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7/ 7/ 62 ae@u vufeufrygyJ at;csrf;pGm qENjyaeaom ausmif;om;xkudk &efol@e,fajrozG,f ppfom;rsm; Todk@0dkif;0ef;ypfcwf=uonf?

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

(7) &uf Zlvdkif&J hordkif;uu他他

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

Zlvdkif(7)&uf pdw"f gwf t"Gef &h nS yf gapæ

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jyefvnfxu G cf gG c=hJ u+yjD zpfonf? xdt k csed rf mS yif Adv k pf ed v f iG f OD;pD;onfh Armhaoewfuikd w f yf&if; (4) 0ifa&mufvm+yD; &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;udk 0dkif;xm;vdkufonfhtcg ausmif;om;rsm; jyefvnfpkpnf;vm+yD; wr[kwfjcif; wif;rmvmcJhonf? ‚aemuf AdkvfpdefvGif. trde@f ay;r_jzifh ypfowfrj_ zpfygG ;cJ&h m rdepftenf;i,ftwGi;f ausmif;olausmif;om;(150)ausmf aoqH;k cJ&h +y;D trsm;tjym; '%f&m&&Scd =hJ uonf? aoqH;k oGm;onfh ausmif;olausmif;om; tm;vH;k . tavmif;rsm;udv k nf; ppftyk pf u k ajzmufzsuyf pfco hJ nf? ppftyk pf . k &ufpufpmG owfjzwf+y;D tavmif;rsm;udk ajzmufzsuyf pfonfh "avhonf xdt k csed rf mS pwifjrpfzsm;cHcjhJ cif; jzpfonf?

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

owif;pmq&m}uD; vlxk pde0f if; txdr;f trSwf pmrsufEmS

q&m vlxkpdef0if; txkyw` tdW usOf;

q&mvlxkpdef0if;udk 1940 jynhfESpf =o*kwfv 13 &ufae@wGif rEœav;+rdKŒ Y arG;zGm;cJh+yD; rEœav; vzkef;txdrf;trSwf txufwef;ausmif;(Lafon Memorial High School) / rEœav;wuUov dk Ef iS fh &efuek w f uUov kd rf sm;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf 1964 ckEpS w f iG f vlxo k wif;pmY *sme,fvpfwpfO;D tjzpf pwifvyk u f ikd cf +hJ y;D 1967 ckEpS w f iG f vlxo k wif;pm ydwo f rd ;f jcif;cH&+y;D q&mvlxpk ed 0f if;ESifh t,f'w D mig;OD; zrf;qD;cHc&hJ onf? axmif'%f 13 ESpf csrw S cf cH &hJ +y;D Ekid if aH &; tusO;f om;rsm;omxm;&Sad om udu k ;kd uíef;okd@ yd@k aqmifccH &hJ um 1971 ckEpS w f iG f tif;pdeaf xmifo@dk jyefvnfajymif;a&$ŒcHc&hJ onf? 1976 ckEpS w f iG f tusO;f axmifrS jyefvnfvw G af jrmufc+hJ y;D r=umrDrmS yif aemufwpf}urd f axmif'%f av;ESpf usccH &hJ jyefonf? tif;pdet f usO;f axmifwiG f oH;k ESp=f um oD;jcm;xm;&Sjd cif; cHc&hJ +y;D aemuf avjzwf a&m*gcpH m;&+y;D 1980 ckEpS w f iG f axmifrjS yefvnfvw G af jrmufco hJ nf? jyefvnfvw G af jrmuf csdefwGif avjzwf+yD; nmbuf udk,fwpfjcrf;aooGm;&mrS b,fvufjzihf pma&;usihf+yD; pmayrsm;udk qufvufa&;om;cJo h nf? xk@d aemuf aetdrYf yif t*Fvyd pf um;ajymoifwef; zGifvSpfcJh+yD; pmaya&;om;jcif;ESihf pmoif=um;jcif;wkd@udk wGJzufvkyfaqmifcJhygonf? ruG,v f eG rf t D csed x f d uavmifcJG 15 ckjzihf aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;cJo h nf? txif&mS ;qH;k uavmifcw JG pfcrk mS 0if;aZmfjzpfygonf? 54

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

pmayjzwfoef;r_taejzihf 1964 ckESpfwGif apmrdkcrf;yifudk,fa&; tcspf0wˆK xGuf&SdcJhygonf? tqdkygckESpfYyif awmifAD,uferfrS i&Jcef;rsm;pmtkyfudk 0if;aZmf uavmifjzihf bmomjyefqkd xkwaf 0cJyh gonf? 1965 ckEpS w f iG f 'tvHrvSpJ wrf;'bmomjyef pmtkyu f kd 0if;aZmfuavmifjzihf yxrqH;k t}urd f xkwaf 0cJ+h y;D xkpd mtkyo f nf q&mvlxpk ed 0f if; . txif&mS ;qH;k pmtkyjf zpfcyhJ gonf? 'tvHrvSpJ wrf;'pmtkyu f kd 1975 ckEpS w f iG f wpf}urd f 2012 ckEpS w f iG f wpf}urd f xyfrx H w k af 0cJ=h uygonf? 1966 ckEpS w f iG f 0if;aZmf trnfjzihyf if 'tjzLeJ@t0g' bmomjyefpmtkyf xGu&f cdS o hJ nf? 1998 ckEspw f iG f '&Supf w d 'f aqmif;yg;aygi;f csKyf pmtkyf xGu&f cdS yhJ gonf? 1999 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f xGu&f cdS o hJ nhf pmtkyrf sm;rSm vlxpk ed 0f if; uavmifjzihf a&;om;aom pmtkyfrsm;jzpfcJh+yD; 'armf'efvufzuf&nf yef;uefxrJ S rkew f idk ;f i,fEiS fh tjcm;aqmif;yg;rsm;/ vli,fe@J tcsp/f t&Suef @J wefz;kd / pme,fZif; ta&;tom; yHpk H opf/ qm,dek m&m (0if;aZmfuavmifjzihf bmomjyef)/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;eJ@ a=umfnmtwwf ynm'tp&Sad om pmtkyrf sm; xGu&f cdS yhJ gonf? 2002 ckEpS w f iG f ' pdwcf sr;f omatmif b,fvdk ae&rvJESihf tjcm;aqmif;yg;rsm;/ ta&SŒudkarSsmfI taemufudk =unhfjcif;aqmif;yg;rsm;' tp&So d nhpf mtkyrf sm; xGu&f cdS +hJ y;D 2003 ckEpS f 'owif;ynm aomif;ajymif;axGvm'pmtkyf xGu&f cdS yhJ gonf? q&mvlxpk ed 0f if;onf rsuaf rSmufacwf jrefrmpmayavmuwGif pmta&;Ekid q f ;kH yk*~dKvfwpfOD;tjzpf xif&Sm;oljzpfonf? rnfonhfta=umif;t&mudkrqdk EkdifiHa&;todudk tajccHxm;+y;D pOf;pm;oH;k oyf&ef wku d w f eG ;f ajymqdak vh&o dS nhf q&mvlxpk ed 0f if;. pmrsm;rSm vnf; Ekid if aH &;tod tajccHjzihf csO;f uyfa&;om;cJah om pmayrsm;jzpfco hJ nf? q&mvlxpk ed 0f if;onf jynforl sm;twGuf ESpaf ygi;f 40 ausmf uavmifprG ;f jzihf tusK;d jyKc+hJ y;D a&;om;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;onf jynfwiG ;f Yomru Ekid if w H umuygtod trSwjf yKjcif;udk cHc&hJ onf? q&mvlxpk ed 0f if;onf yHrk eS t f m;jzihf wpf&ufvsS if aqmif;yg;ESpyf 'k Ef e_ ;f jzihf aqmif;yg; rsm;ae@pOf a&;om;cJo h nhf 0g&iho f wif;pmq&m}u;D jzpfygonf? tywfpOfxw k *f sme,frsm;wGif aqmif;yg;rsm; yHrk eS af &;om;vsu&f adS eaom q&mvlxk pde0f if;onf use;f rma&;tajctae a=umihf aqmif;yg;a&;om;r_rsm;udk 2012 ckEpS f {jyv D twGi;f rS pwifjy;D &yfem;xm;cJah =umif; od&onf? q&m}u;D vlxpk ed 0f if; (touf 72 ESp)f onf ZGev f 17 &ufae@ eHeuf 10 em&D cef@wGif a&$*w kH ikd f txl;ukaq;¶k}H u;D ok@d use;f rma&;tajctaea=umihf wufa&muf aq;uk or_c, H cl +hJ y;D n 11 em&D/ rdepf 30 tcsed w f iG f emwm&Snf tqkwaf &m*gjzihf uG,v f eG cf yhJ gonf? (Eleven Media Group

rS&,laz: jyygonf?) tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

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jynfoul om rdb tJ'ga=umifh a&S;acwf a&S;tcguwnf;u tpd;k &eJ@ tpd;k & 0efxrf;rsm;udk jynfo@l 0efxrf;/ jynfo@l tapcH (Public Servant) vd@k ac:cJ=h uw,f?jynfou l ay;wJh vpm&dumQ udk pm;ae=uolrsm; jzpfv@kd 'Dvakd c:wm[m avsmS u f ef oifjh rwfygw,f? jynfo[ l m t&Sio f cif/ jynfo[ l m t"duqdw k hJ 'Dru kd a&pD&ŒJ tESpo f m&eJ@vnf; udu k n f w D hJ toH;k tE_e;f jzpfw,f? tJ'ga=umifh b0ifrusv@kd vma&mufaqG;aEG;wJh vli,f *sme,form;av;udk 'Dru kd a&pD acwfrmS tpd;k &u rdbr[kwb f ;l / wdik ;f oljynfom; rJqEN&iS rf sm; uom rdbjzpfw,fv@kd tus,w f 0ifh aqG;aEG; &Si;f jyvdu k yf gw,f?

toHk;tE_ef;rsm; "avhx;kH pHe@J pum;vH;k a0g[m& toH;k tE_e;f rsm;[m acwfukd ausmv f eG +f y;D wnfwhH aeavh &S=d uw,f? bk&ifukd rdbae&m/ oufO;D qHyikd f t&Sio f cif ae&mxm;+y;D ajymqdck w hJ hJ toH;k tE_e;f rsm;[m orRwacwftxd quf+y;D oH;k pGaJ e=uw,f? Xmeqdik &f m tzG@J tpnf; rsm;udk tm%mydik f tzG@J tpnf;rsm;vd@k oH;k pGaJ ewmvnf; roifah wmfb;l ? jyKjyifz@kd aumif;wm =um+y?D "ynwfomG ;&m "gwo f ufyg " qdw k hJ pum;twdik ;f toH;k tE_e;f a0g[m&a=umifh vlawG&JŒpdwf"mwfawGyg ajymif;oGm;wwfw,f? 'Drdkua&pD acwfrSm tm%mydkifwmu tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

jynfoal wGjzpfw,f? 0efxrf;awG r[kwb f ;l ? aemifwpfcsed f rSm 'Dvt kd ac:ta0: toH;k tE_e;f awGup+y;D jyKjyif =u&ygvrd rhf ,f?

¶dk;wpfvHk; "m;wpfpif; tm%mydkifqdkwJh pum;vHk;a=umifh jynfol@0efxrf;(Public Servant) awGu olw@kd ud, k f olw@kd ¶d;k wpfv;kH "m;wpfpif;eJ@ tm%mydik pf ;kd wJh t&Sio f ciftjzpf rSw, f o l mG ; wwf=uw,f? olwdk@udk vpm&duQm ay;xm;wJh wdkif;ol jynfom;rsm;udk aus;awmfrsdK; uíeaf wmfrsKd ;rsm; tjzpf oabmxm;+y;D tm%myg0gjy [de;f =u a[muf=uw,f? 'Dp¶du k af wG yaysmufatmif renf;}uD; vkyf=u&ygvdrfhr,f? tjrpfwG,fcJhwm =umvS+yD? rsufESmjzL t&Sio f cif}u;D rsm; acwfu olw@kd udk ocifac:+y;D 'l;wkyf cpm;apcJ&h mu pcJw h hJ tusihf jzpfw,f? 'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmufr,fqdk&if vlawG&JŒacgif;xJrSm tjrpfwG,faewJh tawG;tac:a[mif;/ pdwf"mwfa[mif;awGudk vHk;0 &Sif;vif; z,f&Sm;ypfzdk@ vdkygw,f? ynwfoGm;&m "gwfoufyg rjzpf& avatmif tac:ta0: toHk;tE_ef;awGu tp jyKjyifajymif;vJ ypf&ygw,f? wdik ;f oljynfom;rsm;udk &if0,fom; uJo h @kd oem;=uifem&r,f qdw k hJ tajymtqdk toH;k tE_e;f rsKd ;udv k nf; aysmufatmif vky&f ygr,f? tpd;k &u rdb r[kwfbl;/ jynfoluom rdbjzpfw,fqdkwJh pum;udk em;xJpGJatmif vkyfay;zdk@vnf; txl;vdt k yfygw,f? 'grS 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vdu k af vsmnDaxG jzpfrmS yg?

vlxkpdef0if; tm%mydkifqdkwJh pum;vHk;a=umifh jynfol@0efxrf;(Public Servant) awGu olwdk@udk,f olwdk@ ¶dk;wpfvHk; "m;wpfpif;eJ@ tm%mydkifpdk;wJh t&Sifociftjzpf rSwf,loGm; wwf=uw,f? olwdk@udk vpm&duQm ay;xm;wJh wdkif;ol jynfom;rsm;udk aus;awmfrsdK; uGsefawmfrsdK;rsm; tjzpf oabmxm;+yD; tm%myg0gjy [def;=u a[muf=uw,f? 'Dp¶dkufawG yaysmufatmif renf;}uD; vkyf=u&ygvdrfhr,f? wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;udk &if0,fom; uJhodk@ oem;=uifem&r,f qdkwJh tajymtqdk toHk;tE_ef; rsdK;udkvnf; aysmufatmif vkyf&ygr,f? tpdk;&u rdb r[kwfbl;/ jynfoluom rdbjzpfw,fqdkwJh pum;udk em;xJpGJatmif vkyfay;zdk@vnf; txl;vdktyf ygw,f? 'grS 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vdkufavsmnDaxG jzpfrSmyg? (vlxpk ed 0f if;) 58

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

olwdk hjrifaom AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;

oef;0if;vd_i f

Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef;udk jrefrmjynforl sm;omru tm&Swu kd o f m;/ Oa&mywdu k o f m;/ wdk@ uygav;pm; =unfndK=uavonf? AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;ESifh awG@}uKHodu|rf;zl;ol &if;ESD;pGmaygif;oif; zl;ol/ EdkifiHjcm;om;wdk@onf/ AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;udk olwdk@rnfr# av;pm;a=umif;/ =unfnKd a=umif;/ Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef;tay: rnfo@kd xifjrif,q l a=umif;/ Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef;ESiyhf wfouf+y;D olw@kd a&;om;cJ=h uaompmtkypf mwrf;rsm;Y olw@kd tjrifukd xif&mS ;pGm azmfjycJ=h uavonf? pifppfAv kd cf sLyfonf *syefEiS hf +Aw d o d #w@kd . &efojl zpfco hJ nf? Adv k cf sLyfonf *syefukd awmfveS cf . hJ / +Aw d o d #w@kd udw k u kd x f w k f cJo h nft h jyif +Aw d o d #tifyg,mrS jrefrmjynfudk zJhxkwfcJh./ +Adwdo#tifyg,mudk tiftm;csnfheJ@apcJh onf/ odk@jzpfygI omreftm;jzifq h &kd aomf *syefEiS hf +Aw d o d #w@kd onf Adv k cf sLyfukd cspcf ifprHk ufjcif; r&Sw d ef&m/ rsufESmvdkuf&ef ta=umif;vJr&Sdacs? t&Sdudk t&Sdwdkif;olwdk@. yuwdtjrifudkom azmf xkw=f ujcif; jzpfavonf? rdwaf qG (rdrw d @kd csi;f ) .yk*Kd~ vpf yJG gaom tjrifxuf &efo. l ,xmblw usaom tjrifu ydI k avsmu f ef oifjh rwfreS u f ef ayonf? od k @ jzpf I Ad k v f c sLyf a tmif q ef ; tay: ol w d k @ jrif a omoabmxm;rsm;ud k qufvufavhvm =unf&h =_ uygp@kd ? "bdvyfjyefvmawmh bmygovJv@kd usLyfuakd r;=uvdrrhf ,f/ usLyfrmS abmif;bDwpf pkyH yJ gvmygw,f/"bdvyfutjyefwiG f Adv k cf sLyfu xdu k o hJ @kd toHviG . hf / tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

