@ ol@&JŒ 0Éfa=uG;ausatmif oltjrJ qkawmif;wJhta=umif; u|efrudk &ifziG w hf wfonf? wpfvtwGuf 0ifaiG 7 aomif; ywf0ef;usiyf J &w,fv@kd tzGm;uajymjycJh ygonf? tJ'Dh aiGav;eJ@ avmufiSatmif zefwD;ae&vdk@ &Hzef&Hcg olpm;csifaewJh rkef@yJoa&pmawmifrS rpm;EdkifwJh ta=umif;udkvnf; ajymjywwfonf? ol@udk,fol om;qd;k tarvd@k owfrw S af jymqdw k wfygao;onf? u|erf u bd;k bGm;&dyo f mvdk ae&mrsKd ;rSm aexdkifoifhonf[k t=uHay;vdkufwdkif; cg;cg;oD;oD;yJjiif;qdkygonf? tbGm;u olwdk@vdk omrefval wG bd;k bGm; &dyo f mrSm aecGirhf &S[ d x k if aeygonf? aorSyJ 0Éfu|wrf ,f [kvnf; ,lqxm;yH&k onf? u|erf &JŒ azhbw k u f rdwaf qGwpfO;D jzpfwhJ a'guw f m ol&ed v f id_ 0f if;&JŒ Facebook rSm a&;xm;wJh pmudk zwfro d w l ikd ;f pdwrf aumif; jzpfomG ;apcJo h nfh Zmwfvrf;uawmh q&mh&ŒJ 102

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

103

aq;cef;udk touf 80 ausmf avmuf&w dS hJ qif;qif;&J&J tzGm;td}k u;D wpfO;D a&mufvmcJh onf? tzGm;uawmfawmf touf&&_ cufcaJ eonf? tufprmvd@k ac:=uonfh yef;em &ifusyf jzpfaeonf?q&mu olvyk af y;oiho f nfh ukor_awG tm;vH;k udk vkyaf y;vdu k w f ma=umifh tzGm;}u;D touf&&_ oufomoGm;cJo h nf? oufom oGm;awmhrS tzGm;u ol@&JŒ vkjH cnfxJ xnfv h ;kH xm;wJh aiG 1000 usyu f kd xkwaf y;ygonf? q&mu r,lawmhyJ bmvd@k tckrS aq;cef; vmwmvJvdk@ ar;awmhrS tzGm;u awmif;&rf;pm;aomuf ae&wJholrSef;od&onfvdk@ a&;xm;onf? q&mh&JŒ vlemu uav; 8 a,mufarG; xm;cJhayrJh tcktcsdefrSmawmh wpfa,mufrS toufr&Siaf wmhv@kd ol@rSm tm;ud;k p&mr&Sb d ;l vd@k ajymjy xm;onf? q&ma&;xm;wJh ta=umif;eJ@ ywfouf+y;D u|erf q&mhxH zke;f qufar;=unfch hJ ygonf? q&mu "cdu k ;kd &mrJh aewJh tbd;k / tbGm;/ awGukd bd;k bGm;&dyo f mvdk ae&m rsKd ;awGrmS apmifha&Smufxm; apcsifygw,f?u|efawmfEdkifiHrSm tpdk;&u axmufyHay;wJh bdk;bGm; &dyfomqdkwmodyfr&Sdygbl;? trsm;tm;jzifhuawmh vlr_ulnDa&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGu xlaxmifxm;=uwmav? olw@kd &JŒ a*[mawGrmS aumif;aumif; rGerf eG af u|;yg w,f/ 'gayrJh olw@kd &J@ pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;awGuakd wmh vdu k ef m =u&ygw,f/ olw@kd &JŒ a*[mawGrmS vkycf sicf si/f rvkycf sicf sif wpfae@vH;k w&m;xdik cf ikd ;f wmrsKd ;awG &Sw d ,f? vlwikd ;f u awmh b,fw&m; xdkifcsifyghrvJ?bdk;bGm; &dyfomqdkwm oufawmifh oufom aexdkifEdkifwJh ae&mjzpf& ygr,f/ 'grv S J tbd;k / tbGm;awG aysm=f urSmyg? wpfcsKd Œ a*[m awGu "ouf}u;D axmif" awGe@J awmif wlaeao;ygw,f? tjcm;Edik if H awGrmS u bd;k bGm; &dyo f mqdw k m tyef;ajz tem;,l&m ae&mawGe@J ydw k yl gw,f? 'ga=umifv h J u|eaf wmfw@kd qDrmS tzd;k /tzGm;awGu raecsi=f uygb;l ? u|eaf wmfh vlemawGxu J 2 a,mufavmuf &Sw d ,f/ raecsiv f @kd jyefvmwm? u|eaf wmfjzpfapcsiw f mu "tpd;k &taeeJ@ tzd;k / tzGm;awG pdwcf sr;f csr;f omomeJ@ aexdik Ef ikd w f hJ bd;k bGm;&dyo f mawG vkyaf y;apcsiyf gw,f? t&rf; wif;usyw f hJ pnf;urf; awGe@J r[kwyf J oufawmifo h ufom tem;,lEikd w f hJ ae&mrsKd ;ayg?h " [k q&mol&ed v f id_ 0f if;u ajymjy cJo h nf? q&m qufajymjywmu "tckawmh tpd;k &qDrmS ouf}u;D &G,t f akd wGukd tcrJh aq;ukay;rnfh tpDtpOfawmh &Sad e+y/D 'gayrJh u|eaf wmfaq;&Hrk mS tvkyv f yk af ewke;f u aq;&Hu k kd t&rf;touf}u;D wJh vlvmwm odyrf awG@&bl;? bmjzpfv@kd vJ qdk awmh olw@kd taeeJ@ aq;&Hkudk oGm;udk roGm;Edkif=uawmhvdk@yg ?taumif;qHk;uawmh bdk;bGm; &dyfomawG wnfaqmuf+y;D olw@kd awGukd bd;k bGm;&dyo f m awGrmS yJxm;oifyh gw,f? aemuf+y;D jynfov l x l k udv k nf; touf t&G,t f rkd if;ae +yjD zpfwhJ tbd;k / tbGm;awG tvkyf vkyu f ikd f ae=uwmudk awG@wdik ;f bd;k bGm;&dyo f mudk yd@k oifw h ,fqw kd hJ ta=umif;udv k nf; odxm;atmif vkyo f ifh w,f?"vd@k ol@tawG@t=uKH ukd ajymjycJh ygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

