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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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15ESpt f &G,w f iG f oefvsi+f rKd @e,f v[m&uf&mG yxrjyef pmoifwu dk rf S tpk;d & yxrjyefpmar;yGJ yxri,fwef; atmifjrifonf? 16ESpf tEG,fwGif yxrvwfwef;/ 17ESpf tEG,fwGif yxr}uD ; wef ; wk d @ uk d atmif j rif o nf ? xk d E S p f u [H o m0wD wc&k d i f v k H ; yxr}uD ; ESpyf g;wnf;atmifjrif&m wyg;rSm&Siyf g&*l jzpfonf? yxrjyef pmar;yGo J rkid ;f Y xkEd pS f xkt d csed x f d 17ESpEf iS hf yxr}uD; atmifjrifoEl pS yf g; wnf;om &S&d mwyg;rSm &Siyf g&*l jzpfonf?

1939 ckEpS w f iG f rsK;d !Ge@f E, G t f rnfjzifh wk;d wufa&;r*~Zif;/ omra% &Siyf g&*ltrnfjzifh '*kef r*~Zif;wk@d wiG f aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;onf? 1940 jynfEh pS w f iG f &efuek +f rdK?Y usi;f yaom tpk;d & "rRmp&d,pmar;yGw J iG f *k%x f ;l ok;H usr;f jzifh atmifjrifonf? wk;d wufa&;r*~Zif;wGif bke;f }uD; ausmif;om;trnfjzifh 0dygu0f wˆKESihf &ifaoG;0wˆKwd@k udk a&;onf?

1942ckEpS w f iG f jrpfauG;ausmif;wku d f pwkwq ˆ &mawmf OD;ynm0Houkd OyZPsm,f q&m t&m xm;+yD; b}uD;awmfol OD;bk;d oD/ a':apmav; wk@d u &[ef;'g,umjyKvsuf Oyor`uH aqmif yOPi;f tjzpf a&muf&cdS o hJ nf? 1944ckEpS w f iG f oefvsi+f rdK@ *syefpmoifausmif; (,cifped f NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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a*sm*suf)Y *syefpm ESpfESpfoifonf? jrefrmwEkdifiHvkH;&Sd *syefpmoifausmif;rsm;twGuf xkwaf 0aom *syefpmapmifY *syefbmom aqmif;yg;a&;onf? tdE, dN olaX;}uD; AD&vm. t&d"rRynmawmfoifqjk zifh 1947ckEpS w f iG f tdE, dN Ekid if H Am&m%oD+rdK? Am&m%oD [dELN wuUov dk /f tk&d , D rfw,faumvdyYf [dEEDN iS hf ouUwoifonf? xkdtcsdefwGif rd*'g0kef r[maAm"dtoif;u xkwfa0aom [dENDbmom "rR'lw pmtkyfY [dEb DN mom aqmif;yg; a&;onf? *sme,fausmYf vnf; a&;onf? 1952wGif jrefrmEkid if o H @dk jyefvmonf? 0dZ…mtrnfjzifh aAmfv*grS **F gokd@ ('kwd,ykdif;) a&;onf? 1954ckESpfwGif yg&*ltrnfjzifh Ak'p< um; a&;onf? 1955 ckEpS w f iG f vl0wfvo J nf?

1956 ckEpS w f iG f e,l;a'vD+rKd @ tm&Spma&;q&mrsm; nDvmcHtwGi;f a&;rSL; tzG@J o@dk jrefrmpma&; q&m uk, d pf m;vS,t f jzpf wufa&mufonf? 1957 - 61txd jrefrmEkid if &H d S tdE, d N oH&;H k jyef=um;a&; bmomjyeft&m&St d jzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1958 rS 1961 txd jrefrmEkid if H pma&;q&mtoif;wGif tr_aqmif wm0efxrf;aqmifonf? 1963 ckEpS w f iG f okE&N meENac: nDawmf rif;eefpmtkyjf zifh tEkynmqkid &f m bmomjyefpmayqk cs;D jri‡ jhf cif; &H onf?

1963 rS 1965txd jrefrmEkid if H pma&;q&mor*~ toif;tr_aqmif/ jrefrmEkid if pH may jyefymG ;a&;toif; tr_aqmif/ 1971rS 1975 txd jrefrmpmaumfr&Sit f zG@J tzG@J 0if wm0ef rsm;ukd xrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1985ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHaumvdyfESifh wuUokdvfrsm;. ta&S@wkdif; pmayoif=um;a&; tzGJ@tzGJ@0iftjzpf pwifaqmif&Gufonf? tdENd,EkdifiH Am&m%oD+rdK@ [dEb DN momjzifh xkwaf 0aom tm*sf (AJ) ae@pOfowif;pmwGif yg&*ltrnfjzifh Am&mrmuDusw d dW (jrefrmjynfrS ay;pmrsm;) a&;aom yifwidk af qmif;yg;&Sif jzpfonf? u&mcsrd S t*Fvyd b f momjzifh xkwaf 0aom ,leufpukd e,l;pfvufwm;wGif vS}uKd it f rnfjzifh jrefrmEkid if H pmay,Ofaus;r_ owif;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;onf?

1986wG i f a*g&D p mtk y f j zif h 1986ck E S p f trsKd ; om;pmay bmomjyef q k cs;D jr‡ijhf cif;cH&onf? 1989 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmjynf w*k;d toif; OuUÏ/ jrefrmjynf [dEt DN oif; OuUÏ/ 1998ckEpS f jrefrmEkid if H ,Ofaus;r_ wuUov dk yf nma&;tzG@J tzG@J 0if/ tjynfjynfqidk &f m "rR*&D d 0dy\emtzG@J ("rR aZmwd) tr_aqmif/ r*FvmAsL[m y&[dw tzG@J OuUÏ wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifco hJ nf?

2000 jynfEh pS w f iG f jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme jrefrm&nf!e$ ;f usr;f pDpOfa&;tzG@J tzG@J 0if/ aemf a0;a&muf tdENd,trsdK;om;rsm; t*Fvdyf - [dEND ESpfbmomjzifh xkwfa0aom o#w H 'd w l r*~Zif; .t=uHay; wm0efxrf;aqmifonf?

2001 ckEpS /f yckuLU OD;tke;f az. woufwm pmayqk cs;D jreifjh cif; cH&onf? q&m=uD; yg&*lonf 2001 ckEpS f touf (80)jynfch sed w f iG f vk;H csi;f pmtkyf 100txd ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cJo h nf?

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ESv;Hk a&m*gjzifh uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf? 2004ckEpS rf aS e uG,v f eG cf sed t f xd q&m=uD;yg&*lonf a&$ayg uU+H rdK@opf 16&yfuu G f OD;yknvrf; trSwf 988 / 990 wGi&f adS om yg&*l &Sew f ed ad uwef pm=unfh wdu k rf mS aexdik o f mG ;cJo h nf? q&m}uD;yg&*l a&;om;xkwaf 0cJah om pmtkyrf sm; 1? uAsmq&m. toku d f - 2000 jynfEh pS f 2? um"rŠ&ED iS hf tjcm;0wˆKrsm; 3? use;f rma&; o0%fvm$ 4? uGejf rLepf0g' omv#if tb,fa=umifh 5? acgr'\eynm&Sif - 1996 ckEpS f 6? *gr%d 7? *grwD 8? a*g&D - 1985 ckEpS f 9? **F gEiS hf {&m0wD - 1995 ckEpS f 10? *sv&mrf 11? iSu"f rRobif - 2000 jynfEh pS f 12? pu& - 1999 ckEpS f 13? pum;ajymaom &kyw f rk sm; - 1990 jynfEh pS f 14? pmayc&D;onf - 1998 ckEpS f 15? pdw&W avcg - 1979 ckEpS f 16? qk&d n S v f pf0g' - 1964 ckEpS f 17? qnf;qm=u,fEiS hf tjcm; 0wˆKwkrd sm; 18? psiAf 'k b < mom 19? nDawmfrif;eef - 1989 ckEpS f 20? w*k;d . wHv#yaf &xif a&$orifOyrmESihf tjcm;0wˆKwkrd sm; 21? w*k;d . &mZukrm&DEiS hf tjcm;0wˆKwkrd sm; 22? w*k;d . 0wˆKwkd aygi;f csKyf - 1975 ckEpS f 23? w*k;d . 0wˆKwkrd sm; - 1997 ckEpS f 24? w*k;d . oHo,ESihf tjcm; 0wˆKwkrd sm; 25? w&m;a&pD;a=umif; - 1990 ckEpS f 26? awmfveS af om tawG;tac:rsm; 27? wrŠyÀd- 1999 ckEpS f 28? '*kef OD;xGe;f jrifh 29? 'dAsm NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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30? a'opm&D a0omvD 31? a'g%. twWuxm (yxrwG)J - 1995 ckEpS f 32? a'g%. twWuxm ('kw, d wG)J 33? 'k[ d m"rR uAsm - 1990 ckEpS f 34? "rRpum; - 1974 ckEpS f 35? "rR b0wav#mufaeoGm;enf; twwfynm - 1980 ckEpS f 36? eDwd ykjH yifrsm; - 1993 ckEpS f 37? ae&mESihf tjcm;0wˆKrsm; 38? ae&l;. orD;xHay;pm 39? Ekid if aH &; '\e 40? edAmŠ ef - 1969 ckEpS f 41? ESpq f ,fEh pS &f mpk 42? y&uxm (waphwapmif; pma&;q&mrsm; ta=umif;) - 1989 ckEpS f 43? yavwkd 44? yD,'\D - 1985 ckEpS f 45? yk*H c&D;onf 46? yk*H c&D;onf (t*Fvyd )f 47? yk*aH ps;ESihf tjcm;0wˆKwkrd sm; 48? yOPwE &W - 1965 ckEpS f 49? yOPmuxm - 2001 ckEpS f 50? yÀdwuxm - 1997 ckEpS f 51? yef;ykq&m 52? azmfr[ hJ oFm - 1994 ckEpS f 53? AmAm'k[ d m 54? aAmfv*grS **F go@dk (OD;qef;xGe;f ESi)hf 55? aAmfv*grS **F go@dk ('kw, d ykid ;f ) 56? Ak'*< % k 0ENem 57? Ak'p< um; - 1954 ckEpS f 58? Ak''< idk , f m&D - 1964 ckEpS f 59? Ak'E< iS hf qk&d , S v f pf0g' 60? Ak'b < momESihf rmhupf 0f g' 61? Ak'j< rwfpmG - 1995 ckEpS f 62? Ak', < Ofaus;r_ jyZmwfrsm; - 2001 ckEpS f 63? Ak'o < moem pnfyif jyef@yGm;yko H rkid ;f

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64? b0c&D;onf - 1996 ckEpS f 65? b0r*Fvm 66? bk&m;ausmif; wHjrufvn S ;f orm;ESihf tjcm;"rR0wˆKrsm; 67? r[mc&D;onf 68? r[m vlom;Ak'< - 1989 ckEpS f 69? rif;ESihf jynfol 70? rZ<srd yÉdy'gEiS hf "rR0wˆKwkrd sm; - 1995 ckEpS f 71? jrefrm oD&v d uFm omoemqufo, G af &; 72? ,,mwD 73? a,m*D. b0*gxm - 1992 ckEpS f 74? &mZmESihf bdou d f - 1982 ckEpS f 75? &mZmESihf omoem 76? &m[kvmoHupd n P ;f - 1977 ckEpS f 77? a&pD;a=umif; (pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_) - 1993 ckEpS f 78? vl@abmifopf 79? v,fwyD Àdw OD;armif}uD; - 1995 ckEpS f 80? a0wmv 0wˆK - 1980 ckEpS f 81? a0'em 82? a0omvD 83? 0wˆKork'&N m - 1966 ckEpS f 84? omv0wESihf tjcm;0wˆKwkrd sm; - 1990 ckEpS f 85? om;awmf &m[kvm - 1970 ckEpS f 86? oDayg. ra[oD - 1972 ckEpS f 87? oD[aoemywd 88? olvv dk l - 1981 ckEpS f 89? od'w < I - 1964 ckEpS f 90? [dawmya'o - 1955 ckEpS f 91? tnrn oabmw&m;ESihf Ak't < bd"rRm 92? t&pPww dk ,f - 1995 ckEpS f 93? tarhcH c&D;onf - 1977 ckEpS f 94? trŠygvD - 1976 ckEpS f 95? tdE, dN c&D;onf - 1996 ckEpS f 96? tdE, dN &kyw f Ek iS hf jrefrm&kyw f k pum;aqG;aEG;cef; 97? OwW& c&D;onf

NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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“&k&SvlrsKd;awG[m tvGefcGifhv$wfonf;cHwwfw,fwJh// tkycf sKyfwhJ tpd;k &a-umifh bmyJjzpfaeae a&iHEk w+ yf wd jf yD; cGivhf w$ of nf;cHaewmyJw/hJ / yxrawmh tmvl;awG aysmuf oGm;w,fwJh// tmvl;awG aysmufoGm;ayr,fh tmvl; r&dvS nf; jzpfw,f” tydkif;(4) jrefrmekdifiHrSm aexkdif=uwJh vlOD;a& udk;q,f &mE_ef;avmuf[m Ak'< bmom0ifrsm; jzpf=uygw,f? onf Ak'b < mom0ifrsm; edp"P 0l qkawmif; aewJt h &muawmh edAŠmef qdkwJh vGwfajrmufr_yg? vGwfajrmufrSKudk wzGzGqkawmif;ae=uwJh Ak'Ghbmom0if trsm;tjym; aexkid &f m jrefrmekid if [ H m tm%m&Sipf epfatmufu rvGwaf jrmuf ekid af o;bJ tusOf;tusyf tcsKyftaESmif trsKd;rsKd;atmufrSm eSpfaygif;rsm;pGm wnfae&wmuawmh uH=urRm&JŒ avSmifajymifr_ (Irony of Fate)vdk ah jym&ygvrd rfh ,f?

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

ydÉuwfusrf;pmxJrSm ygw,fqdk+yD; trSefvkd@ r,HkvkdufeJ@/ udk,fhq&morm;u ajymwm/ &[ef;or%u ajymwmqd+k yD; trSev f Œdk r,lvu kd ef @J pojzifh tqifjcifrw hJ hJ t&rf;,Hk tuef;,Hk (Blind Faith)udk wm;jrpf+yD; b,ft&mudrk qdk ynmeJ ah 0zefprf;oyfy;D rS aqmifz@dk a&Smifz@kd owday;cJw h hJ umvmr w&m;awmfukd tav;teuf vku d ef mol &Sm;yg; ygvrd rhf ,f? pmwvH;k bk&m;wqlqw kd hJ t,ltqu jrefrmjynfrmS xGe;f um;aejy;D bke;f }u;D wyg; w&m;a[m&if em;rvnf ayr,fh om"kac:zdkŒawmh tqifoifh jzpfae wwfwJh "avhudk axmufq&if umvmrokwu f ajymwJh &J&&J if&h ifh a0zefrr_ sK;d &Sm;yg;w,fvdk h aumufcsucf s &rSmyg? em;rvnfbJeJ hem;vnfoa,mif [efaqmif+yD; aumif;avpG aumif;avpGvdk@ vkyw f mrsK;d / oHo,&Sad eygvsuf oHo,udk zH;k uG,+f yD; axmufcpH um; ajym=um; wmrsK;d [m Ak'<bmom usifhpOfr[kwfygbl;? tm%m&Sifpepf&Jh vufnSKd;axmif acgif;jidwf"avhom jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:,lqcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm a0zefajymqdkcGifhawGudk vHk;0ydwfyif wm;jrpfaewJh tm%m&Sif pepfatmufrSm eSpfaygif;rsm;pGmaexdkifcJh&wm jzpfwJhtwGuf &J&J&ifh&ifha0zefa&;qkdwJh Ak'<bmom ,Ofaus;r_[m aysmufuG,foavmuf jzpfaeyg+yD? trdeŒf [lorSsemcH=uqdw k hJ tm%m&Sif t&dik ;f "avhu v$r;f rd;k ae+yDvm;vdk h Ak'b < mom0if rsm; jyefvnf ppfaq;oihyf g+yD? Ak'b < momw&m;udk jywfjywfom;om; rusio fh ;kH Edik =f uvdŒk tm%m&Sipf epfu v$r;f rd;k / tm%m&Sifpepfu v$rf;rdk;vdk@ Ak'<bmomw&m;awG wdrfaum/ Ak'<bmom w&m;awG wdraf umaysmufu, G v f Œkd tm%m&Sipf epfu yd+k yD; tm;aumif;/ 'Dvedk J jh refrm ekid if rH mS tm%m&Sif pepf tjrpf wG,+f yD; pnfyif}uD;xGm;aecJ&h wmvdk h qdek ikd yf gw,f? umvmrokweW w f &m;udk Ak'b < mom0ifawG arhaysmufypf=uyHek J yh wfouf+y;D oD&v d uF Edik if rH mS jyKvkycf w hJ hJ ppfwrf; wckta=umif; ajymjycsiyf gw,f? wuUov kd af usmif;om; oH;k &mwufa&mufwhJ tpnf;ta0;wckrmS umvmr okweW u f kd odol b,fEaS ,muf &So d vJ qdw k m ppfwrf;aumuf,cl w hJ myg? y&dowfo;kH &m xJrmS &[ef; tyg;eSpq f ,fvnf; yg0ifygw,f? ppfwrf;t& odwo hJ u l oHCmwpfyg; vlEpS af ,muf pkpak ygi;f rS oH;k OD;yJ &Syd gw,f? odoloHk;OD;udk aoaocsmcsm ar;=unhfawmh vnf; umvmrokwWefw&m;&J h qdkvdkcsuf teuft"dyg` ,u f kd vH;k aphywfaph em;rvnfa=umif; awG@ &ygw,f?

Ak'b < mom tvGef xGe;f um;w,fqw kd hJ oD&v d uFmEdik if rH mS onfvkd ur?mausmf Ak'<w&m;udk od&Sd&aumif;rSef;rod/ vkdufemusifh}uH&aumif;rSef;rodjzpfaewmuawmh pdwrf aumif;p&myg? oD&v d uFmedik if &H ŒJ vlO;D a& ckepS q f ,f &mcdik f ESKef;avmufu Ak'b < mom0if awG jzpfygw,f?

Ak'b < mom0if oD&v d uFmedik if o H m;awG[m Ak'w < &m;awmfawGukd av;av;eufeuf vdu k ef musio hf ;kH jcif; r&S=d uawmh wJt h wGuf oD&v d uFmedik if rH mS vlŒtcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufra_ wG NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

t=urf;zufrKS awG xGe;f um;vmaewmvdŒk ppfwrf; aumuf,w l hJ olu aumufcsucf sygw,f? jrefrmekid if rH mS vnf; onfw&m;udk od&u dS sio fh ;kH ol trsm;tjym;&Sad =umif; taxmuf txm; rawG &h ygb;l ? onfw&m;eJ yh wfouf+yD; a[m=um;xm;wmawG a&; om; xm; wmawGukd tenf;tusO;f yJ awG &h ygw,f? rdom;pk aetdraf wGe@J pmoifcef; awGrmS vnf; a0zefa&; ,Ofaus;rSK rxGef;um;ovdk Ak'<w&m;awmfrsm;udk oif=um;a[majymaewJh bk&m;ausmif;uefrsm;rSmvnf; a0zefa&; ,Ofaus;r_ukd us,u f s,jf yef jh yef h rawG@&ygb;l ? a0zefa&;vdŒk qdv k u kd w f meJŒwDuq kd m;eJŒwdŒk vdu k o f vdrk sK;d wGeŒf oGm; &GŒH oGm; awmh wm ygy?J wa,mufeJ w h a,muf wzG@J eJ@wzGJ h r[kwrf w&m; pGypf yJG w k cf wf ajymqdw k m rsK;d udk a0zef a &;vk d Œ owf r S w f a e=uwmyJ r sm;ygw,f ? Ak ' G h b mom a[mn$ e f c J h w J h wu,f h a0zefa&;,Ofaus;rSKudk rsuu f , G jf yKcJ=h uwJt h wGuf todynm&S&d dS a0zefwmrsK;d / tusK;d oifh ta=umif;oifh a0zefwmrsK;d / arwWmjzifh a0zefaxmufjywmrsK;d udk rvkyw f wfawmh oavmuf jzpfaeygjyD? Ak'<tvdkus a0zefa&;rsdK;eJŒ todOm%fzGifhay;wJh tvkyfudk vkyfwJholrsm; usjyef awmhvnf; tm%m&Sifrsm;u rvkdvm;=ujyefbl;? a0zefa&;pmayawG a&;om; xkwfa0 edik jf cif;r&daS tmif pmaypDppfa&;Xmersm; zGiv hf pS +f yD; wm;qD;ovdk pmaypDppfa&;udk ausmf vGe+f yD; a0zefa&; vkyw f o hJ al wGuv kd nf; zrf;qD;axmifcs aeygw,f? tusO;f axmifxrJ mS ESp&f n S af xmif'%f uscaH e=uwJh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;/ Edik if aH &; orm;rsm;/ pma&;q&m owif;pmq&mrsm; tp&do S al wG[m tm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ qd;k 0g;yHak wGukd apwemeJŒ&J&&J if&h ifh axmufjy a0zefwm a=umifh onfvt kd jypf'%frsm; uscaH e&wmyg? 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sipf epf[m Ak'b < mom&JŒ wu,fh w&m;aumif; w&m;jrwfawGukd zsufqD;ypf aew,fvdk@ ajym&wmyg? vuf&dStaetxm;udk jyef=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if tm%m&Sipf epf[m Ak'b < mom e,fy,fukd vnf; xifovdk cs,v f , S af e+yv D @kd yif ajymedik yf gw,f? &[ef;oHCmrsm;yifvsS if jynfov l x l ek nf;wl tm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ atmufrmS vGwv f w G v f yfvyf vSKyf&mS ;vdŒk r&Edik af tmif tzdEydS cf aH e&+yD jzpfygw,f?

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

jrwfA'k v < rf;n$ecf w hJ hJ w&m;awmfawGukd wefz;kd xm;&r,ft h pm; tm%m&Siaf wGu ay;wJh bGŒJ vufrw S af wGukd yd+k yD;wefz;kd xm;olu xm;ae=uyg+yD? vGwv f yfjcif; 0drw k &dW o xuf tm%m&S i f u ay;wJ h a usmif ; uef r sm;ud k yd k + yD ; wyf r uf o l u wyf r uf ae=uygjyD ? vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG hf aqG;aEG;cGihf a0zefciG ahf wGukd t}u;D tus,f ydwyf if aewJh pmay pDppfa&;vdk todynm zsuq f ;D a&;vkyif ef;rsm;rSmyif tm;wufoa&m yg0ifou l yg0if aeyg+yD? tm%m&Sifu csD;jrSihfwJh bGJ@xl;*k%fxl; qkwHqdyfawGeJ@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudk wyfruf,pfrl;+yD; omoma&;tm%m&Sifrsm;b0rSm auseyfaeolawG&Jh ta&twGuf renf;vSwmudk =unf&h if tm%m&Sipf epfu Ak'b < momudk b,favmuf twdik ;f twmtxd zsuq f ;D ae+yDvq J w kd m tvG,ef J h wGucf suEf ikd yf gw,f? tydik ;f f (5) tm%m&Sifpepfqdkwm vlwa,muf odk@r[kwf vlwpku wdkif;ol jynffom; vltrsm;udk trde@f tm%mawGe@J tkycf sKyfjyD; *kwaf oG;pkyw f hJ pepf jzpfygw,f? vlvcl si;f tqif@twef; cGjJ cm;jyD; tm%m&So d u l tm%mrJ@olukd rw&m; toH;k csw@J pepfjzpfygw,f? onfvdk tjrwfxkwf aoG;pkyfEdkifzdk@twGuf wdkif;oljynfom;awGudk tcdkif;tap b0rsKd;/ aus;uGseb f 0rsK;d a&mufatmif ESrd @f csxm;ygw,f? tm%m&Siu f ocif jzpfjyD; tm%mrJu h useG jf zpfae&wJh pepfyg? 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sipf epfqw kd m aus;useG pf epf wrsKd ; jzpfygw,f? vlawGukd tedrq hf ;kH tqifah &mufatmif yd@k aqmifay;wJh pepfv@kd ajym&ygr,f? ocifu aus;useG u f kd tydik t f Edik x f ed ;f csKyfxm;ovdrk sKd ; wdik ;f oljynfom; awGukd vH;k 0 xde;f csKyfxm;Edik af tmif tm%m&Siu f pepfwus pDrH xm;ygw,f? vufeufawG trde@f tm%m awGeJ@ +cdrf;ajcmuf xdef;csKyfxm;ovdk pm;0wfaea&; pD;yGm;a&; tcGihftvrf;awGeJ@ rufv;kH ay;jyD;vnf; xde;f csKyfxm;ygw,f? aus;useG af wG[m olw@kd ocifaus;G rS pm;&ovdrk sKd ; jynfov l x l u k kd olw@kd aus;G rS pm;&r,f@ b0rsKd ; a&mufatmif vkyx f m;ygw,f? xrif;0wJo h l xuf Adu k q f maewJo h u l kd tkyfcsKyfvdk@ ydkvG,f ulw,fvdk@ tm%m&Sifrsm;u cH,l=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sif pepfatmufrmS ae&wJo h l awG[m qif;&Jae=uygw,f? pm;&rJrh hJ aomuf&rJrh hJ jzpfae=u ygw,f? tvkyfvufrJh trsm;tjym;jzpfatmif vkyfxm;wm[m tm%m&Sif pepf&JŒ enf;AsL[m wrsKd ;yg? vlawG tiwfiwf tjywfjywf jzpfaeav tm%m&Sif rsm; vkycf si&f m vkyEf ikd af vygy?J tm%m&Sipf epfukd wif;jynfh usyjf ynfh usio hf ;kH cJw h hJ oufO;D qHyidk f bk&ifpepf =uD;pd;k cJ@wJ@ acwfumvudk jyef=unfh &if 'gukd tvG,ef @J jrifEikd f ygw,f? tm%m&SifawG[m vlawGudk &kyfydkif;qdkif&mtm;jzifhom aus;usGefjzpfatmif vkyfaewmr[kwfbJ todOm%fykdif; tm;jzifhvnf; aus;usGefjzpfatmif vkyfaeygw,f? wdik ;f oljynfom;rsm;udk xm;&mae ap&moGm; t=uGi;f rJh emcHoal wGjzpfatmif yHo k iG ;f &mrSm todynm qif;&JapwJhenf;[m t"duuswJh enf;vrf;jzpfygw,f? todynm &SdwJholudk jcd r f ; ajcmuf z k d @ cuf o vd k tvG , f w ul v nf ; zsm;a,mif ; vd k @ vnf ; r&Ed k i f b l ; qd k w m NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

tm%m&Sirf sm; odaeygw,f? tm%m&SifawG udk,fwdkifuvnf; todynmrJ@olrsm; jzpfaejyD; todynm&JŒ qef@usib f ufjzpfw@J rdu k u f sihf rdu k }f uHrsm;eJ@ tm%m&vmwmjzpfwt hJ wGuf todynmudk wefzdk;rxm;wwfovdk todynm&Sifudk a=umufvnf; a=umuf/ rkef;vnf; rkef;ygw,f? tm%m&Sipf epfatmufu wdik ;f jynfreS o f rSsrmS ynm&Si&f mS ;yg;jyD; ynma&;pepf ysupf ;D aewm rxl;qef;wJh obm0yg? todynmuif;rJhjyD; trdkufarSmif zHk;v$rf;wJ@ae&m[m aus;usGefpepf 'grSr[kwf tm%m&Sipf epftwGuf blrd eufoef jzpfygw,f ? 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sirf sm;[m jynfov l x l k xHrmS pD;yGm;a&;a&m ynma&;yg qif;&J csKŒd wJ@atmif &nf&, G cf su&f &dS dS (wenf;ajym&&if) pDru H ed ;f eJ@ aqmif&u G yf gw,f? vlawG nHzh si;f avav aus;useG pf epfukd wnfaqmufz@kd vG,f avavyg? tm%m&S i f [ m aus;usG e f p d w f 0 if o G m ;ol a wG x J u vl r d k u f x d y f a cgif a wG u d k pd w f } ud K uf a &G ; cs,f j yD ; tm%m&S i f p epf & J Œ ,E W & m;xJ r S m acG ; oG m ;pd y f r sm;tjzpf xnfyh gw,f?tm%mwpdww f ydik ;f ay;jy;D tcsi;f csi;f tEdik u f siw hf ehJ nf;awGe@J &yfwnfcifkd ;f ygw,f? vmbfay;vmbf,lenf;awGeJ@ 0rf;pm &Smapygw,f? rormwJh enf;awGeJ@ 0ifaiG&atmif zefw;D ygw,f? Edik &f mpm; pdw"f mwf[m tm%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS xGe;f um;aewJh pdw"f mwf jzpfygw,f? vmbfay;vmbf,lawG vkyfEdkifatmif rw&m;wJh trdef@awG/ ta,mifaqmif Oya'awGukd xkwjf yefay;ygw,f? ae&mwum tuef@towfawG tcsKyt f cs,af wGukd csrw S jf y;D aiG&mS uGuaf wG zefw;D ygw,f? omref jynfol jynfom;awG[m onftuef@towfawG/ tcsKyftcs,af wG/ trde@f awG/ Oya'awG=um;rSm toufarG;Edik zf @kd twGuf tm%mydik rf sm;udk vmbfay;&ygw,f? vmbfay;vmbf,rl _ tusiyhf suf jcpm;r_awG[m tm%m&Sif pepf&ŒJ "av@ p&du k rf sm; jzpfygw,f?

Ed k i f & mpm; pd w f " mwf e J @ tusif h y suf j cpm;wJ h "avh p &d k u f r sm;[m acwf o pf aus;useG pf epfwpfrsKd ;jzpfwhJ tm%m&Sif pepf=uD; vnfywfaezd@k twGuf avmifpm qD ozG,f tm;jznfah y;aeygw,f? tm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ ,E W&m;xJrSm yg0if&wJholawG[m rormwJh enf;awGeJ@ touf a rG ; ae&wJ h t wG u f ol w d k @ txuf u tm%m&S i f tay: jyef r vS e f E d k i f awmhygb;l ?tm%m&Sief @J w*d% k ;f wnf;jzpfvmjy;D tm%m&Sif cdik ;f aporSs udk vdu k ef m vkyaf qmif vm&ygw,f? jynfov l x l t k ay: nSi;f yef;ESyd pf ufw@J vufr&GŒH rsm;tjzpf o&kyaf qmif =u&ygw,f? onfvekd @J jynfojl ynfom; tcsi;f csi;f =um;rSm ESyd pf ufoel @J ESyd pf ufc&H ol/ vdrv f nfoel @J vdrv f nf cH&ol/ tEdik u f si@f ole@J tEdik u f si@f cH&ol qdjk yD; pdw0f rf;uGjJ ym;r_awG v$r;f rd;k aeyg awmhw,f? wa,muf u d k wa,muf ajymif v d r f & wmawG / ajymif v S n f h y wf & wm awG / ajymiftEdkifusifh&wmawGa=umifh tm%m&Sif pepfatmufrSm wa,muffudk wa,muf N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

&efoal wGvkd jrifae=uygw,f? &efbufawGvkd jyKrq l ufqef aeygw,f? tdr=f uufcsi;f td;k rJow k yf ;D cGycf ikd ;f wJ@ enf;eJ@ tm%m&Siu f wdifk ;f ol jynfom;awGukd cGjJ cm; tkycf sKyf aewmyg? tm%m&Sipf epf/ Edik &f mpm;pdw"f mwf/ tusiyhf sujf cpm;"avhp&du k /f pdw0f rf;uGjJ ym;r_/ acwfopfaus;useG b f 0 onfvkd a=umif;usK;d qufpyf aewmjzpfygw,f? jrefrmEdik if rH mS jzpfaewJ@ onfvkd pdw"f mwfrsK;d awG / onfvkd "av@ p&du k rf sK;d awG[m Ak'<bmom0ifawGrSm &Sd&r,fh pdwf"mwfawG "avhp&dkufawGeJ@ vHk;0 jcm;em;aeygw,f? pdw0f rf;uGrJ a_ wG ywdyuQawG[mvnf; Ak'b < mom0if tcsi;f csi;f =um;rSm jzpfymG ;&rJh t&mawG r[kwyf gb;l ? aus;useG v f kd b0awG [m vnf; Ak'b < mom0ifawGe@J vm;vm;rS rqdik w f hJ b0awGyg? Ak'j< rwfpmG u ol@&ŒJ w&m;awmfawGukd usio hf ;kH &if OwW&rd Ek\ vd@k ac:wJh tjrifjh rwfq;kH vl o m;rsm;tjzpf o d k @ {uef a &muf & S d & r,f v d k @ ajymcJ h y gw,f ? jrwf A k ' < a [mn$ e f w J h ormw&m;awmfawG[m tjrifq h ;kH *k%&f nf awGukd &&m&a=umif; tusiahf wG jzpfv@kd ygy?J Ak'b < momrSm vlom;rsm; usi}hf uHtm;xkwpf &m tjzpf orRm w&m; (8)yg; udk a[mn$eyf gw,f? orRmw&m;qdak wmh q&m,k'oef bmomjyefomG ;wJh c&pf,ef orRmusr;f pm bdik b f ,fvf (Bible) eJ@ a&maxG; p&mvdv k kd jzpfomG ; w,f? wu,fawmh q&m,k'oef[m Ak'b < mom xJu tESpo f m&t&Sq d ;kH ta&;ygq;kH pum;vH;k udk t&,lomG ;Edik w f hJ olygy?J 'ga=umifh 'Dae@ Ak'< bmom 0if rsm;[m orRmw&m;qd&k if c&pf,ef bdik b f ,fvu f sr;f xJu w&m; awGukd ajym wmvm;vd@k Za0Z0gyif jzpfwwf=uygw,f? wu,f awmh Ak'< bmom w&m; awGuo kd m orRm w&m;awGv@kd ac:oifyh gw,f? vGwaf jrmufvw kd hJ vlom;rsm;taeeJ@ usio fh ;kH &r,hf w&m;awG[m orRmw&m; rSwyg; tjcm;r&Sb d ;l vd@k Ak'u < , fkd w f ikd u f twdtvif; ajyma[m oGm;wma=umihyf g? olu, kd w f ikd f vnf; orRmw&m;udk od&SdusihfoHk;jyD;rS vGwfajrmuf jyD vdk h a=uG;a=umfoGm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? orRmw&m;awGudk udk,fwdkif od&SdusifhoHk;jyD; wJhaemufrSmrS orRmorŠK'< qdkwJh bJGŒxl;udk cH,v l u kd w f myg? onfb@JG x;l u orRmw&m;udk ud, k w f ikd f od&o dS v l kd h teufxu G yf gw,f? orRmw&m;qdkwm pif=u,fjrifhjrwfwJh tqifhudk a&mufzdk@twGuf vlom; rsm; usi&hf r,f@ t&mawG jzpfygw,f? tawmftwef A[kow k &Sw d hJ Ak'< bmom0ifawGu r*~i&f pS yf g;vd@k odxm;wJh t&mawG[m orRmw&m; awG ygy?J a&S;u Ak'<bmom0ifjrefrmvlrsdK;awG[m 'Dpum;vHk;udk jrefrmr_jyKcJh =uygw,f? ormw,f rormbl;qdw k hJ jrefrm@ toH;k tESe_ ;f [m Ak'b < momvm orRm qdw k @J ygVpd um;vH;k udk jrefrmrSj_ yKjyD; oH;k pGcJ @J wJ@ toH;k tESe_ ;f jzpfygw,f? ormwJh tjrif/ ormwJh tawG;/ ormwJh tajym/ ormwJh tvkyf/ ormwJh toufarG;r_/ ormwJh tm;xkwrf /_ ormwJh owd/ ormwJh wnf=unfr_ qdw k hJ ormw&m; &Spyf g;[m Ak'b < mom0ifv@kd ud, fk u fh , kd u f kd owfrw S x f m; olwikd ;f usi&hf r,f@ t&mawG jzpfygw,f? ud, k u fh , kd u f , kd f Ak'b < mom0if wa,mufvkd o h wfrw S cf , H x l m;yg vsuf onform w&m;awGukd rod&dS rusio hf ;kH bJ tjcm;wyg; tusi@f t=uHawGukd pGjJ rJusi@f oH;k ae&if [efaqmif yefaqmif NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

trnfcAH 'k b < mom0ifwa,mufom jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? vlwa,muf[m rormrSa_ wGukd a&Smif&mS ;yD; orm w&m; awGuykd J usio hf ;kH r,fq&kd if ormorwfuswhJ tjrifq h ;kH vlom;( OwW&rd Ek\) jzpfvmr,fv@kd Ak'a< [mn$ecf w hJ t hJ wdik ;f Ak'b < mom0ifawGu tav;teuf cH,cl =hJ uygw,f? wrsdK;ajym&r,fqdk&if vlwa,muf[m rormr_awGudk a&Smif&r,fh tpm; usifhoHk;r,fqdk&if rormolawG jzpfvmjyD; vl@avmurSm atmufydwf qHk; t,kwf edrq hf ;kH tqihu f kd usa&mufomG ;r,fvkd ch , H x l m; cJ=h uwmyg?

Ak'b < mom&JΠaywHe@J =unfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd if tm%m&Sipf epfukd usio hf ;kH aeolrsm;[m ted r f h q H k ; vl o m;awG x J r S m yif atmuf q H k ; tqif h r S m &S d a eol awG v d k @ jrif & ygr,f ? ud, k u f , kd w f ikd v f nf; rormr_awGukd tcsed &f o dS a&GΠusio hf ;kH ae=uovdk wdik ;f oljynfom;awGuv kd J rormr_awG usio hf ;kH vmatmif wGe;f xd;k tm;ay;aevd@k ygy?J Ak'b < mom0if ud;k q,f &mESe_ ;f avmuf&w dS hJ jrefrmEdik if rH mS wu,f xGe;f um; ae&rSmu ormw&m;awGyg? 'gayrJ@tcktcsed rf mS awmh tm%m&Sif pepfu zefw;D wJ@ romrSa_ wGuykd J vdu k v f u kd af vsmavsm usio hf ;kH ae=uygw,f? ol@tvSnrhf mS olpm; / ig@tvSnrhf mS igpm;r,fqw kd hJ Edik &f mpm;pdw"f mwfawGyJ v$r;f rd;k aeygw,f?

Ak'b < mom0ifawG[m tm%m&Siaf wG zefw;D xm;wJh Edik &f mpm; avmu=uD; xJrmS epfreG ;f ae&rSm r[kwyf gb;l ? tusi@f ysujf cpm; avmu=uD;xJrmS usiv f nfae&rSm r[kwyf gb;l ? todynmrJ@wJ@ aus;uGsefb0rsKd; ta&mufcH&rSm r[kwfygbl;? 'Dvdk tusif@p&dkufqdk;awG b0qd;k awGukd wGe;f vSejf yD; tjrif@jrwfq;kH vlom;rsm; tjzpf a&mufatmif Ak'b < momu vrf;n$ef xm;wJh ormw&m;awGukd usi@f =uH tm;xkw&f rSmom jzpfygw,f?