Tpum;rSm trSeyf ifjzpf.? wpfoufv;Hk vlreS ;f odwwfonfh t&G,u f pI Edik if aH &;vkyv f mcJh onfrSm ol@twGuf abmif;bDwpfpkH omusef.? aemufqkH;Y xdkabmif;bDwpfpkHudkyif pGe@f cJ&h ao;onf? AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;. acgif;aqmifr_/ EdkifiHa&;tawG;tjrif/ udk,fusdK;pGef@ tepfemcHr/_ wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsKd ;tay: opPm&Srd /_ &d;k om;r_w@kd ukd q&marmifxifuvnf; ol. ArmhEikd if aH &;okcrdef pmtkyw f iG f Tod@k azmfjycJo h nf? Adv k cf sLyf. pdwx f m;oef@&Si;f ykrH mS vnf; olEiS v hf yk af zmfuikd zf ufrsm; od+y;D jzpfonf/ oef@&Si;f aompdww f @kd wGif omreftm;jzifh vmbfrpm;jcif;/ ajzmifrh wfjcif;/ Edi_ ;f csed w f wfjcif;/ axmufxm;nSm wmwwfjcif;wd@k onf/ tusL;H 0ifayonf? txl;ojzifh b,m/qEN/ avmb/ a'go/ arm[ [laom t*wdukd rvdu k pf m;/ rSeo f nfxifv#if ZGww f ;kd I vkyjf cif;rsKd ;r[kwb f J rSm;. rSe. f udak 0zefq;Hk jzwf+y;D rS rSeo f nfukd vufrvGwb f J ZGEJ iS v hf yk af vh&o dS nf? vkv d #iv f o k d vdk rvd k v #if r vd k o vd k jyKusif h a om tavh r &S d / OD ; &mvl p um;ud k v nf ; vuf r cH w wf / vlEiS ehf ;D pyfatmifaeI vl@oabmudk odwwfol jzpfav&m ol@tm;uyfI omaygi;f nmpm; vky&f ef cufvo S nf? t&nftcsi;f udk tuJjzwfI t&nftcsi;f . wefb;dk udak v;pm;ol jzpfav&m t&nftcsi;f &So d w l @kd onf/ Adv k cf sLyfukd ,k=H unfu;kd pm; =uavonf? Adv k cf sLyfonf awmfvSefa&;udk apwemoef@oef@ESifh vkyfudkifcJholjzpfav&mol. &nf&G,f csufonf vGwfvyfa&;rS &tyfaom qkvmbfoy`umwdk@ukd csdefonfh&nf&G,fcsufrsdK;r[kwfacs? "vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D &if q&m&,f/ u|eaf wmfw@kd wpfawG jrefrm,Ofaus;r_e@J eD;pyfw, hJ ;dk ',m;/ tif'kd csLd if;em;/ rav; u|e;f qG,q f w kd mawG udo k mG ;+y;D avhvm=u&atmifAsm" [lI olraorD 'D;'kwfOD; bcsdK/ OD;odef;[ef/ OD;cifaZmfESifh u|efawmfwdk@tm; ajymoGm;aom pum;onf ol.&nf&G,fcsuft ppftrSef jzpfavonf? pum;tvsOf;oifhwdkif; 0ef}uD;csLyfa[mif; OD;EkajymcJo h vdk bDtikd af tacwf Y "vlewfcsr;f om" rsm;aumif;pm;cJhaomfvnf; AdkvfcsLyf onf aoonftxd vlv;Hk }u;D om use&f pf cJo h nf/ olyikd yf pPn;f ypP,[lI bmr#r,fr,f&& r&Scd ?hJ Adv k cf sLyf. tvkyv f yk yf u Hk v kd nf; tus,cf s@J p&mrvd/k ol.pdwx f w J iG f vGwv f yfa&; vkyfief;wpfckudkom pdkufvdkufrwfwwfpGJI aeav&m/ rdk;vif;rS oef;acgifausmftxd olwumxufydk I tvkyfvkyfEdkifonf/ tvkyfvkyf&mYvnf; igum; acgif;aqmif/ olum;aemufvu kd [ f ck jJG cm;I vkyf aomoabmr&S/d ae&mwum tao;tzGYJ =oZmay;I vkyfaqmifjcif;rsdK;r[kwfbJ ol@ae&meJ@ol aemufvdkufi,fom;wdk@ESifh a0ykHustvkyfudk vkycf ahJ vonf? ,lp&m&Sv d #if aemufvu kd if ,fom;xuf av#m, h o l nf [l&mY tusKd ;cHpm;p&m &So d nf wd@k udk rdrw d @kd csn;f om avmbw}u;D vuf0g;}u;D tkyjf cif;r&So d nfukd av;eufatmif 60

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

qdak ompum; jzpfonf? &Jabmfo;Hk usyd w f @kd wGif rlvuyif OD;pD;acgi;f aqmif }uaH qmifpeG @f pm; onfum; Adv k cf sLyfyifjzpf. Adv k cf sLyf.b0jzpfpOfu=kd unfv h #if *syefjynfraS eI ,k;d ',m;jynfukd jzwfum jrefrmjynfo@kd a&mufonfEiS hf wpfjyKid ef uf u|eaf wmftxufwiG f azmfjycJah om "uefcs" onfeh nf;jzifh jrefrmhacgi;f aqmifvufa[mif;rsm;udk uefcsEikd yf g./ &Jbuf&aJ bmf wd@k udk pGe@f I *syeftm; rSeyf gb h &k m;vkyu f m *syef.tvdak wmf&t d aejzifh jrefrmjynfwpfjynfv;Hk udk ol.bdk;bGm;ydkifypPnf;yrm jyKusifhEdkifyg./ odk@ aomfolonf TuJhodk@ rjyKusifhcJhonfr# ruao;? tcsKd @aom ol.&Jabmf&b J ufw@kd u ol@tm;ppf &mZ0wfaumiftjzpfow G o f iG ;f &avatmif j yKrl c J h o nf ud k y if v #if & ef w k H @ rl a omtrl t &mrjyKbJ onf ; nnf ; cH . tqdkygtcsufwdk@onf AdkvfcsLyf. acgif;aqmifyDoaom t*Fg&yfrsm;jzpfacsonf” [lI a&;om;azmfjyxm;avonf? 1906ckESpfwGifwnfaxmifcJhaomAk'<bmom uvsm%,k0(0dkiftrfbDat) toif ; }uD ; ud k pwif w nf a xmif o l r sm;wG i f wpf O D ; tygt0if j zpf + yD ; aemif w G i f &efuek w f uUov kd f yxrqk;H Oya'ygarmuQjzpfonfh OD;aratmif (1880-1926) uvnf; "rdk;rif;"uavmifcGJjzifh 1955 ck ESpfZlvd_ifvxkwf twGJ3/ trSwf 9 jr0wDr*~Zif;wGif "Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef;"acgi;f pOfjzifh Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef;tay: ol@tjrifukd Tod@k wifjyxm; avonf? " u|eaf wmfEiS hf atmifqef; wpf+rKd @wnf;om;csi;f jzpf=uI/ aqGrsKd ;eD;pyfvnf; awmfonf wpfausmif;wnf;ae/ xrif;wpfyw JG nf;wGif vufqpHk m;/ pm;yGw J pfv;Hk wnf;wGif pmusuf/ ausmif; wufausmif;qif;twlwl vrf;av#mufv#ifrcGJ/ Todk@tm;jzifh ausmif;aecsdefrS ausmif;xGufcsdeftxd 'GefwGJvsufom&SdcJh=uonf? Todk@v#if yifudku &if;ES;D cJo h cl si;f jzpfonft h av#muf [du k pf ul; ausmif; om;atmifqef;/ aumvdyaf usmif;om; udak tmifqef;/ Edik if aH &;orm; ocifatmifqef;/ *syefacwf wyfrawmfrLS ;csLyf Adv k cf sLyfatmif qef;/ trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}u;D OD;atmifqef;[lI wpfjzpf+y;D wpf jzpfwpfb0+y;D wpfb0 ajymif;vJw;kd wufomG ;onfh atmifqef;tm; aemufraS eI vSr;f ar#m=f unfh cJrh yd gawmhonf?" 1928 ckEpS w f iG f atmifqef;onf a&eHacsmif;+rKd @ trsKd ;om;txufwef;ausmif;wGif 4wef; rSpI ynmoif=um;cJhonf/ odk@aomf ol.t*FvdyfpmtcHrSm 4wef;ruyg/ ewfarmufwiG &f pdS Ofu tpfujkd zpforl sm;. oifjycsuu f kd cH,cl ahJ oma=umif[ h k od&ygonf? xdkpOfu Candidate,quality,distinguish,distinction,exhibition, honours ponfhpum;}uD;pum;us,frsm;udk touft&G,f/twef;ESifhrvdkufatmif od+yD;jzpf aeygonf/ ,leAD mpDwaD umvdyrf S q&mrsm;trnf/ emrnf}u;D ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;. trnf 'DEpS b f aD tatmifol b,fEpS af ,mufqo kd nfw@kd udv k nf; 'd;k ceJ/ 'ufceJajymEdik yf gonf? atmifqef;onf 1930 jynfEh pS w f iG f aemufq;Hk usi;f yonfh tpd;k &ppf t*Fvyd -f tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

jrefrm tv,fwef;pmar;yGu J kd paumvm;&SpEf iS hf atmifjrifco hJ nf/ 8wef;od@k a&mufonft h cg tpfujkd zpfol q&mudb k 0if; (uG,v f eG o f l tmZmenf0ef}u;D OD;b0if;)u Ivahoe,Prisoner of Zenda ponfhpmrsufESm 90-100 cef@&Sd pmtkyfyg;uav;/ 10 tkyfavmufudk tvGwfoabmavhvm&ef 0,fay;cJhaoma=umifh atmifqef;onf &Sdor#pmtkyfrsm;udk wpfv;Hk rusef tukezf wf+y;D avhvm+y;D onftxd tm;xkwcf o hJ nf/ pmzwfv#if toHuzkd iG I hf yg;pyfurkd u hJ m&G@J um zwfwwfonf? 1932 ckESpfu|efawmfwdk@wpfawG trsdK;om;ausmif; 10wef;wGif&SdpOfu ausmif;tky}f u;D OD;yk (aemifowWKwiG ;f ppfaq;a&;csLyf)onf t*Fvyd pf mjycsed w f pfcYk Treasure Island(&wemodu k )f pmtkyu f kd oif=um;pOfjzpfygonf? xdak e@u tcst D cspum;ajym cef;rsm;rsm; ygonfhtydkif;udk oifjyjcif;jzpfI q&m}uD;OD;yku ausmif;om;tcsdK@udk rwfwwf&yfapum ol@tydik ;f ESio hf l owfrw S cf suaf y;+y;D zwfapygonf? toGit f m;jzifh twef;xJwiG jf yZwfcif;jyaeouJo h @kd &Syd g onf? TtxJwiG f atmifqef;ESihf udak rmfoef; (tif;pdef tif*sief , D mausmif;rS +rKd @jytif*sief , D m pmar;yGu J kd atmifjrif+y;D aemuf t*Fvyd f vufxuf a&eHacsmif;+rKd @Y tvkyv f yk &f if;uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h )l wd@k yg&ydS gonf? atmifqef;ESihf udak rmfoef;wk@d u tjyeftvSepf um;ajymaeonfyh rm wpfvn S phf D zwf=u &mY atmifqef;pmzwfykHudk q&mESifhwuG ausmif;om;tm;vkH;pdwf0ifpm;+yD; r=umc% ol@tm; vSr;f =unfrh =d uygonf? atmifqef;um; tm;vk;H u ol@udt k &kpH u kd af e a=umif;udk rodbJ yg;pyfurkd hJ um&G@J um oHaeoHxm;ESihf zwfae&if;u "That's all what you are to hear my son"(igo h m;rif;odxm;zd@k u 'gawGbu J @JG )[laom tyd'k o f @kd ta&muf wGif wpfwef;vkH; w[m;[m; ESifh yGJusoGm;cJhygonf? yGJusoGm;jcif;rSm atmifqef;u udkarmfoef;udk ighom;[kwu,fac:+yD; wu,f ajymaeovdk jzpfoGm;onfhtwGufyif jzpfygonf? Tjzpf&yfudk xdkpOfu wpfwef;wnf;om;csif;jzpf cJhonfh ocifcifaZmfESifh ppf&;Hk csLyf tif*sief , D mXmerS Adv k rf LS ;&D{wd@k rSwrf =d urnf[k ,lqygonf? 'Dtusifh 'D0goemrSm i,fpOfuyif &SdcJhonfhtwGuf tjcm;yk*~dKvf wpfOD;OD;ESifh wlcsiw f al e rnfjzpfaomfvnf; twkc;kd jcif;um; r[kw[ f I l &J0phH mG ajymvdyk gonf? pmzwf&mY ZGJ}uD;vSaom atmifqef;onf pmzwfaecdkufwGif jcifudkufonf/ =urf;ydk;xdk;onfwdk@udk tm&krH jyKrad tmifyif jzpf wwfonf/ zwfonfph mtkyw f pftyk v f ;Hk qk;H oGm;onftxd xdik &f mrS rxwwfonfh ol@oabmudk aumvdyw f iG f ausmif;aezufjzpfczhJ ;l ol tcsKd @u azmfxw k f a&;om;cJzh ;l yg+y?D t*Fvyd pf m ta&;tom;ESiyhf wfoufI "'Dvu l ae&Sief ,fausmif;uxGuv f @kd om pdeaf ygvf ursm;qd&k if t*Fvyd af wGuakd wmif jyefoifrmS bJ"[katmifqef;ay:wGif rSwcf suf cs=uonf? 62

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

xdak cwftwGi;f u tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;enf;wlyif atmifqef;onf ynmbuf wGif xl;c|eo f al 'guw f mbarmfEiS hf a'guw f mb[ef nDtpfuEkd pS af ,mufw@kd udk pdw0f ifpm; cJzh ;l ./ TnDtpf udEk pS af ,mufrmS pmzwf&eftwGuf &or#aomtcsed w f ikd ;f udk vufvw G f rcHwwfy/Hk "gw&f xm;apmifh ae&if; "gw&f xm;ay:wGif pD;eif;vdu k yf gaecdu k rf mS yif pmtkyu f ykd if tm&kpH ;l pdu k af ewwfyw Hk @kd udk atmifqef; rsm;pGmoabmusc. hJ ? 1932 ckEpS w f iG f u|eaf wmfa&m/ atmifqef;yg 10wef;wGif oif=um;ae=upOfY tdE, Nd ESihf ArmcGaJ &; wGaJ &;jy\emrSmvnf; txGwt f xdyo f @kd a&mufaeqJtcsed f jzpfav onf? 21 OD;ygwaD cgi;f aqmifO;D bazrSm cGaJ &;bufrS vk;H yrf;aecJ. h Tudpt P wGuf 0g'jzef@&ef a&eHacsmif;od@k OD;bazqku d f a&mufvmonft h cg u|eaf wmfw@kd wpfausmif;vk;H oGm;I}uKd qkd cJ=h uygonf? OD;bazrSm xdpk Ofumvu ArmjynfwiG f emrnftausm=f um;qk;H vlt=unfnKd trsm;qk;H aom acgi;f aqmif}u;D jzpfonft h wdik ;f u|eaf wmfw@kd uJo h @kd }uKd qo kd t l oif;tyif; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rSm +rKd @ay:wGif ruseo f avmuf rsm;jym; vSygonf? OD;baz. um;aemufrS vltyk }f u;D ESit hf wl 2a,mufwpfwpJG D wef;Ivdu k yf gvm cJh=uonfh u|efawmfESifh atmifq ef;onf pDwef;ae&mrS xGu fcJh=u+yD; OD;baz. um;ywf0ef;usiw f iG f }uw d cf aJ e aom vltyk x f o J @kd twif;wd;k 0ifc=hJ uonf? um;em;od@k a&muf rS emrnf}uD;oavmuf *k%fowif;ar$; ysH@oavmuf Oy"d&kyfaumif;aom OD;bazrSm tom;jzLjzL E_wcf rf;arG;=uifp, G Ef iS hf eH@oma&mif acgi;f aygi;f wd@k udk tkyaf ygi;f aygi;f xm;+y;D eH@oma&mifydk;&ifzkH;tuFsD iSufaysmEkaoG; befaumufvkHcsnfwdk@udk om;em;oyf&yfpGm 0wfpm;qif,ifvsu&f o dS nfukd awG@&onft h wGuf ai;pdu k I f aecJ=h uygonf? a&eHacsmif;+rKd @ trsKd ;om;txufwef;ausmif;&Sd q&mtm;vk;H rSm 21 OD;ygwu D kd vdv k m; axmufcaH e=uolrsm;jzpfc=hJ u./ wpfcgwpf&H tvsO;f oifo h nft h cg 10wef;ausmif; om;rsm;tm; 21 OD;ygwt D a=umif;/ OD;baz. t&nftcsi;f ESiphf yfvsO;f onfw@kd ukd q&mrsm; u ajymjyavh&o dS jzifh tawmftoifo h x d m;cJ=h u./ xdt k ajccHyg&cdS ahJ oma=umifv h nf; aumvdyo f ydwpf aom ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ rsm;t wG i f ; yg0if u m xd x d a &muf a &muf aqmif & G u f E d k i f c J h a =umif ; awG @ &ayonf ? txl;jcm;qkH;jzpfaom AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;. t&nftcsif;rSm wpfoufwmywfvkH; nDnw G af &;pdw"f gwf ude;f atmif;cJjh cif; jzpf./ ol.acgi;f aqmifra_ tmufwiG f ausmif;om; or*~twGif; tufa=umif;rxifjcif;rSm ol.}uD; rm;}uHhcdkifaom ESvkH;&nfudk azmfjy&m yxrqk;H rSwaf usmuf yifjzpfawmhonf? ArmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~ukd ausmif;om;b0ESiyhf if taumiftxnf azmf cJh./ aemufrS u|efb0wGif ausmif;om;avmu. zG@H+zdK;wdk;wufr_udkar#mfvifhI ausmif;om;b0 ESihf vkyif ef;aqmif&u G jf cif;um; tcsn;f ES;D omjzpfonf? Edik if aH &;avmu tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