103

104

q&ma&;xm;wJh ta=umif;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; u|efr q&mhxH zkef;qufar;=unfhcJh ygonf? q&mu "cdkudk;&mrJh aewJh tbdk;/ tbGm;/ awGudk bdk;bGm;&dyfomvdk ae&m rsdK;awGrmS apmifah &Smufxm; apcsifygw,f?u|efawmfEikd if rH mS tpd;k &u axmufyaH y;wJh bdk;bGm; &dyfomqdkwmodyfr&Sdygbl;? trsm;tm;jzifuh awmh vlru_ nl aD &; tzG@Jtpnf;awGu xlaxmifxm;=uwmav? olwdk@&JŒ a*[mawGrmS aumif;aumif; rGefrGefau|;yg w,f/ 'gayrJh olwdk@&J@ pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;awGudkawmh vdkufem =u&ygw,f/ olwdk@&JŒ a*[mawGrmS vkycf sifcsif/ rvkycf sifcsif wpfae@vHk; w&m;xdki cf ikd f;wmrsdK;awG &Sdw,f? vlwikd ;f u awmh b,fw&m; xdik fcsifyghrvJ?bd;k bGm; &dyof mqdwk m oufawmifh oufom aexdik Ef ikd wf hJ ae&mjzpf& ygr,f" .... u|efru qnf;qm&dyf bdk;bGm;&dyfomudk OD;pD;wnfaxmifcJhwJh pma&;q&mr a':oef;jrifhatmifudkvnf; touft&G,f}uD;&ifhwJh olawG tvkyfvkyfudkifae&wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ol@&JŒtjrifudk ar;cJhygw,f? q&mr a':oef;jrifhatmifu "vrf;ab;rSm tvkyv f yk af ewJh tzd;k }u;D / tzGm;}u;D awGe@J ywfouf+y;D ajym&&if wpftcsuu f olw@kd 0efxrf; b0uvmwmvm; ayg/h 0efxrf;b0u vmwmqd&k ifawmh olw@kd twGuf ouf}u;D &G,f tdk awG&ŒJ cHpm;cGihf ayg/h rjzpfp avmufr[kwyf eJ @J vHv k akH vmufaf vmuf cHpm;cGi&hf oifw h mayg/h 'grSr[kwf 0efxrf;r[kwfbl;aygh omref vufvkyfvufpm;awGqdkvnf;yJ udk,fhEdkifiH&JŒ ouf}uD;&G,ftdkawGudk jyKpk apmifha&Smufr_ xdkufoifhoavmufawmh &oifhygw,f/ ouf}uD;&G,ftdk wpfa,muf qdkwm ryifryef; aexdkifpm;aomufEdkifcGifh &oifhw,f/ tcrJhaq;0g;uko cGifhvnf; &oifhw,faygh? tm[m&aygh/ ouf}uD;&G,ftdkawG twGuf tm[m&u ta&;}u;D w,f? tm[m& jynfjh ynf0h 0 pm;oH;k cGihf &So d ifw h ,f?"vd@k ajymjyoGm; cJhygonf? b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf u|erf wd@k Edik if rH mS jynfov l x l u k qif;&J=uonf? qif;&Jra_ =umifh touft&G,f }u;D &ifo h al wGvnf; toufe@J rvdu k w f hJ tvkyt f udik af wGukd raorcsi;f vkyu f ikd af e=u&wmudu k tdZk mwm raumif;=ujcif; rnfygvrd rhf nf? ouf}u;D &G,t f akd wG tdZk mwm aumif;vmzd@k vli,fv&l , G af wG taeeJ@ }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G zf @kd vdk tyf ygonf? tpd;k &taeESihf vnf; ouf}u;D &G,t f akd wGtwGuf taxmuftyhjH yKay;Edik v f sS if vltrkd sm;vnf; aus;Zl;wif=uygvrd rhf nf?

