အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၅) အမွတ္ (၁၁) by derric maw

Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.10

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

umwGef;

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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(cifEiS ;f OD; a&;om;jyKpkonf?) 1919 arv(10)&uf/ paeae@/ nae 6 em&D 15 rdepfwiG f zcif OD;btke;f ESihf rdcif a':zGm;&Siw f @kd rS armifaX;+rKd iu f kd {&m0wDwikd ;f / usLd ufvwf+rKd @e,fteD; rGe&f mG wpf&mG jzpfaom xdik u f jl rpfwef;&GmY arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ wpfO;D wnf;aom om; jzpfonf? 1923 zcifjzpfolonf bvkyfb&m;om; ukr% ` YD pyg;yGpJ m;tvky&f I &efuek +f rKd @od@k rdom;pkEiS t hf wl ajymif; a&$@cJo h nf? 1925 &efuek +f rKd @ (7) vrf;/ atmifaZ,sr*Fvm trnf&dS jrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif pwif ynmoif=um;onf? 1927 tbd;k jzpfol uG,v f eG I f usLd ufvwf+rKd @od@k ajymif;a&$@+y;D usLd ufvwftrsLd ;om; ausmif;wGif ynmoif=um;onf? 20

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

1932 i,fpOfuavhusichf ahJ om yef;csyD nmudk rwd;k wuf[x k ifI pGe@f v$wo f nf? 1933 wuUodkvf ody`Hr*~Zif;Y r_efjym&D0wWKwdkudk +rdKifoZif uavmiftrnfjzifh yxrqH;k yHEk ydS f azmfjyjcif;cH&onf? 1934 '*kerf *~Zif;Y a'gi;f rifo h [ D mcsD &wky'kd pf u kH kd yxr qH;k uAsmtjzpf azmfjyjcif;cH&onf? xdyk 'kd pf &kH wkukd trsKd ;om; ausmif;ygvrD efziG yhf YJG ausmif;om;wpfO;D u toHaetoH xm;jzifh &Gwzf wfonf? &efuek w f iG f Hophinson wHqyd f pEN&m;udk ud, k w f ikd 0f ,f,I l prf;oyftoH &Sm+y;D twD;avh usio hf nf? 1936 jrefrmordik ;f wGif xif&mS ;onfh yxrausmif; om; oydwjf zpfay:+y;D &efuek +f rKd @ *sKAvDa[mwGif usif;y aom yxrqHk; ArmEdlifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om; nDvmcHodk@ usLd ufvwf+rKd @ ausmif;om; ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf wuf a&mufonf? 1937 &efuek +f rKd @/ rufo'pf txufwef;ausmif;od@k ajymif;a&$@+y;D ynmqufvufoif =um;&m (10) wef;atmif jrifco hJ nf? 1938 &efuek w f uUov kd Yf ynmoifpwifoif,+l y;D ppfuikd ;f aqmifwiG af eonf? - apmif;OD;boef;xHwiG f pEN&m; ynmoif,l onf? - &efuek w f uUov kd /f ppfuikd ;f ausmif;aqmif o[m, ESihf pmzwftoif;/ jrefrm bmom pum; &nfvyk JG Xmer_;jzpfonf? - urBmausmf t*Fvyd pf ma&;q&m tdycf s*f s0D J (H.G.Wells) ESihf vufzuf&nfyYJG yg0ifonf? - jrefrmEdil if . H yxrqH;k pma&;q&m toif;jzpf o!@f Armjynf pma&;q&mrsm; tpnf;t&H;k (Burma Writer’s Union) udk pwifz@JG pnf;&m tr_aqmif tzG@J Y tr_aqmif wpfO;D tjzpfyg0ifonf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

- wuUov kd Ef pS yf wfvnf r*~Zif;wGif aqmif;yg; &Sif OD;wd;k qdo k !@f pmayaqmif; yg;rsm;udak &;om;onf? 1939 &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~wiG f tr_ aqmifwpfO;D tjzpf a&G;cs,cf &H +y;D aygi;f oif; qufqaH &;r_; wm0ef,cl o hJ nf? &efuek w f uUov kd f Ak'b < momtoif; tr_aqmif wpfO;D vnf;jzpfonf? 1940 - &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~. 0g 'jzef@csaD &;r_;/ - wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~rS xkwaf 0 aom tk;d a0r*~Zif;. t,f'w D m? - ArmEdil if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rx S w k af 0aom rsLd ;!Ge@f r*~Zif;. t,f 'DwmcsLyf/ - tif;0ausmif;aqmifrS xkwaf 0aom tif;0&J acgif r*~Zif;. jrefrmpmpmwnf;? xdEk pS w f iG f t*Fvyd f tpd;k &. pHak xmufrsm;u yHk ESyd pf ufwiG f &du k Ef ydS q f J pmazmif rsm;udk umuG,af &;Oy a'jzifh odr;f ,lomG ;I td;k a0r*~Zif;udk xdEk pS w f iG f rxkwaf 0Edil af cs? 1941 pma&;q&m bDAmavepfu;kd . (slef ) udk rSjD irf;I yxrqH;k vH;k csi;f 0wWKjzpfaom ar(&efukef/e*g;eD/1941) udk txl;xkwftjzpf e*g;eDpmtkyfwdkufrS xkwfa0onf? ocif atmif q ef ; (aemif trsd L ;om;acgif ; aqmif jzpf v mol Ad k v f csLyf a tmif q ef ; ) .wku d w f eG ;f csut f & &Jabmfo;kH usyd f *syef oGm;a&mufyu kH kd ‘ta&;awmfy&kH mZ0if’ trnfjzifh jzpf & yf r S e f ord k i f ; pmay[ef 0wW K a&;cJ h + yD ; aomf v nf ; pmrl r sm;aysmuf oG m ;I xkwaf 0Edil jf cif;r&Syd g? Ek0d ifbmvY rdcifjzpfol a':zGm; &Sif uG,v f eG o f nf? 1942 rwfvY &efuek +f rKd @udk t*Fvyd af vwyfrS AH;k }upJ Of +rKd @awmfcef;rwGif &efuek +f rKd @ tkycf sLyfa&;tzG@J pwifziG v hf pS f o!@f tcrf;tem;wGif ArmhvyG v f yfa&; wyfrawmfb@JG (bD tdik af t) oDcsi;f wpfy'k u f kd a&;pyfI ud, k w f ikd f pEN&m;wD;+y;D wl&, d m0dik ;f udk OD;aqmifco hJ nf? 1942-45 *syefacwfwGif ar+rdK@ (,ck-jyifOD;vGif+rdK@) Y a'gufwmbarmf tr_;jyKaom 22

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

‘jrefrmEdil if t H yk cf sLyfa&; pDpOftzG@J ’ rS cef@tyfaom jrif;+c+H rKd @ydik &f mxl;udk vufrcHo!@ftjyif jrefrmhwyfrawmf. jynfo@l qufqaH &;Xme}u;D . !$e=f um; a&;r_;&mxl;udv k nf; vufrcHcahJ cs? odk@aomf xda&mufpGm tultnDay;cJhonf? xkdt&m&Sdoifwef;om;rsm;. av#mufvm$ rsm; udpk pfaq; ay;&ef Adv k v f usmF rS wm0efay;onf? ‘'d@k Arm taygi;f wd@k ’ acgif;pOfjzifh a=ujim csufwpfoef;udk av,Ofay:rS }uJcs&ef a&;om;ay;cJhonf? Elid if jH cm;t&m&Scd ef@&ef ocifEu k urf; vSr;f aomfvnf; vufrcHcahJ cs? zufqpf*syefacwfwiG f t vkyrf vkyv f adk =umif; ajz&Si;f csuaf y;onf? 1946 wm&mr*~Zif; t,f'DwmESifh xkwfa0oltjzpf udk,fwdkifOD;pD;+yD; pwifwnf axmifco hJ nf? 'DZifbmv 4 &ufae@Y wm&mr*~Zif;trSwf (1) udw k efz;kd (1) usyjf zifh xkwaf 0cJo h nf? wm&mr*~Zif;rS =unfat;/ ausmaf tmif/ armif=unfvif/ jroef;wif/h rd;k pnf/ armifpnfol paom pm a&;q&mrsm;udk pwifarG;xkwaf y;onf? 1947 ar (&efuek /f aX;+rKd if pmtkyjf zef@csaD &;Xme/ 1947) 0wWKukd 'kw, d t}urd f xkwaf 0 onf? 1950 arvwGif wm&mr*~Zif;ukd &yfem;onf? - jrefrmEdil if H pma&;q&mtoif; OuUX/ pmayopf r*~Zif;/ t,f'w D mtzG@J ? - &ky&f iS Ef iS jhf yZwftpnf;t&H;k / trsLd ;om; t}uH ay;tzG@J 0if? - ,if;ESpw f iG f ewf&iS af emifjyZwfukd ujy&m ewf &Siaf emif&wkrsm;rSpmom;tcsLd @ ud, k I l aEGaESmif; 0\ef Zmwf0ifaw;tjzpf a&;cJo h nf? oDqo dk o l nf okc jzpf+y;D pmom;udk toHoiG ;f olrmS *Dweufoef udak pmndr;f jzpf onf? 1951 jrefrmw&kwrf w d af qGjzpftoif;. aiGxed ;f ? - ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f acgi;f aqmifaom jrefrm cspf =unfa&; uk, d pf m;vS,f tzG@J 0iftjzpf w&kwEf ild if o H @kd oGm; a&mufonf? - urBm@+ird cf sr;f a&; uGeu f &uf (jrefrmEdil if )H . ,m,D 'k-OuUX? - ud, k af &; twˆKywWjd zpfaom '*kew f m&m. '*kew f m&m (&efuek /f *sme,fausmf rrav; pmayjzef@csaD &;? 1951) udk xkwaf 0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

1952 w&kwjf ynf c&D;oGm;rSww f rf;jzpfaom *E<mv &mZf (&efuek /f *sme,fausmf rrav; pmayjzef@csaD &;/ 1952) udk Zefe0g&v D wGif xkwaf 0onf? - arvY yxrt}urd f jrefrmEdil if v H ;kH qdik &f m +ird ;f csr;f a&;uGe*f &ufrS jrefrmEdil if . H EdlifiHvHk;qdkif&m aumfrwD 'kwd,OuUX tjzpfa&G;cs,fcH&onf? OuUrSmocifudk,fawmf r_id ;f jzpfonf? - jrefrm qdAk , D ufrw d af qGjzpfEiS hf ,Ofaus;r_ t oif;. 'kOuUX? - yDuif;+rKd @&Sd tm&SEiS yhf pdzw d af 'oqdik &f m +ird cf sr;f a&;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufonf? - yDuif;a&'D,rkd S jrefrmoDcsi;f rsm;jzpfaom yef; a[0ef/ ,d;k ',m;zde;f csmuav; jrjrarmif;armif; ywfysLd ;ESihf umvay:oDcsi;f rsm; jzpfaom &wkb&k if/ aEGaESmif; 0oefoD csi;f rsm;udk tqdrk ygbJ pEN&m;vufot H jzpf toHvi$ o hf nf? - Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef; twË&#x2020;KywWjd yKpak &; aumfrwD/ tzG@J 0if? - pma&;q&m pmayuvyf twGi;f a&;r_;tzG@J . tzG@J 0if? - pma&;q&m or*~tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if? - *EW0if*sme,f (literary Grazette) . t,f'w D m? 1953 =opaw;vD;,m;Edil if /H AD,ifem+rKd @Y urBm@+ird ;f csr;f a&;aumifpD tpnf;ta0;od@k urBm@+ird cf sr;f a&; uGe*f &uf ( jrefrmEdil if )H . ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J acgi;f aqmif tjzpfwuf a&mufonf? - qdAk , D uf &k&mS ;/ a*sm*f s, D m/ ,lu&de;f ESihf csuu f kd pvkAd m;uD;,m;(,ck csuo f rRw Edil if aH wmf)od@k vnfywf onf? xkt d a=umif;udk {!@fonfawmfacgi;f pOfjzifh &_r0 r*~Zif;wGif a&;om;onf? 1955 - &kyfyHkv$m (&efukef-*sme,fausmfrrav; pmay jzef@csDa&;/ 1955) udk xkwaf 0onf? xdpk mtkyw f iG f Edil if H a&; acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ pmay/ *Dw/ yef;cst D Ekynmonf rsm; pkpak ygi;f 16 OD; ta=umif; wpfpw d w f pfyikd ;f a&;om;xm; onf? - jrefrmEdil if v H ;kH qdik &f maumfrwD nDvmcHY ta&S@ awmiftm&SEiS hf +ird cf sr;f a&; pmwrf;udw k ifoiG ;f onf? 1956 - q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f arG;ae@usi;f ya&; aumfrwD/ aiGxed ;f ? 24

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

- jrefrmjynfqikd &f m tm&Spma&;q&m nDvmcH jyifqifa&; aumfrwDtwGi;f a&;r_; - tdENd,EdlifiH e,l;a'vD+rdK@Y usif;yaom tm&S pma&;q&mnDvmcHodk@ jrefrmpma&;q&m ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J twGi;f a&;r_;tjzpf wufa&mufonf? xkn d v D mcH. pma&;q&m toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef; aumfrwD. obm ywdEiS hf xkn d v D mcH obmywdtzGJ@. twGif;a&;r_; tzGJ@0if tjzpf wm0ef,lI ‘jrefrmpmaypmwrf;udk zwf=um;onf? - xkdta=umif;udk ‘{&m0wDrS ,rHkemodk@’ okd@acgif; pOfjzifh &_r0r*~Zif;wGif tcef;quf aqmif;yg;a&;om;onf? 1960 tESp4f 0 ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ ordik ;f jyKpak &; aumfrwD0if? 1961 tdE, dN Edil if /H e,l;a'vDY usi;f yaom urBm@ +ird ;f csr;f a&; aumifpt D pnf;ta0;od@k jrefrm@+ird cf sr;f a&; ud, k pf m; vS,t f jzpf wufa&mufonf? - qG D ' if E d l i f i H / pawmh [ k r f ; +rd K @Y usif ; yaom urB m @+id r f ; csrf ; a&;aumif p D tpnf;ta0;od@k jrefrmEdil if H +ird ;f csr;f a&;ud, k pf m;vS,f tjzpfwufa&mufonf? - aiGwm&DpmpOf (7) tjzpf pHy,fOD;0wˆKwdk aygif;csLyf (&efukef/ 1961)udk xkwaf 0onf? 0wˆKwdk (14) yk'yf g0ifonf? - qG'D ifEild if rH t S jyef qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpEk iS hf w &kwEf ild if o H @kd 0ifa&mufvnfywf cJo h nf? 1962 py,fO;D 0wˆKwdk aygi;f csLyfpmtkyt f jzpf pmay Adrmef0wˆKwdk aygi;f csLyfpmayqk (1961)udk &&So d nf? tvuFm (&efuek /f csLd ;jzL pmay/ 1962) uAsmaygi;f csLyfudk wefz;kd (2) usyjf zifh xkwaf 0onf? uAsm (63) yk'Ef iS fh pmaywGif uAsm.tcef; aqmif ; yg;wpf y k ' f yg0if o nf ? ta&S @ awmif t m&S tajc taepmwrf ; (1955)/ ,Ofaus;r_pmwrf; (1957)/ pnf;&H;k a&;pmwrf; (1958)/ pnf;&H;k a&;pmwrf; (1962) wk@d udk Edil if v H ;kH qdik &f m +ird ;f csr;f a&;nDvmcHwiG f jyKpw k ifoiG ;f cJo h nf? - pmaynDvmcHjyifqifa&; A[kad umfrwD/ 'kw, d OuUX/ - ,if;nDvmcHY ‘qd&k , S v f pfo&kyaf zmfpmay’ pm wrf;udk wifoiG ;f onf? - zifvefEild if /H [,fvif;puD;+rKd @&Sd urBm@ +ird ;f csr;f a&; aumifp. D tzG@J 0iftjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

1963 - jrefrmEdil if u H Asmq&mor*~ OuUX? - urBm@+ird ;f csr;f a&;uGe*f &uf (jrefrmEdil if v H ;kH qdik &f m) nDvmcHY 'k-OuUXtjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf? - =umyef;a&pif (&efuek /f &_r0/ 1963) 0wˆKukd xkwaf 0onf? - Ed0l ifbmv/ 18 &ufae@wGit f xde;f odr;f cH& onf? - &kyyf v kH m$ (&efuek /f yk*/H 1963) 'kw, d t}urd f xkwaf 0onf? 1964 va&mif&e$ ;f jraom nwpfn (&efuek /f cifausmf pmay/ 1964) 0wˆKukd xkwaf 0 onf? qrRmqrfreG f (W. Somerest Maugham) . 0wˆKukd rSI D a&;om; jcif;jzpfonf? 1967 azazmf0g&v D 5 &ufae@wGif txde;f odr;f cH&jcif;rS vGwaf jrmufvmonf? - =o*kwv f wGif pmayoabmw&m;/ pmaya0zef a&;/ pmayv_y&f mS ;r_ (&efuek /f eH@om/1967) xkwaf 0onf? - Ed0l ifbmvwGif '*kew f m&m. '*kew f m&mESihf ol.uAsm (&efuek /f yk*/H 1967)udk 'kw, d t}urd x f w k f a0 onf? 1968 atmufwdkbmvwGif rl;,pfa0aom aEGOD;nrsm; (&efukef/ ,rif;pmaywdkuf/ 1968) 0wˆKwpkd mtkyu f kd xkwaf 0 onf? Edil if &H yfjcm;0wˆKwdk 28 yk'u f w kd u kd &f u kd f bmomjyef rSjD irf;a&;om;xm;aom 0wˆKwakd ygi;f csLyfpmtkyjf zpfonf? 1969 'DZifbmvwGif '*kew f m&m0wˆKwkd aygi;f csLyf (&efuek /f yk*pH mtkyw f u kd /f 1969) udx k w k af 0onf? 1937-67 ckEpS t f wGi;f a&;om;cJah om 0wˆKwkd 51 yk'jf zpfonf? 1970 jrefrmud&k ;D ,m;rdwaf qGjzpftoif;/ 'kw, d OuUX? -pmayoabmw&m;/ pmaya0zefa&;/ pmayv_yf&Sm;r_ (&efukef/ eH@ompmay/ 1970)pmtkyu f kd 'kw, d t}urd x f w k af 0onf? 26