bmr[kwo f nft h &mwGit f om; ,ljcif;/ *k%, f jl cif;rdsK;vkyw f wfz@kd a0;pG/ wu,f}h u;D us,f jrifjh rwfaom atmifjrifrr_ sm; twGuyf if [dw[ f ef}u;D rvky/f cyfuyk u f yk yf if aecJ. h ? ywf0ef;usiu f kd tav;rrlonfh [du k pf ul;ausmif;om;atmifqef;onf wpfae&m &mwGif acgufwkH@acgufjyef vrf;av#mufae&if;u &kwfw&uf acgif;axmifum &yf+yD; OD;acgi;f udk wpfzufo@kd cyfapmif;apmif;xm;vdu k u f m ta0;rSoo hJ rhJ #om =um;ae&aom toHwpfcu k kd em;pGio hf nfyh rm idik af ewwfonf? wpfpw Hk pfa,mufu atmifqef;[kvrS ;f ac: vdu k af omf &kww f &ufr=um;wwf/ =um; Ijyefvn S =hf unfjh yef v#iv f nf; ar;onfukd jyefrajym wwf/ ajymjyefaomfpum;yv†irf cHbJ vd&k if;udk 'J'h ;kd ajymwwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&aH r;olukd ausmay;I acgi;f ,rf;jywwfao;onf? Tod@k yif tla=umifa=umif tvkyrf sKd ;udo k m vkycf o hJ nfh atmifqef;udk Adv k cf sLyf atmifqef; jzpfvmonft h cg vlawGu a=umuf=uonf? wdak wmif;aomfvnf; trSeu f o kd m ajymjywwfonft h wGuf ol@tm; ,k=H unf=uonf/ aemufq;Hk awmh tla=umifa=umif vkyw f m udyk if oabmusae=u awmhonf? wu,fawmh tla=umifa=umifvyk o f nf r[kwyf g/ jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&; wm0ef}u;D rm;onfh tav#mufenf;aumif;awGukd &SmazG}uq H aejcif;jzpfonfh twGuf aygah ygw h efwef ESihf trSwrf xif =unfvif&iG yf s ae=uolrsm;udk raeEdik jf cif;om jzpfygonf? wdkif;jynfESifh vlrsdK;tusdK;udkom tpOfojzifh pdwf0ifpm;oljzpfjcif;a=umifh wpfpw Hk pfO;D tm; t+iKd ;xm;I rsurf mefwif;onfh oabmrsKd ;jzifh wrif=unfjh cif;rsKd ;r[kwEf ikd yf g/ ol@tdrw f iG f tqifh twef;ra&G; vlawGajccsi;f xyfatmif 0ifxu G af e=uonfh tcsuu f Adv k cf sLyfonf a=umufp&mr [kwaf =umif; xif&mS ;apavonf? AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;. tyg;awmfjrJ AdkvfxGef;vS(wuUodkvfae0if;)uvnf; 1952 ck/Zlvid_ v f xkwt f wGJ 6/ trSw6f 2 jr0wDr*~Zif;wGif "u|Eyfk w f @kd oad omAdv k cf sLyf" acgif;pOfjzifh Tod@k rw S w f rf;wifxm;jyefonf? "Edik if aH &; oabmt&qdv k #if Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef;onf 1936 ck/ ausmif;om; oydwt f a&;awmfy}Hk u;D rS arG;zGm;vdu k af om om;&wemwpfa,muf[I l yJ qd&k ayrnf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf 1936 ck onfbufusrS atmifqef;qdak omftrnfukd wdik ;f jynfu pwifocd v hJ suf 4if;ud, k w f ikd u f vnf; ewfarmuf+rKd @rS ajrydik &f iS v f v l wfwef;pm; aumvdyf ausmif;om;wpfa,muftjzpf oD;jcm; wnf&adS e&mrS jynfov l x l }k u;D ESihf cGjJ cm;I r&atmif qufpyfaeonfh(0g)vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ &mZ0ifwGif tvm;tvm&Sdol wpfOD;tjzpfodk@ a&mufvmcJah oma=umifyh ifwnf;? trSet f m;jzifh Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef;onf 1936 ck aumvdyo f ydw}f u;D rwkid rf u D yif rsdK;cspf pdwfxufoef+yD; wuf=uGaomvli,f EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfa,mufjzpfcJhavonf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

vlreS ;f odcgpt&G,f uewfarmuf+rKd @&Sd ol.rdcif}u;D a':pku &yf&mG xJu vlrsm;tm; pyg;ay; pepfjzifh aiGw;kd acs;jcif;udk rke;f wD;pufqyk u f m ajAmifziG [ hf ajymcJo h vdyk if &efuek w f uUov kd o f @kd a&mufvmaomtcg udv k ekd yD nma&;pepfukd rke;f wD;&G&H mS vsuf e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;pdw"f gwf rsm; wzGm;zGm;ay:ayguv f mcJah vonf? Ttcsuu f kd wuUov kd af usmif;om;b0u olEiS hf cifrif&if;ESD;olrsm;todqkH;jzpf.? 1936 ckEpS /f ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D udk aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm; tcGit hf a&; vdkvm;csuf rsm; r&Iawmif;qdkaom omrefta&;udpPwpfckxuf ydkrdkxl;jcm;aom EdkifiHa&;tcsufvuQ%mrsm; &Sda=umif; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifudkatmifqef;wdk@ aumif;rGepf mG oabmaygucf =hJ uavonf? &efuek w f uUov kd rf S pwifvsuf wpfEikd if v H ;Hk ul;puf ys@H ES@H oGm;aom ausmif;om; oydwt f a&;awmf yk}H u;D udk jAw d o d #w@dk . rlrrSeaf om udv k ekd yD nm a&;pepfESifh e,fcsJ@0g'udk tjyif;txef qef@usifaom qENjzifh aygufuGJtkH=uGvmaom vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_}u;D (Mass Movement) wpf&yftaejzifh Adv k cf sLyf ujrifcahJ vonf? wuUov kd t f m%mydik rf sm;u aphpyfa&;pum;urf;vSr;f um ysm;&nfEiS 0hf rf;csonf udk trfat ud&k m&SpEf iS hf udEk w k @kd acgi;f aqmifaom vlrsm;pku vufccH o hJ avmuf xdak phpyfa&; r_udk tjyif;txefuef@uGufoabmrwlcJholrsm;wGif udkatmifqef;yg0ifcJhonfudkvnf; u|Eyfk w f @kd rarhtyfay? 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;+yD;oGm;onfh aemufwGifum; AdkvfcsLyfonf jynfov l x l k }u;D ESiahf wmufav#muf tqufrjywfcahJ wmhacs/ 1937 ckEpS u f rEWav;wGif usif;yaomjrefrmEdkifiH vkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;nDvmcHonfvnf;aumif; 1938 ckESpf ykord af usmif;om; nDvmcHonfvnf; Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef;wGif vlxpk nf;&k;H a&;pGr;f &nf rnfr#&adS =umif;udk xif&mS ;pGm azmfjycJah om om"u rsm;yifjzpfonf?" 1940 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS yif &efuek w f uUov kd w f iG f bDt,fvf(B.L)ac: Oya'wef;Y ynmoif =um;&mrS wd k @ Armtpnf ; t&k H ; }uD ; . taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;rS L ;tjzpf ocifatmifqef;[laom trnf udk wdik ;f jynfu =um;&jyefavonf? Tum;Adv k cf sLyftzd@k ausmif;om;Edik if aH &;orm;b0rS wu,fh vlx=k um;od@k 0if+y;D xda&mufpmG vky&f rnfh &mE_e;f jynfah wmfveS w f uf=uaG om Edik if aH &;orm;wpf a,muftjzpfo@dk xif&mS ;pGmul;ajymif;oGm; jcif;yif jzpfawmhonf? +Aw d o d #u|eaf cwf ArmEdik if aH &;ordik ;f wGif ajymifajrmufxif&mS ;cJah om 1300jynfh ta&; awmfyt Hk wGi;f u ausmif;om;ta&;ESihf tvkyo f rm; v,form;vlx}k u;D v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf qufpyfum wpfjynfv;Hk tk=H u+G y;D e,fcs@J orm;udk rsuv f ;Hk rsuq f ef jyL;apavmufatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonfrSm vnf; ocifatmifqef;. xl;jcm;aom pnf;&kH;r_ t&nftcsif;/ awmfveS rf eS u f efaom Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrw _ @kd a=umifh jzpfco hJ nfukd xdak cwfu olEiS hf 66

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf Edik if aH &;&Jabmfrsm; todq;Hk jzpf avonf? jrefjynf vGwv f yfa&;&&ef twGuf 'l;axmuf+y;D vuf0g;jzef@awmif;I r&Edik /f vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;omv#if vGwv f yfa&;udk &,lEidk pf rG ;f onfh wpfcw k nf;aom enf;vrf;jzpfa=umif;udk tcsed af pmpGmuyif AdkvfcsLyfuaumif;aumif;odcJhavonf? 4if;odjrifcsufa=umifh 1941 ckESpf'kwd, urBmppftwGi;f u bDtikd af tac: Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmf}u;D wpfck rm;rm;rwfrwf ay:xGuv f m cJ&h avonf? a&S;acwfu &dik zf ,faoewfukd ypfwwfz@kd a0;pG/ eD;eD;uyfuyfyif rjrifzl;cJhaomArm ausmif;om;rsm;/ v,form;/ tvkyform; omreft&yfom;wdk@udk pk&;Hk zG@J pnf;vsuf acwfrv D uf eufqef;rsm;udyk g usiv f nfpmG ypfcwfuikd w f , G w f wfvmum Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf tvH atmufwiG f +Aw d o d #e,fcs@J orm;tm; um,uHajrmuf vufeufudkifawmfvSefwdkufcdkuf EdkifcJhjcif;rSm vnf;bDtdkifatwyf. OD;pD;aoemywd Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef;. pnf;&k;H acgi;f aqmifra_ =umifyh ifr[kwf ygavm? 'kw, d urBmppf+y;D cgp zufqpfawmfveS af &; ta=umif;udak jym=u&mY uGejf rLepf ygwD0ift csdK@rSmtwuf=uGqkH; zufqpfqef@usifa&;acgif;aqmiftjzpf ocifpdk;}uD;onf zufqpfukd rke;f wD;&mY vnf;aumif;/ olrwlatmifwuf=ujG yif;xefa=umif; ,krH mS ;zG,rf &Sad y/ od@k aomfzufqpfukd ajray:Y um,uHajrmufusq;Hk oGm;atmifxad &mufpmG awmfveS Ef ikd f cJ(h 0g)vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;jzifh ajymifajrmufpmG acgi;f aqmifra_ y;I wdu k cf u kd cf &hJ mY Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef;omv#if xifxif&mS ;&Sm;pGr;f aqmif Edik cf o hJ nf[k u|Eyfk w f @kd ,k=H unfrd avonf/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD; EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGufquf vuf}udK;yrf;&ef pcef;awG&adS o;ojzifh zqyvudk pnf;&k;H umrSeu f efaom acgi;f aqmifra_ y;Edik cf o hJ l rSmvnf; Adv k cf sLyfyifjzpfavonf? xd@k aemufum; Adv k cf sLyfcrsmrSm ol@pdww f iG f tajrmuftjrm;&Sad omt}ut H pnf &nf&, G f csurf sm;atmifjrif+y;D qk;H jcif;r&Sb d J vrf;ckvwfwiG f a&wdref pfusq;Hk oGm;&&Smonf?” jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;qdkaepOfwGif &Srf;jynf.aemifa&;twGufyg 0ifaqmif&u G v f m&mrSm Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef;u Ekid if aH &;e,fy,fxq J o JG iG ;f I zqyvtzG@J csLyfwiG af wmifwef;e,fa'otwGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpfvnf;aumif;/xrf;aqmif&if; yifvpHk m csLyf jzpfay:vma&;twGuft"duusaom tcef;u¾rSyg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhol r[moa& pnfob l @JG EiS hf Edik if *H % k &f nfb@JG (yxrtqif)h & OD;azcifu ol."ud, k af wG@yifvH"k pmtkyt f rSmY Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef;ESit hf wl aumvdyaf usmif;om;b0xdawG@cyhJ u Hk kd Tod@k a&;om; azmfjyxm;onf? "udak tmifqef;onf u|eaf wmfx h uf wpfEpS af emufusI aumvdyaf usmif;od@k a&mufyg onf/ u|eaf wmfu ESpaf [mif; (Senior) ausmif;om;/olu ausmif;om;opf (Fresher) jzpfygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

xdak cwfu ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;u ausmif;om;opfrsm;tm;ESrd af vh&ydS gonf? aum vdyaf &mufcgprsm;jzpfI pdr;f aeaoma=umifh ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;udk vlwiG u f s,f rvkyf&J=uyg/ odk@aomf udkatmifqef;rSm Todk@r[kwfyg/ a&mufvmw,fqdkuwnf;u ausmif ; om;opf r sm;ud k pnf ; &k H ; ygonf / xd k p Of u taqmif ( Hostel) wd k i f ; wG i f o[m,ESihfpmzwftoif;S&R ac:Social and Readingrsm;&SdI ESpfpOftr_aqmifrsm; a&G;cs,f&onfjzpf&m udkatmifqef; utr_aqmifwpfae&mwGif 0if+ydKif&eftwGuf pnf ; &k H ; jcif ; jzpf y k H & ygonf ? od k @ aomf S enior rsm;u bmod b momae=uygonf ? u|eaf wmfw@kd yJc;l aqmifo[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;tr_aqmifa&G;aom tcg ae&mtoD;oD; wGif +yKd ib f ufr&Sad omfvnf; r*~Zif;t,f'w D mae&mwGirf l udak tmifqef;u u|eaf wmft h m; +yKd io f jzifh vufnKSd ;axmifI rJc&JG ygonf? a&G;cs,yf u JG si;f yonfn h tpnf;ta0;obmywdrmS udak usmZf H (aemufzqyv trwfO;D armifausmZf H bDat/bt D ,f)jzpfI 4if;urJay;olrsm;udak &wGu+f y;D a=unm&m udak tmifqef;u 0ke;f ueJx+y;D " u|eaf wmf uef@uGuyf gw,f/jyefa&yg "[kaemufwef;uae xatmfygonf? obmywd rSm rar#mv f ifah om Tuef@uGurf a_ =umifh &kww f &uf a=umifomG ; ygonf/ tpnf;ta0;cef;xJrmS &kw&f w k o f o J J jzpfomG ;ojzifh tpnf;ta0;udk pdwrf 0ifpm;I ud, k t hf cef;xJu, kd af eonfh ausmif;om; rsm;yif bmrsm;jzpfuek +f yv D [ J q k u kd m x=unf=h u&m rJay;rnfh ta&twGuf ydrk sm;vmygonf/ obmywdvnf; udak tmifqef;awmif;qko d nfh twdik ;f rJjyefcI JG a&wGu&f ygonf/ Twpf}urd w f iG f udak tmifqef;u 29 rJ&I u|eaf wmfu 42rJ &ygonf/ (rJrsm;ydv k m&jcif;rSm apmapmutcef;xJrS xdo k al wGuyg rJay;vmaom a=umifjh zpf+y;D udak tmifqef;udk yxrrJay;aom ausmif;om; SeniortcsKd @u'D ausmif;om; vlpmG vkyw f ,fq+kd y;D ol@udrk ay;bJu|eaf wmhtm; ay;aoma=umifjh zpfygonf?" obmywd rJta&twGuaf =unmaomtcg udak tmifqef;ux+y;D " 'Dwpfcga& wm rSew f ,f"[kajym+y;D xdik cf svu kd yf gonf/ TonfrmS udak tmifqef;. r[kwrf cHowW/d rSev f #io f @l tusKd ; udq k ef@usiaf pumrl vufco H nfh t&nftcsi;f jzpfygonf/(yxrrJa&wGuf pOfu obmywduo hJ @kd yif olvnf;vdu k af &wGux f m;[efw+l y;D ,if;od@k a&wGu&f mwGif olu u|efawmfxufrJydkI &aumif;& aernfjzpfygonf?)vlopf(Fresher) wpfOD;tjzpf Tod@k owW&d o dS nfukd cs;D usL;&ygrnf/ u|eaf wmfw@kd ausmif;uxGuaf omtcg oluEdik if aH &;e,fy,fxo J @kd a&mufomG ; ygonf? u|eaf wmfu awmif}u;D jyefomG ;ygonf/ *syefacwfwpfacwfv;Hk ole@J u|eaf wmf rawG@awmhyg/ a&$wd*kHnDvmcHodk@Armu udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfu|efawmfwufvm+yD; awmifwef;e,fa'otwGuf tqdw k pf&yf wifoiG ;f +y;D aemuf udak tmifqef; (Adv k cf sLyf)u u|eaf wmhuakd c:awG@ygonf? 68