Ak'b < mom0if jrefrmEdik if o H m;awG taeeJ@ tm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ rormr_ ausmu h iG ;f axmif a csmuf a wG x J u d k r0if b J jrwf A k ' < a [m=um;cJ h w J h orm w&m;awmf a wG u d k av;av;eufeuf vdkufemusifhoHk;zdk@ vdktyfygw,f? onfvdk ormwJh w&m;awGudk usio hf ;kH jcif;onfyif tm%m&Sirf sm;eJ@ vrf;cGJ jcif; jzpfygw,f? tm%m&S i f a wG & J Œ rormwJ h ,E W & m;twG i f ; rS m 0if a &muf trS K rxrf ; bJ aejcif;onfyif ormtmZD0w&m;udk usi@f o;kH jcif; jzpfjyD; tm%m&Sif pepf &JŒ atmufu vGwaf jrmufz@kd yxrqH;k ajcvSr;f jzpfw,fqw kd m owd pGjJ rJz@kd vdyk gw,f? ormwJ h t jrif / ormwJ h t }uH / ormwJ h t vk y f pwJ h ormw&m;awG u d k tyDtjyifusio hf ;kH &if acwfopfaus;uGsef pepfukd azmfaqmifaewJh tm%m&Si, f E &W m;xJu vG w f a jrmuf E d k i f r S m jzpf o vd k jrif h j rwf p if = u,f w J h vl o m;rsm; tjzpf e J @ avmu&J Œ xdyw f ef;tqifu h v kd nf; wufvrS ;f Edik rf mS jzpfygw,f? tydik ;f (6) Ak'b < mom0if jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;[m cGiv hf w $ f onf;cHjcif;w&m;udk tvGew f efz;kd xm;=u ygw,f// cGiv hf w $ jf cif;qdw k hJ OayuQmw&m;eJ@ onf;cHjcif;qdw k hJ cE w DW &m;rsm;[m jrwfpmG bk&m; N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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vlrsKd ;wdik ;f vlrsKd ;wdik ;f onf rdrw d kd h ,Ofaus;r_/ bmoma&; t,ltqrsm;tavsmuf ESpw f ESpu f ek q f ;kH +yD; ESpo f pfu;l ajymif;csed w f iG f aysm&f iG yf rJG sm; qifE+JG yD; ESpo f pfukd }udKqd=k uonf? taemufwikd ;f om;wkd . h emwmvl;ESpo f pfu;l yG/J w&kwef *g;wdk . h ESpo f pfu;l yGJ rsm;enf;wl jrefrm wdk . h ESpo f pfu;l yGu J m; wefc;l aveJ jh rL;=uGvw S hJ cgo}uFeyf w JG nf;? cgo}uF e f y G J a wmf u m; wef c l ; -uqk e f vrsm;wG i f usa&muf a vh & S d o nf ? jA[Rm}uD;OD;acgif;udk ajrxk/ a&xk/ avxk xJodk htusa&mufap&ef vufajymif;vufvGJ jyKvyk cf sed u f kd txdr;f trSw, f o l nf [laom t,ltqrSm [dELN bmomrS vmonfqakd omfvnf; jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wdk hu udk,fydkif[ef udk,fydkifpHjzifh arG;zGm;vufcHxm;+yD; jzpf.? a&G&nfaoG;onfh ydawmufyef;um; cgo}uFef.edrdwfyHkwnf;? a&obifyGJawmfum; aysmpf &maumif;vSygb/d pnfum;vSygb?d twma&obifyaJG wmfukd yk*aH cwfuwnf; u usi;f ycJo h nf[k od&cdS &hJ onf? wefc;l -uqkef aqG ah qG ch ek f qdak om pum;twdik ;f a&obifyaJG wmfusi;f ycsed o f nf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tvGefw&myljyif;vSonfh aEG&moD tcsdefwnf;? xdk ha=umifh rdwfo*Frsm; at;csr;f ygap/ ESpaf [mif;rS tnpfta=u;rsm; uif;pifygap/ ESpo f pfrmS vlopf/ pdwo f pfEiS hf at;csr;f om,mygap [laom aumif;jrwfvo S nfh pdwaf poemudk t&if;cH+yD; vlwOD;ESihf wOD; a&jzef;yuf+yD;qkreG af wmif;=ujcif;jzpf.? ESpu f ;l ajymif;csed w f iG f Ak'b < momjrefrmvlrsKd ;rsm;onf ukov kd af umif;r_ukd tjcm;tcsed rf sm;rSmxuf ydrk t kd m&Hpk u kd u f m jyKvkyaf vh&. dS ? ESpaf [mif;rS raumif;r_ tnpfta=u;rsm; &Syd gu c0gcsI ESpo f pfrmS aumif;jcif; tjzmjzmESihf jynfph akH p&ef [laom t,ltqjzifh aumif;wmrsm;omvkyjf cif;jzifh erdw, f . l ? cgo}ueF yf aJG wmf tm;vyf&ufwiG f tvSLtwef;rsm;jyKvyk jf cif;/ ouf}u;D &G,t f rkd sm;udk acgi;f av#mf acgi;f aq;ay;jcif;/ ajconf;vufonf; vS;D jzwfay;jcif;/ wd&d p>mefrsm;udk ab;rJv h w G f ay;jcif;/ ywf0ef;usi&f dS bk&m;ausmif;uefae&mrsm; trsm;ESihf oufqikd af om ae&mrsm;udk pkaygif;I oef h&Sif;jcif;/ jyKjyifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfum ukodkvf,ljcif;/ wpfOD;jcif;jzpfap trsm;pkaygif;Ijzpfappwk'Dom r他yfrsm;jzifh t,kwf/ tvwf/ tjrwf ra&G; t&yf av;rsuf E S m rS vmaom vl t aygif ; wd k h t m; tpm;taomuf r sm; ay;urf ; jcif ; jzif h ukov kd , f =l u.? bmomw&m;udik ;f &_id ;f olrsm;rSmvl}uD;vli,fra&G; w&m;pcef;rsm;0ifum rdrdpdwfudk jzLpifap&ef pdwform"dtm;aumif;ap&efESifh oHo&mrS vGwfajrmuf&ef taxmuftyHjzpfap&ef &nf&, G +f yD; owdyXgew f &m;rsm; tm;xkwjf cif;jzifh ukov kd , f . l ? wu,fawmh xdt k &mrsm;rSm jzpfEidk &f if cgo}ueF u f mvtwGi;f rSmom jyKvyk o f ifo h nf r[kw?f rdrw d kd . h b0woufwmwGif tpOft+rJjyKvkyo f if/h vdu k ef musi}hf uHtyfaom t&mrsm; jzpfonf? vlom;rsm; wOD;ESihf wOD;ylavmifrr_ sm;uif;ygap/ csr;f ajrom,mygap[laom arwWm t&if;cHaom pdwu f kd tcsed af wmfawmfrsm;rsm; usio hf ;kH Ekid &f if rke;f wD;r_ t+iKd ;w&m;wkd u h kd tajccH aomppfyrJG sm;/ &efjyKr_rsm; avsmeh nf;um tawmf}uD; +idr;f csr;f om,mrnf rvGaJ y? vl}u;D olrrsm;udk =uifempGmjyKpjk cif;/ pwk'o D mr他yfrsm;wGif 0dik ;f 0ef;vkyt f m;ay;jcif; NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

rsm;onf y&[dwvkyif ef;rsm;. tajccHpw d q f ENukd jyKpkysKd ;axmifay;&ma&muf.? wOD;ESiw hf OD; cspfcif&if;ESD;r_udk jzpfapovkdtrsm;ESifhtwl vkdufavsmnDaxGpGm rdrdus&mwm0efudk wm0ef,l&rnfqdkaom tavhtusifhudkvnf;jzpfap.? &yf"avh/ &Gm"avh tavsmuf 'kuaQ &mufaeolrsm;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;uln=D uonfh tpOftvmrSm jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_e,fy,fwiG f e*du k wnf;u tajccdik pf mG &S+d yD;jzpf.? aumif;rGe+f yD; acwfeJ ah vsmn f aD om ,Ofaus;r_x;kH wrf; pOfvmrsm;udk pESpfwusESifh qufvufxdrf;odrf;&efvdk.? ,ae hurBmrSmacwfpm;aeaom (tef*st D )kd [kac:aom t&yfbuftzGJ t h pnf;rsm;ESihf tajccHoabmw&m;rSm twlwyl if? jrefrmEdik if w H iG u f m; rdryd wf0ef;usif rdrad 'o tavsmufomyJ ulnaD qmif&u G af vh&. dS ? rdrw d kd . h rlv&nfreS ;f csut f wdik ;f tzGJ t h pnf;udk ydrk }kd u;D rm;us,jf yef ah p&ef tm;xkwrf _ enf;yg;jcif;a=umifh usaemfwkd ah exdik af om vlry_ wf0ef;usief ,fy,fukd }uD;rm;aom taxmuf tyHrjzpfEikd o f vkd vdt k yfaomtajymif;tvJrsm;udk jyKvyk Ef idk o f nf txd =oZmroufa&mufacs? xdu k o hJ kd t h &yfbuftzGJ t h pnf;rsm; zG+H zKd ;r_onf Edik if w H Edik if .

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H vlra_ &;e,fy,fwiG f apoemh0efxrf;tzGJ rh sm; jzpfay:apaom xH;k wrf;tpOftvmrsm; rajymufu, G af p&efEiS hf a&&Sn&f yfwnfEidk &f ef Edik if u H kd cspo f w l ikd ;f rSm wm0ef&o dS nf[k cH,u l sio hf ;kH tyfayonf? twma&obifyu JG m; vli,frsm;twGurf l ajymp&mrvdak vmufatmifyif aysmpf &m aumif;vSovk/d trSww f &yHjk yifrsm;udk }uKH awG &h avh&adS om yGaJ wmfwnf;? o}ueF rf usrDS uwnf; uvufcsKd ;a&wGucf g apmif&h if;b,fvadk ysmrf ,f/ b,fyu kH v J u dk rf ,fq+kd yD; }udK+yD;&ifcek af e&.? wESpfwm pmoifESpftwGif; yifyef;or#udk twdk;csaysmfyg;Edkifonfh ausmif;ydwf&uf&Snf umvr[kwv f m; h h h h h ?h vl}uD;olrrsm;twGurf l ESpaf [mif;rSmyifyef;cJo h r#ukd tem;,l&if; a&S q h uf&rnfh c&D;twGuf pDru H ed ;f rsm; }uKd wifjyifqifcsed /f &uf&n S t f em;,lciG &hf aom tcsed rf mS rdrdaumif;usdK;/ oHo&maumif;usdK;twGuf aumif;r_ukodkvfrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;/ oHo&m vGwaf jrmuf&ef/ taxmuftyH tvdk ih mS w&m;bm0em tm;xkwaf vh&adS om umv qdv k nf; rrSm;acs? ,cktcsed w f iG f cgo}uFeyf eJG J t h wl ESpo f pfu;l ajymif;jcif;"avhukd jrefrm/ xdik ;f / vmtd/k uarBm'D;,m; tp&Sad om ta&S ah wmiftm&SEikd if rH sm;wGio f m jyKvky=f u.? xdEk idk if rH sm;um; twdwyf a0o%Duwnf;u ,Ofaus;r_"avhx;kH pHrsm; ul;vl;qufE, G rf r_ sm; &So d vkd Ak'b < mom xGe;f um;yHjk cif;vnf; wl.? xdt k xJwiG f xdik ;f Edik if .

H o}ueF yf u JG m; ydk ah qmifqufo, G af &; tqif ajyr_/ rD', D myHyh ;kd r_rsm;a=umifh txl;xif&mS ;um Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm;yg vma&mufaysmyf g;=uojzifh N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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ud, k u f siw hf &m;eJ@ jynfph akH om Edik if o H m;aumif;rsm;jzpf&ef tm;xkwo f ifyh gw,f? odk rh o S m tm%m&S i f r sm;vuf r S jref r mEd k i f i H u d k vG w f a jrmuf a tmif pG r f ; aqmif E d k i f a om Edik if o H m;aumif;rsm; jzpfvmygrnf? xdkacwfqdk;}uD;rS vGwfajrmufatmif rpGrf;aqmifEkdifoa&G usaemfwdk h =umzl;/ }uHKzl;cJhaom aysmfp&mtwd+yD;aom cgo}uFef/ r&dk;ekdifaom a&obifyGJudk usaemfwdk@. aemufrsKd ;qufrsm;txd }uHKEdik af wmhrnf r[kw?f aumif;rGeaf om pdwq f ENt&if;cHrygonfh twkta,mif cgo}uFeyf rJG sm;udo k m }uHKawG &h ayrnf? 'kw, d urBmppft+yD;wGif tefwekd , D kd *&efq-D u t&if;&Sipf ESpu f kd +zdKcs&eftwGuf t&yfzuftzGJ t h pnf;rsm;udk awmfveS af &; tjrLaw jzpfap&rnf [kqckd b hJ ;l onf? xdk t h wl usaemfwdk htaejzifhvnf; ppftm%m&SifpESpfudk +zdKcsEdkif&ef/ tqHk;owfEdkif&ef y&[dw tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/vlr_a&; bmoma&;udk tajccHaom tzGJ htpnf;rsm;/ wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;udk awmfveS af &; tjrLaw tjzpf aygi;f pnf;=uygp@dk ? aumif;aom&nf&, G cf sujf zifh pkpnf;xm;aom tzGt hJ pnf;rsm;rSm wdik ;f jynfat;csr;f vGwv f yfcsed w f iG f 'Dru kd a&pD tpd;k &udk ulnt D m;jznfah y;aoma'guw f idk rf sm;jzpf+yD; acwfq;kd umv tm%m&Sirf sm;tkycf sKyfcsed w f iG rf l awmfveS af &;. a'guw f ikd rf sm;yif r[kwaf vm? jrefrmouU&Zf wpfaxmifo h ;kH &m ckEpS q f ,fo h ;kH ckEpS w f iG f usaemfwkd . h bd;k bGm;bDbif rsm; ydik q f ikd cf ahJ om jrefrmEkid if H 'kw, d ajrmuf vGwv f yfa&;tawmifyH ys0H EJ idk &f ef wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsdK;aygif;pHkeJ h pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm ylaygif;wdkufyGJ0if=uygpdk h? 'g[mjzpfoifhjzpfxdkufwJh vkyo f ifv h yk x f u kd w f hJ t&mqdw k m tm;vH;k vnf;em;vnf oabmaygu+f yD;om;yg? 'geJ ah wmifrS bmtwGurf sm;awGa0ae=uovJ h h h h h h bmawGpOf;pm;ae=uwmvJ h h h h h ESpo f pfrmS vGwv f yfa&;tawmifycH wfou H kd =um;a,mif&if; 1373 ckEpS u f kd r*Fvmtaygi;f eJ jh ynfph akH p&ef q&maZmf*s.

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f [m usaemfw@kd ArmEdik if rH mS wacwfxeG ;f wa,mufay: yk*K~d vrf sK;d jzpfygw,f? ol@ukd ArmjynfEikd if aH &; vkt d yfcsuu f jyÏmef;azmfxw k v f u kd w f m jzpfygw,f? olvdk@vl aemufxyf ray:Ekdifawmhygbl;? q&m}uD;&JŒ *k%fyk'fawGudk ajymr,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if trsm;}uD;yg? pmayynm&Si}f uD;taeeJ@ ajymrvm;/ vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf 0JG if yk*Kd~ vf}uD;wa,muf taeeJ@ ajymrvm;/ +idr;f csr;f a&; Adou k m}uD;taeeJ@ ajymrvm; ajymp&mawG trsm;}uD;yg? ol[m pmayavmurSm/ owif;pmavmurSm rD;¶ª;waqmifow l OD; jzpfcw hJ mvnf; trSeyf gy?J 'gayr,fh usaemf¶a_ xmifu h ajym&&ifawmh q&m}uD;&JŒ*k%o f a&[m ol&ŒJ Edik if aH &; vky&f yfawGa=umifh ydrk }kd uD;vm&w,fv@kd ajymcsiyf gw,f? t*Fvdyftpdk;&&JŒ &efolawmf eHygwf 1 }uD;[m *syefacwfa&mufawmhvnf; awmajy;&if ; yk e f ; &w,f ? zqyv vuf x uf = uawmh v nf ; qd k & S , f v pf a wG e J @ olw@kd &ŒJ ppfAv kd af wGu awmxJuvlawG&ŒJ ud, k pf m;vS,v f @kd tremyajym+yD; ol@w&m;yGaJ wGukd jyLapmxD;awG v$w+f yD; +cdr;f ajcmufwmcH&w,f?

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“wdk hA rmjynf[m trSeftm;jzifh raumif;wJhacwfyJ h h h wdk hwawG urBmysufcgeD;rSm vlvmjzpf&ovdkyJ”

tJ ' D v d k acwf t quf q uf r S m tm%m& todik ;f t0dik ;f / tm%m& vlwef; pm; eJ@ xdyw f u kd af wG@ t+idKtjiifc+H yD;awmh acgif;rmrm wdkufyGJ0ifcJhvdk@ q&m}uD;&JŒ *k%o f u d mQ [m xGe;f ajymifwm/ wjynfv;kH u av;pm;&wm jzpfygw,f? q&m}uD;&JŒ xl;jcm;csufwcku ol[m jynfolvlxkeJ@ tjrJwom;wnf;&Sw d myg? ol[m jynfol vl x k wd k u f y G J e J @ tjrJ q uf a eygw,f ? t+rJwrf; olyg˜ygw,f? ol@acwfrSm ol rygvdkufwJh jynfolvlxk&JŒwdkufyGJ&,fvdk@ r&Syd gb;l ? ‘igb h 0rSmwdu k yf aJG wGe@J jynfv h sS r;f

NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

aeygap’ qdw k hJ rmufp&f ŒJ a=uG;a=umfov H ykd J q&m}uD;&JŒ b0wckv;kH [m wdu k yf aJG wGcsn;f ygy?J ol[m jynfolvlxk qdkwJhtxJrSm txl;ojzifh tzdESdyfcH qif;&Jol qif;&Jom;awGeJ@ wom;wnf;uswm[m tifrwef xl;jcm;ygw,f? ol[m Armjynf&ŒJ qif;&Jol qif;&Jom;awGuv kd nf; em;vnfw,f/ pmemw,f/ tJ'v D al wGtwGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifw,f? ola&;wJph mawGxrJ mS tnmr*Fvmaqmifvkd [mrsK;d utp vufzufudpPtqHk; aocsm=unfhvdkufvdk@&Sd&if q&m}uD;&JŒ&yfwnfcsuf[m b,fawmhrS jynfov l x l u k kd opPmrazmufcb hJ ;l ? qif;&Jwo hJ al wGe@J atmufwef;tusq;kH vlawGe@J ol[m tjrw J rf; wom;wnf;&Scd w hJ ,f? olukd aiGa=u;awG/ &mxl;awGe@J q, G w f mawG ol@b0rSm c%c% =uKH c&hJ w,f? tJ'gawG tm;vH;k udk olu jywfjywf jiif;y,fEikd cf w hJ ,f? ol[m e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ zufqpfawmfveS af &;/ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;/ ur?mh +idr;f csr;f a&;vdk ta&;awmfyakH wGtm;vH;k rSm ta&SŒqH;k uygcw hJ m trSeyf gy?J 'ga=umifrh @kd vnf; 48 ckEpS f 'Dbufyikd ;f rSm vli,fawG[m zqyv tpd;k &eJ@ =um;jzwf ppftpdk;&wdk@&JŒ +cdrf;ajcmufr_wdk@udk q&m}uD;t&Sdeft0geJ@ &ifqdkifausmfv$m;cJh&wmawGudk trsm;}uD;&Scd yhJ gw,f? ol@udk a&SŒqH;k u wifu h m;}uD;ay:xm;+yD; aemufu csw D ufc&hJ wmyg? ur?m+ird ;f csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D rSm/ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D rSm q&m}u;D &JŒt&Sed t f 0g r&S&d if b,fvjkd zpfrvJqw kd m tawmfpOf;pm;&ygvrd rhf ,f? q&m}uD;[m t*Fvyd pf m rwwfygb;l ? 'gayr,fh ol[m topfu/kd wd;k wufwmudk vufcHEdkifpGrf;&SdwmrSm tHh=op&m tvGefaumif;ygw,f/ ol@tawG;tac:u omref ya'o&mZfqefqef e,fcsŒJ rke;f wD;r_uae+yD;awmh 0HomEkpw d /f wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k pdw"f mwf/ aemufq;kH qd&k , S v f pf0g'txd ajymif;vJvmygw,f? 'gudk ordkif;ygarmuQ q&m}uD; OD;oef;xGef;u ‘wdkwdkajym&&if yxr t*Fvdyf tifyg&mxJrmS yJ 'drk eD , D H &&ifawmf+yDv@kd rSe;f w,f/ aemufawmh vH;k 0 vGwv f yfa&;u wjym;rSs ravsmb h ;l jzpfvmw,f? vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;&if b,fvEkd ikd if w H nfaqmufrvJqw kd m csucf si;f rpOf;pm;Edkifao;bl;aygh/ya'o&mZfEdkifiHjyefjzpf&ifvnf; jzpfEdkifw,fqdkwJhoabmu &Sdaeao;w,f? aemufawmh qddk&S,fvpfEdkifiHydkif pepf&,fvdk@ yDyDoojzpfvmygw,f’ vdk@ ol@pmwrf;wapmifrmS a&;xm;ygw,f? tJ'D pmwrf;&JŒ aemufwae&mrSmawmh q&moef;xGe;f u ‘'gayr,fh 'kw, d urBmppf twGi;f rSm aemufq;kH umv 1944 ckEpS u f q&m}uD;uG,v f eG w f hJ 1964 ckEpS t f xd tESp2f 0 twG i f ; rS m q&m}uD ; &J Œ b0u qd k & S , f v pf E d k i f i H x l a xmif a &;eJ @ +id r f ; csrf ; a&;u yef;wdik v f @kd jyoGm;ygw,f’ tJvakd &;xm;ygw,f? q&m}uD;&JŒ psmyeumvrSm q&m}uD;&JŒta=umif; pmwrf;awG zwf=uawmh usaemft h aza&;wJh pmwrf;xJrmS q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f (od@k r[kw)f jrefrmEdik if o H rdik ;f vd@k !Gef;oGm;ygw,f? 'g [m odyfudk rSefygw,f/ Armjynf&JŒordkif;/ qdkvdkwm 'Dbufacwf N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

ordik ;f tauG@xJrmS q&m}uD;u a&SŒqH;k u ygoyl g? q&m Aef;armfwifatmif ajymwJph meJ@ ajym&vd@k &S&d if ol[m ol@acwfu ay;wJw h m0efukd tausjyGeq f ;kH xrf;aqmifjyoGm;wJh vlxk ol&aJ umif;}uD;wa,muf jzpfygw,f? q&m}uD;&JŒ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rSwo f m;avmufwhJ t&nftcsi;f wckuawmh ordik ;f tauG@tajymif;awGrmS Edik if aH &;t¶_yt f axG;awG b,fvykd &J &dS dS rsuaf phrvnfwmygy?J ol 'Dvkd rsuaf phrvnfwhJ t"du ta=umif;t&if;uawmh ol[m jynfov l x l t k ay:rSm opPm&Sv d @kd jzpfygw,f? jynfov l x l ek @J yJ wom;wnf;&yfv@kd jzpfygw,f? ol&ŒJ oufwrf;eJ@trSs usiv f nf&wJh c&D;=urf;}u;D wavsmufrmS ole@J vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf tajrmuftrsm;rSm olvdk@ tawG;tac: rajymif;vJEdkifwJhtwGuf jywfusefcJhwmawG/ cGJxGufoGm;wmawG/ trsm;}uD; =uHKcJh&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh q&m}uD;uawmh ordkif;u jyÏmef;vmwJh ta&;awmfyo kH pfawG/ wdu k yf o JG pfawGtwGuf t,ltqopfawG udk vufc+H yD; vli,fawG/ tiftm;topfawGe@J vufwyJG gw,f? q&m}uD ; u topf u d k b,f a vmuf t xd vuf c H E d k i f p G r f ; &S d o vJ q d k v d k & S d & if e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;wdu k yf rJG mS olt&if wke;f uwGcJ w hJ hJ 'dik t f mcD aphpyfwcJG w hJ hJ vl}u;D awGe@J c+JG y;D awmh trsKd;om;ausmif; axmifcJhwm&,f/ trsKd;om; ausmif;rSm 0if+yD;vkyfcJhwm/ vli,fawGeJ@ wGcJ w hJ m/ wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k rSmvnf; Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;wd@k vkd yk*Kd~ vf awGe@J wcJG w hJ m/ aemufq;kH vGwv f yfa&; 'DbufacwfrmS udyk J tJ'aD cwfu wd;k wufwv hJ il ,fawGjzpfwhJ Aef;armf wifatmif wd k @ / '*k e f w m&mwd k @ vd k vl i ,f a wG e J @ wG J w m/ aemuf + yD ; Ad k v f r ª ; csKyf a usmf a Zmwd k @ / 0wfvx kH eG ;f wifw@kd vkd yk*Kd~ vfawGe@J ww JG m 'g q&m}uD;&JŒ topftiftm;pkukd vufcEH ikd pf rG ;f &SrdS /_ trSm;trSef cGEJ ikd pf rG ;f &Srd u _ jkd yowJh om" u awG jzpfygw,f? q&m}uD ; wouf v H k ; vuf w G J o G m ;wJ h tif t m;pk a wG t a=umif ; ajym&if csex f m;vd@k rjzpfwhJ tiftm;pkwck &Syd g w,f? tJ'h guawmh ausmif;om;awGyg? ArmjynfrmS ausmif;om;awG&JŒ yxrqHk; EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_vdk@ qdk&r,fh 1920 ckESpf u ,leDAmpDwD oydwf}uD;upvdk@ aemufqHk;tcsdeftxd zqyv tpdk;&vufxuf/ =um;jzwf ppftpdk; &vufxuftxd ol[m ausmif;om;awGe@J vufjrJjJ rJwcJG yhJ gw,f? ol[m OD;bazwd@k vkd 'dik , f mcDorm;awGe@J vufwjJG zKwf+yD; ausmif;om;awGbufu jywfjywf&yf/ uavmifxrf; +yD; wdu k yf 0JG ifcw hJ ,f? arsmufÉu d m/ bdKG if;aumufÉu d mwd@k [m tJ'w D ek ;f u q&m}uD;&JŒ&yfwnfcsuu f kd xif[yfae ygw,f? ausmif;om;awGu ‘xDrxifausmif;awmfom;awG&JŒ trnftpOf acgif;ay: zsm;rSmv rif;wdk@q&mudk pm&if;wdk@ umom xm;vdkufayawmh’ qdk+yD; uwdjyKxm;wJh q&m}uD;udk olw@kd &JŒ OD;xdyrf mS tjrJxm;+yD; qd;k wkid yf if aumif; wdik yf if wdik yf ifc=hJ uygw,f? &efuek f wuUov kd o f r*~ taqmuftODrmS tcgtm;avsmpf mG yJ q&m}uD;udk zdw+f yD; w&m;em=uw,f? ta&;}uD; wJh tcef;tem;awGrmS q&m}uD;udk zdw=f um;cJw h ,f? 'gayr,fh 0rf;enf;p&maumif;wmu q&m}uD; uG,v f eG w f hJ tcsed rf mS usawmh tJ'D ol@wynft h &if;awG NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

*g0& vmrjyKEdik =f uawmhygb;l ? q&m}uD;&JŒpsmyeudk }uD;}uD;us,u f s,f usi;f ywm trSeyf gy?J wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k tygt0if vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf a[mif;}uD;awG/ pmayavmu uvlawG tajrmuftrsm;vnf; wufa&muf=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'h t D csed rf mS ausmif;om;or*~awG wufv@kd r&awmhb;l ? q&m}uD;&JŒ psmyerSmay;yd@k vmwJh yef;acGawG[m &m*%ef;avmuf &Syd gvrd rhf ,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ't D xJrmS ausmif; om; or*~awG&ŒJ yef;acGawG rawG@&awmhygb;l ? q&m}uD;&JŒ psmyeusif;ywJh r¾yf}uD;rSm yef;acGawG/ tvHawG &Sdayr,fh tJ'D yef;acGawG/ tvHawG ta&twGux f uf axmufvrS ;f a&; ta&twGuu f ydrk sm;aew,fv@kd xif& ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm Adkvfae0if;[m +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;w,fqdkwJh rsuv f n S yhf u JG kd wefoif+h yDv@kd qH;k jzwf +yD; zsuo f rd ;f vku kd yf g+yD? zsuo f rd ;f +yD;wmeJ@ w+ydKifeuf awmxJu vlawGukd jyefcikd ;f / aemufuae xd;k ppfawGvu dk f qif/ +rdKŒay:rSmusawmh tukev f ;kH vdu k zf rf;/ awmxJukd armif;yd@k / tJ'v D ekd @J ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGvnf; t zrf;cHol cH&/ ajy;olajy;& jzpfuek yf gw,f?

OD ; Ek w d k @ wawG u vnf ; axmif x J r S m yg/ tJ ' D v d k Armjynf r S m +id r f ; csrf ; a&; aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGysuw f meJ@ q&m}u;D ocif ud, k af wmfrid_ ;f uG,v f eG w f m[m bmrSruGmbl;? 'Djzpf&yf 2 ck wdu k w f u kd q f ikd q f ikd f vm+yD;qHak ewm tifrwefrS tHh =op&maumif;ygw,f? q&m raocif +idrf;csrf;a&;&wm jrifoGm;csifw,fqdkwm q&m}uD; yg;pyfu wzGzGajymwJhpum;yg/ 'gayr,fh ol ruG,fvGefrD jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&; rwnfaqmuf vdu k Ef ikd w f m[m usaemfw@kd Edik if t H wGuf =urRmiifwm jzpfyg w,f?wu,fawmh q&m}uD;ukd uGejf rLepfrsm;u =unfnKd / zqyv uvnf; av;pm;/ 'ga=umifh ol[m ESpzf uft=um; rSm wu,f0ifEikd o f l jzpfygw,f/ tm%m&aewJh tpd;k &xJrmS a&m/ awmxJu vlawGxrJ mS a&m tm;vH;k u ol@w ynfah wG/ ol@ wdu k af zmfwu kd zf ufawG jzpfaew,f? ol ajym&if rjiif;0Hw h o hJ al wG jzpfygw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u tajctaeeJ@ tckt ajctaeu trsm;}uD;uGmygw,f? tck umvu tJ'Dvdk r[kwfbl;/ =um; 0ifEdkifwJh q&m}uD;vdk =oZm&dw S yhJ *k Kd~ vf r&Sb d ;l / tck =um;0ifw,fqw kd mu &mZmvDvkd yk*Kd~ vfjzpfaew,f? olu Edik if jH cm;om;/ aemuf ol@u, kd u f sK;d u vnf; wavS}uD; &Sw d ,f? ol@ukd b,fbufurS wu,f,=kH unfwm r[kwb f ;l ? ol[m 'Dae@q&kd if yÉdyuQ&ŒJ qef@usizf ufrmS &Sad eolawG b,fou l rS ole@J wdu k af zmfwu kd zf uf r[kwb f ;l ? q&m}uD;[m awmxJuvlawGeJ@a&m OD;Ekwdk@eJ@a&m wdkufazmf wdkufzuf vkyfazmfudkifzuf/ &mZmvD[m b,foel @J rS oHa,mZOf r&Sb d ;l ? ol@u, kd o f u l vG+J yD; bmoHa,mZOfrS r&Sd wJo h jl zpfw,f? wu,fv@kd om q&m}uD;&Sw d ek ;f rSm +idr;f csr;f a&;udpu P kd zdzpd ;D pD; qufvu kd rf wfwyf vkyrf ,fqv kd @kd &&dS if usaemf xif w,f/ Armjynf&ŒJ ordik ;f [m ajymif;vJomG ;Edik yf gw,f? 1963 ck +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yG[ J m OD;EkvufxufrmS om qd&k if ajyvnfEidk yf gw,f? bma=umif h v J q d k a wmh tJ w k e f ; u yÉd y uQ j zpf a ewJ h o l a wG txl ; ojzif h N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

acgi;f aqmifawGaygah v/ jyef=unfyh g? OD;Ek qdw k mu ol@ukd q&m}u;D u acG;rom;vd@k rac:wmudyk J [m q&m}uD;u ightay: pdwfqdk;aeovm;vdk@ pOf;pm; cJholrsKd;yg/ aemuf+yD; q&m}uD;u wydk;wnfhwnfhxrf;cJh=uwJh oHk;xyfwef; qdkwJh txJu ocifoef;xGef; qdkwm uawmh ajymp&mawmif rvdyk gb;l ?

1963 ckEpS f uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ +idr;f csr;f a&;ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J u q&m}uD;twGuf a'gif;eJ@ ysm;&nf ,lvmwJh erdwf yHkudkyJ =unfhyg? a'gif; qdkwmu ArmEdkifiHom;awG&JŒ e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ trsK;d om;a&; vuQ%myg? 'g txl;&Si;f jyaep&m rvdyk gb;l ? ysm;&nfuaum ysm;&nfqdkwmu q&m+rdKŒr+idrf;&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&; oDcsif;xJu +idr;f csr;f a&;onf ysm;&nfuo hJ @kd &Sd w,f/ wrmyif o&ufyif bmyifypJ pJG JG csK+d rdew f hJ t&om rpGeo f nfomyif qdw k hJ t"dym` ,fukd aqmifygw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;[m tjrJwrf; csKjd raew,fqkd wJv h uQ%myg? tJ'D vuQ%meJ@ ocifoef;xGe;f u q&m}uD;qDvufaqmif yd@k vu kd w f myg? tJ v d k vl E S p f O D ; ES p f z uf = um;rS m q&m}uD ; 0if & if tajctaeawG [ m ajymvd@k qv kd @kd &Edik w f [ hJ myg?'gayr,fjh zpfcsiaf wmh 1963 ckEpS f tJ't D csed rf mS tm%m&aewmu q&m}uD;ukd tmcHxu G x f m;wJh a*go h rdef Apdef wd@k &ŒJ aemufvu kd f Adv k af e0if; jzpfaeygw,f?

'Dae@tcgrmS +ird ;f csr;f a&;tzG@J awG&xm;wJh +ird ;f csr;f a&;[m q&m}u;D oufpeG @f }uKd ;yrf; aqmif&u G cf w hJ /hJ arSsmrf eS ;f cJw h hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;rsK;d r[kwaf o;a=umif;bJ usaemfawmh ajymcsiyf gw,f? usaemfw@kd q&m}uD;&JŒ r+yD;ao;wJh vkyif ef; pOf/ q&m}uD;&JŒ arSsmrf eS ;f csuaf wGtwGuf quf+yD; trsm;}uD; vky&f OD;rSm&Syd gao;w,f? tJ'h D 64 ckEpS w f ek ;f u q&m}uD;&JŒpsmyeudk usaemf wufcyhJ gw,f? usaemftaeeJ@ q&m}uD;udk touf&n S v f suf a&m/ toufrhJ cE<mud, k t f jzpfe@J a&m usaemf t}udr}f udrf uefawmhzl;ygw,f? tck ol@arG;ae@rSm usaemf tckvdk *g0&jyK&wmudk tifrwefrS 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om =unfE;l rdygw,f?wcsed w f nf;rSm usaemfv@kd yJ q&m}uD;&JŒ aus;Zl;udo k /d q&m}u;D udk =unfnKd av;pm; olawGukd txl;owd&rdyg w,f? 'Dae@tcgrmS usaemfw@kd Edik if rH mS u q&m}uD;udk =unfnKd av;pm;a=umif; azmfjy&wmudyk J rif;jypfrif;'%f oifah wmhr vdv k jkd zpfae wm usaemf tm;vH;k odygw,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf q&m}uD;&JŒarG;ae@ 'gr[kwf q&m}uD; uG,fvGefwJhae@awGrSm q&m}uD;udk usaemfwdk@ *k%fjyK=u &if; wcsdefwnf;rSm q&m}uD; arSsmfrSef;wJh +idrf;csrf;wJh EdkifiH}uD;wnfaqmufEdkifa&;twGuf usaemfwdk@ qufvuf +yD;awmh csDwuf=u&r,fvdk@ xifygw,f?aemufqHk;taeeJ@ usaemfajymcsifwmu 1955 ckESpf pufwifbmv 18 &ufae@wke;f u uAsmq&mtoif;csKyf&ŒJ oif;vH;k uGswt f pnf;ta0;rSm q&m}uD; ajymcJw h hJ pum;awGuykd J ud;k um;jyKcJyh gawmhr,f? “wd@k Armjynf[m trSet f m;jzifh raumif;wJah cwfy/J wd@k wawG urBmysufcgeD;rSm vlvmjzpf&ovdyk ”J &Jabmf zd;k oHacsmif; NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

(http://oothandar.blogspot.com

rSul;[laz: jyygonf?)

Edik if aH &;orm; ESifh

pma&;q&m '*kefwm&m

“okd jh zpf&m Edik if aH &;orm;ESihf pma&;q&monf wlonf? rwl” (1) EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh pma&;q&mudk rE_dif;,SOfrD EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkwmbmvJ/ pma&;q&mqdw k m bmvJukd ¶Si;f jyzd@k vdak yvdrrhf nf?

Edik if aH &;qdw k mbmvJ? Edik if aH &;qdo k nfrmS pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdck suu f kd vlxt k iftm;jzifh v_y¶f mS ;r_jyKjcif;yif jzpfonf? pmayqdw k mbmvJ? pmayqdo k nfrmS vl@b0ta=umif;t&mudk pmzwfol &oay:atmif zGŒJ EGŒJ xm;aom ta&;tom;jzpfonf?

EdkifiHa&;aqmif¶Gufolonf EdkifiHa&;orm;jzpfonf? pmaya&;om;olonf pma&;q&m jzpfonf? Todk@ t=urf;zsif;od&onf? onfhxuf wif;jynfhusyfjynfh t"dym` ,fjzifq h &kd vSsif Edik if aH &;udk rdrb d 0Y jrêKyfEu HS m Edik if aH &;wpfcw k nf;udo k m aqmif¶u G o f u l kd EdkifiHa&;orm;[k ac:oifhayonf? pmayudk rdrdb0Y jrêKyfESHum pmaywpfckwnf;udkom a&;om;olukd pma&; q&m[k ac:oifah yonf? ,if;t"dym` ,fziG q hf ckd sut f wdik ;f twdtus owfrw S &f efr[kwaf y? Edik if aH &; oufouf/ pmayoufouf aqmif¶Gufolrsm;¶Sdovdk a&maESmaqmif¶Guf=uolrsm;vnf; ¶Sday onf? avmuY owfowf[lI r¶SdEdkifay? odk@aomf ,if;tiftm; trsm;qHk;¶Sdoludk wdkif;wmI ac:a0:rSw, f =l ujcif;omvSsif jzpfayonf?

Tae&mY EdkifiHa&;orm;oufouf/ pma&;q&moufouf[lI E_dif;,SOfvdkjcif; r[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh pma&;q&mvkyfief; ESpf&yfudkom E_dif;,SOfvkdjcif;jzpfI a¶SŒquf=uaytH?h N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

(2) Edik if aH &;ESihf pmay rnfonfah e&mY wl-uovJ ?

EdkifiHa&;onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsufESifh oufqdkifovdk pmayonf vl@b0ESifh oufqikd o f nf? a[m wl=uay+yD? pD;yGm;a&;qdo k nfrmS pm;0wfaea&;yif r[kwaf vm? vl@b0qdo k nfrmS vnf; pm;0wf aea&;yifr[kwaf vm? Edik if aH &;a0g[m&tm;jzifh odyu H` sus pD;yGm;a&;[kac: =uonf? pmtkyf oHygyg/ wuUov kd [ f efygygjzifh ac:vSsif abm*aA'[kvnf; wenf;ac:Edik af o;onf? vl@b0[k pmqefqefac:vSsiv f nf; &onf? uAsmq&mwd@k u b0[k vSvu S av; ac: =uayonf? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vl b h 0 tESpo f m&csif; twlwyl if r[kwaf yavm? pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;ajymvSsif vl@b0yg&rnf? vl@b0ta=umif;ajymvSsif vlawG. pD;yGm;a&; yg&rnf? rygIrjzpf? vl@b0onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdck sujf zifh v_y¶f mS ;aeaom b0 jzpfonf? +idro f ufaeaom b0r[kwaf y? vl@b0. toufonfyifvsS if pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdk csuf jzpfayonf? pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdck surf ¶Sv d sS if vl@b0onf aoaejcif;yif? vl@b0onf rnfo@kd ¶So d vJ? vl@b0onf vlwef;pm;rsm;jzifh ydik ;f jcm;pdwjf zmvsuf ¶Sad yonf? pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdck suo f nf vlwef;pm;u awmif;qdak om pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdck suf omvSsif jzpfayonf? Edik if aH &;onfyifvsS if vlwef;pm;Edik if aH &; jzpfayonf? vlwef;pm;rS uif;aom Edik if aH &;[lonf r¶SEd ikd af y?

(3) Edik if aH &;onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdck suf/ pmayonf vl b h 0udak &;om;jcif;? pD;yGm;a&;udk rnfo@kd awmif;qdo k vJ/ vlxt k iftm;jzifh v_y¶f mS ;umawmif;qdo k nf? a[m… Edik if aH &;Y vlxt k iftm;udk awGŒ¶S&d ay+yD? vl@b0udk rnfo@kd a&;om;ovJ/ pmzwfo&l oay:atmif zGŒJ EGŒJ onf? a[m… pmayY pmzwfou l kd awGŒ ¶S&d ay+yD? Edik if aH &;Y vlxt k iftm;/ pmayY pmzwfol twlwyl ifjzpfonf? pum;vH;k tac: uGJ aomfvnf; tESpo f m&tm;jzifh twlwyl ifjzpfayonf? pmzwfo/l pmzwfy&dowfonf vlxk jzpfonf? wenf; tao;pdwf twdtusq&kd vSsif pmzwfoo l nf vlxt k pdwt f ydik ;f wpf&yf jzpfayonf?

Edik if aH &;orm;onf vlxrk ygbJ r&yfwnfEikd /f pma&;q&monf pmzwforl ygbJ r&yf wnfEikd ?f Edik if aH &;orm;ESihf pma&;ESpOf ;D pvH;k vlxYk tjrpfw, G v f sS u¶f o dS nf? vlxYk tajcrpdu k af om Ekid if aH &;onf usq;kH rnfjzpfI pmzwfov l x l Yk tajcrpdu k f aom pmayonfvnf; wdraf um&rnfom jzpfayonfr[kwaf vm?

NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

(4) pma&;q&m.vkyif ef; tb,fenf; ? pma&;q&monf tEkynmvkyif ef;udk aqmif¶u G o f nf? olonf vl@b0udk xdawGŒ cHpm; ¶_jrifo;kH oyfI tvSynmjzifh zGŒJ EGŒJ onf? ol. twwfynmonfum; ol. pmzwf y&dowf (0g) vlxpk w d Yf pGv J rf;uyf+idatmif/ ESpo f uf,=kH unfatmif/ &ocHpm;atmif a&;om;&aom twwfynmjzpfonf? pmzwfy&dowfu ol.pmayudk ESpo f ufcpH m;jcif; ¶So d avmuf ol. pmaytiftm;onf }uD;rm;vmayonf? ol.tEkynmonf atmifjrif onf[k qd&k ayrnf?

Edik if aH &;orm;. vkyif ef;um; tb,fenf; ?

Edik if aH &;orm;onf vlxv k y_ ¶f mS ;r_vyk if ef;udk aqmif¶u G o f nf? olonf vlwef;pm; wkd@jzifh jyGrf;aom vl@b0udk wdk;a0S@avhvma0zefum EdkifiHa&; abm*aA'ynm/ EdkifiHa&; tbd"rRmwd@k jzifh aqmif¶u G o f nf? Edik if aH &;tm%m&atmif tm;xkwo f nf? ol.wpfenf;qd&k aom ol@ygw.

D Edik if aH &;0g'/ vrf;pOfrsm;udk vlxu k vufcEH pS o f uf/ ,H=k unfwuf=uv G m atmif ajyma[mv_y¶f mS ; aqmif¶u G &f onf? ol.twwfynmum; ol@Eikd if aH &;ygw.

D 0g'/ vrf;pOfukd vlxu k ESpo f ufvufc/H ,H=k unfwuf=uv G matmif jyKvyk af om twwfynm jzpfonf? vlxu k ,if;EdkifiHa&;0g'/ vrf;pOfudk ESpfoufvufcHjcif;¶Sdoavmuf ol. EdkifiHa&; tiftm;onf }uD;rm;vmayonf? ol.aemufygY vlx¶k rdS S atmifjrifonf[k qd&k ayrnf?

Edik if aH &;orm;onf vlxEk iS n hf Eêd id_ ;f I Edik if aH &;v_y¶f mS ;r_ukd aqmif¶u G &f onf? pma&; q&monfvnf; pmzwfy&dowf(vlxt k pdwyf idk ;f wpf&yf)ESihf nêEd id_ ;f I a&;om;&onf? vlx. k qENEiS hf nêI d raqmif¶u G v f sS if ,if;Edik if aH &;orm;onf usq;kH ovdk pmzwfy&dowf. qENEiS hf nêI d ra&;om;aom pma&;q&monfvnf; usq;kH &rnfjzpfayonf?

Edik if aH &;orm;wd@k rnfonf vlx. k a¶SŒrS ausmw f ufaeIvnf;r&/ aemufuse&f pfae Ivnf;r&/ vlxkeSifhwpfom;wnf; wpfajy;wnf; ae&ayrnf? vlxk.qENt&omvSsif Edik if aH &;orm;u vlxu k , kd pf m; apyg;aqmif¶u G jf cif;jzpfayonf? Edik if aH &;orm;u oufouf/ vlxu k oufouf r[kw&f ay? pma&;q&monfvnf; xk@d twlyifjzpfonf? pma&;q&monf vl x k . cH p m;r_ u d k xif [ yf a zmf j y&ayrnf ? ol . pmayonf vl x k c H p m;r_ a0'emud k xif[yf&ayrnf? pma&;ol.cHpm;r_ESifh pmzwfy&dowf. cHpm;r_onf udkufnD&ay rnf? pma&;q&monf a&mr+rdKŒ}uD; rD;avmifaepOf wa,mxk;d jy&ef r[kwaf y?