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

1971 q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &mjy!@fobif usi;f ya&; aumfrwD0if/ t,f'w D m pm;yGJ/ pmay/ tEkynm a0zefa&;ESifh yef;Eka&miftdk(&efukef/ [oFmpmay/ 1971) pmtkyx f w k af 0onf? 1972 jynfyc&D;rSww f rf;pmtkyjf zpfaom {&m0wD/ ,efp/D aAmfv*g (&efuek /f y*k pH mtkyf wdu k /f 1971) pmtkyf xkwaf 0onf? -armiftek ;f vGiu f '*kew f m&m - ol@uAsmESihf ol@uAsm pmayoabmw&m; pmwrf;udk jrefrmpm r[m0dZm… bG@J twGuf &efuek w f uUov kd o f @kd wifoiG ;f onf? 1973 armifarmifOD;u '*kefwm&m.pmpkpm&if; (1934-1972) udk pm=u!@fwdkuf 'Dyvdrk mtwGuf &efuek w f uU odv k o f @kd wifoiG ;f onf? - atmufwb kd mvY oZifoif;jyefawmh(&efuek /f ordik ;f opfpmtkyw f u kd /f 1974) pmtkyu f x kd w k af 0onf? 1974 pmvH;k / aq;puf/ apmif;}uKd ;ESihf uwWyD gum;vdyf (&efuek /f tu,f'rDpmaywdu k /f 1973) pmtkyu f x kd w k f a0 onf? 1979 wdk@acwfudka&muf&rnfrSm rvGJyg (&efukef/ ajr vwfom;pmay/ 1979) 0wˆKpmtkyu f kd xkwaf 0onf? 1981 Edil if *H % k &f nf 'kw, d tqifu h &kd &So d nf? 1991 rm,m (&efuek /f tm;rmefopfpmay/ 1991) uAsm aygi;f csLyfpmtkyu f kd xkwaf 0 onf? 1992 py,fO;D 0wˆKwadk ygi;f csKyf (&efuek /f tvif;wdu k /f 1992) 'kw, d t}urd f xkwaf 0onf/ tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

/ 1993 =u,f&dyfyef;Ek (&efukef/ tm;rmefopfpmay/ 1993) 0wˆKwkdaygif;csKyfudk xkwaf 0onf? 1994 pdr;f jr{&m (&efuek /f OwW&vGijf yifpmay/ 1994) 0wˆKux kd w k af 0onf/ - armifvGef;=uiftrnfcH OD;tkef;vGifonf ol. r[m0dZ…mbGJ@,lpmwrf;udk '*kew f m&m/ ol@uAsmESihf ol@uAsm pmayoabmw&m;usr;f / (&efuek /f xl;jrwf/ 1994)udk xkwaf 0onf? 1995 pEN&m;q&m (&efuek /f vif;OD;wm&mpmay/ 1995) 0wˆK? - okemy&Eœ (&efuek /f tm;rmefopfpmay/ 1995) 0wˆKpmtkyrf sm;ukd xkwaf 0onf? 1996 '*kew f m&mta=umif; pma&;ol 40 OD;rS a&;om; aom aq;a&mifpkH '*kew f m&m (&efuek /f atZuf/ 1996) pmtkyx f w k af 0onf? 1997 zswcf eJawG@&aom &kyyf v kH m$ um;csyrf sm; (&efuek /f rd;k =unfpmay/ 1997) - pmayppfwrf; (&efukef/ a&$yk&ydkufpmay/ 1997) pmtkyfrsm;xkwfa0onf? pmayppfwrf;udk Anm;oD[ u avmiftrnfjzifh xkwaf 0onf? - pdr;f jrnwpfn (&efuek /f ,Ge;f a&$trd /f 1997) 0wˆKukd xkwaf 0onf? 1998 rrDr0D if;u '*kew f m&m0wˆKwrkd sm; avhvmcsuf trnfjzifh jrefrmpmr[m0dZm… bG@J ,lpmwrf;udk &efuek f wuUov kd o f @kd wifoiG ;f onf? 1999 tvSaA' 1 (&efukef/ ywWjrm;iarmufpmay/ 1999) aqmif;yg;pmtkyfudk xkwaf 0onf? pmayAdrmefrS ay;tyfaom trsKd ;om;pmayqk (pmya'om) ud&k &Sd onf? 28

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

- r!d! k u kd '*kew f m&m. =umyef;a&pif 0wˆKavhvmcsut f rnfjzifh jrefrmpm r[m0dZm… bG@J ,lpmwrf;udk &efuek w f uUov kd o f @dk wifoiG ;f onf? 2000 r,fZ,f&eH@oif;ys@H ar$;&D (&efuek /f wkid ;f vif;pmay/ 2000) pmtkyx f w k af 0onf? - yckuLU OD;tke;f az wpfoufwmpmayqkukd &&Scd hJ onf? - pdw}f uKd u0f wˆKwkd aygi;f csLyfopf (&efuek /f Future Time Idea 2000) 2004 aumufopfay:OD; (&efuek /f rd;k pufpmay/2004) - tvSaA' 2 (&efuek /f qkpmtkyw f u kd /f 2004) - +rKd iaf ucdik o f uf/ a=uaG 0ESihf cifar+rKd if &efuek /f csr;f ajr&h wem/2004) pmtkyrf sm; xkwaf 0onf? 2006 &efuek +f rKd @a&mufv#if trSwf 88§2/ u&ruf vrf;/ (14§2) &yfuu G /f awmifOuU vmy+rKd @e,fwiG af e xdik f +y;D &Sr;f jynfe,f atmifyef;+rKd @e,fwiG f &GmiHp&k yf/ aps;t aemufbuf/ 91 wGif wlrESiahf jr;jzpfow l @kd ESit fh wl +ird ;f csr;f pGm aexdik v f #u&f +dS y;D ,H=k unfcsuf tjy!@f&dS aom pmayESihf pmay avhvmr_rsm;udk a&;om;jyKpak eyga=umif;ESifh tdrf axmifrjyKaom vlysLd }u;D wpfO;D jzpfygonf? '*kew f m&m. b0 wpfav#mufv;kH wGif tpd;k &0efxrf;tvkyEf iS fh pD;yGm;a&; tvkyrf sm;ukd rvkyb f J vGwv f yfaom pma&;oltjzpfom aexdik yf gonf?

'*kewf m&m. uavmifcJG trnfrsm; 1? usLd ufvwf+rKd io f Zif 2? cifpef;atmif 3? cifarquf 4? *Dwt,f'w D m 5? pmaytuJcwform; 6?apmwifrh l 7? apmxGwf 8? apm&efaemif 9? aX;+rKd if 10? wm&m tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

11? wuUov kd af rmifeef;EG,f 12? '*kew f m&m 13? '*ke+f rKd io f Zif 14? Edil if jH cm;t,f'w D m 15? Edil if aH &;owif;axmufwpfO;D 16? Edil if aH &;tuJcwform; 17? ESi;f vGif 18? yef;cst D ,f'w D m 19? Anm;EG@J 20? Anm;oDv 21? bd;k '*kef 22? jzLqifh 23? armif=um!Ge@f 24? armifcsLH 25? armif*w D 26? armif*EW0if 27? armifp 28? armifpef;xdu k f 29? armifpef;atmif 30? armifprd ;f jr 31? armifaX;+rKd if 32? armifaX;+rKd i(f wuUov kd af usmif;wku d )f 33? armifeef;EG,f 34? armifbwifh 35? armifrsLd ;oef@ 36? armif&efaemif 37? armifvif;xuf 38? armifopPm 39? armifoEW 40? armiftb hH , G f 41? +rKd if 42? +rKd io f Zif 30

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

43?+rKd io f Zif(wdik ;f &if;om;wef;jrifah usmif;usLd ufvwf+rKd @) 44?a&mbwfaAvk0 45? &d;k r 46?&_r0qka&G;cs,af &;tzG@J 0ifwpfO;D 47? a&$[oFm 48?owif;axmufwpfO;D 49?oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;a[mif;wpfO;D 50?or*~tr_aqmifwpfO;D 51?olr.rdwaf qG 52?olr.rdwaf qGwpfO;D 53? OD;'*kef txufyguavmiftrnfaygi;f (53) ckteuf uAsmrsm;udak &;om;&mwGif oD;oef@ toH;k jyKcahJ om uavmifrsm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf? 1? cifpef;atmif 2? apm&efaemif 3?armifeef;EG,f 4? wm&m 5? '*kew f m&m 6? jzLqifh 7? armifrsLd ;oef@ 8? +rKd if 9? +rKd io f Zif 10? usLd ufvwf+rKd io f Zif 11? +rKd io f Zif( wdik ;f &if;om;wef;jrifah usmif;/ usLd ufvwf +rKd @ 12? '*ke+f rKd io f Zif 13? armifopPm uAsma&;om;&mY uavmiftrnf (13) cko;kH pGI J a&;om;cJyh gonf? pma&;ol onf jrefrmpmayavmuY u avmiftrnf 'kw, d trsm;qH;k yk*Kd~ vjf zpfonf? odyH` armif0. uavmifct JG rnf (57) ck+y;D ygu pma&;olonf 'kw, d uavmifcJG trsm;qH;k toH;k jyKol jzpfa=umif; awG@&ygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

'*kewf m&m. pmay vuf&mrsm; 1? ar 1941/1947/1960/1970/1998/2002 2? +rKd if 1948/ 1997/ 2002 3? '*kew f m&m (ESihf ol.uAsm) 1951/ 1967 4? *E<mv&Zf 1952 5? =umyef;a&pif 1953/ 1963 6? &kyyf v kH m$ 1955/ 1963 7? py,fO;D (0wˆKwrkd sm;) 1961/ 1992 8? tvFum (uAsmaygi;f csLyf) 1962 9? pmayoabmw&m;/ pmaya0zefa&;/ pmayv_y&f mS ;r_ 1967 10? rl;,pfa0aomaEGO;D nrsm; (bmomjyef 0wˆKwakd ygi;f csLyf) 1968/ 1996/2002 11? 0wˆKwakd ygi;f csLyf 1969/ 1977 12? t,f'w D mpm;yG/J pmay/ tEkynma0zefa&;ESihf yef;Ek a&miftkd 1971 13? pmvH;k / aq;puf/ apmif;}uKd ;ESihf uwWyD gum;vdy/f 1971 14? {&m0wD/ ,efp/D aAmfv*g 1972 15? 'd@k acwfuakd &muf&rnfrmS rvGyJ g 1973 16? oZifoif;jyefawmh 1974 17? okemy&EW 1987/ 1995 18? pdr;f jr{&m 1987 19? rm,m (uAsmrsm;) 1991 20? =u,f&yd yf ef;Ek (0wˆKwrkd sm;) 1993/ 2004 21? pEN&m;q&m od@k r[kwf r[mtcspf 1995/2004 22? va&mif&e$ ;f jraom nwpfn 1995 23? tdrrf uftjyifuvl (=unfat;ESi)hf 1996 24? oH;k ESpo f ;kH rd;k yd;k xdi0k gyiG t hf jymEk 1996 25? pmayppfwrf; (Anm;oD[) 1997 26? rSeu f pJG ay: Y vrf;av#mufjcif; 1997 27? zswcf eJawG@&aom &kyyf v kH m$ um;csyrf sm; 1997 28? tvSaA' 1999 29? pdw}f uKd u0f wˆKwadk ygi;f csLyfopf 2000 30? r,fZ,f&eH@oif;ys@H ar$;&D 2000 31? tEkynmorm; (0wˆKwpkd pk nf;r_/ wufw;kd / rif;ausm/f cifEiS ;f ,k/ cspOf ;D !d/k armifped 0f if; 32

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

(ykw;D uke;f ) wd@k ESih.f ....) 2001 32? aumufopfay:OD; 33? jraucdik o f uf/ a=u/G a0/ ESihf cifrr+rKd if 34? tvSaA'-2 35? uAsmaygi;f csLyf (pkaygi;f yHEk ydS jf cif;)

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cifESi f;OD; a&;om;jyKpkonf? (tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS xkwfa0aom trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; +idrf;csrf;a&;pmqdk q&m}uD; '*kefwm&m (89) ESpfajrmuf arG;ae@txdrf;trSwf " tvif;opfcspfol " pmtkyfrS jyefvnf&,laz: jyygonf?) rl&if;....ydawmufyGifhopf r*~Zif;? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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armifv0S if;(jrif;jcH) (1) 1948 ckEpS af vmufu jzpfrnf? q&m }u;D a&$Oa'gi;f onf ol@t,ltqrsm;tm; pma&;q&m '*kew f m&mu ab;rS =um;&olrsm;yif rcHr&yfEidk /f x±ku d cf sif avmufatmif a0zefajym qkcd o hJ nf[k pma&;q&m aiGOa'gi;f . wqifah jym=um;csut f & =um;od&ojzifh '*kew f m&mtay: rausrvnf jzpfcrhJ o d nf? pma&;q&m &efatmifu x±ku d cf sio f nf[k ajymonfq. dk ? [kwrf [kwf ukad wmh q&m}u;D a&$Oa'gi;f taotcsmrod? uk, d hf om;t&G,f avmufom &Srd nfh pma&;q&m wOD;u Tr# eifeh ifh oD;oD; a0zefajymqkd &ygrnfvm;qko d nfh oabmjzifh '*kew f m&m ESihf rsuEf mS csi;f yif rqkid v f o dk nftxd jzpfco hJ nf? ok@d aomf pma&;q&mtcsi;f csi;f rsuEf mS csi;f rqkid cf siIf r&? 1952 ckEpS f yDuif;òr@d wGif usi;f yaom urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&; uGezf &ifo h @dk wufa&muf&onfh jrefrmuk, d pf m; vS,t f zG@J wGif q&m}u;D a&$Oa'gi;f yg0ifovkd q&m'*kew f m&mvnf; ygonf? yDuif;wGif '*kew f m&m. pEN&m;vufou H dk =um;rdaomtcg q&m}u;D a&$Oa'gi;f u ‘tm*vli,f’[k qk;H jzwfonf? w }udrfESpf}udrfr# pum;ajym =unfhrdonfhtcg t&nftcsif; ‘jynfh’ol[k rSwfcsufcsonf? '*kefwm&mESifh pmayta=umif;rSpI axG&mav;yg; ta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd aqG;aEG; rdonft h cgwiG rf l q&m}u;D a&$Oa'gi;f onf ol. t&nftcsi;f ukd tuJcwfrI d tmCmwpdwf 34

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

rsm; vk;H 0vGiphf ifomG ; onf[k qkyd gonf? emrnfausmf uAsmq&m a'gi;f EG,af qG uvnf; ‘uvsmrdrrd ek ;f ’0wˆKudk a&;I q&m'*kefwm&mukd xkd;ESufwkdufckdufzl;onf? okd@&mwGif aemufykdif;Y oabm xm;ajymif;oGm;+yD; oluG,fvGefcgeD;tcsdefYyif q&m'*kefwm&mukd wrf;woGm;a=umif; =um;od&onf? ol@ukd cspcf if/ av;pm;/ =unf nKo d al wG rsm;ovkd ol@ukd xk;d ESuw f u dk cf u dk f olrsm;vnf; renf;vSyg? renf;vSaom xk;d ESuw f u dk cf u dk f olrsm;teuf oabmxm; ajymif;+y;D ol@ukd 0efcsawmif;yeforl sm;vnf; &Scd yhJ gonf? txif&mS ;qk;H Oyrmay;&v#if r=umrDurS q&m'*kew f m&m tay: oabmxm;ajymif;+y;D ‘Tpmuk;d cef;/ ykvJ yef;jzif/h pdwu f se;f rmefav#m/h ig uefawmh.’[lI uk;d uef;ysK@d rS pmwyk'd jf zifh awmif;yefco hJ l aZmfaZmfatmif? txufyg Oyrmrsm;uJo h @dk ol@ukd tjrifr=unfvif olrsm;yif ol@tay: oabmxm; wqpfcsK;d ajymif;vJ vmonfrmS bma=umifyh gv?J ol@ wefz;dk [m bmvJ? ol@wef zk;d ukd b,fvdk tuJjzwfrvJ? jynforl sm;u olEiS hf xku d w f efaom wefz;dk ukad y;I av;pm; cspcf ifae=u onfrmS bmha=umifv h ?J (2) olonf orkid ;f a=umif; wav#muf a,bk,s tm;jzifh rSeu f efonfb h ufrmS om tpOf&cdS o hJ /l rSeu f ef onfb h ufrS &yfwnfco hJ [ l k qkEd idk o f nf? Armjynf ukdvkdeDacwf e,fcsJ@tkyfpkd;r_ atmuf&SdaecsdefwGif olonf q,fwef;ausmif;om;b0om &Sad o;onf? xkt d csed rf mS yif olonf *wk;H wk;H I ocif aX;òrif tjzpf cH,cl o hJ nf? q,fwef; ausmif;om;b0rSmyif jrefrmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm;. *sLAvDa[mnDvmcH}u;D ok@d usKu d v f wfausmif;om; uk, d pf m;vS,t f jzpf wuf a&mufco hJ ?l &efuek w f uUov dk f ausmif;ok@d wufa&muf aom tcgwiG v f nf; ,ae@wkid f tpOftvmESihf =oZm}uD;rm;aom ausmif;om;or*~. tr_aqmif? 1938 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm 15 &uf ausmif;om;awG ukv d edk t D pk;d &. yk'rf 144 ukd zDqef+y;D qENjyonfh tcg olonf wyfO;D rS wlwpH OftvHeu D dk v$ix hf u l idk af qmifco hJ ?l 1938 ckEpS f 'DZifbm 20 &ufae@ ausmif;om;awG twGi;f 0ef±;Hk 0kid ;f pOfu Akv d af tmifausmEf iS hf twl yg0ifco hJ l jzpfonf? Armjynf orkid ;f a=umif;wGif ta&;}u;D onfh 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}Hk u;D twGi;f rSmvnf; olonf a&eHacsmif;/ acsmufEiS hf yk*aH nmifO;D ok@d oGm;um tvkyo f rm;ESihf jynforl sm;ukd a[majympnf;±k;H &mwGif yg0ifcahJ v onf? xk@d xufyIdk olonf tvif;ukd &yfco H /l tm±k%Of ;D ukd }uKq d o dk ?l aemuf+y;D ocifA[de;f . oli,fcsi;f /csprf w d af qG ? ‘ocifA[de;f . csprf w d af qG’[laom tok;H tE_e;f wGif av;eufus,jf yef@aom t"dyg, ` rf sm; &Sad e=uavonf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