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

olu"udkazcif cifAsm;udku|efawmfajymp&m&Sdw,f/ awmfvSefa&;orm;qdkwm ok;H rsKd ;ok;H pm;&Sw d ,f/ cifAsm;odvm;"? u|eaf wmfu bmrSrajzyg/ olajymrSmudk qufIem; axmifaeygonf? "yxrwpfrsdK;u vufeufudkif+yD; wdkuf&Jw,f owf&Jjzwf&J taocH&Jw,f/ 'kw, d t rsKd ;tpm;u vufeufuikd +f y;D rwdu k &f /J rowf&/J rjzwf&b J ;l taovnf;rcH&b J ;l / 'gayr,fh wpf&Gm0if wpf&GmxGuf tyifyef;cHtqif;&JcH+yD; pnf;&kH;a&;vkyfEdkifw,f/ pm;p&m&S&d ifpm;/r&&ifrpm;bJ ZGeJ yJe@J tiwfcEH ikd w f ,f/ wwd,trdsK;tpm;u wdu k v f nf;r wdu k &f J taovnf;rcH&J tyifyef;tqif;t&J tiwftjywfvnf;rcHEikd b f ;l / cyfa=umha=umh av;0wfpm;+y;D OD;aESmufo;Hk +y;D wdik ;f jynftwGuf bmvkyaf y;&rvJ/ vkyaf y;Edik w f ,fqw kd hJ vlpm;rsKd ;jzpfw,f/ cifAsm;u tJ't D rsKd ;tpm;xJygw,f/ cifAsm;udk usLyf wm0efay;p&m&Sd w,f"[kajymygonf? aemuf y d k i f ; wG i f u |ef a wmf h t m;zqyvXmecsLyf w G i f topf z G i f h v S p f o nf h e,f j cm;a'oXmecG J twG i f ; a&;rS L ;tjzpf wm0ef a y;&ef ac:,l v d k u f y gawmh o nf / u|eaf wmfo&d onfrmS e,fjcm;a'oXme cGt J wGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf Adv k cf sLyfu u|eaf wmhtm; tqdjk yKI OD;ausm+f ird ;f (aemif'w k , d 0ef}u;D csLyf)u Adv k cf ifarmifav;tm;tqdjk yKygonf? ocifoef;xGe;f (zqyvtzG@J csLyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;/ aemif Auy OuUX usq;Hk )u u|eaf wmht f m;axmufcaH oma=umifh XmecGt J opfwiG f twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfvmum Edik if aH &;e,fy,fxJ a&muf&v dS mygonf? Adv k cf sLyfonf yifupkd w d x f m;aumif;oljzpfaomfvnf; avu0wfrvkyfwwfo jzifhbkajymonf[k "mwfrodolrsm;u xifjrif,lq=uygonf? bGi;f bGi;f &Si;f &Si;f ajymaoma=umifv h nf; Tod@k xif=ujcif;jzpfEikd yf gonf? ol@yifukd qdu k u f u kd tydrk ajymwwfojl zpfonft h jyif ola&S;&_onfh tvkyw f pfck udkom tm&kHpdkufaejcif;a=umifhvnf; avmu0wfvkyfwmrsdK;udk tydktvkyf[kqdk+yD; tcsed u f ek cf aH vukecf I H ajymqdjk yKrjl cif;r&Syd g/ olonfrsm;aomtm;jzifh &_wnfwnfaeavh &Sad omfvnf; aysmaf ysm&f i$ &f i$ f aemuf aemufajymifajymifaeonft h cgrsKd ; tqifroifv h #if pdwfaumufwmrsdK;vnf;&Sdygonf? u|efawmfwdk@ anmifa&$a&mufpOfujzpfygonf? anmifa&$apmfbmG ;}u;D . a[mfwiG f apmfbmG ;}u;D u Adv k cf sLyftm;"Adv k cf sLyf 'g oDaygrif;pufawmfac:wJo h vGeyf J wuftyd =f unfyh gvm;"[kajym&m Adv k cf sLyfu ovGeaf y:wuftyd =f unf+h y;D ‘Zdrrf &Syd gb;l Asm’[k+yK;H &,fIajym+y;D jyefxvmonf/ TonfrmS Adv k cf sLyf onfvu kd af vsmnDaxGvnf;aewwfonfh oabmjzpfygonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd ar+rKd @ (jyifO;D vGi)f utjyef rEWav;a&mufaomtcg OD;cEDaW wmifay: od@k oGm; =uygonf/ Adv k cf sLyfu u|eaf wmht f m; a&G;aumufyw JG iG u f |eaf wmfEikd v f #if aygyh gap/ &_H;v#ifav;ygap [kt"dXmefausmufwkH;rcdkif;ygonf? u|efawmfuvnf; trSwfwrJh tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

ordkif;wauGŒrS Adkvf&JxGÉf

oef;0if;v_di f jref r mh v G w f v yf a &;ord k i f ; ta=umif ; ud k a jymrnf q d k v S s if ord k i f ; wauG Œ rS &JabmfoHk;usdyf.tcef;u¾udk csefvSyfIr&acs? rsKd;cspfvl i,frsm;jzifhzGJŒpnf;cJhaom &Jabmfo;kH usyd t f zGŒJ 0ifrsm;teuf toufti,fq;kH ESihf ,ae@wkid f ouf&x dS if&mS ;&Sad eonfh &Jabmfo;kH usyd f ESpOf ;D teuf Adv k rf LS ;&JxGÉEf iS hf Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf usmaf Zmwd@k om use&f adS wmhonf? Adv k rf LS ;&JxGÉfonf ,cktcg touf (90) jynfI h (91) ESpf twGi;f od@k csi;f eif;0ifa&mufae+yD jzpfonf? tom;vwfvwft&yf&n S &f n S /f 00zdik zhf idk /hf Oy"d¶yk af umif;aumif; &Jabmfo;kH usyd f 0if Adv k rf LS ;&JxGÉu f kd usaemfonf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;twˆKyw ` jdW zpf&yfreS jf yKpak &;aumfrwDY twlwuGaqmif¶u G &f if; teD;uyfavhvmcGi&hf cJo h nf? Adv k rf LS ;&JxGÉo f nf ,if;aumf rwDY em,ujzpf+yD; ocifwifjr/ ocifvSxGef; (,ckuG,fvGef)/ &Jabmfbcuf/ OD;cspfv_dif (udu k akd rmif}u;D )/ OD;aZmfvif;/ udt k ;Hk jrif/h udak usmaf tmif (a¶$jynfwef)/ udw k ifxeG ;f / OD;xifvif; (uD;awmfusepf m;aomufqikd yf ikd &f iS )f ESihf oef;0if;v_id w f @kd yg0if=uonf? Adv k rf LS ;&JxGÉo f nf tcsed Ef iS phf nf;urf;udk wefz;kd xm;um/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;udk =unfnKd av;pm;I cspcf ifol jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;ESifhvnf; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm twlwuGaexdkifcJholjzpfonf? Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;. twˆKyw ` EdW iS yhf wfoufI vGrJ mS ;aer_rsm;/ jrefrmhordik ;f Ywdrjf rKyaf e tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

aom ordik ;f taxmuftxm; jzpf&yfreS rf sm;udk t&G,Ef iS rhf rSsatmif ,ae@wkid rf w S rf ad eqJ jzpfonf? tcsuf tvufrsm;rSm;,Gi;f aevSsif csucf si;f jyKjyifay;onf? Adv k rf LS ;&JxGÉu f o hJ @kd jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_ordkif;Y udk,fwdkifyg0ifcJhaom orkdif;0ifyk*~dKvfwpfOD;ESifhtwl aumfrwDwiG f yg0ifaqmif&u G cf &hJ onft h wGuf ,ae@wkid f 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om*k%, f al erdovdk owd w&&Sad eqJyif jzpfonf? &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if Adv k &f x J ÉG u f kd 1922 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D 25 &ufae@wGif &efuek +f rKd Œ wmarGuav;&yfY tzOD;bdk;vGif/ trda':apm &Sifwdk@rS zGm;jrifhcJhonf? i,frnfrSm armifatmifodef;jzpfonf? &efukef+rdKŒ uefawmfuav;jrLeDpDy,fausmif;rS '\rwef;atmifjrifcJhonf? xd@k aemuf txufwef;q&mjzpf oifwef; atmifjrifchJ onf? 1936-37 wGif qmarmif}u;D . &JwyfwiG f yg0ifco hJ nf? 1938 ckEpS w f iG f jzpfymG ;cJah om 1300jynfah usmif;om;ta&;awmfyw kH iG f jrLeDpyD ,fausmif;rS oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmiftjzpfyg0ifco hJ nf? 1939-40 wGif jrLeDpyD ,fausmif;Y zGŒJ pnf;cJah om ausmif;om;rsm;or*~tzGŒJ Y OuUÏtjzpfaqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? xdk@aemuf *syefEdkifiHodk@ ppfynmoif=um;&ef apv$wfonfh 'kwd,tokwf jrefrmrsK;d cspv f il ,frsm;jzpf=uonfh ocifp;kd (Adv k jf rifh atmif)/ ocifoef;wif -2 (Adv k jf r'if)/ ocifxeG ;f a&$(Adv k v f if;,ke)f wd@k ESit hf wl 1941 ckEpS f {+yv D 13 &ufae@wGif udik ¶f rd_ m¶SL; (Kaisho Maru) oabmFjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS *syefodk@xGufcGmcJhonf? 1941 ckESpf {+yD 28 &ufae@wGif *syefEikd if H tdq k mum+rKd Œod@k a&muf&dS cJo h nf? xdrk w S qifh 1941 ckEpS f arv 9 &ufae@wGif av,mOfjzifh wdu k sK+d rKd ŒrS [dik ef efusG e;f od@k oGm;a&mufum [dik ef efusG e;f ESihf xdik f 0rfusG e;f wd@k wGif ppfynmoif=um;cJo h nf? jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,frsm;tm; ppfynmrsm;oif=um;&ef wm0ef,lxm;aom rDemrDtzGŒJ onf w¶kwEf ikd if aH wmifyikd ;f [dik ef efusG e;f (Hainan) wGif ppfausmif;wpfausmif; zGiv hf pS &f ef }uKd wifppD Ofxm;cJo h nf? [dik ef efusG e;f &Sd pef;, (Sanya) +rKd ŒwGif *syefa&wyfrawmf . a¶SŒwef;pcef; tajcpdu k w f nf&o dS nf? rDemrDtzGŒJ rSm *syef=unf; wyfrawmfEiS ahf &wyf rawmfw@kd yl;aygi;f zGŒJ pnf;xm;aomtzGŒJ jzpfI [dik ef efppfoifwef;ausmif; aqmufvyk af &; ESihf oifwef;twGuf pm;eyf&u d mQ axmufyahH &;udk *syefa&wyfu wm0ef,al qmif&u G +f y;D / ppfynmoif=um;a&;udk *syef=unf;wyfrawmfu wm0ef,al qmif&u G af y;cJo h nf? *syef p pf t m%myd k i f w d k @ onf pef ; ,ppf o if w ef ; ausmif ; ES i f h y wf o uf I tpGr;f ukev f sS KŒd 0Sux f m;+y;D w&m;0iftm;jzifh ta¶SŒawmiftm&S zGŒH +zKd ;a&; pef;,awmifol v,form;oifwef;ausmif;[k trnfrSnfhac:xm;onf? oifwef;ausmif;twGu f pm;eyf&u d mQ rsm;udk a&wyfu axmufy&hH ojzifh a&wyfEiS w hf zJG ufaeoa,mif xifjrifap&ef pef ; ,ppf oif w ef ; ausmif ; om;rsm;tm; a&wyf 0 wf p H k r sm;ud k 0wf q if a pcJ h o nf ? 76

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,frsm;tm; ppfynmoifwef;ay;aeonfhta=umif;udk +Adwdef odk@r[kwf &efojl zpf&ef tvm; tvm&So d nfEh ikd if w H @kd od&o dS mG ;ygu tjynfjynfqikd &f mjy\em wpfcjk zpf vmEdik yf gonf? xd@k a=umifh jrefrmrsK;d cspv f il ,frsm;tm; *syef trnfrsm;ay;+y;D ppfwef;vsm; tjyifbufwiG f jrefrmpum;ajymjcif;/ jrefrmtjyK trlrsm;jyKvyk jf cif;rsm;udk a¶Smif=uOf&efEiS hf *syefvl rsK;d ausmif;om;rsm;yHpk t H wkid ;f oGm;vmaexdik &f ef !$e=f um;xm;onf? Adkvf&JxGÉf. *syeftrnfrSm [m,m&Sd (Hayashi) jzpf+yD; *syefbmomjzifh "OD;opfom;" [k t"dyg` ,&f onf? *syefw@kd onf pef;,ppfynm oifwef;ausmif;udk 1941 ckEpS {f +yv D 25 &ufae@wGif pwifziG v hf pS u f m jrefrmrsK;d cspv f il ,frsm;udk ppfynmrsm;oif=um; ay;cJo h nf? ppfoifwef;.t"du&nf&, G cf surf mS jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;wku d yf w JG iG f wyfrLS ;aumif; rsm;tjzpfO;D aqmifEikd &f ef vufeufrsK;d pHu k ikd w f , G yf pfcwfEikd &f efEiS hf pdw"f mwf=uchH ikd rf &_ &dS efw@kd twGuf jzpfonf?

[dik ef efppfoifwef;wGif jrefrmrsK;d cspv f il ,frsm;udk wyfzŒJG oH;k zGŒJ cGI J oifwef;ay; cJo h nf? wyfzŒJG (1) onf tajccHppfynmvufeuf }u;D ESihf vufeufi,frsK;d pHu k ikd w f , G yf pfcwf enf;rsm;/ cHppfynmESihf nwdu k yf rJG sm;udk tav;xm;oif,&l +y;D jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;wku d f yGw J iG f wdu k cf u kd af &;wm0efxrf;aqmif&efjzpfonf? wyfzŒJG (1) wGif ocifpjH r (Adv k af wmufxed )f / ocifpHv_dif (AdkvfrSL;atmif)/ o cifpdk; (Adkvfjrifhatmif)/ ocifwifat; (Adkvfbkef;jrifh)/ ocifxeG ;f vGif (Adv k Af v)/ ocifb*sr;f (Adv k v f a&mif)/ ocifarmifarmif (Adv k ^f m%)/ udak &$ (Adv k af usmaf Zm)/ ocifvS (Adv k rf if;a&mif)/ ocifv+S rKd if (Adv k &f efatmif)/ ocifoef;!$e@f tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

(Adv k Zf ifa,mf)/ ocif at;armif (Adv k rf ;kd )ESihf udak tmifoed ;f (Adv k &f x J GÉ)f wd@k yg0if=uonf? wyfzŒJG (2) onf tajccHppfynm/ azmufczJG suq f ;D a&;enf;ynmrsm;/ axmufvrS ;f a&;ESihf qufoG,fa&;ynm&yfrsm;udk tav;xm;oif,l&+yD; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJwGif axmufvSrf;a&;ESifh zsufqD;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf? wyfzGJŒ (2) wGif ocif¶a_ rmif (Adv k af e0if;)/ ocifausmpf ed (f Adv k rf ;kd ndK)/ ocifarmif OD; (Adv k w f m&m)/ ocifaiG (Ad k v f a pmatmif ) / ocif a pmvG i f (Ad k v f r if ; acgif ) / ud k x G e f ; &S d e f (Ad k v f & ef E d k i f ) / ocifxeG ;f a&$(Adv k v f if;,ke)f / ocifopf (Adv k af pmaemif)/ ocifoef;wif-2 (Adv k jf r'if) wd@k yg0ifc=hJ uonf? wyfzŒJG (3) onf tajccHppfynm/ ppfbufe,fbuf taxGaxGtyk cf sKyrf _ ynm&yfrsm;udk oif,l&+yD; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ ppfOD;pD;wm0ef,l Edkif&efjzpfonf? wyfzGJŒ (3) ocifatmifqef; (AdkvfawZ)/ ocifxGef;cif (AdkvfjrifhaqG)/ ocifvSaz (Adv k v f ufsm)/ udv k aS rmif (Adv k af Z,s)/ ocifatmifoef; (Adv k pf =um) wd@k yg0ifc=hJ uonf? &Jabmfo;kH usyd t f euf ocifxeG ;f tkyo f nf *syefEikd if w H u dk sKd +rKd ŒwGif tkycf sKyaf &;ynm qnf;yl;aeIvnf;aumif;/ udak qmif; (Adv k x f ed f 0if;) onf rDemrDtzGŒJ .wm0efay;csut f & xdkif;jrefrme,fpyfudk vSsdKŒ0SufpGmjzwfausmfa&muf&Sdvmrnfh jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,frsm;udk apmifh}udK&efwm0efjzifh Zif;r,f (csif;rdkif) wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeIvnf;aumif;/ ocifoef;wif- 1 onf xkid ;f Edik if b H efaumufrS *syefEikd if o H @kd oGm;a&mufpOf wdik af y+rKd ŒwGif uG,v f eG o f mG ;Ivnf;aumif;/ [dik ef efppfoifwef;ausmif;wGif jrefrmrsK;d cspv f il ,f (27)OD;om ppfoifwef;wufc&hJ onf? xd@k aemuf 1941 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv26 &ufae@wGif xkid ;f Edik if H befaumuf+rKd Œ&Sd jrefrmvlrsK;d rsupf t d xl;ukq&m0ef}u;D OD;vGe;f az. aetdrw f iG f vufarmif;aoG;azmufI uwdopPmjyKum Adv k t f rnfrsm;cH,&l mwGif udak tmifoed ;f onf Adv k &f x J GÉjf zpfvmcJo h nf? ,if;aemuf 1941 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 27 &ufae@wGif Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtikd af t) pwifzŒJG pnf;xlaxmif&mwGif yg0ifchJ onf? Adkvf&JxGÉfonf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odk@ csDwufwkdufcdkuf&ef ppfaoemywdcsKyf Adv k cf sKy}f u;D Adv k rf ;kd }uKd ;/ ppfO;D pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyrf &l mumrD/ ppfO;D pD; Adv k af wZ (Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;) ppfO;D pD;t&m&Sd Adv k &f efatmifw@dk yg0ifaom bDtikd af tppfÏmecsKyf armfv+rKd ipf pfa=umif;wGif yg0ifI +Aw d o d sS w@kd udk wku d cf u kd &f ef 1942 ckEpS Zf efe0g&v D 11 &ufae@wGif befaumuf+rKd Œ rS&[dkif;+rdKŒodk@ pwifxGufcGmcJhonf? v_dif;bGJŒ+rdKŒodrf;wkdufyGJESifh uwdkifwdwkdufyGJwdk@wGif &Gyf&GyfcGsefcGsef yg0ifwkdufcdkufcJhr_a=umifh Adkvf&JxGÉftm; *syefppfAdkvfrsm;yif csD;usL;cJh&+yD; bDtikd af t. ol&aJ umif;wHqyd f ('kw, d tqif)h &&Scd o hJ nf? 1942 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif Adkvf&JxGÉfonf bDtdkifatwyfr[m 3 wyfrSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1942 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (27) &ufae@wGif bDtkdifatudkzsufodrf;I 78