EdkifiHa&;orm;onf vlxkudkcsOf;uyf&mY vrf;rSefurf;rSefjzifhom ajzmifhrwf wnf=unfpmG csO;f uyf&ayrnf? vlxt k m; vdrv f nfvn S zfh sm;I rcsO;f uyf&ay? pma&;q&m onffvnf; xkd@twlyif? pma&;q&monf pmzwfy&dowf. t}udKufudk tvdkvdkufum pdwu f ;l ,Ofpmay/ b0xGuaf jy;r_pmaywd@k jzifh rSed ;f ,pfatmif a&;om;&rnfr[kwaf y?

Edik if aH &;orm;onf tajctaerSeu f dk vlxt k m; wifjy&ayrnf? pma&;q&monf vnf; wu,fjzpfysuaf eaomacwfukd o¶kyaf zmf&ayrnf?

N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

Ed k i f i H a &;orm;tm; tqH k ; jzwf a y;&monf v nf ; aumif ; / pma&;q&mtm; tqH;k tjzwfay;&monfvnf;aumif; vlxyk ifjzpfonf?

(5) jynfo@l tusKd ;aqmif Edik if aH &;orm;. &nfreS ;f csuo f nf xm0pOf +idr;f csr;f a&;yif jzpfonf? +idr;f csr;f rS aysm¶f i$ rf nf/ wd;k wufrnf/ om,mrnf? jynfo@l tusKd ;aqmif pma&;q&m . &nfreS ;f csuo f nfvnf; +ird ;f csr;f a&;yifjzpfonf? tEkynmonf +ird cf sr;f rS tpGr;f ukef tvSq;kH yGizhf ;l Ekid af yrnf?

Edik if aH &;orm;onf Edik if aH &;vkypf m;vSsif (0g) ud, k u f sK;d &SmvmvSsif ysupf ;D avawmh onf? pma&;q&monfvnf; aiGa=u;twGuv f u kd u f m pma&;vmvSsif rSed v f mawmhonf?

Edik if aH &;orm;onf tm%m&,la&;twGuf enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aqmif¶u G o f jl zpf&m aovSsiaf jr}u;D / ¶Siv f sS iaf ¶$x;D vkyw f wfonf? &ufpufonf? pma&;q&mu El;nHo h rd af rGŒ onf? a0'emcHpm;r_Y xufjrufonf? qGwfysHŒonf? wpfpHkw&mudk pdppfa0zefawG;ac:+yD;rS vufcw H wfonf? Edik if aH &;orm;onf rSm;vSsijf yifrnf[al om oabmxm;ESihf wd;k vkyw f wf onf? pma&;q&mum; trSm;enf;&ef }udK;pm;onf? opPmw&m;udk ¶SmazGonf? tjzLay: trnf;wifI ur`n;f xd;k &oljzpf&m owd}uD;pGmxm;onf? xd@k a=umifh wpfcgw&H Edik if aH &;orm;ESihf pma&;q&monf roifrh wifh jzpfwwfonf? yÉdyuQjzpfwwfonf? ok@d jzpf&m Edik if aH &;orm;ESihf pma&;q&monf wlonf? rwl? pm+yD;ESpf 1968 “pmvHk;/ aq;puf/ apmif;}udK;ESifh uwDWygum;vdyf” rS tawG;tjrif trSwf (206) / 2009 arv

'*kefwm&m

“zdwfac:tyfygonf” EdkifiHa&;/vlra+ &;/pD;yGg;a&;tawG;tjrif aqmif;yg;rsm; a0zefa&; aqmif;yg;rsm; uAsm/0wˆKwd/k umwGe;f /yef;csD rsm;udk rnforl qdk vGwv f yfpmG ay;ydk Eh ikd yf gonf// pmrlrsm;ud(k 15)&ufae h aemufq;kH xm;jyD; ay;ydŒk }uyg&ef arwWm&yfct H yfygonf// NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

jidrf;csrf;a&;orm; 'Drdkua&pD wdkufyGJacgif;aqmif

&ky&f iS rf if;om;MuD; OD;xGe;f a0 armifpGrf;&nf “udxk eG ;f a0&J th rlt&m[m/ arhvefzef;eJ h wlovdyk ?J toHuvJ wlw,f” vdk h ajymrdawmh/ “usaemfu arvefzef;eJ h tdref ;D csif;rdk h ol th rlt&mawGukd pGcJ zhJ ;l w,f” vdk jh yefajymzl;ygw,f? arhvefzef;eJ th rd ef ;D csif; jzpfczhJ ;l wmu/ uHaumif;w,f qd&k ayrJ/h A vkd af e0if;eJ h tdref ;D csif; jzpfc&hJ wmuawmh/ uHq;kd w,fvkd h ajym&ygr,f”

&ky&f iS =f u!hf y&dowfu/ &ky&f iS rf if;om;wOD;&J@ trnfrmS / a&S@u “OD;” “ud”k ponf x!f+h yD;/ ac:avhr&Syd g? cifarmif&if/ bwif/h ausmaf qG/ jrwfav;/ xGe;f a0-- ponfjzihf ac:avh&ydS gw,f? rif;om;xGe;f a0udk vlcsi;f cifpu/ olrsm;eJ@a&m+yD;/ udx k eG ;f a0 vd@k yJ usaemf wd@k ac:ygw,f? aemufrS ol@touf *k%0f gukd av;pm;or_e@J OD;xGe;f a0vd@k ac:ygw,f?

OD;xGe;f a0eJ@ &if;ES;D wJh rE aW v;om;awGuawmh/ a&$ref; xHpk t H wdik ;f / “av;av;” vd@k ac: =uav&J@? usaemfvJ wcgw&H “av;av;” vd@k yJ ac:ygw,f? OD;xGe;f a0uvJ oabmus ygw,f? &ky&f iS af vmueJ@ usaemfe@J vH;k 0ywfouf qufpyfwm r[kwv f @kd / usaemftaeeJ@ &ky&f iS af vmuom;awGu/kd od&&dS if;ES;D r_ vH;k 0r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? &ky&f iS f 'g&u kd w f m 0if;azeJ@ armifr;kd ol wd@k ukd odu|r;f &if;ES;D wmu/ rE aW v; wuUov kd rf mS / ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsi;f awG jzpfcv hJ @kd ? rif;om; jrwfav;udak wmh/ ausmif;om;or*~ udpaP wGe@J ywfoufwt hJ jyif/ olu rE aW v; b%fwu kd w f ckrmS tvkyv f yk cf zhJ ;l vd@k ? aumvdy*f sif ae0if;qdw k muawmh/ ausmif;om; or*~awGuvkyw f yhJ aJG wmfawGrmS tm;upm;orm;tjzpf/ omrefyJ odc&hJ +yD;rS/ &efuek u f kd usaemf a&mufvmwJt h cg/ q&m '*kew f m&mqDukd r=umc%oGm;awmh/ q&mwm&meJ@twl aeol udak e0if;eJ@vJ r=umc% awG@qrkH =d uvd@k // 'g&u dk w f m OD;okcqd&k if OD;av;vlxOk ;D vSe@J rdwaf qGa&mif;&if;/ oli,fcsi;f awG jzpf=uvd@k ? tJovdk ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;awGe@J olw@kd eJ@ cifrif&if;ES;D aecJ=h uwm jzpfygw,f? &ky&f iS ef @J vH;k 0rywfoufcyhJ gb;l ? &ky&f iS rf if;om;}uD; OD;xGe;f a0eJ@ odu|r;f &if;ES;D cJ=h u&wmuvJ/ &ky&f iS ef @J vk;H 0rywf N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

owf? ol@udk q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &J@wy!f/h jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; v_y&f mS ;r_awG&@J a&S@wef;&Jabmf}uD;wOD;tjzpfe@J qufpyf odu|r;f vmcJ&h wm jzpfygw,f? ol@ukd tjyifrmS “t&Siv f wfvwf” awG@ jrifz;l wmu rE aW v;rSmusi;f ywJ/h rE aW v; ajcmufc&dik /f jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; csw D uf qENjyyG}J u;D (1963) rSm/ obmywdtjzpf aqmif&u G cf v hJ @kd ygy?J tJ'w D ek ;f u tdraf wmf&m q,fah v;cef; Z&yf}uD;rSm/ tqH;k owf qH&k yftjzpf/ vlxpk nf;a0;yG}J uD; usi;f y ygw,f? armifr;kd olu tcrf;tem;r_; vkyyf gw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&; v_y&f mS ;r_rmS ckvykd g0ifw,f qkw d m/ rif;om;}uD;twGuf rvG,yf gb;l ? tpk;d &u rkcs +idK +iifrmS jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh ol[m q&m}uD;r_id ;f &J@ vuf&if;wy!ft h jzpfe@J woufv;kH *k%, f l aexdik f usi}hf uH aqmif &Guo f mG ;cJyh gw,f? tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif; rif;om;xGef;a0qdkwm o&kyfaqmifr_udk tm;udk;wJh “obm0 rif;om;}uD;” wOD;jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh rif;om;xGe;f a0eJ@ rif;om;jrwfav; wd@k [m pum;ajymaumif;wJh “rif;om;awGtjzpf”vJ xif&mS ;ygw,f? Zmwfum; wum;xJrmS “'kuyQ gyJ” qkw d mudk wvH;k csi;f ajymvdu k w f hJ ol@trlt&m[m/ y&dowfu pGpJ &m jzpfomG ; +yD;/ ol@vkd wky ajymqdck =hJ uwmud/k usaemf owdjyKcJrh zd ;l ygw,f? wu,fu ol[m rlvu owif;pmorm;/ owif;axmuf wa,mufyg? “Zifrify”kd ac: tm&k%f owif;pm&J@ owif; axmuftjzpfe@J rE aW v;rSm usiv f nfczhJ ;l ol jzpfygw,f? &ky&f iS f &du k af wmhvJ rE aW v;rSm t=um}uD; aecJw h ma=umif/h ol@ukd rE aW v;om;tjzpf xifrw S =f uwm awG@c&hJ zl;ygw,f? ol &ky&f iS af vmuudk 0ifawmh/ usaemfw@kd tv,fwef;ausmif;om;t&G,f avmufyJ &Syd gao;w,f? om"k&@J 0wˆK “waZmufuef;” xifw,f? “waZmufuef;”0wˆK udk “Adv k jf r'if” trnfe@J &kyf&Sif&dkufawmh/ rif;om; xGef;a0udk y&dowf pGJcJhygw,f? usaemfu om"k 0wˆK udk zwfz;l wma=umih/f “waZmufuef; ” &ky&f iS u f /kd jrif;+cH &ky&f iS &f kH wckrmS wrwfwef;u oGm;xdik +f yD; =u!fch zhJ ;l wmudk owd&aeygw,f? aemufawmh rif;om; xGe;f a0 ygw/hJ Zmwf um;awGq&kd if rvGww f rf;avmuf =u!fch yhJ gw,f? 1957 touf (3&) ESprf mS / tu,f'rD &cJw h ,f? tu,f'rD ESpx f yfurG ;f &zl;ygw,f? udx k eG ;f a0[m omref owif;axmuf wa,muf r[kwyf gz;l ? "gwyf q kH &m jzpfv@kd "gwyf kH owif;axmuftjzpf vlord sm;+y;D / “"gwyf q kH &m” vd@k ac:avmufatmif u|r;f olwOD;vJ jzpfygw,f? &ky&f iS 'f g&u kd w f m jzpfcsiv f @kd / &ky&f iS af vmueJ@ eD;pyfomG ;&mu/ &ky&f iS rf if;om; tjzpf/ 'g&u kd w f mawGu rsupf u d swm cH&+y;D / &ky&f iS o f &kyaf qmif jzpfomG ;cJ&h wmvd@k od&ygw,f? a=u;pm; "gwyf q kH &m tjzpfe@J / vlxk pD;u&uf ukr% R D jyuQ'ed f rsuEf mS zH;k awG[m/ udx k eG ;f a0&J@ vufprG ;f jyawG jzpfygw,f? usaemfwt kd aeeJ@ txl; trSww f & jzpfc&hJ wJ/h "gwyf u kH awmh “uGrf;tpfwvHk; a,mifwxHk;”eJ@ 'l;wzufaxmif/ wzufcs xkdifaewJh/ tzkd; ocif ud, k af wmfrid_ ;f &J@ "gwyf kH jzpfygw,f? “uGr;f tpfwvH;k a,mifwxH;k eJ@/ &ifz;kH tuFsD zsiyf ifeeD @J / a,m*Dyq k ;kd rifa=umifx;kd eJ@/ tzd;k u0d ynm&S/d /” pwJh wifr;kd &J@ vuf&mrGef “tzd;k u0d” uAsm[m/ "gwyf kH q&m rif;om;xGe;f a0&J@ vuf&mrGef "gwyf ekH @J wGzJ ufjzpfygw,f? “wifr;kd ” NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

u “xGe;f a0” &J@ "gwyf kH udk =u!f&h c_ pH m;+yD; uAsmzG@J cJw h myg? ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f *lArd mef &efyakH iG&mS zd@k / yd@k pu'f xkwaf wmhv/J rif;om;xGe;f a0&J@ "gwyf akH wGe@J ay:OD;ouf&@J yef;csaD wGukd toH;k jyKcJyh gw,f? usaemfu uAsma&;ay;cJ&h vd@k / udx k eG ;f a0eJ@ usaemfe@J vJ wGcJ &hJ w,f vd@k trSww f & jzpf&ygw,f? udx k eG ;f a0u ol@&@J b0jzpfpOfu/kd usaemfu h kd ajymjyzl;ygw,f? usaemfu aemifrmS ol@ta=umif;udk a&;r,fq+kd y;D / rSwpf v k yk x f m;ayrJ/h ckawmh &Smr&awmhygb;l ? olu w&kwjf ynf &Se[ f ikd ;f (ol@toHxu G u f “&Se@f [dik f” wJ)h rSm arG;zGm;cJ+h yD;/ w&kyjf ynfo@l wyfrawmfrmS i,fpOfu tr_xrf;cJzh ;l owJ?h ol@tudt k a=umif; usaemhu f kd ajymjywJ/h 1975-80 ckEpS f twGi;f avmufrmS / t+ird ;f pm; Adv k rf ;_ wa,muftjzpf/ ouf&x dS if&mS ; &Sad eao;owJ?h e,fpyf rSm wHwm;jzwfausmcf iG /hf aiGusyw f q,f ay;+yD;/ oGm;awG@awmh/ nDtudk ESpaf ,muf/ w a,mufukd wa,muf zuf+yD;/ t=um}uD; idak =uG;cJ=h uzl;owJ?h tJ'rD mS ol@&@J yxr tdraf xmif u orD;eJ@vJ tquftoG,&f vd@k “bmvdck sio f vJ” ar;wJt h cg orD;u wDAw DG vH;k 0,fcsif w,f qdw k meJ@ aiGay;cJzh ;l a=umif;vJ ajymjyygw,f? 'gayrJh 'DorD;u tazudak wG@&wm/ cifrifykH r&yJ/ zH;k quf+y;D aiGawmif;wm c%/ c%yJv@kd nnf;!_ &Smygw,f? tJ'v D kd w&kwjf ynf udk oGm;cJw h ek ;f u ae@csi;f jyef qd+k yD;/ aiGwq,f ay;cJ&h wm/ ae@csi;f jyefrvm&if ta&;,l cH&r,f qdak yrJ/h tuk}d uD;eJ@ awG@&wma=umif/h bmyJjzpfjzpfq+kd yD;/ rjyefyJ &uftwef=umaecJ& zl;ygw,fw?hJ ppfrx _ rf;wmuawmh/ tazu t&G,af &muf&if ppfrx _ rf;&r,fq+kd yD; cdik ;f vd@k armfpw D ek ;f wd@k &@J jynfow l yfrawmfrmS ppfrx _ rf;wmyg?

ArmjynfrmS udx k eG ;f a0 aecJw h mu/ “ayguaf cgi;f ” rSmwJ?h Adv k af e0if;eJ@ tdref ;D csi;f ? av; ig; tdrf jcm;w,fv@kd xifyg&@J ? Adv k af e0if;a&m/ udx k eG ;f a0a&m w&kw-f Arm ujym;awG yg? udx k eG ;f a0u tazu w&kw/f tar Armyg? tazu ppfrx _ rf;acs qdw k mu/ Armjynf uae w&kwjf ynfukd v$w+f yD;/ ppfrx _ rf;cdik ;f wmyg? ol@udk arG;wke;f u/ &Se[ f idk ;f rSmqdak wmh/ i,fpOfb0rSm/ w&kwjf ynf&@J emrnft}uD;qH;k / w&kwf rif;orD;}uD;/ “arhvefzef;” eJ@vJ tdrf eD;csi;f aecJ&h zl;owJ?h arvefzef;[m Armjynfu “atmifAv” vd/k a,mufsm; rif;orD;yg? usaemfu w&kw&f yk &f iS ef @J w&kwf owif;um;awGrmS / arhvefzef;&J@ &kyt f rlt&m/ toHtrl t&mawGukd jrifz;l vd@k / “udx k eG ;f a0&J@ trlt&m[m/ arhvefzef;eJ@ wlovdyk ?J toHuvJ wlw,f” vd@k ajymrdawmh/ “usaemfu arvefzef;eJ@ tdref ;D csi;f rd@k ol@trlt&mawGukd pGcJ zhJ ;l w,f” vd@k jyefajymzl;ygw,f? arhvefzef;eJ@ tdref ;D csi;f jzpfczhJ ;l wmu/ uHaumif;w,f qd&k ayrJ/h Adv k af e0if;eJ@ tdref ;D csi;f jzpfc&hJ wmuawmh/ uHq;kd w,fv@kd ajym&ygr,f?

Adv k af e0if;eJ@ udx k eG ;f a0wd@k u tdref ;D csi;f awGqakd wmh/ vly*k Kd~ vfcsi;f &if;ES;D w,fv@kd qd&k rSmyg? udx k eG ;f a0 emrnfausmf &ky&f iS rf if;om; jzpfvmawmh/ Adv k af e0if;u wy!fah rG; csiyf kH &ygw,f? wcgawmh vly&dowfxrJ mS oGm;&if; vm&if;eJ@/ “a[h--armifxeG ;f a0 tqifajy&J@vm;? tultnDvw kd m&S&d if ajym?”vd@k vSr;f ajymowJ?h 'Dawmh udx k eG ;f a0u “tqifajyygw,fcifAs?” vd@k yJ jyefajymvdu k rf o d wJ?h Adv k af e0if;u 'grsKd ; r}udKufz;l ? “[kwf N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

uJh cifAs/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;udk usaemfvmawG@ygrh ,f cifAs ”vd@k / ysmysmovJ vkyrf S }udKufwmwJ?h “tqifajyygw,f” vdk@ ajzvdkufwm[m/ “tultnDrvdkygbl;” vdk@ jiif;y,f&m uswma=umihf Adv k af e0if; pdwcf o k mG ;yH&k ygw,fv@kd udx k eG ;f a0u ajymjyzl;ygw,f? wu,f awmh udx k eG ;f a0eJ@ Adv k af e0if;wd@k [m/ jy'g;wvrf;/ oHwvrf; qd&k rSmyg? udx k eG ;f a0u “w&kwef D ” uvmwmqdak wmh/ vuf00J g'awG&@J ADZ ygvmyH&k ygw,f? ol yxrOD;qH;k q&m wifwmu/ OD;ode;f azjrifyh g? OD;ode;f azjrifu h pmay/ &ky&f iS /f Edik if aH &; oH;k avmueJ@ tusKH ; 0ifoyl g? udx k eG ;f a0u OD;ode;f azjrifu h kd tJ'v D kd oH;k avmueJ@ a&S@wef; yk*Kd~ vf}uD;tjzpfe@J av;pm; cifrifykH &ygw,f? tpd;k & t&m&Srd sm;eJ@ ta&mw0ifaew,fv@kd r=um;&zl;ygb;l ? +idr;f csr;f a&; v_y&f mS ;r_ qdw k muvJ/ tpd;k &u }udKufwhJ tvkyrf sKd ; r[kwyf gb;l ? OD;xGe;f a0u q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f eJ@ twl/ w&kwjf ynf urBm@ +idr;f csr;f a&;nDvmcHukd pum;jyef tjzpfe@J vJ vdu k yf gz;l ygw,f (1952)? +idr;f csr;f a&; zcif/ q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f udk qnf;uyfu;kd uG,w f ,f qd&k ifv/J tpd;k & qef@usio f l pm&if;0ifvkd jzpfvm+yD;/ axmufvrS ;f a&;u aemufu vdu k w f m cH&wwfygw,f? 'Dvekd @J udx k eG ;f a0[m &ky&f iS v f yk if ef; vkyu f ikd cf iG hf eJ@wuG/ o&kyaf qmifciG yhf g qH;k &H;_ cJ&h ygw,f?

R D emrnfcyH gw,f? udx k eG ;f a0 &ky&f iS v f yk if ef;vkyaf wmh/ “&efuif;&ky&f iS ”f vd@k ukr% +rdK@xu J ukeo f nfvrf;ay:rSm wdu k cf ef;wcef; 0,fxm;+yD;/ &H;k cef;zGix hf m;ygw,f? &ky&f iS &f ;kH cef; [m rE aW v;om;awG&@J qH&k yfwckvkd jzpfvmygw,f? rE aW v;u q&mawmfukd yifv h m&if tJ'rD mS yJ owif;oH;k ygw,f? udx k eG ;f a0u qGr;f uGr;f 'umcHygw,f? &H;k cef;udk ol@vufaxmuf wa,mufxm;ayrJ/h yxr t+rJ &H;k xdik o f u l / rE aW v;u jrefrmh&;kd &m yef;csD 'DZikd ;f q&m OD;at;jrifh jzpfaeygw,f? 0if;az/ ay:OD;ouf pwJh rE aW v; yef;cst D yk pf /k +rdK@r pEN&m;q&m odr;f armif pwJh rE aW v; *Dwtkypf /k armifr;kd ol/ wifr;kd / armifprG ;f &nf pwJh rE aW v; pmay tkypf ak wG[m &efuif;&ky&f iS rf mS yJ qHak vh&ydS gw,f? tJ'rD mS usm;xd;k ol xd;k =uygw,f? qmcsed f wef&if rsuaf pmif;xd;k &S/d cspw f ;D xrif;qdik u f kd oGm;pm;=uygw,f? udx k eG ;f a0u trsm;pm;zd@k oGm;a&pm 0,fwt hJ cg/ 0,fvmwwfygw,f? wa,mufe@J wa,muf rSmp&m&Sw d mawGukd &efuif; &ky&f iS rf mS yJ/ rSm=um;xm;cJw h wfygw,f? a&rd;k csKd ;csiv f J &ygw,f? usaemfu usaemf &H;k jzpfwhJ ajcmufxyf&;kH eJ@ odyrf a0;vSv@kd tm;wdik ;f a&mufygw,f? rE aW v; usK&Siq f &mawG eJ@vJ qHw k wfav&J@? tm;vH;k u ol@ukd “av;av;” vd@k ac: =uygw,f? udx k eG ;f a0&J@ tdru f “jynfom,m abmufaxmf” bufrmS yg? ol@trd 0f if;rSm tkwf eH&H umxm;+yD;/ twGi;f bufu wdu k u f yfyifav;awG pdu k x f m;ygw,f? *dwaf yguu f kd w&kwf yHkpH t0dkif;}uD;vkyfxm;ygw,f? {!fhcef;rSm yef;csDausmfawG&J@ vuf&mawG csw d x f m;ygw,f? tdr0f if;xJrmS ausmufp&pf tvH;k av;awG cif;xm;ygw,f? {!fch yH v JG yk &f if vl (100- 150) awmh qef@r,fxifygw,f? OD;av; vlxOk ;D vS qH;k +y;D p / a':a': vlxak ':trm &efuek q f if;vmawmh tJ'+D cHxrJ mS {!fch yH v JG yk +f yD; “vlxk OD;vS trSww f & *k%jf yK yG”J wck vk y f z l ; ygw,f ? tJ ' D & yf u G u f x J r S m yef ; csD 0if ; az/ om; *sme,f a usmf rd k ; [d e f ; eJ @ NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

umwGe;f jriho f ed ;f wd@k tdraf wG &Syd gw,f? tJ'D tdraf wGukd usaemf vnfywfavh&aSd yrJh usaemfaewJh urm&Gwef @J a0;vGeaf wmh a&mufcyJ gw,f? 'gayrJh om;*sme,fausmf rd;k [de;f &J@ orD;eJ@ Aefarmfwifatmif&@J om;wd@k ukd jrefrmpmusL&Sijf yay;&awmh wywfEpS &f uf a&mufomG ; wwfygw,f? udx k eG ;f a0&J@tdru f awmh vrf;}uHKvd@k xGucf vkw0f ifcvkwyf gy?J udx k eG ;f a0&J@ tdref @J wpfac:awmifra0;wJh ta&S@zufem;rSm udx k eG ;f a0&J@ tvky&f &kH ySd gw,f? toGm;tjyef udx k eG ;f a0udk jrifwikd ;f 0ifomG ;avh&ySd gw,f? tJ'rD mS jcifaq;acG(qifjzLawmfwq H yd )f eJ@ ajrjzLawG xkwv f yk yf gw,f? usaemft h rd rf mS uav;&dv S @kd qd+k yD; jcifaq;acGrjywfatmifay;avh &dyS gw,f? udx k eG ;f a0u Edik if aH &;udk rsuaf jcrjywfoyl g? w&kwb f mom eJ@ Edik if aH &; pmtkyaf wGe@J ordkif;pmtkyfawGvJ zwfygw,f? w&kwfaq;usrf;awGvJ avhvmygw,f? usaemfhrSm qD;ausmufw,fa&m*gjzpfw,f qdak wmh w&kwaf q;awG 0,fay;zl;ygw,f? aq;bl;rSm yHyk gw,f? aq;&Gufuav;awGuxkwfvkyfwmvdk@ oluajymygw,f? oHrEdkifausmufrEdkif aqjym;eJ@ wlygw,f? olu, kd w f ikd u f awmh vrf;av#mufw,f? tpm;taomuf tvGeq f ifjcifygw,f? 'gayrJh aq;vdyf(pD;u&uf) tvGefaomufygw,f? jzwfzdk@ }udK;pm;ayrJh enf;enf;awmh aomufaewmygy?J rE aW v;udk vlxak ':trmarG;ae@wikd ;f usaemfw@kd omG ;=uawmh udx k eG ;f a0eJ@ t+rJq&kH ygw,f? olu ociford ;f armif(0g;c,fr)/ ociftek ;f jrif/h avxD; OD;tke;f wif pwJh q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;&J@ wy!fh EdkifiHa&;orm;awGeJ@ twlqHkvmavh&dSygw,f? udkxGef;a0[m tarvlxka':trmudk cspfcifav;pm;ol jzpfygw,f? vlxkwdkufudkoGm;&if a':a':a&S@rSm udx k eG ;f a0[m arsmufi,fav;vdyk gy?J a':a':uvJ “udx k eG ;f a0 &Si/f aq;vdyf rjywfao;bl;vm; tjywfjzwfvu kd yf g”pojzifh cyfaiguaf iguf ajymavh&ySd gw,f? 'DtcgrmS udx k eG ;f a0[m rsuEf mS i,fuav;eJ@ “[kwu f hJ a':a':”qd+k yD; acgi;f iHck yH gw,f? usaemfh OD;av; t&G,f tazt&G,fvdk@ qdkEdkifwJh rif;om;}uD;[m “tr}uD;a&S@u armifi,fav;ozG,f” awG@&awmh u&k%moufp&maumif;wJhtjyif armifESrawG@qHkcef;av;wck tjzpfeJ@vJ =unfE;l p&m aumif;vSygw,f? awmiforef;tif;apmif;u q&mawmf udyk nm&J@ausmif;[m Armjynfwjynfv;kH u tEkynm&Siaf wG&@J pk&yfwckjzpfygw,f? rE aW v;/ &efuek /f rH&k mG / tif;0 pwJh te,fe,ft&yf&yfu pma&;q&m/ yef;csq D &m pwJh tEkynm&Siaf wG[m rE aW v;udak &muf&if awmiforef;tif;apmif; u awmifav;vH;k q&mawmf OD;ynm&J@ ausmif;udk ra&mufr&dyS gb;l ? ypPn;f av;yg; 'g,umvdk jzpf a eygw,f ? awmif a v;vH k ; ausmif ; xJ u bk & m;ausmif ; uef / Z&yf a wG jyif p &m/ xk;kH o%Fe;f uyfp&mponfh vdt k yfwmawG&&Sd ifvJ OD;xGe;f a0u 'umcHwwfygw,f? a':a': vlxak ':trm arG;ae@ /a'guw f moef;xGe;f arG;ae@ pojzifh }uHK}udKuf&if te,fe,ft&yf&yfu pmaytEkynm orm;awG[m wjcm;ae&mrSm qHkcGifh r}uHK=uvdk@ 'Dae&mav;rSmyJ at;at;aq;aq; qHkavh&dSygw,f? awmiforeftif;eJ@ awmiforefwHwm;wdk@vJ&dSawmh ywf0ef;usiu f vJ om,mrd@k qH&k yfaumif;av;jzpfaewma=umifh udx k eG ;f a0 oabmuswhJ ae&mav;wckygy?J N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

&efuek rf mS vJ q&mrif;ok0%f&@J arG;ae@ txdr;f trSwyf u JG kd ESppf Ofusi;f yavh&cSd yhJ gw,f? arG;ae@yrJG wdik cf if q&mhtrd u f kd usaemfu }uKd wifomG ;+y;D “q&m bmpDpOfrvJ/ bmvkyaf y;&rvJ” oGm;ar;avh&ySd gw,f? rE aW v;pma&;q&mrsm; (Ek;d / rd;k / EGr;f ponf)eJ@ q&mh&;kH u wynft h csK@d pkaygif;+yD;awmhvJ ueffawmhavh&dSygw,f? q&mrif;ok0%fuawmh rif; +rdK@xJoGm;+yD; “AsKd;[pfay;uGm”vdk@ cdkif;avh&dSygw,f? usaemfu 33vrf;udk oGm;+yD; zdwf&iftukefvHk; zdw+f y;D om; jzpfygw,f? q&mrif;ok0%f rarhravsmrh mS avh&w Sd mu “[dk w&kwo f wif;axmuf uav;udv k J zdwjf zpfatmif zdwaf y;ygumG ”wJ?h q&meJ@ udx k eG ;f a0 b,fvq kd ufpyfaerd=uovJ rpl;prf;cJhrdygbl;? w&kwfowif;axmufuav;qddkwm udkxGef;a0udkyJ qdkvdkwmjzpfygw,f? “[dkuGm--- &kyf&Sifrif;om; jzpfoGm;wJh "gwfyHkowif;axmufuav;uGm zdwfjzpfatmif zdwaf y;yg”wJ?h usaemfu udx k eG ;f a0udk zdwaf y;zd@k wm0efukd ESppf Of,cl &hJ ygw,f? udkxGef;a0[m &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkrSmawmh vlxka&S@udk xGufvmcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf vlxak &S@arSmufukd xGuw f hJ a&$w*d u kH ek ;f awmf w&m;yGeJ @J a':cif=unf&@J psmye tcrf ; tem;wd k @ rS m OD ; xG e f ; a0u a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf & J @ tpf u d k } uD ; ozG , f a&S@urm;rm;&yf+yD; obmywdtjzpf aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? jynforl sm;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDorm;rsm;u rif;om;}u;D udk ydrk cdk spcf ifav;pm; vmoavmuf tpd;k &uawmh ydrk +dk iKd jiifvmcJyh gw,f? usaemfw@kd eJ@awmh ydkrdk&ifEDS;vmcJhygw,f? rif;om;}uD;[m EdkifiHa&;avmuxJudk 0ifrvmcJhygbl;? ol@arG;ae@&,fv@kd rif;om;}uD;u txl;rvkyyf g? 'gayrJh ole@J &if;ED;S olawGq+kd yD; q&mjroef;wih/f wifrdk;/ yef;csD,Ofrif;ydkuf eJ@ armifpGrf;&nf av;OD;wnf;udkyJ zdwf+yD; txl;{nfhcHygw,f? usaemfw@kd xu J wifr;kd axmifusaeawmh OD;xGe;f a0u wifr;kd tdru f kd vpOfreS rf eS o f mG ;+y;D “orD;wd@k bmvdo k vJ”vd@k t+rJomG ;a&mufar;jref; apmifah &SmufcyhJ gw,f?

OD;xGef;a0 txl;ESpfoufwJh tpm;tpmwckuawmh 'l;&if;oD;yg? wcgawmh b}uD ; rd _ i f ; td r f u tpnf ; ta0;t+yD ; rS m 'l ; &if ; oD ; ta=umif;pum; pyfrdygw,f? “tdrfrSm 'l;&if;oD;awG om;uyd k @ vd k u f w m&d S w ,f ? ”qd k a wmh tl & m;zg;&m;eJ @ vdu k , f yl gw,f? oH;k vH;k &dw S m ESpv f ;kH ay;vdu k af wmh “[mAsm trsm;}uD ; rS w f v d k @ vd k u f v mwm”qd k + yD ; tawmf pdwfysufoGm; zl;ygw,f? 'l;&if;oD; ay:wkef;ay:cgqdk&if 'l ; &if ; oD ; awG u d k q,f a v;ig;vH k ; um;ay:wif + yD ; oG m ;av&mud k o,f , l o G m ;&if ; pm;avh & d S y gowJ h ? usaemfw@kd u q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f &J@ tdrrf mS vpOf/ yxrywf & J @ paeae@wd k i f ; q&m;}uD ; ocif u d k , f a wmf r d _ i f ; &J @ a*gyutzG J @ (*l A d r mef xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufa&;tzG@J ) pnf;a0;ygw,f? rlvuawmh tzG@J t}uD;}uD;yg? ouf}uD;0g}uD; awGu wjznf;jznf; uG,fvGefukef=uawmh usaemfu ti,fqHk;wa,muf tjzpfeJ@ yg0ifvm&ygw,f? *lArd meftwGuf ukeu f saiGtjyif q&m}uD;&J@ pmayeJ@aetdraf pmifah &Smufa&; NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

udpaP wGyg aqG;aEG;=u&ygw,f? (axmufvrS ;f a&;vJ vpOfvmavh&ySd gw,f?) tpnf;a0;rSm OD;xGe;f a0u wcgwcgpm;p&m,l vmavh&+Sd y;D wcguqdk vzuf&nfqikd u f kd trlaqmifwzG@J v;kH ac: oGm;+yD; aumfzDvufzuf&nf rkef@rsm;eJ@ au|;arG;{nfhcHavh&dSygw,f? &Spfq,fckESpfrsm; twGi;f rSmawmh OD;xGe;f a0 aq;vdyjf ywfoavmuf jzpfaeyg+yD? tpnf;ta0;rSm aq;vdyv f ;kH 0 raomufawmhygb;l ? wcgw&H udo k mEd;k /wifr;kd eJ@ usaemfw@kd &&Sd m “paepmay0dik ;f ”(tpu aom=um0dik ;f ) &d&S m bDtpkd aD umvdyf vufzuf&nfqikd u f v kd J udx k eG ;f a0 rsupf v d nfvmwwf ygw,f? OD;xGef;a0u ajryJ,dkvdkpm;p&mav;awG,lvm wwfygw,f? udkomEdk;uawmh OD ; xG e f ; a0ud k “ud k x G e f ; a0”vd k @ yJ ac:avh & d S y gw,f ? usaemf w k d @ uom OD ; xG e f ; a0vd k @ ajymif;vJac:ae=uwmyg? wcgwavawmh “rif;om;}uD;”vd@k ac:+yD;wcgw&H “av;av;”vd@k ac: =uygw,f?

OD;xGe;f a0p[m pmay/ yef;cs/D "gwyf pkH wmawGukd 0goemygygw,f? 'ga=umifh pmayorm;awG tEkynmorm;awGtem;rSm w&pf00J &J aSd ewwfygw,f? 'Dval wG[m vGwv f w G f vyfvyf ajymqdak exdik w f wfoal wG 'Dru kd a&pDorm;awGcsn;f yJqw kd mvJ oloyd gw,f? olvJ 'Dvv kd al wGe@J aygi;f oif;vd@k 'Dvv kd al wGe@J twl 'Dru kd a&pD orm;jzpfv@kd wae@ae@rSm tpd;k &eJ xdyfwdkufjzpfr,fqdkwm odygw,f? ol[m yg;eyfxufjrufolyg? 'ga=umifh jcifaq;acGeJ@ ajrjzLxkwv f yk af &; vkyif ef;awGukd rdom;pkvyk if ef;tjzpfwzufu tapmift&efvyk x f m;cJh wmyg? 'ga=umifhvJ tpdk;&u ol@udk &kyf&SifvkyfcGifhray;awmhvJ pD;yGm;ta&;tajctae rysucf w hJ myg? ppfwyfr*~Zif;jzpfwhJ jr0wDr*~Zif;rSm pma&;q&mwa,mufu “tu,fprD udkxGef;ayG”qdk+yD; wdkufcdkufa&;om;cJH zl;ygw,f? usaemfwdk od&oavmufuawmh rif;om;}uD;[m tEkynmodumQ rysucf yhJ gb;l ? 2005ckEpS f olu, G v f eG cf sed f touf80ausmf t&G,x f d 'Dru kd a&pDbufu/ jynfo@l bufu aoGznf+yD; ppftpd;k &udk rsuEf mS csKad oG;wmrsK;d r&dcS yhJ gb;l ?

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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rk&Hk mG / jrpf=uDem;/ awmif=uD; jrdK@ &Gm tES@H tjym;u txufwef;ausmif;om;/ aumvdyaf usmif; om;/ vli,fawG tm;vk;Hk u rsuEf mS v$J cJypf rvkyk cf =hJ ubl;? tJonf rwfvu pvdkufwJh tm%m&SifawG&Jh &efprD;yGm;[m ausmif;om;awG tm;vkkH;awGtwGufuawmh aoewfoHwcsufazmuf&if rD;[kkef;[kkef;awmufap&r,f vdfk@ =udr;f 0g;vdu k w f hJ tvm; cGyaf 'gi;f aoG;awG twlwuG pD;qif;nDnw G cf =hJ uw,f r[kw k v f m;? tJonf cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwfawGuvnf; 0kkef;qdk jyD; csufcsif; =uD;xGm;&ifhoef oGm;cJw h mawmh r[kw k yf gb;l ? rwfv pufrw _ uUov kd af usmif;om;awG&hJ vufqifu h rf;r_awG[m wuU o d k v f t qif h q if h / tajccH y nmausmif ; tqif h q if h u d k pD ; qif ; cJ h & wmyg? cGyaf 'gi;f rsL;d aphuav;awGukd &ifxrJ mS vufo;D vufarmif;awGxrJ mS pdu k yf sL;d jyD; vufcsi;f csw d f ausmcsi;f uyfxm;wJh ausmif;om;vli,f&aJ bmfawG&hJ acs;G awG aoG;awGe@J avmif;jyD; =uD;xGm; &Sio f efatmif arG;jrLcJ&h wm? rqv tm%m&Siaf wGow G o f iG ;f xm;wJh rvkyk f r&_yf rjyKwf a=umufwwf &efuif;w,fqw k d hJ ta=umufw&m; tarSmifx=k u;D xJu twif;&kek ;f uefjy;D x=uG &Sio f efc&hJ wmyg? bmpdw"f mwfvJ cGyaf 'gi;f pdw"f mwf tckk 'Dpmudk zwfae&if;uae rwfrwfx&yfvdk@ vufoD; vufarmif;wef;jyD; atmf=unfh ta&;awmfyw Hk yfom;wOD;&Jh &ifxu J cGyaf 'gi;f pdw"f mwfqw kd m rD;yGm;awGvkd x=uG awmufavmifvmvdrrhf ,f? usaemfwdk@awG&Jh cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwfqdkwm rw&m;r_udk vufydkufr=unfhEdkifwJh pdwf"mwfyJ? avmu=uD;&Jh b,fa'gifh b,fae&mrSmyJ a&mufae a&mufae zdESdyfcsLyfcs,f cHae&olawGukd umuG,zf @kd tm%m&Siaf wGukd jyefvnf wdu k cf u kd f awmfveS zf @kd &JabmfawG tcsi;f csi;f &ifabmifwef; vufcsi;f wG=J uzd@k aESmifah ES;jcif;/ av;vHjcif;/ a&SmifvjJ$ cif; vk;Hk 0r&Sw d hJ awmfveS w f hJ pdw"f mwfy?J tJonf cGyaf 'gi;f pdw"f mwfuk d rpGe@f vw $ b f J udik pf JG touf&c_ rhJ v d @k d usaemfw@k d wawG[m 19 88 ta&;awmfyaHk emufqufwJG ta&;awmfyHk tqufqufrmS awmfveS &f o J l rsL;d qufawG/ vli,f ausmif;om;awG/ &[ef; oHCm oydwaf rSmufoal wGukd ud, k hf aoG;om; &Jabmfrsm;vdk cifrif&if;ESD;rd=uwm/ vufcsif;wGJ av;pm;r_awG &SdcJh=uwm/ *kk%f,l 0rf;ajrmufpGm =udKqdk tav;*&kjk yKcJ=h uwm jzpfygw,f? usaemfw@k d wawG[m cGyaf 'gi;f pdw"f mwfuk d pGe@f vw $ cf jhJ y;D omref&;k d us 0efxrf;pdw"f mwf/ ukek o f nf yGpJ m; pdw"f mwf/ zmodzmom woD;yk*k v ~ woD;woef@ pdw"f mwfawGe@J omref rpGe@f pm; rv_y&f mS ;&JwhJ ta=umufw&m;udk &if0,fyu kd o f l vlnhH vlerd w hf a,muf&hJ pdw"f mwfrsL;d awGe@J touf&iS o f ef =u;D jyif;cJ=h u&r,fq&k d ifawmh ckck sed rf mS ud, k o hf m;orD;awG/ ud, k hf wlawG wlrawGu cGyfa'gif;tvHudk tjrifhrm;qkkH; v$ifhxlzdk@ =udK;pm;vmwmudk rsufESmv$J rjrifcsifa,mif aqmif=ur,fh twef;tpm;awG jzpfuek =f uvdrrhf ,f xifygw,f? pmrsuEf mS 58 odk h N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f bDvif;jrdK@e,f/ oxHjk rdK@e,frsm;wGif awmifay:u&ifwikd ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pkrsm; aexdik &f maeajrrsm;jzpfonf? usaemfw@kd tzJ@G pnf;. vkyif ef;pOfwm0efrsm;udk KNU e,fajrcH wyfrsm;ESiyhf w l GJ vSKyf &Sm;=upOf u&ifjynfe,f zmtHjh rKd @e,faus;&GmtcsKd @rsm;udv k nf; a&muf&cdS =hJ uonf? usaemf wd@k a&muf&v dS KS yf&mS ;aeaom oxHjk rdK@e,f uscwfacsmif; / a&wGi;f jzL / a&$=unf / aemifuwkwf ausmufawmif / xH;k zd=k uD;/ xH;k zdak v;/ ausmufzsm/ aerif;atmif/ bDvif;jrdK@e,f uGi;f uav; / rJeaumif; / v,fapmavm/ bJvif;Edk / acgx;D x / azm*Dc;D / axmzd;k x/ Ed@k c/J rJeoJc;D / y,f0,f x / a'gZ=H uD; / usuaf omif;qdy/f wa*;avmif;/ jrif;apmif;/ ay:cD; / wmtl;cD;/ uG;D av; ponfh aus;&Gmtkypf rk sm;rSm tdraf jc (50)rS(300)xd&adS om &Gmrsm;jzpfonf? a'ocHjynfot l rsm;pkonf awmif,mpyg;pdu k yf sKd ;jcif;/ v,f,mvkyif ef;/ =uHpu kd yf sK;d vkyif ef;/ ta&mif;t0,fvyk if ef;rsm; vkyu f ikd pf m;aomuf=uonf? ynma&; / use;f rma&;/ pD; yGm;a&;rjynfph kH tm;enf;aoma'ojzpfonf? etz ppfwyf. teD;uyfq;kH xdyw f u kd pf pfqifa&; a'ojzpfonf? DKBA wyfrsm;/ etzwyfrsm;/ KNU wyfrsm;vSKy&f mS ;&me,fajrrsm;jzpfonf? ae@pOf&ufquf ESpu f mv=um&Snx f ad wG@ qufq&H aoma=umifh KNU wyfrsm;rS aus; &GmtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf &Gmol=uD;rsm; cef@tyf=uonf? xdk@twl etz/ DKBA wyfrsm;rSvnf; aus;&Gmtkycf sKyfa&; ol=uD;rsm; cef@xm;=uonf? vufeufuikd w f u kd yf rJG sm; r=umc%jzpfaom a=umifh owd=uD;pGmqufq&H onf? ,cifEpS rf sm;u a,musmF ;rsm; ol=uD;vky=f uonf? etz ppfwyfrsm;a&muf&v dS m&if OuUXol=u;D wpfa,mufom xdawG@pum;ajym&.? tqd;k taumif;wm0efrsm;ud, k al y;&onf? etz ppfwyfrsm; oGm;vmonft h cg ol=uD;onf a&S@qH;k rSomG ;&onf? awmfveS af &;wyfrsm; apmifh ypfjcif;/ rdik af xmifjcif;/ rdik ;f qGjJ cif;rsm; vGwu f if;atmif vrf;jyay;&onf? tcef@roifyh gu awG@ qHkypfcwfrSKjzpfygu txkaxmif;t&dkuftESdyfcH=u&onf? vrf;oGm;onfhtcgvnf; ppfom;rsm; .&dumQ rsm;udk xrf;&ao;onf? c&D;vrf;wav#muf wdik yf rGJ jzpfap&ef awmwd;k / awmifwuf/ acsmif;jzwf auG@ywfa&Smif;uGi;f jyD;oGm;vm&onf?