cif+idrf;opf 104

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

105

0if;xGÉOf D; taemufbufurf;okd hjyefvmjcif;

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105

106

}uKd ;rsm;ukd jzwfvu dk o f nftxd b0ukd xGe, f uf=uyJ ufxm;cJ=h u&m t&yfa'o jzpfaomfvnf; ol rh b d rsm;vufxufwiG u f m; xkt d &yfukd ausmckid ;f vku d =f uonf? b0ukd onfxufyI kd wefqmqif&ef[al om tdrrf ufrsm;jzifh olwdk rh o d m;pk jrKd ah wmfudk ajymif;a&$ o h mG ;cJ=h ujcif; jzpfonf? tckawmh xGufoGm;onfh ae@rSpum wcgrS jyefrvmjzpfonfh {&m0wDjrpf taemufzufurf;odk h 0if;xGÉOf D; tvGrf;ajy jyefvmcJhjcif;yif jzpfygonf? (ESp)f xkad e@u ausmyk;d tdyw f pfv;Hk / jrKd ah wmfvyk f rke@f yJomG ;a&pm tenf;i,fEiS hf 0if;xGÉOf ;D a&muf&SdvmjyD;aemuf em&D0ufcef@twGif;rSmyif ola&muf&Sdaea=umif;owif;u xkdjrdK@ vkdvkdt&yfwGif ysH@ESH@I oGm;ygonf? txl;ojzifh vla&mtdrfa&m +ydKvkvkjzpfaeonfh a':cav;rxHokd@vnf; xkdowif; a&mufoGm;ygonf? aemufxyf em&Dtenf;i,f =umjyD;aomtcgwGifum; a':uav;ra&S harSmufokd@ 0if;xGÉfOD;ukd,fwkdif a&muf&SdoGm; cJhygonf? a':cav;ru "0if;xGÉOf ;D &,f oifah wmfovko d m xkid af wmh[,f" [k qku d m {nf0h wfjyKygonf? " tm;vk;H aexkid af umif;=u&J rh [kwv f m;" [laom pum;wGiu f m; rsu&f nfprf;prf; prf;prf;ESihf jzpfygonf? " ta':uawmh wpfa,mufwnf;orm;ayr,fh uoDw,f igw h &l J h" [laom wdr0f ifomG ;onfh toHEiS t hf wl rsu&f nfpdk ph dk u h dk vufjzifw h @dk aomtcg a':cav;r. vufarmif;om;}u;D ukd 0if;xGÉfO;D =unfjh zpfatmifudk =unfah erd cJyh gavonf? onfawmhvnf; vufav;vk;H cef t h rm&Gw}f u;D ukd awG jh zpfatmifawG u h m tae&txkid &f cufomG ;rdyg. ? onftrm&Gwf}uD;um; 0if;xGÉfOD; ukd,fwkdifjyKvkyfcJhaom trm&Gwf}uD;yif d &yfa'oukd pGef ch mG I roGm;=uao;? a':cav;ru jzpfygonf? onfwek ;f u 0if;xGÉOf ;D wkd h xkt olwkd@tdrf. a0,sm0pP Am[D& udpPtm;vkH;ukd aqmif&Gufvkyfukdifay;ol jzpfygonf? onfwek ;f u 0if;xGÉfO;D uav; q,fEpS f rjynfw h jynfo h m &SOd ;D rnf? o}ueF t f =uwfae@ wpfae@. ae v h nfcif; aeyljcpfjcpfawmuf}u;D xJwiG f 0if;xGÉOf ;D u a&xGuu f pm;zdk jh yifonf? a':cav;ru 0if;xGÉfOD;. tarukd qHyifjzLE_wfay;&if;rS "aeyl}uD;xJ[,f" [kqkdum h nf? 0if;xGÉOf ;D bmpdw0f ifomG ;onfrod? ab;wGicf sxm;onfh Zm*emudk 0if;xGÉOf ;D ukd [ef o aumuf,lvkdufum a':cav;r. vufarmif;om;}uD;xJokd@ xkd;ESpfpdkufcGJcsvkduf&m aoG;pdrf;&Sif&Sif yef;xGufvmygawmhonf? Todk hjzifh a':cav;r. vufarmif;ay:wGif trm&Gww f pfck a&muf&v dS mcJjh cif; jzpfygonf? 0if;xGÉfO;D u o}ueF t f =uwfae w h pfae Eh iS t hf wl a':cav;r. vufarmif;ay:rS trm&Gwu f dk rarhyg? txl;ojzifh rdbawGu pum;pyfrad vwkid ;f r=umr=um ajym=uqk=d uav aoma=umifh ykI d rarhyg? ,ckuo hJ @dk {&m0wDjrpf taemufbufurf;yg;qDohdk jyefvmaom 106