olonf rmhupf 0f g'ukd avhvm ,kH =unfojl zpfonf? ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygwu D dk pwifwnf axmiforl sm;jzpfaom ukad tmifqef;/ ukAd [de;f wk@d ESihf &if;ES;D ol jzpfonf? ol. ‘atmifqef; (ok@d r[kw)f t±kid ;f ’ESihf ‘A[de;f (ok@d r[kw)f uAsm’ukd zwf+y;D aemuf vlrsm; ocifatmifqef;ESihf ocifA[de;f wk@d ukd &if;ES;D cspcf ifvm=u&jcif; jzpfonf? (ocifoef;xGe;f u ol@pmrsm;ukd zwf±&_ onft h cg ‘oufa0 oDcsi;f }uKu d o f ’l trnfjzifh awmxJraS eI ol@xH E_wcf eG ;f quf pmwapmifyif yk@d ay;cJah o;onf?) olonf ocifA[de;f ESihf pmay/ *Dw/ tEkynm ta=umif;wk@d uko d mru rmhupf 0f g'/ vDeif0g' wk@d ukyd g aqG;aEG;cJ=h uonf? orkid ;f 0ifrnfh ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygwzD @JG pnf; cge;D tcsed Yf olonf ygwpD wifwnfaxmiforl sm; ESihf teD;uyf &Sad ecJah vonf? ukAd [de;f u ArmjynfueG jf rL epfygwD pwifz@JG pnf;&mY ol@ukd yg0ifz@dk &efuek w f uUov dk f bJ@G ESi;f obifcef;r rsuEf mS pm jcaoF±h yk af &S@ avSum;xpfrsm;ay: vomom nwnY tjyif;txef tav; teuf aqG;aEG;cJo h nf? olu Ekid if aH &;orm;rjzpfcsiI f ryg0ifc?hJ ok@d &mwGif ol@&yfccH suu f “'DtzG@J tpnf;ukd pdw0f ifpm;onf/ }uKu d o f nf”wJ?h vGwv f yfa&; jyifqifru _ mvwGif olonf ukAd [de;f ESit hf wl w±kwjf ynf uGejf rLepfygwED iS hf quf oG,&f ef &Sr;f jynfe,f vm;±_;d / odEt DM xdwufum }uK;d yrf;cJh aomfvnf; &Sr;f jynfe,f yk'rf -10 u wm;qD;xm;ojzifh vSnjhf yefc&hJ onf? *syefacwfwiG f ppf0ef}u;D jzpfol Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;u &mxl;ukd trde@f xkwI f cef@tyfaomfvnf; olrvkycf ahJ y? olonf ‘tk;d a0’r*~Zif; t,f'w D m vkycf o hJ ?l A rmjynfueG jf rKepfygwt D wGuf ‘jynf ol@owif;pm’wGif t,f'w D m vkycf zhJ ;l ol? ‘jynfo@l tm%m’ukd }uKu d Ef pS o f uf aomolonf ol. pmaywm0eftwGuf 1946 ckESpf wGif wm&mr*~Zif;udk pwifxkwfa0cJhonf? wm&mr*~Zif;onf um; acwfopf. pmaywyfO;D ? trsK;d om;,Ofaus; r_wyfO;D ? vGwv f yfa&;/ ya'o&mZf ukv d edk D e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ Ekid if w H um csp=f unfa&;/ urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&; wku d yf w JG @dk . wyfO;D ? pmayonf Ekid if aH &;. vufatmufc/H pmayonf jynfou l dk tvkyt f au|;jyK&rnf [laom tawG;tac:ukd olpu dk x f l ay;cJo h nf? 1950 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEkid if H pma&;q&mtoif;. OuUXtjzpf ol@ukw d if ajrm‡ ufvu dk o f nft h cg vGwv f yfa&;ae@ xrif;pm;yGw J iG f olu OuUXrde@f cGe;f tjzpf........ ” t&if;&SifacwfrSm pmaytEkynm[m rvGwfvyfygbl;? pmaytEkynmonfawG[m t&if;&Sipf epf&@J zefw;D jc,f vS,rf a_ tmufrmS ae&ygw,f? tck vGwv f yfa&;[m t&if; &Siaf wGrmS om vGwv f yfwmyg? qif;&Jom; vlxrk mS rvGwv f yfygb;l ”[lI ajymcJo h nf? TonfrmS zqyv tpk;d & vufxuf ol. &yfwnfcsuyf if jzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sif pepfvufxuf ol@&yf wnfcsurf mS rlæolonf 1963 ckEpS rf S 1967 ckEpS t f xd qdwzf vl;ehH oif;aom tusO;f axmif wGi;f rSm (Aef;armfwifatmifudk olz@JG qko d ;Hk E_e;f cJah om tok;H tE_e;f 36

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

twkid ;f ) ‘e&odef tusO;f om;’ jzpfc&hJ av onf? olonf q&m}u;D ocifu, dk af wmfrid_ ;f OuUX tjzpf aqmif&u G af om urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uf (jrefrmEkdifiH)wGif 'kwd, OuUXtjzpf 1952 ckESpfrS pwifI aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&;/ vufeufzsuo f rd ;f a&;/ trsK;d om;rsm; vGwaf jrmufa&; wk@d ukd aqmif&u G o f vkd jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;ukv d nf; aqmif&u G o f nf? jynfwiG ;f ppf q,f ESpaf jrmufwiG f +ird ;f csr;f a&; vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm; azmfaqmifchJ onf? +cKiH =Hk unfv h #if ol. Ekid if aH &;b0rSm trsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;/ jynfo@l b0vGwf ajrmufa&;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;wk@d twGuf oloefonf/h olEidk ef if;onfh vkyaf qmif csuf rsm;jzifh xrf;&Guf jcif; jzpfonf? ol. pmayb0rSm pmayjzifh jynfou l dk tvkyt f au|;jyKa&; jzpfonf? olonf orkid ;f pOfw av#muf/ ol@b0wav#muf jynforl sm;bufrS tpOf&yfwnf cJo h ?l ,k=H unfcsut f ay: pG+J ro J pPm&So d ?l b,facwfrmS rS tpk;d & &mxl;r,lc?hJ b,f acwfrmS rS uk, d u f sK;d pD;yGm;r&SmcJ?h b,facwfrmS rS tm%m ykid w f @dk tay: atmufrusK@d cJ?h xk d r #ru jynf o l @ buf &yf w nf o l r sm; ES i f h awmf v S e f a &;orm;rsm;wG i f tav;teufxm;&Sd&ef vkdtyfaom ukd,fusifh oduQmykdif;wGif olonf pGef;xif;r_r&Sd/ *k%o f u d mQ &So d /l ajzmifrh wfo?l Tok@d aom b0t&nftcsi;f /t&nf taoG;rsm;ESihf ol. xufjrufaom/ ºu,f0 aom/ vSyaom/ yg&rD&Sdaom/ wb0vkH; tywfwukwf }uKd;yrf;tm;xkwfcJh& aom/ txktxnfEiS hf *k%jf 'yf xGe;f vufcidk rf mvmaom uAsm/ 0wˆK/ aqmif;yg; pmay/ *Dw/ tEkynm t&nftcsif;/ t&nftaoG;wkd@jzifh aygif;pyfvkdufaomtcg jynfolwkd@u cspcf ifav;pm;tyfaom ‘'*kew f m&m’ jzpfvmcJah vonf? (3) wcsdefu ol@ukd u|efawmfwkd@+rdK@odk@ tvnfvmzkd@ zdwfac: I pum;ajymqkd aqG;aEG;cJzh ;l onf? pmay ta=umif;/ Ekid f iHa&; ta=umif; pum;pkH ajymjzpfchJ =uonf? trSwf xifxifjzpfonfh ta=umif;t&mrSm [efa*&Dtay: qkAd , D uf jynfaxmifpu k 0ifa&mufwu dk f cku d o f nfh ta&;tcif;tay: ol@oabm xm;tjrifyif jzpfonf? u|eaf wmf wk@d uar;I olu jyef vnf ajz=um; ajymqkjd cif; jzpf onf? oluat; aq; pGmjzifh ol@oabmxm;tjrifudk tckid t f rm tusK;d ta=umif; rsm;ESihf &Si;f vif;jycJo h nf? u|eaf wmfw@dk tjiif;tckef rvkycf yhJ g? ol&iS ;f jyonfudk em;axmi rf w S o f m;±ko H m jzpfygonf? tck ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm=um vmonft h cg olajymonfh tjrif rSeu f efa=umif; u|eaf wmfw@dk ykrd dk em;vnf oabmayguf vm&onf? EkdifiHa&;0g&ifh olrsm;yif rsufpdvnf&aom onfta&;udpPY olonf rSefuefaom tjrif&cdS ±hJ o Hk mru ol@tjriftay: &yfc&H mY &J&if/h jywfom;/ ±k;d om; cJah v onf? cJ=h uonf?) tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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xJrmS &if;ES;D aewJt h jyif vlcsi;f awG ah wmhvJ ol t h &G,/f olh *k%u f dk owdrxm;rdawmh zufvw JS uif; vkyrf w d mawG &Syd g w,f? tjro J wdxm; qifjcif&ygw,f? &_r0 pzwfcsed rf mS usaemfu tv,fwef;atmuf qif/h ig;wef;/ajcmufwef;avmuf &Sad o; w,f? q&mwm&m&Jh pmawGudk =uKu d v f dk rh &ao;ygb;l ? enf;enf;twef;=u;D vm awmh usaemfh tazu ol rh mS vJ pmayaqG;aEG;zuf r&Sw d t hJ wGuf usaemhu f b dk J pmzwfazmf/ aqG;aEG; azmf vkyv f mygw,f? awm&GmrSmuk;d wuUov dk f ausmif;om;rajymeJ (h 7) wef;ausmif; om;ukb d w J a,mufrS r &Sad o;wJu h mvyg? (19 50) ausmaf vmufuyg? tazhnaD wGuvJ awm cku d ek v f dk pm zwfazmf r&Sd ygb;l ? usaemft h azuawmh jrK@d uko d mG ;&if; &_r0/ aoG;aomuf r*~Zif;/Armhacwf/ jrefrmhtvif;/ [Hom0wD/vx l pk wJh owif;pmawG pk aqmif; vmwwfyg w,f? q&mwm&mwkd &h hJ pmayopf v_y&f mS ; r_u vJ t&Sed jf rifah ewJu h mv r[kwv f m;? olw@dk rSm Aef;armf wifatmif/ jroef;wifh/ ausmfatmif/ =unfvif/=unfat;/ rkd;pnfwkd h emrnfxu G v f mw,f? =unfvifu aemufawmh uGo J mG ;jy;D i,f i,f&, G f &G,ef J h uG,f vGeo f mG ;cJh &Smw,f? q&mwm&mwkd hukd wnfh axmifwkdufw,f? yk*~Kdvf a&;awGygcsw,f? ukdatmifvif; qk;H cge;D awmh “cifAsm;wkd h acwfygy?J usaemfudk ypfrxm;yge”hJ q&mwm&mwkd u h dk ajym oGm;ygw,f? &efuek /f (33)vrf;xdy/f a&$jynfat; vufzuf &nfqidk rf mS yg? olwdk u h kd a0zef&mrSm ta&;=u;D qk;H u OD;ode;f azjrif&h hJ pmyg jynfol ph mayvkhd a=u;G a=umfjy;D “pum;vk;H opf wDxiG jf cif;Yom v#yaf y:/avmfv”D ae=uonfw?hJ “0wfvpfpvpf vrf;r=u;D / “a0g'h pPae tjym”/ “avEkat;uav;u aemfqJukd”pwJh pum;vkH;awGukd axmufjyygw,f? Aef;armfwifatmif&J h “awmhu f m ombJ &,feJ ”h qkw d Jh t h ok;H tESKe;f awGuv dk J axmufjyw,f? tJ'gawGudk usaemfh tazu w[m;[m;&,fjy;D usaemhu f dk zwfjyw,f? q&mAef;armfwifatmif&hJ “bke;f armifwa,muf xJ&,f” 0wˆKxu J “bJ”awG ukv d J usaemfu h dk atmufrsO;f om;apjy;D a&wGucf idk ;f w,f? tJ'guawmh q&m aomfwm aqGu uspD ,fwmuGm? usaemhf tazu zwfjyjy;D a&wGuf ckid ;f wmyg? usaemft h azuvJ r[maqGudk pGv J ef;aecJ&h mu ode;f azjrif/h '*kew f m&m/ Aef;armfwifatmifwdk h pmawGbuf ukd ajymif;vm awmh usaemfvJ pmajymif;zwfvm&ygw,f? '*kew f m&m/ Aef;armfwifatmifeJ h olw@dk &Jh aemufvu dk f vif;,keef u D ydk g pGv J ef;vmcJ&h ygw,f? q&mwm&m&Jh w[Dwu D o dk mG ;&atmif uAsmrl&if; ukd rzwfz;l ayrJh ol u h AsmawGudk a0zefwhJ pmay/q&maomf wmaqGeJ h OD;&efatmifwdk u h ol u h Asmukd jyifpyfwhJ uAsm awGudk t&ifzwfz;l jy;D jyK;H cJh &,fcyhJ gw,f? q&mwm&m &Jh pmawGudk zwfvm&awmhvJ tzwfenf;jy;D t=uKu d ef nf; cJyh gw,f? q&m Aef;armfwifatmifeJ h vif;,keef w D dk h pmawG ukd 0,fzwfayrJh q&mwm&m&Jh tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

pmawGudk 0,frzwfygb;l ? r=uKu d v f dk yh g? 'gu wuUov kd f ra&mufcifu tjrifyg?

(5) wuUovkd af usmif;pm;wd@k&@J "ca&ZD" wuUov kd af &mufawmh eH&u H yfpmapmifawGeJ h ESpf vnf r*~Zif;awGrmS q&mwm&m wkd &h hJ pmay opf a&;[efawGu zuf&iS jf zpfaeygawmhw,f? ref;wuUov dk rf mS u uAsm a&;ol tvGerf sm;w,f? usaemfwdk h a&mufomG ;wJh (1956)ckEpS f ywf0ef;usirf mS uavmifaoG;=uol taygi;f [m uAsma&;=uwmcsn;f ygy?J usaemfwdk t h &ifuqk&d if armifom& wa,mufbJ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; xGuaf y:cJyh g&?hJ olu pum;ajyorm;yg? 'gayrJh olvJ vlx*k sme,frmS uAsm eJhuavmifaoG;cJhwmukd aemifrSawG hvm&ygw,f? uAsm a&;=uolwkdif;u '*kefwm&m/ =unfat;wkd &h hJ pmayopf[ef awGbJ a&;=uw,f? usaemf a&mufpwESprf mS awmh pmay aqG;aEG;zuf “wk;d wk;d azmf” r&Sb d ;l ? (1957)rSm wifr;dk / ode;f Ekid /f =unfatmifwdk eh J ah &m aZmfaZmfatmif (tJ'w D ek ;f u aZmfov†m)/0if;=u, G w f dk eh J ah &m pmayaqG;aEG;zufjzpfvmjy;D '*kew f m&mukd &SmazGawG&h v dS mygawmhw,f? tJ'aD wmhrb S J q&mwm&m&Jh uAsmaygi;f csKyw f @dk 0wˆKaygi;f csKyw f dk v h J xGuv f mcJw h muk;d ? 'gawGzwfjy;D rS q&mwm&m&Jh “pmay &kyf ykv H m$ ” pmtkyf/ ol h&Jhukd,fwkdifa&; twˆKy`wd pmtkyfeJ h “ar” pmtkyfwkd hukd &SmzwfjyD; wm&mr*~Zif;awGuv dk J ta[mif; qkid af wGrmS jyef vnf&mS azG pk aqmif; &ygw,f? “ar” pmtkyu f dk (1963) ckEpS af usmaf wmh armifr;dk ol&hJ rk;d OD; yef;pmtkyf wku d jf yefxw k yf gw,f? usaemfwdk h rEW av;rSm uAsmorm;awGcsi;f qk=H u&if; aZmf*seD J rh if;ok0%f b,fo@l =uKu d o f vJ '*kew f m&meJ h a'gi;f EG,af qG b,fol =h uKu d v f q J w dk m rsK;d ar;avh &Syd gw,f? usaemfu rif;ok0%feJ h '*kew f m&mukd =uKu d w f ,fvdk h &k;d &k;d om;om; ajymygw,f?'*kew f m&m eJ@a'gif;EG,faqG ,SOfar;wmuawmh EkdifiHa&; aemufcHodatmif pkHprf;w,f qkdwm aemifro S v d m&ygw,f? oabmu “tvHe”D ehJ “Auy” b,f[m yk=d uKu d o f vJ ar;wmygy?J usaemfu tvHeD (ocifpkd; uGefjrLepfygwD) tkyfcsKyf&m/ awm&Gmuav; w&Gmu vmwmrkdhwa=umif;/ wifrkd;u a&p=uKdu q,f wef;atmif vmwmrkd hwa=umif;/ tvHe, D rd ;f ol ausmif;om;awGu usaemfwdk Eh pS af ,mufv;Hk ukd tvHev D hdk xifxm;=uygw,f? usaemfwdk u h '*kew f m&m =uKu d w f ,f vkd yh J ajzygw,f? 'Dawmh olwdk h vef o h mG ;=uygw,f? '*kefwm&m&Jh ta&;tom;awGukd aqG;aEG;jzpf wmu wifrkd;eJ hpwifwmyg? usaemfu tpu '*kefwm &mwkdh&Jh ta&;tom;[m “qwfawmufqwfawmuf” “pdr;f qwfqwf”eJ rh dk =h uKu d v f dk rh &cJh bl;? aemufrS wpdrphf rd hf =uKu d v f mwmvkd h ajzzl;ygw,f? '*kew f m&m&Jh uAsm/ uAsm 0wˆK/ 0wˆKupmay a0zefa&;ukd wqifo h iG ;f wk;d csJ zh wfrv d m ygw,f? q&mwm&m&Jh a0zefa&; pmtkyaf wGuvJ aemuf us xGuyf gw,f? usaemfpmay a0zefa&;vkyrf v d mwJh (1964) 0ef;usiaf &mufawmh q&mwm&meJ ah 0zefa&; pmay awGudk vufpGJjyKygw,f? ol h&Jhjynfol hpmay t,ltqukd vufcH&kHru vufcHvmcJhygw,f? 44

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

ol=uKu d rf =uKu d f rodayrJh usaemfu ol *h % dk ;f om;qkw d m 0efcaH vh&ydS gw,f?