N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

etz wyfrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;wyfpcef;rsm;udk vdkufjycdkif;onf? owif;udak r;onf? owif;ray; vdu k rf jyygu txkt&du k Ef ydS pf ufc=H u&I aoqH;k cJ&h onfh ol=uD;rsm;;vnf;&Sdonf? a&S@qHk;rSvrf;jyay;I rdkif;eif;rdIaoqHk;jcif;/ wdkufyJGjzpfI xd c d k u f a oqH k ; &jcif ; rsm;vnf ; &S d o nf ? owf j zwf c H & wmvnf ; &S d o nf ? ,k w f p G t qH k ; awmfvSefa&;wyfpcef;rsm;tm; vdkufjyay;&aom a=umifh usqHk;r_rsm;vnf; &Sdonf? awmf v S e f a &;wyf r sm;. jyif ; xef p G m owd a y;jcif ; vnf ; cH & .? etz ppf w yf u vrf;r=uD;wdkif;ol=uD;udk vrf;jycdkif;jyD; vrf;wGif;awmfvSefa&;wyf. wdkufcdkufrSKa=umifh etzwyfu tusqHk;rsm;&Sdygu pdwfememESifh vrf;jytcdkif;cH&onfhvl=uD;udkyif touf qHk;onfhtxd &ufpufpGm owfjypf=uonf? 4if;tvkyfudk vkyfay;ae&I tESdyfpufcH& towfjzwf cH&onfrS vGwu f if;atmif a,musmF ;rsm;u awmxJo h @kd a&Smifajy;=uygawmhonf? etz wyfrsm;&GmxJh a&mufonft h cg &GmxJY jrefrmpum;em;vnfaom rkq;kd rtrsK;d orD;rsm;u txrOD;qH;k etz t&m&Srd sm;ESit hf awG@cjH y;D &GmxJY a,musmF ;ol=u;D rsm; b,forl S rvkyEf ikd af =umif;ajymjy &Si;f jy&onf? etz ppfwyfrS trsKd ;orD;rsm;udk ol=uD;ud, k pf m; vkycf ikd ;f =uawmhonf? xd@k a=umifh trsKd ;orD;rsm;rSm rwwfomonft h qH;k ud, k o hf m;/ ud, k w hf /l ud, k ahf jr ud, k &hf yf&mG ud, k pf m; tqifajyacsmarG@apa&;twGuf touftmrcHr&So d nfh tvkyrf sKd ;udk tod w&m;ESit hf wl trd;k ol=uD;vky&f ygawmhonf? trd;k ol=uD;rsm;onf u&ifbmompum;vdak &m jrefrmbmompum;vdw k wfovdk etzudk jyef&iS ;f jy&onf? wzufuvnf; 0rf;a&;twGuf tvkyf vky&f ovdk ol=uD;tvkyu f kd vkyu f ikd af e&ojzifh 0rf;a&;twGuf tcuftcJjzpf&onf? etz ppfa=umif;rsm; ay:wmxrf;ac:onft h cg vESichf s=D umaoma=umifh tvkyt f udik f 0rf;a&;twGuf oH;k &ufrS ig;&ifw=udrf tvSnu hf s vlcsed ;f ay;&onf? vlcsed ;f ayEdik af &;twGuf etz wm0ef&o dS El iS ahf qG;aEG;&onf? 4iftjyif &GmteD;tem;Y rdik ;f rdjcif;/ acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwf cH&ygu trd;k ol=uD;rsm;ESit hf wl &Gm;om;rsm;yg xkaxmif;&du k Ef u dS cf =H u&onf? etzwyfEiS hf awmf vSeaf &;wyfrsm; wdu k yf rGJ jzpfapa&;twGuf trd;k ol=uD;rsm;u oHwrefa&rsm ;vkyaf qmif &onf? ol=uD;vky&f onfrmS tE &W m,ftvGerf sm;jym;vSonfuwa=umif; ud, k yf ikd t f vkyf rvkyf tm;I pm;0wfaea&; tcuftcJjzpf&onfu wa=umif;a=umifh b,forl S rvkycf si/f rvk y f & J = uyg? xd k @ a=umif h &G m tpnf ; ta0;ac: I tpnf ; ta0;. qH k ; jzwf c suf t & &GmxJwiG &f o dS nfh trsKd ;orD; rsm;onf wtdrw f OD; wvpDtvSnu hf s ol=uD;vky=f u&ygonf? av;au&GmwGif etz ppfwyf. a&S@wef;XmecsKyf&o dS nf? Adv k rf LS ;csKyfrif;atmifvKSd if wyf r (44) wyf r rS L ;&mxl ; ES i f h wm0ef u spOf t cguusawmf w d k @ aysmuf u sm;pcef ; ES i f h &ef o l w yf r XmecsKyf u c&D ; od y f r a0;wma=umih f usaemf w d k @ ES i f h teD ; qH k ; aus;&G m rS trdk;ol=uD;ESifh&Gmom;awGudk zdtm;ay; jyD; usaemfwdk@aewJh aysmufusm;pcef;uaejyD; 'D x uf a 0;wJ h ae&mud k xG u f c G m ay;zd k @ &G m om;(30) avmuf v mjyD ; awmif ; ;qd k armif;xkwyf gawmhonf? usaemfw@kd pcef;rajymif;&if etz ppf a=umif;u awmxJrh mS awG@&if NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

trd k ; wd k @ w&G m vH k ; ud k rD ; &S d K @ypf r ,f v d k @ ajymvd k @ vmarmif ; xk w f & a=umif ; ol w d k @ &G m wd k @ rD;&SKd @rcHEikd af =umif; vmajym=u.? usaemfvnf; tajctaeudk &Si;f jy&onf? tJ'D tcgusrS trd;k ol=uD;ESi&hf mG om;awGu Adv k rf LS ;csKyf rif;atmifvKdS ifukd b,fvt kd a=umif;jyef&rvJ vd@k t=uHtOm%fawmif;vm.? trd;k ol=uD;wd@k onfacolrsm;r[kwf etz. uvdeu f uspef nf; AsL;[mudk ud, k af wG@cpH m;=uKH awG@&olrsm;jzpfonf? usaemfu trd;k ol=u;D =uKd uo f vdjk yefajymEdik f a=umif; ajymvdu k yf gawmhonf?

KNU ppfa=umif;ESihf usawmfw@kd tzG@J bDvif;jrdK@e,f uscwfacsmif;aus;&GmwGif ae@vnf(12 em&D) tcsed w f iG f pcef;csxrif;csupf m;aepOf tl,m;z,m;jzifh trd;k ol=uD;ESit hf wl trsKd ;ESpf OD; tajy;a&mufcsvmonf? trd;k ol=uD;u eifw@kd cyfjrefjrefxu G af wmh Armppfa=umif; &GmxdyfrSm a&mufaejyD wdkufyJGjzpfaetHk;r,f? olwdk@ &GmxJhudk0ifzdk@ajymae=uw,f[k vmajymygonf? usaemf wd@k uvnf; 'DaumifawGvm&if ypfrmS bJ[k jyefajymvdu k o f nf? usaemfw@kd ppfa=umif;rS wcsKd @u xrif;rpm;&ao;wmudk trd;k ol=uD;wd@k tjrifjzpfonf? trd;k ol=uD;wd@k u nh=H uonfum;r[kw?f wpfzufu etz ppfa=umif;udv k nf; jidr;f csr;f a&;oHorefenf;t& ol@vlrsm;xm;I xdr;f xm;jyD;jzpfonf? usawmfw@kd udv k nf; ud, k v hf x l k xdcdkuf rnfhtjzpfrsdK;rvkyf ? &efolwyfvnf;0ifrvm&Jbl;qdkwm usaemfwdk@odwmonf? vuf&Sdusaemfwdk@ ppfa=umif;tiftm;u &efolppfa=umif;tiftm;xuf ydkrsm;aeonfudk &efoo l o d nf? trd;k a& usaemfw@kd xrif;awmh 0atmifpm;yg&aptH;k ? pm;jyD;wmESit hf jrefxu G af y;yg r,f vd@k usaemfu trd;k ol=uD; pdwcf sr;f omatmifajymvdu k yf gonf? trd;k ol=uD; tzJ@G &GmxJjyef 0ifomG ;ygonf? ppfa=umif;xGu&f efjyifqifjyD;wJh tcsed f trd;k ol=uD;tzG@J jyefa&mufvmonf? eJeJ aomufpm;vmyH&k onf? usaemfu ta=umif;odr@kd tajctaeb,fvv kd t J rd;k trd;k u bmrS rxl;ygbl; eifwdk@txGufudkapmifhaewmjzpfw,f vdk@ jyefajymygw,f? usaemfwdk@vnf; uscwfacsmif;&Gmudk ausmcdik ;f I a&wGi;f jzL&Gmzufukd xGucf mG vmcJyh gawmhonf? trd;k ol=uD;wd@k vnf; oDcsi;f av;qdjk yD; &GmxJu h kd jyef0ifomG ;ygawmhonf? trd;k ol=uD;wd@k onf aoewfajymif;0tv,fEpS cf . k tv,fwiG f olw@kd .&Gmuav; jidr;f csr;f om,ma&;ESihf wdu k yf rGJ jzpfapa&; enf;y&d,m,f=uG,=f uG,f a=umufaeonf=h um;u owd&&dS dS &Gmom;rsm;twGuf wm0efausyeG pf mG vd&k if;a&mufonftxd qufqaH &; aqmif&u G Ef ikd f pGr;f rsm;&S=d uygonf? u&ifjynfe,fawmifay:&Gmuav;w&Gmu trd;k ol=uD;wpfa,mufonf etz ppfwyf rsm; ol.&Gmuav;udk a&mufwikd ;f &Gmom;awGukd uav; vl=uD; trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm;vH;k vdt k yf&if vdt k yfovdk vkyt f m;ay; ay:wmoGm;&.? &GmxJah &mufwikd ;f vli,fv&l , G af wG@wikd ;f zrf;qD;jyD; olyek [ f pk yG pf aJG jymqdk !Si;f yef;ESyd pf ufrKS tjrJwrf;vky. f ? t=udraf &rsm;vmawmh rcHEikd o f nft h qH;k trd;k ol=uD;u etzppfa=umif;&GmxJjh yefa&mufonft h cg uav; vl=uD; trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;rusef &Gm;om;tm;vHk; &Gmv,facgifrSmpkac: jyD; etzwyfrSL;udk N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

eifwdk@twGuf igh&Gmom;awG tvkyf vkyfay;&w,f &GmxJa&muf&ifvnf; &Gmom;awGudk zrf;qD;&dkufESdufppfaq;w,f? tckawmh'DrSm&Sd wJh&Gmom; tukefbJ awmxJrSmvnf; vdu k &f mS p&mrvdb k ;l ? tckeifw@kd igEiS t hf ig&h mG om;awGukd owfvu kd =f uawmh vd@k ajymvdu k o f nf? etz wyfrLS ;vnf; trd;k ol=u;D wd@k r&S&d if a&&Snrf mS tcufrcJ&w dS ma=umifh aemufu&kd mG xJ a &muf & if &G m om;awG u d k zrf ; qD ; ES d y f p uf r vk y f a wmh y gbl ; vd k @ uwd a y;jyD ; trd;k ol=uD;ESit hf ay;t,l vkyv f u kd =f uygawmhonf? usaemf trd;k ol=uD;wOD;ESihf awG@qcHk o hJ nft h jzpfukd ,ae@txdrarhao;yg? usaemfEiS hf &JabmftcsK@d e,fpyfaemufwef;pcef;udk wm0efEiS jhf yefwufvmpOf u&ifjynfe,f ,Ge;f pvif; acsmif; eab;u tdraf jc(10)tdraf vmuf&o dS nf&h mG uav;wpf&mG od@k ae@vnf (12)em&Da&muf&dS cJhonf? aEG&moDrdk@ urarmif; /uwdkifwd um;vrf;tm;jzwfausmfcJh&I aeuvnf;yl xrif;uvnf; rpm;&ao; &efolpcef;ESifha0;oGm;jyDrdk@ xrif;csufpm;zdk@ &Gmuav;rSm em;=uygonf ? usawmf w d k h t rd k ; ol = uD ; td r f u d k a r;IvmcJ h = uonf ? trd k ; ol = uD ; u touf(50)avmuf&jdS y;D 0g;wdik 0f g;cif;zufr;kd tdrw f jcrf;apmif;a&S@ ZD;yifatmufu ESKwo f cD |ecf |ef ig;yd\mavmuf&o dS nfh 0ufuav;waumif udk xrif;&nfz=JG urf;ESihf tpmazsmaf =uGaewmudk awG@&ygw,f? &GmxJhwGif a,musFm;om;rsm;w a,mufr#rawG@ tvkyfoGm;=uyHk&onf? usawmf u trd k ; ol = uD ; em;&yf j h y D ; usawmf w d k @ ud k qef w jynf a vmuf a y;yg ? 'D r S m bJ xrif;csufpm;r,fqdkjyD; awmif;vdkufygw,f? trdk;ol=uD;u 0ufpm a=uG;wm&yfvdkufjyD; csDeJ@eJ@0g;tdrfuav;ay:wufoGm;jyD; qefykwfxJhuqefawG paumxJcyfxJhae ygw,f? trdk;ol=uD;yHkpHu tom;!dk!dk / ydefydefyg;yg; qHyif tjzLtrJ w0ufpD t0wftpm;u pkwjf ywfjywf use;f rma&;aumif;yH&k .? zsuzf suv f ufvuf&. dS ? trd;k ol=u;D u Armppfom;vm vnf;qefawmif; / u&ifppfom;vmvnf;qefawmif; tckvmjyefjyD ausmif;om;ppfom;awG vkyaf y;&rSmayg[ h ,f qefjymay;&if; ajymcsvu kd yf gonf? usaemfonf awmfveS af &;vufeufuikd ;f jzwfoef;rSK r&ifu h suaf o;wma=umifh wa=umif; aeuvnf;yl c&D;uvnf;yef; xrif;uvnf;qmaewma=umifh a'goxGufjyD; jyefajym vdu k rf yd gawmhonf? trd;k 'Davmufajymaewm tajymcH&wmESiphf m;&wm rumrdb;l ? trd;k qef usaemfrpm;awmhb;l Asm? trd k ; ol = uD ; uqef j ymwm&yf v d k u f j yD ; om;qd k ; wpf a ,muf u d k tar wa,mufu=unfw h hJ yHpk EH iS hf ajymygawmhonf? [Jh eifxrif;rpm;vd@k vrf;b,fav#mufEikd f awmhrvJ [drk mS =unfyh gvm; ol@trd af &S@uZD;yifatmufrmS yHyk suyf ef;ysut f yd jf yD; tem;,laewJh usaemfw@kd tzJ@G om; awGukd ar;aigjh yonf? igpyg;vH;k awGaumufay;vdu k rf ,f pyg;vH;k yg&if xrif;pm;raumif;bl;[Jh ajymjyD; paumESiq hf efukd wnfjidraf t;csr;f aom rdcifwa,muf. rsuEf mS rsKd ;jzifh urf;ay;vdu k f ygonf? yxrawmh usaemfu ol@&J@qefukd r,lawmhb;l vd@k pOf;pm;xm;ayr,fh trd;k ol=uD;. pmrsuEf mS 84 odk h NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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"e &SmazG=ueJ h ar#mv f ifch suf ud, k pf &D ifrmS ayG yh u kd +f yD; &ke;f uefaewm r[kwv f m; // 'Dv}kd udK;pm; +yD; todOm%fukd &SmazG&if;eJ h pum;vH;k awG t"dyg` ,zf iG q hf ckd suaf wG=um; ydwrf o d mG ;wmrsKd ; OpPm "eaemufvu kd &f if; avmb trdu k af rSmifz;kH v$r;f cH&wmrsKd ;vnf; &Sw d wfygw,f// jrefqef vSwhJ owif;tcsut f vuftjzpftysuef J h toHrhJ v_id ;f awG&J h avmb rm,m=um;rSm e*dk rlv &n rf eS ;f csuu f ae vrf;vGo J mG ;wwfygw,f// b0 t"dyg` ,af ysmufq;kH oGm;wwfygw,f// wcsKd q h kd vlom;qdw k hJ rdr&d J arG;&myg ydik q f ikd cf iG yhf g aysmufq;kH aewm rodEikd w f mrsKd ;xd&ydS gw,f/ usaemfu, kd w f ikd f owdrjyKEdik cf ifrmS yJ usaemfwkd &h J b h 0 awG[m vky}f uHcv H u kd &f wmyg// usaemfwkd [ h m b0udk wG,w f mp&mvdk jh rifvkd h toufqufvuf&iS af eEdik af tmif }udKpm; &ke;f uefaewmyg// vlom;wa,mufyyD D vlvykd J &Sio f efcsiyf gw,f// b,fvkd vlypkH rH sKd ;vJ vlyyD o D oeJ &h iS o f efaexdik +f yD; aoqH;k csiyf gw,f// vlom;wa,muf&J h &ydik cf iG ahf wG vdt k yfcsuf awG &,lcsiv f kd h ydrk akd umif;rGew f hJ b0rsm;udk ydik q f ikd cf siv f kd h oifah wmf&mae&mjzpfEikd pf rG ;f &Srd ,fh ae&mawGukd ajymif;a&G ah exdik =f u&w,f// rdrcd spjf rwfE;kd &wJh olawG cspcf ifoal wGeJ h &if;ES;D u|r;f 0if+yD;om; "avh xH;k pHrsm;udk pGef ch gG +yD; xGucf gG c&hJ w,f// vlreS &f if rdr}d uD;jyif;cJ&h m Zmwd&eH u h kd rwG,w f mol / rcspjf rwfE;kd ol ajym&if &r,fxifygw,f// ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ; vdt k yfcsut f oD; oD;eJ h &yfwnfc, H cl suf tzHzk rkH sm;a=umifo h m pGef ch gG c&hJ ayr,fh tao;tr$m;wdu k q f ikd rf a_ v; jzpfc&hJ ifawmif vGr;f rd wrf;wrdwmygy/J / ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm rjyefEikd o f al wG avmavmq,f vH;k 0rjyefEikd af wmh vlawGtzdk ah wmh yd+k yD;qd;k +yDayg/h / rwlnw D hJ "avhx;kH pHawG uGjJ ym;wJh ,Ofaus;r_ypkH eH J jh cm;em;wJh vlrsKd ;rsm;=um; rSm use;f rma&; jcdK , h iG ;f vd@k yjJ zpfjzpf tcuftcJ}uHKawG &h &ifyjJ zpfjzpf tqifrajyr_awGeJ h &ifqikd f &wdik ;f az;rwwfwhJ rdbaqGrsKd ;rsm;udk owd&rdovdk aEG;axG;pGm uln0D ikd ;f 0ef;wwfwhJ Zmwdajr &J h "avhx;kH pHrsm;udv k nf; wefz;kd xm;vmwwfygw,f// vGr;f arm&if; wrf;wrdvmwwfygw,f/ tay:,H,Ofaus;r_xuf &ifxu J toH rsu0f ef;xJu pum;awG&J h ta&;ygru _ kd owdrv l m ygw,f// a0;oGm;rS eD;jcif;&J w h efz;kd / uG,af ysmufomG ;rS wnf&jdS cif;&J w h efz;kd udk odvm&w,f// 'ga=umifh usaemfwkd h a&muf&adS exdik &f m t&yfukd “0drw k o dW kd ”h oGm;&mvrf;Y jzwfoef;oGm;&ef a&G;cs,cf ahJ om pcef;axmuftjzpf &_ jh rifusio fh ;kH wwf&ef vdt k yfygw,f// b,fvv kd yl jJ zpfjzpf b,fvakd e&mrSmyJjzpfjzpf a&G;cs,pf &mom&S&d if a&G;cs,cf si=f uwm obm0yg// a&G;cs,pf &mr&S&d ifawmh qEN&&dS dS r&S&d dS vufcv H u kd &f wmygy/J / auseyfr_ rauseyfr_ qdw k hJ cHpm;csuu f awmh touf&iS o f efpOf oufwrf;wav#mufrmS use&f pfcw hJ maygh // bmrS rwwf EdkifwJhacwfumvrsdK;rSmawm uH=urRmudkyJ yHkcs&wmyJ// tcGifhtvrf;&Sdvdk huawmh vlom;yDyD &ifqdkif&kef;uef=uw,f// 'DvdkeJ h rdrdvdkcsifwJh b0taetxm;rsdK;a&mufwJhol/ ra&mufao;wJo h l awGvnf; &Srd mS yg// wdik ;f jynfa'oawG uGjJ ym;Edik af yrJh rdru d siv f nfaexdik &f m Edik if t H vdu k f awG@ }uHK&wJh vlom;wa,muf&J h &ydik cf iG hf vGwv f yfciG ahf wG cHpm;}uHKawG &h wJt h cg rdr}d uD;jyif;cJ&h wJh Edik if &H J h taetxm;eJ h Edi_ ;f ,SOpf Of;pm;rd=uwmawmh twlwyl gyJ usaemfwkd h }uKH awG h odjrif&wJh vGwv f yfr_ vH+k cKH pw d cf sr_ +ird ;f csr;f om,mr_rsm;udk vnf; NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

usaemfwkd Eh ikd if H usaemfwkd w h ikd ;f jynfrmS jzpfxeG ;f vdpk w d u f kd iHk v h #Kd ;aeaom rsKd ;csppf w d u f v_H ah qmf ay;ygw,f// vlwa,mufukd olcspaf omajr ol u h ckd spcf iforl sm;&Sad omajrwGif toufxufq;kH vGwv f yfaysm&f i$ pf mG &Sio f efciG u hf &kd cJw h ,f// +yD;awmh xdak jrYyif wb0 wm0efukd aysm&f i$ pf mG jzwf oef;+yD;csed Yf aoqH;k zdk &h mvnf; tcGit hf a&;&cJw h ,f// olcspcf iforl sm; aexdik &f m ajrYyif ol. 0dOmOfw, G rf v D iG ahf rsmch iG &hf cJw h ,f// b,favmufrsm; tm;usp&maumif;ygovJ//vSycef; em;vSygonfwum;// b,favmufrsm; vl b h 0teuf t"dyg` ,jf ynfph v kH u kd yf govJ// vuf&dS usaemfwkd ah wG. b0rsm;u rdrEd ikd if x H rJ mS vlom;wa,muf&J h *k%o f u d mQ eJ &h yfwnfciG /hf &Sio f ef cGiahf wGq;kH &H;_ +yD;awmhrS bmawGtwGuaf wGa0p&m&Syd gao;ovJ// tenf;qH;k // b0av;wckq;kH &H;_ oGm;&Hyk g// “rdrw d ikd ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsKd ;aumif;pm;onfukd jrifvakd om pdwo f nf ppfreS af om rsKd ;cspf pdwjf zpfw,f// rdrcd spv f pS mG aom olwOD; 'kuaQ &mufv#if pdwrf csr;f ajrh&ouJo h kd h rdrv d rl sKd ;rsm; 'kuaQ &mufonfukd r=unh&f ufaompdwf rdr. d cspv f pS mG aom olwpfO;D csr;f omv#if 0rf;ajrmuf ouJo h kd h rdrv d rl sKd ;rsm; csr;f om}uD;yGg;vmv#if vGerf if;pGm yDwjd zpfaom pdwrf sKd ;udo k m rsKd ;cspf pdw[ f k ac:&ayrnf” [k }uD;yGg;a&;pmapmifwiG f OD;oef u h a&;om;cJo h nfukd zwf&_ zh ;l onf// xdk t h wl rdrw d kd v h rl sKd ;rsm; acsmufcsm;pGmaexdik &f r_ tm;i,fapr_wkd t h wGuf 0rf;enf;apr_ wd@k udv k nf; vlreS &f if cHpm;&onfyif// +idr;f csr;f om,mr_/ vH+k cHKpdwcf sre_ J h aysm&f i$ cf sr;f ajr rh r_ sm; udk r&&SEd ikd af o;wJh rdrEd ikd if v H rl sKd ;rsm;twGuf pdwrf csr;f ajrhrr_ sm;eJ h twl 'Dt&mawGukd ajymif;vJ vdpk w d f awmfveS w f eG ;f vSev f pkd w d rf sm; jzpfay: jcif;onfvnf; rsKd ;csppf w d yf ifjzpfw,f// 'DvdktajccHrsdK;cspfpdwfrsm;a=umifh EdkifiHom;wa,muf&J h &ydkifcGifh w&m;r#wr_udk ud, k pf m;jyKEdik w f hJ Oya' +idr;f csr;f om,m+yD; vH+k cHKpdwcf s&wJh vlrp_ epfrsKd ; zefw;D aqmif&u G af y; Edik rf ,fh tpd;k &w&yfukd tvd&k v dS kd h awmif;qdak e=u v_y&f mS ;ae=uwmyg// *|ef'0l aD jymcJo h vdk “vl@tzGJ t h pnf;qdw k m tawG t h }uHKrsm;udk tajccHr#a0cH,x l m;aom yk*v ~ vlom;wOD;csi;f pDwkd ah ygi;f pnf;xm;jcif;yif”r[kwv f m;// ud, k t fh wGuv f nf;tusKd ;&Sd olwyg;vnf;tusKd ;r,kwf olwyg;twGuv f nf; tusKd ;&Sw d hJ tvkyq f &kd if vkyo f ifw h myJ// vkyzf kd &h mvnf;}udK;pm;=u&rSmyJ/ tcsed w f ef&iftrd jf yef=u&wm obm0yg// 'ga=umifv h nf; +idr;f csr;f om,mwJh taetxm; oifh awmfwhJ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;eJ h w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k wJh tpd;k &udk tvd&k w dS myg// ydu k q f aH wGcsr;f om+yD; tdraf umif;aumif;awG 0wfaumif;pm;vSawG eJ rh aysm&f i$ &f wJh b0awG &So d vdk oifw h ifw h hJ taetxm;awGeJ h aysm&f i$ w f hJ b0udk ydik q f ikd o f al wG vnf;&Sw d m yJ// aiGa=u;qdw k m b0rSm ta&;ygwhJ tpdwt f ydik ;f w&yfreS af yrJh vl o h ufwrf;wav#mufrmS aysm&f i$ cf sr;f ajrhpmG aexdik }f uD;jyif;zdk t h wGuaf wmh tvH;k pHu k kd r+yD;ajrmufapEdik b f ;l // w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k r_ r&Sw d hJ tkycf sKyforl sm;&J v h ufatmufrmS ynmawG b,favmufwwfwwf ydu k q f aH wG b,fvykd cJ sr;f om vlom;wa,muf&J h &ydik cf iG hf r&Edik yf gb;l // rdrv d yk cf siw f m vkyyf ikd cf iG hf ajymqdk csiw f m ajymqdck iG hf vGwv f yfpmG aexdik cf iG hf awGr&Edik yf gb;l // yk*v ~ u d vGwv f yfciG &hf J h us,jf yef rh _ yrm%[m 'Dru kd a&pD&J h toufvkd q h x kd m;w,f N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

r[kwv f m;// vl t h zGJ t h pnf;ESihf vly*k Kd~ vfwOD;csi;f wdk . h tusKd ;pDygG ;onf tjyeftvSef trSjD yK aewma=umifh vlwOD;&J h b0jynfph o kH m,ma&;enf;vrf;rSm vltyk pf k b0jzpfaom vl t h zGJ h tpnf; jzpfw,f//'gawGr&Sad wmhraS wmh b0qdw k m wG,w f mp&m rufarmp&mvdk h jrifEikd f oabm xm;Edik yf gtek ;f rvm;// wu,fawmh usaemfwkd rh odvkd yh gAsm// +idr;f csr;f pGm vGwv f yfpmG &Sio f efaeEdik pf rG ;f &Sw d hJ ae&mudo k m tdrv f kd ah c:vdk &h wm// em;ckpd &m ae&m tppftrSef jzpfEikd f wmyg// arG;zGm;vmwke;f u vlom;csi;f twlwl vlom;&ydik cf iG afh wG ygvmcJyh gvsuef J h }uD;jyif; wJt h cg rwlnw D hJ tcGit hf a&; uGjJ ym;wJh yHpk aH wGeJ h &Sio f ef&ek ;f uef&w,fq&kd if usaemfwkd &h J h &cJv h w S hJ vl b h 0awG[m t"dyg` ,&f ydS gao;&J v h m; ausaum auseyfEikd yf grh vm;// 'gawGukd raus eyfvkd yh rkd akd umif;rGew f hJ b0awGukd &,lcsiv f kd h cspcf ifwhJ olawG&w dS hJ t&yfukd pGef ch gG c&hJ wm r[kwf vm;// usaemfwkd h taeeJ u h saemfwkd ah emufq;kH acgi;f cscsiw f hJ Edik if /H usaemfwkd ah rG;zGm;}uD;jyif; &m Edik if aH umif;usKd ; csr;f om&eftwGuf vkyaf qmif&efawGukd rar rh avsmzh kd ah wmh vkyd gw,f// usaemfwkd &h J h &nfreS ;f csuf ar#mrf eS ;f csuf awGukd raysmufq;kH apzdk h vdyk gw,f// wkid ;f jynftusKd ; twGuf trsm;tudsK;twGuv f kd ah jymayr,fh aocsmpOf;pm;=unhv f u kd &f if tJ't D rsm;xJrmS ud, k f ud, k w f ikd v f nf;ygwhJ twGuf ud, k t hf usKd ;vnf;ygomG ;+yDy/J / ppfreS af om ar#mv f ifch surf &Syd eJ J h b0rSmtar$;eH o h m rv$r;f xHEk ikd b f ;l vdk h qdo k vdyk J touf qufvuf&iS o f efrt _ wGuf b0rSm &ke;f uef&wmcsi;f twlwrl eS u f efwhJ a&G;cs,rf r_ sKd ; eJ h &ke;f uef&awmh tem*wf+idr;f csr;f om,mr_ukd ar#mv f ifEh ikd yf gw,f// rdrw d a,mufwnf; }uD; yGg;csr;f omae&Hek J h vl b h 0udk wnfaqmufvkd rh &Edik yf gb;l // rdryd wf0ef;usif todik ;f t0ef;wck vH;k vH+k cHKat;csr;f +yD; zG +Hh zdK;csr;f omrSom om,mwJh vl b h u kH kd wnfaqmufEikd yf gr,f// 'Dvkd vl@bkH &Srd o S m at;csr;f ay#m&f i$ pf mG aexdik Ef ikd yf gr,f// +idr;f csr;f om,mwJh vl t h zGJ t h pnf;qdw k mvnf; ud, k u fh siw hf &m; ysujf ym;aewJh acwfrmS ray:ayguEf ikd yf gb;l // ud, k u hf siw hf &m; jrifrh m;wJh acwf rSm om+idr;f csr;f om,mwJh vl t h zGJ t h pnf;arG;zGm;ay:ayguEf ikd yf gw,f// Ak'b < momrSmvnf;rSeu f efwhJ t,ltqtjrifeJ h tawG;tac:&Sjd cif; qdw k hJ orRm 'dXq d w kd hJ tawG;tac:rsKd ;udk cH,u l sio hf ;kH Edik zf kd h vdt k yfw,fvkd h vrf;n$ex f m;ygw,f// rdru d , kd f wdik v f nf;cH,u l sio fh ;kH Edik zf kd h vdt k yfovdk jynforl sm;udv k nf; aumif;rGepf mG vrf;n$eEf ikd +f yD; w&m; Oya'udak v;pm;vdu k ef mwJh tpd;k &w&yftrSev f t kd yfygw,f// 'gawG[m tjyeftvSecf sw d q f uf k , dk u f sKd ;twGuf toH;k cs+yD; bmom qufE, G af er_awGyg// pm&dwW r¾dKif,idk ef J ah e+yD; tm%mudu w&m;udyk gapmfumm;aewJh ppftpd;k &u toGiaf jymif;vdu k w f hJ tpd;k & udk jzKwcf sEikd rf o S m usaemf wdk h vdv k m;awmif;wwJh t&mawG jynf 0h Edik rf mS yg// “tEk\, arm[”vdk ah c:onfh tukov kd rf eS ;f cGjJ cm;rodEikd o f nfh t=urf;pm;arm[ }uD;olrsm; jzpfonfh vlru kd v f yl si;f wdk &h J t h yk cf sKyfru _ kd z,f&mS ;wGe;f vSe&f efvt kd yfygw,f// vlom; rSe&f if rdrad rG;zGm;&majrrSmyJ }uD;jyif;csiaf exdik cf siw f m"rRwmyg// xdk t h wl arG;zGm;}uD;jyif;&m Edik if o H nf vGwv f yfrv _ o l m;qefr_ vH+k cHKpdwcf srw _ kd eh J t h wl aysm&f i$ af t;csr;f pGm aeEdik cf iG &hf rdS ,f NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

qd&k if b,fvkd vlrsKd ;rS rdrEd ikd if u H ae pGef ch gG =urSmpGef ch gG zkd &h m pdwef J ah wmif ul;rdrmS r[kwyf gb;l / 'gukd tm;vH;k ujiif;r,frxifygb;l // jcGi;f csuw f csKd w h avuvGv J kd ah yg/h / 'gawmif aowyef oufwqH;k awmh [kwrf ,f rxifygb;l // tckcsed rf mS ta0;wae&mudk a&mufaeayr,hf 'gawGukd igwkd rh &Edik yf gb;l 'gawG[m igwkd t h aeeJ h rwwfEikd yf gb;l rjzpfEikd yf gb;l vdk h pdw"f gwu f sp&mrvdyk gb;l // twdwef J yh wfouf +yD; tm;rvdt k m;r&jzpfrr_ sm; pd;k &dryf yl efrr_ sm; wif;usyrf r_ sm;&Scd &hJ ifawmif arhypfvu kd yf g// tJ'D t&mawGu tem*wf&J ah r#mv f ifch suf &nfreS cf suu f kd t[ef t h wm;jyKEikd yf gw,f// vGwaf jrmuf &mvrf;udk 'kuaQ wmrSm jzwfoef;+yD;rSyJ a&muf&EdS ikd yf gw,f// &kyq f w kd m rysucf siv f nf; ysu&f ay r,fh pdwo f wWw d m ud, k w f ikd f zsuq f ;D rS ysuw f myg// 'ga=umifh 'kuaQ wmrsm;udk qufvufjzwfoef; Edik &f ef pdwo f wWu d kd qufvufarG;jrLEdik &f r,f// 'gro S m &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik u f kd a&muf&EdS ikd rf mS yg tkt d &Sif h h h h 'kuaQ wmrSm tu|ev f w G af jrmufzkd &h m 'kuv Q rf;rSmomv#if tu|eo f mG ;vdyk g. a0'emudk a&SmifuiG ;f I vGwaf jrmuf&mqD tu|erf oGm;vdyk g// vlrsKd ;wdik ;f / vlom;wdik rf mS tajccHrsKd ;csppf w d ef J t h rd v f rG ;f pdwq f w kd m azsmufzsuyf pf vdk h r&wJ t h &myg// rodpw d rf mS ikwv f #Kd ;aewwfwhJ yuwdw&m;yg// ta=umif;w&m;eJ h tjzpf tysuw f kd w h u kd q f ikd }f uHK}udKufvmazmfxw k jf ywmwwfygw,f// rdrb d mom rodvu kd yf J tvdk tavsmufay:xGuv f mwwfygw,f// rd;k uav;zGzJ &GJ mG +yD;wJh tcg rsKd ;aphrsm;rS tap h tanSmifh uav;rsm; acgi;f jyLxd;k xGuv f movdak yg/h / Edik if &H yfjcm;rSm &d;k om;pGm tvkyv f yk &f wm b,f avmufawmifonf;cH&w,f/ b,favmufawmif atmufus/ aemufusEikd w f ,fqw kd m ud, k f wdik f a&mufz;l / vkyu f ikd zf ;l rS pmem em;vnfEikd w f myg// 'Dvkd tjzpftysurf sKd ;awG usaemfwkd &h J h aemufrsKd ;qufawGrmS rusa&mufatmif }udK;pm;zdk h &mvdyk gw,f// trSew f &m;atmifycJG w H w hJ ae h vSnphf m;r_qw kd m c%wm jy,k'yf g// wowfrwfwnf; r&Sw d hJ ajymif;vJro _ abmawGu wae ah wmh }uHKvmygvrd rhf ,f// aexGucf sed &f o dS vdk ae0ifcsed f qdw k mvJ&ydS gw,f// tckae trdajreJ ah 0;uGmaeayrJh wcsed af wmh trdajrudjk yefciG &hf zdk h qdw k m jzpfvmrSmyg// tdrv f rG ;f a0'emawGeJ t h wl rsKd ;csppf w d u f v kd nf; qufvufarG;jrL&if; usaemfw@kd &J h &ydik cf iG ahf wGtwGuf usaemfwkd &h J w h ikd ;f jynftwGuf tvif;opfa&mufrhJ tcsed t f xd qufvuf aqmif&u G =f uyg// usaemfwkd t h wGuf urBmajrrSm reufcif;awG trsm;}uD; useyf gao;w,f// 0if ; Ek d i f N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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-- &yfomG ;vku d ?f jyefvy_ v f u dk ?f &yfomG ;vku d ?f jyefvy_ v f u dk ?f -- tdyv f @dk r&awmhb;l ? quftyd v f @dk vnf; rjzpfawmhb;l ? rqef;awmhwhJ iv#iu f wtm;ukd qef;aejy?D tqufrjywfudk v_yaf ewm? wDAzDG iG =hf unft h ;Hk rSb?J wDAu DG dk zGi=hf unfv h u dk af wmh owif;rSmvnf; a0a0qmqmjzpf aejy?D cseef ,fwidk ;f rSm ta&;w=uD; jyaewmawG@vku d &f w,f? t&ift h &ifwek ;f u t=udraf wGEiS hf vk;H 0rwlb;l ? tcsed t f =um=u;D v_yaf ew,f? =umw,f/ awmfawmf=umoGm;jy?D owif;a=ujimwJo h al wGu carmuftrmawG (Helmet) aqmif;jy;D awmh owif; NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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om;jyifuaewqifh odvu dk &f ygw,f? iv#iv f y_ w f mrsm; bmxl;qef;vk@d vaJ yg?h *syefrmS aewJv h l tzkd@uawmh rxl;qef;bl; vkd@ qkdrvkd@ yg;pyf[wkef;&Sdygao;w,f? [aewJhyg;pyfukd jyefrydwfEkdifawmhygbl;? 'DZifbmv avat;awGESifhtwl wukd,fvkH; cJoGm;cJhygw,f? a&a=umufwhJ a=umifudk ork'&N m[kb d uf urf;ESihf 'Dbufurf; vufypfu;l ckid ;f aeovkb d /J a=umufvef@jcif; 'D*&Dpifw*D &dwu f txGwf txdyu f dk a&mufomG ;cJ&h ygw,f? xl;qef;wJh &ky&f iS w f um;ukd =unfv h u dk &f w,f xifv@dk vm;? r[kwb f ;l -- r[kwb f ;l ? iv#ifqkdwm ajrjyif=uD;awG wkefv_yfaer,f/ tedrfhtjrifhawG ajAmif;qefaer,f? wHwm;awG/ vrf;awG/ taqmuftOD;awG jyKdusr,f/ rD;awGavmifr,fqw dk m uk, d =f uKHb;l wJh txdtawG@yg? tckawmh 'Dvdk r[kw&f uvm;? vlaeurf;pyftwGi;f uae a&v_id ;f =uD;awG wr[kwcf si;f tvk;H t&if;ESihf csi;f eif;0ifa&mufvmw,f? 'gwifbv J m;? jrifae&ygw,f? npfay aewJhae&mukd a&ESifhyufpifaq;a=umaewJhtvm;/ vlom;awGukd vl@tokH;taqmif ypPn;f awGEiS t hf wl tr_u d o f &ku d af wGtvm; vlt&Siv f wfvwfawG ar#mygapcJyh gw,f? “ ulyg/ u,fyg” vk@d vufwurf;urf;ESihf txdww f vef@rsuEf mS awG a&v_id ;f =u;D atmuf wdrjf rKyaf ysmuf uG,o f mG ;wmawG awG@jrifc&hJ ygw,f? topftqef;wck[m iv#iq f w dk mESihf twlygvmjyefjy?D qlemrD (TSUNAMI ) qkyd ?J *syef p um;wck urB m utpG J j yKvk d u f y gjyD ? tif r wef = uD ; rm;wJ h a&v_ d i f ; =uD ; vlaetdraf cgirf ;dk aygi;f rsm;pGm a&v_id ;f =u;D atmuf jym;jym;0yfa&mufomG ;ygjy?D a&v_id ;f &J@tjrifu h 10rDwmeD;yg; &Sw d ,fv@dk qkyd gw,f? (ud;k um;? ? 0DuyD 'd , d )jrifrh m;wJh acwfrt DS aqmuf tOD;&J@ xdyu f dk ajy;Ekid rf v S w G rf ,fa[hv@dk qlemrDu =uKH;0g;aeovkyd ?J qlemrD&@J at;puf yufpufwhJ

N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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H vGwv f yfa&;udk a=unmay;Edik cf o hJ nf? od@k jyif tm&Swu kd f trsKd ;om;jynforl sm;xJrS zdvpfyikd f Edik if u H yxrqH;k vGwv f yfa&;. t&omudk jrnf;prf;cGihf &cJo h nfrmS 2009 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D qdv k sS if ESpaf ygi;f (110) wdwd wdik cf +hJ yDjzpfygonf?