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atmifqef;pk=unf

Eternal Light Magazine March 2013

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0wˆKwdk OD;xkyf ESihf vl opPmeD

tdy&f mrS Ed;k I a&csKd ;cef; rSeaf &SŒ &yfum rsuEf mS opf&efjyifqifaom tcdu k u f srS u|eaf wmhw f iG f acgi;f r&Sad wmhonhf tjzpfukd ¶kwjf cnf; awGŒodvu kd &f jcif;jzpfonf? vufxw J iG f oGm;yGww f u H kd udik u f m u|eaf wmfa=umifai; aerdonf? rae@nuyif w,fvaD A;&Si;f a&SŒwGif xdik u f m tpDpOfjy;D qH;k onftxd =unh¶f a_ ecJah o;onf reufr;kd vif; usrS u|eaf wmhf acgi;f u b,fa&mufomG ;&ovJ? tdy&f mrS tx tdy&f mxJwiG yf if arhuse&f pfcahJ vovm;/ ckwif&&dS mod@k oGm;=unhf rd.? wGe@f a=uaeaom tdy&f mcif;ay:wGif wGm;oGm;aeaom =urf;yd;k wpfaumifukd awGŒ&.? u|efawmhfacgif;u =urf;ydk;wpfaumif tjzpf ajymif;vJ oGm;avovm;? rae@nuyif tdrt f jyef vrf;xdyf pwd;k qdik u f rsuEf mS opf&ef ar$;qyfjym topf wpfw;kH udk u|eaf wmf0,f cJah o;onf? ,ckT qyfjymudk v$iyfh pf &awmhrnfavm/ cENmud, k w f iG f acgi;f r&Sad ejcif;rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; xdcu kd pf &m[k rxif&aomfvnf; tawmftoihf uoduatmuf Edik af pwmu trSeyf if jzpfonf? Oyrm u|eaf wmhf rsurf eS u f b kd ,fae&mwGif wyfqif&ygrnfenf;/ ajcrsuf aphwiG f wyfqifIvnf; rwihw f ,f? jywif;wHcg;udk u|eaf wmfweG ;f zGiv fh u kd . f ta0; opfawm tkyw f @kd txufrS wjznf;jznf; xGuaf y:vmaom vH;k 0ef;onhf t&m0wWKwckukd awGŒvdu k &f ojzihf aysmufq;kH aeaom u|eaf wmhf acgi;f [kxifum 0rf;omoGm;onf? odŒk aomf xdt k &mrSm aevH;k =u;D jzpfaeavonf? u|eaf wmf tdru f xGucf o hJ nf? taru b,fvJ [kar;onf? u|eaf wmfu "acgi;f udk oGm;&Sm vdu k t f ;kH r,f tar" [kajymcJo h nf? um;*dww f iG f um;&yfxm;tcdu k f py,f,mu vlac:aeonf? "vmaemf...uwW&mvrf; twdik ;f oGm;r,f...acgi;f a&m ud, k yf g vdu k rf S jrefrmaiGe@J 200 yJay;&r,f..." "'gq&kd if igu ud, k yf v J u kd rf ,fumG 100 yJ,l" uGsefawmf ajymvdkufonfudk tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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py,f,mu jyKH ;=unh&f if;... "tpfu=kd u;D u awmfawmf aemufwufwmyJ..." [kqakd vonf/ cufonfu uGseaf wmhf cENmud, k rf S acgi;f aysmufq;kH aeonf qdjk cif;u =um;&olw@kd taejzihf vufoihcf &H ef toihf r&Sjd cif;yifjzpfonf? jzpf¶;kd jzpfpOf udprP sm;jzihf tom;usaeolw@kd tzd@k TudprP mS &Sm;yg;aom jyufv;kH wpfck jzpfaumif; jzpfaeEdik af yonf? od@k aomf u|eaf wmhf acgi;f uawmh trSew f u,fyif aysmufq;kH cJjh cif; jzpfavonf? &efukefa&mufaomtcg uGsefawmfacgif; usufpm;wufaom ae&mrsm;wGif vdu k &f mS =unho f nf/ yxr +rKd Œvnf ¶ky&f iS ¶f rkH sm; w0du k q f o D @kd a&muf&o dS mG ;.? aemufrS vky=f ux H m;onhf taygpm; Zmwfvrf;rsm;udo k m wcrf;wem;wifjyaeonhf ¶ky&f iS ¶f rkH sm;qDo@kd uGseaf wmf ra&mufjzpfco hJ nfrmS =umjyjD zpfa=umif; owd&vm.? aemuf pm=unhw f u kd f rsm;qDo@kd a&mufomG ;onf? pm=unhw f u kd rf sm;rSm ajcmufuyf wdwq f w d If aeonf? zwfvakd om pmtkyrf sm; r&S?d pifaxmihf wpfae&mwGif awGŒ&aom zHw k ufaeonhf taemufwikd ;f '\e ordik ;f qdak om pmtky=f u;D udk w&Gucf si;f vSeu f m &SmazGygaofmvnf; acgi;f udk &SmrawG@? rdwaf qGrsm; xdik w f ufaom vufzuf&nfqikd rf sm;qDo@kd a&mufjyef.? olw@kd u uyfzvmta=umif; A[k0g'ta=umif; yd@k pfarmf'efta=umif; tdwZf pfpw,f&, S v f pfZif; ta=umif; ul¶;kd qm;0g;ta=umif; ¶dZk ifbuf. yef;csu D m;rsm;ta=umif; &ufyf *Dwta=umif; wa,mufwayguf ajymqdak e=uonf? "reuf uwnf;u acgi;f aysmufomG ;vd@k vdu k &f mS aewm..." [kajymawmh olw@kd u 0dik ;f &,f=uonf? wpfa,mufu... "cifAsm;uawmh pdwaf &m*guk q&m0efe@J oGm;awGŒoihjf y.D .." wpfa,mufu... "*sme,f wckcrk mS a=umjimxnhf vdu k af yg"h wpfa,mufu... "twk wyfqifa&;Xme wckukd oGm;vdu k yf g/ tqifajyoGm;vdrrfh nf" xdo k @kd ajymaomolrmS rawmfwq xdcu kd rf w _ iG f ajcaxmuf wpfzuf qH;k ¶H;_ oGm; ojzihf ajcwk wyfqifxm;aomol wpfOD;jzpfonf? odk@aomf acgif;udk twkwyfqifI &r&awmh olaoaocsmcsm rod[q k o kd nf? *sme,fwapmif ¶H;k xdik &f mod@k oGm;I... "rae@u u|eaf wmfacgi;f usaysmufomG ;w,f/ aumuf&ol jyefay;ygu xdu k o f ihf ovdk aus;Zl;qyfygrnf" Tpmom;udk a&;um t,f'w D mudk ay;vdu k o f nf? t,f'w D mu... 130