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf (bD'aD t) zGŒJ pnf;aomtcg bD'aD t wyf&if; (1) wyf&if;rSL; tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1943 wGif bD'Datwyf&if; 5 wyf&if;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ppfOD;pD;ÏmecsKyf taxGaxGÏme}uD;rSL; tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? xdpk OftwGi;f rSmyif ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwED iS hf pwifqufo, G rf cd o hJ nf? 1944 ckESpf pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;qENt& Adv k rf LS ;}u;D ae0if; jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gwrD S OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f wd@k ESit hf wl Adv k rf LS ;&JxÉG f onf a';'&J+rKd Œ&Sd ocifp;kd xH vSsKd Œ0Supf mG oGm;a&mufI zufqpfwu dk zf suaf &;jynfo@l tzGŒJ csKyf wdk;csJŒzGJŒpnf;a&;/ wyfrawmftwGif;&Sd vuf0Jtiftm;pkrsm;/ jynfol@ta&;awmfykHygwDESifh uGejf rLepfygww D @kd udk wygww D nf;tjzpf yl;aygi;f zGŒJ pnf;a&;ESihf zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &; twGuf jyifqifrv _ yk if ef;rsm;jyKvyk af &;wd@k aqG;aEG;cJ=h uonf? ,if;aemuf Adv k rf LS ;&JxÉG o f nf 1945 ckEpS f rwfv (1) &ufae@rS (3) &ufae@txd usi;f yaom zwyvtpnf;ta0;od@k wufa&mufco hJ nf? xdt k pnf;ta0;wGif zufqpf*syef wd@k tm; awmfveS w f u dk cf u kd &f ef tpDtpOfrsm;csrw S &f mwGiv f nf;yg0ifco hJ nf? zufqpfawmf vSeaf &;umvwGif wkid ;f - 6 rdwv Dˆ m/ ysO;f rem;/ awmifiEl iS hf awmifyikd ;f &Sr;f jynf wdik ;f rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,I l zufqpf*syefw@kd udk awmf vSew f u dk cf u kd cf o hJ nf? zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;t+yD; 1945 ckESpf =o*kwfv 12 &ufae@rS 15 &uf a e@txd u sif ; ycJ h a om zuf q pf w k d u f z suf a &;ES i f h j ynf o l @ vG w f v yf a &;tzG J Œ csKyf A[d k O D ; pD ; tzG J Œ tpnf ; ta0;od k @ Ad k v f & J x G Éf o nf Armh w yf r awmf a cgif ; aqmif t jzpf wufa&mufco hJ nf? 1946 ckEpS w f iG f Armhwyfrawmfwyf&if; 5 od@k 'kcrJG LS ;tjzpf jyefvnf0ifa&mufI rsm;r=umrDyif wyf&if;- 5 .wyfcrJG LS ;tjzpf 1947 ckEpS t f xd aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1948 ckESpfwGif r*Fvm'Hk&Sd Armhwyfrawmf wyf&if;- 3 odk@ajymif;a&$Œ I 'kwyf&if;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&Gu f cJhonf? 1948 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 16 &ufae@wGif OuUÏAdkvfcsKyfae0if;/ twGif;a&;rSL;OD;odef;azjrifhwdk@yg0ifaom vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; aumfrwDzGJŒpnf;&mwGif tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf yg0ifco hJ nf? ,if;aemuf r*Fvm'Hk&Sd Armhwyfrawmfwyf&if;-3 Y 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifhtjzpf wyf&if;rSL;wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGi;f 1948 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 10 &ufae@wGif wyf&if;3 ESihf o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;wyfrS wyfom; 350 udOk ;D aqmifum awmcdck o hJ nf? xdak e@rwdik rf D =o*kwfv 9 &ufae@wGif o&uf+rdKŒ&Sd Armhwyfrawmfwyf&if;-1 rS 'kwyf&if;rSL; Adv k pf ed w f ifonf wyf&if;-1 rS&aJ bmfrsm;udk OD; aqmifI OD;pGmawmcdck o hJ nf? 1948 ck E S p f r S 50 ck E S p f t xd awmcd k w yf . 'k w d , acgif ; aqmif t jzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1949 ckEpS f rwfv24 &ufae@wGif jynf+rKd Œ Y ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

jynfo@l &Jabmf (jzL) ESihf awmfveS af om Armhwyfrawmfw@kd yl;aygi;f I jynfo@l 'Dru kd a&pD wyfaygif;pkudkzGJŒpnf; &mwGif a¶SŒwef;rSyg0ifcJhonf? 1950 jynfhESpfwGif jynfol@ 'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk +yKd uo JG mG ;cJo h nf? awmfveS af om Armhwyfrawmfukd zsuo f rd ;f vku d &f onf? ,if;aemuf awmcdkwyfrsm;ESifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD.vufeufudkifwyfrsm; yl;aygi;f cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf Adv k &f x J ÉG o f nf 1950 jynfEh pS f rwfv 5 &ufae@wGif awmifi+l rKd Œae jynfrif;}u;D a[mif; ,pfrsK;d t&m&Sd OD;b=unf/ a':&ifw@kd . 'kw, d orD; a':cif=unfEiS hf vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;I om;wpfa,mufxeG ;f um;cJo h nf? 1950 jynfEh pS f pufwifbmv 1 &ufae@wGif v,fa0;+rKd Œe,f v,f'}u;D pcef;Y Armjynf uGejf rLepfygw. D acgi;f aqmifra_ tmuf&dS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw. D t+rw J rf; wyfrawmftjzpf jynfo@l wyfrawmfwiG f Adv k &f x J GÉo f nf 'kw, d Adv k cf sKy}f u;D cef@tyfjcif; cH&onf? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw. D jynfo@l wyfrawmfzŒJG pnf;yHrk mS ...... (1) Adv k cf sKyrf LS ; oef;xGe;f (2) 'kAv kd cf sKy}f u;D Aode;f wif (3) 'kAv kd cf sKy}f u;D aZ,s (4) 'kAv kd cf sKy}f u;D oef;+rKd if (5) 'kAv kd cf sKy}f u;D cspf (6) 'kAv kd cf sKy}f u;D wifxeG ;f (7) 'kAv kd cf sKy}f u;D &JxGÉf (8) 'kAv kd cf sKy}f u;D pdew f if (9) 'kAv kd cf sKy}f u;D pd;k armif (10) Adv k cf sKyf &efatmif (11) Adv k cf sKyf atmifrif;wd@k jzpf=uonf? xd@k tjyif Adv k &f x J ÉG o f nf 1951 ckEpS f 1963 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD jynfo@l awmfveS af &;ppfaumifpw D iG f twGi;f a&; rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1959 ckEpS f arv25 &ufae@wGif zmyGe+f rKd Œe,f (rJ0ikd )f a'oY rGejf ynfopfygw/D u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶k;H (KNU) ESihf Armjynf uGejf rLepfygw/D u&ifet D rsK;d om;wk;d wuf a&;ygw/D csi;f OD;pD;tzGŒJ wd@k yl;aygi;f I pwifzŒJG pnf;cJah om trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDn! D w G af &; wyfaygif;pk (r'nw) wGif Auyudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ocifZif/ ocifcspfwdk@ESifhtwl Adv k &f x J GÉo f nf yg0ifaqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? trsK;d om;nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk (r'nw) wGif yg0ifco hJ rl sm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf? 80

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t¶kH;rS (1) ref;bZef (2) Adv k cf sKyaf umfx;l (apmausmjf roef;) rGejf ynfopfygwrD (S (1) Ekid af tmifxeG ;f (2) Edik af &$usif ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S (1) ocifZif (2) ocifcspf (3) Adv k &f x J GÉ•f u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwDrS (1) OD;bdk;ausmf csif;OD;pD;tzGJŒrS (1) qvkid ;f pHatmif wd@k jzpf=uonf? TuJ h o d k @ ord k i f ; tpOf t vm}uD ; rm;cJ h a om Ad k v f & J x G É f o nf 1958 ck E S p f atmuf w d k b mv 24 &uf a e@wG i f jynf w G i f ; +id r f ; csrf ; a&;tzG J Œ OD ; pD ; acgif ; aqmif q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;xH "Adkvf&JxGÉf.ay;pm" udk ay;ydk@cJhonf? ,if;pmonf aemiftcgwiG f "Adv k &f x J GÉ. f (2) csuEf iS hf 0ifa&;vrf;pOf" [k trnfwiG cf o hJ nf? pmygta=umif;t&mrSm atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf....... (1) vuf&SdurBmtajctae/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftajctaersm;t& jrefrmjynfwGif e,fcsJŒorm;ESifh azmufjyefa&;orm; +idrf;-aqGwdk@.vGwfvyfr_qHk;a&; 'Drkdua&pDqdwfokOf;a&;vkyf}uHr_tEW&m,fonf wae@wjcm;}uD;rm;pGm&ifqkdifvm&ojzifh ta&;w}u;D umuG,&f efvt dk yfygonf? &[ef;¶Siv f jl ynfot l aygi;f wd@k onf wkid ;f jynf.ab;tEW&m,fukd trsK;d om;nD!w G f a&;tm;jzifh wm;qD;Edik &f ef vuf&jdS ynfwiG ;f ppfukd tjrefq;kH &yfpI J jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk wnfaqmuf&ef tylwjyif;awmif;qdak eygonf? xd@k a=umifh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwo D nf jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpI J jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

tjrefq;kH wnfaqmuf Edik &f ef atmufygwifjycsuu f kd q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f }u;D rSL; aom jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒrSwqifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh jynfol vlxt k m; av;pm;pGmwifjytyfygonf? (2) ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwo D nf jynfow l @kd .awmif;qdck sut f & tpd;k &ujyÏmef; xm;aom oifyek ;f acsvw G +f ird ;f cGiEhf iS hf ygww D &m;0if xlaxmifciG u hf kd rltm;jzifv h ufcyH gonf? rlt& Oya'twGif;0ifa&mufI 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& w&m;rSswaoma&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOf+ydKifvkdygonf? Oya'twGi;f od@k 0ifa&mufEikd &f efEiS hf a&G;aumufyw JG iG f vGwv f yfpmG ,SO+f yKd i0f ifEikd &f ef atmufygtcsurf sm;udk uwdjyKaqmif&u G f apvdyk gonf? (u) ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwED iS yhf wfoufI tusO;f orm;rsm;tm;vH;k udk v$w&f ef? (c) vmrnfah ¶G;aumufyw JG iG f uGejf rLepf0g'udk vufco H nfjzpfap vufrcHonf jzpfap uGejf rLepfygwt D ygt0if rnfonfw h &m;0ifygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;rqdk wef;wl&nfwv l ;kH 0 vGwv f yfpmG ,SO+f yKd icf iG jhf yK&ef? txufygtcsurf sm;udk uwdjyKcsucf ikd rf mpGm&&Sv d sS if ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwo D nfu? vufeufc, J rf;rsm;tm;vH;k udk jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &od@k v$t J yfay;rnf? c? vufeufuikd w f u kd yf rJG S Oya'wGi;f wdu k yf o JG @kd ul;ajymif;I Oya'twGi;f 0ifa&mufrnf? *? uef@owfxm;aomtcsed t f wGi;f Oya'twGi;f 0ifa&mufrvmaom rdryd gw0D ifrsm;udk tqufjzwfrnf? wzufESifhwzufajyvnf& ef tmCmwuif;pGm txufygvkyfief;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&efEiS hf Oya'twGi;f od@k acsmarmpGm 0ifEidk af &;twGuf ESpzf ufoabm wlonfh ae@&ufrpS I twku d t f cdu k &f yfp&J ef? (3) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf ESpfzufajyvnfr_jzifh +idrf;csrf;a&;&ap&ef awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk t}udrf}udrf wifjycJhygonf? OD;Ek tpdk;&u rvkdufavsmcJhygu jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ ESihf awGŒqHck iG u hf v kd nf; vHjk cKH r_ tmrcHcsurf ay;cJyh g? od@k &mwGif OD;Ek tpd;k &u awGŒcGijfh yKxm;ao;onft h wGuf ab;tEW&m,frsm;&Sv d ifu h pm; jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; tzGŒJ rS rde@f =um;csurf sm;ud=k um;em&if; uGsef awmfw@kd .tcuftcJrsm;udv k nf; ajz&Si;f Edik &f ef txufygtjzpfEikd q f ;kH wifjycsuu f kd wifjytyfygonf? xyfr&H iS ;f vif;&ef vdt k yfao;onfxifygu q&m}u;D wd@k rSwqifjh zpfap/ wku d ¶f u kd f jzpfap ar;jref;ajz&Si;f Edik yf gonf? (4) &[ef;&Sifvljynfoltaygif;wkd@onf txufazmfjyyg olremudk,frem ESpb f ufajyvnfr&_ &Sad prnfh jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk t aumiftxnfay:atmif tpGr;f ukef 0dik ;f 0ef;}uKd ;yrf;=uyg&ef ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D tav;teuf yef=um;vdu k yf gonf? 82

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

(yH)k &JxGÉf (A[dak umfrwDu, kd pf m;vS,)f 1958ck/ atmufwb kd mv 24 &uf? Adkvf&JxGÉ f.wifjycsufu dk q&m}uD;ocifu dk, fawmfr_dif;od&Sdvkdu f&onf? "+idrf;csrf;a&;&Edkif+yD" [k tm;&0rf;omjzpfoGm;+yD; xdkpOfu EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkESifh umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;wd@k xH 1958 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 27 &ufae@wGif ud, k w f idk o f mG ;a&mufawGŒqHck o hJ nf? od@k aomf xdpk Ofu Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ekonf ygwt D wGi;f tuGt J +yrJ sm;a=umifh vnf;aumif;/ Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;tm; tdraf pmifh tpd;k &tjzpf tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;&efppD Of aecsed jf zpfI awGŒqHck iG rhf &cJah cs? xd@k tjyif 4if;wd@k onf Adv k &f x J GÉ. f (2) csuEf iS hf 0ifa&;vrf; pOf t ay: Yvnf ; pd w f 0 if p m;r_ r &S d c J h a cs? xd k @ a=umif h q&m}uD ; ocif u d k , f a wmf r _ d i f ; jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;}uKd ;yrf;r_onf t&mrxifjzpf cJ&h onf? xd@k aemuf 1962 ckEpS f arv 21 &ufae@wGif Adv k &f x J GÉo f nf ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygw. D vuf0w J &m;ao0g'/ vuf0J *d% k ;f *%0g'ESihf vufeufuikd v f rf;pOfukd r,H=k unfojzifh ewWvif;/ ZD;uke;f e,fbufrw S qifh tvif;0ifa&mufchJ onf? Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;xHo@kd vnf; ta=umif;=um;cJo h nf? TwGif Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u Adv k &f x J GÉt f m; oGm;a&mufac:,l&ef twGuf xdpk Ofu 'kw, d Adv k rf LS ;}u;D csmvDord ;f a&$tm; wm0efay;apv$wcf o hJ nf? Adv k &f x J ÉG t f m; oltvif;0ifonfh arv 21 &ufae@rSpI wyfrawmfrx S u G cf iG jhf yKI ZGev f 18 &ufae@txd AdkvfrSL;vpm (763 usyf 77 jym;) wyfrawmfaiGpm&if;ÏmerS xkwfay;vkdufonf? Adv k &f x J GÉo f nf Adv k v f ufsm/ Adv k af Z,s/ Adv k af e0if;/ Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf [mif; ausmaf Zmwd@k +y;D vSsif 0gt&ifq h ;kH wyfrawmft&m&Sjd zpfonf? ol.ud, k yf ikd ef yH gwrf mS (35 06) jzpfonf? awmwGi;f Y 15ESpaf usmrf sS yifyef;qif;&Jco hJ nf'h %f/ use;f rma&;csKŒd wJo h nf'h %f/ pdwzf pd ;D r_'%frsm;a=umifh Adv k &f x J GÉo f nf Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;pDpOfay;r_jzifh aq;¶kw H ufa&muf ukocJ&h onf? ,if ; aemuf awmcd k t vH j zLuG e f j rLepf y gwD r S ppf a &;wm0ef c H } uD ; rsm;ES i f h ygwDxdyfwef;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom Adkvf&JxGÉf/ Adkvf pdefwif/ Adkvf&Jarmifwdk@onf rnfonft h wGuf awmfveS af &;aumifpx D H tvif;0ifc&hJ onfukd 1963 ckEpS f arv 21 &ufae@wGif owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGjJ yKvyk cf o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwo D @kd 0ifa&mufI Edik if aH &;aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygww D iG f vlxak &;&m aumfrwDtzGŒJ 0iftjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1964 ckESpf rwfv (2) &ufae@wGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpD. t=uHay;tzGJŒ0iftjzpf tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

