အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၅) by derric maw

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&5 / e,kefv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;

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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 20

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oef;0if;vd_if &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; armifpGrf;&nf

24 33 37

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43 48 54

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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68 71 74 77 80 84 88 94 97

atmfyu D s,f udu k }kd u;D

101 104

jroef;wifh armifpdk;csdef

108 118

armifarmifvwf oef;0if;vd_if

130 136

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147

tvif;tdrrf 'D , D m

149

acwfpum; Tc&D;eD;ovm; Brain Drain eJ@ywfoufv@kd

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bmomjyef tcef;quf tdraf jrmS ifavSmiftrd f (57) &ke;f xGucf &hJ aom jrefrmjynf

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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'*kefwm&m (jrefrmopfr*~Zif;/ atmufwdkbmv/ 2009 rS) 6

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

vrf;.....

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&J+idrf; ( 13/ 5/2013) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

r&Sdc%

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rif;udkEdki f (ppfawGaxmifwGif;pyfuAsm) 8

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

avmuf

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xGef;0if;+idrf; pdwuf ;l qdyuf rf; uAsm tEkynm r*~Zif; rwf / 2013

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

o,HZmw 0Éfem uHem

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pdeaf =umih/f ywWjrm;a=umih/f ausmufprd ;f a=umihf a&eH obm0"mwfaiG ah =umihf "a=umihf"awG a=umihf wcsKd h vlom;awGvJ aoG;pGe;f touf,eG ;f o,HZmwawGavmuf b0[m wefz;kd r&Sd avmu}u;D xJ avmuom;awG tcsi;f csi;f raºuGoihb f J ta¹cGcH& wcsdK hrsm;/ vdik pf if& om;owform;&Jh rdwaf qGvm; (o,HZmw) o,HZmw ydik &f iS t f ppfawGuawmh 0ÉfaºuG;qyf b,ftxdvaJ v rar;prf;eJ ah wmh avmuom; avmbawG rcrf;oa&G w h v hJ m; ypfrw S u f ydik &f iS af wG&hJ tonf;ESv;Hk wnhw f nh?f

ausmf[kef; {+yD 28/ 2013 (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS) 10

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

pGefrsm; xm0pOf +ird ;f csr;f wJh urBm}u;D u pm;yG0J ikd ;f udk vufaqmifay;w,f? tvH;k pHk ysuo f Ok ;f wJh urBm}u;D u ppfajrjyifukd vufaqmifay;w,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd &Sio f efaewJh urBm}u;D ua&m u|eaf wmfw@kd udk b,fvv kd ufaqmifrsKd ; ay;rSmvJ? tjyma&mif aumif;uifrmS u|eaf wmf v$ww f ifvu kd w f hJ ar;cGef;pGefrsm; ajcukev f ufyef;usv@kd }uKd ;jywfomG ;+yv D m;....?

armifopf=unf (jrefrmopfr*~Zif;/ Edk0ifbmv/ 2009 rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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armifpGrf;&nf ar 2/ 2013 (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS) 12

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

urBmzsufrJ h “ig” uAsmysufwpfyk'f ige@J rwkl ig@&efow l @J ige@J bmomrwl ig@&efow l @J ige@J tom;a&mifrwl ig@&efow l ?hJ jynfjrefrmajrrSm wxdwx f w d ef @J 'D "ig" awG odyo f yd rf sm;aecJ@ayg@ 'DurBmrSmav odyf tqdyrf sm;wJ@ ig ig ig urBmudzk suw f @J tvkyef @J tJ'D "ig" qdw k @J &rufwpfvyk [ f m uAsmwdyk suf wpfy'k f jzpfc@J &wmvm;?

aZmfxuf (ysOf;rem;) (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

tpdrf;pm;owW0grsm;eJ huAsmq&mwcsdK h

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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armifpdk;csdef 29/ 4/ 2013

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

&efukefwuUodkvf uH@aumf&eHŒawG[m ausmufjzpf&yk fºuGi;f b0u Ed;k xcJ+h y?D J J pdeyf ef;yGiahf wGu ajrrSmaºuGvJ eD&q zD;epfiu S f taxmiftaomif;? opfyw k yf if[m orkid ;f &JŒoufao tif;vsm;uef&ŒJ wufacguo f [ H m b,fawmhrrS cef; t"dywdvrf;qdw k m t+rw J rf;ajzmifw h ef;w,f?

opPmeD In Style, December, 2013

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(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS) 32

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&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; {+yD 29/2013

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OD;oef@udku Ak'<bmom0if a,musfm;aumif;wOD;tjzpf ¶_jrifoHk;oyfxm;yHk jzpfygw,f? OD;oef@tjrif[m wu,hf Ak'b < mom0if pifppfwOD;&JŒ ¶_jrifo;kH oyfcsujf zpfygw,f? ukvor*~ todik ;f t0dik ;f uvnf; OD;oef@&JŒ vkyaf qmifcsuaf wGukd oH;k oyfcs;D rGr;f =u&mrSm OD;oef@[m Ak'b < mom0ifqw kd hJ tcsuu f kd r=umc% xnho f iG ;f ajymqk=d uygw,f? Ak'<bmomudk urBmuodwmu arwWm0g'/ +idrf;csrf;a&;0g'/ tv,ftvwf vrf;pOf (rZPsdr yÉdy'gvrf;pOf) vdk@jzpfygw,f? OD;oef@&JŒ onf;cHpdwf&Snfjcif;ukdvnf; Ak'0< g'jD zpfv@kd qd+k y;D oH;k oyf=uygw,f? OD;oe@faqmif&u G &f wJh tvkyaf wGuvnf; +ird ;f csr;f a&; tvkyu f kd bufrvdu k f =um;aea&; ae&mu onf;cHpw d &f n S pf mG vky&f wJh tvkyaf wGjzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh OD;oef@[m rd¶;dk zvm Ak'0< g'wOD; jzpfygw,f? bke;f }u;D ausmif;ae+y;D bkef;}uD;ausmif;&JŒ Ak'<bmom o¶dk;pmtajccHawG roifcJh&ygbl;? ol@zcifu tdEdN, wuUov kd w f ckrmS ynmoifczhJ ;l wJh acwfynmwwfwOD; jzpfv@kd rd¶;dk zvm ynma&;avmufe@J wif;wdrfEdkifolr[kwfyg? bkef;}uD;ausmif;udk pwifrydk@bJ vlausmif;udkyJ pwifydk@cJh+yD; t*Fvyd pf m wwfu|r;f a&;udyk J tav;ay;cJyh gw,f? ud&k if0wfawmhvnf; ckEpS &f ufyJ 0wfc&hJ ygw,f? 'Dvekd @J Ak'b < momrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tqihfjrihfjrihf avhvm&wJh ausmif;ynm tcGihfta&;rsdK;r&cJhyg? 'gayr,hf pmzwfjcif;udk txl;0goemygwt hJ wGuf Ak'p< mayudk rd¶;kd zvmxufy+kd y;D avhvmvdu k pf m;cJ[ h ef&ydS gw,f? Ak'<bmom0ifwOD;taeeJ@ omrefrd¶kd;zvmxufydk+yD; avhvmvdkufpm;cJhyHk &w,fvdk@ OD;oef@tay: tuJjzwfEdkifwJh ta=umif;tcsufwckuawmh rEœav;awmif+rdKŒ r[m *E<¶Hkq&mawmf t&SifZeum bd0Hovdk Ak'<pmayusrf;jyK tausmfwOD;u OD;oef@vdk vl0wfa=umifwOD;udk rdr&d ŒJ bmoma&;pmtkyf (tem*wfomoem) rSm trSmpm a&;cGifh jyKjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dtcsu[ f m bmoma&;eJ@ ywfouf+y;D txif}u;D p&m jzpfayr,hf OD;oef@[m bk&m;'um qÏo*Fg,emwif Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyf OD;Eke@J awmh vH;k 0rwlygb;l ? OD;Eku ykw;D pdwjf cif;/ aA'ifar;jcif;/ Avdewfpmau|;jcif; pwJh udpaP wGrmS txl;tav;teuf xm;vGe;f ygw,f? oabmxm;uGv J rJG _ tvGeef nf;wJh i,faygi;f a&mif;&if; OD;Eke@J OD;oef@wk@d [m Edik if aH wmfu bmoma&;twGuf aqmif&u G rf r_ mS t}u;D tus,f oabmuGv J cJG zhJ ;l ygw,f? OD;Ek[m qÏr o*Fg,emwif omoemh 'g,um}u;D bGŒJ cHvo kd l jzpfygw,f? yOPr o*Fg,em wifcJhwm[m rif;wkef;rif; vufxufuqdkawmh xyf+yD; o*Fg,emwifzdk@ tavmw}uD; rvdkao;ygbl;? rif;wkef;rif;u ausmufxuftuQ&m wifcJhwmyg? ykEH ydS pf mawGvnf; ¶du k Ef ydS +f y;D om; &Sad eyg+y?D E_wx f uf tm*Ho k ufouf r[kwyf gb;l ? Armjynf uvnf; 'kwd,urBmppfrSm rdat;ESpfcgemqdkovdk *syeft0ifwcg/ t*Fvdyft0ifwcg ppf'%fc+H y;D jymyHjk zpfc&hJ wJt h jyif jynfwiG pf pfr;D uvnf; awmufavmifaewmyg? 'gah =umihf xlaxmifp wkdif;jynfrSm vdk%f*l}uD;aqmuf+yD; t}uD;tus,f aiGukefa=u;uscHzdk@qkdwm 38

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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OD;oef@&JŒ rdwfaqG&if; OD;Ek[m "OD;oef@[m tvGef¶kd;om; ajzmihfrwfol wa,mufjzpf+y;D Ak'b < momudv k nf; tvGe¶f akd oudik ;f ¶_id ;f ol jzpfygw,f" vdk@ twdkcsKyf ajymcJzh ;l ygw,f? wu,fawmh OD;oef@[m b,fbmomudk rqkd ¶dak oudik ;f ¶_id ;f wJh vl,Ofaus; jzpfygw,f? OD;EkajymwJh "OD;oef@[m tvGe¶f ;kd om;ajzmihrf wfol" qdw k hJ pum;[m ¶k;d ¶k;d eJ@ jynhpf v kH w S hJ *k%yf 'k yf gy?J OD;tke;f jrihf ('d@k &Sr;f jynf) uawmh Ak'b < mom ¶_axmihu f *k%jf yKpum;wvH;k jzpfwhJ "olZmwmwdk@. rsm;pGm ESpfvdk=unfndK cifrifapEdkifaom oGifjyiftrlt&m&Sdjcif;" vdk@ tcsKyfajymygw,f? tJ'gudk "o&%D,w&m; ajcmufyg;eJ@ jynhfpHkol" ajymEdkifygw,fwJh? o&%D,w&m; ajcmufyg;qdw k mu..... (1) cspcf ifEpS v f zkd , G f ud, k t f rlt&m&Sjd cif;/ (2) cspcf ifEpS v f zkd , G f E_wt f rlt&m&Sjd cif;/ (3) cspcf ifEpS v f zkd , G f pdwt f rlt&m&Sjd cif;/ (4) cspcf ifEpS v f zkd , G f rSswa0zefr&_ jdS cif;/ (5) cspcf ifEpS v f zkd , G f ud, k u f si&fh jdS cif;/ (6) cspcf ifEpS v f zkd , G f vdu k af vsmwwfjcif;wJ?h tm;vH;k (6) yg;yg? "cspcf ifEpS v f zkd , G f trltusiefh @J jynfpo kH "l vd@k ajym&if +y;D r,fxifygw,f? "Ak'b < momESifh OD;oef@" qdw k hJ bdvyfu *g', D efowif;pm aqmif;yg;wyk'u f kd wuUov kd pf ed w f ifjyKpw k hJ "urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&; Adou k m OD;oe@f" qdw k hJ pmtkyrf mS bmomjyef+y;D azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tJ'aD qmif;yg;u "Ak'b < momESifh OD;oef@" (vef'ef/ atmufwb kd m (19) ¶du k w f m) ukvor*~qdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD; OD;oef@ udk;uG,f,Hk=unfaom bmomjzpfonhf Ak'<bmomonfyif OD;oef@udk ukvor*~twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf cef@oihfa=umif; wefzdk;rjzwf Edik af om taxmuftuljzpfae+yD jzpfojzihf *g', D efowif;pm}u;D u ,ae@acgi;f }u;D ydik ;f rS a0zefa&;om;vdu k o f nf? ,if;owif;pm}u;D u qufvufa&;om;&mwGif Ak'b < mom0if rsm;rSm orpdwW&Sd=uI tv,ftvwfvrf;pOfudk vufudkifxm;+yD; tjrwfqHk;w&m;udk &SmazGaeolrsm;jzpfonf pojzihf yg&o dS nf? xko d @kd &nf&, G &f if;&S=d uaom vlrsKd ;rsm;rSm t*wdw&m;rvdu k pf m;bJ orpdwW rSswpGm xm;&Sdwwfaom oabm&Sdolrsm;jzpfonf? OD;oef@udk =unhfygvSsif ol,Hk=unf vufcHaom bmomw&m;a=umihfyif ukvor*~. wm0ef}uD;rsm;udk xrf;aqmif&ef oihfawmfolwOD;jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;aeonfpojzihf tqdkyg *g'D,efowif;pm}uD;u qufvufa0zefa&;om;xm;ayonf? txufygpm[m ¶dkufwmowif;Xmeu *g'D,ef owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;xJu ta=umif;tcsuw f ckukd azmufonfcsvu kd w f myJ jzpfygw,f? 40