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

131

"cifAsm; acgi;f xJrmS bmawGygovJ" [kar;ygonf? olu... "OyrmAsm...ydkufqHtdwf wpftdwfudk aumuf&w,fqdk&if txJrSm ydkufqH/ vuf0wfvufpm;/ um;vdkifpif/ rSwfyHkwif/ ta&;=uD;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; pojzihf ygwufovdak ygAh sm..." [kajymonf? aphpyf aocsmaom t,f'w D mESifh u|eaf wmf awG@ae &onfxifyg&@J ? "tif;...u|efawmhfacgif;xJrSm [kwfvm; u|efawmhf acgif;xJrSm ygwmawGu remcHwufr_/ rkef;wD;r_/ pHaoGr_ jyD;awmh (avoH...tenf;wdk;I) =uD;us,fjrihfjrwfr_/ jy;D awmh... tJ...ud, k u fh , kd u f , kd f txif=u;D r_vnf; ygr,f xifygw,f" t,f'w D mu vufumjyvdu k o f nf? "awmfygjyD...'Davmufqkd &ygjyD...cif;Asm; acgi;f uawmh t0dik ;f ygaemf..." "t0dik ;f ygyJ...av;axmihf rjzpfcw hJ mudk tckrS aemifw&aeygw,f..." u|efawmf t,f'Dwm ¶Hk;cef;rSm xGufvmcJhonf? oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufu n$ev f u kd o f vdk ol aemufajymifajymcJw h mvnf; jzpfEikd yf gonf? pdwaf &m*guk q&m0efxH a&mufomG ;jyefonf? "u|eaf wmf bmuln&D rvJ..." "u|efawmhf acgif;aysmufoGm;vdk@yg..." "b,fwek ;f uvJ..." "'DreufyJ..." "aocsm&J@vm;..." "tif ; ...raocsmvS b l ; ...'D x uf r u apmapm uwnf ; u aysmuf q H k ; aecJw h mjzpfjy;D 'Dae@ reufusrS u|eaf wmf owdjyKrw d mvJ jzpfEikd yf gw,f" q&m0efu u|eaf wmhu f kd owif;pm wpfapmif xd;k ay;onf? "acgi;f pOfawGukd zwfjyyg..." u|eaf wmf aoaocsmcsm zwfjyvdu k . f ? "cif;Asm;rS acgif;&Sdaeom;yJ..." "r&Syd gb;l a'guw f m..." "cifAsm;...tpmpm;Edkifovm;" "o=um; tkyx f m;wJh tpm;tpmu vG&J if tukepf m;w,f" "toHAvHawGa&m tuke=f um;vm;..." "rolawmf ckEpS yf g;&J@ toHawGu vG&J if tuke=f um;w,f" q&m0efu u|eaf wmhu f kd ar;cGe;f tawmf rsm;rsm;ar;cJo h nf? "cifAsm;[m omrefvlawGeJŒ bmrSrxl;jcm;ygbl; cifAsm;acgif;uvJ cifAsm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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ud, k rf mS yJ e*dk twdik ;f &Sad eygw,f" "r&Syd gb;l a'guw f m..." q&m0efxrH mS vHak vmufaom tajzr&yJ u|eaf wmfjyefvmcJ&h onf? uGseaf wmhf acgi;f b,fa&muf oGm;ovnf;/ vrf;avSsmuf&if; pOf;pm;vmcJo h nf? vrf;wGif usaysmufchJ onfxm;?; u|eaf wmhf acgi;f u vdarRmo f ;D vdk tcGcH g pm;I &onfr[kw?f yef;wpfyiG v fh kd {nhcf ef;wGif tvS jyifxm;I rwihw f ,f? xdrk sS toH;k rusaom t&mudk rnfou l aumuf oGm;enf;? od@k r[kwf u|eaf wmhf acgi;f onf tdyrf uf wckcak emufoŒkd tvnfvu kd o f mG ; avovm;/ odk@r[kwf aumufuspfaom nwpfnuyif jyefay;qGJoGm;avovm;/ od@k r[kwf aEGv,f prf;tdik f wckvkd bmom wpfpwpfp cef;ajcmufaysmufq;kH oGm;cJah v ovm; od@k r[kwf... u|eaf wmf pdwyf suf tm;avsmah om ajcvSr;f rsm;jzihf tdrjf yefvmcJo h nf? vrf;xdyf ta&mufwiG f u|eaf wmhq f o D @kd vdrv fh maom vH;k 0ef;onhf t&m0wWK wpfcu k kd awG@vdu k f &ojzihf u|efawmhf acgif;[kxifum 0rf;omoGm;onf/ odk@aomf xdkt&mrSm vrf;xJu uav;rsm; uefvdkufaom abmvHk; wpfvHk; jzpfaeavonf? tdrfxJodk@ 0ifoGm;aom u|eaf wmhu f kd taru... "rif;...wpfae@vH;k b,fomG ;aevJ/ 'DrmS rif; OD;xkyf tdrf rf mS arhusecf w hJ ,f" tarh pum;a=umihf u|eaf wmf wkev f y_ f tH=ooGm;onf? tarjyaom OD;xkyu f kd udkif=unhf&if;... "tar 'g u|eaf wmhf OD;xkyv f m;..." "[kww f ,fav...bmjzpfvŒkd vJ..." tarh ar;cGe;f udk ajzp&m rvdyk g/ u|eaf wmf 0rf;om oGm;onf/ ,ck aqmif;I r&aomfvnf; u|eaf wmhw f iG f OD;xkyf wpfv;kH &Sad ejcif;rSm u|eaf wmhw f iG f acgi;f &Sad =umif; oG,0f u kd u f m oufaojy&m a&mufaoma=umihf jzpfavonf?

opPmeD (opPmeD - tjcm;aomt&mrsm;ESihfvl 0wˆKwdkaygif;csKyf rS)

132

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

133

0wˆKwdk vl,Ofaus; pdefyGifhrsm;