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(9) jynfov l x l . k pGr;f &nfukd cseG ;f zGiafh y;&rnf? (10) *syefzufqpfacsr_ef;a&; ajymufusm;ppfyGJudk vlxkyGJawmftjzpf qifE$JvSsif rkcsatmif&rnf? txufazmfjyyg ta=umif;t&mwd@k [m ajymufusm;ppf&ŒJ enf;opfrsm;jzpf=uw,f? tJ'eD nf;opfrsm;udk ocifA [de;f u jyKpyk @kd csay;cJw h ,f? t&ifO;D qH;k pnf;¶H;k a&;rSL;rsm;udk oabmw&m;a&;t&; tajccHI oifwef;rsm; yd@k cschJ w,f? zufqpf*syefw@kd [m tjriftm; jzihf tiftm;}uD;rm;w,f? 'gayrJh zufqpfwdk@&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDuif;rJhaom vuQ %m/ vlxkqef@usifaom vuQ%mwdk@a=umihf zufqpfwdk@udk vlxku axmufcHr_r&Sdbl;? raxmufc¶H rkH sS ru tH=k uG qef@usirf nfrmS rvG{J uefjzpfw,f? vlxu k kd zufqpfp;kd rd;k vmcsed f =umanmif;vmwmeJ@trSs wae@wjcm; jyif;xef vm&rnfrmS a&SmifvrJ$ &aomtcsuyf J jzpfw,f? jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;jynforl sm; pnf;¶H;k =ur,f/ Ed;k =um;x=u=G u r,fq&kd if zufqpfw@dk [m vlxek @J uif;uGm+y;D txD;usejf zpfvmEdik w f ,f? 'ga=umihf vlx&k ŒJ acsre_ ;f jcif;udk cH&Edik f w,f? zufqpfw@kd &JŒ pd;k rd;k r_ atmufrmS vlxw k u dk yf rJG sK;d udk qifE$J&efrSm rjzpfEdkifbl;? vlxkwdkufyGJenf;udk usihfoHk;ygu acsr_ef;cH&rnfomjzpfw,f? zufqpfvufatmufuae vGwaf jrmuf&efenf;vrf;rSm jynfov l x l u k pnf;¶H;k x=u+G y;D vufeifuikd yf ek u f efaomenf;/ ajymufusm;ppfqifaom enf;uomvSsif wckwnf;aom enf;vrf;jzpfw,f? txufazmfjyyg oabmw&m;udk oifwef;rsm;rSm tav;xm;yd@k cschJ w,f? pnf;¶H;k a&;rSL;rsm;u tJ'D awmfveS af &;oabmw&m;udk cH,rl w d meJ@ ,H=k unfcsuf jyif;jyvm=uw,f? tm;wuf vm=uw,f? tJ'Dvdk ,Hk=unftm;wufvmwmeJ@trSs c¶dik t f wGi;f +rKd Œe,facgi;f aqmifrsm;udk oabmw&m;a&; oifwef;rsm; qufvufy@kd cscw hJ ,f? awmfvSefa&;umvrSm awmfvSefa&;oifwef;wdkif;[m vSsKdŒ0Sufa&; tajccH ay:rSm zGiv fh pS cf =hJ u&w,f? tJ't D cgwek ;f u vSsKŒd 0Suaf &;usio fh ;kH &efrmS xdyw f ef;vkt d yfcsuyf J jzpfw,f? zufqpf *syefrsm;/ ppfyv k yd f (uifay) rsm;/ zufqpfw@kd .vufyg;ap Armazmufjyef a&;orm;wk@d [m olw@kd tkypf ;kd r_ukd t wdu k t f cHjyKr,hf tiftm;pkrsm;udk azmfxw k zf @kd ae@rtm; nrtm; vdu k v f aH xmufvrS ;f vsu&f cdS w hJ ,f? wae&m&mrS vSsKŒd 0Surf _ aygu=f um;oGm;+yq D &kd if wEG , f i if w pif y g ES d y f u G y f c H & wwf w ,f ? 'ga=umih f vS s Kd Œ 0S u f x d r f ; od r f ; r_ [ m t ouf w rS s ta&;}uD ; w,f ? ocif A [d e f ; u vS s Kd Œ 0S u f a &;xd e f ; od r f ; r_ e J @ ywf o uf + yD ; tawG@t=uKH rsm;udk tajccHvsuf pm;wrf;wckjyK pkcw hJ ,f? “vSsKŒd 0Suaf &;udk rnfo@kd usio fh ;kH rnfenf;” pmwrf;[m zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;rSm t vGet f a&;ygwhJ vSsKŒd 0Suv f ufpw JG ck jzpfcw hJ ,f? awmificl ¶dik af wmfveS af &;ÏmecsKy[ f m ocifA[de;f eJ@ cGcJ mG r&cJb h ;l ? ocifA[de;f &Sd 62

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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atmifjrihf O ;D (r[m0dZ…m) (&eH@opf / 2012 rwfvrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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trSwf (3) t*FvdyfwyfrrSL; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rpfqmrDajymjycsuft&qdkvSsif Adv k Af xl;.emrnfukd vef'efa* ZufwiG f cs;D usL;azmfjyrnf[ak jymcJo h nf?TrSspeG @f pm;wku d cf u kd f cJah om Adv k Af xl;onf wku d cf u kd &f mwGif bmrSsrxdcu kd b f J iSuzf sm;a&m *gEiS u hf sq;kH &onfrmS a&wdrw f iG ef pfjcif;omjzpfawmhonf” [lI ajymqdck o hJ nf? Adv k rf LS ;}u;D Axl;udk 1916ckEpS f (jrefrmouU&mZf 1278 ckEpS )f Y xm;0,fc¶dik /f (,ck weoFm&Dwikd ;f a'o}u;D ) avmif;vH+k rKd Œe,f/ av;oGe;f cH aus;&GmwGif tz &Gmol}u;D OD;bxGe;f (jrefrmhp, G pf u kH sr;f twGJ (7) pmrsuEf mS (334) wGiaf zmfjyxm;aom Adv k rf LS ;}u;D Axl;twˆKyw ` YdW 4if;.zciftrnfukd OD;zd;k xGe;f [k rSm;,Gi;f pGmazmfjyxm;onf?) ESihf trd a':pdejf r&ifw@kd rSzmG ;jrif onfh wwd, ajrmufom;jzpfonf? ol@txufwGif tpfudk zdk;pkESifh udkayg'ifwdk@&SdI atmufwiG f nDr rcif=unfEiS rhf pdeyf w kd @kd &So d nf? i,fpOfu av;oGe;f cH&mG ESihf v,fuiG ;f }u;D wpfuiG ;f jcm;onfh ppf+r&J mG bke;f }u;D ausmif;Y pwifynmqnf;yl;onf? jrefrmpmtajccHtenf;i,f&&Sv d m+y;D rS xm;0,f+rKd Œ&Sd qef;cs&D yf aqGrsK;d tdrYf aeum tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;wGif qufvuf+y;D t*Fvyd -f jrefrm (7) wef;txd ynmoif=um;cJo h nf? tvkyv f yk cf sipf w d f ay:ayguv f mI ausmif;rSxu G f vku d o f nf? rdbESiahf qGrsK;d o*F[rsm;u ausmif;qufae&ef azsmif;zsaomfvnf; vufrcHc?hJ [d E N m ;owW K wG i f ; od k @ oG m ;a&muf I tvk y f & S m azG & m rd b rsm;ES i f h c if r if & if ; ES D ; onf h [dEmN ;owWKwiG ;f tdAk mpD,mcsKyf OD;vGe;f yif. tultnDjzifh tvky&f cJo h nf? xdt k vkyrf mS a&pkyfpuf}uD; udk qDxdk;&onfhtvkyfjzpf+yD; wpfae@vSsif wpfq,fhESpfyJ&onf? xdkrS wpfae@wpfusypf m; pufarmif;orm;b0jzifh 1 ESpcf ef@vkyf udik +f y;D aemuf ¶d;k om;ajzmifrh wfI vH@k v0D&, d &Spd mG }uKd ;pm;vkyu f ikd cf jhJ cif;a=umifh rdik ;f tdAk mpD,mb0od@k wd;k jriS chf ef@tyfjcif;cHchJ &onf? aygi;f oif;qufqrH a_ umif;jcif;/ acgi;f aqmifra_ umif;jcif;wd@k a=umifh tvkyo f rm; aygi;f . cspcf if&if;ES;D jcif;udck &H um tvkyo f rm;pm=unfw h u dk rf LS ;wm0efukd xrf;aqmifvm &onf? udAk xl;onf e*g;eDtoif;0ifwpfO;D vnf; jzpfco hJ nf? rdbrsm;ESihf cifrif&if;ES;D pG&J o dS nfh [dEmN ;rdik ;f tdAk mpDcsKyf OD;vGe;f yif/ a':pdecf s,w f @kd . orD; rtke;f wif (Adv k rf LS ;}u;D Axl;. ZeD;a':tke;f wif (78) ESpo f nf xm;0,f+rKd Œ cH0k if;'yf&yf/ ydawmufa&$0gvrf;aetdrYf (27-7-92) &ufae@wGif uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf?) ESihf wpfpwpfp cspcf ifrv d mcJ=h uonf? ESpzf ufaomrdbrsm;uvnf; auseyfoabmwl=uojzifh xm;0,f+rKd Œ cHk0if;'yf&yf/ OD;vGef;yif/ a':pdefcs,fwdk@.tdrfY xdrf;jrm;vufxyfay;cJhonf? om;}uD; armifaz0if; (AdkvfrSL;jrifhxl;-ppftpdk;&.nSOf;yrf;ESdyfpufr_a=umifhppf a=uma&;pcef;wGif aoqH;k cJ&h ol)/ om;i,farmifped 0f if; (OD;pef;xl;/ 'k-tkycf sKyaf &;t&m&S/d a&eH-uG,v f eG )f ESihf 66

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orD; rcif0if; (a': rdrad v;) [lI om;orD;oH;k a,muf xGe;f um;cJo h nf? e,f c sJ Œ t&if ; &S i f v uf a tmuf Y qif ; &J y if y ef ; pG m vk y f u d k i f v m=uaom ypPnf;rJhtvkyform;rsm;. 'kuQb0tawGŒt}uHKudk cHpm;rd aomtcg rcHr&yfEdkifojzifh ZeD;.armif rdik ;f tdAk pD , D m udpk ed v f if; (1958 ckEpS f xm;0,fjrLeDpyD ,fOuUX OD;pdev f if;) ESit hf wl [dEmN ; owWKwiG ;f tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t¶k;H udk 1940 jynfEh pS w f iG f zGŒJ pnf;wnfaxmifvu dk f onf? tvkyform;b0epfemr_rsm;udk azmfxkwf +yD; tcGifhta&;wdk;wufcHpm;a&; wku d yf 0JG ifco hJ nf? ,if;tcsed Yf e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd rf sm; tm%mjyif;xefpOfjzpfI wdu k yf aJG tmifjrifr_ r&onf h t jyif tvk y f o rm;rsm;rS m yd k r d k z d E S d y f r _ u d k c H = u&onf ? ud k A xl ; ES i f h t wl a,muQrOD;vGe;f yifEiS hf a,mufzudpk ed v f if;wd@k tvkyf jzKwcf v H u dk &f onf? od@k aomf 1942 ckepS /f e,fcsŒJ awmfveS af &;wku d yf t JG wGuf tvkyo f rm;rsm;. ESv;kH om;wGif wefz;kd rjzwfEikd f aom awmfveS af &;pdw"f mwfrsm; pwifoaE<wnfaponft h jrwfuu kd m; &&Sv d u kd af yonf? xd@k aemuf OD;vGe;f yif/ udpk ed v f if;wd@k ESit hf wl zGwv f ufw¶kd mG / "vdacsmif;¶GmESihf azmif;awm&Gmrsm;wGif opfukefonftvkyfudk vkyf udkif&if; owWKwGif;e,fajra'oY e,fcsŒJ qef@usirf p_ nf;¶k;H a&;udk aqmif&v G su&f o dS nf? 1942 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif Adv k rf LS ;}u;D vufsmOD;pD;aom Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfr awmfonf *syefwyfrsm;ESit hf wl ,d;k ',m; (xdik ;f )rS jzwfI xm;0,f+rKd Œe,f arwWm&Gmudk azmuf+y;D jrefrmjynftwGi;f od@k pwif0ifa&mufvmonf? xdt k csed w f iG f udAk xl;wd@k onf Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfukd awmifo;kH vH;k &GmrS qD;}uKd =uI OD;vGe;f yif taxGaxGwm0efct H jzpf owWKwiG ;f e,fajra'oY wyfom;/ &dumQ / vufeufpak qmif;a&;wm0efukd Adv k ^f m%ESihf wGzJ ufwm0ef,al qmif&u G o f nf? udpk ed v f if;u ,d k ; ',m;jynf bG e f w D ; pcef ; od k @ vuf e uf r sm;o,f , l y d k @ aqmif & ef wm0ef c H t jzpf oGm;a&mufaqmif&u G &f onf? udAk xl;onf rdr. d csppf mG aom owWKwiG ;f tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESihf twl Adv k Af vwyfwiG f 0ifa&mufvu kd . f ? xm;0,f+rKd Œudk bDtikd af twyfu vH;k 0odr;f ydu k v f u dk +f y;D aemuf a&SŒod@k ppfa=umif; cs&D mwGif udAk xl;onf wyfom; (15) a,mufukd tkycf sKy&f aom omrefwyf=uyfuav; &mxl;jzifh wm0ef,al qmif&u G &f onf? jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f Y t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ wd@k xGucf mG oGm;+y;D aemuf 1942ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (26) &uf a e@wG i f Armh v G w f v yf a &;wyf r awmf (bD / tk d i f / at) ud k z suf o d r f ; um ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (bD/ 'D/ at) udk zGJŒpnf;vkdufonf? topfzGJŒpnf;aom Armh u muG , f a&;wyf r awmf w G i f Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; tm; Ad k v f r S L ;}uD ; &mxl ; jzif h aoemywdcef@tyfI Adv k rf LS ;atmif/ Adv k rf LS ;&efEikd /f Adv k rf LS ;aZ,sw@kd tm; wyf&if;rsm;udOk ;D pD; ap+y;D vSsif wyf&if; (3) &if; zGŒJ cJo h nf? xdt k cgwiG f Adv k Af xl;onf Adv k rf LS ;&efEikd Of ;D pD;onfh tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

ysO;f rem;+rKd Œ&Sd ajcvsiw f yf&if; trSw (f 2) wyfcJG (3) wGif Adv k }f u;D &mxl;jzifh wyfcrJG LS ;tjzpf wm0efay;cef@tyfjcif;cH&avonf? ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmfukd wjznf;jznf; wd;k csŒJ zGŒJ pnf;cJ&h m pufrv _ ufrw _ yf&if; trSwf (1) udk ysO;f rem;+rKd ŒwGizf ŒJG cJo h nf? Adv k f Axl;udk xdw k yfwiG f ajymif;a&$Œxrf;aqmifapI 1943 ckeSpf ESpfOD;ydkif;avmufwGif xdkwyfrSmyif wyf&if;rSL;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfum Adv k rf LS ;tqift h wef;od@k wd;k wufcef@xm;cH&onf? uome,f/ tif;awmfe,fw0du k Yf +Aw d o d sS avxD;wyfom;rsm; v_y¶f mS ;vmaom tcg/ tifzm;od@k csw D uf&ef vrf;yef;tquftoG,rf sm; vdt k yfaomtcsed w f iG f Adv k rf LS ;Axl;. pufrv _ ufr_ wyf&if;trSwf (1) onfvrf;yef;azmufvyk &f efvnf;aumif;/ avxD;wyfrsm;ESihf &ifqikd &f efvnf;aumif; ajrmufyikd ;f ppfajrod@k xGuv f m&onf? tae txdik t f pm;taomuf qif;&Jjcif;/ aq;0g;&duQmnHhzsif;jcif;a=umifh &Jabmfrsm; emrusef;jzpfum 'kuQtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh &if q d k i f = u&onf ? Ad k v f r S L ;Axl ; ud k , f w d k i f v nf ; iS u f z sm;a&m*gpG J u yf c J h & avonf ? qufo, G af &;r&&Srd w _ @kd a=umifh 1943 ckepS f =o*kwv f (1) &ufae@wGif *syefu jrefrmEdik if t H m; ta,mifaqmifvw G v f yfa&;ay;vku d o f nfuykd if Adv k rf LS ;Axl;wd@k rodvu dk [ f k qdo k nf? 1944 ckEpS f arvwGif Armhwyfrawmf (*syefay;aom vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D aemuf ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmfukd ajymif;xm;aom trnf) udk ppfwikd ;f rsm;cGjJ cm;owfrw S u f m Adv k rf LS ;Axl;udk wkid ;f rSL;tjzpfcef@tyf+y;D vSsif rEWav;od@k ajymif;a&$ŒapcJo h nf? rEWav;wkid ;f ppfe,fonf awmifib l ufwiG f ysO;f rem;txd ajrmufbufwiG f wrl;/ uav;0e,ftxd us,o f nf? wdik ;f twGi;f wGif ajcvsiw f yf &if; trSwf (1)/ (3)/ (4) ESihf (5)/ pufrv _ ufr_ wyf&if; (1)/ tajrmufwyfESifh pufaoewf}uD;wyfrsm;&Sdonf? AdkvfrSL;Axl;onf rEWav;wdik ;f rSL;tjzpf tqufjywfaeaom wyf&if;rsm;qDo@kd &dumQ / aq;0g;rsm; yd@k ay;.? wpfae@aomf tr&yl&+rKd Œ vlxt k pnf;ta0;wpfct k wGuf zdw=f um;jcif;cH&ojzifh tazmft&m&Sd ESpaf ,mufEiS t hf wl um;wpfp;D jzifh xGuo f mG ;=u.? tpnf;ta0;udp+P y;D I n (9) em&DcGJcef@wGif jyefvmcJh.? 4if;wdk@.um;aemufrS *syefppft&m&Sd um;wpfpD;onf armif;ESiI f vm.? um;onf a&SŒudak usmw f uf&ef um;[Ge;f udk tqufrjywfw;D I vm.? AdkvfrSL;Axl;u um;armif;onfh&Jabmftm; a¶Smifay;vkduf&efajym.? odk@aomfvrf;rSm vrf;usO;f jzpfI rwufEikd o f nfukd um;ay:&S*d syeft&m&Su d *syefpum;jzifh qJa&;wdik ;f xGm.? od k @ ES i f h quf v uf a rmif ; vm&m vrf ; us,f o d k @ a&muf o nf E S i f h *syef u m;onf a&SŒodk@ausmfrwufbJ 4if;wdk@um;a&SŒrS &yf vkdufjcif;jzifh um;ESpfpif;vHk;&yfoGm;ap.? AdkvfrSL;Axl;onf um;ay:rSqif;vkduf.? um;ay:rS *syeft&m&Sdonfvnf; a'goESifh pwifpum;ajym&mrS *syeft&m&Sdonf rdrd"m;udkqGJcGswfrnftjyKwGif AdkvfrSL;Axl;onf rdr"d m;udk tjrefqx JG w k I f *syef.OD;acgi;f wnfw h nfo h @kd ckwv f u dk af vonf? 68