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H yxrqH;k tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifcGifh&Sdaom vGwfvyfa&; oufwrf;rSm (2) ESpfcef@om =umanmif;cJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif udkvdkeD t&Sio f cifa[mif; pydef wd@k . t¶du k t f &mudk vufopf udv k ekd D tar&duefw@kd u v$aJ jymif;qufccH jhJ yefonf? od@k jzifh zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;taeESifh 1946 ckESpfwdkif &mpkESpf wpf0ufausmfrSs e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJudk qifE$J+yD;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik Ef ikd if t H jzpf xlaxmifEikd &f ef vH;k yrf; wdkufcdkufcJh=u&onf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHu pwifypfazmuf

“21 &mpkwiG f tm&SwdkuftaeESifh trsdK;om;a&;rSonf 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh zGH _h zdK;a&; vrf;a-umif;twdkif; csDwufvukd yf g-u&OD;rnf jzpfygonf”

N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

tcsufay;vdkufaom vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ rD;usnf. xdefnD;awmufypGm vrf;jycJhaom tvif;a&mifatmufwGif tjcm;aom tm&SnDtudkrsm;u vnf; qufvufvdkufyg avSsmufvrS ;f cJ=h uonf? od@k jzifh 'kw, d urBmppf. aESmif;ydik ;f tcsed rf pS +yD; tm&SEikd if t H rsm;pk tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik Ef ikd if t H jzpf vGwv f yfa&; &vmcJ=h uonf?

1924 ckEpS w f iG f rGe*f v kd ;D ,m;/ jynfo@l orRwEdik if u H kd w&m;0ifxal xmifEikd cf o hJ nf?

1945 ckEpS w f iG f ud&k ;D ,m;/ AD,uferf/ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;wd@k vGwv f yfa&;&cJ=h uonf?

1946 ckEpS w f iG f zdvpfyikd w f @kd vGwv f yfaom tcsKyt f jcmtm%mydik Ef ikd if H jzpfvmcJo h nf?

1947 ckEpS w f iG f tdE, dN ESihf ygupPwefEikd if w H @kd vGwv f yfa&; a=unmEdik cf o hJ nf?

1948 ckESpfwGif jrefrm/ oD&dvuFmESifh rav;&Sm;wdk@ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwv f yfaom Edik if rH sm; jzpfvmcJo h nf?

1949 ckEpS w f iG f w¶kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if u H kd xlaxmifEikd cf =hJ uonf? xd@k aemuf 1997 ckrmS a[mifaumifuseG ;f / 1999 ckwiG f rumtdek ,fajrwd@k ukd jynfvnf v$aJ jymif;&,lEikd cf o hJ nf? xd@k a=umifh vGwv f yfaom tm&Suek ;f ajr}uD; xlaxmifEikd af &;twGuf e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk ESpaf ygi;f (100) wdik f vH;k yrf; wdu k cf u kd cf =hJ u&onf? tm&SEikd if rH sm;pGmwd@k vGwv f yfa&;&cJ=h uonfrmS &mpkEpS 0f ufcef@ =umanmif; cJ+h yDjzpfaomfvnf; tm&Swu kd w f pfwu kd v f ;kH udv k ekd x D rf;yd;k atmufrmS vGwv f w G u f sw G u f sw G f ¶ke;f xGuEf ikd cf =hJ uonfrmS q,fpEk pS w f pfcrk sS om &Syd gao;onf? tm&SEikd if rH sm;taeESihf xdo k @kd trsKd ; om;vGwv f yfa&;ESihf tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik rf u _ kd jyefvnf&,lEikd cf o hJ nfw h ikd f taemufwikd ;f . tawG;tac:/ Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_t& v$r;f rd;k }uD;pd;k xm;r_ toGif o¾mef trsKd ;rsKd ;wd@k atmufrS ¶ke;f xGuEf ikd &f ef qufvuf}udK;yrf; tm;xkwaf e&qJyifjzpfonf? wpfcsed w f nf;rSmyif *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f jzpfpOfwiG f trsKd ;om;tusKd ;pD;yGm; xde;f odr;f umuG,f &if;/ zG@+H zdK;wd;k wufatmifjrifa&;twGuv f nf; vH;k yrf;wdu k cf u kd af e&onf? +yD;cJo h nfh tm&Sp;D yGm;a&; tusyt f wnf;umv (1998) twGi;f tm&SEikd if rH sm; &ifqikd }f uHKawG@cJ&h aom tajctaeu taemufOa&myESihf tar&duefEikd if w H @kd . Edik if w H um b¾ma&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tay: rnfrsS }uD;pd;k v$r;f rd;k Edik pf rG ;f &So d nfukd a&mifjyef[yf jyvSsu&f o dS nf? xdkpOfu tar&duefEdkifiH b&ufwef0k'ftpnf;ta0;rS arG;xkwfcJhaom urBmhb%fESifh aiGa=u;&efyakH iGtzG@J (IMF) }u;D wd@k . jc,fv, S rf a_ tmufwiG f tif'ekd ;D &Sm;/ xdik ;f ESihf ud&k ;D ,m;Edik if w H @kd . b¾m a&;pepfrsm; +yKd vo J mG ;cJ&h +y;D / pD;yGm;a&; z¶dzk &Jjzpfum Edik if aH &;rwnf+ird rf r_ sm; jzpfxeG ;f ay:aygucf h J &onf? *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f acwfwiG f tar&duefp;D yGm;a&; ESmap;acsmif;qd;k jzpfvsS if tm&S pD;yGm;a&;rSm tqkwt f at;rdum &if=uyfyef;ema&m*gtjzpfo@kd ul;ajymif;oGm;awmhonf? ,ck 2008 ckEpS w f iG f tar&duefb¾ma&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; uyfqu kd af wmhrnfh taetxm;od@k a&muf vmonfEiS hf ?.'%f&m'%fcsurf sm;udk tm&S/ tmz&du/ vufwif- tar&duEdik if rH sm;u rv$J ra&SmifompGm cg;pnf;+yD; cH=u&awmhrnf? TonfrmS urBmb h ¾ma&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

taqmuf ttHrk sm;udk tar&duef-Oa&my tusKd ;pD;yGm; umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f a&;twGuf yHkpHcswnfaqmuf xm;cJh=uIyifjzpfonf? ,if;odk@ bufvdkufr_&SdpGm rrSsrw/ txufpD; &,lxm;aom EdkifiHwum b¾ma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkrsm;. zGJ@pnf;yHkrsm;/ jyKjyif a jymif ; vJ a &;twG u f tm&S / tmz&d u / vuf w if - tar&d u Ed k i f i H r sm;taeES i f h pnf;vH;k nD!w G pf mG wdu k yf 0JG if&rnfh acwf oabmod@k a&muf&adS e+yjD zpfonf? trsKd ;om;pD;yGm;a&;/ vGwv f yfpmG zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&;twGuf Edik if w H umtzG@J tpnf;yHpk rH sm;ESihf *vdb k ,ft&if;tES;D rsm;. jc,fvS,fv$rf;rdk;r_atmufrS vGwf ajrmufa&;rSm ,ae@ ta&;w}uD;ajz&Sif;&rnfh jy\emrsm;taetxm;odk@ a&muf&Sdvmav+yD? xdkodk@ b¾ma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;t& vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu k yf JG tawG@t}uHKrsm;rS aoG;/ acs;G t&if;tES;D ay;cJ&h aom oifcef;pmrsm; udv k nf; avhvmaygi;f csKyf oifcef;pmxkw=f u&ef vdt k yfygvrd rhf nf? trsKd ;om; vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu k yf .

JG oifcef;pmrsm;rS rnfo@kd enf; h h h (1) ynmwwfrsm; arG;xkwaf &; tm&SwdkufrS e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;-trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk acgif;aqmif ol tm;vHk;eD;yg;rSsonf ynmwwfrsm;jzpf=uonf? tdENd,rS *END (Gandhi)/ ygupPwefrS rd[ k m ruf tvD*si;f em; (Mohammad Aluminah) ESihf pifumylEikd if rH S vDurG , f ;l (Lee Kuan Yew) wd k @ onf +Ad w d o S s ynma&;pepf u arG ; xk w f a y;vd k u f a om a&SŒae}uD;rsm;jzpf=uonf? zdvpfyikd f rsKd ;cspo f &l aJ umif; *sKd aq&DaZmfrmS q&m0ef}uD;wpfO;D jzpfI ol.aq;cef;udk reDvm+rdKŒawmfwiG f zGiv hf pS x f m;cJo h nf? w¶kwt f rsKd ;om;a&; v_y&f mS ;r_ acgi;f aqmif a'guw f m qGe, f ufqif (Dr Sun Yat Sen) rSm +Adwo d sS w@kd . a[mifaumifaq; wuUodkvfrS bGJ@&vmcJholwpfOD;jzpfonf? OuUÏ}uD;armf (Chairman Mao) onfyifvSsif txufwef;ynmrsm; +yD;qH;k atmif roif=um;cJh &onfw h ikd f &moufyikd f pG+J rJpmG avhvm pma&; pmzwfco hJ w l pfO;D jzpfonf? jrefrmjynf. e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wuUodkvfbGJŒ& ynmwwfwpfOD;jzpfcJh¶HkrSsru (w/u/o) OuUÏ wpf O D ; vnf ; jzpf o nf ? ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif b 0rS rsd K ;cspf v l i ,f r sm;. ‘'d k @ Arm tpnf;t¶H;k ’od@k ul;ajymif; um Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D jzpfvmcJjh cif;jzpfonf? csKyf=unfv h sS if ynma&;onf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;qdik &f m aq;0g;/ ,mOf&xm;wpfp;D omvSsif jzpfonf? ynma&;u vlw@kd . todtjrif/ rd;k ukypf uf0idk ;f udk csŒJ xGuaf y;Edik rf nf? ynm a&;u acgi;f aqmifrt _ EkynmrS wdu k yf eJG nf;emrsm;txd !$ejf yay;Edik pf rG ;f &So d nf? ynma&;u w&m;r_EiS hf rw&m;r_/ trSm;ESit hf rSew f @kd ukd a0zefyikd ;f jcm;Edik pf rG ;f &Sad ponf? ynmwwfajrmufr_ a=umifyh if useG rf S ocifb0/ udv k ekd t D jzpfrS vGwaf jrmufr&_ vmcJ=h ujcif;jzpfonf? ,ae@uo hJ @kd todynmrsm;tvif; tvsiEf e_ ;f jzifh urBm}uD;udk vSnyhf wfaeaom ynmacwfor,rsKd ;wGif t&m&mrSm ynmomvSsif tc&mjzpfygvrd rhf nf?

N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

(2) vl x k t jri jriff trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ atmifyGJcHEdkifa&;twGuf ‘ynm’ESifhtwl yl;wGv J u kd yf g vm=u&rnfrmS ‘vlxt k jrif’omjzpfonf? vlxt k jrifqo kd nfrmS jynfov l x l . k cH p m;csuf / pOf ; pm;r_ tjrif o abmxm;rsm;ud k rvG J r aoG &,l a &;yif j zpf o nf ? ynmwwf r sm;onf pmtk y f pmayud k o m tav;xm;wwf = u+yD ; vl x k t jrif u d k tav;rxm;wwf=uay? omrefjynfov l x l k rsm;taeESiv hf nf; ynmwwfrsm; tonf;toef aqG;aEG;jiif;ckef=uavh&Sdaom oD0&D/ oabm w&m; t,ltqrsm;tay: pdwf0ifpm;r_ enf;yg;vSonf? T‘ynm’ESihf ‘jynfo’l jy\emudk rSeu f efpmG rajymif;Edik yf gu awmfveS af &;udk atmifyq JG o D @kd yd@k aqmifay;Edik pf &m ta=umif;tcsuf rjynfph EkH ikd af wmhay? w¶kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;umv 1921 ckEpS u f armfpw D ;kH onf w¶kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwD xJo@kd 0ifa&mufco hJ nf? xdpk Ofu ,leefv,form;olyek af ygupf udk ynmwwf A[dak umfrwD trsm;pku oabmrus=uay? armfpw D ;kH uvnf; Edik if jH cm;jyef ynmwwfrsm;. oabmw&m; t,ltqrsm;udk vufrcHEikd af y? qdAk , D ufjyef ynmwwf oabmw&m;q&mrsm;. jynfyrS wifoiG ;f aom vrf;pOfvyk if ef;rsm;. rSm;,Gi;f r_a=umifh armfpw D ;kH . usiu f ef;ref; v,form; tajccH awmfveS af &;a'orsm; qH;k &H;_ ysupf ;D +yD; ur?mausmcf &D;&Sncf sw D ufyJG (qkwcf gG r)_ }uD;udk qifEcJ$ &hJ onf? xdpk Ofu atmifycJG cH ahJ om armfpw D ;kH vrf;pOf armf-0g'qdo k nfrmS trsm;pk jynfol vlxjk zpfaom v,form;rsm;. b0jy\em cHpm;r_ vdv k m;csurf sm;udk babmw&m;jzifh aygi;f pyfyakH zmfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? xdo k @kd ynmESihf jynfou l kd tEkynmajrmufpmG aygi;f pyfay;Edik o f jzifh armfpw D ;kH tawG; tac:[lI jzpfvm+yD; w¶kwfjynfawmfvSefa&; atmifyGJcHEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tm&Swdkuf. tawG@t}uHKt& ynmESihf jynfo@l jy\emudk rSeu f efpmG rajz&Si;f Edik cf o hJ jzifh uarBm'D;,m; awmfveS af &; &H;_ edr+hf ydKuGcJ &hJ jcif;jzpfonf? v,form;olyek af cgi;f aqmif crmeDrsm; tm%m& vmcsed rf mS ynmwwfrsm;tay: tjrifoabmxm;vGrJ mS ;um ESyd u f yG o f wfjzwfc=hJ u ojzifh oef;ESichf sI D aocJ=h u&onf? crmeDawmfveS af &;vnf; +ydKuGyJ supf ;D cJ&h onf? xdo k nfrmS tm&S. aoG;ESi&hf if;ES;D &,lc&hJ aom oifcef;pm}uD; jzpfayonf?

(3) acgif ; aqmif r S K jy\em tm&S.e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;v_y&f mS ;r_tqifh toD;oD;wGif }u;D us,x f if&mS ;aom trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm; Edik if t H oD;oD;wGif ay:xGe;f vmcJ=h uonf? tdE, dN wGif *EN/D ygupPwefrS *si;f em;/ w¶kwjf ynfrS armfpw D ;kH / tif'ekd ;D &Sm;rS qlumEd/k AD,uferfrS [dck srD if;/ zdvpfyikd rf S *sKd aq&DaZmf/ jrefrmjynfrS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; ponfh tqdyk gy*k Kd~ vf}uD;rsm; trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif jzpfvm&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;rSm rsKd ;csppf w d "f mwftajccHay:wGif ‘ynm’ESihf ‘jynfo’l udk tEkynmajrmufpmG aygi;f pyfEikd af oma=umifjh zpfonf? pifumylrS trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}u;D vDurG , f o l nf ude;f b&pfwuUov kd rf S bG@J EpS cf u k kd NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

*k%fxl;jzifh &,latmifjrifcJholjzpf.? udk&D;,m;cgif;aqmif}uD; qpf*ref;&D; (Sygman Rhee)onfvnf; y&ifpwefwuUov kd rf S yg&*lb@JG &,lco hJ w l pfO;D yifjzpfonf? olw@kd onf tqifhjrifh ynm&yfrsm;udk vrf;ay:rS vlxk}uD; em;vnfatmif &Sif;vif; v_@Haqmffpnf;¶Hk; Edik cf =hJ uolrsm; jzpf=uonf? xd@k twl armfpw D ;kH uvnf; rmhupf 0f g'udk w¶kwv f ,form;rsm; em;vnfatmif bmomjyefqEkd ikd pf rG ;f &So d w l pfO;D jzpfco hJ nf? tvm;wl AD,uferfrS [dck srD if; (Ho Chi Min) ESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;rS qlumEdkwdk@u udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒorm;qdkaom pum;vHk;udk jynforl sm;em;vnfatmif pnf;¶H;k v_@aH qmfEikd pf rG ;f &Scd =hJ uonf? tdE, dN trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}uD; *EN. D t=urf;rzufa&;vrf;pOfa=umifh jynfov l x l k taejzifh vwfwavm tusKd ;&v'f rcHpm;&onft h jyif e,fcsŒJ orm;wd@k . ¶du k Ef u S /f owfjzwf/ axmifusyifccH =hJ u&onf? od@k aomf *EN. d pdw"f mwfa&;&m }uD;us,jf rifjh rwfru _ jynfow l pf&yf vH;k . toJEv S ;kH udk odr;f usKH ;qGaJ qmif v$r;f rd;k Edik cf o hJ nf? xd@k a=umifv h nf; *EN. D ‘qm;wdu k yf ’JG aemufo@kd tdE, dN jynfol oef;ig;&mwd@k vdu k yf gc=hJ ujcif;jzpfonf? +cHKIajym&vSsif ‘acgi;f aqmifr_ jy\em’udk tm&Swu kd u f ‘ynm’ESihf ‘jynfo’l aygi;f pyfjcif;jzifh ajz&Si;f cJo h nf?

(4) xuf o ef j rif h r m;aom trsd K ;om;a&;pd w f " mwf tm&S. e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu k yf o JG nf xufoefjrifrh m; aom trsKd ;om;a&;pdw"f mwf. wGe;f tm;jzifh atmifyq JG o D @kd a&muf&cdS jhJ cif;jzpfonf? tdE, dN rS *END/ zdvpfydkifrS *sdKaq&DaZmf/ jrefrmjynfrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@u xufoefjrifhrm;aom trsKd ;om; a&; pdw"f gwu f kd toufaoG;paw;cHum pHjyerlem jyoGm;cJ=h uonf? t*Fvefjyef *ENo D nf udv k ekd b D 0 usa&mufaeaom tdE, dN rS tqif;&Jq;kH tedru hf sq;kH jynforl sm;.b0udk 'dw k D wpfxnf/ jrufzsmwpfcsy/f Adik ;f iifu&d , d mwpfcjk zifh pHjyKoGm;cJo h nf? tdE, dN vGwv f yfa&; twGuf t*Fvefo@kd oGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;&mwGif tydyk pPn;f [lI *ENt D wGuf qdww f pfaumifom ygomG ;cJh onf? tvm;wl jrefrmvGwv f yfa&;twGuf t*Fvefo@kd oGm;&mwGif xnf0gcef@nm;pGm Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef; 0wfqifxm;aom *&dwu f w k f (Great Coat) }uD;rSmvnf; ol. jrifraumif;awmh onfh zufqpfawmfveS af &;umvu ppf0wfp}kH u;D udk e,l;a'vDavqdyt f wGi;f ae¶l;u twif; csw G cf ikd ;f um csucf si;f csKyfay;vdu k o f nfh wpfcw k nf;aom 0wfpo kH mjzpfonf? pifppftm;jzifh xufoefjrifhrm;aom rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfqdkonfudk tm&Sacgif;aqmifrsm;u t=uGif;rJh udk,fusdK; pGef@v$wfr_pdwf"mwfjzifh toufay;jyoGm;cJh=ujcif;omjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifv h nf; *EN/D [dck srD if;/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;wd@k vkd yk*Kd~ vrf sm;udk jynfoal wGu rarh/ tm&Su rarh/ urBm}uD;uvnf; rarhEikd cf =hJ uay? rnfo@dk yifjzpfap ,ae@uo hJ @kd aom uvdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f acwfor,rsKd ;wGif trsKd ; om;a&; jy\emtay: rSefuefpGm =unfhjrifoabmxm;Edkifa&;rSm ta&;}uD;ygonf? trsdK;om;a&; pdwf"gwfqdkonfrSm rD;uJhodk@yif oHk;wwfvSsif tusdK;&SdI roHk;wwfvSsif N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

tE &W ,ftwd&w dS wf =uygonf? txl;ojzifh trsKd ;om;a&;udk vlrsKd ;a&;/ bmoma&;wd@k ESihf a'G;a&m,Suw f if rjyKrd&ef qifjcifoifyh gonf? *ENu D kd vky}f uHowfjzwfco hJ rl mS usO;f ajrmif;aom vl r sd K ;a&;orm;/ bmoma&; t,l o D ; ol w pf O D ; jzpf y gonf ? xd k @ jyif 1956 ck E S p f w G i f oD&v d uFmorRw}uD; ukrm&wGe*f g (Kumara Tunga) . zcif/ uG,v f eG o f l 0ef}uD;csKyf aqmforGef bEN&memum; (S,Bandaranaike) u Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmom/ qif[m;vdcf (Sinhalene) bmompum;udk ¶H;k oH;k bmom pum;tjzpf todtrSwjf yK&ef qH;k jzwfco hJ nf? ,if;.tusKd ;quftjzpf q,fpEk pS w f pfct k wGi;f rSmyif wrD;vfusm; (Tamil Tiger) olye k w f @kd . trsKd ;om;awmfveS af &;wpf&yf/ oD&v d uFmEdik if H wGif ayguu f aJG y:xGuv f m awmhonf? tm&Swdk@. tawG@t}uHKt& trsdK;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk usOf;ajrmif;aom rsKd ;csppf w d /f vlrsKd ;a&;pdw/f bmoma&;,H=k unfrw _ @kd ESihf ra&maxG;bJ oD;jcm;pD cGw J ef@xm;oifh ygonf? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOf. jzpfxGef;wdk;wufr_ c&D;pOf wpfavSsmufwiG f trsKd ;om;a&;jy\emu twm;tqD; t[ef@twm;wpf&yf jzpfvmap &efomru/ aygi;f ul;wHwm; jzpfvmap&eftxd tm&Su 0dik ;f 0ef;}udK;yrf;=u&ef vdt k yfygvrd fh rnf?

ESpaf ygi;f (110) wdik cf +hJ yDjzpfaom tm&S. e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;ESihf trsKd ;om;vGwf ajrmuf a&; ordik ;f pOfu tpOfwpdu k /f tav;teufjyKum av;pm;vdu k ef mtyfaom oifcef;pm (4)&yfukd xdo k @kd xkwEf w _ af ygi;f csKyfay;cJ+h yD jzpfygonf? ?wd@k rSm (1) ynmwwfrsm; arG;xkwyf g (2) vlxt k jrif pdu k x f yl g (3) acgi;f aqmifru _ kd xlaxmifyg (4) trsKd ;om;a&; tav;*&kjyKyg 21 &mpkwiG f tm&Swu kd t f aeESihf trsKd ;om;a&;rSonf 'Dru kd a&pDa&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&; vrf; a=umif;twdik ;f csw D ufvu kd yf g=u&OD;rnf jzpfygonf? Tc&D;pOfwiG v f nf; trsKd ;om;vGwf ajrmufa&;wdkufyGJu aoG;/ acsG;/ toufrsm;pGm paw;I &,lcJh&aom oifcef;pmrsm;rSm qufvuftoH;k 0if &Sio f efaeOD;rnfom jzpfygonf? ,cktcg e,fcsŒJ udv k ekd q D ufqaH &;wd@k acwfukefwdrfaumoGm;onfhwdkif zGH@+zdK;+yD;ESifh zGH@+zdK;qJwdk@t=um; aps;uGuft&if;tESD;ESifh enf;ynmudk ta=umif;jyKI jzpfay:vmaom tusdK;pD;yGm;cGJa0r_qdkif&m wef;wla&;ESifh w&m;rSswa&; wdkufyGJu qufvufwnf&SdaeOD;rnfom jzpfonf? tm&SwdkuftaeESifh *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; acwfor,wGif ay:aygufvmrnfh wdkufyGJyHkpHopfrsm;udk ordkif;u tarGay;cJo h nfh oifcef;pm rsm;udk qkyu f ikd &f if; pnf;vH;k nD!w G pf mG &ifqikd Ef ikd &f ef toifjh yifxm;zd@k txl;vdt k yfaecsed jf zpfonf? pHy,fjzL r*~Zif;/ trSwf (1) Zefe0g&/D 2009 pmrsuEf mS (214- 219) Ref: Asiaweek June- 1998

NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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tm%m&Sipf epfa=umifh vm'fay;vm'f,jl zpfw,f? tm%m&Sipf epfa=umifh usrwd@k wikd ;f jynf tqif;&Jq;kH Edik if aH wGxnf;rSm pm&if;0ifomG ;w,f? 'Dpepfa=umifh rw&m;r_awGtrsm;}u;D &Sad ewmudk usrwd@k od=uw,f? udak y:/ udrk if;aZ,sm/ udak X;+u, G /f udk}uD;oef;wif/ rD;rD; tm;vHk;aom ,H=k unfcsujf yif;jyolawG[m b0awG twGu/f cspjf cif;arwWmawGtwGu/f arsmv f ifch suaf wGtwGuf tjrw J rf;toif&h adS e=uygw,f? ypPKa'<t&yfxu J eH&aH v;buftwGi;f rSm vSyjcif;awG&adS ew,f? urm?@uAsmae@u uAsmq&mawGu uAsma&;w,f “usjJ yef@ae aomt&mawGu rvSybl;” wJ?h 'gayrJh udak X;=u, G /f udak y: wd@k rD;rD;/ eDvm/ tm%m&Siu f akd wmfveS 0f ifw h v hJ al wG &Sw d ahJ e&mrSm vSyjcif;awG&w dS ,f?olw@kd rmS odyo f nf;wJh nDnw G jf cif;awGe@J vufqufxm;Edik o f al wGyg? olw@kd u oef; 60 aom jrefrmjynfom;awGukd cspcf if=uifemwwfoal wGjzpfw,f? jynfoal wGe@J vnf; nDnw G rf u _ kd &,l xm;Edik o f l awGjzpfygw,f? olw@kd u tm%m&Sipf epfukd +zdKzsuyf pfz@kd usKd ;pm;ae=uw,f? usrwd@k u jrefrmjynfukd vSrf;jrifEdkifwJh +rdKŒav;rSm olwdk@udkvGrf;ae=uw,f? vGrf;ae&kHeJ@awmh usrwdk@tm;vHk;&JŒ qENawGb,fjynf0h rSmvJ/ usrwd@k awG pnf;vH;k nD nGww f ,fq&kd if olw@kd 0rf;om=urSmayg?h 'ga=umifh usrwd@k pnf;vH;k nDnw G =f uygp@kd ?

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ESppf Of {jyDv 2 &ufae@ukd Edik if w H um uav;rsm; pmtkypf mayae@ (International Children’s Book Day) [k owfrw S jf yD; 1925 ckEpS f uwnf;u urBm@Edik if H toD;oD;wGif usi;f yvmcJ@onfrmS 86ESpf wdik cf jhJ yDjzpfonf? {jyDv 2&ufae@ a&mufwidk ;f Edik if w H um&Sd pmoifausmif;rsm;/ pm=unfw h u kd rf sm;wGif xif&mS ;ausm=f um;wJh pma&;q&m=uD;awG a&;xm;wJ@ yHjk yif/ uav;uAsm/ ol&aJ umif;rsm;/ &mZ0if/ '¾m&D/ yef;csD/ ody`Hqdkif&m pmtkyfrsm;udk uav;i,frsm;twGuf EdkifiHwum v_ra_ &;tzG@J rsm;u cif;usi;f jyoav@&o dS nf?

EdkifiHwum uav;rsm; pmtkyfpmayae@udk uav;yHkjyifeJ@ uav;uAsmrsm;pGm a&;om;cJo h l 'de;f rwfEikd if zH mG ; [efpcf &pfwif; tef'gqif &JŒ arG;ae@&uf (rwfv2&uf/ 1805 ckEpS )f udk *k%jf yK a&G;cs,f owfrw S x f m;jcif; jzpfonf? q&m}uD ; tef ' gqif rS m uAsmq&mwpf a ,muf j zpf j yD ; urB m ausmf yH k j yif tajrmuftrsm;udk a&;om;cJ@onf? The Snow Queen˜ The Little Mermaid˜ Thumbelina˜ and The Ugly Duckling tp&Sw d @J ykjH yifrsm;rSm xif&mS ;ausm=f um;jy;D jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;u tcsKŒd udk jrefrmrSj_ yK bmomjyefc@J =uonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f q&m=u;D a'guw f marmifjzL;/ q&m=u;D rif;ok0%f/ q&m*k%f0if;/ q&mrEk,Of/ q&mwifrdk;/ q&mysO;f rem; armifeo D if;/ q&m tH@armif wd@k u uav; uAsmESif@ ykHjyif rsm;pGmudk a&;zGJ@cJ@=uonf? q&m=uD; rif;ok0%f ( 1909-2004) &JŒ armifacG;zwfz@kd uav;uAsm rsm; pmtkyrf mS xif&mS ;ausm=f um;vSonf? ,ae@ usa&mufaom EdkifiHwumuav;rsm;&JŒ pmtkypf mayae@wiG f jrefrm tdr&f iS rf rsm;or*~rS a':ar0if; OD;aqmifaomtzGJ@u &efukefwzufurf; oHvsifjrdKŒe,f Hans Christian Andersen twGi;f &Sd ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif qif;&JcsKd ŒwJah om uav;i,frsm;udk t[m&EdŒk ESihf rkeŒf rsm; N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

eHeuf10em&DrS pwifaus;G jyD; uav;uAsmrsm; &Gwq f =kd ua=umif; owif;&&So d nf? awmufwJ h aerif;ylyl acgiw f ikd af cgi;f u rd;k a&awmif;wJ@ ud, k [ f 0Sg yde;f vS&u G v f kd ol@tom;u ajymufawmufusm;wm; 0gwmwm awmufw@J qw kd m olr@kd vm;uG@J wd@k tdref m;vnf; wpfaumifyg rd;k avac:wm wpfae@vH;k ayg@ rd;k awGcsKef;vd@k avawGvm? rif;ok0%f zd;k vrif; zd;k vaomfwm =u,ftrsm;eJ@ ta&SŒzsm;u xGuv f @kd vm a&GŒuma&GŒum olavSsmufomG ;awm@ 0g;&Hyk ifem; a&mufv@kd vm 0g;&Gun f n kd kd =udKt=um;u rsuEf mS xm;=uD; jyHK;vd@k om xrif;jzLjzL qDuq kd rf;vd@k a&$vifyef;eJ@ ay;cJ@yg ay;yg ay;yg?

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NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

reDuav; acs;G pdpk kd p&yf&yd rf mS cdk aecdck si, f if p&yfr;kd trsm;tusKd ; ud, k t hf usKd ;? wifr;kd uav;pmay Oa&mywdu k w f iG f yHEk ydS pf uf ray:rDuyif uav;oli,frsm;tzk@d pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; &Scd o hJ nf? tJv z&pfEiS fh tJvuGiw f @dk . *sipf wm ¶d;k rEd;k &rfac: pum;xm rsm;/ oifcef;pmrsm;/ tD q G y f . '¾m&D y H k j yif r sm; ponf wk d @ ud k touf t enf ; i,f = uD ; aom uav;rsm; zwf¶=_ uavonf? xkpd mtkyrf sm;rSm txufwef;usaom pm=uD;ay=uD; rsm; r[kwaf pumrl ,if ; wk d @ ud k zwf ¶ _ o jzih f uav;rsm; onf vl @ ta=umif ; vl @ avmuord k i f ; rsm;ud k q0g;Edik af vonf? xdak emufwiG f ay:aygucf ahJ om *GseAf efnif. a,musmf ;uav;rsm;ESifh rde;f uav; rsm;tzkd@ pmtkyfESihf uav;rsm;tzkd@ awm&Gm bGJ@aw;uAsm;rsm;onf uav; rsm;udk obm0ES i h f r d w f q uf a y;onh f j yif / aumif ; jrwf a om ud k , f u sih f w&m;rsm;ud k v nf ; rsK;d aphcsay;avonf? uav; oli,frsm;onf a,mufsm;uav;jzpfap/ rde;f uav;jzpfap/ uAsmvuFmrsm;udk ¶d;k ¶d;k pum;ajyrsm;xuf ydI k ESpo f uf=u .? xkad =umihf uav;wk@d t=udKuf p¶du k u f v kd u kd I f rdcif rsm;onf om;i,forD;i,frsm;udk acsmjh rêLonht f cg/ axG&m av;yg; pum;rsm;jzihf r[kwb f J uav;acsmu h Asmrsm; oDcsi;f *Dwrsm;jziho f m acsmjh rêLum tdyaf q;udk ay;avh &So d nf? pma&;q&mrsm;onfvnf; uav;wk@d twGuf pmpyfrnf a&;rnf[k &nf&, G v f u kd f onhftcg/ olwkd@ udk,fwkdif uav;rsm;ESihftwl a&maESmaysmf&$ifaeouJhodk@ pdwful;jyD;rS/ wd&dp>mefaus;iSufuav;rsm;ta=umif;/ opfyif/ a&ajr/ awmawmif/ tmumo ponhf =oumoavmu =uD;ta=umif;wk@u d kd uav;wk@d ^m%ftjrifrEDS ikd o f avmuf rsupf x d w J iG f ay:vmatmif okwo d H omomjzihf a&;pyf avh&. dS ? a&S;¶d;k yHjk yifrsm;rSm uav;pmayayguzf mG ;&m t&if; rlvjzpfonf[k qkEd idk af yonf? ,if;wkd@rSmvnf; a&S;vl=uD; rsm; ajym=um;avh&Sdaom ivufryHk/ armift=uD;yHk/ a&$,kef ESiafh &$usm; oufi,f&w d o f mG ;/ =uufr=uD;ESifh =uufuav;/ pif'g&v J m;(pENrmvm)/ pEd;k 0du _ Ef iS fh vlyak v; ckepfaz: ponfw@dk jzpf.? TyHu k av;rsm;rSm b,faomtcgrsS r¶d;k Ekid b f &J dS onhjf yif/ i,f&, G af om uav;oli,frsm;tzk@d rSwo f m; twk,El ikd o f nhf oifcef;pmrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? uAsm rsm;rSmvnf; uav;pmaywGif tusK;H 0if vsu&f I dS / ,if; wd@k rSm zk;d vrif;/ a=umifEiS fh =uGu/f a=umif=uD; jrD;wHw/dk 0gq0kd gacgi/f Oykoaf pmih/f jyuQ'ed /f awmufwhJ tp&So d nf wk@d jzpf.? t*FvdyfpmaywGifum; uav; uAsmrsm;pGm &Sdav&m“*lpD*lpD*if'g/”“ajcmufyJedoDcsif;”“ *sufa[mfem uav;” “rsufrjrif=uGufuav;oHk;aumif” paom uAsm uav;rsm;rSm N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

uav;wk@d E_wzf sm;wGif oD;aeaomuAsmrsm; jzpfayonf? odrSwfzG,f&mtjzpfjzm[laom pmtkyfuav;rsm;rSm uav;oli,frsm;tzkd@ rdwaf umif;aqGaumif;rsm;ESifh wlav onf? rdwaf qGoil ,fcsi;f wd@k onf rdrw d @kd ESiefh ;D pyf&m ta=umif;t&mrsm; tm;vHk;udk azgufonfcsojzihf od&Sd EdkifouJhodk@/ pmtkyfrsm;xJY a&;om;xm;aom xl;jcm;onhf ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ Ek,Ofqef;opfonhf tawG;tac:rsm;/ tzkd;wef t=uH^m%frsm;udk wqihfwqihf &&Sdojzihf A[k okw us,fjyef@vmEdkifayonf? uav;oli,frsm;. yifu, kd t f odOm%fukd xkx d kd pmtkyu f av;rsm;rS ta=umif; t&mwk@d u xyfavmif;I ydrk x kd ufoefatmif jyKjyifay; onf? avmu=uD;ta=umif;udk ud, k af wG@ rqnf;yl;Ekid f ao;rD uav;rsm;onf pmawG@jzihf aumif;aumif; od em;vnfvmEkid o f nf? uav;wpfa,mufpD wpfa,mufpYD t=uKd uw f pfrsK;d pD ¶Sd=u.? tcsKd@uav;u obm0qefaom yHkjyifuAsmrsm;udk =udKufI tcsKd@u &J&ihfonhf tjzpfoepf rsK;d udk az: jyaomyHrk sm; od@k r[kwf ol&aJ umif;rsm;ta=umif; udk =udKufjyD;vSsi/f tcsK@d uvnf; wap>o&l pJ onfw@dk yg0if aom xdwv f ef@p&m tH=h ozG,&f myHrk sK;d udk =uKd uaf vonf? pmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; olwdk@t=udKufudkvdkufI trsKd;rsKd; tzHkzHk a&;om;xm;.? uav;wk@d . pdw"f gwu f kd qGaJ qmifaom pmtkyrf sm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzihf '¾m&DyjHk yifrsm;/ xHk;a[mif; yHkjyifrsm;ESihf a&S;¶dk;yHkjyifrsm; jzpfavonf? yoDyHkjyifrsm;rSm emrnf=uD; oavmufvnf; pmzwforl sm;udk qGaJ qmifEikd f avonf? ,if;wk@d ukd zwfvu kd v f sS if pmzwfol ud k , f w d k i f qef ; =u,f v S o nh f wpf w k d i f ; wpf E k d i f i H o k d @ a&muf a ebd o uJ h o k d @ pd w f w G i f xifjrifvmwwf.? a&mrESi*fh &dw@dk . xH;k a[mif;yHjk yifrsm;wGif tdv k if;ywf awmifxufY pHjref;aom Zkewfrif;ESihfwuG ewfom; ewf orD;rsm;. b0pcef;udk qef;jym;azGESnf pmrGef&nfjzihf wifqufxm;av&m/ zwf&ol. pdwfwGif om"derif;=uD;udk wm0wöomrS od=um;rif;u ewf&xm;jzihyf iho f mG ;I ewf avmuudk vSnv fh nfjyaebdouJo h @dk xif&avonf?