armifpdk;csdef (u) "a[m'DorD; tdak r,m[m odyaf wmfw,f/ 'Dtwef;xJrmS tifrwefawmfwhJ o rD;/ ol@rdbawGukd cGijhf yKcsuaf wmif;vd@k &&if 'DorD;av;udk arG;pm;csiw f ,fumG ? bufpykH +kd y;D awmfvmatmif 'DorD;udk arG;pm;csiw f ,fumG ?" om;orD;rsm;udk Armpm oif,lapvdkonfh Armjynfom; rdbrsm;u Armpm oifay;zd@k usaemfu h kd awmif;qdck =hJ uonf? vGecf o hJ nfh 2011 uwJu awmif;qdck &hJ m 'DEpS f aEG&moD ausmif;ydw&f ufwiG f Armpmoifwef; zGijhf zpfonf? rGe/f Arm/ u&if/ ArmrGwq f vif/ csi;f trsKd ;om; uav;vli,f pkpak ygi;f ta,muf ESpq f ,f? pae we*FaEG ESp&f ufwnf;wm oifay;onf? (u)wef;ESihf (c)wef; ESpw f ef;cGx J m; onf? twef;(c)rS yxrwef; Armpmay ta&;tzwf taumif;qH;k tawmfq;kH jzpfatmif }uKd ;pm;vGe;f onfh tdak r,m? rsuaf ph tjriftm¶Hk r_o H jzifh rsurf eS w f yfxm;&onfh toufq,fh wpfEpS t f &G,f tdak r,m? t&m&mrSm zswv f wfou G v f uf+y;D vef;qef; Ed;k ºu aewwfonfh ausmif;ol? twef;xJwiG f tdak r,mudk usaemfu azmfxw k cf s;D rGr;f avh&o dS nf? wwef;vH;k &J@ perlemjy tjzpf ajrSmufpm;avh&o dS nf? &mbDvmESihf ausm+f zKd ;0if;uJo h @kd ysi;f &dnzHh si;f aom ausmif; om;rsm; tm;usrcH jzpfvmap&ef &nf&, G +f y;D tdak r,mudk cs;D rGr;f wmvnf;ygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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'Dae@awmh usaemhf cs;D rGr;f ajrSmufpm;r_ukd xGma['gu pwifwek @f jyefonf? "tdak r,mudk q&marG;pm;vd@k jzpfrmS r[kwb f ;l ? olu ody+f y;D o&Jwap> a=umuf wwfw,f? nbuf ol@ab;rSm vlr&Syd eJ @J olrtdyw f wfb;l ? ol@udk arG;pm;vd@k rjzpfEikd b f ;l ? ol odyaf =umufwwfw,f?" usaemfu tdak r,mudk +yKH ;v#uf vSr;f =unfo h nf? tdak r,muvnf; +yKH ;&,fv#uf om; usaemfu h kd armh=unfo h nf? [kwo f vm; tdak r,m qdak om q&mht=unfu h kd [kwyf gw,f q&m[k 0efco H nfh t=unfjh zifh wke@f jyefaecJo h nf? usaemf tenf;i,f tH=h owkev f y_ f oGm;cJh onf? pdwx f w J iG f rwifrus b0ifrus jzpfomG ;cJo h nf? o&Jwap>ukd a=umufwo hJ l &So d vm;? &S&d if vufaxmif[k usaemfu ar;aomtcg ausmif;ol &Spfa,mufu vufaxmif=uonf? usefwJh ausmif;om;ESpfa,mufu ra=umufb;l aygh [kwv f m; qd+k y;D xyfar;awmh enf;enf;yJ a=umufw,f q&m[k ajzonf? usaemfu tm;yg;w& &,farmvdu k pf Of ausmif;oltrsm;pku Ed;k ...Ed;k ...Ed;k ? Ed;k udk atmf[pf&if; olw@kd vJ a=umuf wwfwmyJ q&m[k qdu k m vla=umuf pm&if;xJ xnfo h iG ;f =uawmhonf? "usaemfw@kd u nbuf tvif;a&mif r&Sw d hJ tarSmifxu J kd roGm;&Jwm/ +y;D awmh vl}u;D awGu tJ'o D pfyifu nbuf o&Jajcmufwwfw,f qdrk S a=umuf+y;D roGm;&Jwm/ vl}u;D awGu bmrS rajym&if usaemfw@kd vJ bmrS rjzpfb;l / ra=umufb;l ayg/h oGm;wmyJaygh" toufEpS q f ,f0ef;usif xdu k av;rsm;onf rdbq&mwd@k xGi;f xk/ xkqpfxm;onfh yef;yk¶yk u f av;rsm; jzpfonf? xd@k jyif ywf0ef;usiu f yHak vmif;cJo h nfh ¶kyx f u k av;rsm;vnf; jzpfaeay ao;onf? od@k r[kwf td;k vkyo f w l @kd . vufxrJ S td;k rsm;? b,fenf; b,f[efjzifh tb,fyHk/ tb,f¶kyfxk/ tb,f tdk;aumif; tdk;vSwdk@udk xkwfvkyf=urnfenf;? usaemfu a=umufwwfonfh a=umufpw d u f kd r}uKd u?f vlw@kd . pdw"f gwf trsKd ;rsKd ; xJwiG f a=umufpw d o f nf a=umufp&m taumif;qH;k pdw"f gwaf wGxrJ mS wrsKd ;tygt0if jzpfonf? tdak r,m uJo h @kd ysKd jrpfEo k pfonfh uav;wa,muf. pdwx f w J iG f a=umufpw d u f ajccsum tjrpfw, G f ae+yq D v kd #if xdu k av;. tem*wfonf a=umufpw d f ausmufw;kH rsm;;jzifh zdxm; jcif; cH&um vGwv f yfr_ r&Sw d mh? b,fvrkd sm; wd;k wufxeG ;f opf Edik yf gawmhrvJ? xdpk ;kd &drrf u _ usaemh&ifukd ajy;¶du k v f mcJo h nf? pmqufroifEikd af wmhyJ c%&yfxm;vdu k o f nf? tawG;xJwiG f epf0ifaeqJ/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;onf o&Joap> ta=umif; pum;Edik v f u k m ajymae=uonf? vufyyH ifwiG f Z&ufiu S t f yk f usouJo h @kd qlnaH e=u+y?D "[kw+f yD q&mar;r,f/ o&Jwap>ukd jrifb;l awG@bl;wJo h /l 'grrS [kwf tawG@t}uKH &Sw d o hJ l &So d vm;? q&mhukd ajymjyprf;uGm? b,fo&l v dS ?J vuf!;d_ axmif" +yKH ;&dyo f ef;v#uf usaemhukd ai;pdu k =f unfah e=uonf? vuf!;d_ axmifrnfo h l r&S?d 134