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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ndKjr (rsdK;jrifhcsdK bavm*frS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

31 &ufae@wGif trsK;d om; nDvmcHukd &yfem;cJo h nf? 1990 jynhfESpfarv 27 &ufwGif usif;ycJhonhf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumufyJG ESpEf pS jf ynhcf ge;D tcsed w f iG f Edik if aH wmf +ird 0f yfyjd ym;r_ wnfaqmufa&; tzGŒJ onf zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'opf a&;qJaG &; pDrcH suf vrf;a=umif;udk yHak zmfc+hJ y;D trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd ac:,lco hJ nf? trsK;d om;nDvmcHEiS fh zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya' a&;qGaJ &;pDrcH suo f nf 1990 jynhfESpf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif awmif+ydKurf;+ydK tEdkif&&SdcJhaom trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pD tzGŒJ csKyt f m; tm%mv$aJ jymif;a&; tpDtpOfukd acszsucf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? 1996 ckEpS w f iG f trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd &yfem;cJh +y;D aemuf jrefrmhEikd if aH &;onf aomifrwif a&rus taetxm;od@k a&muf&cdS o hJ nf? e0wtpd;k &onf tm%mv$aJ jymif;a&; tusyf twnf;udk tajccHOya'opf a&;qGaJ &;udk OD;wnfaom trsK;d om;nDvmcHEiS fh vrf;v$EJ ikd f cJo h nf?

vrf;jyajryHEk iS fh nDvmcH'wk ,d tausmh Edik if aH wmf at;csr;f om,ma&;ESifh zGŒH +zKd ;a&;aumifpo D nf 2003 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 30 &ufaehwiG f tqihcf ek pfqihf yg0ifaom 'Dru kd a&pD vrf;jyajryHu k kd csrw S cf o hJ nf? vrf;jy ajryH. k yxrtqiho f nf 1996 ckEpS u f wnf;u &yfem;xm;cJah om trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd jyefvnfusi;f y&ef jzpfonf? 2003 ckEpS f arv 30 &uf 'Dy, J if; wdu k cf u kd rf t _ +y;D oH;k vtwGi;f vrf;jyajryHk csjycJjh cif;onf Edik if w H umY 'Dy, J if; wdu k cf u kd rf u _ kd ta=umif;jyKvsuf &ifqikd af e &aom pdefac:r_rsm; zdtm;ay;r_rsm;udk avsmhcsEdkif&ef tm¶kHajymif;&ef AsL[majrmuf pDrHcJhjcif;jzpfonf? vrf;jyajryHk ckepfcsufonf 'DyJ,if; wdkufcdkufr_tay: EdkifiHwum. pdw0f ifpm;r_ukd tm¶kaH jymif;&ef &nf&, G o f nhf Edik if aH &; tpDtpOf wpf&yfom jzpfco hJ nf? Edik if aH &;t& odumQ q,fonhf vky&f yf[k oH;k oyfrt _ csKŒd &Scd ahJ omfvnf; jyefvnfpwifonhf trsK;d om; nDvmcHwiG f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzGŒJ csKyEf iS fh &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pD tzGJŒcsKyf tygt0if 1990 jynhfESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&&Sdonhf t"duygwDrsm;. ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; rwufa&mufco hJ jzihf ckw&f mwjcm; &S&mwjcm; jzpfapcJo h nf[v k nf; rSwcf sujf yKEikd o f nf? 2004 ckEpS f arv 17 &ufaehwiG f trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd jyefvnfusi;f yEdik cf +hJ y;D jrefrmh'Drdkua&pD vrf;jyajryHk. yxrtqihfudk pwifcJhonf? 2003 ckESpf vrf;jyajryHk ckepfcsuEf iS fh ywfoufI tmqD,EH ikd if t H csKŒd tygt0if Edik if w H um todik ;f t0kid ;f . wH@k jyef r_rSm at;pufvGef;cJhojzihf EdkifiHa&;t& a&mif;rSm;0,frSm; jzpfcJhonf[kom rSwfcsufjyK Edik o f nf? trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyo f nf Edik if aH wmf at;csr;f om,ma&;ESifh zGŒH +zKd ;a&; aumifpDu jyefvnfusif;yrnhf trsKd;om;nDvmcHY yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef qEN&Sdonhf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

tavsmuf ygw'D w k , d OuUÏ OD;wifO;D ESifh taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unf wd@k udk v$waf y;a&; tygt0if tcsuif g;csuu f kd tm%mydik rf sm;xHwifjy awmif;qdck &hJ m oabmwlnrD _ r&&Scd o hJ jzihf trsK;d om; nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufrnf r[kwaf =umif; 2004 ckEpS f arv 14 &ufae@wGif xkwjf yefco hJ nf? ukvor*~ tmqD,H tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if t H csKŒd tygt0if EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;onf teft,fvf'DygwD rygaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk tdrcf sKycf sKy+f y;D usi;f yaom trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd tjyif;txef a0zefco hJ nf?

+idrf;csrf;a&; tzGJŒrsm;. ay;pm 2004 ckEpS w f iG f trsK;d om;nDvmcH rwdik rf D typftcwf &yfpx J m;aom +ird ;f csr;f a&; tzGŒJ rsm;onf tm;vH;k yg0ifonhf nDvmcHjzpfa&; tqdjk yKco hJ nf? 2004 ckEpS f arv 11 &ufaehwGif typftcwf&yfpJ+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&; &,lxm;aom wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkif tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;jzpfonhf ucsifjynf vGwfvyfa&;tzGJŒ (autdkiftdk)/ yavmifjynfe,f vGwaf jrmufa&;tzGŒJ rGejf ynfopfygw/D &Sr;f jynfwyfrawmf (tufpt f ufpaf t)/ &Sr;f jynf trsK;d om;wyfrawmf (tufpt f ufpt f efat)/ u,ef;jynfopf ygww D . hkd trsK;d om;nDvmcH ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ acgi;f aqmifrsm; vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom oabmxm; tjrifwifjycsuf udk trsK;d om; nDvmcH usi;f ya&; aumfr&SiOf uUÏxH ay;yd@k cJo h nf? tqdyk gpmwGif 1990 jynhEf pS f a&G;aumufcH jynfo@l ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; trsK;d om; nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufciG &fh &dS ef typftcwf&yfp+J y;D jynfou l kd trSew f u,f ud, k pf m;jyKaom tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm; typftcw rf &yfao;aom tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;udv k nf; tjrefq;kH +ird ;f csr;f a&; &,lvsuf nDvmcHwufciG jfh yK&ef 5§96 Oya'udk ¶kwo f rd ;f &ef tajccHrl 104 csut f euf 'Drdkua&pD vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;ESihf rudkufnDaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyefvnfaqG;aEG; jyifqifciG &fh &dS ef trsK;d om;nDvmcH. Edik if aH &;OD;wnfcsurf sm;rS eHygwf 6 onf 'Dru kd a&pD vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;ESihf rudkufnD vlxk qENoabmxm;ESihfvnf; rudkufnDonhftwGuf aqG;aEG;nSEd i_d ;f jyifqifciG &fh &ef ponht f csurf sm;udk wifjyawmif;qdck o hJ nf? trsK;d om;nDvmcH usi;f ya&; aumfr&Sio f nf typftcwf &yfpaJ &; &,lxm;aom wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd f tzGŒJ tpnf; ajcmufzŒJG . oabmxm; wifjycsuu f kd tjyKoabm rwkH@jyefcJhonhftjyif nDvmcHtwGif; aqG;aEG;r_rsm;onfvnf; t}udwfte,f r&SdcJhay? trsK;d om;nDvmcHwiG f tpd;k &r[kwaf om wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd f tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;. aqG;aEG;wifjycsufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJhonfrS wpfyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;jzihf ajz&Sif;cJhr_ r&Sjd cif;onfvnf; trsK;d om;jyefvnf oihjf rwfa&;udk csnefh @J apcJo h nf?

nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,f zGJŒpnf;r_ 2004 ckEpS f trsK;d om; nDvmcH. ud, k pf m;vS,f a&G;cs,rf w _ iG f yGiv fh if;jrifomr_ tm;enf;cJh+yD; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. jynfolvlxkudk udk,fpm;jyKEdkifr_ tydkif;onfvnf; 50

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

trsKd;om;nDvmcH usif;ya&; aumfr&Si of nf typftcwf &yfpaJ &; &,lxm;aom wdik f;&if;om; vufeufuikd f tzGJŒtpnf; ajcmufzGJŒ. oabmxm; wifjycsufukd tjyKoabm rwkH@ jyefcohJ nhtf jyif nDvmcHtwGi ;f aqG;aEG;r_rsm;onfvnf; t}udwtf e,f r&Scd ahJ y? trsKd;om;nDvmcHwiG f tpdk;&r[kwfaom wdki f;&if;om; vufeufuikd f tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;. aqG;aEG;wifjycsufrsm;udk rSwwf rf;wifcohJ nfrS wpfyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;jzihf ajz&Si ;f cJrh _ r&Sjd cif;onfvnf; trsKd;om;jyefvnf oihjf rwfa&;udk csnhef ahJ pcJoh nf? ...... ar;cGe;f xkwzf , G f jzpfco hJ nf? arv 17 &ufaehwiG f jyefvnfusi;f ycJah om trsK;d om; nDvmcHY udk,fpm;vS,f tpktzGJŒ&SpfzGJŒrS udk,fpm;vS,f 1088 OD;wufa&mufcJhaomfvnf; a&G;aumufyGJwGif a&G;cs,fcHxm;&aom udk,fpm;vS,f 15 OD; om wufa&mufcJhojzihf ud, k pf m;vS,f pkpak ygi;f . 0²01 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f om ud, k pf m;jyKco hJ nf? 2004 ckEpS f nDvmcH ud, k pf m;vS,f ta&twGuf onf 1992 ckEpS f nDvmcHxuf 386 OD; ydrk sm;aomfvnf; a&G;aumufyYJG a&G;aumufcH ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;. ta&twGurf mS 1992 ckEpS w f iG f 99 OD;&Scd &hJ mrS 2004 ckEpS f wGif 15 OD;om&Scd o hJ jzihf 84 OD; avsmeh nf;cJo h nf? a&G;aumufyGJwGif a&G;aumuf cHxm;&aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpktzGJŒ/ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; tpktzGŒJ / todynm&Sif twwfynm &Sirf sm;tpktzGŒJ ESifh tjcm;zdw=f um; oiho f nhf yk*Kd~ vrf sm; tpktzGŒJ wdw hk iG f nDvmcH ud, k pf m;vS,f 205 OD; wufa&mufco hJ nf? tpktzGŒJ rsm;. nDvmcH ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk rnfo@kd rnfykH a&G;cs,zf w d =f um;cJo h nfukd tao; pdwfxkwfjyefcJhjcif; r&Sdonhftjyif trsKd;om;nDvmcHwGif aqG;aEG;r_rsm;ESihf ywfoufI yGiv fh if;jrifomr_ tydik ;f wGiv f nf; tm;enf;cJo h nf? w&m;0if twnfrjyKEikd af om owif;rsm;t& wdik ;f &if;om; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; tpktzGŒJ / awmifov l ,form; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; tpktzGŒJ / tvkyo f rm; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; tpktzGŒJ ESifh Edik if 0H efxrf;ud, k f pm;vS,rf sm;tpktzGŒJ wd. hk nDvmcH ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf jynfaxmifpk =uchH ikd af &;ESizfh ŒHG +zKd ;a&;toif;0ifrsm;/ jynfcikd +f zKd ; toif;}u;D udk axmufco H rl sm;ESifh tpd;k &ESifh eD;pyforl sm; jzpfonf[k oH;k oyfazmfjy=uonf? xdt hk wl todynm&Sif twwfynm &Sirf sm;tpktzGŒJ wGif zdw=f um;cH&ol trsm;pkonfvnf; tpd;k &ESifh yvJeo H iho f rl sm; eD;pyforl sm; jzpfonf[k aumufcsufjyK=uonf? tjcm;zdwf=um;oihfaom yk*~dKvfrsm; tpktzGJŒwGif a'guw f mcifarmifneG @f / OD;cGejf rwf/ a'guw f mapmqdik rf eG f om/ordik ;f ynm&Sirf sm;jzpfaom OD;pdik ;f atmifxeG ;f / OD;xGe;f atmifcsed w f @kd yg0ifc+hJ y;D tpktzGŒJ 0if trsm;pkrmS jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif; tpd;k & wdEhk iS fh ruif;olrsm;yifjzpfonf? typftcwf &yfpaJ &;&,lxm;aom wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd +f ird ;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ 28 zGŒJ rS ud, k pf m;vS,f 90 OD;vnf; wufa&mufco hJ nf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