xdk@aemuf ¶Spfq,fh¶pS f'rD dkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;jzpfyGm;aepOftwGif; 1988 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 9 &ufae@wiG f pwif zGŒJpnf;cJoh nfh wyfrawmfwyfrLS ;a[mif;rsm;ESi &hf aJ bmf a[mif;rsm;tzGJŒY OD;aqmiftzGJŒwGi f AdkvfrLS ;csKyfa[mif; atmifa&$/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; ol& OD;wifO;D / AdkvfrLS ;csKyfa[mif; aomif;'ef/ Advk rf LS ;}uD;a[mif; apmjrifhwdk@EiS thf wl yg0ifcohJ nf? xdEk pS f pufwifbmv (27) &ufae@wiG f pwifwnfaxmifcJhaom trsKd;om;'Drdk ua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfpwifxnfaxmifpOf A[dOk ;D pD;tzGJŒ0if tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&uG cf ohJ nf? aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? rqvygwAD [dak &;&mÏme}u;D . twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1972 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 9 &uf ae@wGif rqvygwÏD mecsKyf or0g,rpdu k yf sKd ;arG;jrL a&;ESifh opfawma&;&maumfrwDwGif twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif cJhonf? ,if;aemuf 1977 ckEpS f Ek0d ifbmv 16 &ufae@wGif ta&;ay:ygwn D v D mcHY ygwo D ef@pifa&; t& Adv k &f x J GÉt f ygt0if ygwD A[dak umfrwD0if 50 xkwyf ,fc&H onf? xd@k aemuf ¶Spq f ,f¶h pS 'f rD u kd a&pDta&;awmfy}kH u;D jzpfymG ;aepOftwGi;f 1988 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 9 &ufae@wGif pwif zGŒJ pnf;cJo h nfh wyfrawmfwyfrLS ;a[mif;rsm;ESi&hf aJ bmf a[mif;rsm;tzGŒJ Y OD;aqmiftzGŒJ wGif Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf [mif; atmifa&$/ Adv k cf sKy}f u;D a[mif; ol& OD;wifO;D / Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf [mif; aomif;'ef/ Adv k rf LS ;}u;D a[mif; apmjrifw h @kd ESit hf wl yg0ifco hJ nf? xdEk pS f pufwifbmv (27) &ufae@wGif pwifwnfaxmifcahJ om trsK;d om;'Drkd ua&pDtzGŒJ csKypf wifxnfaxmifpOf A[dOk ;D pD;tzGŒJ 0if tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? xd@k tjyif 1988 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 17 &ufae@wGif rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJŒ. e,utjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1988 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 27 &ufae@ Adv k cf sKyu f awmf a':cif=unfpsmye aumfrwDwGif 'kwd,OuUÏtjzpf aqmif¶GufcJhonf? xkd@tjyif 1980 rS,ae@wdkif &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifro d m;pkrsm; oma&;ema&;ulnaD pmifah &Smufa&;toif;Y em,u tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1990 jynfEh pS f 'DZifbm 3 &ufae@wGif rsK;d csp&f aJ bmfa[mif;rsm;tzGŒJ rS E_wx f u G cf o hJ nf? ,if;aemuf ocifwifjr/ ocifvx S eG ;f / OD;cspv f id_ f (udu k akd rmif}u;D )/ &Jabmfbcuf/ OD;aZmfvif;/ OD;xifvif;/ OD;wifxeG ;f / udt k ;kH jrif/h OD;ausmaf tmif/ oef;0if;v_id w f @kd yg0ifaom Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;twˆKyw ` jdW yKpak &;aumfrwDwiG f em,utjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? Adkvf&JxGÉfonf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_EdkifiHa&;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;a=umifh Ekid if aH wmfrcS s;D jriS ahf om qkwq H yd af jrmufrsm;pGm &&Scd hJ onf? &&Scd ahJ om qkwq H yd rf sm;rSm... (1) v_id ;f bGŒJ +rKd Œodr;f wku d yf EJG iS hf uwdik w f w d u dk yf w JG @kd wGif xl;cGsepf mG wku d cf u kd cf o hJ nfh twGuf 1942-43 ckEpS w f iG f Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfr awmf (bDtikd af t) . ol&aJ umif;wHqyd f ('kw, d tqif)h ? 84

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

xd@ktjyif 1988 ckEpS f Edk0ifbmv 17 &ufae@wGi f rsKd;cspf&aJ bmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJŒ. e,utjzpf aqmif&uG cf ohJ nf? 1988 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 27 &ufae@ Advk cf sKyfuawmf a':cif=unfpsmye aumfrwDwiG f 'kw,d OuUÏtjzpf aqmif¶GufcJhonf? xkd@tjyif 1980 rS,ae@wdki f &Jabmfo;kH usdy0f ifrdom;pkrsm; oma&;ema&;ulnaD pmifah &Smufa&;toif;Y em,u tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&uG cf ohJ nf? 1990 jynfEh pS f 'DZifbm 3 &ufae@wiG f rsKd;cspf&aJ bmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJŒrS E_wxf uG cf ohJ nf? (2) 1942 Zefe0g&8D rS 1942 Zlvikd 2f 6 ESpt f wGi;f bDtikd af tY ppfrx _ rf;cJo h nfh twGuf ta&;awmfyw kH q H yd ?f (3) 1942 Zlvikd 2f 7 rS 1945 rwf 26 ESpt f wGi;f bD'aD tY ppfrx _ rf;cJo h nft h wGuf vGwv f yfa&;pnf;¶k;H r_wq H yd ?f (4) 1945 rwf 27 rS 1945 pufwifbm 12 ESpu f mvtwGi;f zufqpf*syefrsm;udk &Gy&f yG cf sG ecf sG eo f ufpeG @f }uKd ;yrf; wku d cf u kd af rmif; xkwcf o hJ nft h wGuf vGwaf jrmufa&;wHqyd ?f (5) 1972ckEpS f rwfv (25) &ufae@wGif jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;}uKd ;yrf;r_ aemufq;kH u¾Y ud, k u f sKd ;riJb h J wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsK;d vGwv f yfa&;twGuf oufpeG @f qHzsm;}uKd ;yrf; aqmif¶u G cf rhJ r_ sm;a=umifh Edik if aH wmfu aus;Zl;qyfjcif; txdr;f trSwt f jzpf vGwv f yfa&; armfueG ;f 0if (yxrtqif)h wHqyd ?f (6) 1980 ckEpS f ZGev f 7 &ufae@wGif Edik if aH wmftusKd ;udk OD;pD;aqmif&u G cf o hJ nfh twGuf Edik if *H % k &f nfbŒJG (yxr tqif)h ponfw@kd udk cs;D jriS chf &H onf?

oef;0if;v_di f (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

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tm%mydik af wG&ŒJ pepfwus wm0efay;jcif;cH&wJh olawG jzpfzŒkd rsm;ygw,f? pdwcf pH m;r_ t& aoG;qlwek ;f vlowfrw d ,fqw kd m jzpfavh&ydS gw,f? odŒk aomf 'Dvkd pepfwus }uKd wifppD Of aqmuf&u G w f hJ yHpk rH sKd ;awmh r[kwyf gb;l ? yxr &mZ0wfr_ jzpfpOf (t"rR om;r,m; jyKusi/fh ypPn;f ,l/ vlowfr)_ rSm yg0ifywfoufcw hJ hJ olawG&ŒJ vlrsKd ;/ bmom rwlru _ kd tom;ay; ajymqdk aoG;xd;k vH;_ aqmf pnf;&H;k +y;D t&uf/ rl;,pfaq;0g; wdu k af us;G aoG;aqmifccH &hJ wJh todynmtajccHenf; vlwcsKd Œvnf; ygaumif;ygEikd yf gw,f? 'gayr,hf pwif tpDtpOfcs/ vrf;a=umif;ay;wmuawmh tpd;k & (odŒk ) tpd;k & axmufco H l tzGŒJ tpnf; wckc&k ŒJ OD;aqmifr/_ yg0ifywfoufr_ qdw k m jzpfpOfukd avhvm&if xif&mS ;ygw,f? ck pma&;ol txufrmS ajymcJw h hJ pdwcf pH m;r_eŒJ wkeŒf jyefrq _ w kd m yxr t"rR om;r,m; jyKusi/fh ypPn;f ,l/ vlowfr_ jzpfpOf tay: wkeŒf jyefc=hJ uwJh rD', D m eJŒ trsm;jynfol vlx&k ŒJ vky&f yf/ tjrif/ wkeŒf jyefru _ kd qdv k w kd myg? tm;vH;k u em;vnfoabmaygux f m; ygvsuef ŒJ tpd;k & tuGux f u J kd vdu k yf g 0ifa&mufomG ;aejcif;u txufrmS ajymcJw h hJ vlrsKd ;/ bmom tnSmcvkwfudk xdrdawmh pdwfcHpm;r_ aemufvdkuf+yD; jyKrl aqmif&GufrdwJh trltusiafh wGukd qdv k w kd myg? rsuaf rSmufacwfvkd tifwmeuf enf;ynm/ owif; qufo, G af &;/ &kyo f H enf; ynmawG us,jfh yefŒwJah cwfrmS yxr &mZ0wfr_ owif;[m enf;ynm&JŒ tultnDeŒJ vsif vsifjrefjref us,fus,fjyefŒ jyefŒ vlawG=um;udk a&muf&SdcJhw,f? owif;tcsuftvuf pD;qif;r_ jrefqefus,fjyefŒvmwJhoabmudk bmrS tjypfajymp&mr&Sdyg? odkŒaomf pwif wifjywJh a'ocH Xmaewdik ;f &if;om;udk ud, k pf m;jyK[ef&w dS hJ rD', D m&JŒ owif;wifjyyHk eJŒ xyfqihf jzefŒa0olawG&ŒJ jyKryl akH wG[m pum;ajymp&mawG trsm;}u;D &Scd yhJ gw,f? 'g[m vuf&dS jzpfay:aewJh vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&; yÉdyuQ toGio f ¾mef rwnfr+ird jf zpfaer_&ŒJ 'kw, d vufiif;ta=umif;vnf; jzpfygw,f? 'kw, d vufiif; ta=umif;&JŒ tpjzpfwhJ t"rR om;r,m; jyKusi/fh ypPn;f ,l/ vlowfr_ jzpfpOfukd wifjywJh owif;rD', D m&JŒ usL;vGeo f al wGvŒkd pGypf cJG &H wJh olawGtay: bmom/ vlrsKd ; rwlnrD u _ kd tom;ay;azmfjywm[m usi0fh wfyikd ;f qdik &f mt& ar;cGe;f xkwf p&mawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? Xmaewdkif;&if;om;bufudk udk,fpm;jyK+yD; us,fjyefŒwJh oabmaqmifwhJ rw&m;r_awG/ &mZ0wfra_ wG &Sad evdŒk &Sad ea=umif; vltrsm; todrw S jf yKr_ &atmif yHak zmfcsi&f ifvnf; tedXm&Hk "mwfyakH wGxuf tjcm; tm;aumif;wJh tcsut f vuf awG/ tvm;wl tjzpftysuaf wG pkpnf;+y;D pHpk rf; wl;azmf owif;wifjy[ef (Investigative Report) eJŒ rD', D m/ pme,fZif; usi0fh wf odumQ &S&d w dS ifjyvdŒk &ygw,f? 'Dvkd tjzpftysuf rSww f rf;wifpmawGukd a'oqdik &f m vlxt k ajcjyK tzGŒJ tpnf;awG/ a'ocH Xmaewdik ;f &if; om; uk, d pf m;jyKygwaD wG udak y;ydŒk +y;D olwŒkd rS wqihf jynfe,f eJŒ A[dk tpd;k &udk w&m;Oya' tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

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pd;k rd;k a&;/ &yf&mG at;csr;f om,ma&; tav;ay;atmifvnf; wdu k w f eG ;f Ed;_ aqmfEikd yf gw,f? tpd;k & (odŒk ) pHpk rf;a&;aumfr&Sif (odŒk ) w&m;&H;k pwJh trsm;jynfol odp&mrvdw k hJ tzGŒJ tpnf; awGukd wifjywJt h csed rf mS om wu,hf tjzpftrSef "mwfykH taxmuftxm; (b,favmuf tajctaeqd;k qd;k / tedXm&Hk jzpfjzpf) a0a0qmqmeJŒ cdik cf ikd v f v kH kH wifjyzdŒk vd+k y;D trsm;jynfou l kd jzefŒa0wJh owif;wifqufr_rSmawmh owif;usihf0wf/ owif;aumif; *k%f&nfudk xde;f jcif;tm;jzihf vlawG&ŒJ pdwEf v S ;kH qGu J ikd v f y_ af pr,hf tedXm&Hk "mwfyakH wG/ bmom/ vlrsKd ; uGjJ ym;olcsi;f aoG;xd;k apwJh pum;vH;k / toH;k tEle;f awGukd a&Smif=uOf &rSmjzpfygw,f? ,aeŒacwfrmS tifwmeuf bavmhawG/ vlru _ eG , f ufpmrsuEf mS awG rS wqihf omrefvlwdkif;u toufarG;0rf;a=umif; ynm&yf wckjzpfwJh owif;/ rD'D,m awG&JŒ vkyif ef;wm0efawGukd 0goemt& taysmw f rf;vkyaf qmifaer_[m owif;acwfvo l m;&JŒ oabmobm0 jzpfwJh tjyif rwluGJjym;us,fjyefŒwJh tjrifawGudk xkwfazmfEdkifvdkŒ tjyKoabmtaeeJŒ }uKd q&kd rSmjzpfw,f? odŒk aomf ud, k w f ikd f pepfwus avhvmoif,x l m; jcif;r&SdwJh owif;jzefŒ jzK;jcif; bmom&yfwckudk aeŒpOf udk,fydkif pmrsufESmawGrSwqihf vkyaf qmifcsiw f ,fq&kd ifawmh owif;/ rD', D m awG a,bk,s vdu k ef m&r,hf usi0fh wfawG/ pnf;urf;awGukd avhvmzdŒk vdyk gr,f? toH;k tE_e;f eJŒ wifjyyHk tm;vH;k [m odumQ / usi0fh wftnD jzpfzŒkd vdyk gr,f? tpd;k &&JŒ tm&Hak jymif;vSnu fh u G u f kd eif;0ifae=uw,fqw kd hJ oabmu ck vltrsm;pk rdrd&JŒ tGefvdkif; udk,fydkifpmrsufESmawGay:rS &mZ0wfr_owif;udk wifjyyHk/ jzefŒa0yHk owif;usi0fh wfeŒJ rnDjzpfaewmudk t"du qdv k w kd mjzpf+y;D &mZ0wfr_ owif;udk vlrsKd ;/ bmom uGjJ ym;r_ tom;ay; azmfjyajymqdu k m tpd;k &t}uKd uf vlrsKd ;/ bmom rke;f wD;a&;awG jzpfay:apzdŒk (rodvŒkd yJ jzpfap/ r&nf&, G yf eJ ŒJ jzpfap) tifwu dk t f m;wdu k f ulnaD eovdjk zpfae ygw,f? 'Doabm[m ckvwfwavm jzpfcw hJ hJ &mZ0wfr_ ESpcf k vH;k udk vltrsm;pk (bufEpS f bufv;kH ) wHŒk jyefyrkH mS tusKH ;0ifygw,f? owif;jzpfpOfwckukd wifjy&if yg0ifywfoufo&l ŒJ bmom/ vlrsKd ;[m b,fvkd ta=umif;rsKd ;eJŒrS azmfjyp&mrvdyk g? Oyrm - r=umcifu jzpfcw hJ hJ vlrsKd ;om;/ bmomjcm; jzpf[efww l hJ tpd;k &0efxrf; rD;&xm; pufacgi;f armif;olwOD; oufpeG Œf qHzsm; c&D;onf&ŒJ toufukd u,fcw hJ hJ owif;rSm ol&ŒJ vlrsKd ; eJŒ bmomudk t"du tom;ay; azmfjyp&m rvdyk g? 'gu aumif;wJh vkyaf qmifr_ jzpfvŒkd rdrd vlŒtzGŒJ tpnf;rSm vlenf;pk jzpfaewJh tkypf u k kd txifjrifrmS ;/ trke;f oHo,awG &Sad evdŒk ajzavsmah pcsiw f hJ oabmeJŒ vlrsKd ;/ bmom udk azmfjywmqd&k ifvnf; 'kw, d OD;pm;ay; taeeJŒ owif;aemufu, G rf S rodrom ynmygygeŒJ azmfjy&rSm jzpfygw,f? &mZ0wfr_ vdk owif;rSm bmom/ vlrsdK; udkxnhfjcif;uawmh bmta=umif;jycsuef ŒJ rS (b,fvekd nf;eJŒrS) rjzpfoihw f hJ udpyP g? &mZ0wfr_ jzpfw,f? usL;vGef 116