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

xdo k @kd "m;csi;f ,SO+f yKd iaf &;ESiyhf wfoufI tjcm;olwpfO;D wpfa,mufomqkyd gu wyfrawmft&m&S}d u;D rsm; tvky¶f y_ pf &m? ,ckru l m; *syefw@kd av;pm;aom Adv k rf LS ;Axl; jzpfaejcif;/ Adv k rf LS ;Axl;tultnDuv kd nf; *syefw@kd rsm;pGmtvd&k adS ejcif;/ Adv k rf LS ;Axl;onf vrf;r usvsS if rnfonft h cgrsS rcHa=umif;udk ,cifajrmufyikd ;f ppfajrjyifrS tjzpftysuf ud k v nf ; *syef w d k @ od & S d a ejcif ; / Ad k v f r S L ;Axl ; ud k , f w k d i f rw&m;onf u d k r vk y f [ l I *syef w d k @ em;vnf j cif ; / ,ck u d p P r S m rd r d w d k @ *syef t &m&S d u yif v S s if rl ; ,pf & rf ; um; qJa&;wkid ;f xGmjcif; ponf wd@k a=umifh Adv k rf LS ;Axl;rSm rnfonft h a&;tjypfay;jcif;rSrcH&bJ tr_+y;D jywfcahJ vonf? Adv k rf LS ;Axl;onf trnfEiS v hf u dk af tmif xl;jcm;onf? wae@aomf Armjynfwpfjynf vH;k zufqpf*syefw@kd . &ufpufr/_ rrSswr_/ t oem;tnSmwmuif;rJrh a_ =umifh pm;aomuf aexdkifr_usyfwnf;um ukefaps;E_ef;jrifhrm;ojzifh ‘igwnfwJhbk&m; vif;wyifem;em;’ [lbdouJhodk@ rsufpdudkpHkrSdwfI cwfrqdwfaecJhaom ¶kyfao;r[m Armtpdk;&onf tyd&k mS ;yg;p&dwx f w k af y;&ef pDr&H awmh.? xdkpOftcgu AdkvfrSL;Axl;onf tydkp&dwf*syefaiGpuULawmfawmfrsm;rsm; &avonf? rdr¶d ;Hk rS aiGpm&if;t&m&Su d aiGpuULtxky}f u;D udk pm;yGw J iG w f ifxm;onfukd pl;pdu k =f unfah e.? “wcsKŒd awmhvJ om;r,m;qD jyefy@kd =uwmyJ? igvt J rd u f kd wpfacgurf rS jyefrb d ;l ? ‘^mwumeOPo*Fa[m’ aqGrsKd;wdk@tm; axmufyHh&rnf vdk@ bk&m;a[ma'oemeJ@tnD om;r,m;qD aiGa=u;awmhaxmufyHhoifhwmyJ? 'gayr,fh ig,cktvkyfvkyfaewm[m r*Fvmw&m;awmfEiS hf tnD om;auGs;r_/ r,m;auGs;r_/ aqGrsK;d rsm; axmufyrhH t _ wGuf r[kwb f ;l ? igppfx0J ifwm wdik ;f jynftwGuyf ?J olw@kd udk axmufychH siv f @kd r[kwb f ;l ? olw@kd udk [dpk OfuaxmufychH +hJ y?D auGs;arG;jyKpck +hJ y?D tck igt h zd@k 'DaiGawGukd ige@J qif;&Jazmfqif;&Jbuf tvkyv f yk zf ufjzpfwhJ ig&h ŒJ &JabmfawGuo kd m axmufyo hH ifw h ,f” [kq;kH jzwfum ppfajrjyifY trsK;d rsK;d yifyef;cJo h nf&h aJ bmfrsm; t yef;ajyap&ef yGv J rf;obifjyKvyk af ysm&f i$ af &;twGuf toHk;cscJhavonf? AdkvfrSL;Axl;u tpOfojzifh &Jabmfrsm;tm; owd&tm;udk; ovdk &Jabmfw@kd uvnf; Adv k rf LS ;Axl;tm; av;pm;,H=k unftm;xm;cJah yonf? vlrsKd;taejzifh *syefvlrsKd;rsm;rSm cspfcifzG,f&maumif;vSonf? odk@&mwGif olw@kd usio hf ;kH aomzufqpf0g'rSmrl tvGeq f ;kd &Gm;vSonf? aemufq;kH zufqpf'%furkd cHEikd f awmhojzifh Adv k cf sKyt f rSL;&Sad om wyfrawmft&m&Srd sm;/ ArmEdik if &H dS zufqpfuakd wmfveS v f kd aom tpnf;t¶kH;rsm;/ toif;tyif;rsm;. tpnf;ta0;qHk;jzwfcsuft& *syefudk awmfvSef&efa&G;cs,fjcif; e,fcGJjcm;owfrSwfcef@xm; &mwGif wdkif;rSL;AdkvfrSL;Axl;rSm rlvrdrdpDpOfxm;&Sd+yD;jzpfaom txufjrefrmjynfwkdif;udkyif wm0efcHacgif;aqmiftjzpf tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

a¶G;cs,fap v$wfjcif; cH&avonf? AdkvfrSL;Axl;onf txufjrefrmjynfwdkif;rSL;tjzpf vufa&G;pOf&aJ bmfrsm;udk acgi;f aqmifum ajymif;a&$Œ oGm;avonf? 1945 ck E S p f / Zef e 0g&D v twG i f ; wG i f *syef u d k a wmf v S e f & ef &ef u k e f + rd K Œ Y vSsKd Œ0Supf mG usi;f yaomaqG;aEG;yGo J @kd Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;OD;pD; onfh awmfveS af &;aumfrwD tzGŒJ 0ifw@kd ESit hf wl Adv k rf LS ;Axl; wufa&mufco hJ nf? 1945 ck ESpOf ;D ydik ;f wGif r[mrdww f yfw@kd onf jrefrmEdik if aH jrmufyikd ;f od@k 0ifa&mufum rEWav;+rKd Œod@k OD;wnfcsw D uf=uonf? Adv k rf LS ;Axl;onf Edik if pH nf;¶k;H a&;/ ppfa&;tcGio hf mr_ wd@k udk a&SŒ¶_I rdrv d ufatmuf&dS ppfuikd ;f / rEWav;/ oDaygrw S yfrsm;jzifh 1945 ck/ rwfv (8) &ufae@ *syeftm; pwifawmfvSefwdkufcdkufonf? xdktcsdefwGif atmufjrefrmEdkifiH&Sd Armhwyfrawmfonf *syefuakd wmfveS &f ef tao;pdwpf pD Ofcsurf sm; r+y;D jywfao;? TwGif AdkvfrSL;Axl;onf ol.wyfrsm; *syefwdk@tm;awmfvSefjcif;a=umifh usefwyfrsm; 'kuQ awG Œ rnf u d k o d & S d o jzif h *syef u d k awmf v S e f w d k u f c d k u f a &;twG u f a=unmcsuf w G i f Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf tquftoG,jf zwfum rdr. d wyfukd ArmhawmfveS af &;wyfrawmf trnfjzifh zufqpfqef@usifa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJŒ }uD;ESifh yl;wGJaqmif&Gufvsuf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;udk &efot l jzpf a=unmvsu&f adS =umif; y&d,m,fjzifh azmfjya=unm xm;avonf? Adv k rf LS ;Axl; xkwjf yefco hJ nfah =unmcsurf mS .... “&Jabmfwdk@ .... igwdk@ wpfawGonf igwdk@ wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGu f igwd@k .toufukd yrmrxm;bJ wyfrawmfom;yDyD wm0ef xrf;aqmifc=hJ ua=umif; trsm; od=uonf? zufqpf*syefawGonf igwdk@vlrsKd;rsm;tm; trsKd;rsKd;nSOf;qJowfjzwf+yD; igwd k @ ud k v G w f v yf a &;ray;bJ uG s ef o abmuf b 0od k @ yd k @ aqmif c J h = ua=umif ; / barmfEiS ahf tmifqef;trSL;jyKonfh ¶kyaf o;tpd;k &&JŒppfwyfonf *syefawG&ŒJ nSO;f yef; ESyd pf uf r_ukd umuG,af y; Edik v f rd rhf nf[k igwd@k ,=kH unftm;xm;cJ=h uaomfvnf; ,cktxd olw@kd onf rnfonfu h muG,rf u _ rkd sS jyKvkyrf ay;Edik cf o hJ jzifh igwd@k onf Ttwdik ;f acgif;iHŒk I cHraeEdik f awmhay? xd@k a=umifh 1945 ckEpS f rwfv 8 &ufae@rpS I ighvufatmuf&dS ppfuikd ;f / rEWav;/ oDayg paome,frsm;&Sd wyfrsm;onf zuf qpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&; tzGJŒ csKyf}uD;ESifhyl;aygif;vsuf zufq pf*syefwdk@ tm; pwifwdku fcdku f+ yDjzpfa=umif; a=unmvdu k o f nf? &Jabmfwdk@.... zufqpf*syefv¶l ikd ;f rsm;tm; awGŒ&mocsKid ;f "m;rqdik ;f bJ okwo f if=uavmh? AdkvfrSL;Axl; jrefrmhawmfvSefa&;wyfrawmf 70

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

txufjrefrmjynf odk@&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhum; em;vnfr_ &&Sd+yD;jzpfonf? xdkodk@ y&d,m,fjzifh a=unmcsuaf =umifv h nf; atmufjrefrmEdik if &H dS wyftoD;oD;onf 1945 ck/ rwf v (27) &uf a e@wG i f *syef a wmf v S e f a &; tpD t pOf r sm;ud k atmif j rif p G m qufvufvyk af qmifEikd jf cif; jzpfonf? rEWav;+rKd ŒESihf rEWav;e,ftwGif r[mrdwrf sm;ra&mufrD Adv k rf LS ;Axl;wyfrsm;onf *syefrsm;udk &Si;f vif;xm;Edik cf o hJ nf? Adv k rf LS ; Axl;wd@k zGŒJ pnf;xm;aom ajymufusm;wyfrsm; tultnDjzifh r[mrdwfwyfrsm;vnf; atmifjrifpGmcsDwufI *syefwyfrsm;udk acsr_ef; Edik cf o hJ nf? ar+rKd Œ (,ck jyifO;D vGi)f udk r[mrdwrf sm; odr;f ydu k f &mwGif ArmhrsK;d cspaf jymufusm; rsm;. tultnDjzifh odr;f ydu k Ef ikd cf ahJ =umif; r[mrdww f @kd . owif;xkwjf yefcsurf sm;ay:wGif azmfjyxm;onfukd awGŒ&onf? txufjrefrmjynfwikd ;f wGi;f Adv k rf LS ;Axl;pwifawmf vSecf ahJ om rwfv 8 &ufae@rS 15 &ufae@txd wku d yf aJG ygi;f 37 yGJ wku d cf &hJ onf? wdu k &f aom &efot l iftm;rSm 8100 cef@ &So d nf? &efo@l bufrS tustqH;k rSm 428 a,muf ('kAv kd rf LS ;}u;D wOD;tygt0if) 31 a,muf '%f&m&cJhonf? ppfoHk@yef; 12 a,muf zrf;qD; rdcJhonf? AdkvfrSL;Axl;. xl;cGsefpGmaqmif&Gufr_ a=umifh 1945 ckESpf/ arv (1) &ufae@yg jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (ArmhrsKd; cspf w yf r awmf ) trd e f @ jzif h Ad k v f r S L ;Axl ; ud k Ad k v f r S L ;tqif h r S Ad k v f r S L ;}uD ; tqif h o d k @ ESpq f ifw h ;kd wufay;vku d af vonf? xdt k rde@f udk Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ud, k w f idk f vufrw S af &; xd;k I rEWav;wdik ;f wyfrLS ; Adv k rf LS ;Axl;tm; ol&owW&d jdS cif;/ xl;jcm;pGm acgi;f aqmifEikd jf cif; wd@k twGuf Adv k rf LS ;tqift h wef;rS Adv k rf LS ;}u;D tqift h wef;od@k ESpq f ifw h ;kd ay;vdu k o f nf[k azmfjyxm;onf? rEWav;+rdKŒudk r[mrdwfwdk@ jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl;onf ausmufqnfrw S pfqifh &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f atmifyef; +rKd Œod@k csw D ufco hJ nf? xdt k csed u f rd;k Owkvnf;jzpfI &moDOwkrmS =urf;wrf;vSojzifh c&D;yrf;vlyrf;jzpfc&hJ aom Adv k rf LS ;}u;D Axl;ESihf wuG &Jabmfw@kd onf use;f rma&;csKd ŒwJI h zsm;em=u.? Adv k rf LS ;}u;D Axl;onfvnf; tif;awmf/ uav;0ppfa=umif;Y wkdufyGJ0if&if; pGJuyfaom iSufzsm;a&m*gjyefay:vmawmhonf? iSuzf sm;a&m*gukd &So d rSsaq;0g;wd@k jzifh tpGr;f ukeu f pk m;ygaomfvnf; emvefrxl awmhbJ 1945 ckEpS /f ZGev f (2) &uf n (8) em&D (10) rdepftcsed w f iG f &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f atmifyef;+rKd Œ e,f/ jrif;=um;'d;k &GmteD; w,fv;l pcef;Y (29) ESpt f &G,w f iG f uG,v f eG t f edpaP &mufomG ;&Sm avawmhonf? ruG,v f eG cf iftcsed u f av;rSmyif pcef;&S&d aJ bmf rsm;udk Adv k t f mVm0uwyf&rdS nfh tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

ae&mudak r;I “tmVm0uudk jyefac:/ ppfuq kd ufwu dk =f u” [lI aemufq;kH trde@f ay;cJah o; onf? w,fv;l pcef;rSm atmifyef;+rKd Œe,f jrif;=um;'d;k &GmteD; tdraf jc (7) tdrcf ef@om&Sad om &Gmodr&f mG i,fuav;om jzpfavonf? awmif}uKd t=Hk um; ppfrsuEf mS wd@k Yom tcsed u f ek cf &hJ aom Adv k rf LS ;}u;D Axl;onf uG,v f eG cf sed t f xd ol@tm; Adv k rf LS ;}u;D tqifo h @kd wd;k jriS *hf % k jf yKaom Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;. trde@f pmudk rzwfvu dk &f acs? Adv k rf LS ;}u;D Axl;um; Armhvw G v f yfa&;twGi;f 0ifa&mufonfh ae@rSpI ZeD;ESio hf m;orD;rsm;xHo@kd wpfcgwpfacguf oGm;a&muf=unf¶h &_ ef tcsed rf &avmuf atmif wkid ;f jynfEiS v hf rl sK;d twGuf wm0efrsm;udk }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G cf ahJ om tmZmenf yk*Kd~ v}f u;D wpfO;D om jzpfavonf? Adv k rf LS ;}u;D Axl;.yHo k ¾mefrmS t&yf&n S &f n S /f ar;cGsecf sG e/f rsuv f ;kH jyL;jyL;/ rsuu f iG ;f csKid chf sKid /hf E_wcf rf;ar$;rwdrk &Snf qHyifpw k zf mG ;zGm;[l.? atmifyef;+rKd Œ (uavmESihf 5 rdik u f mG a0;onf) wGif Adv k rf LS ;}u;D Axl;ESihf &Jabmfrsm; twGuf ausmufwidk w f pfck pdu k x f x l m;onf? tqdyk gausmufwikd w f iG f “jrefrmEdik if aH wmf &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; zufqpf*syefawmfvSefwdkufcdkufa&;wGif OD;pD;cJhI 1307 ckESpf/ e,kef vqkwf (8) &ufae@ n (8) em&D (10) rdepftcsdef w,fvl;pcef;wGifusqHk;&Smaom Adv k rf LS ;}u;D ume,fAxl;ESihf &JabmfEpS q f ,fh ajcmufa,muf” [k ur`n;f xd;k xm;.? Adv k rf LS ;}u;D Axl;tm;*k%jf yKcs;D usL;aomtaejzifh wyfrawmfrv S nf; ‘Axl;wyf+rKd Œ’ [laom trnfjzifh wyfpcef;+rKd Œwpfcu k kd &yfapmuf (avmufaqmuf) +rKd Œajrmufbuf wpfrikd cf ef@tuGmwGif 1953 ckEpS Yf wnfxm;avonf? rnfo@dk qdak p....zufqpf*syefw@kd udk yxrOD;qH;k wdu k cf u kd cf ahJ om Adv k rf LS ;}u;D Axl;. trnfonf xm0pOfxeG ;f vif;awmufajymifaernfrmS rvG{J uefyifwnf;?