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t¶kyq f v kd sS if r=unh&f raeEdik /f rudik &f raewwfatmif pGpJ v JG rf;vrf; tmom&Sw d wf&um;/ olw@k Ed pS o f ufonhf t¶kyu f m;rsm;udk yHjk yifuAsmwk@d . t"dyg` ,af y:r_EiS fh uav;pdw=f uKd ut f wGuf pmtkyrf sm;Y xnho f iG ;f ay;& avonf? uav;rsm;tm; ol w k d @ . trsKd ; om;ork d i f ; ud k em;vnf xm;ES i h f a p&ef uav;rsm;twGuf orkdif;yHkjyif pmtkyfrsm; vnf; &Sdayao;onf? ,if;pmtkyfrsm;udk yHk0wˆKoabm odk@r[kwf jyZmwfoabmjzihf a&;om;xm;wwf=uonf? yrmtm;jzihf jrefrmEdkifiHorkdif;udk tenf;i,f odxm;ap&ef twGuf usefppfom;/ aemf&xmrif;apm/ ewfosS iaf emif ponfw@dk . ta=umif;rsm;udk yH0k wˆKozG,f vG,u f l &Si;f vif;onhf pum;vH;k wk@d jzihf a&;om;xm;avonf? xkjd yif rxD;wlr orŠLvjyZmwf/ 0uf0rH if;om;jyZmwf paom ud, k [ f efvuf[ef trlt&mESifh ajymjyEdik o f nh/f wpfenf;vnf; uav;rsm;ud, k w f ikd f Zmwfaumifrsm;tae ESifh yg0ifI o¾mefvyk f o¶kyaf z:um ujyEdik o f nhf jyZmwfpmtkyf rsm;vnf; &Sad vonf? uav;rsm;udk azsmaf jz&ef t*FvefjynfY uav;pmtkyf rsm;udk 1744 ckEpS w f iG f trsm;qH;k xkwaf 0cJo h rl mS *GseEf sL;AJ&D qdo k l jzpf.? od@k aomf Oa&mywdu k w f iG f '¾m&DyjkH yifrsm;udk 1697 ckEpS Yf trsm;qH;k a&;om;I xkwaf 0cJo h rl mS jyifopf Edik if rH S csm;yJ¶;kd qdo k l jzpfonf? olonf jyifopfbk&if 14 qufajrmufvl0D vufxufwGif vl=udKufrsm;aom '¾m&D yHkjyifrsm;udk a&;om;xkwaf 0cJo h nf? olonf pif'g&Jvm; (pENrmvm)/ rkwfqdwfjymESihf zdeyf=uD;ESihf a=umifuav; paomyHw k u kd av;rsm;udk jyifopf bmomrS t*Fvyd b f mom ok@d jyefqcdk ahJ v&m/ t*Fvyd pf mwwf uav;rsm;yif jyifopf uav;rsm;enf;wl xkyd jkH yifrsm;udk tonf;pGJ jzpfae=u.? ,if;wk@u d kd jref r mbmomok d @ vnf ; jyef q k d x m;jyD j zpf & m r=umrD twG i f ; jref r mh u av;pmay jrêiw fh ifa&;twGuf yHjk yif rsm;/ uAsmrsm;/ jyZmwfrsm;/ tajrmuftjrm; ay:xGuv f m zG,&f m ta=umif; &Sad yonf? uav;rsm;. pm&dwAW v aumif;rGeaf p&ef tajccHaom yHu k av;rsm;udk emrnfausmf uav;yHk ajymq&mr r&D,m tuf*s0yfu trsm;tjym; a&;om;xkwaf 0cJo h nf? ol.rdwaf qG aomrwfa';onf ¶l;qk;d .oabmw&m; rsm;udk rSjD irf;jyKI uav;yHjk yif pmtkyrf sm;udk =udK;=udK; yrf;yrf; a&;om;xkwaf 0cJ. h ?qif;zk@d ESirfh m;wef trnf&dS uav;rsm;tzk@d yHjk yifrmS aomrwf. taumif;qH;k vuf&m jzpfI xif&mS ;vSayonf? aomrwfonf uav;rsm;tzd@k aysmaf wmfquf pmtkyf rsm;a&;&mY / oem;p&maumif; onhf yHjk yifrsm;a&;&mY /xl;cGseo f l jzpfavonf? aomrwfuo hJ @dk yg&rDtxHk ygvmaom uav;uAsm pma&;q&mrsm;rSm tef;ESi*fh sed ;f awvm nDtpfrwk@d jzpf.? olw@dk . vuf&m jzpfonhf rSw d w f w k f rSw d w f w k f i,faom =u,f[al om uAsmuav;wpfy'k w f nf;ESiyfh if olw@dk . uAsmpGr;f &nfukd aumif;pGm csed q f Edik af yonf? armuQ? Edik if w H um uav;pmayae@ trSww f &

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

OD;aqmifvu kd &f if w&GmvH;k ygvmwm// tckvJ e0r t}udraf &G;=ujyef+yD // ta&;ta=umif;qdk &Gmta&S hydkif;u pmoifausmif;udkyJ tm;udk;&wm // ausmif;ydwfxm;wJh &moDqdkawmh tpnf;ta0;rSeo f r# tJo h nfrmS yJ vky=f uw,fav // ausmif;zGix hf m;wJh &moDq&kd ifawmh awmifausmif;u OykwZf &yfrmS vky=f uw,f/ 'Dwcg OuUX&mxl;twGuf wpfajy;aewm uawmh &Gmta&S yh ikd ;f urf;em;vrf;rSmaewJh qHyifnyS q f &m OD;[ef}uD;wJh // ud, k x hf rif; ud, k pf m;+yD; at;at; aq;aq;aecsiw f o hJ al wG / rywfoufcsiw f o hJ al wGuawmh OuUXtjzpf tqdw k ifoiG ;f vdu k w f ,f qd&k ifbJ ta=umuftuef jiif;awmhwm // vufEpS b f ufaxmifjy+yD; h h h “trav; h h h rvkyv f u kd yf geJ Ah sm h h h tawmf=um [dv k }l u;D u ac:usrd ;f vdu k f 'Dppfom;u ac:ql vdu k ef @J usKyfbmomusKyf a&cJw;kH zifc+k yD; xrif;=urf;cJ ,ufcwfpm;yg&apAsm”vd@k t&$e;f azmuf+yD; tpnf;a0;rSm xajymawmh oyGwt f ikd &f mG ;om;wdk h wtH;k tH;k eJh yGu J somG ;av&J@/ 'Dawmh oyGwt f ikd &f mG rSm vl}u;D vkyrf o hJ l &Sm;&Sm; vmw,f // olwkd ah &S u h vkyo f mG ;wJh OuUX awGvJ vlawmxJ rwd;k &JwhJ txd i&kwo f ;D eJ ah ygi;f =uufoeG yf g taxmif;cHvu kd w f hJ b0awGyikd q f ikd f oGm;&+yaD v // t&ifwek ;f uawmh aiGa&; a=u;a&; acsmifvnfwhJ olawGukd OD;pm;ay;a&G;cJyh gw,f /tpawmh [kwfrvdkeJ h aemufus awmh “&av vdkav tdkwap>” awGjzpfvmawmh &GmuvufrcHwJhtqHk; jyKwfukefw,f// wcg bJG h&ynmwwf &GmcHvltcsdK hudk OuUX tjzpfa&G;=ujyefw,f// b,fcHvdkufrvJ // “tcGifhta&;rSefor# vufarmif;wqHk;Ed_ufwJh” tusifhu razsmufbl;// ynmwwf wdkif; todw&m;&SdwmrS r[kwfwm // +yD;cJhwJh ESpf em*pfrek w f ikd ;f wdu k w f ek ;f uyJ=unhf // te,fe,ft&yf&yfu tvSL&Siaf wGvm +yD; ypPn;f awG vSL=uw,f// ,Hk=unfvdk hyHkay;cJhwJhypPnf;awGxJu aumif;wmav;awG udk OuUX u a&G;,lxm;vdu k w f ,f // usew f mudk cGjJ yefawmh vlwikd ;f r&jyefb;l // “eifwdk hu csrf;omwmyJ 'g h h hr&SdwJh vlawGudkay;zdk h” qdk+yD; vufAvmeJ@ jyefcikd ;f vdu k w f ,f// 'gukd rauseyfwo hJ al wGxJ rSm urf;em;ydik ;f u rdcidk ef J rh Ed k wdk u h tqd;k qH;k // +y;D awmh OuUX qdw k mu ausmif;wufwek ;f uwnf;u oli,fcsi;f awGav// 'Dawmh OuUX tdraf &S@ oGm;+yD; “ 'DrmS h h Oh uUX}uD;&J h &Sit hf b em*pfu ydu k q f &H w dS o hJ l r&Sw d o hJ l qd+k yD; a&G;wdu k f oGm;wmr[kwb f ;l // w&GmvH;k twlwcl &H wmygawmf h h h tck[mu ydu k q f &H w dS ikd ;f vJ 0,fv@kd csr;f vdk rh &wm t&yfu tod h h h 'gukd 'if;u usKyfwkd u h kd vdck sirf suaf ph&w dS ,f r&bl; bmnmeJ@ ajymawmh 'if;,lxm;wJ[ h mawGukd tckvufnKdS ;xd;k jyr,f h h h trav; udak &$OuUX}uD;&J ”h qd+k yD; tdraf &S v h rf;ay:uae oGm;csyJ pfwm// r=umygb;l h h h OuUX tdraf emufaz; pyg;usx D rJ mS zGux f m;wJh abxkyaf wG t&yfu 0dik ;f azmf+yD; zrf;vdk h OuUX (3) vavmuf tcsKyfcv H u kd &f ao; w,f? onf[mawGudk oifcef;pm,l+yD; oyGwftdkif&Gmom;awG acgif;csif;wdkuf+yD; aqG;aEG;=ujyefw,f// t&if[mawGuawmh ody[ f efrusvaS ybl; h h h tcke0rt}udrrf mS awmh ydkufqHr&Sd&ifvJaeygap// bJG hawG 'D*&DawG r&Sd&ifvJaeawmh// &dk;om;+yD; ormtmZd0eJ h toufarG;wJo h u l kd a&G;bdk h qH;k jzwfvu kd =f uw,f// aemufq;kH Zumwifa&G;vdu k w f muawmh NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

&Gmta&S hydkif;urf;em;vrf; xJu qHyifnSyfq&m OD;[ef}uD; jzpfw,f// xHk;pHtwdkif; tpnf;ta0;rpcifuwnf;u tqdw k ifoel J ah xmufco H l pnf;0g; udu k x f m;+yD; vl=um;xJ csjyvdu k af wmh e0rt}udrt f pnf;ta0;u (13)a,mufajrmuf oyGwt f ikd f OuUX OD;[ef}uD; jzpfvmw,f/ OD;[ef}uD; qdw k mu oyGwt f ikd &f mG &J h wpfO;D wnf;aom qHyifnyS q f &mjzpfw,f// &if;ES;D olawGuawmh OD;av;[efvkd h yJ ac: =uw,f// ol rh mS xGe;f +idr;f qdw k hJ vlysKd od;k }uD;t&G,f om;wpfa,muf&w dS ,f// oluawmh ol t h azeJ rh wljyefb;l // t&yfwum vS@J +yD; toHcsJ @puf tiSm;vdu k w f ,f // bke;f }uD;ysH wdk h r,fawmfysH wdk q h &kd if awm"av t h & veJ ch sx D m;wm qdak wmh ol u h rkd iSm;cif uwnf;u }udKa&mufae+yD; aomifwifaeawmhwmyJ// tca=u;aiG wdwdusus&,fvJr[kwfygbl;// ay;oavmuf,l+yD; xef;&nf 0dkif;av;zGJ hae&&ifawmf+yD // ol@0goemud;k // OD;av;[ef&J h rde;f r a':Ek uawmh bmtvkyrf S rvkyyf gb;l // a':Ek&J rh b d awG vufxufuwnf;uaqmufcJhwJh (2)xyfysOfaxmiftdrf}uD;rSm ae=uwm// &GmrSmawmh ajymprSwfwck&Sdw,f // “armif[efwdk h vufa=um rwif;yHkuawmh a,mufcrtdrf +ydKuswt hJ xdaew,f” qdw k hJ pum;yg// 'guykd J OD;av;[efukd &d;k *k%w f yf+yD; vl}uD;tjzpfa&G; vdu k w f myg// tckawmh oyGwt f ikd &f mG OuUX OD;[ef}uD; jzpfomG ;yg+yD// &GmrSmu oma&;yJjzpfjzpf / ema&;yJjzpfjzpf toHcsJ @puf oH;k r,fq&kd if OuUX qDrmS toH;k jyKcGiyhf grpf,&l w,f// ygrpfwpf apmifukd t&ifwek ;f u (5) usyyf J ay;&wm// tckak wmh 2000 awmifjzpfae+yD // acwftvdu k f ajymif;oGm;wmxifygh // vl}uD;awG ajymwmuawmh ygrpf qd k w m tck r S pwmr[k w f b l ; wJ h // tJ ' D p epf u d k usih f o H k ; vmwm &mpk E S p f w0ufavmufawmif&Sd+yDqdkyJ// 'Dawmh ygrpf pepfeJ htHudkufae+yDaygh // OD;av;[efvJ &GmOuUXjzpfvma&m “bmtwGuyf jJ zpfjzpf ygrpf,&l if ydu k q f aH y;p&m rvdk bl;a[h” qdak wmh oyGwt f ikd f &Gmom;awG oabmacG =h uwmayg/h / 'gwifruao;bl; // &GmawGrmS umvom; / umvorD; ypPn;f qd+k yD; oma&;/ ema&;awGrmS toH;k jyKzdk h td;k cGuyf *k H / zsmawG &Sw d ,f// ypPn;f iSm;&rf;ctjzpf r*Fvmaqmifq&kd if vufzJG ah iG q,f&mcdik Ef e_ ;f ay;&w,f// tjcm;oma&;/ ema&; qd&k ifawmh owfrw S x f m;wJh aiGuykd aJ y;&w,f// tckawmh bmiSm;iSm; tcrJh jzpfomG ;+yD/ / ol hvkyf&yfawGa=umifh OuUXOD;av;[ef &J howif;u oyGwftdkif&Gm wifr[kwfbl; / &GmeD;pyfcsKyfawGtxdysH Eh HS o h mG ;w,f oyGwt f ikd &f mG ta=umif; aumif;aumif;odaewJh +rd@K e,fv}l uD;awGvJ ol o h wif;a=umifh auseyf=uw,f// wcsdK h=ujyefawmhvJ taumif;rjrif=ujyefbl;// a0zef=ujyefw,f// ygrpfzdk; ydu k q f rH ,lwm ol o h m;toHcsJ ph ufy+kd yD;iSm; &atmifw/hJ / olwkd ah jymvJ ajymcsipf &m // tckqkd vlq,fa,mufavmuf pkrdwmeJ h toHcsJ hpufiSm;oHk;ae=u+yD // b,fol hudkrSvJ cGifhwdkif p&mrvdo k vdk udx k eG ;f +ird ;f qdw k muvnf; ay;oavmuf,w l o hJ /l / wcsKd u h awmh ypPn;f iSm;wJu h pd P twGuf ajym=ujyefw,f 'DypPn;f awGu olyikd yf pPn;f rS r[kww f m // &Gmvl}uD; tqufquf pm&if ; tif ; eJ h twd t us ud k i f w G , f v m=uwm// ol u tck v d k tcrJ h iS m ;aeawmh aemuftopf0,f&if ol yh u kd q f eH J 0h ,frmS rdk v h kd v h m; // ponfjzifh b0ifruswo hJ al wGv&J w dS ,f// N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

aocsmwmu awmh ypPn;f iSm;wJo h al wG ydrk sm;vmwmyJ // ta&S ch Ek pS t f rd /f taemufcEk pS t f rd f avmufzw d +f y;D vkyw f hJ uav;acgi;f aq; utp td;k cGuf yk*aH wGukd OuUXtdrrf mS oGm;iSm;=uw,f/ jyeftyfwJhtcg=uawmh arhusefwmeJ h uGJ&SukefwmeJ h qdkawmh umvom;/umvorD; ypPn;f awGvJ wjznf;jznf;eJev J mw,f//taumif;ruseaf wmhb;l // tpkwt f +yJ eJ h tyJt h &G@J awGyu J seaf wmhw,f// jyeftyf&if aoaocsmcsmppf+yD; r,lawmh ydq k ;kd wmayg/h / oyGwt f ikd &f mG rSm tvSLtwef;qd&k if t&ifwek ;f uxdyw f ef;jzpfayrJh ckawmhtvSL&Si&f J x h rif;udk pm;zd@k xrif;yk*H apmif&h wJh 'kuu Q vnf; rao;vSb;l // tck q d k & if oyG w f t d k i f & G m td r f w d k i f ; eD ; yg;rS m umvom;/ umvorD ; ypP n f ; (trsm;ydik yf pPn;f ) av;awG wpfcrk [kwf wck &Sad ewwfw,f// olwkd t h csi;f csi;f vJoad e=uw,f/ / b,fo@l tvSLrSm/ b,fou l / bmawGu/kd bmeJ x h o hJ ,fomG ;w,f qdw k mtxd odae=uw,f/ “tar h h h h [dkrSm OD;rsdK;}uD; qGJoGm;wJhcsdKif hav;ab;rSm u hvh o vdk@ a&;xm;w,fawmh” “trav; h h h nD;uomajymae h h h nD;vJ tvSLwke;f u usecf w hJ hJ uGr;f tpfukd tckxjd yefrtyfao;bl;” “[m h h h taruvJ olrsm;awGvJ ,lxm;=uwmyJ [mudk h h h ” “at; h h ah t; h h h aumif;w,f // nD;tazuawmif toGm;tyfcikd ;f aewm // jrefjrefomG ;tyfvu kd yf gat” onfupd eP J yh wfouf+yD; wcsKd u h OuUXOD;av;[efukd ajymjyayrJh ol &h @J vufo;kH pumuawmh h h h “[ h h h xm;vdu k yf g[m // ig tqifajywJh tcgus&if topfjyef0,fxyhJ grh ,f // jynfoyl ikd yf pPn;f qdw k m wdk yh ikd w f hJ ypPn;f yJaygh h h h tvum;ae tbdpm> rsm;raeygeJ u h mG // rif;vJ ydik w f ,f h h h olvyJ ikd w f myJ // vdck siv f @kd ,lwm aeygapuGm”wJ/h / OuUX odatmifw;kd wd;k vmajymwJo h v l J rodrom auseyfvu kd &f w,f // pdwx f rJ mS awmh h h h “tif; h h h igah c|;r arG;vdk h uav;acgi;f aq;vky&f ifawmh awG =h uao;wmayg ”h vd@k pdwx f rJ mS used ;f 0g;&if; jyefomG ;&w,f// t&if OuUXawGvufxufwek ;f u &GmrSm csx J eD J Eh pS v f ;kH xD udik x f hJ 'dik q f w kd mr&Sb d ;l // ta&mif;pma&;av;awG awmh&Sdw,f/ &Juif;eJ h&Gmvl}uD;tzGJ hudk vpOftvSLaiGxJh+yD; wd;k wd;k wdww f w d ef J ah &mif;ae=uwm// OuUXOD;av;[efuawmh ol u h akd iGvmay;vJ r,lb;l // bmwcGe;f rSvJ 0ifrajymbl;// olaewwfovdyk aJ ew,f// olajymwmu h h h “ at; h h h 'DtvkyfawGu avmif;upm;r_ajrmufw,fvdk h =um;zl;wmyJ // =unhfvkyf=uayghuGm// jy\emjzpfvm&ifawmh ighudkqGJrxJheJ h// udk,fjzpf udk,fcHyJa[h” [k avajyav;jzifh ajymwwfw,f/ /tckawmh oyGwt f ikd &f mG rSmwif 'dik }f uD; (2) 'dik f awmif&v dS m+yD/ &Gmawmifyikd ;f OD;aZmf}uD; 'kid f eJ h &Gmajrmufyikd ;f OD;rd;k Edik 'f idk w f /hJ / olwkd u h vJ w&m;r0ifvyk af e&vd@k om // ol x h uf ig t+ydKiftqdik /f OuUX tm;ud;k vJygwmayg/h / OD;rd;k Edik 'f ikd f u b,favmufawmif tuGujf rifovJq&kd if bke;f }uD; vSLwJx h rJ mS awmif (2) vH;k xDukd xJ@vSLwm// vSLwmqdak wmh NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

bke;f bke;f awGvJ vufc&H wmaygh // OuUX OD;av;[ef u pmwwfaywwfr[kwaf yrJh jzwfx;kd Om%fawmh aumif;w,f / / t&if OuUXawG jy\emjzpf jyKwfuek w f mawGukd oloifcef;pm,lxm;w,f// ol v h ufxufrmS tJ'grsdK;awG xyfrjzpfatmif a&Smifw,f// v,form;/ wHigawG udkvJypfrxm;bl;// v,f,majrqdkwm w&m;0ifta&mif;t0,f vkyfvdk hr&bl;// em;vnfr_eJ hvkyf&wm // t&ifvl}uD;awGwkef;u tJh'Dw&m;r0ifbl;qdkwmudk ta=umif;jy+yD; v,fwpf{uudk b,favmufq+kd yD; awmif;=uw,f// a&mif;ol / 0,forl mS yg Oya'eJ@rvGwu f if;bl;// OD;av;[ef uawmh b,fol q h u D rS wjym;wcsyrf rS ,lb;l // 'grsKd ;awG +uHKvm&ifv“J oGm; h h o h mG ; h h h igu v,form;r[kwaf wmh odyrf odb;l // a&mif;ol 0,fot l qifajy&if+yD;a&m h h h pma&;}uD; eJ@ nSv d yk v f u dk =f u ”[k qdu k m acgi;f a&Smifvu dk w f ,f// OuUX u acgi;f a&Smifvu kd af wmh pma&;}uD; xGe;f xGe;f 0if; tuGuu f swmaygh // ESpb f ufv;kH qDu &wJv h ufbuf &nfz;kd u ol v h pmxuf rsm;vmw,f// t&ifOuUX awGwkef;u rdk;OD;usump wpfvudk jrpfxJ ig;zrf;cGifhydwfayrJh ol@vufxuf rSm awmh rodcsiaf ,mifaqmifaevdu k w f ,f// ig;awG Ocswt hJ csed f rzrf;bdk h tpd;k &ud, k w f ikd u f Oya'xkwx f m;ayrJh OD;av;[efu wmjrpfjcif;r&Sad wmh wHigawGuvnf; ol u h akd usZ;l wif=uw,f// oyGwt f ikd rf mS wm0efuswhJ q&mawG q&mrawGuvnf; ynmwwf awGqakd yrJh OuUX}uD; OD;av;[efukd uvefuqef rvky=f ubl;// olwkd v h pmeJ rh avmufvkd h tyd0k ifaiGav;&atmif usL&Sio f ifwm Oya'eJ +h idpeG ;f ayrJh OD;av;[ef u wmjrpfyw d yf ifwm r&Sad wmh vGwv f yf=uw,f// 'Dvekd J o h yGwt f ikd &f mG rSm oufwrf;t&Snq f ;kH OuUX}uD;tjzpfeJ h (2) ESpaf usmf vdk h (3) ESpx f J awmif 0ifvm+yD// wae ah wmh h h h h “b}uD; +idr;f a& h h h b}uD; +idr;f ” “bmvJ[ h h ah rmifnKd & h h h rif;[mu a&;}uD;xdwjf zm jzpfvu kd w f m h h h 'g ah =umifh rif;acgi;f tar$;wpfyifrS rayguw f m” “[m h h h b}uD;+idr;f uvJ ta&;ta=umif;qdk usaemfah cgi;f yJ cvkww f u kd af ewm h h h tck urf;em;qdyrf mS &efuek u f vmwJh armfawmfuyfawmh &efuek v f rf;rawmfu ig;'dik yf ikd &f iS f w&kw}f uD;awG ig;a,muf ygvmw,f” “trav; armifnKd &,f w&kwaf wG ygwm txl;tqefvyk v f kd h vrf;rawmfqw kd m w&kwaf wGyikd w f mbJ// tJ'rD mS 'dk Ah rm awGu ulvv D yk af e&wm Asmh h h ”h armifnKd u ol ah cgi;f udk vufjzifh yGw&f if h h h “olwkd eh J t h wl ydu k q f aH wG qmvmtdw}f uD;eJ h 2 vH;k awmifygvmw,f // usaemf eJ h tHah rmf (2)a,muf wpfa,muf wpftw d x f rf;+yD; OuUXOD;av;[efwkd t h rd u f kd ydk ah y;cJw h m // w&kw}f uD;awGu usaemfwkd u h kd ulvcD wpfa,muf wpfaxmifpaD wmif ay;vdu k af o;w,f h h 'DrmS awG v h m; ” [kq&kd if; topfcsycf |wf wpfaxmifwefukd axmifjyvdu k w f ,f// tusKd ;ta=umif; ra&r&m jzpfaepOf b}uD;+idr+f cHxu J kd OD;av;=unfw;kd 0ifvmw,f// “[ h h h tndK rif;u igh xuf owif;OD;atmif vmay;w,fayg”h N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

tndKujyefrajzbJ +yHK;jyvdu k w f ,f// ta=umif;pHu k kd b}uD;+idr;f u ar;awmh h h h “[kww f ,f b}uD;+idr;f a& h h h usaemfrae u h aomufwm enf;enf;rl;+yD; &efjzpfvkd h OuUX uac:awG hwmeJ hoGm;wm// bm rSawmifrajym&ao;bl;// w&kwf}uD;ig;a,muf a&mufvmw,f // OuUX}u;D vJ tdraf emufaz;xGu+f y;D urf;pyfu "edawm vufnKS ;d xd;k jyaewm awG w h ,f// ol rh ed ;f r rrEk u usaemfu h akd jymw,f// 'dk yh ikd w f hJ aemufaz;urf;pyfu "edawmudk ode;f 500 eJ@ a&mif;vdu k w f mwJh // ol wdk u h ykZeG af rG;rSmwJh // usaemfvJ bmjyefajym&rSe;f awmif rodjzpfomG ;w,fAsm// rae u h aomufxm; wJh t&Sed af v;awmif ajyoGm;w,f h h h ” rsuEf mS udk vufjzifyh w G &f if; ajymvdu k w f ,f// “ a[ h h h [kwv f m; // ol ubmydik v f kd ah &mif;&wmvJ// rif;wdk rh arG;cifuwnf;u 'D"edawm}uD; vlwdkif;0ifckwfaewm b,folydkifw,fvdk hvJ wcgrS r=um;bl;aygifAsm// ckwaf v"edyifawG ayguaf veJ h w&GmvH;k b,forl sm; "edwzspf 0,fr;kd &vdk w h ek ;f / tckusrS 'if;u armifydkifpD;+yD; vkyfvdk hcHr,fhaumifrsm;rSwfaevm; h h h odef; 500 eJeJaemaemvm; h h h tdyrf ufxrJ mS awmif rjrifz;l bl; // at; h h h nae txdapmif=h unfrh ,f h h 'h o D wif;+idro f mG ;+yD qd&k if awmh nus&if igeJ ah wG +h yDvkd w h mrSwf h h h awmuf h h h &m&m ppuGm h h ” tem;wGi&f adS om b}uD;+idr;f ZeD; bGm;av;r_H u h h h “&Sirhf mS vJ cs*J %ef;xGuw f m =uaewmyJ h h h +idraf tmif nufatmifapmif&h tH;k r,fwhJ tck[m &Siahf &S rh mS ajymaewm/tckjzpfaewm u &Gmta&S yh ikd ;f rSm // 'Dx h ufaocsm wmawmh r&Sb d ;l // wu,fwJ ae ah &G /h na&G eh J h tcGiahf umif;&ifajrwdik ;f aewmeJ@ tckawmh olrsm;u a&mif;pm;oGm;+yD ” vrf;rawmfu w&kwaf wG armfawmfimS ;+y;D jyefomG ;+yv D kd o h wif;&wmeJ h b}u;D +ird ;f vJ obufav; ykc;kH ay:wif+yD; &Gmta&S@ ydik ;f urf;em;vrf;udx k u G v f mcJw h ,f// tdraf &S ah &mufw,f qd&k ifbJ OuUXOD;av;[ef&J @toHxu G v f mw,f// “vm h h h b}uD;+idr;f vm h h h tdrx f u J =kd uGyg h h h qHyifnyS &f atmifvmcJw h mvm; cifAs” “at; h h h at; h h h [kwb f ;l uG // owif;&vdk h h h h vmcJw h myJ // aemufaz;u "edawm ode;f 500 eJ h a&mif;vdu k w f ,f qd”k “a=omf h h h b}uD;+idr;f a& usaemfvJ ra&mif;csiaf o;ygb;l // 'gayrJh ESp&f n S rf xm; Edik v f @kd ESaS rsmarsmeJ yh aJ &mif;vdu k &f wmygAsm” “[ h h h aeygt;kH armif&if&J h 'Djrpfurf;pyf"edawmu b,foyl ikd v f kd h armif&ifu a&mif;vdu k &f wmwke;f // 'Dawm [m igw@kd i,fi,f rif;a,muQr}uD;awGeJ t h wlwl "edcw k f ig;&Sm / zm;&SmeJ v h yk v f mwmyg// OD;ydik q f w kd mr&Sb d ;l // 'g&mG ajryJ // armif&if oabm eJ@ armif&if a&mif;w,fqdk&ifawmh tvGJoHk;pm;r_eJ h usKyfwdk h&Gmu pk+yD; w&m;pGJ&vdrfhr,f h h h oyGwt f ikd &f mG ta=umif;vJ armif&if aumif;aumif;odygw,faemh” OD;av;[efu t+yHK;rysuf cyftyk t f yk af voHeJ h “b}uD;+idrf;&,f h h h aocsmvJpOf;pm;ygtHk; // tvGJoHk;pm;r_eJ hw&GmvHk;udk w&m;pG&J rJah umif u 'Daumif}uD;ygAs // a[mh'D aumif}uD;yg// usaemfwikd v f u kd &f if w&GmvH;k NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

axmifus wef;usawGjzpfukefrSmqdk;vdk h aewwfovdkaecJhwm h h h aemufqHk; ukef ukeaf jymvdu k rf ,f bke;f }uD;awmifruseb f ;l ” “[ h h h w,fv[ J w k yf gvm; h h h armif&ifu w&GmvH;k bke;f }uD;yg rusew f &m;pGv J @kd &w,fqakd wmh h h h at;uGm h h h w&Gm vH;k tomxm;tH;k armif&ifu usKyfukd bmtr_eJ rh sm; w&m;pGrJ vdk w h ek ;f ” “'Dvakd r;awmhvJ xJw h ;kd bJajzvdu k af wmhr,f // b}uD;+idr;f tvSLrSm bke;f }uD;awGukd (2) vHk;xDxdk;+yD; vufrSwfawGuyfwm Oya'abmifeJ hvGwfr,frsm;xifaeovm;// tJ'g avmif ; upm;r_ a jrmuf w ,f / / tenf ; qH k ; axmif (3) ES p f t xd c svd k h & w,f / / aemuf jynfoyl ikd yf pPn;f qdw k modvm;// tckb}u;D +ird ;f tdrrf mS wnfxm;wJh uGr;f tpfu trsm;ydik yf pPn;f / / tJ'v D kd trsm;ydik yf pPn;f udk ,lo;kH +y;D ckxjd yefrtyfwm cd;k r_ajrmufw,f // jynfoyl ikd yf pPn;f qdw k m ae rh ajymeJ n h bufvrf;rSmawG &h ifawmif oufqikd f &mudk csucf si;f tyf&w,f// vufxrJ mS xm;&if cd;k r_ / rouFmr_awGeJ &h u J zrf;csKyfxm;vdk &h w,f odvm; b}uD;+idr;f // Edik if aH wmfu xkwjf yefxm;wJh Oya'awGukd ravhvmbJ usaemfukd tckvpkd w G q f aJG ewm toa&ysurf _ / ydik ef ufusL;vGerf e_ J h tckcsucf si;f zrf; csKyfvu kd v f kd &h w,fqw kd m rarhygeJ ”h “a[ h h h [kwv f m; h h h armif&ifwkd Oh ya' awG bmawGqw dk mu wEdik if v H ;kH b,forl S rvdu k ef mEdik w f mawGxw k +f yD; tcGihf }uHKawmh 'D[mawGeJ u h ikd u f ikd af yguaf eygvm;uG// a[ h h h aeygt;kH armif&if&J /h / usKyftrd rf mS &Sw d hJ bmrSrwefwhJ uGr;f tpf=uawmh jynfoyl ikd f ypPn;f av;bmav;eJ h armif&if vufnSdK;xdk;a&mif;pm;vdkufwJh a[m'D igwdk htzdk; tbGm;ydkif 'Dawm}uD;eJ Eh i_d ;f awmh &mZ0ifrsm;&dik ;f &mrusaybl;vm; h h h vlyt kH v,frmS csjy=unhyf gt;kH armif&if&J ”h “'DrmS b}u;D +ird ;f oyGwt f ikd &f mG rSm usaemfcsjy&r,fo h l wpfa,mufrS r&Sb d ;l // w&GmvH;k Oya'eJ hrvGwfuif;wJh (2)vHk;xD csJxD awGvkyf=uw,f// 'gwifruao;bl; umvom;/ umvorD;ydik yf pPnaf wG tdrw f ikd ;f vdv k rkd mS &Sad ew,f// ausmif;q&mawGu Oya'eJ@ rvGwu f if;wJh usL&Sio f ifw,f// wHigawGu Edik if aH wmfu xkwjf yefxm;wJh wm;jrpfred f ah wGukd csKd ;azmuf=uw,f/ v,f orm;awGu v,f,mOa'awGudk rvdkufem=ubl;// &Gmpma&; EdkifiHh0efxrf;u vm'fpm;w,f//tukev f ;kH wtdted J h w&m;Oya' tjyifbufukd a&mufae=uwm b}uD;+idr;f odvm;// 'Dvdk Oya'tjyifbufu vlawGu usaemfvdk Oya'abmiftwGif;u vludk pdeaf c:vd@k uawmh cg;awmif;r}udKufb;l 'Dtwdik ;f vdu k cf rhJ ,f odvm;// 'DrmS =unfh vGecf w hJ J h (2) ESpfuwnf;u 'Dawm}uD;udk usaemftcGefaqmifvmcJhwm// 'DrSm usaemfh emrnfeJ@ ajrpm&if;Xmeu xkwaf y;xm;wJh ajypm h h h ” b}u;D +ird ;f qdw k muvnf; ES,Ef , S &f &rSm r[kww f m // OD;av;[ef xkwjf ywJh pm&Guu f kd aocsm,l=unhw f maygh // OD;ydik t f rnfrmS awmh OD;[ef}uD; // trsKd ;tpm; qdw k ahJ e&mrSmawmh "edawmwJh // ESppf Of tcGef awmfaiG ae&mrSmawmh 1500 usyw f hJ h h b}uD;+idr;f rsuv f ;kH xJ rD;0if;0if; awmufomG ;w,f// “xGD h h h yg;pyfoevdu k w f m [ef}uD;&m h h h rif;u aiGav; 3000 aqmif+yD; vl yh gpyfu N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

“trav; uk&d ifomarmif&hJ usKyf&ifawGyv l jS yDawmh usKyfom;av; oGm;&Smay;ygO;D ²² usKyfom;wckcjk zpfaejyD xifyg&ahJ wmf” “r,fv&S ,f²² rif;uvJtpd;k &dr}f uD;&efaum/ rif;om;jyefvmrSmyg/ c% apmifyh gO;D vm;uGm” “atmf ud&k if&@J usKyfom;ta=umif; usKyftodq;kH yg? b,fomG ;r,f b,ftcsed f jyefvmr,fqdkwm t+rJajymoGm;wJhuav;/ tckvJ [dkzufvrf;xJu ol@oli,fcsif;tdrfrSm pmtkyo f mG ;iSm;OD;r,f c%ygyq J jkd yD; xGuo f mG ;vdu k w f m rd;k awmifcsKyfvjk yD; usKyfy&l wmayg”h “at;yg r,fv&S m rd;k csKyfv@kd rS rvm&if igvu kd pf pkH rf;ay;ygr,fu h mG ” “awmfuvJawmf rd;k csKyfatmifyJ apmifah e&w,fv@kd usKyf&ifawGr;D awmufaejyDawmh usKyfom; b,fwek ;f urS ae0ifr;kd csKyfaebl;wm r[kwb f ;l ²² bk&m;bk&m; om;av; ab;roD &efrcygapeJ@ cvkwrf xd ql;rjidygapeJ@awmf” “uJ u J h h h r,f v S wjApf j Apf a wmuf a wmuf v k y f r aeeJ @ ig &yf u G u f x J oGm;pHpk rf;=unfrh ,f²² ol@ol,cf si;f tdrv f 0J ifcrhJ ,f rif;pdwaf t;at;xm;jyD; usecf yhJ gumG ” ************* OD;omarmif / a':r,fvw S @kd vifr,m;onf &efuek +f rKd q h ifajcyH;k &yfuu G w f ckjzpfaom a&Gjynfom/ acgif oH;k vH;k &yfuu G w f iG f aexdik =f ujyD; udo k marmifonf usyef;tvky/f wcgwav yGpJ m;tvkyu f av;vky&f if; rdom;pkw0rf;wcg;vSz@kd jud;k yrf;aeav.? a':r,fvo S nfvnf; wzufwvrf;rS tdrpf m;&dwf umrd&efta&;/ tdraf &S@vrf;ab; wGif ta=umfpHk a&mif;&if; aexdkif=uaom tajccHvlwef;pm;rsm;xJu &dk;&kd;om;om; vkyu f ikd af exdik =f uaom rdom;pkav; wckjzpfygonf? olw@kd vifr,m;touf}uD;umrS om;av; armif&efat;udk arG;zGm;vmcJyh gonf? wOD;wnf;aomom; av;jzpfv@kd vifr,m;ESpaf ,mufrmS tcsp}f u;D cspu f m t&dyw f =unf=h unfh eJ@aevmvku d w f m armif&efat; (14) ESpo f m; 8wef;ausmif;om; }uD;t&G,f a&mufvm ygawmhonf? wOD;wnf;aomom;av; jzpfvifu h pm; armif&efat;av;[m vdrmR a&;jcm;&Sjd y;D twef;ynmrSmvJ xl;c|efavawmh twef;xJwGif t+rJAdkvfpGJum vlwumcsD;rGef;cH&onfh oGuv f ufcsujf cmaom om;vdrmR av; jzpfavonf? armif&efat; av;u ol}uD;vm&if tif*sief , D m}uD;vkyu f m rdbeSpyf g;udk &Smau|;OD;rSmqdak om pum;onf a':r,fvS yef;or# EGr;f or#awGukd vef;apcJ&h avonf? 'ga=umifv h J a':r,fvw S a,muf om;ynma&; taxmuftyH&h ap&ef 0g;usnf awmuf}uD; xJrSm rpm;&ufraomuf&uf aiGawG pkvmvdkufwm om;woufyif&SdacsjyD? 0g;usnaf wmuf}uD;ud=k unf+h yD; igo h m; tif*sief , D m}uD;twGuq f u kd m yDwaD wGjzmvd@k at;csr;f om,mpGm aevmcJ=h uwJh olw@kd &J@b0xJukd rar#mv f ifyh J aomurkew f ikd ;f wdu k cf u kd v f @kd uHq;kd rd;k arSmif =ucJ&h ygavawmhonf? ************************* N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

“rr,fvS awmfw@kd vifr,m;eSpaf ,muf qlnq H n l H toHawG=um;vd@k bmjzpfvv J @kd vm=unhw f myg” “cifjra&²² vmvm tawmfyJ nnf;vmvk@d ajym&tH;k r,f? igo h m;av;[dzk ufvrf;xJ pmtkyif mS ;qdk jyD;xGuo f mG ;vdu k w f m jyefrvmao;vd@k udo k marmifukd vdu k =f unfch ikd ;f wmygat” “rr,fvaS & r[kwrf v S aJG &m²² zG[²hJ ² vGyJ gapz,fygap²² r[kwyf gapeJ@awmf” “[J²h ² cifjr eif[ h muvJ t&if;r&Sd tzsm;r&Sed @J bmvJ[”hJ “rr,fvS usKyf=um;aewm=umjyD tckwavm usKyfw@kd vkd qif;&Jom;&yfuu G af wGrmS armif&efat; t&G,af v;awG aysmufaysmufuek o f wJ²h ² uav;ppfom;qdv k m;²² bmvm;yJawmf zrf;zrf;oGm;w,fv@kd ajymw,f” “[J²h ²cifjr [kw&f v hJ m; ig=um;zl;wmu th'J v D [ kd mawGu e,fawGrmS jzpfwmav awmawGrmS jzpfwmygat ck[mu usKyfw@kd u &efuek jf rdK@}uD;ay:rSm aewmygath” “[kww f ,f²² rr,fvS t&ifu e,fawGrmS yJ &Sw d m tck&efuek rf mS awmif &Sad e+yaD th²² nnf;r,Hkr&SdeJh awmf=um udk,fawG}uHkae&OD;r,f a[mh²²[dkrSm nnf;a,musmf; jyefvm jyD²²usKyfjyefawmhr,f” “udo k marmif om;owif; bm=um;cJv h ”J a':r,fvt S armwaumeJ@ar;onfukd yifo h uf&u _d u f m jyefajzvdu k o f nfOh ;D omarmif²² “ig &yfuu G &f ;kH rSm uav;aysmufwikd cf w hJ ,f? om;oli,fcsi;f tdrv f aJ &mufcw hJ ,f²² rif;om;pmtkyif mS ;jyD;jyefomG ;wm =umjyDw”hJ “[kwyf gjyD [kwyf gjyD” “[J²h ² bmawG[w k af ewmvJ r,fv&S ”hJ “tckbJ ab;tdrfu cifjrajymoGm;w,f uav;ppfom;vkyfbdk@uav;awG vdkufzrf;aew,fwJh²²trav;udk&if&J@ usKyfwdk@udk,fusdK;eJjyD;xifygw,fawmf”[kajymjyD; t&kyjf ud;k jywfvu J somG ;avonf? “r,fv²S ² r,fvS owdxm;av²² owdxm;av ” “owd&+yDvm; a&mha&mh a&aomufvu kd Of ;D // igviJ go h m;av;twGuf pdwyf al eyg w,fumG ²² rif;&ifxu J tyluekd m;vnfygw,fumG ²² reufa&mufawmh igvu kd pf pkH rf;ygr,fu h mG ²²” “atmf ud&k if&@J usKyfb,fvakd e&rSmvJ usKyf&ifawGAavmifqal ejyDawmh²² tif*sif eD,m}uD; jzpfcsiw f u hJ sKyfom;uav; ppfom;tjzpftzrf;cH&+yDxifyg&@J awmf” id}k uD;csurf eJ@ ajym&if;xyfrH vJusomG ;avonf? *********************************** aemufwae@reuf udk&ifomarmifwa,muf om;aysmuf&SmyHkawmf zGifh&ygav awmhonf?yGJpm;vJvkyfwJh udk&ifomarmif taygif;oif;rdwfaqGrsm;avawmh om;owif; penf;embdk@ av;vHwJhajcvrf;awGeJ@ tdrf rS xGufvmcJhygonf? a':r,fvS crsmrSmawmh NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

om;pdwfeJ@tdyf&mxJbHk;bkH;vJ/ ta=umfvJra=umfedkif/ yÉm ajrvl;tjzpfeJ@ tdyf&may:rSm rsu&f nfrsucf u G jf zifh use&f pfc&hJ ygawmhonf? ae@&ufawG ukeq f ;kH vmvku d w f m wvqdw k m b,fvu kd ek q f ;kH oGm;rSe;f rodatmifygy?J rr,fvcS rsm rSmawmh om;av;eJ@cGaJ e&wJh wvqdw k hJ tcsed t f wGi;f rSm ae@awG vawG[m ol@b0twGuaf wmh wurBmvdyk gyJ / ae@awGvawG &Sn=f umygb?d “r,fvaS & r,fvS rif;pdwrf yle@J awmh igtcktquftoG,f wck&cJ+h yDuG h h ih gw@kd &Jo h m;av;udk igw@dk tck u,feikd af wmhrmS [” tdy&f mxJ rD;pmukeq f cD ef;jzpfaewJh a':r,fvS om;pum;udk =um;wJt h cgrmS awmh aigucf eJxxdik &f if; “b,fvb kd ,fvkd usKyfom;eJ@jyefawG&awmhr,f[w k v f m;” “[kww f ,f r,fvS igrh w d af qGwa,muf qufo, G af y;vd@k [db k ufwvrf;ausmu f wyf=uyf}uD;a[mif;wOD;eJ@awG@cJh&w,f? ighrdwfaqGeJ@ tJh'Dwyf=uyf}uD;u nDtudk&if;vdk cif=uw,f uG” “[kwv f m; olu usKyfw@kd ub kd ,fvu kd n l rD mS vJawmh” “ajz;ajz;ajymyg r,fv&S m ig&iS ;f jyygrh ,f // igu igw@kd om;av;ta=umif;eJ@ ol@tar rif;[m om;pdwef @J tdy&f mxJvv J @dk vH;k yg; yg;awmhr,f tud&k m/ usaemfw@kd ro d m;pkb0av;udk u,fygO;D qdjk y;D ajymwmaygh // aemufq;kH igw@kd ukd oem;wma&m igo h il ,fcsi;f rsuef mS a&maygu h mG ²² olun l rD ,fqjkd yD; jzpfomG ;av&J”h “trav;²²armifrif;}uD;om; usef;rmygap²² csrf;omygap²² oufawmf&mausmf &Snyf gapawmf” “r,fvS qkawGay;raeeJ@OD; igph um;qH;k atmifem;axmifO;D rif;ay;&rSmawG usef ao; ovm;[” “bmrsm;wke;f awmh” “at;²²igw@kd uu kd n l rD ,fw h yf=uyf}uD;udk aiG8ode;f ay;&rSm” “Aka'<g²² usKyfw@kd rmS aiG8ode;f rajymeJ@ 8axmifawmifr&Sw d mawmf²²usKyfw@kd b0awGu wae@vyk rf S wae@pm;b0ygawmf²² ” “uk&d if²²usKyw f @kd 'DaiGray;edik &f if usKyo f m;eJjh yefrawG&awmhb;l aygh [kwv f m;ud&k if&,f usKyfw@kd tajctaeudak jymjyjyD; wyf=uyf}uD;udak ps;qpf=unfyh gO;D vm;awmf” “igvJ tJhavmufb,fnHhrvJ r,fvS&m²² tJh'Dwyf=uyf}uD;&JhajcovHk;udkzufjyD; &Scd ;kd OD;wifajymwmaygu h mG // aemufq;kH igw@kd udik n hJ mjyD; aiG 5 ode;f eJ@jzpfatmif vkyaf y;r,fv@kd ajymouG²² igo h il ,fcsi;f uvJ tJ'h aD iG 5 ode;f awmh &atmif&mS cJw h u hJ ”G “ud&k if usKyfw@kd awGrmS a&$qv kd @kd rl;vd@k &lp&mawmifr&S/d aygief aHS &mif;csp&mqdw k mvJ ewÎrd [kwv f m; usKyfw@kd tJ'h aD iGawGub kd ,fv&kd mS =urSmvJawmf” N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