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touf&iS af eonfh t+yKH ;rS vGI J wdwq f yd +f ird o f uf v#uo f m; awG@ae&onf? orD;av; aty &,fp;kd udk apmapmuwJuyif owd&vmcJo h nf? orD;av; ta=umif;udk ajymjyrS jzpfrnf? orD; av; pdwEf v S ;kH wGif pG+J rv J r$ ;f rd;k aecJ/h csKyu f ikd f ajcmufjcm;apcJo h nfh a=umufpw d f wap>ukd armif; xkwaf y;cJb h ;l onf? usaemf ud, k w f ikd v f J armif;xkwEf iS x f w k f cJ&h onfyJ r[kwv f m;? ta=umufw&m;udk vGeq f efonfh ra=umufw&m;udk woGio f iG f ajymjzpfaeav awmhonf? wu,fwiG v f nf; ausmif;q&m qdo k nfrmS pmoifay;jcif;xuf aumif;rGejf rifrh m; onfh vl@b0 c&D;vrf;udk av#mufvrS ;f wwf&ef/ av#mufvrS ;f Edik f ap&ef/ tawG;tac:ay;r_/ t vif;a&mif xGe;f !_d vrf;jyol? pmoifz@kd oufoufxuf ausmif;q&m vkyif ef;onf ydI k us,f 0ef;euf¶i_d ;f onf? "q&mhorD; taxG;qH;k av; aty&,fp;kd [m i,fi,fu tdak r,mvdyk gy?J r&Sw d o hJ &Jukd a=umufwwfw,f? wu,fu o&Ja=umufwmxuf tarSmifukd a=umufwm? tarSmif xJukd roGm;&Jwm? b,fvykd J jzpfap tJ'aD =umufpw d u f kd q&m zsucf scb hJ ;l w,f? OD;aESmufxrJ mS pdwx f rJ mS pGaJ ewJh a=umufpw d q f w kd hJ tnpftax; tpGt J vef;udk q&mu azsmufzsuaf y;cJh +y;D orD;av;udk owW&adS tmif &Jpw d &f rJ mef jzpfvmatmif vkyaf y;cJb h w l ,f" roEWmESihf wGma[&mwd@k ESpOf ;D u xyfar;onf? rraty&,fp;kd u tckra=umuf awmhb;l / ra=umufwwfawmh bl;aygah emf[k tm;yg;w& ar;=uonf? orD;av; aty&,fp;kd rSm ,QKq,fah jcmufEpS o f rD;t&G,f jzpfaecJ+h y?D tar&duef e,l ; a,muf j ynf e ,f w G i f arG ; zG m ;cJ h o l ? ,Q K onf + rd K @wG i f txuf w ef ; ausmif ; ol ? usaemfpmoifay; aepOf tjcm;uav;rsm;udk usaemhu, kd pf m; olutul q&mrtjzpf Armpmoifay;aeojzifh usaemh aemufa=umbufwiG f &Sad e+y;D om;? Armpum;/ Arm,Ofaus; r_EiS hf Armpmayudk orD;u av;b0 xJu tpysKd ;oif=um; ay;cJo h jzifh ,QK Armpm q&mr jzpfvmaecJah v+y?D "uJ 'Dausmif;olawGukd orD;ajymjy vdu k pf rf;yg orD;&,f" orD;u ol@xH;k pH trlt&mtwdik ;f +yKH ;EG@J EG@J jzifh ajymonf? "[kww f ,f? tpfru odyaf =umufcw hJ m? tckawmh o&JvJ ra=umuf/ ntarSmif udv k J ra=umufawmhb;l ? bmrSr&Sw d hJ o&Jukd a=umufcw hJ mudk ,QK jyefpOf;pm;awmh &,fp&mt awmfaumif;wm? &Supf &mvJ aumif;w,f? vlawGe@J awG@&ifvJ a=umufvef@wm r&Sad wmhb;l ? azazu avhusiahf y;cJv h @kd tckvkd a=umufpw d rf &Sad wmhwm" &SpEf pS rf S q,fo h ;kH ESpt f &G,f ausmif;olwpkrmS orD;av;udk armh=unfv h #uf t+yKH ; t&,fw@kd jzifh vef;qef;aeyHrk mS =umyef;yGihf uav;rsm;ES,jf zpfonf? a=umufpw d zf pd ;D r_rS vGwf ajrmuf vGwv f yfaeaom orD;av; aty&,fp;kd ud, k w f ikd v f nf; wu,f=h umyef;yGihf wyGijhf zpf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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177

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

177

178

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178

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179

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181

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182

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183

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184

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185

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186

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187

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187

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189

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189

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191

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