qENcH,lyGJopfjyefvkyfzkd h 2008 ckEpS f arv 10 &uf ESifh arv 26 &ufaehww hkd iG f usi;f ycJah om jynfv;kH u|wf qENc, H yl YJG qENraJ y;cGi&fh o dS l pkpak ygi;f . 98²12 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f qENrv J ma&muf ay;cJ+h y;D 92²48 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f u axmufcrH aJ y;r_jzihf 2008 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rl=urf;udk twnfjyK cJhonf[k w&m;0ifxkwf jyefcJhonf? jynfvHk;uGswfqENcH,l yGJusif;ycJhonhf tcsdefwGif vGwfvyfr_/ yGihfvif;jrifomr_/ w&m;rswr_ tydkif;wdkhY tuehftowfrsm;pGm &SdaecJh+yD; ar;cGe;f xkwzf , G f tajctaersm;pGm &Sad ecJo h nfrmS rjiif;Edik af om tcsujf zpfonf? jynfvHk;u|wf qENcH,lyGJ usif;ycJhcsdefwGif &efukeftajcpdkuf ukvor*~ESihf oH¶kH;rsm;.udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;udkavhvmEdkif&ef pDpOfay;cJhaomf vnf; a'owGif;apmihf =unhaf vh vmolrsm;/ Edik if w H umapmih=f unhf avhvmolrsm;udv k ma&mufavh vmcGirfh jyK cJo h nht f jyif jynfwiG ;f apmih=f unhaf vhvmolrsm;ESifh jynf wGi;f owif;rD', D mrsm;. vkyyf ikd cf iG fh udv k nf; rsm;pGmxde;f csKyx f m;cJo h nf? xdahk =umihf vuf&t dS ajctaerS jyefvnfo;kH oyfvsif 2008 ckEpS f jynfv;kH uGswf qENc, H yl . JG &v'fonf jrefrmjynfov l x l }k u;D . vGwv f yfaom qENtppf trSef [kwrf [kwf jyefvnfqef;ppf&ef vdt k yfvsu&f adS eonf[k aumufcsujf yK Edik o f nf? jynfvHk;u|wf qENcH,lyGJwGif zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk twnfjyK&ef qENrJ ay;ydik cf iG &fh o dS l pkpak ygi;f . xuf0ufausmf axmufcrH v _ t kd yfonf? 2008 ckEpS f arv. &v'f 92²48 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f axmufcrH o _ nf ig;ESpw f m umvtwGi;f 50 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f atmuf xd;k qif;us oGm;&ef jzpfEdkifajc tvGefenf;yg;onf[k rSwfcsufjyKEdkifonf? vuf&Sdtpdk;& taejzihf vGecf ahJ om ig;ESpu f 90 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ausmf axmufcrH o _ nf ,ckEpS w f iG f 50 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f atmuf usqif;oGm;vdrrfh nf[k pd;k &drrf _ wpd;k wpdrs r&SEd ikd o f nht f avsmuf jynfv;kH uGswf qENc, H yl JG jyefvnfusi;f ya&; tpDtpOfukd ,H=k unfr_ tjynh/f &J&0J 0hH hH pDrEH ikd v f rd rfh nf[k arsmv f ihrf o d nf? vuf&t dS m%m& jynfaxmifpk =uchH ikd af &;ESifh zGŒH +zKd ;a&;ygwo D nf zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccH Oya' oH;k oyfa&; aumfrwD zGŒJ pnf;a&;udk v$waf wmfwiG ;f Y OD;aqmiftqdk wifoiG ;f cJo h nhf enf;wl jynfoq hl ENc, H yl JG xyfru H si;f y+y;D vuf&zdS ŒJG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'tay: jynfov l x l k axmufcHr_ &mcdkifE_ef;rnfrSs &Sdaeao;onfudk jyefvnfqef;ppfEdkifrnhf ta&;}uD; tqdk wpf&yfukd jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmfwiG f OD;aqmifwifoiG ;f Edik rf nfqv kd sif jynfwiG ;f rJqEN&iS f rsm;. jynfcikd +f zKd ;ygwt D ay: pdw0f ifpm; axmufcrH u _ kd Edik if aH &;t& jriS w fh ifEikd rf nf jzpfouJo h @kd Edik if w H um todik ;f t0ef;wGiv f nf; aumif;cs;D =obm vufcyk o f H trsm;tjym; &&SEd ikd rf nhf tqdjk zpfEikd o f nf? tpd;k &opf umvtwGi;f 2008 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'tay: rJqEN ay;cGihf&Sdol pkpkaygif;. xuf0ufausmf. axmufcHrJ&&Sda&;onf tcuftcJ &SdEdkifzG,f r&So d nht f jyif 'Dru kd a&pDenf;us yGiv fh if;jrifomaom ywf0ef;usiw f iG f xyfrt H wnfjyKru _ kd 52

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

vuf&tdS m%m& jynfaxmifpk =uHhcdki fa&;ESihf zGHŒ+zdK;a&;ygwDonf zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccH Oya' oHk;oyfa&; aumfrwD zGJŒpnf;a&;udk v$wfawmfwGi;f Y OD;aqmiftqdk wifoiG ;f cJoh nhf enf;wl jynfoqhl ENc,H yl JG xyfruH sif;y+yD; vuf&dzS GJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'tay: jynfolvlxk axmufcHr_ &mcdki Ef e_ ;f rnfrsS &Sdaeao;onfudk jyefvnfqef;ppfEdkifrnhf ta&;}uD; tqdk wpf&yfudk jynfaxmifpvk w$ af wmfwiG f OD;aqmifwifoiG f; Edki rf nfqvkd sif jynfwiG f;rJqEN&iS f rsm;. jynfcikd +f zdK;ygwDtay: pdw0f ifpm; axmufcHr_udk Edki fiHa&;t& jrSiwfh ifEikd rf nf jzpfouJoh @kd Edik fiHwum todik ;f t0ef;wGi fvnf; aumif;csD;=obm vufckyfoH trsm;tjym; &&SdEdkifrnhf tqdkjzpfEdki of nf? tpd;k &opf umvtwGi f; 2008 ckEpS f zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'tay: rJqEN ay;cGihf&doS l pkpkaygif;. xuf0ufausmf. axmufcrH &J &Sad &;onf tcuftcJ &SEd ikd zf ,G f r&Sod nhtf jyif 'Drdkua&pDenf;us yGihfvif;jrifomaom ywf0ef;usifwiG f xyfrHtwnfjyKr_udk &,l+yD;rSom zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya' jyefvnfo;kH oyf jyifqifa&;udk taumiftxnf azmfoihof nf[k xifjrifrod nf? ....... &,l+y;D rSom zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' jyefvnfo;kH oyf jyifqifa&;udk taumiftxnf azmfoihf onf[k xifjrifro d nf? tcsKyt f m;jzihq f akd omf jrefrmjynfov l x l }k u;D txl;ojzihf atmufajcqif;&Jol qif;&Jom;rsm;. tcGihfta&;rsm; &ydkifcGihfrsm; wef;wl&nfwlcGihfrsm;udk cHuwkwfozG,f tumtuG,fay;onhf zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'}uD;jzpf&ef txl;vdktyfonf? xdkha=umihf jynfolhtpdk;&[k xkwfazmfavh&Sdaom tpdk;&opfESihf jynfolŒqEN a&SŒwef;wifaom v$waf wmfopfw@kd taejzihf vuf&zdS ŒJG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'tay: rJay;ydik cf iG &fh o dS l xuf0uf ausm. f axmufcrH _ &Srd &Su d kd jyefvnfqef;ppfoiho f nf? tpd;k &opfEiS fh v$waf wmfopfw@kd . rsuv f ;kH atmufwiG f usi;f yrnhf vGwv f yf/ yGiv fh if; rSswaom jynfv;kH uGswf qENc, H yl YJG rJay;ydik cf iG &fh o dS l xuf0ufausm. f axmufcrH &_ ,l twnfjyK+y;D rSom zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' jyifqifEikd &f ef avhvmoH;k oyfjcif;udk v$waf wmftaejzihf urux jyKoihaf =umif; t}ujH yK armif;cwfvu kd &f ygonf?

a'gufwm &efrsKd;odrf;

(eleven media rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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1990 arvrSm a&G;aumufyJG vkyyf gw,f? tife,f'D tjywftowf Edik yf gw,f? arSmfbD/ udkudk;u|ef;/ r*Fvm'Hk wkd@vdk ppfwyftajcpdkuf e,frsm;rSmyg 'Drdkua&pDu jywfjywfom;om; EdkifcJhwmyg? tif;pdefaxmifxJu axmif0efxrf;awG&JŒ wD;wdk;ay; owif;pum;awG t&udk 'Drdkua&pD atmifyGJowif;awG =um;ae&wm jzpfygw,f? olw@kd uvnf; carmufukd rJxnfch o hJ wJ?h olw@kd vnf; 'Dru kd a&pD iwfrw G af ewJh jynfoal wG xJu jynfoal wGygy?J naeydik ;f rSmawmh ppftyk pf &k ŒJ bDv;l ADZudk ujytoH;k awmfcyH gawmhw,f? EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; tawmfrsm;rsm;udk taqmif/ tusOf;wdkufawGuae ac:xkwfvm ygw,f? ajcusi;f ¶du k w f ,f? nydik ;f rSm oD;oef@aqmifukd yd@k w,f? reufr;kd raomufrD +rKd Œ/ e,f tusOf;axmif toD;oD;qD cGJ+yD; ydk@vkduf=uygw,f? [kdwkef;uvdk udkudk;u|ef; tusO;f pcef;om&Sad ecJ&h if urf;rjrif vrf;rjrif udu k ;dk u|e;f udyk @kd rSm aocsmygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrD e0w ppfacgif;aqmif Adkvfapmarmif&JŒ urBmod uwdpum;awG[m a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSmwif ,Hkwrf;yHkjyifjzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? ckacwf pum;eJ@ajym&&if "t¶l;odik ;f uw,f " vd@k ajym&rSmygy?J rnfo@kd jzpfap 1990 a&G;aumufyJG [m 8888 ta&;awmfy}kH u;D &JŒtquf vlx&k ŒJ 'Dru kd a&pD wku d yf jJG zpfw,f? wyfO;D ygw[ D m trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf jzpfw,f? tzGJ@csKyf&JŒ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfol[m aetdrrf mS tus,cf sKyf csKycf x H m;&w,f? 1990 a&G;aumufy&JG v'f[m vlx}k u;D &JŒ wdu k yf 0JG if atmifo;D atmifyiG hf jzpfw,f? 1990 atmify&JG v'fukd jrjJ rcJ ikd cf ikd u f ikd pf &JG if; 'Dru kd a&pDyef;wdik u f dk ra&mufa&mufatmif wdu k yf 0JG if csw D ufz@kd yJ jzpfygw,f? axmifxrJ mS a&G;aumufy&JG ŒJ atmify&JG v'fuae 'Dru kd a&pDukd tdrrf ufrufcw hJ ,f? a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk udkifpGJ+yD; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfeJ@ v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vnf rsm;[m vlxt k wGuf 'Dru kd a&pDta&;udk b,fo@kd b,fykH wdu k yf 0JG if=urvJayg?h 1990 ckEpS f Zlvdkifv *E<Dcrf;rrSm trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu OD;aqmif+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ tEdkif& v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wG tpnf;ta0;ac:xm;ygw,f? tJ'D *E<cD rf;r tpnf;ta0;uae vlxt k wGuf vlxw k ifajrmufvu kd w f hJ v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wG[m vkyo f ifv h yk x f u kd w f hJ 'Dru kd a&pD tpk;d &ukd zG@J pnf;avrvm; ²²²? e0w&JŒ uwdpum;udk w&m;rSswwJh 'Dru kd a&pD tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzifh vlxkukd 'Drdkua&pDbufurf;odk@ OD;aqmifum ydk@avrvm; ²²² ? vlxu k vnf; 8888 ta&;awmfy}kH u;D wke;f uvkd 'Dru kd a&pD tpk;d &opfudk 0dik ;f &Hz@kd toif/h vdt k yf&if vlxw k u kd yf aJG wG usi;f ywdu k yf 0JG ifz@kd tqifoifyh g? &ifcek &f vGe;f wJh tcsed u f mvrsm; ²²²²? *E<Dtpnf;ta0;[m vlxk&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf wduswJh tajzxGufrvmbJ +yD;qHk;oGm;ygw,f? tm%m& ppftpkd;&udk uwdtwdkif; v$wfawmfac:ay;zdk@/ tcsdef owfrw S cf suf ay;zd@k toHrsS om ²²²? ppftyk pf u k vnf; 1§90 trde@f a=unmcsuef @J ygwaD wGukd 60