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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r,H=k unfjcif;/ pdwt f wGi;f yH&k yd w f @kd jzifh jyefvnfwnfaqmufvm&ayonf? ydrk kd aumif;rGeaf om vGwaf jrmufa&; vGwv f yfa&;/ awmfveS af &; pdw0f n d mOfw@kd jzifh ,dik ef @J oGm;aom rodpw d . f pdww f w H m;rsm;/ odpw d . f avSum;xpf/ tjyifpw d . f ajcvSr;f rsm;/ twGi;f pdw. f wHcg;rsm;udk wckjy;D wck wxpfjy;D wxpf/ wvSr;f jy;D wvSr;f / wcsyjf y;D wcsyf wnfaqmufvu kd =f u&av onf? tm;vH;k xJwiG f ydrk kd &d;k om;/ ydrk kd xl;c|eaf om Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;eSihf ygwt D zG@J tpnf; rsm;. u|r;f usiv f rd mR r_jzifh ydy&d &d /d y&d,m,f =u, G 0f pGmjzifh v#Kd @0Suaf om rsuv f ;kH / ESv;kH om;/ =u@H =u@HcH aH om pdwEf iS hf OD;aESmufw@kd jzifh urBmausmcf ahJ om jrefrmzufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;}u;D atmifjrifco hJ nf? xdt k a=umif; tm;vH;k udk qpfxak om vuf/ u|r;f usiaf om yef;ykq&mESihf csrw S cf ahJ om Policy maker rSm a=umufp&m aumif;vSayonf? tH=h op&m aumif;vSay onf? tom;rusao;aom tom;raoao;aom awmfveS af &;pdwu f kd ydrk kd &$e;f vJh awmufajymifvmatmif tqDrwifbJ a&ay:rxdk;bJ ywf0ef;usif/ ordkif;/ &mZ0ifESifh vufawG@ cHpm;r_jrifuiG ;f wd@k jzifh tH=h op&m aumif;avmufatmif tm;vH;k qGaJ qmif,o l mG ; Edik o f nf? xdpk w d t f m;rmefrS zufqpftyk cf sKk yaf &;umv/ zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;umv/ zufqpf*syef jy;D qH;k jy;D aemuf vGwv f yfa&; v_y&f mS ;r_ tqifo h @kd a&mufvmayonf? e*dAk ZD a=umifyh ifqq kd kd ordik ;f tpOftvma=umifh yifqq kd kd tuGt J jyrJ sm; &Scd o hJ nf qdak omfjim;vnf; vGwv f yfa&;udk &atmif,El ikd cf ahJ yonf? ordik ;f xJwiG f &,lEikd af omolum; Adou k mjzpfvmonfukd awG@&ovdk vlx. k pdwEf v S ;kH om;udk qGaJ qmif,o l mG ;Edik o f u l ydrk kd ae&m ,lEikd o f nfukd awG@&jy;D acgi;f aqmif/ xdrk w S qifh trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif jzpfvmonfukd awG@&ayonf? tcsdK@u twGif;pdwfjzifh owfrSwfjyD; tjyifpdwfjzifh a&G;cs,fjcif;/ tcsdK@u tjyifpw d w f ckxjJ zifh a&G;cs,jf cif;/ tcsKd @u odpw d jf zifh tajzxkwjf cif;/ tcsKkd @u rodpw d jf zifh yHak zmfjcif;rsm; &So d nft h euf vGwv f yfa&;ESihf vGwv f yfa7;Adou k mwd@k rSm ESpu f mvrsm;pGm t"Ge@f &Snw f nfwef@cJah vonf? tar&duef Edik if q H v kd #if a*sm0h g&iS w f ef/ tdE, Nd qdv k #if r[EWr*EDN a&&_/ China qdv k #if armfpw D ek ;f / AD,uferfqv kd #if [dck srd if;/ tJ'grsKd ;rsm;pGmxJwiG f Adv k cf sKyu f awmh b,forl S rjiif;Edik af tmif tawmfq;kH xJwiG f yg0ifc&hJ m tm;vH;k . ordik ;f q&mrsm;. pdwEf v S ;kH om; 0dnmOfw@kd u vufccH &hJ ayonf? xdt k cg yH&k yd u f kd jyefyakH zmfcv hJ #if yH&k yd q f rD S tppfw&m;/ trSe. f pum;oHw@kd jzifh wqifhjcif; wnfaqmufvmcJhaom vGwfvyfa&;/ vGwfajrmufa&; tkwfjrpfwdk@rSm tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

tJ'aD e@u 1978 pufwifbm (22) &ufae@yg? tdrrf mS rsufpdoli,f em;oli,feJ@ usef&pf&mS wJh orD;ysKd rwif0if;av; twGufvnf; t+rJowd&+yD; pdwqf if;&Jrd w,f? Edk@ayr,hf b,folusefusef rusefusef olwdk@ vmac:&if vdkuf&wmyJ r[kwfvm;? ac:oGm;+yD; usrwd@kukd rEœav; tusOf;axmif}uD;xJ xnhxf m;wmyg? olw@kd om;tzu wGzJ ufaxmifrmS wJh? usru trsdK;orD; wGJzuf axmifrmS yg? ud,k tf zrf;cHae&wmxuf OD;vStwGuf usrrSm ylvdkuf&wm? olaeraumif;vdk@ aq;ae@wdki f;xdk; uk&r,hfqJqJudk odaeawmh udk,hftwGufxuf ol@twGuf ylwmaygh? usrudk wdk;wdk;uav; vmajymygw,f? usru 0rf; omtm;& “[kwfvm;/ b,frSm awG@cJw h mvJ/ rif;udk odovm;/ bmajymvdu k v f ”J vd@k ar;awmh “OD;av;wd@k wdu k f a&SŒu usr nae (3) em&Davmuf jzwfomG ;cJw h myg? wdu k w f cH g;}u;D ydwx f m;ygw,f? tJ't D xJ OD;av; vrf; avSsmuf&if; ykw;D pdyaf ewmudk jrifcw hJ myg” wJ?h ae@cif;}u;D wdu k w f cH g;}u;D ydw+f y;D vrf;avSsmuf ykw;D pdyaf eowJh qd+k y;D usrrSm rsu&f nf0cJ &hJ w,f? 'Dtcsed f 'Dae&mrsKd ;rSm ol ykw;D pdyaf vh &Sw d mrS r[kwyf gbu J vm;/ {uEœ ol usr rvGwaf o;vd@k omaygh qd+k y;D pdwrf aumif;&wmyg? 'g[m ol@tzd@k aemufq;kH t}urd yf gy?J 'gayrJh OD;vSu om;r,m; tay: tvGef oHa,mZOf}u;D &Smolr@kd om;a&m r,m;a&m awmfawmfe@J rjyefvm=uawmh olu, kd w f ikd f aecJh&wm xuf ydk+yD; pdwfqif;&J &Smvdrhfr,f? ol@rdef;r 'Dvdk cH&rSmudk olwoufvHk; ylyefczhJ ;l ayr,hf wcgrS ud, k af wG@ r=uKH cJ&h bl;? 'DwcgrS ud, k af wG@=uKH &&Smwmuvm;? usrqDudk wywfw}udrf axmif0ifpm pm;p&mawG tdrfuydk@ydk@ay;aeygw,f? vlcsi;f awmh b,foel @J rS rawG@&bl;? b,fou l yd@k ovJawmh rodb;l ? bmowif;rS usrudk todray;ygb;l ? usr tzrf;cH&wm wESp/f wveJ@ w&uf&adS wmh 23/ 10/ 79 ae@u usrudk axmifxv J mac:w,f? usru vdu k o f mG ;wmh tjyifrmS OD;vS&,f orD;t}u;D u arG;wJh ajr;OD;rav;udk csDxm;+yD; &yfae=uwmawG@vdk@ a=omf olwdk@ axmif0ifpmawG@cGihf&vdk@ vm=uwm xifyg&ŒJ vd@k atmufarh+y;D olw@kd ac:wJh axmif¶;kH cef;xJ vdu k o f mG ;&w,f? +y;D awmhrS 'gvw $ w f mwJah v? tJ'aD wmh usr tdrjf yefa&mufw,f? tdraf &mufawmhrS wa,mufwnf; xm;cJ&h wJh orD;av;eJ@ usr nDr a':wifwif u vm+y;D aeay;&SmowJ?h axmifxrJ mS ae&wke;f uawmh tJ'o D wif;rsK;d bmrSr=um;cJ&h bl;? olr&SdbJ usr wa,mufwnf; aecJh&wmu awmh t}udrf}udrftcgcgrdk@ usrrSm usio fh m;&oavmuf &ae+yv D @kd ajym&if &Edik rf vm; rajymwwfygb;l ? 'gayrJh usr r&Sb d J ol tdrrf mS ae&wJh qif;&Juakd wmh olu 1978-79 rSmrS cH&zl;wmuvm;? 'ga=umihf xifyg&ŒJ ? olrqH;k cif 3-4 v tvdrk mS ole@J usr at;at;aq;aq; c%wjzKwf em;&csed rf mS olu bmajymovJ qdkawmh/ “aojcif;ao&if ig rif;t&ifaocsifw,f” wJh? usru “t&ifao&wJh vlu uHaumif;wmaygh” vdk@ jyefajymawmh/ olu “igu rif;r&Sd&if tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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&_r0atmif(jrpfrc) (jrpfrc rD'D,mrS) 108

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uqkefvjynhf Ak'<ae h (okd hr[kwf) oAŠnK&JŒ ESpf 2600 jynhf

awmifwef;omoemjyK q&mawmf t&Si fokcrdEN (p0fqkcrf; wef@,ef;) 'DEpS f omoemawmf 2555 ukeq f ;kH vk@d 2556 tul; uqkev f jynhaf e@[m bk&m;&Sif oAŠnKw^m%fawmf &cJhwJh ESpfaygif; 2600 jynhfESpf jzpfygw,f? Ak'<bmom0ifwkdif; uqkefvjynhf Ak'<ae@ ta=umif;ukd odap&eftwGuf 'Daqmif;yg;ukd a&;+yD; bk&m;&Sifukd ylaZmfouUm& jyKvu dk &f ygw,f? uqkefvjynhfae@[m Ak'<bmomwkd@&JŒ ae@xl;ae@jrwf}uD;wpfae@jzpfw,f? bma=umihv f q J adk wmh (1) bk&m;tavmif;awmf &aohoak r"m[m 'Db'NurBmrS av;qlajrmuf a*gwrbk&m;pifppf jzpfvrd rfh ,fv@dk 'DyuF&mjrwfpmG bk&m;xH ed,wAsm'dwcf , H w l ahJ e@[m uqkev f jynhaf e@jzpf w,f? (2) a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmf od'w < rˆ if;om;av; arG;zGm;vmcJw h ahJ e@vJ r[mouU&mZf 68 ck/ uqkev f jynhaf e@jzpfw,f? (3) a*gwrbk&m;tavmif; aAm"dyifatmufrmS bk&m;jzpfwahJ e@vJ r[mouU&mZf (103) ck uqkev f jynhaf e@jzpfw,f? (4) a*gwrbk&m; y&deASd mŠ efpw H hJ ae@[mvJ r[mouU&mZf 148 ck uqkev f jynhaf e@jzpfjyef w,f? 'ga=umihf uqkev f jynhaf e@[m Ak'b < mom0ifawGtwGuf tifrwef xl;jrwfwhJ ae@wpfae@yg? uqkefv[m jrefrmv 12 &moDrSm 'kwd,vjzpf+yD; +Ad\&moDESihfwlonf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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yk*aH cwfausmufpmrSm uqkev f ukd “ukqek ”f vk@d ta&;rsm;w,f? aemufyidk ;f rSm “uk” rS “u”ok@d ajymif;vJvmw,fv@dk qkw d ,f? (uku)&JŒ t"dyg` ,u f awmh “a&” jzpfum “qke”f awmh oGef;avmif;w,fvkd@ t"dy`g,f&Sdvkd@ uqkefvukd “a&oGef;v” (okd@r[kwf) “a&avmif;v” vk@d qkEd idk yf gw,f? ygVpd mayrSm uqkev f ukd “a0omc” Vesaka vk@d ac:+y;D tJ'D a0omc uae ygXyf suu f m “a0ocf” Vesak jzpfvmw,f? oD[t dk oHxu G u f awmh a0qwfcf vk@d xGu+f y;D taemufEidk if o H m;rsm;uvnf; oD[o dk u H dk trSjD yKum uqkev f jynhaf e@ukd a0qwfcaf '; Vesak Day vk d @ ac:=uw,f ? xk d i f ; Ak ' < b momawG u awmh uqk e f v jynh f a e@uk d “0dqmcyl;csm;” (0domcylZm) vk@d ac:owJ?h

jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid fiHawmfeJ@ uqkefvjynhf Ak'<ae@ uqkev f jynhaf e@[m Ak'b < mom0ifw@dk &JŒ txGwt f jrwfae@jzpfv@dk jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if rH mS tpk;d &&H;k ydw&f uftjzpf owfrw S x f m;ygw,f? uqkeaf nmifa&oGe;f yJaG wmftjzpf xif&mS ;wJh bmoma&;yJu G dk qifEw J$ ,f? uqkev f &moD[m aet&Sed f tjyif;txefq;kH jzpfv@dk a&awG cef;acsmufavh&w dS ,f? bk&m;yGiafh wmfrw l hJ aAm"dyifudk &nfrw S u f m aAm"dyiftyGm; awmfrsm;ukd waysmfwyg; a&pifoGef;avmif;=uvkd@ “uqkefv anmifa&oGef;yJG” vkd@ ac:vm=uw,f? Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;twGuf aAm"dyif[m bk&m;&Siftm; ukd,fpm;jyKwJh y&dabm*apwDawmfjzpfv@dk aAm"dyifudk a&avmif;ay;jcif;[m aAm"dyif ykrd &dk iS o f efapzk@d bk&m;omoemawmf qufvuf t"Ge@f &Snaf pzk@d az:n$e;f ygw,f? Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmvlrsKd;wkd@[m uqkefvjynhfae@rSm oHCmawmfrsm;tm; t&k%fqGrf;/ ae@qGrf;avmif;vSLjcif;/ oDvcH,ljcif;/ y&dwfw&m;awmf w&m;awmfrsm; em=um;jcif;/ bm0emw&m; yGm;rsm;jcif; pwmawG jyKvyk =f uygw,f? Zd0w d 'ge ig;v$wyf /GJ iSuv f w $ yf /GJ wd&p>mefab;rJv h w $ yf aGJ wGuv dk nf; waysmw f yg; usi;f y=uw,f?

xkdi f;Ekdi fiH uqkefvjynhf Ak'<ae@ xkid ;f Ekid if [ H m Ak'b < momEkid if aH wmfjzpfv@dk uqkev f jynhaf e@ukd &H;k ydw&f uftjzpf owfrSwfxm;w,f? bk&iftkyfcsKyfwJh EkdifiHjzpfvkd@ bk&ifeJ@wuG bk&ihfaqGawmfrsKd;awmf tygt0if t&m&St d &mcHrsm;tm;vH;k uqkev f jynhaf e@ tcrf;tem;jzpfwhJ “0dqmcyl;csm;” ukd wjynfv f ;kH yg0ifqifE=J$ uw,f? uqkev f jynhaf e@rSm omoemhtvHawmfrsm;onf xkid ;f Ekid if H wpf0rS ;f vH;k rSm wvlvv l i$ x fh =l uw,f? (xkid ;f Ekid if o H moemhtvH[m jrefrmeJ@ oD&v d uFmEkid if v H dk a&mifjcnfawmf ajcmufo, G f r[kwb f J t&[wW"Z ouFe;f a&mifay: wGif "rRp=um puf0idk ;f yHk wyfxm;jcif;jzpfw,f?)? uqkev f jynhaf e@rSm xkid ;f Ak'b < mom0if;rsm;[m eHeufyidk ;f rSm oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qGr;f avmif;vSL=uw,f? bk&m;ausmif;uefrsm;ukd oef@&Si;f a&;rsm; jyKvyk u f m ukov dk , f =l u+y;D 110

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ae@vnfyidk ;f tcsed f bke;f }u;D ausmif; "rRomvmZ&yfrmS w&m;em,l=uw,f? wcsKŒd uawmh bm0emw&m;rsm; yGm;rsm;tm;xkw=f uw,f? nOD;ykid ;f rSmpkaygi;f +y;D vlwpfO;D vsif za,mif;wkid f wpfwkdif/ tar$;wkdifoHk;wkdif xGef;ndSum yef;wpfyGihfeJ@twl apwDawmftm; vusmf&pf oH;k ywfywfum ylaZmf=uw,f? apwDawmfudk vSnyfh wfpOf bk&m;*k%af wmf w&m;*k%af wmfe@J oHCmh*% k af wmfrsm;ukd &Gwzf wfo&Z…sm,f=uw,f? oHCmawmfrsm;xH w&m;em,l=uw,f?

xkid ;f Edik if H uqkev f jynhf Ak'a< e@ usi;f yyHk xkid ;f Ekid if &H ŒJ xif&mS ;wJh uqkev f jynhAf 'k a< e@ usi;f ywJh ae&muawmh ecGe;f yxkr&f dS Ak'r< eG ;f xk;d bk&m;yJ jzpfw,f? tJ'aD e&mrSm xkid ;f bk&ifrif;jrwf (ok@d r[kw)f aqGawmfrsK;d awmf rsm;u Ak'b < mom0if vlxu k dk OD;aqmif+y;D “0dqmcyl;csm;” (0domcylZm) yJu G dk ESppf Ofusi;f y w,f? xif&mS ;wJh xkid ;f Edik if w H uUov dk af wGrmS vJ 0dqmcyl;csm; tcrf;tem;rsm; usi;f y=uw,f? tjynfjynf qkid &f m Ak'b < mom tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukv d nf; usi;f ycJ=h uw,f?

oD&dvuFmEkdi fiH ESihf uqkefvjynhf Ak'<ae@ oD&v d uFmEkid if o H m;rsm;uawmh uqkev f jynhf Ak'a< e@ukd “a0qwf ] Vesak” vk@d ac:um &H;k ydw&f uftjzpf owfrw S x f m;w,f? uqkev f jynhaf e@[m txl;jcm;qH;k ae@tjzpf owfrw S u f m yJaG wmfudk (7) &ufcef@ usi;f yw,f? tpnfum;qH;k ae@uawmh uqkev f qef; (14) &uf/ vjynhfae@eJ@ vjynhfausmf wpf&ufae@yg? Ak'<bmom0iftdrfwkdif; omoemh tvHawmfukd v$ihfxlxm;=uw,f? xif&Sm;wJh apwDawmf/ ausmif;awmfeJ@ vrf;qHk vrf;cGawGrmS rD;pifjrih}f u;D aqmufvyk u f m bk&m;&Si&f ŒJ aq;a&; yef;csyD akH wmf ywfywfvnfe@J Zmwuaq;yef ; csD y H k a wmf a wG u k d vS s yf p pf r D ; rsm; tvS q if u m rk d ; vif ; ayguf xGef;ndSylaZmf=uw,f? tqkdtuyJGrsm; r&Sdayr,hf tvGefpnfum;w,f? a&mifpHkrD;yHk; tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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tvS+yKd iyf rGJ sm; usi;f ywJh ae&mrSmqk&d if yJv G my&dowfrsm; }uw d }f uw d w f ;dk pnfum;vSw,f? te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS Ak'<bmom0ifrsm; (txl;ojzihf &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;)[m ukv d b H +dk rKd Œ (ok@d r[kw)f +rKd Œ }u;D rsm;rS rD;xGe;f yJu G dk vma&muf=unh&f =_ uw,f? armfawmfum;/ qkid u f ,f/ pufb;D pD;+y;D vnfywf =uwJo h al wG/ vrf;avSsmufvnfywf=uwJh olawG wpfnvH;k pnfum;wm awGŒ&w,f? &Gmuae vm=uwJh vrf;avSsmufwo hJ al wG[m rsm;aomtm;jzihf zdeyfrpD;=uay? tcsKŒd aom apwem&Sirf sm;u rdrt d rd af &SŒrSm a&at;/ tcsKad &rsm;eJ@vnf; aumif;/ tcsKdŒuawmh r¾myfaqmufum xrif;/ [if;rsm; pwk'o d mtvSLrsm; jyKvyk +f y;D ukov dk , f =l uw,f? tcsKŒd tdrrf mS pyDum t}u;D }u;D eJ@ Ak'0< ifocD si;f awG zGi/fh wcsKŒd uawmh oD[kd&kd;&mAHkwD;um uckef aysmfjrL;ae=uwmukdawGŒ &w,f? yJGawmfu mvtwGif; ,mOfa=umydwfqkd@r_awG rsm;pGm jzpfay:w,f? xif&Sm;wJh vrf;qHk vrf;cGeJ@ orkdif;0if uvsm%D, ausmif;awmf}u;D / um&kw k &W apwDawmf}u;D / uEœ+D rKd Œ pG,af wmfausmif;wk@d uawmh tvGef pnfum;wm awGŒ&w,f? oD&v d uFmAk'b < mom0ifrsm;[m aAm"danmifyifudk y&dabm*apwDtjzpf vGepf mG =unf n d K =uw,f ? ae@pOf ae@wk d i f ; aAm"d y if u k d a&avmif ; yl a Zmf = uw,f ? bke;f }u;D ausmif;wkid ;f rSm aAm"dyif&&dS w,f? uqkev f jynhf Ak'a< e@ reufyidk ;f rSm oD&v d uFm Ak'<bmom0if uav;vl}uD;rsm;[m 0wfpifjzL0wf+yD; bkef;}uD;ausmif;ukd oGm;=uw,f? wH j ruf p nf ; vS n f ; jcif ; / aAm"d y if t m; yl a Zmf j cif ; / oD v cH , l j cif ; / y&d w f & G w f j cif ; / bm0emyGm;jcif;rsm; jyKvyk =f uw,f? (oD&v d uFmAk'b < mom0if uav;vli,fawG y&dw}f u;D 11 okwu f dk &=uw,f?)