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a=umif; oHo, jzpfc&H wJh olawG tzrf;cHxm;&w,f? olwŒkd udk w&m;&H;k rSm w&m;Oya' eJŒ tnD tjypf &Sd r&Sd pHpk rf;azmfxw k rf ,f? tjypf&&dS if jypfre_ ŒJ xdu k w f efwhJ jypf'%fukd uscaH pr,f? w&m;&H;k vkyif ef;pOfwavsmuf w&m;/ Oya'eJŒ nDrnD/ t*wd uif;ruif;/ w&m;rSswr_ &Srd &Sd oufqikd &f m a'ou vlrt _ zGŒJ tpnf;awG eJŒ owif;/ rD', D mu apmih=f unhrf ,f? w&m;&H;k &JŒ vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G yf kH (odŒk ) aemufq;kH w&m;pD&ifcsuu f wckck csw G af csm&f if bma=umihfjzpf&w,f/ b,fvdkawmh vkyfaqmifoihfw,f pwJh ar;cGef;xkwfr_awG/ qENoabmxm; awmif;qdrk _ awGukd t&yfzufvŒl tzGŒJ tpnf;awG eJŒ owif;/ rD', D mu vkyaf qmifr,f? 'g[m &d;k &Si;f wJh w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k wJh vlŒabmif tzGŒJ tpnf;rSm jzpf&r,hf jzpfpOf eJŒ vkyif ef;oabmawGyg? &mZ0wfre_ ŒJ roufqikd w f hJ usL;vGeo f l eJŒ usL;vGecf &H olawG&ŒJ bmom/ vlrsKd ;uGjJ ym;r_ udk xnhpf &m ta=umif;r&Syd g? w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k wJh wdik ;f jynfawGrmS vnf; bmom/ vlrsKd ; uGjJ ym;olawG=um; jzpfwhJ &mZ0wftr_tcif;awGrmS rvdv k m;tyfwhJ ya,m*awG uyfygavh&ydS gw,f? yxr &mZ0wfr_ jzpfjzpfcsi;f tusL;vGecf &H ol&ŒJ rdom;pk0ifu w&m;Oya'&JŒ tqH;k tjzwfukd rapmihEf ikd b f J pdwcf pH m;r_eŒJ ud, k w f ikd f vufpm;acs jcif;jzihf jyefvnf ('kw, d ) &mZ0wfusL;vGerf w d mawG &Sad vh&ydS gw,f? 'Dvkd tajctae[m rwlujJG ym;wJh vltyk pf k ESpcf k t=um;rSm trke;f awG/ oHo, awG wd;k yGm;vmap+y;D vGwv f yfwhJ w&m;pD&ifr_ udk xdcu kd af pwwfygw,f? 'Dvkd oabmawGukd Zmwftrd jf yKxm;wJh A Time To Kill (1996) &ky&f iS f udk avhvm=unhyf g? 'D&yk &f iS rf mS w&m;&k;kH &JŒ aemufq;kH qH;k jzpfcsurf mS r_cif; wckv;kH &JŒ jzpfpOf/ aemufcH eJŒ oabmudk jcKH io kH ;kH oyf+y;D pdwcf pH m;r_t& jyefvnf jypfr_ usL;vGeo f &l ŒJ vkyaf qmifcsuu f kd tjypfr&Sad =umif; qH;k jzwfcw hJ ,f? 'Dvkd pdwu f ;l ,Of Zmwfvrf;wckuakd wmif vlxq l D xkwv f yk jf zefŒcsw D t hJ cg w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k r_ udx k yd g;apwJh tjiif;yGm;zG,&f m udpjP zpfwhJ twGuf a0zefo;kH oyfra_ wG trsm;}uD; jzpfcJhw,f? wcsdKŒ EdkifiHawGrSm 'D&kyf&SifjyowJhtcg 'Dvdk w&m;Oya'rJh ud, k yf ikd w f &m;pD&ifr_ t& vlowfciG fh &S&d ŒJ vm; qdw k hJ ar;cGe;f oabm ay:vGiaf tmif Zmwfum; trnfrmS ar;cGe;f (Query) oauFw xnhaf pw,f? ,xmblwusus/ "rR"Xd ge&f &dS dS qifjcifo;kH oyf&if ud, k yf ikd w f &m;pD&ifr_ oabm[m ,Ofaus;wJh vlŒtzGŒJ tpnf;rSm wOD;csi;f yk*v ~ u d taeeJŒ a=uuGzJ , G jf zpf&yf wcsKd ŒrSm jzpfaumif;jzpfEikd v f Œkd jypfrw _ csKd Œ jzpfvmwmudk em;vnfvufcaH y;Edik af umif;ay;Edik af yr,hf trsm;pk oabmudak wmh =uyf=uyfrwfrwfeŒJ umuG,f wm;qD;&rSm jzpfygw,f? txufrSm wifjycJhovdk vuf&Sdjzpfay:aewJh vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&; toGif wif;rmaer_awG&ŒJ t"du vufiif;ta=umif; tpd;k & &JŒ tm&Hv k J$ aoG;xd;k r_ tay: vlawGu tvdu k o f ihf tpd;k &t}uKd uf rwkeŒf jyefrzd Œkd vdyk gw,f? bmom/ vlrsKd ; uGjJ ym;r_ukd cGjJ cm;csipf w d f tygt0if tjcm; a&S;&dk;pGJ usOf;ajrmif;wJh t,l0g'/ tawG;tac:awGudk wOD;csif;udk tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

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vufrcHwhJ pdwef ŒJ wGe;f vSezf ,f&mS ;&if; pHjyaexdik f ajymqd/k jyKr/l usi=fh u/H awG;ac: zdŒk vdyk gw,f? txl;ojzihf rdrd ajymqdk oH;k E_e;f wJh pum;vH;k eJŒ jzefŒa0wJh owif; wifjyyHu k tjcm; vlrsKd ;/ bmom tkypf w k ckcu k kd txiftjrifvrJG mS ;apwmrsKd ; rjzpfatmif vH;k 0a&Smif=uOf &ygr,f? vuf&dS ArmhvŒl tzGŒJ tpnf; (ynmt&nftcsi;f / vuf&adS exdik w f hJ Edik if H roufqikd )f rS ArmawG tGe;f vdik ;f rSm oH;k E_e;f ajymqdw k hJ toH;k tE_e;f eJŒ vkyaf qmifaewJh tjyKtrl trsm;pk vlom;usi0fh wfyikd ;f qdik &f m t& =unhrf ,fq&kd if tifrwef tm;enf;aeygw,f? yxrqH;k taeeJŒawmh ,Ofaus;wJh vlŒtzGŒJ tpnf;u rSm vlawG pHEe_ ;f taeeJŒ b,fvkd t&mawGukd trSev f Œkd owfrw S x f m;w,f/ b,fvt kd &mawGuakd wmh trSm;vdŒk cH,w l ,f/ b,fvkd tjyKtrl/ tajymtqdkuawmhjzihf usihf0wfeJŒ rnDbl;/ &Sufp&maumif;w,f tp&SdwJh vlyDowJh tawG;tac:/ taetxdik /f toH;k tE_e;f awGukd avhvm+y;D trSew f u,f usi=fh uaH exdik f &ygr,f? rdr&d ŒJ vlusi0fh wf/ vlŒodumQ eJŒ tnD jyKr/l usi=fh u/H ajymqdk vlyo D pGm aexdik w f wfru _ kd *k%, f w l wf&ygr,f? ArmyDozdŒk / w&kwyf o D zdŒk / tdE, dN yDozdŒk xuf vlyo D zdŒk u ta&;}u;D w,f qdw k mudk em;vnfvufc&H ygr,f? 'Dae&mrSm vltrsm; odap/ =um;apEdik w f hJ ae&mawGrmS oH;k E_e;f wJh tac:ta0: oH;k pGrJ a_ wG&ŒJ twdrt f euf/ tusKd ;tjypf udk odem;vnf+y;D vlŒusi0fh wfeŒJ tnD ajymqdk wwf&ygr,f? Oyrm - ck jzpfcw hJ hJ &cdik f vlowfro _ wif;udk tpd;k & rD', D m tygt0if rD', D m wcsdKŒeJŒ vltrsm;pku towfcH&olawGudk "ukvm;" qdkwJh toHk;tE_ef; oHk;aewm awGŒ&w,f? jynfy tajcpdu k /f txl;ojzihf taemuf Edik if H a&muf Arm rD', D m awGu rlqvif vlrsKd ;vdŒk ac:a0:oH;k pGw J ,f? 'gukd wcsKd Œu odyrf auseyfwhJ oabmeJŒ ceJŒwJw h hJ ajymwmawGvnf; zwf&w,f? ceJŒ olawGxrJ mS twef;ynmwwfvŒkd ac:qdEk ikd o f al wG ygwmawGŒ&awmh vuf&dS ArmhvŒl tzGŒJ tpnf;&JŒ usi0fh wfyikd ;f qdik &f mtm;enf;aer_ukd ydrk kd odomxif&mS ;apw,f? "ukvm;" qdw k hJ a0g[m& u vltrsm;udk oufa&mufr&_ w dS hJ owif;a&;wm/ zwfwm/ a=unmwmvdk ae&mrsKd ;rSm usi0fh wfyikd ;f qdik &f m xde;f odr;f jcif;tm;jzihf roH;k &yg? oH;k vdŒk &S&d if Pejorative (&iho f ;D ovd)k jzpfvŒkd yg? 'grsKd ; vlrsKd ;pk (odŒk ) vltyk pf k wpkukd xdcu kd f aeEdik af pwJh toH;k tE_e;f awGukd a&Smif=unfo;kH pGjJ cif;udk t*Fvyd v f kd Political Correctness (PR) jzpfatmif oHk;jcif;vdkŒ ac:qdkygw,f? PR qdkwm EdkifiHa&;tm;jzihf rSefuefr_ vdkŒ wdu k &f u kd o f abm bmomjyefvŒkd r&yg? xdo k Œkd jyef+yD; vl+ydef;awG;eJŒ EdkifiHjcm;om;awGqDu axmufyahH iGawG ,laevdŒk olwŒkd auseyfatmif/ wenf;tm;jzihf Edik if aH &; rSeu f efr_ oabmeJŒ jynfy owif;XmeawGu roH;k pGjJ cif; r[kwyf g? owif; tzGŒJ tpnf;rSm &S&d r,hf usi0fh wf a=umihf roHk;pGJjcif;yg? owif; Xme awGomru vlŒusihf0wf odwJh/ &SdwJh wOD;csif; 118

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"a&SŒaersm;uGef,uf". Oya'a&;&maqG;aEG;yGJwGif 88rsKd;qufausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkudk}uD; zwf}um;onfh pmwrf;

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tqr&Sd }u;D rm;ae+y;D Edik if o H m;rsm;. tcef; u¾rSm arS;rSed af ysmufu, G cf &hJ onf? ,ae@ acwfopfv@l tzGŒJ tpnf;wGif 'Dru kd &ufwpfv@l tzGŒJ tpnf;onf wpfpwpfp us,jf yef@ }u;D xGm;vmae+yjD zpfonf? 'Dru kd &ufwpfv@l tzGŒJ tpnf;wGif Edik if o H m;rsm;.tcef; u¾onf tajccH r¾dKifjzpfonf? EdkifiHom;rsm;.tcef;u¾}uD;rm;ta&;ygvmjcif;/ Ekid if o H m;rsm;. *k%o f u d mQ jrifrh m;vmjcif;onf Edik if aH wmf. *k%o f u d mQ jriS w hf ifjcif;yifjzpf H m;tcGit fh a&;rsm;udk onf? Edik if o H m;rsm;. tcef;u¾udk ypfy,fonfh tpd;k &rsm;/ Edik if o ydwyf ifniS ;f yef;onfh tpd;k &rsm;udk Ekid if w H um rdom;pkrsm;u a0zefjypfwifjcif;/ ta&;,lyw d f qd@k jcif;rsm;onfvnf; txift&Sm;yifjzpfonf? Edik if aH wmf. yH&k yd f xdcu kd ef rd u hf sjcif;onf Edik if aH wmf. *k%o f u d mQ udk xdcu kd af pjcif; vnf; jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh Edik if o H m;rsm;. *k%o f u d mQ udk xde;f odr;f jcif;jzifo h m Edik if aH wmf. *k%o f u d mQ udk jriS w hf ifEikd af yrnf? w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k a&;onf Edik if aH wmfEiS hf Edik if o H m;rsm;. *k%o f u d mQ jrifrh m;a&; twGuf tajccH tkwjf rpfjzpfonf? w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; qdo k nfrmS vlwpfO;D wpfa,muf/ tzGŒJ tpnf;wpfc. k pd;k rd;k tkycf sKyjf cif;ESihf vH;k 0qef@usijf cm;em;onf? w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k onfh tajctaewGif vly*k Kd~ vf tzGŒJ tpnf; tm;vH;k onf w&m;Oya'a&SŒarSmufwiG f wef;wlom jzpfonf? w&m;Oya't& owfrw S x f m;onfh tcGit hf a&;/ wm0ef/ vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm;twdik ;f om usifhoHk;aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH wpfEdkifiHwGif w&m;Oya'onf EdkifiHom;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHEdkif&ef Edik if o H m;rsm;. tusKd ;udk a&SŒ¶_ jyÏmef;&rnfjzpfonf? wnfqOJ ya'rsm;onf Edik if o H m;rsm; bufrS &yfwnfoavm/ tkycf sKyo f l rsm;bufrS &yfwnfoavm jyefvnfqef;ppf a0zef&ef ta&;w}u;D vdt k yfae+yjD zpfonf? txl;ojzifh Edik if aH wmf ESihf Edik if o H m;rsm;. *k%o f u d mQ udk xd c d k u f n S d K ;EG r f ; apaom Oya'rsm;ud k jyef v S e f o H k ; oyf I jyKjyif y ,f z suf a y;yg&ef wifjyawmif;qdk&rnfhtcsdefvnf;jzpfonf? odk@jzpfygI EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHom;rsm;. *k%o f u d mQ udk xdcu kd n f KdS ;EGr;f apaom Oya'tcsKd Œudk wifjy aqG;aEG;oGm;ygrnf? 1? (1907)ckESpf aus;&GmESifh+rdKŒ jy tufOya'yg {nfph m&if;wkid =f um;jcif; TOya'udk xkwjf yefjyÏmef;cJah om tpd;k &onf +Aw d o d sS uv kd ekd eD ,fcsŒJ tpd;k &jzpfonf? oufwrf; tm;jzifh (105)ESpf &Scd +hJ yjD zpfonf? (1885)ckEpS f jrefrmbk&if oDaygrif;tpd;k &udk zrf;qD; useG jf yK+y;D aemufyikd ;f jrefrmrsKd ;csprf sm;. vufeufuikd yf ek u f efru _ kd "g;jyr_/ vk,ufr/_ aomif;use;f r_rsm;tjzpf csKd ;ESrd f pGypf +JG y;D jyif;jyif;xefxef ESrd ef if;cJo h nfh umvvnf;jzpfonf? (1904)ckEpS /f &k&mS ; - *syef ppfyw JG iG f *syefu tEdik &f cJ+h y;D jrefrmrsKd ;csprf sm;t=um; tm&Som;rsm; . atmifyt JG jzpf trsKd ;om;a&;pdw"f gwrf sm; pwif Ed;k =um;vmonfh umvvnf;jzpfonf? xk@d a=umifv h nf; tkypf ;kd oltpd;k &. vHjk cKH a&;vdt k yfcsut f & udv k ekd ED ikd if o H m;rsm;. c&D;oGm;vm tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

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cGiu hf kd xde;f csKy&f ef TOya'wGif xnfo h iG ;f jyÏmef;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? TOya' tESpfwpf&mausmfvmonfhtcsdefxd qufvufusifhoHk;aejcif;udk tav;teuf jyefvnfoHk;oyf=u&ayawmhrnf? jrefrmEdkifiHom;wpfa,muftaejzifh Edik if u H ;l vufrw S jf zifh xGucf mG onft h cg jynfyEdik if rH sm;wGif {nfph m&if;wdik =f um;&jcif;r&Sb d J rdrdEdkifiHwGif; c&D;oGm; vnfywfonfhtcg {nfhpm&if;wdkif=um;&rnfqdkonfh tcsufudk E_id ;f ,SOo f ;kH oyf&efvt kd yfayvdrrhf nf? Edik if o H m;tm;vH;k oef;aygi;f (60)cef@onf jypfru _ sL;vGef Edik zf , G &f o dS nfh oHo,jzifh apmif=h unfch &H olrsm; (suspected) tjzpf owfrw S cf &H onfh oabm jzpf o nf ? {nf h o nf t jzpf oG m ;a&muf v nf y wf o nf h wnf ; cd k o nf h {nf h o nf r sm;onf v nf ; aumif ; / vuf c H c G i f h j yKonf h td r f & S i f r sm;onf v nf ; aumif ; / Edik if o H m;tm;vH;k onf ,H=k unfpw d cf sz, G &f mr&So d nfh jypfrw _ pfpw kH pf&m usL;vGeEf ikd zf , G &f dS onfo h rl sm;tjzpf owfrw S cf &H jcif; jzpfonf? &Hzef&cH gjzpfay:wwfonfh AH;k uGrJ w _ pfcsKŒd &Scd jhJ cif; twGuf Edik if o H m;oef;(60)u 0efxw k 0f efy;kd wpfct k jzpf vdu k ef mae=u&jcif; jzpfonf? {nfhpm&if;Oya'a=umifhvnf; ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;udk umuG,f Edkifjcif;r&Sdyg? EdkifiHwGif; t*wdvu kd pf m;r_/ jcpm;r_rsm;a=umifh trSew f u,f usL;vGerf nfo h rl sm;twGurf l ,if;Oya'udk ausmv f m$ ;Edik o f nfh tajctaersm; &Sad e+y;D jzpfygonf? wpfEikd if v H ;kH twdik ;f twmjzifh =unfv h sS if ,if;Oya'a=umifh pm&Gupf mwrf;/ tcsed /f vkyt f m;qH;k ¶_;H r_rsm;onf Edik if aH wmftwGuf avvGihf jyKe;f wD;r_rsm;yifjzpfonf? tqd;k 0g;qH;k rSm jrefrmEkid if o H m;rsm;taejzifh ¶H;k jyifuem;qdv k sS if txdwx f w d f tvef@vef@jzifh pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m odrif ,fr/_ *k%o f u d mQ qdik &f m xdcu kd rf y_ ifjzpf onf? rl&if;aus;&GmESi+hf rKd Œ jytufOya'yg +rKd Œ jytufOya'yk'rf (4)wGif "TOya'tm%m oufa&muf &rnf+h rKd Œrsm;udk Edik if aH wmforRwrS trde@f a=umfjimpmxkwjf yefI owfrw S Ef ikd f onf" [k oD;jcm;jyÏmef;xm; onfukd awGŒ&S&d ygonf? qdv k o kd nfrmS tpd;k &. vHjk cKH a&;vdt k yf csuaf =umifh xkwjf yefaom tufOya' wGiyf ifvsS if wpfeikd if v H ;kH twGu&f nf&, G jf cif;r[kwb f J TOya'usio hf ;kH &ef vkt d yfrnfh umvtavsmuf vdt k yfrnf+h rKd Œrsm;udo k m owfrw S u f sio hf ;kH &rnf[k txift&Sm; jyÏmef;xm;onfukd owdjyK&efvakd y vdrrhf nf? rl&if;jyÏmef;usiŒf oH;k cJŒonfh wdik ;f wyg;tpd;k &yifvsS if 4if;.vHjk cKH a&;twGuf pd;k &dr&f onfh +rKd Œrsm;rSty tjcm;jynfol ( edik if o H m;rsm;) tm;vH;k twGuf 0efxw k 0f efy;kd rjzpfap&ef *&kwpdu k f owfrw S f jyÏmef;rnf[k qdv dk o dk nf? od@k aomf vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D eSpaf ygi;f ( 60 ) cef@ =umcJo h nft h csed w f iG f ekid if H e,ferd w d t f wGi;f umv/ a'o ra&G; oufa&mufaeonfukd awGŒ&onf? w&m;Oya'qko d nfrmS rjyÏmef;rD Oya'csKd ;azmufol r&Sb d /J jyÏmef;vdu k o f nfh tcsed w f iG rf S Oya'csKd ;azmuforl sm;tjzpf a&muf&o dS mG ;&jcif;jzpfonf? jyÏmef;&efrvdt k yfonfh Oya'rsm;/ vdu k ef m&efrvG,u f o l nfh Oya'rsm;udk jyÏmef;vdu k jf cif;onf ekid if o H m;rsm;tm; 124