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

tusyu f ikd f vufrw S x f ;kd cdik ;f apygw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf OD;aqmifv@kd ygwrD sm; vuf r S w f x d k ; cJ h = uygw,f ? 'D r d k u a&pD t pk d ; &opf td r f r uf o nf u m; a&$ j ynf a wmf arSsmfwdkif;a0;cJh+yDvm; ²²²? vGr;f ygw,f xdt k csed u f &efuek f nrsm;qD ²²²? (&Jabmf *syef}uD; ac: ausmfrsKd;oef@&JŒ psmyeESifh tJ'D ta=umif;udk &Jabmf tHhaZmf a&;xm;wJh aqmif;yg;udk 'Dae&mawGrSm zwfEdkifygw,f... http://oothandar.blogspot.com/2008/12/blog-post_05.html http://oothandar.blogspot.com/2008/12/blog-post_07.html )

ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ... vlrsm;/ ordik f;tjzpftysufrsm; ... (3) 1990 ZlvdkifvxJrSmyJ tif;pdef tusOf;axmifrSae vGwfajrmufvmcJhygw,f? Zmwd+rdKŒuav;udk jyefa&mufawmh ausmif;om;ygwD EdkifiHa&;udkyJ jyefvkyfjzpfygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSmawmh vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD trnfrSonf rsKd;cspf'Drdku&ufwpf vli,fwyfaygi;f pk (jrefrmEdik if )H qd+k y;D jzpfomG ;ygw,f? awmfveS af om vl@abmifopfv@kd vnf; vlodrsm;ygw,f? ygwDudk acgif;aqmif=uolawG/ ygwD0ifawGuvnf; t&ifu EdkifiHa&; vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufawGcsn;f yg? ygww D ckwnf;rSm vkycf =hJ uolawG jzpfygw,f? tif;pdef (5) wdu k x f rJ mS &Jabmf*sirf eD @J awG@cJyh gw,f? atmifoef;OD; (t¶dik ;f ) eJ@uvnf; wwdkufwnf;yg? atmifoef;OD;u txJjyef0if&wm r=umao;awmh rsKd;cspf 'Dru kd &ufwpfvil ,fwyfaygi;f pk ta=umif;udk aoaocsmcsm odygw,f? olajymjyrS 1990 a&G;aumufyrJG mS trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyu f dk rJatmifEikd af &;twGuf pnf;¶H;k a&;c&D;awG xGu=f uwJt h a=umif;udk od&ygw,f? rauG;/ rif;bl; tnmbufukd xGu=f uwmyg? tJ'D tcsed rf mS vl@abmifopfygwD ESpzf @JG vkjd zpfaeayr,fh ygwED pS zf @JG [m r[mrdwf qufqaH &;awG &Sad e=uygw,f? axmifuxGuaf wmh Zmwd+rKd Œuav;&JŒ ausmif;om;ygwD Edik if aH &;tcif;tusi;f jyefvnfouf0ifaewmudk awG@&ygw,f? txdr;f trSwf tcrf;tem; ae@awG usif;y=uw,f? r[mrdwfygwDawGtjyif ausmif;om;eJ@ vlxkawGyg tifwdkuf/ tm;wdu k f wufa&muf=uw,f? vGwaf jrmufe,fajrrSm usq;kH oGm;wJh &Jabmf wifEikd x f eG ;f (ac:) Edik Ef ikd f (c) wif0if; qd&k if A[du k yd@k wJh txdr;f trSwaf e@ o0%fvm$ awGukd zwf&olyg? tqH;k owf wku d yf 0JG ifuAsmpudk zwfwt hJ csed rf mS ol@&JŒtoHe@J [efu wufa&mufvmwJh y&dowfukd =uufo;D jzef;jzef; xapcJyh gw,f? +rKd Œuav;rSm ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ 'Dru kd a&pD Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG jyefvnf&iS o f ef vmvd@k tm%mydik af wGu tav;xm; apmif=h unfjh cif;ukd cHvm&ygw,f? 'Dvekd @J 1990 Zlvidk f 28 eJ@ 29 &ufae@awGrSm trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu OD;aqmifusif;ywJh *E<Dcrf;r tpnf;ta0;}u;D vkycf yhJ gw,f? w+yKd ief ufwnf;rSm e0w ppftyk pf u k vnf; 27 &uf Zlvikd f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

1990 ae@pGeJ @J a=unmcsuf trSwf (1§90) ukd xkwjf yefa=unmcJyh gw,f? xdpk Ofu tm%m vufapmif;xufaewJh e0w taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) Adv k cf ifne$ @f vufrw S x f ;kd +y;D xkwcf w hJ m jzpfygw,f? *E<cD rf;r tpnf;ta0;udk a&G;aumufyt JG Edik &f jynfo@l v$waf wmf ud, k pf m;vS,f awG wufa&muf=uygw,f? *E<cD rf;r a=unmpmwrf; xGuv f mygw,f? 29 &ufae@ Zlvikd v f / 1990 ae@pGeJ @J yg? a&G;aumufyrJG mS trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyu f trwfae&m 485 rSm 392 ae&m tEdik &f &Sw d t hJ wGuf &mcdik Ef e_ ;f eJ@ wGurf ,fq&kd if wwkid ;f jynfv;kH 80 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f tEdik &f &Scd w hJ ,f? a&G;aumufy+JG y;D vd@k &ufaygi;f 60 wdik af omfvnf; e0w u jynfo@l v$waf wmf ac:,lusif;yay;jcif; r&Sdao;a=umif;/ wdkif;jynfrSm taxGaxG t=uyftwnf; qdkufae a=umif;? jynfo@l qENt& a&G;aumufwifajrmufxm;wJh jynfo@l v$waf wmf ud, k pf m;vS,f rsm;taeeJ@ a&G;aumufyJG Oya'yg tcGit hf a&;t& jynfo@l v$waf wmfrmS zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH Oya'ud k a&;qG J t wnf j yKr,f ? Oya'=urf ; ud k trsKd ; om;'D r d k u a&pD t zG J @ csKyf u a&;qGx J m;+y;D vnf; jzpfw,f? +y;D &if 'Dru kd a&pD tpk;d &opf zG@J r,f? 'gukd e0w u tjrefq;kH (1990 pufwifbmvtwGi;f ) aqmif&u G af y;zd@k awmif;qdx k m;ygw,f? e0w&JŒ a=unmcsuf trSwf (1§90) uvnf; jynfo@l v$waf wmf a&G;aumufyJG Oya' yk'fr (3) wGif "v$wfawmfudk rJqENe,frsm;rS TOya'ESifhtnD a&G;aumuf wifajrmS ufvu dk af om v$waf wmfu, fkd pf m;vS,rf sm;jzifh zG@J pnf;&rnf " jzpfwt hJ wGuf 'gukd e0w u vkyaf y;r,f? tajccHOya'w&yfudk t&if a&;qG&J r,f? a&G;;aumufyt JG +y;D rSm v$ w f a wmf a c:,l a &;/ tm%mvG J a jymif ; a&;ud p P r sm;ES i f h pyf v sOf ; I pmapmif r sm; xkwaf 0aejcif;/ aqG;aEG;jiif;ckejf cif;/ jynfy toHvi$ Xhf mersm;rS a&SŒaqmifvrf;jyvkyjf cif;/ aoG;xkd;vH_@aqmfjcif;/ w&m;r0if pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; xkwfa0jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfae=uw,f? zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ukd t&ifa&;qGJr,f jzpfygw,f? a=unmcsufrSm tcsuf (21) csuyf gygw,f? tm;vH;k eD;yg;[m ol@uk, d o f l ud, k &f nfaoG;wm/ 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkawGukd +crd ;f ajcmufwmawG jzpf+y;D ? tqk;H owfrmS ²²² "Ekid if aH wmftm%m &,la&;twGuf ,m,Dz@JG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' a&;qGI J tpk;d & zG@J pnf;jcif;udk rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf sS vufcEH idk rf nf r[kwo f nft h jyif xko d @kd aqmif&u G yf gu Oya'ESifhtnD xda&mufpGmta&;,lrnfjzpfa=umif;ESifh jynfol@qENESifhtnD ckdifrmaom zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'opft& ay:ayguv f mrnfh tpk;d &w&yf rzG@J pnf;rD =um;umvwGif EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@taejzifh(u) jynfaxmifpk r+ydKuGJa&;/ wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw G rf _ r+yKd uaJG &;/ tcsKyt f jcmtm%m wnfwchJ idk jf raJ &;[lonft h a&; (3) yg;? (c) EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ a=unmcsuftrSwf (1§88) wGifyg&Sdaom w&m;Oya'pdk;rkd;a&;ESifh e,fajrat;csrf;om,ma&;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fr_ 62

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

vHkjcHKacsmarG@apa&;/ jynfolrsm;. pm;0wfaea&; acsmifvnfapa&;ESifh ygwDpHk'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG usi;f ya&; ponfh vkyif ef;wm0ef}u;D (4) &yfteuf ygwpD 'kH rD u dk a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG usi;f ya&;wm0efrt S yjzpfaom vkyif ef;wm0ef}u;D (3) &yf ESihf (*) jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;. zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;twGufaqmif&Guf&ef vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;udk tav;*¶kjyK umuG,af pmifah &SmufomG ;rnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmvku d f onf? " jzpfygw,f? e0w&JŒ a=unmcsuf[m 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkawGtay: ppftm%m&SifyDyD tay:pD;uae pdraf c:vdu k w f mjzpf+y;D w&m;0if rSwyf w kH ifxm;wJh 'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ ygwDrsm;udkvnf; 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&; vkyfr&atmif uGyfnSyfvdkufwm jzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh e0w[m 8888 ta&;awmfy}kH u;D a=umifh Edik if aH &;rSm cHppfae&m a&mufae wmyg? toufiifaew,fv@kd ajym&ifawmif rrSm;Edik yf gb;l ? vGwaf jrmufe,fajru vufeuf udkif ppfyGJawGrSmvnf; tqHk;¶_H;}uD;pGmeJ@ &ifqdkifae&wmyg? EdkifiHwum qufqHa&; usawmhvnf; rsuEf mS csKad oG;vd@k &&if ndKjrvkyaf e&wJh tajctaeyg? 'D=um;xJ urBmEh ikd if aH &; tcif;tusi;f tajymif;tvJe@J a'oEW& Edik if aH &;u olw@kd &JŒ weyfpm;^m%fukd xGuaf yguf ay;vdu k o f vdk jzpfomG ;cJw h myg? 'Drdkua&pDbufu ta&;awmfyHk}uD;&JŒ oif=um;csufudk ed*Hk;rcsKyfEdkifcJhygbl;? tm;aumif;wJh nDnw $ af &; rwnfaqmufEikd cf yhJ gb;l ? wdu k yf w JG ikd ;f wku d yf w JG ikd ;f rSm vlxb k ufu aoG;awG/ toufawG&if;+y;D wm0efausjrJ ausvsuyf g? 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif uvnf; Edik if rH mS vlrsK;d pk 100 ausm&f w dS ,f? 'Dru kd a&pD tpk;d &opfu b,f tajccHOya'eJ@ tkycf sKyrf mS vJ? usKyfwdk@uawmh jcHxJu atmfcGifhr&&if jcHjyifu atmfrSmyJ vdk@ ajymcJhygw,f? 1990 a&G;aumufyJG t+y;D rSmjzpfygw,f? 1962 Adv k af e0if; tm%modr;f +y;D ump 0d'&l ocifcspaf rmif ajymcJw h hJ ordik ;f 0ifpum;eJ@ ordik ;f 0if bG@J xl;udak wmh vlwikd ;f od+y;D om;rd@k xl;+y;D ajymraecsif awmhygb;l ? e0w ppftyk pf u k *E<cD rf;r a=unmcsu&f ŒJ pufwifbmvtwGi;f v$waf wmf ac:ay;&r,fqw kd mudk bmrSs rwH@k jyefco hJ vdk todtrSwv f nf; rjyKcyhJ gb;l ? acwfpum;eJ@ ajym&&if rif;wd@k &JŒ awmif;qdck suaf wG em;vdu k /f udik ;f }u;D }u;D rSm em;vdu k q f w kd hJ oabmyg? ppftkyfpku ol@tvkyfol qufvkyfygw,f? olxkwfjyefxm;wJh 1§90 a=unmcsufudk 'Dru kd a&pDygwaD wGu od&v dS u kd ef mygrnfjzpfa=umif; oabmwl vufrw S x f ;kd zd@k zdtm;ay; awmif;qdv k mygw,f? yg;vnf; tom;vGw¶f u kd af o;/ xdik +f y;D awmhvnf; awmif;yefcikd ;f ao; vkyfaygufyg? 1§ 90 udk rdrw d @kd ygwu D vnf; vufrw S x f ;kd vdu k &f ygw,f? ygwD &yfwnfEikd o f rSs &yfwnfEikd af &;twGuf enf;y&d,m,ft& xd;k cJw h ,fv@kd A[du k &Si;f jyygw,f? b,fvydk J tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

ta=umif;jyonfjzpfap vufrSwfxdk;wm rSefovm;/ rSm;ovm;qdkwmudkawmh ygwDxJ &Si;f zd@k vdv k mygw,f? ta=utvnf aqG;aEG;=u+y;D vufrw S x f ;kd cJw h m rSm;w,f? ygw&D ŒJ vufawG@t=uyftwnf;eJ@ &yfwnfa&;twGuf xk;d cJw h ,f? Edik if aH &;tvkyaf wGukd t&Sed jf rifh qufvyk =f ur,f jzpfygw,f? rSwfrdaeygao;w,f? tJ'D vufrSwfxdk;=ucsdefu &efukefudk a&mufaecsdefyg? Zmwd+rdKŒudk jyefcgeD; +rdKŒutpOftvm}uD;ol awmfvSefa&;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;wOD;eJ@ awG@=uygw,f? ol@udk tazvd/k OD;}u;D vdk cifrifav;pm;&olvnf; jzpfygw,f? awG@awmh tzd;k }u;D u 1§90 udk vufrw S f xd;k / rxd;k ar;ygw,f? usaemfw@kd u xk;d vdu k w f t hJ a=umif;/ bma=umif/h b,fo@kd xd;k vdu k w f mjzpfwt hJ a=umif; weHwvsm; &Si;f jycJyh gw,f? taotcsm em;axmifae+y;D rS oljyefajymvdu k w f hJ pum;uawmh wdw k u kd av;&,fyg ²²²² "rif;wd@k ES,u f mG ²²² vufrw S rf xd;k &if rif;wd@k udk rowfygb;l uG ²²² " vGr;f arm owd&vsuyf g OD;av;a& ²²²²?

ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ... vlrsm;/ ordik f;tjzpftysufrsm; ... (4) e0w &JŒ 1§90 udk vufrw S x f ;kd t+y;D rSm Zmwd+rKd Œuav;ukd jyefcw hJ ,f? b0 t& +rdKŒuav;&JŒ aus;vuf tv,fwef;ausmif;uav;rSm wGJzufausmif;q&mtjzpfeJ@ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ukd jyKaecJw h ,f? ausmif;ydww f t hJ cg/ +rKd Œudk ta=umif;udpP wckcak =umifh wuf&wJt h cg ausmif;om; ygwED ikd if aH &;tvkyaf wG qufvyk jf zpfw,f? vkyo f mvkyaf e&w,f pdwx f u J awmh uoduatmifeh @J yg? 1990 a&G;aumufyw JG ek ;f u ygw[ D m a&G;aumufyJG Oya't& rJqENtrwfae&m tenf;qH;k jzpfwhJ 3 ae&mom r+yKd irf jzpf 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd icf w hJ ,f? t"du a&G;aumufyJG vkyfief;pOfrSm trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf rJatmifEdkifa&;udkom A[dkjyK 0dkif;&Hpnf;¶Hk; ay;cJw h ,f? carmufav ²²² carmuf tjywftowfEikd zf @kd yJ vkycf w hJ ,f? &if;ES;D &usK;d eyfygw,f? carmuf tjywftowf Edik cf w hJ ,f? ckcsed rf mS 1§90 &JŒ avmif;&dyaf tmufrmS ajray: 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH &;twGuf vky&f / udik &f wJu h iG ;f [m tawmhu f dk usO;f ajrmif;oGm;ygawmhw,f? txdr;f trSwaf e@uav;awG usif;y&wmawmif tuef@towfawGu rsm;vGef;aew,f? +rdKŒuav;&JŒ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; axmifu jyefvw G v f mw,f? OuUÏu A[drk mS wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfaew,f? *syef}uD; (ac:) ausmrf sK;d oef@u rtlyif tusO;f axmifrmS usq;kH cJ+h y?D rsKd;qufopfvdk@ajym&if rrSm;EdkifwJh txufwef;eJ@ tv,fwef; ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om; uav;awGu tife@J tm;eJ@udk ygwu D kd axmufc=H uw,f? 0dik ;f &H=uw,f? wcgcgrmS olw@kd ukd &efou l zrf;qD;ta&;,lrmS pd;k vd@k wm;&/ aqG;aEG;&wmawG &Scd w hJ ,f? 64

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

'g[m ta&;awmfy}kH u;D uay;vdu k w f hJ wdu k yf 0JG if ordik ;f pdw"f mwfe@J Edik if aH &;t& Ed;k =um;r_ awGygy?J a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSm Adkvfatmif}uD; (UNDP - ygwD acgif;aqmif}uD;) [m pnf;¶H;k a&; c&D;pOftjzpf +rKd Œuav;udk a&muf&v dS mygw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf pwif wnfaxmifpOfu OuUÏ ae&mukd &,lEdkifcJhwJh Adkvfatmif}uD;[m ppftkyfpkt}udKuf uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &; rD;¶SL;rD;yef; tajrmufukd ygwt D wGi;f rSm tpDtpOf&&dS dS azmufccJG o hJ yl g? orkid ;f 0if wuo taqmuftOD}u;D udk rdik ;f cGzJ suq f ;D cJ&h mrSmvnf; Adv k af e0if;+y;D &if ol[m wm0eft&SdqHk;yg? ta&;awmfyHk}uD;jzpfr,fh t}udKumvrSm Adkvfae0if;xH ay;pmrsm;eJ@ ol@udk,fol od'<dwifvdk@ ta&;awmfyHk}uD;rSm acgif;aqmifvdkvdk jzpfcJholyg? ordkif;awG/ tjzpftysuaf wGrmS Edik if aH &;t& ae&m,lwwfoyl gy?J 'gayr,fh odyaf wmh r=umwwfygb;l ? a&yGuyf rmyg? xm;ygav? ol@ta=umif;ajymr,fq&kd if ay&Snaf eygw,f? ol@ c&D;pOfe@J +rKd Œuav;&JŒ ta=umif;udk ajymcsiw f myg? ol@&JŒ UNDP ygw¶D ;kH cGrJ mS tpnf;ta0;vkyyf gw,f? a&SŒvkyif ef;pOfe@J pnf;¶H;k a&;udpP awGv@kd od&ygw,f? tpnf;ta0;rSm ausmif;om;av;wa,mufu ol@udk xar;ygw,f? "bb ²²² bb ajymcJhw,fav/ a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;vdk@ ppftkyfpku tm%mv$Jray;&if ud, k u hf , kd u f , dk f rD;¶_Œd +y;D qENjyr,fv@kd ²²² tJ'g ²²² ck ppfwyfu tm%mv$rJ ay;wJt h jyif yk'frawG trsKd;rsKd;wyf+yD; zrf;aew,fav ²²² bb b,fvdkvkyfrvJ" qdk+yD; ar;wmyg? Adv k af tmif}u;D vnf; tmap;xnfx h m;ovkjd zpfae+y;D acwWc% a=umifaew,f ajymygw,f? tpnf;ta0;udk jrefjreford ;f vdu k w f ,f =um;ygw,f? ar;olu rdrw d @kd ausmif;om;ygwu D kd axmufct H m;ay;ol jzpfaeygw,f? ygwu D ckvkd ar;zd@k n$e=f um;wm0efay;vdu k w f m r[kwyf g? ol@oabmeJ@ ol tpnf;ta0;oGm;wuf+y;D ar;cJw h m jzpfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf 'g[m ol@&JŒ 'Dru kd a&pD tcGit hf a&;yJ? tm;vH;k u vufc=H uygw,f? ar;olu q,fwef;ausmif;om; uav;jzpfygw,f? rsuv f ;kH jyL;jyL;uav;eJ@rd@k w+rKd ŒvH;k u ol@udk "udkjyL;" vd@k ac:=uw,f? ol@emrnft&if;[m aysmufoavmufjzpfaeygw,f? Adv k af tmif}u;D vnf; owfrw S &f uf twdik ;f raeawmhbJ +rKd Œuav;uae tjrefq;kH jyefvpfomG ;ygawmhw,f? 1991 atmufwb kd mvrSm +rKd Œuav;&JŒ OD;eDpk aus;&Gmuae tESpf ESpq f ,fe;D yg; uG,faysufaewJh vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orSm jyefvnfay:ayguf cJyh gw,f? bdu k av;/ zsmyH/k armfv+rKd iu f |e;f / vyGwmW / ajrmif;jr txd ykord ef m;uyfum qufwu dk v f v kd kd aus;&Gma'oawGrmS usnjf yefayguw f m jzpfygw,f? usnf payguaf ygujf cif; +rKd Œuav;u &J 27 a,muf pD;vmwJh yJah xmif RPG eJ@ typfc&H ygw,f? aocsiaf ,mifaqmifaewJh '%f&m& &Jwa,mufuvGv J @kd yJah xmifay:ygol &Jtm;vH;k aoygw,f? +rKd Œuav;rSm taemufawmifwikd ;f ppfXmecsKy&f ŒJ a&SŒwef;ppfXmecsKyf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

vkyv f u kd yf gw,f? xdpk Ofu wdik ;f rSL;jrifah tmif (,ck aoqH;k ) uk, d w f ikd f vma&mufuyG u f w J ,f? Adv k cf ifneG @f (,ck ppftyk pf u k zrf;qD;xJq)J / Adv k w f ifO;D (&[wf,mOfEiS hf aoqH;k )/ Adv k o f ef;a&$ (xdpk Ofu e0w. 'k-OuUÏ ) wd@k ud, k w f ikd f a&mufvm=uygw,f? ppfyu JG kd ppftyk pf u k =unf;/ a&/ av eJ@ wzufowf wdu k w f myg? rme,fyavmrSm wdik ;f rSL; Adv k af rmifvS OD;pD;uGyu f w J hJ ppftyk pf k wyfawG[m tustqH;k }u;D pGmeJ@ &ifqikd af e=u&csed v f nf; jzpfygw,f? aemufrS wqifph um;eJ@ =um;od&wmu jrpf0u|e;f ay:vufeufuikd w f u kd yf [ JG m tcsdefrwefrD ay:oGm;cJhwJhtwGuf vufOD;r_eJ@ [efcsufnDr_awG qHk;¶_H;oGm;cJhw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; wzufowf acsre_ ;f cHvu kd &f w,fv@kd jzpfygw,f? wdu k yf jJG zpfaepOfumvrSm +rKd Œuav;u trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf +rKd Œe,faumfrwD0ifawGukd tcsKyx f J zrf;xnfh ygw,f? tcsKycf ef; oH;k cef;&Sw d t hJ euf tv,fcef;rSmxm;w,f ajymygw,f? ab; ESpcf ef; udkawmh aomif;usef;olawGqdk+yD; zrf;vmolawGudk xm;ygw,f? tcsKyfcef;xJxd vufxyd af wG/ }uKd ;awG jznfay;rxm;yg? rl;vmonf jzpfap/ rauseyfv@kd jzpfap pdw}f uKd uf xkwfxkwf¶dkufESufygw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;u ¶dkufvdkuf/ ppfom;u ¶dkufvdkuf/ &Ju ¶du k v f u kd ef @J yg? ESyd pf ufc&H vd@k aoqH;k &ol ta&twGu[ f m renf;bl;qdw k mudk w+rKd ŒvH;k u odae=uygw,f? tJ'D tcsed f +rKd Œuav;&JŒ &JtcsKyx f rJ mS tzrf;qD;cH trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKy&f ŒJ acgi;f aqmifwOD;u ckjzpfaewJh vufeufuikd f wdu k yf aJG wGtay: ol@tjrifudk ajymygawmhw,f? wl;wl;cg;cg; rsuEf mS aoG;ysuaf jymwm jzpfygw,f? "u|eaf wmfw@kd vdck siw f hJ 'Dru kd a&pD[m ckvkd t=urf;zufr_ vufeufuikd f wdu k yf aJG wGe@J b,fvrkd S r&Edik b f ;l / 'D enf;vrf;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pD&r,f vd@k usaemf r,H=k unfb;l " ²²²? aemufawmh ol[m trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf ygwu D ae E_wx f u G o f mG ;ovm; rodyg? pD;yGm;a&;yJvyk +f y;D +rKd Œuav;rSm tawmf=um=um aysmufaysmuf aewwfygw,f? tcsKyfxJrSm olajymcJhwJhpum;u ol@ a=umufpdwfeJ@/ aoG;ysufr_u vmw,fv@kd jrifygw,f? ppftm%m&Si[ f m ppftm%m&Sif tvkyu f v kd yk yf gw,f? wdu k yf jJG zpfymG ;cJw h hJ aus;&Gm/ +rdKŒe,fawGrSm&SdwJh ausmif;q&m/ q&mr/ aq;0efxrf;rsm;udk zrf;qD;axmifcsygw,f? tenf;qH;k (3) ESpt f xd axmif'%fay;ygw,f? tdrjf yef uav;arG;aewJh om;onfrcd if ausmif;q&mrudkvnf; owif;awG xdefcsefr_qdk+yD; pGyfpGJ axmif'%f tjypfay;cJhw,f? tm;vH;k eD;yg;[m u&ifwidk ;f &if;om;/ wdik ;f &if;olawGjzpfae+y;D 'g[m ppftyk pf &k ŒJ r[mvlrsK;d }u;D 0g'eJ@ wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pkrsm; tcsi;f csi;f =um;rSm Armrke;f wD;a&;udk pepfwus taumif txnfazmfwm jzpfygw,f? wdu k yf jJG zpfaewJh aus;&GmawGuae nbuf arSmif&yD sK;d jyrSm uav;awG/ tzGm;tdak wG/ tzd;k tdak wG avSe@J a&mufvm=uygw,f? +rKd Œuav;&JŒ vrf;rawG/ bk&m;ausmif;eJ@ bke;f }u;D ausmif; Z&yfawGrmS jynfv h @kd yg? at;uvnf; at;/ pm;p&muvnf; 66