“udk&ifa&²² usKyfowd&jyDawmh²² usKyfom;av; tif*sifeD,mausmif;wwfbkd@ pkxm;wJhydkufqHawGav 0g;usnfawmufxJ jynfhaeaygh²usKyfrpm;&uf raomuf&uf om;ynma&;twGupf x k m;wJh 0g;usnf awmufxrJ mS tenf;qH;k aiG 1 ode;f ausmaf wmh &Srd mS awmh” “pdwaf t;at;xm; r,fv&S m ud, k 0hf rf;emud, k o f modqakd yr,fh iga,musm;f ygu?G igo h m;twGuif gjuHygzefygO;D r,fumG ²² rif;om rif;om;eJ@ jyefawG@eikd af tmif uk, d u hf se;f rma&; ud, k f *&kpu kd yf gumG ? rif;ud, k f rif;vJ rSex f jJ yef=unfyh gO;D ,lypfovdu k somG ; vdu k w f mrde;f r&m²² igrh mS om;twGuyf &l rif;twGuf pdwrf at;&eJ@ jzpfae&wmuG” “at;ygawmf usKyftm;wufvmygjyD? usKyf aeaumif;awmhrmS yg” aemufwae@ ud&k ifomarmifwa,muf rd&_ wJrh suef mS eJ@trd jf yeftvm ZeD;jzpfou l “ud&k if²² ydu k q f u H pd t P qifajyvm+yDvm; usKyfawmhusKyfom; 0g;usnaf wmuf}uD; cGv J u kd w f m 1 ode;f cGJ ausm&f o dS awmh” “at;²² rif;wd@k igw@kd tjzpfukd rjrif&ufv@kd igo h il ,fcsi;f u ol@ olaX;qDrmS 10 wd;k eJ@ aiGacs;ay;rwhu J G w eSpt f wGi;f awmh jyefqyf&rSmwJah v” “aus;Zl;}uD;vSygayw,fawmf²² usKyf tJh'DydkufqHrausrjcif; ta=umfa&mif;jyD; qyfygrh ,f wae@xrif; weyfypJ m;jyD; usKyfaiGpyk grh ,f²h ² usKyfom;av;udk use;f use;f rmrmeJh jyefawG@&&if usKyfaoaysmyf gjyDawmf” *************************** wywf=umaomtcg wyf=uyf}uD;udk aiG 5 ode;f ay;vdu k ef ikd jf yDqv kd #iyf J 2 &uftwGi;f udo k marmifw@dk ZeD;armifeHS om;ukad wG@ciG &hf awmhrnf jzpfavonf? aiGrsuef mS }u;D r_ukd a':r,fvS wa,muf pOf;pm;&if; tawG;e,fcsahJ eygawmhonf? a=omf igw@kd awmif uHaumif;axmufrvd@k ydkufqHacs;r,fholuvnf;&dS/ udkomarmifuvnf; tquf toG,faumif;ayvdk@ombJ? wu,fv@kd rsm; pm;0wfaea&;twGuf rajyrvnfe@J &H;k uefae=u&wJh ol awGtwGuu f awmh uav; aysmufomG ;wmudb k J odvu kd =f u&rSm? b,frmS &Smvd@k &mS &rSe;f rod 'Dtwdik ;f vufyu kd f =unfjh y;D rdrw d @kd &hJ &ifaoG;awGe@J &Siu f GJ uJu G ek =f uwmawG b,ftxdawmif &daS e=ujyv D nf; aemf²² om;aysmufrcd ifawG&hJ rsu&f nfawG[m igw@kd jrefrmjynfteS@H rSm yifv,fa0ae=ujyDxifyg&?hJ bk&m; h h b h &k m; ork'&N mtjzpf a&mufroGm;ygapeJ@? taysm}f uD;aysmaf ewJah ':r,fvw S kd @ZeD;armifeHS &ifuyJG ufvufjzpf&wJh ae@uawmh om;armif&efat;udo k mG ;a&mufac:,lwhJ ae@yjJ zpfygawmhonf? wyf=uyf}uD;a[mif;qdo k u l OD;aqmifac:vm&maemufrmS udo k marmifw@dk xyf=uyfruGmvku d yf gvm=uonf? ppfom;pkapmif;a&;wyfxJ 0ifvdkufw,fqdk&ifyJ aiGvrf;cif;xm;wJh wyf=uyf}uD; a[mif;u OD;aqmifum vly&f mS ;avawmhonf? “q&mausmaf &²² 'gusaemht f udek @J trAsm²² q&mausmu f u kd saemfajymxm;wmav olw@kd &J@om;av;aygh tudek t hJ ruAsm olw@kd &J@om;udk 10 wef;atmifwt hJ xd ausmif;xm; NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

“taysmf}uD;aysmfaewJh a':r,fvwS kd Zh eD;armifeHS &ifuyJG ufvufjzpf&wJh ae uh awmh om;armif&efat;udok mG ;a&mufac:,lwhJ ae yh jJ zpfygawmhonf” ay;csifowJh? 10wef;atmifrS OTSwdk@ DSA wdk@ajz+yD; wyfxJ0ifapcsif=uwmav²² thw J ma=umifh usaemfjyefvmac:wmyg” olw@kd csi;f tay;t,l vkyx f m;jy;D om;qkad wmh ody&f n S &f n S af 0;a0;ajymrae&awmhygyJ uav;ukd ac:vm ygawmhonf? q&mausmaf emufrmS uwH;k pawmufe@J xx kH x kH ikd ;f xdik ;f jzpfaewJh armif&efat; vdu k yf gvm ygawmhonf? rdbeSpyf g;a&S@a&mufw,fq&kd ifyJ armif&efat;[m aumufcgiifumeJ@ “rdbudv k yk af =uG;zd@k ppfx0J ifwm/ wdik ;f jynfe@J vrl sKd ;twGuf ppfx0J ifwm” qkw d phJ um; eSpcf eG ;f udk vufo;D vufarmif;wef;um =uufwal &G;pmcsonfeh , S f w&pyf&w G q f akd eyg awmhonf? tJ'h t D csed rf mS yJ twl vdu k yf gvmwJh wyf=uyfjuD;u vdrmR yg;eyfpmG eJh armif&efat; ausmudk oyf&if; “at;yg ighwl&m²² rif;pdwf "gwfudkav;pm;ygw,fuGm²² tckawmh rif;tazeJ@ rif;taru rif;udk 10 wef;atmifwt hJ xd pmoifapcsio f wJu h ²G ² tJw h m OD;wd@k e@J jyefvu kd cf ahJ emf²² 10 wef;atmifjyD;rSppfAdkvf}uD; vkyfuGaemf” vdk@ajymum uav;udk jyefac:aqmif vmyg awmhonf? tjyefvrf;rSm tm;vHk;wdwfqdwfpGmvdkufygvm=u&if; armif&efat; wOD;wnf; omv#if “wdik ;f jynfuckd spf vd@k ppfx0J ifwm/ rdbmudv k yk af juG;zd@k ppfx0J ifwm” qdak ompum; udo k m xyfwvJv&J w G q f &kd if; oHywf ay;xm;aom puf&yk w f &kyyf rm vdu k yf gvmygawmhonf?

OD;omarmifrmS rsupf rd suef mS raumif;ayr,fh a,musm;f qdak wmh [efjyif;vd@k rmefwif;edik cf ahJ yr,fh a':r,f vScrsmrSmawmh om;awmfarmifu=kd unfjh yD; urBmysurf wwf cHpm;ae&ygawmhonf? armif&efat;av; &Jh tqufrjywfpum;oHawG[m olr&J&h ifukd emusiaf pygawmhonf? trsm;a&Srh mS [efaqmifrsKd odyu f m vdu k yf gvmwJh a':r,fvw S a,muf rsuv f ;kH tdrf twGif;rSmawmh rsuf&nfawGa0vdk@aeygawmhonf? om;tjzpfudk rjrif&ufr=unfh&ufeJh ESv;kH tdrrf mS wekehH chHk pH m;um t oufro hJ w l a,mufyrm vdu k yf gv@kd vm&if; tdraf &mufw,f qd&k ifbJ a':r,fvw S a,muf [efaqmif &wmawGukd tdyo f eG zf marSmuf tefxw k jf yD; om; armif&efat;udzk ufum atmufygtwdik ;f idjk cif;cs vdu k yf gawmhonf? “trav;²² udkomarmif&Jh usKyfom;av; b0ysufygjyDawmh²² rdarG;zarG;wdkif; jyefaumif;vmygOh ;D rvm;awmh” [lownf;?

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1988 ckepS f ta&;awmfyjkH zpfaomtcg jrefrmpm aemufq;kH eSpo f ifwef; wufa&muf aecsed jf zpfjyD; ta&;awmfyw kH iG f yg0ifcyhJ gonf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh 1990 ckepS f rS 1993 ckepS t f xd wpf}udref iS hf 1994 rS 1998 ckepS t f xd wpf}udrf tzrf;cHc&hJ jyD; tusO;f axmiftoD;oD;wGif 7 eSpf eSihf 3 v tusO;f us cHc&hJ ygonf? tusO;f axmifrS jyefvw G jf yD; 0dik ;f usK&Sif jyjcif;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ygonf? xd@k aemuf 1999 ckepS f pufwifbmvwGif xdik ;f jrefrm e,fpyfo@kd wdr;f a&SmifcyhJ gonf? xd@k aemuf ouU&mZf 2000 wGif edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; ulnaD pmifah &Smufa&; toif; (jrefrmedik if )H udk wnfaxmifcjhJ yD; wJzG uftwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf &Syd gonf?

NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

1998 ckepS f aEGO;D ayguf w&uf om,m0wDaxmif&w hJ u kd f 3/ tcef;eHygwf 5 rSm a[m'D arwœmZmwfvrf;av; p cJw h ,f? tJ't D csed u f usaemft h cef;rSm usaemf&,f/ [ef0if;atmif&,f/ 0wkwf (c) cifarmifO;D &,f 3 a,muf aexdik =f uygw,f? wae@rmS [ef0if;atmifu tyso H ifcgp cdak v;wpfaumif ryseH ikd b f J jyKwu f svmvd@k aumufvmw,f? tJ'cD akd v;rSm 0JawGayguaf ew,f? wpfu, kd v f ;kH tzkav; awGeahJ yg?h [ef0if;atmifu cdak v;udt k cef;xJrmS arG;zd@k twlaeusaemfw@kd un kd w ‡d ,f? tawmif rjzwf&zl;? yseH ikd w f t hJ cdsef us&if yscH iG ahf y;&r,fqw k d hJ usaemfn h ed‡ i_d ;f csuu f k d olvnf;oabmwlwmeJh usaemfw@kd cdu k av;udk arG;jzpfomG ;=uw,f? tJ'J t D csed w f ek ;f u cdak v;udk txD;vm;/ trvm; usaemfw@kd rcJjG cm;edik =f uygb;l ? 'gayrJh emrnf&zdS @kd awmh vdw k ,fqjkd yD; emrnfpOf;pm;=uw,f? aemufq;kH usaemf tqdjk yKwJh blpwm qdw k hJ emrnfav;udk oabmwlvu kd =f uw,f? usaemfu tJJ'Demrnfav;udk axmifruscifu tdrfawGrSm t+rJoHk;aewJh v#yfppfrD;tm; wdk;jr‡ifhwJh pufuav;udk tpJjG yK+yD; ay;vdu k w f myg? wzufu t"dyg` ,u f vnf; usaemfw@kd txD;useaf e wJt h csed rf mS usaemfw@kd ukd =unfe;l r_av;wcsKd @ ay;pGr;f edik w f ,fqw kd hJ t"dyg` ,af v;ayg?h 'DvdkeJ@cdkav;a&mufvm+yD; tpydkif;&ufawGrSm usaemfwdk@vnf;ol@udk t&dyf w=unf=h unfeh @J ayg?h tpmav;awG cG@H au|;=u/ a&wdu k =f u? temawGukd aq;vdr;f ay;=ueJ@ =unfel;ae=uygw,f? cdkav;udk w&dp>mefvdk@awmif oabmrxm;bJ udk,fhom;orD;vdkudk cspaf e=uwmyg? &uftenf;i,ftwGi;f rSmyJ cdu k av;vnf; tawmf usrmR vmw,f? usaemfw@k d&hJ =unfe;l r_awGrmS vnf; taysmaf wGxyfw;k d vmw,f? olAu kd q f m&if usaemfw@kd ukd yGwo f ;D yGwo f wf av;vkyf? usaemfwdk@u vufz0g;ay:udk ukvm;yJaphav;wifxm;/ oluvufay:udk ckew f uf+yD;tpmpm;?odyaf ysmpf &maumif;wJt h csed af v;awGyg? tJ'J t D csed rf mS awmh usaemfw@kd vnf; ol@ukd orD;av;rSe;f cJeG ikd cf yhJ g+yD? 'DvdkeJ@orD;av;t&G,fa&mufvmwJhtcgrSmawmh usaemfwdk@vnf; rdb0wœ&m; ausygrh vm;? xrif;[if; au|;xm;&Hek hJ vHak vmufygrh vm; qdw k mrsKd ; yl& yif& wmawG&v dS myg+y?D ol@udk,fol &yfwnfedkifatmif b,fvdkjyKpkysdK;axmifrvJ? ol@trsdK;taqGawGudk odatmif b,fvv kd yk af y;&rvJ? tu,fIrsm; igw@kd axmifajymif;=u&&if b,fvv kd yk &f ygrh vJ/ ponfjzifh usaemfw@kd 3 a,mufom; acgi;f csi;f &du k f wdik yf ifr=d uw,f? ol@uo kd bm0ta=umif;odatmif oifay;&r,f? ol@aqGrsKd ;awGe@J ol@todik ;f t0dik ;f udk oload tmif ol@todik ;f t0dik ;f uol@ukd jyefvufcaH tmifóud;pm;&r,f? ol@zmomol tpm&Sm pm;wwfatmif avhusifhay;&r,f? tJ'grS ol@udkcspf&ma&mufr,f? igwdk@vlom;awGudk ol @ &J h a qG r sd K ;&,f v d k @ xif a ,mif a ewJ h t jrif r S m ;ud k acszsuf a y;&r,f v d k @ usaemf w d k @ aqG;aEG;jzpfc=hJ uw,f? “orD;a& orD;[m iSuaf v;wpfaumifjzpfw,f? cdrk sKd ;EG,pf ak v;ayg?h iSufqdkwm[dk;vGwfvyfwJh aumif;uifjyif }uD;rSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ysHoef;cGifh&Sdw,f? ysHoef;edkifwJhpGrf;&nfvnf;&Sd=uw,forD;&Jh? 'ga=umifhysHedkfifatmif óud;pm;yg orD;a&? orD; yso H ef;edik af tmif tazwd@k 0dik ;f ñudK;pm;ay;=ur,f” NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

olem;vnfrmS r[kw k rf eS ;f odayr,fh usaemfu tJ'J v D w kd wGww f w G q f ufum qufum ajymaerdw,f? ‘azazhqDrSmvnf; tazeJh tar qdkwm&Sdw,f orD;&Jh? azaz&Jh tazeJ@ tarwd@k utazhuo kd yfd cf sp=f uwmayg?h 'gayrJh rw&m;wJh tm%m&Siaf wGu tazodycf spw f hJ rdbawG&hJ &ifciG x f u J ae tazhut k d wif;vk,v l m=u+y;D 'DavSmiftrd f xJrmS xm;xm;=uw,f? 'gayrJo h rD;&,f tazuawmhorD;udk 'J aD vSmiftrd x f rJ mS rxm;edik b f ;l ? orD;udk tazwd@k em;rSm t+r&J adS eapcsiyf gw,f/ 'gayrJh orD;tazwd@k e@J rae&zl;? [d;k vGwv f yfwahJ umif;uif}uD;xJrmS orD;jrL;wl;ckeaf ygu+f yD; uckeaf e wmudb k J tazjrifcsiw f ,f? “cifAsm;uom'Dvakd jymaewmol@uakd vmu}uD;ta=umif;odatmif b,fvo kd if ay;rSmvJ” 0wkwu f usaemfajymaewmawGukd em;axmif&if; xar;ygw,f? 'guvG,af wmh rvG,b f ;l ? 'gayrJóh u;d pm;vd@k &ygw,f? t&if;teS;D vdw k ,f? tcsed v f w kd ,f? vkyyf ikd cf iG v hf w kd ,fv@kd usaemfjyefajzvdu k w f ,f? aemufwae@rmS usaemf up+y;D tqdjk yKw,f? “[ef0if;atmifa&æ igwdk@qDrSm &SdaewJh ukvm;yJ vufeSpfqkwfpmudk a&S@u uGuv f yfxrJ mS }uJxm;vdu k ?f rif;tJ'gukd ae@wdik ;f vkyaf y;yg? +yD;awmh orD;udk vufxrJ mS tpmrau|;eJah wmh? atmufrmS csau|;acsawmh” ‘rpm;&if b,fvdkvkyfrvJvdk@’ 0wkwfu ar;jyefygw,f? “rvdkygbl;? olqm&if pm;vdrrhf ,f?”

'DvdkeJ@&uftenf;i,ftwGif;rSmbJ ol[mtpmudk atmufuae aumufpm; wwfwt hJ usihf &oGm;ygw,f? tJ'J u D rS aemufwqifh wuf&ygw,f? “ol@ukd tcef;xJrmS tpmrau|;eJ@awmhAsm/ usaemfw@kd tcef;a&S@rmS csau|;r,f” usaemfwdk@ uukkvm;yJaphawGudk usaemfwdk@a&S@ pdkufcif;xJudkusJcsxm;vdkufawmh tjcm;cdak wGvm+y;D usaemfw@kd }ux J m;wJh ukvm;yJawGukd vm+y;D pm;aomufae=uwmayg?h “orD;a& [krd mS awG@vm;? tJ'g orD;&Jh cdrk sKd ;EG,pf ak wGayg?h tJ'x D rJ mS orD;&Jh taz tar/ armiferS awG&=dS uw,f? oGm;+y;D rdwq f ufcsn?f aqGrs;kd awGu&k d mS csnyf gorD;&,fæ 'gro S rD;[mud, k &hf hJ rs;kd &d;k ADZudo k rd mS ayg?h ud, k &hf rhJ b d aqGrsKd ;udk odrmS aygu h av;&J”h usaemfu wwGww f w G af &&Gwf ajymjyaeayr,fh olroGm;yg? pl;prf;wJt h =unfeh @J awmh =unfah eav&J?h tJ'v D b kd J tjcm; cdak wGuvnf; olu h pkd ;l prf;wJt h =unfah wGehJ jyef=unfah ewmudk usaemfw@kd owdxm;rdc=hJ uw,f? cdak wG=um;xJ rSmvnf; olw@kd tcsi;f csi;f ar;cGe;f awG ar;&if;wGwx f ;kd ae=uwmaer,fxifygw,f? ‘'Daumifr cdjk zpf+y;D vlawGe@J bmvd@k aeaewmvJrodb;l ? vlqw kd mu igw&hkd hJ tom;udpk m;zd@k t+rñJ u;kd pm; aewm? 'J v D v kd al wGe@J twlwal eaewJh cdrk udk ,Hv k @kd &r,frxifb;l ? ol@uikd gw@kd qD tvmcH v d k @ rjzpf e d k i f b l ; ’ tp&S d o jzif h a qG ; aEG ; a0zef ae=urS m aygh ? ol w d k @ xJ u taumif;jrifwwfwchJ t kd cs@kd uvnf; “t&rf;awmhord ;f =uHK; rajymygeahJ v? vlawGxrJ mS vnf; aumif;wJv h al wG&o dS vd/k qd;k wJv h al wGvnf; &Sw d mygb/J igw@kd uykd pfcwf rpm;aomufbJ igwphkd m;zd@k tpm;au|;aewJv h al wG vnf;&Sad ewmygb?J 'ga=umifv h nf; igw@kd 'rD mS teœ&m,fuif;uif;eJ@ N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

aexdik pf m; aomufae=u&wm r[kwv f m;” vd@k jyefajymae=uw,f xifyg&æ hJ olwdk@tcsif;csif; tjrifzvS,fae=upOfumvrSm usaemfwdk@orD;av;udk olwdk@ todik ;f t0dik ;f xJ t0ifrcHao;=uayrJh &efr&Sm=uygb;l ? usaemf&h ifxrJ mS awmh 'Dtajctaeav; udk tawmfav; auseyfaerdw,f? igw@kd tqifw h ckawmh a&mufae+y?D r=umcif igw@kd orD;av; ol@aqGo@l rsKd ;awG=um;xJrmS aysmaf ysmf &Gi&f iG af eedik af wmhr,f?

'Dvekd &hJ uftenf;i,f=umawmh usaemfw@kd orD;av;a=umifh olw@kd rmS tE &W m,f r&Sed ik d b f ;l qdw k t hJ odu cdt k odik ;f t0dik ;f =um;udk a&muf&o dS mG ;ygawmhw,f? ,H=k unfrl wnfaqmufwt hJ qifh +yD;oGm;cJ+h yDayg?h orD;av;uvnf; cdkawGem;udk wjznf;jznf;eJh uyf&JoGm;w,f? cdkawGuvnf; ol@uak d e&may;&Jvmw,f? bmompum;csi;f uvnf;wlv@k dxifyg&?h J wom;wnf; jzpfomG ; =uw,f? 'gayrJh tjcm;cdak wGtpmpm;+y;D tjcm;ae&mudk xGuo f mG ;&if orD;av;u vdu k o f mG ;avh r&Sb d J usaemfw@kd tcef;xJukd jyefvmavh&w dS ,f? nqd&k ifvnf; usaemfw@kd e@J bJ tdyw f ,f? wu,fawmh tJ'gukd usaemf tvdck siq f ;kH ygb?J 'gayrJh obm0w&m;qdkwm wm;r&ygbl;? 'DvdkeJ@aeae=u&if; orD;uvnf; tysdKaygufjzpfvmcJhjyDaygh? wae@awmh cdktkyfav;xJrSm usaemfhorD;u xl;xl;jcm;jcm; cdx k ;D av;wpfaumife@J waGJ ewmudk usaemfowdxm;rdw,f? olw@k d wyl;wGw J &JG adS ewm jrif&wmeJ@wif usaemfuawmfawmfa'go xGufae+yD? 'gha=umifhusaemfu 0wkwfudk pdwfqdk; refqdk;eJ@ ajymvdu k rf ad wmhw,f?

“0wkwf [drk mS =unfph rf;/ [dak umifigw@kdorD;ud&k nf;pm;pum;vdu k af jymaew,f xifw,f/ [dak umifruvnf; jyefóuu d af eyH&k w,fu?G t&G,u f ra&mufao;bl;? ud, k ahf jcaxmufay:awmif ud, k rf &yfeikd af o;zl;? vifuvdck sif ae+yD? tckacwfuav;awGrsm; awmfawmfcufw,fumG ? jyefvm&ifawmhawG@r,f? aemuf ae@us&if tjyifukd ay;r xGuaf wmhb;l ” 'Dvekd J h h h ah emufwae@rmS usaemfu ol@ukd tjyifay;rxGuaf wmhbJ wHcg;awGukd taoydwx f m;vdu k w f ,f? &ky&f iS af wGxu J cwfaemufuswhJ taz awG&hJ trlt,mtwdik ;f o&k y f a qmif & if ; 'D a e@up+yD ; orD ; tjyif r xG u f & zl ; / b,f o l r S w H c g;zG i f h r ay;&qd k + yD ; wcsuv f w G t f rde@f xw k v f u kd yf gw,f? tpmeJ@a&udk vnf;tcef;xJrmS bJau|;ygw,f? 'gayrJh orD;utm*cdkryg/ tpmrpm;zl;As? a&vnf;raomufzl;? tpmiwfcHqENjyawmhwmbJ? usaemfvnf;bmvky&f rSe;f rodukd jzpfomG ;awmhw,f?

'D=um;xJo@l cspo f u l vnf; tjyifuae bmombm0 zdo k v H may;wmayg?h oluvnf; tjyifxu G zf @kd twif;ñud;k pm;/ usaemfuvnf; [ef@wm;eJ@ oH;k yGiq hf ikd f tcspjf yZmwf wpfy'k f uae&ovdkjzpfaecJhw,f? oHk;yGifhqdkifqdk ayrJh 528 eJ@ 1500=um;utm;+ydKifr_qdkawmh tawmfpw d 0f ifpm;p&maumif;aewmayg?h aemufq;kH awmh rdbuyJtavsmah y;&wmbJ? ud, k o hf rD;pdwq f if;&J/'kuQ a&mufaewmudk r=unfh&ufbl;av? naeapmif;rSmawmh usaemfu wHcg;zGifhay;vdkufw,f? wHcg;zGifhay; NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

vdu k w f ,fqw kd meJ@ aemufurkd =unfah wmhbJ xGuf oGm;awmhwmbJ? 'gayr,fah wmfygao;&J/h nusawmhtrd jf yefvmw,fav? aemuf a eh a wG r S m awmh yH k r S e f y gbJ ? reuf q d k x G u f o G m ;? naeqd k & if j yef v m? waehawmhusaemfwdk@orD;av;[m tjcm;cdkawGeJ@twlwl usaemfwdk@ rsufeSmcsif;qdkif eS p f x yf w k d u f & J h a cgif r d k ; ay:rS m aysmf & G i f a ewmawG @ &w,f ? tJ ' D t csd e f r S m rd k ; awG t H k @ +yD ; onf;}uD;rnf ;}uD; &GmawmhryhJ akH y:aew,f? usaemf&h ifxrJ mS awmh pd;k &draf evdu k w f m? rd;k &Gm&if orD;av; b,fvv kd yk rf vJ/ rd;k vGw&f mcdw k wfygrh vm; pd;k &drpf w d af wGe@J ylavmifv@kd ? oluawmh 'gawG u d k a wG ; aerS m r[k k w f y gbl ; ? }ud K wif j yif q if & r,f q d k w mud k ol o d r S o d y gh r vm;? 'gayrJhol@aumifav;uawmh tawG@tñuH&SdwmbJav/ rdk;vGwf&mudk ac:oGm;rSmayghvdk@ ajzawG;awG;aewHk;rSmbJ tjcm;cdkav;awGu rdk;vGwf&mzufudk ysHxGufoGm;=uygawmhw,f? orD ; av; uawmh rd k ; ;vG w f & mud k oG m ;&r,f q d k w mud k em;rvnf b J acgif r d k ; ay:rS m &yf+rJquf&yfaeygw,f? r=umcifrmS rd;k u onf;}uD;rnf;}uD;ud&k mG ygawmhw,f? usaemfw@kd u vnf; tcef;tjyifudkrxGufedkifawmh tcef;xJuaebJ ‘orD;a& jyefvmcJh jyefvmcJ’h vd@k atmfac:aeayrJh olur=um;bJquf&yfaeygw,f? rd;k wdwo f mG ;jyD;wJt h cgusawmhrS orD;av;uacgirf ;kd uae jyefqif;vm+yD; tcef;xJukd wvSrf;csif;av#mufvmygw,f? usaemfwdk@uvnf;pdk;&drfw}uD; qD;}udK=u&wmaygh? “[if 'kuaQ &mufrrS b d qDjyefvmw,f? +yD;&if jyefxu G o f mG ;tH;k rSm r[kwv f m;” vd@k Aspaf wmuf Aspaf wmuf ajymae&if; eJ@bJ a&okwaf y;aerdygw,f? rd;k vH;k 0wdwo f mG ;+y;D tjcm;cdak wGvnf; usaemfw@kd wu kd af &S@em;udk tpmvmjyefpm;wJh tcgrSmawmh orD;u tJ'Dckdav;awGqDudk jyefa&mufoGm;jyefygw,f?aemufwaehrSmawmh xH;k pHtwdik ;f reufzufxu G o f mG ;+y;D naejyef a&mufvmr,fxifayrJh jyefa&mufvm aeustcsed rf mS jyefa&mufrvmawmhygb;l ? orD;av; awmh igw@kd uckd o GJ mG ;+yDqw kd ahJ omuu usaemfw@kd ukd tdyrf &jzpfap cJyh gw,f? aemufae@ awGrmS orD;u w&ufjcm;jyefvmw,f? w&ufjcm;aomfjim;vnf; orD;udjk rifawG@ciG h f ae&ao;wm udyk J usaemfw@k d auseyfaysm&f i$ af erdygw,f? wjznf;jznf;eJ@h eSp&f ufjcm;? aemufawmho;k H &ufjcm;rS a&mufa&mufvm awmhw,f? 'Dvekd jhJ cm;wJ&h ufawGrsm;vm&if;uae orD;av;udk vH;k 0 rawG@&awmhygb;l ? usaemfw@kd orD;av;udv k rG ;f ygw,f? orD;eJ@ u,ku k , aysm&f i$ cf w hJ t hJ csed af wG[m usaemfw@kd b0&J@h ta&;ygwhJ tcsed af wGjzpfcyhJ gw,f? orD;&Jah csmrGwrf w G f iSuaf wmifarG;av;awGuk d yGwo f yf&if; orD;udak csmjh rLcsiyf gao;w,f?orD;uawmh usaemfw@kd &t hJ vGr;f awG/ usaemfw@kd &hJ qENawGukd odeikd rf mS r[kw k yf gb;l ? vGwv f yfwrhJ ;kd aumif;uifrmS aysmaf ysm&f iG &f iG yf so H ef;aer,fh orD;av; ta=umif;udak wG;&if; yDwjd zpfaewJh vl 3 a,mufuawmh orD;acwœem;cdck zhJ ;l &m avSmiftrd u f av; xJrmS yJ &Sad eygao;w,f?yso H ef;aewJch u kd av;awGuakd wG@wikd ;f olw@kd orD;av; ‘blpwm’ vm;vd@k vku d &f mS =unfah e&if; olw@kd vnf; olw@kd orD;av;vdk vd&k myso H ef; cGi&hf edik rf ,fh &uf udk qufapmifah e=uav&J?h bdk=unf N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

(1) a&S@wcef;wGif &ef/ig yËdyuQEiS hf jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQukd tusO;f csLyfIazmfjycJo h nf? armf onfo. l vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f &dS ordik ;f tawG@t}uHKrsm;tm;vH;k udk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmxm;jcif;jzpf onf? “jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQrsm;udk rSerf eS u f efuefajz&Si;f a&;”u¾xJrmS yJ tcef;i,f 12cef; cGjJ crf; pdwjf zmxm;onf? us,af jymeuf&i_d ;f onfh ordik ;f tawG@t}uKH rsm;xJrS yËdyuQrsm;jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifw h &kyv f @l tzG@J tpnf;. uíeaf cwf/ ya'o&mZfacwf /e,fcs@J uv kd ekd aD cwf/ *syef zufqpfacwf/ w&kyjf ynfopfxal xmifjy;D qd&k , S v f pS af cwf/ xko d rdik ;f acwfrsm;twGi;f wGif jzpfxeG ;f wnf&cSd o hJ nfh yËdyuQrsm;udk tEkyËdavmrenf;em 'dik , f mvufwpfjzifh pdwjf zmydik ;f jcm;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? armf. 'dik , f mvufwpfukd azmfjyxkwEf w k jf yo&mwGif (od@k r[kw)f rdwq f ufoabmwif jyay;&mwGif armf.rlvtawG;tac:ysu, f iG ;f rSm tifrwefp;dk &drrf yd gonf? zsuv f zkd suq f ;D vkyf zd@k v;kH 0r&nf&, G yf J vli,frsKd ;qufrsm;udk rdwq f ufay;vdo k nfh apwemu xuf oef onfw h ikd af tmif xkwEf w k f azmfjy&m wG i f vG J a csmf c J h y gu tawG ; tac: w&yfukd zsuq f ;D ypf&m uswwfygonf? xd k a }umif h owd 0 d & d , xm;&d S u m xkwfEkwf&ygonf? wckawmh&dSonf ?vli,fb0wGif rdrdpdwf0ifpm; onfh bmom&yf u d k tpwpajc&mcH j yD ; tpOfwpdkuf avhvmwwf=uygonf? ,ckvnf; 'dkif,m vufwpf (tEkyËd avmr enf;aA')udk pdw0f ifpm; olw@kd tzd@k ajc&mcHavhvm&ef tpwpay;tyf vdu k jf cif;jzpfonf? qufvufavhvmzk@d vkdygonf? Tpmwrf;i,fonf tawG;tac: ork'N&m xJodk@ pD;qif;0ifa&muf&ef acsmif;r}u;D wpif;/ jrpfr}u;D wpif;r#om jzpfygvrd rhf nf? onfxufr ydyk g? ork'&N myifv,fqo D @kd OD;wnfp;Dd qif;&mvrf;oG,w f ckr#om jzpfonf?

(2) od@k jzpf&m armf. jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQrsm;xJrS wcsKd @w0ufukd qufvufrw d q f uf azmf n$e;f oGm;ygrnf? tcef;i,f 12cef;xJrS wcsKd @uo kd m azmfxw k jf yD; tm;vH;k udk razmfne$ ;f jcif;rSm ta=umif;&dyS gonf? tjcm;awmhr[kw?f ArmjynfvufawG@b0/ &kyb f 0ESihf rudu k n f o D nfh u¾ i,frsm;udk csex f m;cJv h I kd jzpfonf? Oyrm-w&kyv f @l tzG@J tpnf;wGif qd&k , S v f pS pf epfukd wnf aqmuf&mwGif armfawG@}uHKcJ&h onfh jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQrsm;udk ydik ;f jcm;&mwGif enf;,lp&m&dS

p-um0VmxJu 'kid , f mvufwpf (25) rdk;ajropf

NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

ygonf? od@k aomf Armjynf ppftyk pf k ppftm%m&Siaf e0if;. jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfEiS hf b,fvekd nf;ESirhf S wxyfwnf;jyKjyD; cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmI rjzpfEikd yf g? ppftm%m&Sipf epf raumif;qd;k 0g; wap>o&Jukd qd&k , S v f pfrif;om; acgi;f rsuEf mS zH;k pGyx f m;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? ,ae@jrefrmjynfwiG f xdrk aumif;qd;k 0g; ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd zsuo f rd ;f &mwGif Armjynf vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f &dS yËdyuQwu kd yf rJG sm;/ yËdyuQjzpfaeaom tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;udk cJjG crf;pdwjf zm&ef wu,fyJ vdt k yfvmcJo h nf? b0cHpm;r_uqifh b0tawG;tac: / awmfveS af &; tawG;tac: / awmfveS af om tawG;tac: udk qkyu f ikd zf @kd wnfaqmufz@kd vdt k yfvmcJo h nf?

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(3) “uíeaf wmfw@kd Edik if jH ynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQ[m ynmwwfawGxrJ mS ay:vGiw f ,f? t&ifu vl@tzG@J tpnf;a[mif;twGuf tvkyt f aºuG;jyKcJw h hJ oef;ESichf s&D w Sd hJ ynmwwfawG[m cktcg vl@tzJ@G tpnf;opftwGuf tvkyt f aºu;G jyKz@kd ajymif;vJvm=uw,f? ay:ayguv f mwJh jy\em uawmh vltzG@J tpnf;opf&@J vt kd yfcsuef @J udu k n f aD tmif olw@kd b,fvakd qmif&u G rf vJqw kd hJ jy\emeJ@ 'Dvu kd u kd n f aD tmif usaemfw@kd u b,fvu kd n l &D rvJqw kd hJ jy\emjzpfw,f? 'g[mvJ jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQwckjzpfw,f?” “qd&k , S v f pfvyk if ef;udk wu,ftvkyt f au|;jyKvdw k hJ ynmwwfreS o f r#ukd usaemf wd@k ,=kH unfoifw h ,f? usaemfw@kd e@J olw@kd qufqaH &;udk tajctjrpfupjyD; ydak umif;vmatmif vky&f r,f? rkcs ajz&Si;f vdw k hJ jy\emawGtwGuf olw@kd u0kd ikd ;f 0ef; ajz&Si;f &vdrrhf ,f? 'Dvekd @J ol wd@k &@J prG ;f &nfukd pdwv f ufrmefyg xkwo f ;kH Edik af tmifvyk &f r,f? usaemfw@kd &@J &Jabmftawmfrsm; rsm;[m ynmwwfawGe@J aumif;aumif; rpnf;vH;k wwfb;l ? olw@kd e@J qufq&H mrSm rmqwfqwf Edik w f ,f? olw@kd &@J tvkyu f kd rav;pm;=ubl;? 0dZm… ynmudpaP wG/ ,Ofaus;r_a&;&m udpaP wGrmS / rpGuzf ufoifw h hJ udpaP wGukd roifrh awmf 0ifpu G =f uw,f? 'Dc|w, f iG ;f csut f m;vH;k udk usaemfw@kd N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

rkcsjyifypf&r,f?” “ynmwwfawG trsm;tjym;[m wd;k wufvm=ujy;D / 'gayr,fh tJ'v D jkd zpfv@kd auseyf ESpo f rd rhf aeoifb h ;l ? vl@tzG@J tpnf;opf&@J vdv k m;csuaf wGukd jynfjh ynfph pkH kH jznfph rG ;f ay;Edik af &;/ tvkyo f rm; v,form;awGe@J wufnv D ufnD jzpfa&;twGuf olw@kd [mud, k @f u, kd u f kd qufvuf jyKjyif=u&r,f?” “r=umao;cifu ynmwwfawGe@J vli,fausmif;om;awGxrJ mS tawG;tac:Edik if H a&;vkyif ef;awG tm;enf;vmvd@k wdr;f apmif;r_wcsKd @ay:aygucf w hJ ,f? vlwcsKd @taeeJ@ bmEdik if aH &;/ bmtrdEikd if aH wmf&@J tem*gwt f a&;/ vlom;wd@k &@J &nfreS ;f csuaf wGurkd S *&kpu kd af ep&m rvdo k vdk vdk xifvm=uw,f? rufc0hf g'[m wcguacwfpm;cJjh yD; cktcg acwfrpm;awmhovdv k kd xifrw S f ae=uw,f? 'DtajcaeawGt&/ usaemfw@kd &@J tawG;tac: Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;awGukd cktcgtm; jznfv h =kd uw,f? ynmwwfawGa&m ausmif;om;awGyg }udK;}udK;pm;pm; avhvmqnf;yl;oifh w,f? txl;bmom&yfawGukd qnf;yl;avhvmwJt h jyif/ tawG;tac:eJ@ Edik if aH &;rSm wd;k wuf atmifvyk rf ,f? 'Dvq kd , kd if rufc0hf g'udk avhvmzd@k vw kd ,f? vufiif; jynfwiG ;f jynfy tajctae eJ@ Edik if aH &;udk avhvmzd@k vw kd ,f? rSeu f efwhJ Edik if aH &;tjrifr&dw S m[m 0dnmOfr&do S vdb k ?J t&if wke;f uvkycf w hJ hJ tawG;tac: jyKjyifa&;[m vdt k yfw,f? “ausmif;uausmif;tkyaf wGe@J ausmif;q&mawG[m ydjk yD;wm0ef,&l r,f? usaemfw@kd &J@ ynma&;vrf;n$ecf suu f awmh ynmoif=um;olwidk ;f udk pm&dwAW v/ Om%Av/ um,Av/ pwJh zufawGrmS zG@H jzdK;wd;k wufapjyD; qd&k , S v f pfE;kd =um;r_e@J ynmt&nftcsi;f &dw S hJ vkyo f m;awG jzpfvmap&r,fqw kd myJ? vH@k v0d&, d &djS y;D ac|ac|wmwm jcK;d jcK;d jcjH cH wdik ;f jynfwnfaqmufz@kd tm; ay;wdu k w f eG ;f &r,f? usaemfw@kd Eikd if [ H m ckcgtvGeq f if;&JwhJ Edik if w H Edik if H jzpfaeo;w,f? 'Dtajc taeudk umvwdt k wGi;f rSm t&if;tjrpfuaejy;D ajymif;vJv@kd rjzpfEikd b f ;l ? vli,fawGe@J jynfol w&yfv;kH u tESpo f ;kH av;q,favmuf nDnmzszs=uKd ;pm;=ujy;D ud, k v f ufe@J 0dik ;f 0ef;vkyu f ikd =f u rS/ usaemfw@kd Eikd if [ H m pnfyif0ajym tiftm;awmifw h if; vmEdik rf ,fqw kd mudk vli,ftm;vH;k em;vnfxm;ap&r,f?”

(4) armf. jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQ tcef; 12cef;xJwiG f “ynmwwfrsm;” tcef;u¾onf wcktygt0ifjzpfonf? ynmwwfrsm;ESihf ywfoufI armf.'dik , f mvufwpfukd xkwEf w _ af zmfjy cJjh cif;jzpfonf? rdwq f ufoabmr#om jzpfonf? aumufcsuq f , JG El ikd o f nfh tcsuu f Edik if w H Edik if /H vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yf. Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&; topfwckajymif;vJ&mwGif (od@k r[kw)f ajymif;vJ&ef &ke;f uef=u&mwGif vli,ftiftm;pk/ ausmif;om;tiftm;pkonf t"dutc&mjzpfonf? ,if; wd@k .tawG;tac:ESihf ynma&;udyk g ajymif;vJay;zd@k vt kd yfvmonfqo kd nfh tcsuu f kd rsu0f g; xifxif awG@&&Sd rSmjzpfonf? qufvufazmfjyygrnf?