uqkefvjynhfae@ukd tjynfjynfqkdi f&m &Hk;ydwf&uf tjzpf owfrwS jf cif; uqkev f jynhaf e@[m Ak'b < mom0ifw@dk &JŒ txGwt f jrwfae@jzpfw,f? 'ga=umihf 1998 ck/ Ek0d ifbmv 5 &ufrS 14 &uftxd oD&v d uFmEdik if /H ukv d b H +dk rKd ŒawmfrmS usi;f ycJw h hJ tjynfjynfqkdif&m Ak'<bmom uGefz&ihfrSm uqkefvjynhfae@ukd urBmh&Hk;ydwf&uf tjzpf owfrSwfEkdif&eftwGuf ndSE_dif;aqG;aEG; cJh=uw,f? tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;uae 1999 ck pufwifbmvrS oD&v d uFmEkid if H Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D vuf&rS ef;uwd*rf [m tJ't D qku d dk ukvor*~o@dk wifoiG ;f cJw h ,f? 54 }udrfajrSmuf ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHrSm tJ'Dtqkdukd jrefrmEkdifiH tygt0if tm&Swkduf&Sd Ak'<bmomEkdifiHrsm; awmiftm&StzJGŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;/ &k&Sm;ekdifiH/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpek @J tjcm;Ekid if rH sm; pkpak ygi;f 34 Ekid if u H axmufc=H uw,f? 'ga=umihf 1999 'DZifbm 13 &uf tpnf;ta0;qHk;jzwfcsuf trSwf 174 eJ@ urBmhukvor*~rS “uqkev f jynhf Ak'a< e@” ukd tjynfjynfqidk &f m &H;k ydw&f uf Vesak Universal Holiday tjzpf owfrw S af y;cJw h ,f? 112

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urBmuh vk or*~q;kH jzwfcsufuawmh “a*gwrAk'b < &k m;&Si&f ŒJ omoemawmfonf urBmay:rSm oufwrf;&Sn=f umwJh bmomwpfcjk zpfwhJ tjyif bk&m;&Si&f ŒJ tqH;k trawmf[m ESpaf ygi;f 2500 ausmu f mvwkid f atmif vlom;wkd@tay: um,okc/ pdwWokceJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;ukd aqmif&Gufay;cJh+yD; aemif t em*wf r S m vnf ; urB m h v l o m;wk d @ tay: aumif ; usKd ; rsm; quf v uf ouf a &muf a ernf j zpf a =umif ; / ok d @ jzpf I uk v or*~ A [k d X mecsKyf e J @ urB m ay:&S d ukvor*~XmetoD;oD;wkd@rS uqkefvjynhf Ak'<ae@ (a0qwfa';)ukd tjynfjynfqkdif&m &hkH;ydwf&uftjzpf owfrSwf&rnf? TqHk;jzwfcsuft& a0qwfa'; usif;y&mwGif ukvor*~&HyHkaiGukd oHk;pJGcGihfr&Sd? ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; uqkefvjynhfae@onf rnfonhfv (t*Fvyd v f )wGif usa&mufrnfudk ukvor*~ XmecsKyEf iS fh tjcm;aom ukvor*~Xmewk@d u wkid yf ifnEdS id_ ;f um qH;k jzwfomG ;&rnf” vk@d qH;k jzwfcyhJ gw,f? xl;jcm;vSwhJ Ak'b < mom0ifw@dk &JŒ uqkev f jynhaf e@ukd urBmu h v k or*~u tjynf jynfqidk &f m &H;k ydw&f uftjzpf owfrw S af y;cJah v+y?D uqkev f jynhaf e@[m bk&m;&Sif tqlql yGiafh wmfrw l ahJ e@vnf;jzpfw,f? avmurSm bk&m;&Sif yGix fh eG ;f ay:ayguv f mjcif;[m avmuaumif;usK;d twGuyf jJ zpfw,f? bk&m;&Si&f ŒJ tqH;k trawmf[m avmuom;wkid ;f twGuf jzpfw,f? avmuom;wk@d [m bk&m;&Si&f ŒJ tqH;k trtwkid ;f vku d ef m usio fh ;kH ygu um,okc pdwo W ck eJ@ jynhpf =kH u+y;D +ird ;f csr;f a&;tppf jzpfwhJ oEœo d ck edAmŠ efudk rv${J uef a&muf&ayrnf? bk&m;&Sif tqH;k trjzpfwhJ “raumif;r_a&Smif/ aumif;r_aqmif/ pdwu f jdk zLatmif xm;” “Ak'w < idk ;f om/ rde@f cJw h m/ oH;k jzmTpum;” twkid ;f vku d ef musio fh ;kH Ekid =f u+y;D +ird ;f csr;f a&; tppfjzpfwhJ oEdo dœ ck ukd &&SEd idk =f uygap?

awmifwef;omoemjyK q&mawmf t&SifokcrdEN (p0fqkcrf; wef@,ef;) Ref: - The Sunday Times/ Sunday/ (12/9/1999) & (21/5/2000) Colombo˜ Sri Lanka - Essay on the Thailand˜ Copyright 1991˜ Thanapol Vittayakarn Co/Ltd

- jrefrmh pG,fpHkusrf; twJG 1/ 8/ uqkefvjynhfae@/ aAm"dyif? (armuQynma&; r*~Zif;rSul;,laz: jyygonf?)

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rsuaf rSmufacwfomoemY omoemjyK &[ef;awmfrsm;. omoema&;aqmif &Gucf suf wenf;tm;jzihf omoemjyKenf;AsL[m (6) rsK;d &Syd gonf? ?wk@d rSm..... (1) w&m;a[momoemjyKenf; (2) w&m;jyomoemjyKenf; (3) pmcsomoemjyKenf; (4) oifwef;yd@k csomoemjyKenf; (5) pma&; (usr;f jyK) omoemjyKenf; (6) toif;tzGŒJ wnfaxmif omoemjyKenf; wk@d jzpfygonf?

(1) w&m;a[momoemjyKenf; jrwfpmG bk&m;rSpI w&m;a[momoemjyKco hJ nfrmS ,ckqv dk sS if ESpaf ygi;f 2600 eD;yg;&Syd g+y?D jrwfpmG bk&m;onf rd*'g0ek af wmY yOP0*~w D @dk tm; w&m;OD;a[mI omoemjyK cJyh gonf? &Sio f m&dyw k &W monfyif &Sirf [mt\ZdxrH S w&m;em&I aomwmyefwnfchJ ygonf? omoemxGe;f um;jyef@yGm;a&; omoemwnfwe@fcidk jf raJ &;wk@d twGuf w&m;a[mjcif; onf rsm;pGmaus;Zl;jyKygonf? omoemruG,af o;bJ wnf&adS eOD;rnfh umvwpfavSsmuf w&m;a[momoemjyKjcif;onf rjzpfrae &SdaeOD;rnfh omoemjyKvkyfief; jzpfygonf? &Sit f &[HxaH wmfrw S &m;em&I taemf&xm Ak'b < mom0ifjzpfonft fh csed rf pS I jrefrm jynfY w&m;a[momoemjyKenf; wGiu f s,v f mcJyh gonf? v,fwq D &mawmf/ teD;pcef;q&mawmf/ xl;}u;D q&mawmf/ rif;uGe;f q&mawmf/ oDw*lq&mawmf/ jrp=umF q&mawmf/ 0g;cif;uke;f q&mawmf ponfw@dk rSm w&m;a[momoemjyK&mY xif&mS ;aom q&mawmf}u;D rsm;jzpfyg onf? 114

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(2) w&m;jyomoemjyKenf; jrwfpmG bk&m; a[majymn$ejf yonfh enf;emrsm;udk vufawG@usi=hf uH }uKd ;ukwf tm;xkwaf wmfr=l u&mrS t+rKd uw f &m;t&omudck pH m;=u&+y;D rdrw d @dk &&Scd pH m;zl;onfh w&m;xl;/ w&m;jrwfrsm;udk jyefvnfy@kd cs&if; omoemjyKonfeh nf;onf w&m;jy omoemjyKenf;jzpf ygonf? jrwfpGmbk&m;onf y&dwfowfav;yg;tm; qkdif&mqkdif&m a0ae,swkd@ESifh oifhawmfrnfh urRÏmef;w&m;udk a[majymydk@csjyo n$ef=um;cJhygonf? &[ef;yk*~Kdvf vly*k Kd~ vrf sm;u urRXmef;enf;rsm;udek m,l+y;D ud, k w f idk u f si=hf uyH mG ; rsm; tm;xkw=f u&if;rS w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfrsm; &&SdcJh=uygonf? xkd@okd@ w&m;jyomoemjyKenf;onfvnf; jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si. f omoemjyKenf;jzpfI jrwfpmG bk&m;omoemwnf&adS eorSs umvywfv;Hk wnf&adS eOD;rnfh omoemjyKenf;AsL[mwpfck jzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHY urRÏmef;&dyfomrsm;wnfaxmif+yD; w&m;jyomoemjyKcJhonfh q&mawmf}uD;rsm;/ vuf&Sdvnf; w&m;jyaeonfh q&mawmf}uD;rsm; rsm;pGm&Sdygonf? v,fwDq&mawmf/ a0blq&mawmf/ pGef;vGef;q&mawmf/ r[mpnfq&mawmf/ rkd;ukwf q&mawmf/ rk;d nSi;f q&mawmf/ oJtif;*lq&mawmf/ uopf0idk q f &mawmf/ awmfu;l q&m awmf/ a&$awmifuek ;f q&mawmf/ csr;f ajrh q&mawmf/ o'<r&R o H q D &mawmf/ a&$Orifq&m awmf/ zm;atmufq&mawmf ponfw@dk rSm urRÏmef;&dyo f mrsm; wnfaxmifziG v hf pS I f w&m;jy omoemjyK&mY xif&mS ;aom q&mawmf=urD sm;jzpfygonf?

(3) pmcsomoemjyKenf; pmcsomoemjyKvyk if ef;onfvnf; jrwfpmG bk&m;vufxufuyif wnf&cdS o hJ nfh H wfI wynfrh sm;udk pmayyk@d csomoemjyK omomemjyKenf;AsL[m jzpfygonf? ydÉuwfo;Hk ykw &mY aygÏv d rax&f}u;D rSm xif&mS ;ygonf? jrefrmjynfYvnf; yk*aH cwf usr;f wwftausmf q&mawmf}u;D rsm;rStp yckuLU acwf usr;f jyKtausmq f &mawmf}u;D rsm;/ pHuif;q&mawmf/ rpkd;&drf q&mawmf/ jrawmifq&mawmf/ 0dok'<g&kHq&mawmf/ rkd;aumif;q&mawmf/ cifruefq&mawmf/ awmiforefq&mawmf/ a*G;csKq d &mawmf/ bk&m;}u;D q&mawmf/ awmif+rKd Œ r[m*E<m¶kq H &mawmf/ "rRu d m&mrq&mawmf/ xD;vif;q&mawmf/ eENaD oem&mrq&mawmf/ qDbefeDq&mawmf/ rif;uGef;q&mawmfponfwkd@rSm pmoifwkduf}uD;rsm;wnfaxmifI pmayydk@cs+yD; omoemjyK&mY xif&Sm;aom q&mawmf}uD;rsm; jzpfygonf?

(4) oifwef;ydk@csomoemjyKenf; a&S;acwf a&S;tcgu ,Ofaus;r_oifwef;/ tbd"rRmoifwef;/ y&dwyf Ïmef;oifwef; ponfjzifh 0dZ…mynm&yfqkdif&m bmoma&;oifwef;rsm; r&Sdao;yg? &Sdp&mvnf;rvkdyg? &Sv d sS iv f nf; atmifjrifrnfr[kwyf g/ ta=umif;rSm a&S;q&mawmf}u;D rsm;onf jrefrmEkid if . H ynma&;udk csKyu f ikd x f ed ;f odr;f xm;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? Ak'b < mom0ifuav;rsm;rSeo f rSs tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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(5) pma&; (usrf;jyK) omoemjyKenf; oD[Vdk af cwf t&Sirf [mAk'a< Cmo. jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mawmfro l nfh ydÉuwfo;Hk ykH ygVad wmfrsm;udk zGiq hf o dk nfu h sr;f rsm;jzpfaom tÏuxmusr;f rsm;rSpwifI pma&;om;jcif;/ usrf;jyKjcif;/ omoemjyKenf;ynmrsm; xGef;um;vmcJhonfrSm ,ae@wdkifatmifyif jzpfygonf? pmoif/ pmcs/ pmzwfy&dwo f wfrsm; todtvdrmR wk;d yGm;&ef tvd@k iSmpma&; om;jcif;/ usr;f jyKjcif; omoemjyKvyk if ef;rsm;onfvnf; trSew f u,fvt dk yfonfeh nf;ynm jzpfygonf? &Sirf [moDv0Ho/ &Sirf [m&Ïom&/ rif;bl;t&Sif OD;=obmo/ q&mawmf OD;Ak"/f v,fwq D &mawmf/ refvnfq&mawmf/ anmifuefq&mawmf/ awmif+rKd Œ r[m*E<m¶kq H &m awmf/ rif;uGe;f q&mawmf/ awmifwef;q&mawmf ponfw@dk rSm pmayusr;f *efa&;om;jyKp&k if; omoemjyK&mY xif&mS ;aom q&mawm}u;D rsm; jzpfygonf?

(6) toif;tzGJŒ wnfaxmifomoemjyKenf; acwf.awmif;qkrd _ acwf.vkt d yfcsuf t& acwfEiS v hf u dk af vsmnDaxG&adS tmif omoemjyKvkd=uolrsm;onf toif;tzGJŒrsm;wnfaxmifI omoemjyKvmcJh=uygonf? vlra_ &;udt k ajccHonft h oif;rsm;/ bmoma&;udt k ajccHonft h oif;rsm;/ use;f rm;a&;udk tajccHonht f oif;rsm; ponfjzifh rsm;pGm&Syd gonf? ,cktcgY ESpw f pf&m ausm+f yD jzpfaom omoemjyKtoif;}u;D rsm;jzpfonfh rif;uGe;f bk;d bGm;&dyo f m/ 0kid t f rfbaD ttoif;/ rvGef qefvt _ oif;/ y&d,wWo d moe[dw (ouso[ D ) toif;wk@d rSm toif;tzGŒJ rsm;wnfaxmif 116