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

ppftm%m&Si [f m ppftm%m&Si f tvkyfudkvkyfygw,f? wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;cJhwJh aus;&Gm/ +rdKŒe,fawGrmS &Swd hJ ausmif;q&m/ q&mr/ aq;0efxrf;rsm;udk zrf;qD;axmifcsygw,f? tenf;qHk; (3) ESpftxd axmif'%fay;ygw,f? tdrfjyef uav;arG;aewJh om;onfrdcif ausmif;q&mrudvk nf; owif;awG xdefcsefr_qdk+yD; pGyfpGJ axmif'%f tjypfay;cJhw,f? tm;vHk;eD;yg;[m u&ifwidk f;&if;om;/ wdik f;&if;olawGjzpfae+yD; 'g[m ppftkyfpk&JŒ r[mvlrsKd;}uD; 0g'eJ@ wdki f;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm; tcsif;csif;=um;rSm Armrkef;wD;a&;udk pepfwus taumif txnfazmfwm jzpfygw,f? ..... r&Sd tawmfhudk a=uuGJp&m ²²² jrifuGif;awG? csufcsif;udk r0w u trdef@xkwf+yD; atmfv}H u;D awGe@J vdu k v f aH =unmygawmhw,f? ",ck +rKd Œay:wGif w&m;r0if a&muf&adS eolrsm;tm; rnfow l OD;wa,mufurdk sS {nfhonftjzpf vufoifhcH wnf;cdkaexdkifcGifh r&Sdap&? vufoifhcH wnf;cdkaexdkifcGifh jyKxm;ygu xda&mufpmG ta&;,lomG ;rnf jzpfonf?" xdak e@/ xd&k uf/ xdt k csed u f mvrsm;qDu +rKd Œuav;. nwd@k onf tpmiwf/ a&iwf/ aep&miwfae=uaom uav;i,frsm;. idak =u;G oHw@kd jzifh twd+y;D vsuf ²²² ? emusif nnf;wGm; oHrsm;u n. wdwq f w d +f ird o f ufru _ kd yrmrcef@jyKvsuf ²²²? +rKd Œuav;onf a=uuGpJ mG emusn;f r_rsm;jzifh vGwaf jrmufa&; wdu k yf pJG pfppfukd wrf;wrf;rufruf iwfrw G v f suf ²²² ? vGr;f ygw,f ²²² +rdKŒuav; ²²²?

urmykvJ 16/ 12/ 2011 (http://oothandar.blogspot.com rS &,lygonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

(u|efawmfarhr&aom taqmuftODrsm;)

arSmifeJ hrnf;rnf;xJu wJuav; zdk;oH (vlxk)

u|eaf wmfw@kd tufpt f ufpyf yD D (¶Sr;f jynfw;kd wufa&;ygw)D XmecsKyu f xGuv f m+y;D aemuf vrf;avSsmufaewm[m 5&uf 6&ufavmuf¶o dS mG ;yg+y?D reufuae ae0iftxd avSsmuf=uwm jzpfygw,f? wcgwavrsm;qd&k if (Oyrm rdik ;f &,f armfawmfum;vrf;udk jzwfwek ;f u) um;vrf;eJ@rvSr;f rurf;wae&mrSm 0yfae+y;D nusrS um;vrf;udo k w k o f w k f jzwf=u&ygw,f? rsm;aomtm;jzifah wmh reuftapm}u;D x/ csujf yKwpf m;+y;D wpfaeukef avmuf vrf;avSsmuf=uwmyg? awmifapmif;rSm/ jyef@rSm/ wpfcgwpfav acsmif;¶d;k twdik ;f a&xJrmS avSsmuf&wmvnf; ¶Syd gw,f? 'Dvekd @J yJ oHviG jf rpf}u;D eJ@eD;oxufe;D vmcJyh gw,f? 'Djrpf}u;D &JŒ wpfbufrmS u &efov l ;kH 0r&Sb d ;l ud, k v hf al wGcsnjfh zpfw,f? vGwv f w G f vyfvyf oGm;Edkif/ vmEdkif/ ajymEdkifqdkEdkifw,f? udk,fav;pm;wJh acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ awG@Edik w f ,f? ud, k t hf &if oGm;ESi=hf uwJh rEWav; yvdik ;f &yfu udo k ef;armif (udu k ;kd u|e;f jyef) vd/k OD;av;Adv k cf sKyaf usmaf Zm&JŒom; udak usmaf ZmOD;vdk ud, k o f w d hJ vlawGe@J awG@Edik w f ,f pwJh todawGe@J vl[m odww f ufºuG vef;qef;+y;D ajcvSr;f awG oGuaf ewmyg? 'gayrJ h oH v G i f j rpf } uD ; ud k jzwf & wm tEW & m,f o d y f ¶ S d y gw,f ? tJ ' D a'o (oHviG jf rpf taemuf buf) [m tufpt f ufpyf yD D tzGŒJ u v$r;f rd;k wJh a'ord@k olw@kd u vdu k yf @kd / olw@kd uul;wd@k orm;pDpOf/ olw@kd uul;wd@k qdyaf ¶G; pwmawGvyk af y;ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd uawmh olwdk@pDpOforSsudk vdkufem¶HkygyJ? 'DvdkeJ@ ul;wdk@eJ@ rvSrf;rurf; ae&mwpfckrSm u|efawmfwdk@u ae0ifatmif/ arSmifatmifapmifh=u ygw,f? n cGefESpfem&D/ ¶Spfem&D avmufusrSvlwpfa,mufu oGm;vdk@&+yD qdkwJhoabmeJ@ vmac:ygw,f? olwdk@csif; 68

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

'Dvekd @JyJ oHviG fjrpf}uD;eJ@e;D oxufe;D vmcJhygw,f? 'Djrpf}uD;&JŒ wpfbufrmS u &efolvHk;0r&Sdbl; udk,fhvlawGcsnhfjzpfw,f? vGwfvGwf vyfvyf oGm;Edki /f vmEdik f/ ajymEdki fqdkEdki wf ,f? ud,k af v;pm;wJh acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ awG@Edki fw,f? udk,fht&if oGm;ESi =hf uwJh rEWav; yvdik ;f &yfu udok ef;armif (udkudk;u|ef;jyef) vdk/ OD;av;Advk cf sKyfausmfaZm&JŒom; udak usmfaZmOD;vdk ud,k of wd hJ vlawGe@J awG@Eikd wf ,f pwJh todawGeJ@ vl[m odwfwufºuG vef;qef;+yD; ajcvSrf;awG oGufaewmyg? 'gayrJh oHviG fjrpf}uD;udk jzwf&wm tEW&m,fodyf¶dyS gw,f? tJ'D a'o (oHviG fjrpf taemuf buf) [m tufpftufpfyyD D tzGJŒu v$rf;rdk;wJh a'ordk@ olwdk@u vdkufydk@/ olwdk@uul;wdk@orm;pDpOf/ olwdk@uul;wdk@qdyfa¶G; pwmawGvkyfay;ygw,f? ...... ¶Srf;vdk ajym=uwmyg? u|efawmfu olwdk@ trlt&mudk rSef;+yD; em;vnf,lwmyg? 'geJ@ tJ'aD e&mu xvm+y;D awmifuek ;f (awmif¶;kd )udk ausmv f u kd w f ,fqw kd meJ@ oHviG jf rpfu a&oHawG wa0ga0g =um;&ygawmhw,f? wu,fu h kd tm;wufp&m}u;D yg? 'gayrJh 'Dae&m[m tEW&m,f¶w dS hJ ae&mqdw k m odaeawmh b,forl S pum;wpfceG ;f rajym/ vufEydS "f mwfr;D wpfcsurf xd;k yJ avSsmufc=Jh uygw,f? c%aeawmh awmifEpS cf t k =um;rSm woGio f iG pf ;D qif; aewJh oHvGifjrpf}uD;&JŒ wpfydkif; wpfpudkjrif&ygw,f? nqdkawmh roJruGJyJaygh? 'gayrJh =uufoa&¶Sv d u kd w f m? jrpfurf;udk a&mufawmh avSi,fwpfp;D eJ@ vlwpfa,muf toifah pmifah ewm awG@&ygw,f? }udKpDpOfxm;wJh t"dy`m,fyg? va&mifudk owdrxm;rdygbl;? 'gayrJh =u,fa&mifawG atmufrmS udyk J oHviG jf rpf}u;D [m wifw h ,fcsiw f ikd ;f wifw h ,faeygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k yJ tcsed rf jzKe;f ;yJ avSay:udk tjrefwufvu kd =f uygw,f? +y;D awmh avSu csujf cif;yJ xGuyf gw,f? vGwaf jrmufa'o/ 0e,fukd a&mufawmhr,f? a&v,fem;a&mufwmeJ@yJ u|eaf wmfu a&wpfvufcyk cf yf+y;D rsuEf mS opfvu kd f ygw,f? oHviG f jrpf}u;D udk erf;¶_ww f hJ oabmayg?h r=umygb;l ? (10) rdepf avmufyJ ¶Srd ,f xifygw,f/ wpfbufurf; udak &mufomG ;ygw,f? tJ'D wpfbufurf;udk ajccsvu kd w f ,f qdw k meJ@ pdww f ufºuaewJh vli,fwpfa,muf&ŒJ pdwx f /J acgi;f xJrmS b,fvckd pH m;r_awG ay:vmr,fqw kd m tvG,pf Of;pm;Edik yf gw,f? 'gayrJh pdwu f ;l ,Of raeEdik yf gb;l ? wpfbuf urf;uae vSr;f ypfv@kd &aeao;wmrd@k rHa_ &;a&; vlomG ; vrf;uav;twdik ;f cyfow k o f w k yf J awmifapmif;udk wuf=uygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ tawmfav;wuf vdkufawmh tarSmifxJrSm tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

tJ'D wpfbufurf;udk ajccsvdkufw,f qdkwmeJ@ pdwfwufºuaewJh vli,fwpfa,muf&JŒ pdwfxJ/ acgif;xJrmS b,fvckd pH m;r_awG ay:vmr,fqwkd m tvG,pf Of;pm;Edik yf gw,f? 'gayrJh pdwuf ;l ,Of raeEdik fygbl;? wpfbufurf;uae vSrf;ypfvdk@&aeao;wmrdk@ rH_a&;a&; vloGm; vrf;uav;twdkif; cyfowk of wk yf J awmifapmif;udk wuf=uygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ tawmfav; wufvdkufawmh tarSmifxJrmS arSmifarSmifrnf;rnf; wnf¶daS ewJh wJukyfav;wpfvHk;udk awG@w,f? tvsm;eJ@teHu tvGef 10ay-12ay pDavmuf ¶Syd gvdrrhf ,f? 'g[m uif;apmifwh whJ yJ vJ @kd twlomG ;olawGu ajymjyygw,f? oHviG jf rpf qdwk mu jzwfu;l Edik f wJhae&mawGurrsm;/ jzwful;+yD;awmhvnf; awmifapmif;udk wufvdk@&wJh vrf;uwpfck/ ESpfckyJ ¶Sdwm? 'Dawmh 'Dvakd e&mrSm uif;xdk;xm;vdkuf&if 'Dwufvrf;udk pdk;rdk;vdk@&+yDaygh? ...... arSmifarSmifrnf;rnf; wnf¶adS ewJh wJuyk af v;wpfv;kH udk awG@w,f? tvsm;eJ@teHu tvGef 10ay-12ay pDavmuf ¶Syd gvrd rhf ,f? 'g[m uif;apmifw h w hJ yJ v J @kd twlomG ;olawGu ajymjyygw,f? oHviG jf rpf qdw k mu jzwfu;l Edik f wJah e&mawGurrsm;/ jzwfu;l +y;D awmhvnf; awmifapmif;udk wufv@kd &wJh vrf;u wpfc/k ESpcf yk J ¶Sw d m? 'Dawmh 'Dvakd e&mrSm uif;xd;k xm;vdu k &f if 'Dwufvrf;udk pd;k rd;k vd@k &+yaD yg?h wJtv,frmS rD;zdx k m;wJh ae&mwpfuu G af wG@ygw,f? avmif+y;D om; xif;wdx k if;p eJ@ jymawGukd awG@vd@k ajymwmyg? aemuf+y;D acgi;f txufu oufu,fr;kd rSmvnf; =uyfc;kd pGJ aewmawGŒ&ygw,f (aemuf reufr;kd vif;rS owdxm;rdwmyg)? u|eaf wmhw f @kd &JŒ 0e,fa&muf yxrqH;k nudk 'Dwu J av;rSmyJ tdyv f u kd =f uygw,f? vGwaf jrmufe,fajrrSm yxrqH;k tdypf ufjcif;? yefqef;txdomG ; =urSmqdak wmh aemufxyf 4 &ufavmuf qufavSsmuf&OD; rSmav? 'gayrJh pd;k wxdwx f w d f &ufrsm; uawmh tqH;k owfomG ;yg+y?D tdyu f meD;usawmh " 'Dae&mrSm 'Dvkd pdwcf svufcs tdyv f @kd &atmif &JabmfawG&ŒJ toufaoG;awG b,favmufrsm; ay;cJh=uovJ" qdk+yD; awmifawmiftDtD pOf;pm; rdaeygw,f?