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Oya'csKd ;azmuforl sm;tjzpf wGe;f yd@k vdu k o f nfo h abmvnf; jzpfonf? ekid if o H m;rsm;.*k%o f d uQmudx k yd g;apjcif;vnf;jzpfonf? txufygOya'. aus;&Gmtuf Oya'yk'rf (15) yd'k cf (JG 2) wGif {nfph m&if;wdik x f m; onfh {nfo h nfjyefomG ;vSsif tdr&f iS u f owif;yd@k wkid =f um;&rnf[k qufvufjyÏmef;xm; onfudk awGŒ&Sd&onf? odk@aomf rnfonfhtdrf&SifurS {nfhonf jyefoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; owif;ydk@wdkif=um;avhr&Sday? qdkvdkonfrSm edkifiHom;tm;vHk;taejzifh odvSsuf jzpfap/ rodIjzpfap ,if;Oya'udk csKd ;azmufrv d sS uo f m; jzpfaeayonf? xk@d a=umifh (1907)ckepS f aus;&Gm eSi+hf rKd Œ jy tufOya'yg {nfph m&if; wkid =f um;&jcif; Oya'onf ekid if o H m;tm;vH;k tm; oHo, jzpfzG,f/ r,Hk=unf&onfholrsm;(suspected) tjzpf *k%foduQmxdyg;ap+yD; Oya'csKd ;azmuforl sm;tjzpf wGe;f yd@k aeonfu f kd 0rf;enf;zG,&f m awGŒ&S&d ygonf? 2? (1950)ckESpf ta&;ay:pDrHr_ tufOya' TOya'udk jyÏmef;onfu h mvonf (1948) ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D p a&mifpv kH uf eufuikd f ykeu f efrr_ sm;a=umifh &efuek t f pd;k &[lIyif ac:a0:orkwcf &H onfh umv(ta&;ay: tajctae jzpfay: aeonfu h mv) jzpfonf? trSepf ifppf TOya'yg jyÏmef;csurf sm;onf omreftajctae ( w&m;Oya' pd;k rk;d aeonfh tajctae) wGif jypfrq _ ikd &f mOya'rsm;jzifh ta&;,laqmif&u G ef idk o f nfh jypfrr_ sm;yif jzpfonf? od@k aomf ,if;umvu wnfqt J pd;k & taejzifh w&m;Oya'qdik &f m yHrk eS v f yk x f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;udk tcsed , f l usio hf ;kH edik o f nft h ajctae r&Sjd cif;a=umifh ta&;ay:pDrrH t _ ufOya' udk ta&;w}u;D jyÏmef; usio hf ;kH &jcif; jzpfonf? edik if aH wmfwpf0ef;vH;k onf ta&;ay:tajctaeatmufwiG w f nf&adS eonf/ yHrk eS t f ajctae ysujf ym;aeonf[k qdv k o kd nf? acwftqufquf tpd;k &rsm;taejzifh ,if;Oya'udk zsuo f rd ;f jcif;/ qdik ;f iHjh cif;r&Sb d J tpOf wpdu k f usio hf ;kH cJo h nfrmS eSpaf ygi;f (60) ausmcf ahJ y+y?D wd;k wufvmonfrmS rl&if;Oya' t& tjrifq h ;kH jypf'%f(7)eSpf tpm; (1988) ppftm%modr;f +y;D aemuf teSpf (20)/ wpfouf wpfusGef;jypf'%ftjzpf wdk;jrSifhjyÏmef;jcif;yifjzpfonf? edkifiHwumrdom;pktv,fwGif jrefrmedik if aH wmfonf yHrk eS t f ajctae r&So d nfeh ikd if /H ta&;ay:tajctae jyÏmef;xm;&onfh edik if t H jzpf ekid if aH wmf. *k%o f u d mQ udk t}u;D tus,f xdcu kd af paom Oya'yifjzpfonf? 3? (2008) ckEpS zf ŒG pJ nf;yHt k ajccHOya' jyifqifjcif; tcef; (12) zG Œ J p nf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'qd k o nf r S m ed k i f i H a wmf . tjrif h q H k ; Oya'jzpf o nf ? S cf surf sm;onf zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'yg jyÏmef;csurf sm;/ edik if o H m;rsm;. tcef;u¾owfrw ekid if aH wmfeiS hf ekid if o H m;rsm;. tqift h wef; *k%o f u d mQ udk xif[yf azmfjyjcif;vnf;jzpfonf? zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'yg tcsuv f ufrsm;wGif tjiif;yGm;zG,&f m vufrcHeidk o f nfrsm; yg0ifaejcif;/ a&;qGJpOf oabmwlnDr_r&I csefvSyfxm;cJh&jcif;rsm; jzpfay:avh&Sdygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(12)

125

126

ajymif;vJvmaom vlra_ &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ edik if aH &;vdt k yfcsurf sm;t& zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk jyifqifjcif;/ topfjyÏmef;jcif;/ y,fzsufjcif;/ jznfhpGufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfedkif&eftwGuf zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'jyifqifjcif;udk tcef;wpfcef; oD;oef@a&;qGJ jyÏmef;&ygonf? edik if aH wmfukd xdcdkufemusifr_ enf;ekdiforSs enf;vrf;jzifh jyKjyif ajymif;vJ&mwGif ta&;}uD;vSojzifh a&aEG;aiGŒAdKG iv f mtd;k twGi;f zdtm;rsm;vGe;f onft h cg ayguu f rJG _ rjzpfap&ef toH;k jyKonfh vHjk cKH a&;tqd@k &Sif (safety valve) tjzpfvnf; wifpm;oH;k E_e;f avh&ydS gonf? wif;usyv f eG ;f vSsif ayguu f x JG u G ef ikd o f nfh tE &W m,frmS tcsed rf a&G;jzpfay:vmedik af yonf? vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D jrefrmedik if w H iG f ,ckcsed x f d zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' oH;k ck ay:ayguf cJh+yD; jzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_umvwGif trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;u vGwv f yfcgp jrefrmedik if aH wmfukd ygwpD kH 'Dru kd a&pDpepf/ v$waf wmfepS &f yfpepfukd tajccHI (1947) zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk a&;qGcJ =hJ u onf? 1947 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'jyifqif jcif;/ tcef;(11)/ yk'rf (209)/ tyd'k cf JG (3)wGif v$waf wmf eSp&f yf&dS trwfrsm;. oH;k yHEk pS yf kH atmufravsmah om trwfrsm; (67 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ) u twnfjyKvsS i²f ²[k jyÏmef;xm;jcif;a=umifh ekid if o H m;rsm;. tvkq d ENeiS t hf nD zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk jyifqifeikd &f ef oifw h ifah vSsmuf ywfonfh tcGiahf &;&So d nfukd awGŒ&ygonf? od@k aomf (1962) ckepS /f ppfwyfrS ekid if aH wmf tm%modr;f ydu k rf a_ =umif(h 1947) ckEpS f tajccHOya'rSm ysujf ym;oGm;cJ&h +y;D zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya't& zGŒJ pnf;wnfaxmifxm;aom jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &tzGŒJ / wnfqv J w $ af wmfEpS &f yfEiS hf edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; toif;zGŒJ rsm;tm;vH;k udk zsuo f rd ;f +y;D wpfygwpD epf/ v$waf wmfwpf&yfpepfukd tajccHonfh (1974) zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk twnfjyKjyÏmef;cJo h nf? ,if;Oya' jyifqifjcif; tcef;(15)/ yk'rf (194)wGif tyd'k cf JG (u)yg yk'rf rsm;udk jynfo@l v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f m;vH;k . (75) &mckid Ef e_ ;f oabmwlncD suf &,l+y;D jynfo@l qENc, H yl u JG si;f yI xuf0ufausmf axmufcHr_jzifh jyifqif&rnf[lI jyÏmef;xm;ayonf? 1988 umv/ edkifiHom;rsm;. jyKjyifajymif;vJvdkaomqENt& edkifiHawmfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJedkif&ef cufcJwif;usyfonfh zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya' jyifqifjcif;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;a=umifh tHk=uGaygufuGJ+yD; 1974 tajccHOya'udk zsuo f rd ;f um ppfwyfrS tm%modr;f ,lrx _ yfrjH zpfymG ;cJ&h ayonf? +y;D cJo h nfh ,if;zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' ESp&f yfpvH;k . v$waf wmfrsm;rSm edik if o H m;rsm;rS wdu dk &f u kd f a&G;cs,f wifajrmS ufaom v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f (100) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f jzifh zGŒJ pnf;xm; onfh v$waf wmf rsm;jzpf+y;D 2008 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya't&rl Edik if o H m;rsm;rS wdu k &f u dk f a&G;cs,f wifajrmS uf vdu k af om v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f ta&twGuo f nf v$waf wmfEpS &f yf pvH;k . (75) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f om&So d nf?f 2008 zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'jyifqifjcif;/ tcef; 12/ yk'rf 436/ tyd'k cf JG (u)wGif jynfaxmifpk v$wfawmf 75 &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfu jyifqif&ef oabmwlvufcH+yD;aemuf 126

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jynfv;kH usw G q f ENc, H yl u JG si;f yI qENraJ y;ydik cf iG &hf o Sd l tm;vH;k . xuf0ufausmq f ENrjJ zifo h m jyifqif&rnf[k jyÏmef;xm;ayonf? 1974 tajccHOya'wGif a&G;aumufcu H , kd pf m;vS,t f m;vH;k . 75 &mcdifk Ef e_ ;f ausm[ f k jyÏmef; xm;+y;D ,ck 2008 zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'yg 75 &mckid Ef e_ ;f qdo k nfrmS a&G;aumufcH ud, k pf m;vS,f 100 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f (&mE_e;f jynf)h u jyifqifvo dk nfw h ikd f jyifqifciG rhf &S[ d k t"dyg` ,f oufa&mufayonf? edkifiHom;rJqEN&Sifrsm;. qEN/ *k%foduQmudk xdyg;ndSK;EGrf;aponfh oabmudk aqmifaeayonf? zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'yg tcsuv f uf tao;pdwrf sm;ESihf yufoufI raqG;aEG; vdak o;onfw h ikd f acwfumvtvku d f ajymif;vJaeaom edik if o H m;rsm;. vkt d yfcsuef iS t hf nD jyKjyifajymif;vJedkifa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif edkifiHom;rsm;. tcef;u¾/ *k%o f u d mQ arS;rSed f xdcu kd af ejcif;yif jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh 2008 zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya' tcef; 1/ yk'rf 4 yg "edik if aH wmf. tcsKyt f jcm tm%monf edik if o H m;rsm; xHrq S if;oufjy;D edik if aH wmfwpf0ef;f vH;k Ywnfonf" [laomjyÏmef;csuf ppfreS pf mG touf0if cef@jim;vmap&ef edik if w H umrdom;pk tv,fY edik if aH wmf. *k%o f u d mQ udk jyefvnfjriS w hf ifeifkd af p&ef ekid if o H m;rsm;. tcef;u¾/ *k%foduQm jrifhrm;vmap&efrSm w&m;rSswaomOya'rsm; &SifoefxGef;um; vm&ef vdt k yfonf? ,ckwifjyaqG;aEG;cJo h nfrsm;rSm edik if aH wmf/ ekid if o H m;rsm;. *k%o f u d mQ eSi@f wdu k &f u kd f qufpyfaeonfh Oya'tcsKd Œudk aumufEw _ af z:jycJjh cif;jzpfygonf? w&m;Oya'udk tkycf sKyaf &; tzGŒJ pnf;rsm; pdw}f uKd uf vdo k vdk t"dyg` ,zf iG q hf t kd oH;k csaeonf/h toH;k cseikd o f nfh Oya'rsm;udk vnf; qufvuf aqG;aEG;Edik =f u&ef vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;onf ekdifiHawmfESifh ekdifiHom;rsm;. *k%foduQmtwGuf tajccHtw k jf rpf jzpfonft h m;avSsmpf mG Oya'a&SŒarSmufwiG f edik if o H m;wdik ;f wef;wljzpfygonf? Oya'txufwiG f rnforl sS r&Sad p&yg? udu k =kd uD; 88 rsdK;qufausmif;om;rsm; (2012 ckEpS /f ZGev f / 1&uf/ nae (3)em&D awmf0ifEiS ;f qD wGif jyKvkyaf om "a&SŒaersm;uGe, f uf". Oya'a&;&maqG;aEG;yGw J iG f 88rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udu k }kd uD; zwf=um;onf?)

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128

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q&matmifoif; pm&dwWowWd (odk@r[kwf) pdwf"gwfowWdudk arG;jrLysKd;axmifzdk@ cufw,fvdk@ Adv k cf sKy}f u;D qvif;u ajymcJzh ;l ygw,f? cufayrJh rjzpfEikd w f mawmh r[kwyf gb;l ? tJ'gukd wpfxpfcs ajymEdik yf gw,f? igu, kd w f ikd f owdjyKrw d mav;awGukd ajymjycsiyf gw,f? igw@kd wdik ;f jynfrmS awmhjzihf tJ'pD m&dwo W wWu d kd tay;Edik q f ;kH [m Ak'<bmomvdk@yJ xifryd gw,f? 'Dvq kd v kd u kd af wmh wjcm;bmoma&;awGu ray;Edik b f ;l vd@k qdv k w kd mr[kwyf gb;l ? igt h aeeJ@ awGŒ&jrif&wmavmufuo kd m ajymjywmyg? Oyrmwpfckudk ajymjyvdkufcsifygw,f? rif;wdk@wpfawG OD;*dktifum qdkwmudk =um;zl;=uygvrd rfh ,f? ol@udk Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u omoemh tusK;d awmfaqmif vly*k Kd~ v}f u;D tjzpf bGŒJ xl;*k%x f ;l awG cs;D jriS cfh yhJ gao;w,f? r*~Zif;wpfapmifrmS ol@ta=umif; enf;enf;zwf vdu k zf ;l wmxJu ajymjycsiyf gw,f? ol[m Ak'b < mom 0dy\emtvkyu f kd tav;teuf tm;xkwcf yhJ gw,f? w&m; bufrmS tvGeu f kd arG@avsmo f mG ;ygw,f? tvky&f kH puf&akH wGukd jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f vdu k af wmh olyikd yf pPn;f vkyif ef; ode;f 90 zd;k avmuf todr;f cHvu kd &f ygw,f? 'gayrJh ol@rSm bmrS wkev f y_ f acsmufcsm;jcif; rjzpfvdkufwJhtjyif tpdk;&tay:rSawmif trsufrxGuf/ arwWmrysuf aeEdik yf gw,fv@kd a&;xm;ygw,f? tJ'grsK;d [m awmf&w kH ef&kH pdw"f gwrf S r[kwyf gyu J vm;? tJ'g[m w&m;awmf&ŒJ aus;Zl;ygyv J @kd 0efccH yhJ gw,f? 'Dae&mrSm owdjyKvu kd rf zd @kd aumif;wm wpfcsuu f awmh wyfrufr_ avmbudk xde;f odr;f vdu k w f ma=umihf ylyefra_ ysmufomG ;jcif; jzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuyf gy?J wpfqufwnf; 128

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pm}unfhwdkuf ynm&Sif}uD;rsm; ta}umif;

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(&efukef wuUodkvf pm=unhfwkduf) wuUodkvfrsm; A[kd pm=unhfwdkufr_; a'gufwmOD;aomfaumif;

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Web Site

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tvi tviff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef POST 169-0075 TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10 303,HIGARI BLD TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178 Japan. TEL 080-5070-0080 090-1842-9888 090-6528-9292 090-8486-2161 090-7198-4763 e-mail - aalinneain@yahoo.com web - http://alineain.net/ http://luminarymagazine.wordpress.com/ http://alinneain.blogspot.com/

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