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rsufarSmufacwfYum; omoemjyK&[ef;awmfrsm;onf bG@JwqH yd yf nma&;aemuf tylwjyif;vkud af e =uI uav;rsm;. bmom,Ofaus;r_jzpfonfh Ak'p< may0dZm… ynma&;udk vspfvsL¶_vmcJ=h uygonf? xktd cg uav;rsm;. &ifxJEvS kH;om;xJY bk&m;wnfay;&ef tvdk@igS bmomw&m;udk vufqifhurf; ay;&eftvdk@imS / tajccH,Ofaus;r_oifwef;rsm;rStp tbd "rRmoifwef;rsm;txd oifwef;rsm;ay:aygufvm&jcif;jzpfygonf? xkd@tjyif &[ef;awmfrsm; omoemjyK&mY taxmuftuljzpfatmif ausmif;xkdi fbkef;}uD; oifwef; ausmif;rsm;/ y&d,wWwd uUovdk }f uD;rsm;vnf; wnfaxmifziG vhf pS vf mcJ=h uygonf? I omoemjyK&mY xif;&Sm;aomtoif;}uD;rsm;/ omoemhrdcif}uD;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? ,ckacwfwGifvnf; oDw*laq;¶kH/ 0g;csufaq;¶kH/ ZD0 dw'ge oHC mhaq;&kH}uD;rsm;/ jA[Rp&dk t f oif;/ a&$jynf[ed ;f uk okv d jf zpfaq;cef;ESihf aoG;vSLtoif;rsm;/ oef@&Si;f a&;toif; rsm;onfvnf; acwf.awmif;qkdr_udk jznfhqnf;onfhtaejzifh ay: aygufvmaom omoemjyKtoif;rsm;jzpf=uygonf? xdkomoemjyKenf; (6) rsKd;wGif tenf;qkH; ESp fckokH;cku dkvkyfaqmif& if; bufpaHk tmifjrifonfq h &mawmf}u;D rsm; vnf;&Syd gonf? (1) v,fwq D &mawmfb&k m;}u;D onf pmoifwu dk zf iG v hf pS I f pmcs./ atmifjrif.? w&m;a[m./ atmifjrif.? w&m;jy./ atmif jrif.? pma&; (usr;f jyK) ./ atmifjrif.? ok;H vl@&Siyf if ckEpS af e@bk&m;&Scd ;dk rSpI aw;xyfrsm; tv,f/ 'DyeDusr;f rsm;tqk;H q&m;awmf }u;D jyKpck o hJ rSs xif;&Sm;onfu h sr;f rsm;yifjzpfygonf? t*Fvyd af cwfY q&mawmf. t&G,rf a&G; vl w ef ; pm;ra&G ; zwf ¶ _ E k d i f a om pmayrsm;.aus;Zl ; a=umif h Ak ' < b mom0if w k d i f ; bmoma&;tajccH & cJ h = uygonf ? uk d ; uG , f r _ tqif h t wef ; jrif h r m;cJ h y gonf ? c&pf ,mefomoemjyKq&mwk@d q&mawmf}u;D udk wk;d rayguyf g? ,ckcsdefxd v,fwDwkduf[lI rkH&GmrSmxif&Sm;pGm&SdjyD; v,fwDq&mawmf tqufquftyk cf sKyv f sS uf y&d,wWo d moemxGe;f um; jyef@yGm;atmif aqmif&u G v f sS u&f dS ygonf? yÉdywWdbufrSmvnf; v,fwD 0dy\emonf ,ae@xufwkdif r¶kd;Ekdifonfh 0dy\em&_enf;tjzpf trsm;pkuvufcaH eygonf? v,fwD OD;y'kr/ v,fwD OD;0dvmo/ v,fwD OD;aum0d'/ v,fwD y¾dwOD;armif}uD;ponfjzifh bufpkHxl;cGsefxufjrufaom omoemjyKol&Jaumif;rsm;rSm v,fwD q&mawmfbk&m;}uD;. vuf¶kH;wynfh&if;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? (2) yxrrpkd;&drfq&mawmf}uD; b'NEWol&d,mbd0Ho (t*~gbd"Z) onfvnf; xl;cGsefaomq&mawmf}uD;jzpfygonf? q&mawmf}uD; onf rpkd;&drfwkduf}uD;ESpfwkdufudk wnfaxmifEidk cf yhJ gonf? pmoifom;wk@d ntcgusr;f rsm; avhvm&mwGif vG,u f al tmif tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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“ rif;Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;udk odom;bJ / .... “ [kww f ,f - wef;pD; OD;usm;}u;D u t+rw J rf; ajymajymaeawmh odaewmbJ/ OD;usm;}u;D tcef;xJrmS Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; "gwyf &kH w dS ,f? Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;[m awmf vSeaf &; orm;aumif;jzpf+y;D *syefe@J t*Fvyd u f kd awmfveS cf b hJ ;l w,f? OD;usm;}u;D ajymvd@k omod&wm? *syefw@kd t*Fvyd w f @kd qdw k m aumifav;rjrifb;l ao;bl;/ OD;usm;}u;D ajymor# qd&k &if tJ'v D al wG[m awmfawmf&ikd ;f w,f qdb k /J 'gayr,fh Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;[m olw@kd udk Armjynfu t+y;D tydik f armif;xkwEf ikd cf w hJ ,f? 'gq&kd if udak wZnDuakd tmifrif; vnf; *syefawG t*Fvyd af wGukd awmfveS af ewm ayg@aemf ? A[kow k r&Sad o;wJh aumifav;udk awZ[m pdwrf aumif;pGm =unfv h u kd rf w d ,f? “ r[kwb f ;l .... atmifrif;u jrefrmppfom;awGukd wdu k af ewm ” ajymomajymwm atmifrif;[m tcktcsdefrSm ao+yDvm;/ &Sifaeao;vm; vnf;olrodb;l ? “ uíefawmfw@kd jrefrmppfom;awGukd bmvd@k udak tmifrif;u wdu k af e&wmvnf;/ Armtcsi;f csi;f bJ r[kwv f m; ” “ [kww f ,f - Armwyfrawmfe@J wyfrawmfbufu acgi;f aqmifawGub kd J ” jynfwiG ;f ppfqw kd mudk aumifav;em;vnfatmif awZ r&Si;f jywwfawmhyg/ ppfom;trsm;pk[m ,kwrf movdk olw@kd &J@ acgi;f aqmifawG[mvnf; ,kwrf m=uw,f? “ rif;....'DaxmifxrJ mS &Sw d hJ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG odw,fr[kwv f m;....” aumifav;u.... ” olw@kd [m pmaumif;aumif;wwfw,f ? ” “[kww f ,f aumif;aumif;ajymwwfw,f / 'gah =umifh olw@kd [m 'Dwikd ;f jynf&@J acgif;aqmifawGudk ajymif;ypfzdk@}udK;pm;ae=uwmayg@ ? 'gha=umifh EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk wyfrawmfu r}uKd ub f ;l / 'gah =umifh olw@kd udk axmifxJ xnfx h m;=uwm?axmifaygi;f rsm; pGmaom EdkifiHa&;orm;awG[m axmifxJrSm raebJ e,fpyfrSmae+yD; jrefrmppfwyfudk jyefwu kd af e=uw,f ? 'Dtpd;k &[m wyfrawmfu vlawGe@J zG@J xm;=uw,f/ “ e0w ” qdw k mayg@ ?“ aumifav;u “ atmf ” tH=h ooGm;w,f ? “ tJ't D pd;k &udk oabmrwlbJ qef@usiw f hJ olawGukd olw@kd u ESyd pf uf=uw,f” “axmifr;_ udv k al csmvdak yg@aemf ” “ [kww f ,f axmifr;_ vlacsmawG trsm;}u;D &Sw d ,f ” aumifav;[m odcsiw f phJ w d ef @J .... “ bmjzpfv@kd 'Dvrkd aumif;wmvkyaf ewmudk oabmusae=uovnf; ” tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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r_rmS wnfqu J v kd ekd D tkycf sKyaf &; pepfu/kd tjcm;awmfveS af om Edik if rH sm;vd/k jrefrmhajray:rS armif;xkwzf @kd om jzpfygonf? jrefrmwd@k . Ekid if aH &;aemufcH tcif;tusi;f udk rodv#i/f jrefrmhEh ikd if aH &; wd;k wufjzpf xGe;f r_ukd vnf; aumif;pGm em;vnf Edik rf nfr[kwyf g? od@k twGuf u|Eyfk t f aejzifh jy!fjh y!fph pkH kH azmfjyzd@k &m/ twdwf ta=umif;t&mwd@k udk tenf;i,f jyefaumuf&ygrnf? ,ae@ em;vnfxm;=uovdk / jrefrmh Edik if aH &;rSm yxrurBm@ppf rwdik rf /D ESpt f enf; i,ftwGi;f 0kid /f trf/ bD/ at ac: Ak'b < mom uvsm%,k0toif;rSm/ c&pf,mefw@kd . 0kid /f trf/ pD/ at ac: c&pf,mef uvsm%,k0 toif;}u;D udk erlem,lxm;jcif; jzpfonf? od@k twGuf toif;}u;D . rlv&nf&, G f csurf mS bmoma&;ESihf oufqikd af e+y;D / aemufyikd ;f jzpfay:vmo!fh tusyftwnf; tajctaersm;ESifh twl tjcm;v_yf& Sm;r_rsm; yg0ifvmcJo h nf? xdrk w S qifh +rdK@}uD;rsm;wGif 0dkif/ trf/ bD/ at toif;cGJrsm; tESH@tjym; zG@J pnf;vm=uonf? rsm;r=umrDrmS yif jzpf&yfw@kd u &kwjf cnf; ajymif;vJvmaeovd/k ppf}uKd acwf jrefrmjynf Ekid if aH &; tusyt f wnf;rsm;rSm/ toif;}u;D . jy\emrsm; jzpfvmonf? tqdkyg tajctaeatmufYyif/ toif;0if;rsm; tqrwef us,fjyef@vmovdk/ t&Sed Ef iS t fh m;vnf; ydak umif;vm onf? TtajctaeY toif;}u;D rSm/ &mE_e;f jy!fh trsdK;om;v_yf&Sm;r_toGif ajymif;vJvm+yD;/ &[ef;/ oHCmrsm;u OD;aqmifI/ +rKd @&GmtES@H v_y&f mS ;vmonf? jzpfay:vmaom vuQ%mopfrsm;ESit fh nD toif;}u;D . trnfukd *sD/ pD/ bD/ at(General Council of Buddhist Association) ac: jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m jrefrmtoif;csKy}f u;D [k ajymif;vJvu kd o f vd/k toif;0ifrsm;uvnf; olw@kd ud, k f olw@kd “0HomEk” [lI *k%, f 0l if=h umG ;pGm trnfay;cJ=h uonf? tvm;wl &[ef;/ oHCmawmfrsm;uvnf; oHCmhtpnf;t&H;k rsm; zG@J pnf;vm =u+y;D / a&OD; q&mawmf/ bm;rJh q&mawmf/ oufyef; q&mawmf tp&So d !fh =oZm t&Sed t f 0g}u;D o!f/h q&mawmf}u;D rsm;u OD;aqmifvm=uonf? yxrydik ;f wGif oHCmh tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf t&yfom;tzG@J tpnf;wd@k rSm teD;uyf qufo, G v f y_ &f mS ;cJ+h y;D / aemufyikd ;f rS oHCmhtzG@J tzG@J tpnf;. OD;aqmifru _ kd cH,v l mcJ=h uonf? vlxEk ikd if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_ wpfcv k ;kH taeESiq hf yk u f ikd x f m;o!f/h Edik if aH &;,H=k unfrr_ mS bmoma&;ESihf vlrsKd ;a&; t,l0g' wd@k a&mpyfaeonf? tqdyk g tqifYh Edik if aH &;tjrifrmS &d;k &Si;f ovd/k cHpm;r_Yom tajccH xm;onf? vlxk Edik if aH &;tpY vlxak =u;G a=umforH sm;onfyif &d;k &Si;f vSonf? vlrsKd ;a&;/ bmom pum;/ bmomw&m; ponfw@kd jzihf aygi;f pyfxm;onf? od@k wdik f tqdyk g pum;vH;k rsm;onfyif/ jynfov l x l }k u;D wpf&yfv;kH udk tH=k uaG pzd@k / vHak vmufo!fh pGaJ qmifr_ &Sad e+y;D / xkrd w S qifh jrefrmwd@k . Edik if aH &; ajymif;vJ jzpfxeG ;f r_rsm; wGzJ ufvmcJo h nf? tajctaeopfonf ,if;. yH&k yd w f @kd udk tvsit f jref xkwv f yk v f su&f o dS nf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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,if;wd@k teuf xif&mS ;aom &kyyf v kH m$ wpfcrk mS / q&mawmf OD;OwWr jzpfonf? q&mawmf. &Jwif;vSo!fh pdefac:oHrSm a&S@ur}uHKzl;aom vlrsdK;a&;/ bmoma&; pnf;&Hk;r_wdk@udk tjcm;vlrsm;xuf azmfaqmifEidk cf o hJ nf? q&mawmf. }urd ;f 0g;oHw@kd ud/k tkwaf tmfaomif;eif; pka0; em;axmifum vufqifu h rf; jzef@a0cJ=h uonf? q&mawmfonf trSeyf if }u;D rm;aom l @kd . ESv;kH om;wd@k udk v_y&f rf;ypfvu kd o f !fh rke;f wdik ;f tiftm;pk}u;D . a&S@ajy;jzpf.? jynfow vnf; jzpf.? tjcm; tkypf w k pfprk mS &efuek w f uUov kd rf S xkwv f yk af y;vdu k o f !f/h ynmwwf vli,frsm; jzpfonf? ,ifw@kd Y olw@kd ud, k w f ikd f awG@&Sx d m;aom enf;vrf;opfrsm; &Sx d m;=u .? tqdyk g tkypf Yk OD;bazrSm xif&mS ;+y;D 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;}u;D wpfO;D vnf; jzpf.? vufawG@qefovdk jrefrmjynf Edik if H a&; rd;k oufrek ;f wdik ;f rsm;=um;Y 'layemay cHov l nf; jzpfonf? 4if;tjyif OD;yk/ OD;odef;armif/ q&m trfat armif}uD;/ ,l/ trf/ trf tkef;cdkif tp&So d w l @kd rSm jrefrmjynf Edik if aH &; tapmydik ;f uvnf; ta&;ygo!fh tcef;rsm;u yg0ifco hJ rl sm; jzpfonf? jrefrmhordkif;Y ordkif;wGifo!fh jzpf&yfwpfckudk OD;aqmif zefwD;cJholrSm OD;odef;armif jzpfonf? yxrurBmppf}uD; +yD;prSmyif/ zdeyfrpD;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk pwifco hJ nf? xdt k csed rf wdik rf t D xd taemufEikd if o H m;rsm;rSm/ jrefrmwd@k . bk&m;ykx;kd ESifh tjcm; txGwt f jrwfxm;&mae&mrsm;od@k vma&muf vnfywfo!ft h cg / jrefrmwd@k . "avh xH;k wrf;wd@k ud/k tvsO;f *&krpdu k yf J zdeyfp;D ae=uonf? tqdyk g tjyKtrlrmS / jrefrmwd@k twGuf bmoma&;t& apmfum;aeovdk Edik if aH &;t&vnf; rnfo@kd r# onf;cHp&m ta=umif; r&Sad y? od@k jzihf wpfjynfv;kH twdik ;f twmtm;jzifh zdeyfrpD;& v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D pwifvmcJo h nf? xdt k csed Yf yxrurBmppf}u;D u/ t*Fvyd w f @kd udk wpfpw kH pf&m oif=um;vdu k yf &kH onf? urBm}u;D onf trSeyf if ajymif;vJaea=umif;/ od@k twGuf rdrw d @kd bufrS wpfxpf avsmah y;zd@k qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? &v'ftm;jzifjh refrmwd@k bmoma&;qdik &f mae&mrsm;wGi/f rnfo!fh ajc0wfwefqm r# r0wf&[laom jrefrmwd@k . awmif;qdrk u _ kd vdu k af vsmcJo h nf? ordik ;f t&/ tqdyk g atmifyrJG mS vlxq k ef@usirf j_ zif/h OD;qH;k &vdu k o f !fh atmifyJG jzpfovdk/ trsdK;om; Edk;=um;r_udkvnf; jriS w hf ifay;vdu k o f !fh t&Sed t f [keyf if jzpfonf? Edik if aH &; acgiaf qmifopfw@kd uvnf;/ &&Sv d u kd o f !fh atmifyu JG kd t&Sed t f [kef tysurf cHy/J trsdK;om; ynma&;e,fy,fY xda&mufpGm toHk;cscJh=u+yD; trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifc=hJ uonf? xdrk w S pfqifh trsKd ;om; pdw"f mwfopfw@kd udk zefw;D ay;Edik cf o hJ nf? tqdyk g atmifjrifrr_ sm;rSm jrefrmhEikd if aH &; ordik ;f twGuf tjyKoabmaqmifo!fh wd;k wufr_ 156

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rsm; jzpfo!ft h wGuf 4if;wd@k udk tenf;i,f azmfjy&aomf--? aemufxyf rsKd ;qufopfukd OD;aqmiforl mS OD;xGe;f &Sed f jzpfonf? pGaJ qmifr&_ adS om Oy"d &Sdovdk rsdK;cspfvli,fwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf? wuUodkvfrS xGuf+yD;aemuf/ Edik if aH &;avmuxJ a&mufvmcJh onf? jrefrm ynmwwfrsm;taeESihf jrefrmhwefz;kd wd@k udk jyefvnf wefz;kd xm;I/ jrefrmqefqef 0wfpm; qif,ifoihaf =umif; v_@H aqmfco hJ nf? ol. pnf;&H;k v_y&f mS ;r_rmS &d;k pif;aomfvnf;/ tcsed t f cgEiS hf udu k n f o D vdk &J0iho f !fh pdeaf c:r_vnf; jzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh 0HomEk pdw"f mwfukd wyfveS @f E_;d aqmfvu kd jf cif; jzpfovd/k xdu k mvu jrefrmwd@k twGuf onf;ajc }uKd uv f nf; jzpfonf? tqdyk g v_y&f mS ;r_Y OD;xGe;f &Sed f tjyif/ tjcm; xif&Sm;olrSm OD;zdk;usm; jzpfonf? ynma&;qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;r_opfEiS hf ywfoufI/ qufvuf azmfjyOD;tH?h 1920 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv wGif jzpfymG ;cJah om/ ,leAD mpwD ausmif;om;oydwrf mS txif&mS ;qH;k ESihf ta&;ygq;kH tjzpfysu}f u;D wpfck jzpfonf? tqdyk g oydwaf =umihf Edik if aH &;tawG;tjrifrsm; ajymif;vJcJh=u+y;D / trsKd ;om;a&; todrsm; jrifw h ufvmcJo h nf? OD;qH;k t}urd f pepfwus pkpnf;vdu k o f !f/h vlxk v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D wpfck jzpfovdk tusKd ;quftm;jzih/f trsKd ;om; ynma&; pepfopf}u;D ay:xGe;f vmcJo h nf? ud, k yf ikd af usmif;rsm; axmifum/ t&m&m ud, k w f ikd v f yk &f o!ft h wGuf tvGew f &m cufco J !fw h ikd /f atmifjrifpmG aqmif&u G f Edik cf =hJ u onf? udv k ekd q D ef@usiaf &; trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; tawG;tac:topfw@kd udk pl;prf;&Sm azGae aom vli,frsm;twGu/f trsKd ;om;ausmif;rSm A[kXd mersm; jzpfvmonf? u|epf w d f udk arG;xkwaf y;aeo!f/h u|eyf nma&; pepfwpfct k jzpf udv k ekd D ynma&;udk qefusio hf !f/h a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;rSmvnf; trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;rS tpjyKvmcJo h nf? rsm;r=umrDrmS yif tqdyk g ausmif;rsm;. a=u;G a=umforH sm;ESihf tnD/ trsKd ;om;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm/ trsKd ;om; v_y&f mS ;twGi;f tvH;k t&if;ESihf yg0ifvmawmhonf? ausmif;om;oydwrf S ay:xGuv f maom wefz;kd rjzwfEikd o f !fh tjcm;&v'fwckrmS trsKd ;om;ae@ jzpfonf? 1920 jy!fEh pS f 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae@ ausmif;om;oydwf pwif o!fah e@ud/k xdt k csed rf pS I trsKd ;om;ae@tjzpf owfrw S v f mcJo h nf? wenf;tm;jzifh tqd k y gae@&uf u d k u|Ek f y f w d k @ . trsd K ;om;0g' &if h u suf v mo!f h a e@tjzpf todtrSwfjyKEikd yf gonf? 1934 ckEpS Yf ynma&;0ef}u;D tjzpf u|Eyfk f wm0ef,l &o!ft h cg/ ESppf Of wefaqmifrek ;f vjy!fah usm(f 10) &ufae@ud/k trsKd ;om;ae@tjzpf jrefrmjynfausmif; rsm; tm;vH;k / w&m;0ifausmif;ydw&f uftjzpf owfrw S cf +hJ y;D / 1938 ckEpS f Edik if aH wmf0ef}f u;D csKyt f jzpf aqmif&u G f &o!ft h cgYvnf;/ trsm;jynfol &H;k ydw&f uftjzpf a=unmay;cJh ygonf? od@k jyif trsKd ;om;ae@rSm twdwt f a=umif;t&mwd@k ESihf csw d q f ufaeo!f/h ae@wpf ae@tjzpf ,ae@wdik f wnf&adS eawmhonf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(11)

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Web Site

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tvi tviff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef POST 169-0075 TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10 303,HIGARI BLD TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178 Japan. TEL 080-5070-0080 090-1842-9888 090-6528-9292 090-7198-4763 090-8486-2161 e-mail - aalinneain@yahoo.com web - http://alineain.net/ http://luminarymagazine.wordpress.com/ http://alinneain.blogspot.com/

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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.10