zdk;oH(vlxk)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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tultnDxrJ mS jrefrmu qefawGygw,f? tJ't hD csed u f jrefrmjynfu qefomr&cJb h ;l qd&k if tcku|eaf wmfqw kd m&Srd mS r[kwb f ;l " vd@k ajymjycJw h mudk =um;&zl;onf? tJ'ahD vmuftxd jrefrmhqefu xif&mS ;cJyh gonf? 1962 ckEpS w f iG f wdik ;f jynf. tm%mudk odr;f ,lcahJ om awmfveS af &;aumifpu D rwfv 2 &ufae@udk awmifolv,form;ae@tjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf? xdkodk@owfrSwf vdu k jf cif;u awmifov l ,form;rsm;tm; tav;xm;onf[k jyovdu k jf cif;omjzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; v,form;wd@k . v,fajrrsm;udk odr;f ,lvu kd +f y;D ajrjyif/ a&jyifukd Edik if aH wmf uom ydik q f ikd o f nf[k qdv k u kd yf gawmhonf? xdv k ,fajrrsm;ay:wGif pdu k yf sK;d vkyu f ikd o f nfh v,form;wd@k u Edik if aH wmfukd wm0efauspyg; ay;oGi;f &onf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD wjzpfvJ/ jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD(rqv) u wm0efauspyg;ray;Edkifaom v,form;wdk@tm; zrf;qD;axmifcsonf? ta=umif;trsKd; rsKd;a=umifh pyg;txGufenf;ygu v,form;wdk@onf wm0efaus pyg;ay;&eftwGuf tjcm;olrsm;xHrSm pyg;udk aps;}uD;ay;0,f&onf? qdk&S,fvpfpepf. tESpfom&tjzpf yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd cf iG hf r&Sad y? xd@k a=umifh v,form;wd@k onf 0rf;pmpyg; odak vSmifciG hf r&Syd g? qefpyg;pdu k yf sK;d onfh v,form;wd@k onf 0rf;pmtwGuf pyg;rsm;udk cd;k 0Suu f m odak vSmif =u&onf? xdkacwfxdktcsdefu wm0efauspyg;twGuf b0ysufcJh=uaom awmifol v,f o rm;wd k @ ta=umif ; ud k tyf a =umif ; xyf r S s =um;aecJ h & zl ; onf ? qd k & S , f v pf . om;aumif;rsm;tjzpf emrnfq;kd ESiahf usm=f um;vSonfh aumifp0D iftqifq h ifu h v,form; wd@k 0rf;pmpyg; csex f m;a=umif; =um;od&vSsif xdv k ,form;wd@k . aetdrrf sm;udk *syefacwfu uifaywdik rf sm;uJo h @kd 0ifa&muf&mS azGciG /hf zsuq f ;D cGiu hf kd w&m;0if&&Scd o hJ nf? v,form;wd@k . b0onf qif;&JErG ;f yg;r_rsm;ESio hf m vufyeG ;f wwD;&Sad ecJ&h onf? ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDacwfu jrefrmhqefonf t&nftaoG; aumif;aom qeftjzpf wifhw,faecJh&rS rqv vufxufwGif tvGefrSm;,Gif;onfh pDrHudef;wpfckudk csrSwf aqmif&GufcJhonf? xdkpDrHudef;rSm v,fuGufrsm;twGif; rsKd;rwlaom pyg;rsKd;aphwdk@tm; tuGufcs pdkufysKd;apcJhonf? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;tm; rd¶dk;zvmenf;rsm;jzifhom pdkufysKd; Edik af o;onfh v,form;wd@k u oabmrwlcyhJ g? od@k aomfvnf; tm%m&Si. f trde@f tm; rvGeq f efEikd af oma=umifh v,fuu G w f pfuu G t f wGi;f rsK;d rwlaom pyg;wd@k tm; tuGucf s pdu k yf sK;d cJ&h onf? tusK;d quftjzpf tvGeef mrnf}u;D cJo h nfh ay:qef;ar$;qefonf tjcm;pyg; rsK;d rsm;ESihf 0wfre_ u f ;l cHc&hJ aoma=umifh teHEiS t hf &om ysupf ;D oGm;cJ&h onf? xdk@xufydkqdk;onfrSm v,fajrrsm;udk tpdk;&rSydkifqdkifojzifh EdkifiHawmfpDrHudef; rsm;twGuf v,fajrrsm;udk pGef@v$wfvdkuf&jcif;yifjzpfonf? tcsKdŒpDrHudef;wdk@onf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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cif+idrf;opf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

a'gif;a,mifaqmifwmu usD;wpfaumifwnf;r[kwfawmhbl;

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

usD;wpfaumifa'gif;a,mifaqmifawmh xduk sD;udk a'gif;uvnf; vufrcH/usD;uvnf;vufrcH? tck usD;tm;vH;k u a'gif;a,mifaqmifzdk@ }uKd;pm;=u+yDjzpfygonf? vli,f/ vl}uD;/ vlx;D / vlr/ +rdKŒjy/ aus;vuf aq;qd;k xm;aom qHyifawGeJ@? jrefrmu jrefrmjzpfjcif;udk ao;Ekyfodrfi,fpdwfysufzG,f[k pdwf"mwfrsKd;0ifa&mufvmonfxuf a=uuJpG &maumif;wm r&Sdygavawmh...? ........... =um;cJzh ;l ygonf? vlonf tawG;tac: tiftm;csnefh @J vmaomtcg ud, k Ohf y"d¶yk f (identity) udk trsm;u tod t rS w f j yKvmatmif r}uKd ; pm;bJ ud k , h f O y"d ¶ k y f (identity) ud k udk,fazsmufzsufum olrsm;Oy"d¶kyf (identity) ESifh vloal v;yg; cHn h m;vmatmifvyk zf @kd }uK;d pm;rdwwf=up+rjJ zpfygonf? usD;wpfaumifa'gif;a,mifaqmifawmh xdkusD;udk a'gif;uvnf; vufrcH/ us;D uvnf;vufrcH? tck us;D tm;vH;k u a'gi;f a,mifaqmifz@kd }uK;d pm;=u+yjD zpfygonf? vli,f/ vl}u;D / vlx;D / vlr/ +rKd Œ jy/ aus;vuf aq;qd;k xm;aom qHyifawGe@J ? jrefrmu jrefrmjzpfjcif;udk ao;Ekyo f rd if ,fpw d yf suzf , G [ f k pdw"f mwfrsK;d 0ifa&mufvmonfxuf a=uuJpG &maumif;wm r&Syd gavawmh²²²?

armifomcsdK (www.7daynewsjournal.com rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

u}udK;&SkyfwJh &kyfao;&kyftoGif

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

wpfcsKd @uawmh ynma&;[m vdu k v kd t kd yfygonf[ak jymonf? u|erf uawmh atmifjrifr_ twGuf ynma&; vdt k yfonf[k ,lqolxu J wpfa,mufjzpfygonf? wpfcak wmh&o dS nf/ ynma&;ESiyhf wfoufv#if u|erf eJeaJ wmh ZDZma=umifcsio f nf? qifajcwufciG hf &csio f nf? ausmif;ynma&; rvdt k yfb;l [k ajymolawGu tdik ;f pwdik ;f udk Oyrmay;wwfonf? tdkif;pwdkif;onf ausmif;rSm xJrSm pmawmfawmfnHhonf[kqdkonf? tdkif;pwdkif;onf olwpfyg;. t,ltqawGudk OD;aESmufxJrSmtvGwfusuf odrf;qnf; rSwfom;zdk@udk pdwrf 0ifpm;Edik af vmufatmif ud, k w f ikd af wG;ac: qifjcifojl zpfonf? u|erf wd@k tm;vH;k u tdik ;f pwdik ;f r[kw?f u|erf wd@k xJuwpfcsKd @u ud, k w f ikd af wG;wwfoal wGjzpfrnf? trsm;pkuawmh awG;wwfatmifqaJG c:ay;rnfh tpysKd ;ay;ol/ (Initiator) vdo k nf? xd'k w k , d trsKd ;tpm; jzpfaomtrsm;pkaomvlawGtwGuf atmifjrifr_udk vuf0,f&&Sdzdk@ ausmif;ynma&; vdt k yfonf[/k u|erf ,lqygonf? atmifjrifr_udk&zdk@ b,fenf;vrf;awGudk oHk;rvJ? rSefuefonfh enf;vrf;udk oHk;ovm;/ b,fenf;rqdk &onfhenf;ESifh ,lrSmvm;? u|efrwdk@ &if;ESD;aeus odk@aomf a&&Snrf mS / odumQ rJah om wpf,o l ef pum;wpfceG ;f &So d nf? The end justifies the means [laom pum;? vdck siw f hJ ed*;kH csKy&f v'fukd &r,fq&kd if b,fenf;vrf;eJ@oH;k oH;k / rSeu f efw,f[k t"dym` ,f&ygvrd rhf nf? wu,fawmhxpkd um;rSm tuef@towfr&Sd trSew f &m;r[kwyf g? raumif;aom enf;vrf;onf raumif;aom tqH;k ed*;Hk udk ay;ygonf? vlwpfa,mufonf raumif;aom tyifudkpdkufysdK;v#if/ raumif;aomtoD;udkyJ pm;&rnf? rdrdpdkufysdK;aom tyifukd rdrd &dwo f rd ;f &onf[al om pum;yHv k nf; &So d nfr[kwyf gvm;? u|erf wd@k aemufwpfrsKd ; pOf;pm;=unfv h @kd &onf? The end tests the validity of the means vd@k jyifqifo;kH E_e;f =unfE h ikd o f nf? ed*;kH csKy&f v'f[m toH;k jyKwehJ nf;vrf;awG&@J rSeu f efr#wr_ukd prf;oyfwmjzpfw,f? xdak zmfjycsuu f kd b,forl S jiif;qdrk nfrxif? ta=umif; t&mwpfck. wu,fh&v'fjzifhomv#if aqmif&Gufr_wpfck rSefrrSefudk csifhcsdefqHk;jzwf Edik af yvdrrhf nf? vlawG.vkyf&yfonf &v'fESifh tusdK;qufrsm;t& rSefrrSef qHk;jzwf+yD;om; jzpfonf? worwfwnf; aumif;aom/ tusKd ;aus;Zl;udk &v#if xdv k yk &f yfukd rSeu f efaumif; rGeo f nf[k ,lq=urnf r[kwyf gvm;? Oyrm +idrf;csrf;a&;udkvdkvm;oltjzpf v_yf&Sm;wuf=uGol wpfOD;onf +idrf;csrf; a&;twGu[ f k qENjyrnfqykd gp@kd ?olw@kd .p w D ef;vrf;av#mufqENjyr_onf vlwikd ;f . +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk taESmuft,Sufjzpfap&avmufatmif a'goawGyg0ifrnf? oludk,fwdkif. +id r f ; csrf ; a&;ud k y g xd c d k u f e pf e mrnf q d k y gu ol @ vk y f & yf u d k + id r f ; csrf ; a&;[k u|ef r wd k @ owfrSwfEdkifrvm;.....? xdktqHk;owfu raumif;v#if ol.enf;vrf;aumif;onf[k tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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(jrefrmopfr*~Zif;rS) 96

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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O\mq&mtdk "c&maph

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"c&maphwGif;us" udk usaemfwdk@trsm; odxm;=uwmuawmhjzifh " ca&aph wGif;us" [lIom a&;om;ajymqdk oH;k pGcJ =hJ uayonf? tcsed u f kd wdusreS u f efr_ &Sad =umif;/ od@k wnf;r[kwf tcsed u f u kd f jzpfaom ta=umif;t&mwd@k wGif a&;om; ajymqdck =hJ uayonf? qufvuf+y;D q&mtd&k @J "c&maphwiG ;f us" udk avhvm=unf=h uygO;D pd@k ? tcsed t f cgEiS yhf wfoufI atmufygtwdik ;f awG@&S&d ayonf? rsuaf wmif (10) cwf ] (1) e&/ (4) e& ] (1) c% (12) c% ] (1) c&m (10) c&m] (1) jyef (6) jyef ] (1) ADZem (16) ADZem ] (1) yg'f (4) yg'f ] (1) em&D (60) em&D ] (1) &uf ? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

jrefrm wpfem&Donf ,ckacwf pufem&D (24) rdepfEiS n hf rD #onf? wpfae@v#if y[d&k pf nf &Spcf gw;D aoma=umifh wpfy[d&k Ef iS hf wpfy[k&d t f =um; jrefrmem&D (7) em&DEiS hf (2) yg'jf cm;onf? ae@av;y[d&k f nav;y[d&k f jzpfonf? eHeuf aexGucf sed f rEWav; a&$+rKd @awmf y[d&k ef m&Dpifay:rS pnfoH (44) csu=f um;&v#if ntcsed u f ek q f ;kH +y[ D k od&onf? pufem&D / eHeuf (9) em&D wGif (11) csuw f ;D onf? eHeuf(1)csuw f ;D [k ac:onf? rGe;f wnfv h #if (22) csuw f ;D .? ae@ (2)csuw f ;D ac:.? nae pufem&D (3) em&DwiG f (33) csuw f ;D I rGe;f vGJ (3) csuw f ;D ac:.? ae0ifcsed f (44) csuw f ;D aomtcg ae@tcsed u f ek q f ;kH +y[ D k owfrw S . f ? nbufa&mufaomtcg (11) csu/f (22) csu/f (33) csuf tpOfvu kd f wD;oGm;+y;D I aexGucf sed f a&mufaomtcg (44) csuf wD;jyefygonf? "pd e f j cL;=umanmif / va&mif v if ; ygvd k @ rS e f a &$ j yLwif ; &,f u r,f c k a r#mf / oHk;csufpnfawmf/ &dkufaqmf!Sif;w,fav vif;vkayg@aemf " [laom v_difxdyfxm;. abmv,fwiG yf g&adS om "oH;k csupf nfawmf" rSm (33) csuw f ;D aom n (3) csuw f ;D tcsed f jzpfayonf? A[d&k pf nfoo H nf aejynfawmf av;jyifav;&yf avmufom =um;Edik af oma=umif/h awm&Gmrsm;rSm =uufweG o f u H ykd if y[d&k pf nfou H o hJ @kd oabmxm;&a=umif; "a&$y[d&k f pnforH sm;udv k r=um;&=umacs+yD av;v&moD ? wdik ;f XmeD r[kww f ,f yg+yrD @kd / =uufou H kd y[dk&fjyK&w,f/ awmol&Gmrdk@" qdkonfhtwdkif; =uufwGefoH emcH+yD; oli,fwdwfcsdef/ ouf}u;D acgi;f cs/ oef;acgi=f uuf/ =uufO;D wGe/f t&k%w f uf - vif;=uuf/ ponfjzifh owfrw S f oH;k pG=J uavonf? tdrw f pftrd w f iG f om;tzESpaf ,muf nzuftyd af e=u&m zcifu =uufweG o f H =um;I om;udk (bm=uufv)J om;jzpfou l ( ppfwaumif;) zcifu "tcsed u f akd r;wm "om;? om;vkyo f u l (wpfyo d mausmrf mS ayg@) [kajzI zcifvnf;OD;aESmufajcmuf+y;D qufvuf rar;awmhacs? tcsed t f a=umif;uawmh 'gayygy?J tcgta=umif; qufvu kd =f uOD;pd@k ? tcgay; aumif;wJt h wGuf toufwpfacsmif; aysmufc&hJ &Smaom pavq&m. tcgay;enf;... atmif - omaerGe;f wd / we*FaEGEiS hf aom=umae@rsm;Y aerGe;f wnfh tcgaumif; igh&Sif - oHk;csufwD; ? wevFmESifh Ak'<[l;naeydkif; (&m[k) naeoHk;csufwD; tcgaumif;? aqG - jynfwufwHk;cg? t*FgEsifh =umomyaw;aewufcsdef eHeufumv tcgaumif;? eH - vm - aexGu0f if? paeESihf Ak'[ < ;l ae@rsm; aexGuw f pfcg / ae0if wpfcg/ 98

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

tcgaumif;? pavq&m}u;D Od;yknonf rif;wke;f rif;w&m;}u;D vufxufawmfwiG f rif;vS ocF,m [laombG@J jzifh &Gmpnf &Gmudk tydik pf m;&aom pmqdak wmf t&m&Sjd zpfonf? jrifueG ;f ESihf jrif;cHw k ikd w f @kd ykeu f ef&mwGif tcgay;rdI &mZ0wfoif+h y;D / +rKd @0efO;D omtd;k xH tus,cf sKyf ESiahf e&onf? OD;omtd;k u ol@r,m;i,frsm;ESihf orkw+f y;D owfypfvu kd . f ? rif;wke;f rif;}u;D od&aomtcg "vlukd acG;owfonf" [laom pum;wpfv;kH ESiyhf if Zwford ;f cJ&h &Smavonf? tcsed t f cg ta=umif; avhvm+y;D =uI "c&m" ta=umif;quf=uOD;pd@k ? "c&m"[laom tcsdefonf c%tm;jzifh (12) c%/ e&tm;jzifh (48) e&/ rsufawmifcwftm;jzifh t}udrf(480) &Sday.? rsufawmifwcwf tcsdefonf tvGef wdak wmif;vSaom tcsed jf zpfI tvkyrf jzpf/ rsuaf wmif (10) cwf/ e&ESihf rsuaf wmift}urd f (40) cwf c%wd@k rSmvnf; vkyif ef;wckpD +y;D pD;Edik zf @kd vHak vmufaom tcsed rf &onfh twGuf tcgay;yk*Kd~ vrf sm;u c&m txdavmufuo kd m wGucf suf owfrw S I f ay;avh&=dS uonf? [dak &S;a&S;ya0o%D tcgu bk&ifrif;wpfyg;onf eef;awmf OD;&_wikd f wnfaqmuf &eftwGuf aA'ifynm&Srd sm;xH tcgawmfawmif;av&m ynm&Srd sm;u b,fv / b,f&uf b,fem&D / b,fyg'/f b,fAZD em /b,fjyef/ b,fc&monf tcgawmfygb&k m; [k tcgay; =uav.? aA'ifynm&Srd sm;u rdrw d @kd ay;xm;aomtcsed t f wdik ;f wdwu d sus OD;&lwikd pf u kd f rdygu u|e;f wdik }f u;D onf a&$wikd jf zpfygvrd rhf nf bk&m;[k xyfrIH &J&}J u;D tmrcH=ujyefavonf? bk&if}u;D um; Adou k mtausmt f armfw@kd ESihf a&$eef;awmf OD;&lwikd }f u;D udk toifw h ;l xm;aom usif ; xJ o d k @ cs&ef c&maph o nf E S i f h tcgawmf a y; y[d k & f p nf w D ; av.? y[d&k pf nfo=H um;+y;D rS OD;&lwikd }f u;D udk csrD wf=u&mwGif rsupf w d rSw d f twGi;f rSm r+y;D Edik b f J tcsed t f enf;i,f =um+y;D rS "oyf&yf" aomtr_+y;D pD; atmifjrifcahJ y.? u|e;f wdik }f u;D um; a&$wikd f jzpfrvmawmhay? xd@k aemuf wESpcf ef@&Sad omtcg awmom;wpfO;D onf a&$iu S af ysmcdik }f u;D udk xrf;I bk&ifah &S@awmfarSmuf a&mufvm.? (bk&if)......tb,fta&;tcif;a=umifh a&S@awmfarSmufodk@ a&mufvm &ygoenf;? (awmom;)......rSefvSygbk&m; / u|efawmfrsdK;+cHrS xl;jcm;rGefjrwfvSaom a&$iu S af ysmcdik }f u;D oD;vmI t&Sirf if;jrwftm; qufo&ef vma&muf&jcif;yg bk&m; ? (bk&if)......tdef;..xl;jcm;aypG/ tEdk@..'DvdkiSufaysmcdkif}uD; oD;vmatmif oifrnfo@kd rnfykH pdu k &f onfuw kd ifprf;ygO;D ? (awmom;)......rd&;kd zvmygbJ bk&m;? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

100

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O\mq&mtdk (jrefrmwdkif;(rf)twGJ (2) trSwf (31)wGif az: jy+yD;?)

100

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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tiftm;pk jzpfvmacs+y?D tcsdefum; 1940 jy!fhESpf tapmydkif;umv jzpfonf? a&mufav&m/ ae&mwdkif;wGif u|Ekfyfwdk@ jrSifhwifay;vdkufo!fh EdkifiHa&; Edk;=um;r_ESihf pdwf"mwfrSm jynfolwpf&yfvHk;udk v$rf;rdk; oGm;&Hkom r[kwf? xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD; twGif; tvkyf vkyaf e=uaom/ u|Eyfk w f @kd tm;vH;k udv k nf; ul;pufvmonf? ,ck u|Eyfk w f @kd ajcukyf +r+J rJ pk&;kH ae=uay+y?D twlwuG wdu k yf 0JG ifz@kd toif&h dS aeacs+y?D aemufxyf ajcvSr;f opf wpfvrS ;f rvSr;f rD u|Eyfk Ef iS hf ocifatmifqef;wd@k aqG;aEG;cJ=h u onf? tqdyk g aqG;aEG;yGu J tem*wfjzpf&yfrsm;twGuf OD;qH;k t!$e;f yif jzpfawmhonf? u|Eyfk x f H ocif atmifqef; a&mufvmonf? olEiS hf u|Eyfk f ESpOf ;D om &So d nf? "u|eaf wmfw@kd awG vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;pzd@k pOf;pm;aew,f?" ocifatmifqef;u qdkif;rqifh AHkrqifh ajymvdkufonf? u|Ekfyfbufu tht H m;oifh a=umif; rjy? Tpum;rsKd ;udk ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm =um;ae&o!ft h wGuf jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh vli,f Edik if aH &;tydik ;f ajymaeus pum; jzpfonf? olw@kd twGuf tjcm; ajymp&m wpfcck k r&Sad wmh o!ft h cg/ ajymwwf=uovd/k onfvakd jymrS txif}u;D yHk &onf? wpfqufwnf;Yyif +yD;cJho!fh v tenf;i,fcef@u ocifatmifqef; udk,fwdkif xkwjf yefxm;o!f/h a=unmcsuu f kd u|Eyfk f owd& vdu k o f nf? av}u;D avus,Ef iS hf wufaxmifarmif;wif ajymqdak eo!fh Edik if aH &; pum;awGukd olu y,fy,fe,fe,f wG,cf o hJ nf? trSeaf wmh tJo h !fh tcsed u f p+y;D tawmfrsm;rsm; jzpfysuf vmcJo h nf? " 'DudpPu ocifygwDu ajymaewmvm;"[k u|Ekfyfu &,f&$ef; ywf&$ef; ar;o!ft h cg ygwD r[kwyf /J ygwt D wGi;f u v#Kd @0Suf tzG@J wzG@J jzpfa=umif; olu pum; jyefonf? onfupd P twGuf olw@kd awG wufwuf=uG =uG &Sad eonf[k ajymonf? u|Eyfk f ,H=k unfapzd@k xGu&f yf*% kd ;f wGif u|Eyfk w f @kd twl vufwJG tvkyf vkyaf eo!f/h vltcsKd @. trnfawGuv kd nf; ol &Gwjf yonf? olu qufajymaeonf? u|Eyfk u f em;axmif&if; pdw0f ifpm;a=umif; jyonf? b,ftcsed u f onftikd 'f , D m &wmvJ[k ar;vdu k o f !ft h cg /ArmhxGyf&yf*dk%f;}uD;twGuf u|EkfyfESihf raqG;aEG;rD uav;uyif &Sdxm;a=umif; ol pum;jyefonf? "a'guw f mbarmfqD u|eaf wmfw@kd [m awG@wJh t"du ta=umif;&if;uawmh u|eaf wmf wd@k eJ@twl vufw+JG y;D wdu k af pcsiv f @kd ygy?J " qufvufI olu u|Eykf u f kd ajrmS ufyifh ajymaeonf? vlwpfa,mufukd onfvkd ajrmS ufyifh ESpo f rd w hf wfo!ft h usifh ocifatmifqef;rSm r&Sw d m u|Eyfk o f o d nf? qif;&Jom; ygwt D wGi;f acgi;f aqmifrE_ iS hf ywfoufo!fh oljrifor# ajymonf? u|Eyfk af b;em;wGif ud, k u f sKd ;&Sm aeo!fh uyfyg;aumifrsm; 0dik ;f tHak eonf[k qdo k nf? 142

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(qufvufaz: jyygrnf?) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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tvi tviff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef POST 169-0075 TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10 303,HIGARI BLD TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178 Japan. TEL 080-5070-0080 090-1842-9888 090-6528-9292 090-8486-2161 090-7198-4763 e-mail - aalinneain@yahoo.com web - http://alineain.net/ http://luminarymagazine.wordpress.com/ http://alinneain.blogspot.com/

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