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{jyD 7 / 2011

NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

bmomjyef tcef;quf Tpmtkyo f nf pma&;q&mr karen connelly . rl&if;pmtkyw f tkyjf zpf+yD; pmzwforl sm; tm; tvGet f rif; zwfapcsiaf om qENa=umifh }uKd;pm; wifjyvkdufygonf? Tpmtkyftm; zwfapjcif;jzifh jref rmEkid if t H wGi;f tkycf sKyfrif;rlaeaom ppftpk;d &. vuf xufwiG f jrefrmEkid if o H m;wk@d rnfa&G@ rnfr#xv d @l tcGihf ta&; qk;H &_;H ae+yD; jrefrmEkid if w H iG ;f &Sd tusO;f axmif rsm;twGi;f rnfuJhokd hzdpD;ESdyfpuf rnfuo hJ dk qif;&J'u k cQ &H I ppftpkd;&. vlrqefr_rsm;ukd uGufuGufuGif;uGif; odjrif&rnf jzpfygonf? tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyoGm;ygrnf?

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“ igorl sm; em;nnf;avmufatmif rqlncH yhJ gb;l ” qkjd yD; ud, k b hf mom uk, d f jyefvnfo;Hk oyfaerdw,f? wu,fom olrsm; awGudk taESmuf,Sufay;rd&if tckavmufqkd&if axmifrSL;awG ighukd vm&Sm=uvdrfh r,f? rae@uqkd&ifvnf; ewfuGef;em;ukd b,faxmifrSL;rS rvm=ubl;? 'DudpPbJ acgif;xJu ar;cGef;awG xGufvmaew,f? a=umufpdwfeJ@ wkefv_yfaewmtrSefbJ? ukdpdef,kH[m vufonf;xJu acs;(*s;D )awGudk aumfxw k af ew,f? taqmif 4u axmifrLS ;ESiahf wG@wJt h cg ol[m twwfEidk q f ;Hk &k&d adk oao av;av;pm;pm; qufqH ygw,f? “olb,frmS vnf;cifAsm”vk@d &k&d adk o aoar;vku d w f ,f? axmif0g'gu jyef jyK;H jy&if; “vmygaemufrS igbmawGawG@xm;w,f qkw d m ajymjyr,f?” vuQ%m q&m[m 0wfxm;wJh ykq;dk =um;xJu v#K@d 0Sut f yd af v;ukd prf;vku d jf yD;txJu aq; aygv h yd f 2 vdyu f dk xkwv f u kd w f ,f? 0g'gvufxu J dk xnfah y;vku d w f ,f? ol[m rae@u vnf; axmifpm&if;ppfEiS hf pum;rsm;ao;w,f? ol@twGuf uHraumif;wJah e@awG jzpfaew,f? jyD;awmhvnf; axmifyidk =f uD;ESiv hf nf; ol&iS ;f &OD;r,f?

N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

·····“ b,fvdk jy\emjzpfaewmvnf;?” 0g'gu ····· “ olajymjycsi&f if rif;ukad wG@&if ajymrSmayg?h rif;bmomrif; ar;=unfyh g vm;?” aq;aygv h yd Ef pS v f yd f ay;&ayrJh bmrSvnf; rod&ygvm;?

0g'gu “igajymjyD;jyDav/ rif;uko d al wG@&if ajymjycsiaf jymjyrSmayg?h 'gayrJh rif;odcsi&f if igodwJhowif;ajymjyr,f? 'Dae@reuf e,fpyfu axmufvSrf;a&;awG 'Dukda&mufvmjyD; M.IaxmufvrS ;f a&;A[ku d vlawG tckpcef;xJrmS wnf;=uw,f? 'ga=umifh ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&; odyjf zpfcsiaf ewJh ukv d al csmwa,muf Asmrsm;aewm ayg?h 'g[m owif;xl;bJ? ” “ ol@ukd usaemfawG@csifw,f? olb,frSm &SdEkdifrvJ/ odvm;? ol@ukdawG@&if ajymay;ygvm;? usaemf ukdvlacsmESifhawG@jyD; axmifxJrSm &SmazGwJhudpP ta=umif; ajymp&mawG&w dS ,fv@dk ? ” 0g'gu ····· “ tcktcsed rf mS awmh rif;ajymrJo h wif;ukd olpw d 0f ifpm;rSmr[kwb f ;l ? &SmazGwu hJ pd jP y;D jy?D tqk;H owfvu dk jf yD? 'g axmifyidk =f uD;&J@trde@f yJ? ” “ bmbJjzpfjzpfAsm ol@uo dk mawG@c&hJ if usaemf odyt f a&;=uD;wJo h wif; ay;p&m&Sv d @dk vku d &f mS aew,fv@dk bJ ajymay;yg?” ukv d al csm wae@vk;H Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awGEiS hf &Sad erSmr[kwyf gb;l ? “ olxrif;pm;awmhrSmbJ/ xrif;pm;csdefrSmawG@&if ol@ukd ajymay;yg? axmifwHcg;=uD; rydwcf iftcsed t f xd awmif,mxJrmS usaemfapmifah eygrh ,fv@dk ?”

0g'gu “rif ; ta&;=uD ; ud p P ajymcsif w ,f q k d w mvnf ; rif ; ol w k d @ yk d u f p d w f wku d &f mS aewJyh pPn;f ukd awG@xm;vk@d vm;?” ukpd ed , f u Hk pdwyf supf mG ESihf “usaemf a jymcd k i f ; xm;wmbJ ajymjyay;yg? ol 0 rf ; om&rJ h owif ; aumif ; usaemfrmS &Sw d ,fqw dk mbJ?” ··············· awZyg;pyfxJrSm aoG;pawG usefaeao;w,f? b,favmufbJemem olp um;ajymzk@d awmh =uK;d pm;r,fv@dk qk;H jzwfxm;w,f? tckcsed rf mS bJ aumifav;a&muf vmw,f? ····· awZu Free El Salvadoraumifav;ukd “ rif;tarb,frmS vnf;vk@d ar;vku d w f ,f? aumifav;[m ol@tart a=umif; ar;oHa=umifh vufxu J xrif;vifyef;ay:ukd ausmufw;Hk =uD; jyKwfusvm ovkcd pH m;&if; ,dik jf yD;vJusomG ;rvkd jzpfomG ;ygw,f? ····· “ arar” ····· jyif;xefwchJ pH m;csu[ f m aumifav;&ifukd xdreS o f mG ;w,f? ··············· 0g;ES i f h & uf x m;wJ h =urf ; jyif a y:uk d aea&mif j cnf u usaew,f ? t0ga&mif yef;ukdyefxm;jyD; yef;Eka&mifxrDESifhoeyfcg;aoG;aewJh ararukd owd&rdw,f? vuf NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

n‡d;ESifhoeyfcg;ukdaumfjyD; yg;jyifay:ukd vdrf;jc,fvkdufjyD; oeyfcg;ausmufjyifay:rSm aemufxyfaoG;aew,f/ jyD;awmhrS ol&J@yg;jyifay:rSm 0kdif;0kdif;av; vdrf;ay;vkdufjyD; bD;ESiyhf aHk zmfay;w,f? ····· “ arar ” ····· b,fou l aoqk;H aewJh arar&J@pum;oHudk =um;Ekid rf mS vnf;? aumif a v;&J @ rsuf v k H ; xJ r S m wck c k j zpf v mvk d @ vuf E S i f h y G w f c svk d u f w ,f ? vufwzufwnf;ESihf vifyef;uku d idk &f if; tusO;f cef;xJudk vSr;f 0ifvu dk w f t hJ cg vif yef;xJu xrif;&nfwcsK@d zdwu f somG ;w,f? awZ aumifav;ukd vSr;f xdr;f vku d &f if; olaumifav;ukd ar;rdwphJ um;ukd aemifw&rdw,f? awZ acsmif;w w[Gwf[Gwfqkd;&if; xkdifcsvkdufw,f? oHwkdifjcm;xm;wJh vlESpfa,muf wa,mufrsufESmukd wa,mufpkduf=unfhaerdw,f? awZ&J@ukd,f[m a&S@wkd;aemufiifESifh 0g;yifavwkdufvkd@ v_yfaeovkdvkd@ aumifav;xifrdw,f? orx xkid af ew,f? awZ&J@ pum;oH[m aumifav;twGuf oHacsmif;wacsmif; tpku d cf H &ovkd cHpm;&w,f? ·····“ rif;tar b,frmS &So d vJqw dk m rif;odvm;” Free El Salvador av;&J @ yg;pyf [oG m ;w,f ? tajz[m ol @ &if x J wae&mrSm&Sad ew,f? Zmwfvrf;wckv;Hk ol@&ifxrJ mS &Sad ew,f? pajym&rJph um;ukd cufcufccJ J pOf;pm;aew,f? orefwvif;ukd pku d =f unfah erdw,f? awZ “ 'gqk d a umif ; w,f ? rif ; od w ,f r[k w f v m;/ rif ; tar b,f r S m &S d aew,fqw dk m? ····· “ olaojyD” toHav;[m wk;d wk;d av;ayrJh at;pufaew,f? ararqkw d t hJ oH[m olem;ESihf odyrf ,Ofawmhb;l ? ····· qHyif&n S af wGudk ygwx f m;&if; bD;ESix hf ;dk xm;jyD; acsmif;awG w[Gwf [Gwq f ;dk aewJh tarukd jyefjrifa,mifvmw,f? acsmif;qkd;aoG;ygvkd@ okwfxm;wJh vufukdifyk0gukd acgif ; tk e f ; atmuf r sm 0S u f x m;avh & S d w ,f ? tar wcgwav aysmf & $ i f pG m oDcsif;qkdwat;at;ESifh ol@twGuf rkef@[if;cg;ukd csufau|;avh&SdwJhtar/ 'eftkd;xJrSm ol@t0wfawGxnfh jyD; av#mzf w G af y;aewJh tar? ····· “ arar ” ´´´´ “'gq&dk if rif;taza&m?” aumifav;u “olvnf; aooGm;jyD?” awZu “'gq&kd if rif;'Daxmifxu J xGuv f @dk &ovm; ´ “ bmjzpfv@dk v”J “ rif;axmif=uD;ESihf ta0;=uD;ukd xGuo f mG ;vk@d &ovm;´ N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

“ b,fuv dk J ´ vk@d jyefar;vku d w f ,f? “ tjyifbuf &efuek jf rKd@=uD;&Sw d ahJ e&maygu h mG ? ” aumif a v; acgif ; cgaew,f ? acgif ; xJ r S m vnf ; rl ; vmovk d cH p m;&w,f ? aeraumif;csifovkd jzpfvmw,f? awZ tcef;xJu xGufroGm;cif pum;wcGef; awmh jyefajzvku d w f ,f? “ usaemf tvkyu f 'DaxmifxrJ mS &Sw d ,f?” bmbJjzpfjzpf 'Dae&mutusO;f axmifb?J tvGe&f yk q f ;dk wJh tcsKyfcef;=uD; bJ? “ 'DrSm nDav;/ igwkd@wawG b,folrS 'Dae&mrSm raecsif=ubl;? 'Dae&m [m vlawGaezk@d aumif;wJah e&m r[kwb f ;l ? rif;[m igw@dk tm;vk;H xJrmS uHt aumif;qk;H vlb?J rif; tJ'gudk odvm;´” aumifav; tH=uw d v f u dk w f ,f? ol@&@J uHuv dk nf; rausreyf jzpfaew,f? ·········· awZ r&,fvu dk rf zd @dk =uK;d pm;w,f? &,fvu dk rf &d if ol@yg;pyfawG t&rf;em oGm;vdrrhf ,f?

ESmacgi;f xJu avr_wx f w k v f u dk &f w,f? “bmbJajymajym rif;[m odyfuHaumif;w,f? ”aw;qkdiSuf ighukd bmawG ajymaeovJqkdjyD; aumifav; acgif;aESmufoGm;w,f? awZ &l;oGm;jyDvm;/ 'grSr [kwf a=umifomG ;jyDvm;´ “bma=umifh usaemfu uHaumif;wmvJ´” ····· awZ oHwidk u f dk vufEiS q hf yk u f ikd x f m;&if; -------“ rif;[m olrsm;awGeJ@ rwlbl;? 0g'gawGu wm0ef&Sdvkd@ 'DrSmaerSmae& w,f? igw@dk tusO;f om;awG[m tusO;f usv@dk 'DavSmiftrd =f uD;xJrmS ae&w,f? rif;u b,foel @J rS rwlbJ b,fomG ;oGm; oGm;vk@d &wJv h b l ?J nDav; rif;uHraumif; pGmESihf 'DavSmiftrd =f uD;xJu xGuo f mG ;vk@d &w,f?” ····· “ ····· “ udpk ed , f jHk yefomG ;wmESihf 0g'g=u;D [mvnf; aq;aygv h yd t f opf ESpv f yd u f dk tdwaf xmifxJ xJv h u dk &f if; pcef;&Sw d ahJ e&mudk xGuo f mG ;w,f? taqmifw0uf ra&mufao;cifrmS ukv d al csm Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awGudk atmf[pfajymqkad eoH twkid ;f om;=um;vku d &f w,f? axmifxrJ mS ykrH eS t f &qk&d if axmifusEpS =f uD;orm; awG[m axmifxu J dk topfa&mufvmwJh vlopfawGudk axmifpnf;urf;/ axmifusifh 0wf/ axmifxJrSmvkyf&rJhtvkyf/ aexkdif/ oGm;vm/ ajymqkd qufqeH nf;rsK;d pku H dk 0g'g awG axmifrLS ;awG ta&S@rSm q&mvkycf iG &hf =uw,f? 'gayrJh Ekid if aH &; tusOf ; om; awG u k d a wmh axmif u svl a [mif ; awG awG @ cG i f h a wmif r &S d b l ; ? 0g'gawG axmifrLS ;awGEiS hf wku d &f u dk t f yk cf sKyfr_ cH&w,f? 'ga=umifh ukv d al csmu Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om; topfawG a&mufvm&if tm%mjywwfw,f?

0g'gawG [ m tapmif h w a,muf u k d a c: jyD ; uk d v l a csmu ol @ rS m ta&;=uD ; p um;ajymp&m&Sw d ,fqw dk mukd ajymckid ;f vku d w f ,f? ukv d al csma&S@ 0g'ga&mufomG ; awmh 0g'gudk NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

axmifrLS ;ukv d al csmu “apmifah eOD;”vk@d ajymvku d af wmh vufaqmif& xm;wJh aq;ygv h yd w f vdyf ukefwJhtxd apmihfae&w,f? aemufqkH; ukdvlacsmESihfawG@ awmh ukdvlacsmrsufESm[m &Jww G af eygw,f? a'goxGuaf ewJh rsuEf mS jzpfw,f? ····· 'gEiS hf 0g'gvnf; tvGe&f adk ousK;d EGw H t hJ oHEiS hf ---“ q&m&J@ tcsed u f dk taESmuft,Suaf y;rdwm awmif;yefygw,f? 'gayrJh q&mwynfh ukpd ed , f rHk mS vku d w f hJ ta&;=uD;pum; usaemf ajymp&m&Sv d @dk yg? ” “ tJ'g bmjzpfv?J igtvkyv f yk af ew,fqw dk m? rif;rjrifb;l vm;? ” “[kwf -- [kwu f hJ q&m jrifygw,f? 'gayrJh ukpd ed , f u Hk q&m&SmaewJh udpP ESihf ywfoufjyD; q&mhukd owif;ay;p&m&Sdw,fvkd@ajymw,f? olajymrJhpum;ukd q&mod&if ody0f rf;om oGm;r,fw?hJ ” “ a[ ---- [kwv f m;? tJ'D acG;rom; tckb,frmS vJ? ” 0g'gu awmif,mxJrmS q&mhuadk pmifah eygw,f? usaemftck oGm;ajym vku d yf gr,f?

0g'gvnf; xGuo f mG ;a&m ukv d al csm[m ac|;jyefaewhJ rsuEf mS ukd vufuidk yf 0k gEiS hf okwv f u dk w f ,f? pdwfukdvnf; jyefjidrfatmif vkyfvkdufw,f? wjcm;0g 'gawG tvkyfjyD;vkd@jyefayrJh ukdvlacsmuawmh reufjzef 'Dtcef;ukd jyefvmjyD; tvGef acgif;rmwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;ukd xyf p pf O D ; r,f ? tJ ' D Ek d i f i H a &;orm;tusOf ; om;u e,f pyf u qk d a yrJ h jref r mEk d i f i H e,fpyfawmhr[kw?f &efuek ef ,fpyfu jzpfw,f? tJ'v D t l a=umif; 0g'g M.Ippfa=uma&;pcef;u vlawGajymawmh &efuek ef ,fpyf&@J tdrx f rJ mS ,k;d ',m;e,fpyfu ajratmufawmfveS af &;orm; awGvmjyD; pka0;wkid yf ifwhJ ae&m jzpfw,f? ppfa=uma&;pcef;rSm xk;H pHtwkid ;f ppfaq;jyD;jyD? "gwv f u dk af pwJh usOpf ufuo dk ;Hk w,f/ armfawmfqidk u f ,fp;D ovkd avxJrmS uGu=G uD; t=um=uD; xkid cf idk ;f w,f? wcg ykvif;uGaJ y:rSm 'l;axmufcidk ;f jyD; ppfawmhvnf; tJ'v D u l bmrSrajymbl;? bmrSppfv@dk r&bl;? tJ'v D u l bmrS ra=umufwv hJ ?l ppfaxmuf vSr;f a&;awGudk ukv d al csm tjypfwifrw d ,f? 'DEidk if aH &; tusO;f om;/ awmfveS af &; orm;ukd bmjzpfv@dk axmifrLS ;ukv d al csm awZukpd pfaq;ovkd rsuEf mS udk wkwEf iS hf &kdufjyD; ppfwJhenf;ukd rokH;wmvJ? tokH;rusbl;vkd@ xifaew,f? olom M.Iaxmuf vS r f ; a&;jzpf & if 'D a cgif ; rmwJ h Ek d i f i H a &;tusOf ; om; rsuf E S m uk d t=ud r f a ygif ; rsm;pG m wkwEf iS jhf zwf&u dk jf yD; ppfzed yfEiS hf acgi;f uked if;=udwx f m;jyD; idak ewJh toHudk em; axmifaerdw,f? tJ'Dvl vkdykHpH vlwa,muf 'DrSm&Sdae&if aemufa&mufvmwJh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG tm;wuf o G m ;r,f ? tm;uk d ; usvd r f h r ,f ? ol & J a umif ; tjzpf owf r S w f = uvd r f h r ,f ? &ufpufra_ wGtm;vk;H ukd ausmv f mG ;cHpm;vGef ajrmufEidk f wJo h q l jdk y;D ol@vb dk J aexdik u f si=hf u=H u&if axmifrLS ; ukv d al csmwk@d tif;pdeaf xmif=uD; t&_;H ay;vku d &f vdrrhf ,f? aw;qkid u S v f nf; tJ'v D v l b dk J acgi;f rmw,f? ukv d al csmu awZESiyhf wf oufjyD; olcv H u dk &f wmukd aemifw&rdw,f? 'gayrJh awZ ar;&k;d usK;d oGm;wJt h xd ol&u dk v f u dk w f mukd oabmus auseyfrw d ,f? tuDs v F ufudk acguw f ifvu dk &f if ukpd ed , f &Hk rdS hJ awmif,mpku d cf if;awG N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

bufudk xGuv f mcJw h ,f? ukdpdef,kH ajrykwfawGudk jcif;awmif;wvkH;ESifho,faewm ta0;ujrif& w,f? ukpd ed , f rkH sm; abmfvyf if &SmawG@omG ;jyDvm;? pde, f [ Hk m ol@&@J axmifus&uf avsmzh @dk twGuu f dk pOf;pm;aew,f? 'gayrJh &SmazGa&;udpP ratmifjrifbJ oluHqkd;vm wm olodaew,f? b,fo@l ukrd v S nf; r,kaH wmhb;l ? axmifyidk =f uD;uvnf; rae@n ol@ukad jymjyD;jyD? M.I0ifz@dk rulnDawmhbl;qkdwmvnf; odjyD;jyD? uHtaumif;qkH; owif;rSm ukdvlacsmu awZukd jyif;jyif;xefxef ESu d pf ufcw hJ mukd axmifyidk =f uD;u rSww f rf;xJrmS ra&;bl;qkw d mbJ? aemufwck vkyfvkdufwmu aomufxm;wJh vufzuf&nfESifh pm;&if;ppfukd yufvu dk w f mav;bJ? wu,fawmh tJ'v D u l dk jyLwif;ayguu f ae ckecf sxu G af jy; oGm;&wJt h xd vk y f p &mrvk d y gbl ; ? uk d v l a csmu ol @ vuf z uf & nf x J r S m tqd y f c wf x m; w,f q k d j yD ; axmifyidk =f uD;ukd qifajcay;vku d w f ,f? “ nGef@a0OD; rif;&J@ qifajcawGukd igbmrS pdwfr0ifpm;bl;? ” tJ'gudpP vlacsm aumhaeatmif cHpm;vku d w f mw,f? vufzuf&nfe@H udk jyefcpH m;rdawmhrS olrmS ;a=umif; odvu dk &f awmhw,f? bmjzpfv@dk 'Davmuf ua,mifajcmufjcm; jzpfomG ;&wmvJ? ykq d ;dk wmu 'Dupd EP iS hf tdrjf yefawmh rde;f ru =uufom;awG aps;=uD;oGm;wm ukv d al csmtok;H r usv@kd qkd wJyh pHk rH sK;d ajymwmcH&jyefw,f? ·········· vSrf;aewJhajcvSrf; c%&yfvkduf&if; aq;ayghvdyfukdxkwfjyD; aomufvkduf w,f? c%&yfvu dk w f mESihf 'l;acgi;f u t&rf;emusiv f mwmukd cHpm;vm&w,f? rD;avmifc&H ovkd ajcaxmuf w ck v k H ; yl a vmif v mw,f ? rae@u pm&if ; uk d i f E S i f h rqif r jcif vkdufwrf;ajy;wrf;upm;vkdufvkd@ tckawmh 'kuQa&muf&jyD? rdef;ru q&m 0efjy&if aumif ; r,f v k d @ qk d a yrJ h uk e f u sp&d w f u k d 'D r d e f ; r rpOf ; pm;rd b l ; xif y gw,f ? 'gayrJ h tukeu f soufomatmif axmifq&m0efEiS hf jyygvm;vk@d ajymvmw,f? 'Davmuftukid =f urf;wJh axmifq&m0efEiS hf jyp&mvm;? tJ'q D &m0ef&@J vufEiS hf awmif rudik af pcsib f ;l ? vuQ%mq&mu tapmifu h dk pum;ajymaewmawG@&w,f? “aumif;w,f/ 'Daumif igEiS phf um;vmajymzk@d ig@zufu=unh&f if tcGihf aumif;bJ? igu roGm;bJ ig&yfaewJah e&mukd olvm&iftaumif;qk;H bJ? ” &G@yH w k af wGtaytusEH iS hf pde, f aHk &mufvmjyD? vufxu J vufuidk yf 0k gEiS hf ESmacgi;f ukd ydwx f m;&w,f? tkwef cD aJ wGudk wwk;H jyD; wwk;H ausmv f m$ ;&if; vkcH snu f dk vnf; aoaocsmcsm uspu f spv f pfvpf vkyv f u dk w f ,f? ol&aJ umif;wa,muf ppf ajrjyifxu G zf @dk cg;ygww f mESiw hf w l ,f?

'DvEdk iS hf pde, f v Hk maewJzh ufudk wvSr;f csi;f / 'l;u odyef mvmjyefw,f?

tcef; (42) tJ'Demrnfukd ac:vkdufzkd@ =uKd;pm;vkdufygw,f? yg;pyfu emusiaf eawmh toHryDb;l jzpfomG ;w,f? toHxu G rf rSeb f ;l jzpfomG ;w,f? aumifav;u Free El Salvador

NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

em;rvnfEidk w f hJ t=unfEh iS b hf mvJqadk wmhar;w,f? “ tJ'g rif;&J@ &ifbwfrSm a&;xm;w,f?” aumifav;[m pmom;awGukd aocsmjrifatmif &ifbwfuwD&Syfukd qGJxkwf=unfhaew,f? uyfxm;wJh pmom;awG ukd aumifav; em;rvnfyg? &if;ES;D r_r&Syd g? “ tJ'g Free El Salvador qkw d [ hJ m t*Fvyd pf muG? Armvkad &;xm; wm r[kwb f ;l ? tJ'D Ekid if aH v;[m ta0;=uD;rSm? pydeEf idk if v H @dk ac:w,f?” awZvnf; aoaocsmcsm em;rvnfyg? wckawmh odw,f? olw@dk awG vnf; Armjynfu vlawGvkdbJ t&yfom;ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;/ 'Drkdua&pD&SdwJh EkdifiHjzpf atmif =uKd;pm;ae=uwm? 'gayrJh ppfwyftyk cf sKyfa&;qkad wmh wkid ;f jynfom;awG awmif;wmray;bl;? wkid ;f rfr*~Zif;rSm a&;wmawG@b;l w,f? olw@dk vnf; vGwv f yf a&; vkcd siaf e=uw,f? Armjynfvb dk J wk d i f ; ol j ynf o m;awG [ m uk d , f h E k d i f i H r S m tusOf ; uscH a e=u&w,f ? 'D a wmh tusOf;uvGwfajrmufcsif=uwmaygh? “'ga=umifh rif;0wfxm;wJh wD&Syfav;uemrnfukd igac:vku d w f m? tJ'D emrnfu b,fov l nf; rif;odvm;?” ·········· aumifav; ESmacgif;ukd yGwfvkduf&if; em;rvnfwmawGukd pOf;pm;ae w,f? acgi;f xJrmS wck&w dS ,f? ol[m awZtcef;xJrmS ody=f umaejyD? awZukd armh=unfv h u dk w f ,f? awZuvnf ; ol @ uk d pk d u f = unf h a ew,f a v? 'D v k d r suf v k H ; rsKd ; awG awG @ bl ; w,f ? jref r mjynf a wmif y k d i f ; opf a wmawG r S m rl ; ,pf a q;0g;a=umif h axmif u s wJ h v l a wG tvkyv f yk af e=uwm? t&k;d bJ useaf wmhwv hJ al wG/ pm;p&mrvkaH vmufwhJ vlawG? awZwk@d vdk wku d yf JG 0ifae=u&w,f? bmbJjzpfjzpf ig[mbma=umifh awZukda=umuf&rSmvnf; ykckH;ukdwGef@ae &if; ydeaf n‡mifaewJh awZcE<muk, d u f dk =unfah erdw,f? awZ igeh mrnfudk bmvk@d odcsi&f wmvJ?´ ·········· wef;pD; OD;usm;=uD;ESihf axmifrLS ;OD;cspEf idk w f @dk ol@&@J emrnfudk od=uw,f? ol@emrnfudk rajym=uygapESifh? bmbJjzpfjzpf aumifav;[m ol@ukdaxmifxJrSmac: wJhemrnfukdbJ oabmusw,f? ·········· “ nDav; ” “ =uGuo f wform; ” “ t&l;av; ” “ aumifav; ” “ ukvm;av; ” b,fvdk aESmufajymifjyD;ac:ac: ol=uKduw f ,f? ol@&J@em rnf[m bmESiw hf o l vJq&dk if taz&J@oGm;ESi/hf tar&J@ oeyfcg;Al;bJ? 'gudk vkjH cKHatmif odr;f xm;rS N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

vkjH cKHrS jzpfr,f? ····· b,favmuf i,fao;ovJqw dk m=unf&h if odEidk w f ,f? 6ESpf 7ESpaf vmufbJ &SdOD;r,f? wpfcgwav avc|efwwfw,f? awZ aumifav;&J@ a&S@a&;ukd pdwfylrdw,f? bmbJjzpfjzpf qbk'd dk (Sabodo) qkw d hJ emrnf[m rqk;d ygb;l ? “ ····· (Sabodo) uJ rif;ausmif;rwufcsib f ;l vm;´ ” aumifav; rsucf ;Hk jrifw h ufomG ;w,f? “ ausmif; ” [kwv f m;´ b,fvdk vkyjf yD; olausmif;wufEidk rf mS vJ? ausmif;qkdwmvnf; olaoaocsmcsm rodbl;? tJ'g rdef;rawGESifhtwlwlbJvm;? axmif taqmif (2)uvlawG ajymaewm=um;bl;w,f? rdef;rawG[m “t(···)rygbl;?” “t(···) bJygw,f? ” “tJ'g[m aygif2ck d ,f?” =um;rSm&Sw d ,f? a,mus;f awGvnf; twlwb l ?J aygi=f um;rSm t( ···) &Sw ····· aumifav;u ukad wZ rde;f rawG[m “t(···)eJ@vm;´” “t(···)eJ@vm;´” “ bmajymw,f´ rde;f rawGrmS “t(···)eJ@vm;´” “t(···)eJ@ vm;´” bma=umifh ar;rdovJawmhrodbl;? bmbJjzpfjzpf awZ ol@ukd tajz awmh jyefay;r,fxifw,f? awZvnf; tckrS ESmacgi;f ukyd w G &f if; tajzay;zk@d pOf; pm;ae&w,f? aumifav;ukd ausmif;yk@d rjS zpfr,f? aw;qkid u S f aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;jyD; rS t(···) qkw d hJ pum;[m aoaocsmcsmajym&&if &kid ;f w,f? pOf;pm; jyD;rS jyifajymvku d w f ,f? “ txl; d ,f? ” t(···)awG &Sw “ txl; t ( ··· ) awG [kwv f m;? ” “ rif;vJ t( ··· ) ygw,f? tJ'gvJ ta&;=uD;wJh txl;ypPn;f jzpfw,f? tJ'gawGudk rdef;rawGa&m/ a,musfm;awGyg trsm;oliSmrjrifatmif 0Sufxm;=u& w,f? tJ'gukd ta&;=uD;wJah e&mvk@d ac:w,f? “ bmvk@d rde;f rawGrmS t ( ··· ) rygovJ” “ rde;f rawG[m a,musmf ;eJ@rwlwm olw@dk u cav;ukd o,fyu dk x f m;& w,f? tJ'D cav;awG[m t ( ··· ) awG[m taygux f u J xGuv f m=uw,f? 'g a=umifh rde;f rawG[m tarjzpfoGm;wmaygh? tJ'geJ@ a,musfm;[m tazjzpfoGm; wmayghuG? awZ ajymjyD;rS pkd;&drfpdwfawG aysmufoGm;w,f? 'Davmufqkd&if aumif av; oabmfaygufavmufjyD aumifav; aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;ae&if; ---“ usaemf ausmif;roGm;Ekid b f ;l ” “ bmjzpfv@dk vJ ” awZ ar;vku d w f ,f? “ bma=umifhvJqkd&if usaemf pmrSrwwfwm? ” pmvkH;wkdif;[m v#mukd aumfywfpm;jyD; xGuv f mwm? awZ[m oHwidk x f u J vufukd xkwv f u dk &f if; aumif av;&J@ NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

ykc;Hk ukd ukid v f u dk &f if; --“ ··· pdwfrylygeJ@uGm/ tJ'ga=umifh ausmif;qkdwm vkdtyfwmaygh? tJ'Dae&m rif;a&mufomG ;&if rif;pmzwfwwfr,f? pma&;wwfr,f? aemufjy;D vlawG[m rif;ukd *&kpu dk jf y;D apmifah &Smufay;vdrrhf ,f? ” aumifav;[m acgi;f ukd wzufapmif;&if; rouFmwJrh suEf mS ESihf -“ ··· b,fvadk e&mrsK;d vJ ” “ tJ'[ D mukd bke;f =uD;ausmif;vk@d ac:w,f? tJ'gudk touf=uD;wJh igt h ar &J@rw d af qG wa,mufu wm0ef,zl iG x hf m;w,f? ” “ cifAsm;rSm taz&Sw d ,f[w k v f m;´ “ b,fob l jJ zpfjzpf tazqkw d m &S=d uw,f? igt h azvnf; rif;tazvkb d J aooGm;jyD/ 'gayrJh ig&h ifxrJ mS &Sad ewke;f bJ? tJ'aD usmif;xkid q f &mawmfqw dk m igt h azvkb d /J tm;vk;H &J@ tazvkad yg?h ” aumifav; awZukd rouFmovkd =unfv h u dk w f ,f? “ nDav; rif; tJ'Dq&mawmf[m rif;ukd ulnDvdrfhr,f? rif;ukd pma&; wwf/ pmzwfwwfatmif oifay;vdrrhf ,f? pmzwfwwfw,fqw dk m b,fvv dk J qkw d m rif;odvm;?” aumifav;[m 'Dtif;pdefaxmif=uD;uae b,fukdrS roGm;csifbl;? bmjzpf vk@d vq J adk wmh Aku d f c%c% qmwwfv@dk b?J “ pmzwfw,fqw dk m rk;d ay:ukyd saH ewmeJ@ twlwb l ?J rif;ukd b,fub dk J jzpfjzpf ac:oGm;Ekid w f ,f? ” “ ukad wZ ” 'g[m aumifav; ol@ukd yxrOD;qk;H ac:rdwehJ mrnf? “ [kwu f /hJ usaemfjyefrjS zpfr,f/ =umaejyD? usaemfrjyefcif ukad wZ qef jyKwfaomuf vk@d &rvm;? ´ “ aomufav ” aumifav; aomufaewm awZxkid =f unfah e&if; ZGe;f ESihf cGux f o d u H dk rSerf eS =f um; ae&w,f? aumifav;[m npfywfaewJh vifyef;ukd ukid jf y;D xkid &f mu xvku d w f ,f? awZvnf; xvku d w f ,f? aumifav;u “ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? ”vk@d ajymvku d w f ,f? “ &w,f nDav;? tck igvyk af y;aewm tpmiwfaejyD; 'kuaQ wGEiS hf &ke;f uefae& wJh Edik if u H kd ulnv D u kd &f wmyJ” (bmomjyef) qufvufazmfjyay;oGm;ygrnf?

Roland Hardy (c) armifarmifvwf N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

Edik if aH &; tawG;tjrif bmomjyef tcef;quf

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jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sirf sm;rS xkwaf 0cGijhf yK+y;D aemuf ydwyf if wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef;wifh . 'Da&jrifo h pf (armfpw D ek ;f ESihf w&kwaf wmfveS af &;) pmtkyt f m;/ tvif;tdrrf *~Zif; &Jabmfrsm; taejzifh vufawG b h 0 w&kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;ESihf cH,jl zwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfow l kd h avhvm od&EdS ikd af p&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvku d yf gonf// (pma&;ol. rdom;pkEiS hf qufo, G af &; cufco J jzifh today;jcif; r&So d nfukd cGiv hf w $ af y;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf)

Tpum;rsm;udk armfajymo!fw h ikd f tvm;tvm odyrf aumif;? pmwwfoOl ;D a& enf;vGe;f aeonf? 1936 ckEpS t f xd ygwED iS hf wyfeaD wmf au'gopfxw J iG /f pmwwfo[ l I l (5) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f r#yif r&Scd si?f yd@k csr!fh q&muvnf; tvGe&f mS ;onf? pmtkypf mwrf; &du k &f ef puULr#r&S?d &k&mS ;bmomjzifh a&;xm;o!fh rwf0g'usr;f rsm;ud/k bmomjyefay;r!fo h rl &S?d ygwo D abmw&m;a&; “q&m}uD;” rsm;u rwf0g'/ vDeif0g' wd@k u/kd oif=um;yd@k cso!ft h cg rsm;Y ygwaD u'grsm;onf wtHw h =o jzpfae=uonf? 0d;k wd;k 0g;wm; jzpfae=uonf? Tonf udk armf owdjyKrdonf? ygwaD u'grsm;onf wOD;ESiw hf OD; ynmoif=um;r_ a&csed rf wl=u? xdt k cgY olw@kd onf yd@k cso!f/h rwf vDeif0g' oabmw&m;wd@k u/kd bmr# em;rvnf? a,mifuef;uef; jzpfuek =f uonf? olw@kd rajymESi?fh yd@k cso!fh oifwef; “q&m}uD;rsm;” ud, k w f ikd f olw@kd ajymo!fh pum;udk aumif;aumif;em;rvnf=u? od@k jzifh oifwef; “q&m}uD;”rsm;onf/ ygwaD u'grsm;. oabmw&m;a&csed u f kd rjrSiEhf ikd yf /J “ckw&f mwjcm; &S&mwvG”J jzpfuek =f uonf? armfu Ttajctaeudk =um&Snf cGirhf jyKEdik ?f xd@k a=umihf ,iftef;od@k a&mufonf ESifh w+ydKifeuf/ ygwo D ifwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif yd@k cs&ef/ usr;f rsm;jyKpkonf? tbd"rRmusr;f rsm;vnf; ygonf? ppfusr;f rsm;vnf; ygonf? awG;ac:enf;ESifh ppfwu kd ef nf;wd@k ukd yd@k csonf? od@k jzifh armfonf awG;ac:a&; tbd"rRmynmESihf ppfa&; 0dZm… udk yd@k csonf? “armfonf tbd"rRmudk avhvmol wOD;jzpfonf? wcgu rdwaf qGwa,mufu ol@twGuf tbd"rRmpmtkyrf sm; ,lvmonf? armfonf xdpk mtkyu f kd oH;k av;n qufwu kd f zwfypfvu kd o f nf? xdu k sr;f rsm;udk zwfaeo!ft h wGi;f Y/ armfonf bmudrk # trSwrf &awmh? wae@v#if (13) em&D (14) em&D tvkyv f yk o f nf? nnqdv k #if em&Djyef (2) csuf (3) csuf us rS tdyo f nf--” [k t*~gpEd;k u a&;zl;onf? armf. ud, k &f aH wmf &Jabmf csepf ckd |eu f 1938 ckEpS w f iG f “a&&Snpf pf” pmwrf; a&;om;yHu k kd ajymjyzl;onf? yxr ESp&f ufv;kH vH;k armfonf vHk;0 rtdyf? tpmvnf; rpm;? a&qGwfo!fh rsufESmokwfyk0gav;udk ab;wGicf sxm;um/ rsuEf mS udk okwv f u kd /f pma&;vdu k jf zifh awmufav#mufa&;onf? ig;&ufajrmufae@wiG f armfonf odoo d mom ydecf sKH ;vmonf? rsuv f ;kH rsm; eD&aJ e+yD? (7) &ufajrmufae@wGif/ ol@ t0wfzdeyfudk rD;pGJavmif&m/ ajcaxmufudk avmifawmhrS NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

odawmhonf? (9) &ufajrmufae@ wGif vH;k 0 t+yD;owfomG ;onf? armfonf uefwm;[k ac:o!f/h emrnfausmf *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd w f iG f oif=um; yd@k csonf? *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd u f kd 1936 ckEpS w f iG /f aygvpfAsK&. kd wdu k &f u kd f tkycf sKyrf a_ tmuf wGif wnfaxmifonf? touf (29) ESp&f /dS vif;ajymifu ausmif;tkyjf zpfonf? au'gopfrsm; arG;jrLa&;twGuf ysKd ;cif;jzpfojzif/h xdw k uUov kd u f kd armfu txl;*&kpu kd o f nf? *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd o f nf (7) ESpt f wGi;f au'gaygi;f wode;f arG;xkwaf y;cJo h nf? “*syefcck aH &; wuUov kd &f @J ynma&; vrf;!$ecf su[ f m }uH@cikd rf eS u f efwhJ Edik if aH &; OD;wnfcsuf &Sad &;/ &d;k &d;k ukyu f yk f qif;&Jyifyef;cHwhJ vky[ f ef&adS &;/ vsijf refyg;eyfusiv f nfwhJ aoe*FAsK[meJ@ ppfy&d,m,f &Sad &;wd@k jzpfw,f? 'Do;kH csu[ f m *syefukd ckcw H /hJ awmfveS w f hJ wyfrawmfom; jzpfvmatmif/ jyKpkysKd ;axmifay;&mrSm r&Srd jzpfwhJ tcsuaf wG jzpfw,f? *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd u f tr_xrf;rsm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;eJ@ ausmif;om;rsm;[m 'Dtcsuf oH;k csut f wdik ;f oif=um;yd@k csae=uw,f? qnf;yl;avhvmae=uw,f” [k armfu ajymcJo h nf? (“&efo@l qef@usirf c_ &H jcif;onf taumif;jzpfonf? tqd;k r[kw”f vufa&G;pifusr;f / twGJ 2) armfu *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd f aqmify'k f tjzp/f “nDn! D w G ! f w G /f xx=uG=uG/ wnf wnf =unf =unf/ zswzf swv f wfvwf &S=d u”[k a=uG;a=umfonf? *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd t f wGuf au'grsm;udk ydpk wmjzifh ac:,lonf? rlvwef; atmifjrif+yD;I/ *syefe,fcs@J pepfukd wku d o f w l ikd ;f tm; wuUov kd f 0ifciG jhf yKonf? use;f rma&; ,Ofaus;r_ tqift h wef;ESihf Edik if aH &;t& av;euforl sm;udk ppfaq;I 0ifciG jhf yKonf? wuf=uGol au'grsm;/ vlxw k u kd yf JG acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ e,fa0; a'orsm;rS yd@k o!@/f ygwD au'grsm; tm;vH;k ud/k tvkt d avsmuf 0ifciG jhf yKonf? 1936 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f wGif ulrifwef a'ojzLrS xGuv f mo!f/h ausmif;om;ESihf ynmwwfrsm;vnf; xdk wuUov kd o f @kd wufa&muf =uonf?

1936 ck 'kw, d ESp0f ufoifwef;umvwGi/f *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd o f @kd wyfrawmfrS au'gaygi;f (1063) wufa&mufcI hJ / 1937 ckEpS f yxrESp0f ufoifwef;wGif (2764) wuf a&mufco hJ nf? 1937 ck =o*kwv f rS 1938 ck rwfvtxd/ wyfrawmfo@kd tr_xrf;o!f/h wuUov kd f ausmif;qif;au'gaygi;f rSm (1272) a,muf jzpfonf? 1937 ckEpS x f w J iG f a'orS xGuv f mo!fh ynmwwfrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ ygarmuQrsm;yg xdk wuUov kd o f @kd wufa&muf =uojzifh aemufxyf wuUov kd cf JG (11) ck/ xyfrH zGiv hf pS &f onf?

1938 ck arvESihf 'DZifbmvtwGi;f wGi/f ynmwwf vli,faygi;f (5562) a,muf/ 1936 ckEpS w f iG f ynmwwfvil ,f (4900) udk *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd o f @kd 0ifciG jhf yKcJo h nf? xdk ESpw f iG f wufa&mufoif=um;olrsm;xJY/ yifv,f&yfjcm; w&kwt f rsKd ;om;rsm;vnf; yg =uonf?

1942-43 ckEpS w f iG /f ygwu D vky[ f ef jyK jyifa&; v_y&f mS ;r_wck vkyo f nf? xd@k a=umifh *syef ckcaH &; wuUov kd o f @kd qif;&JEiS hf tvwfwef; atmufvm$ v,form;vlwef;pm;rS vmolrsm;udk N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

trsm;qH;k wufa&mufciG jhf yKonf? tvkyo f rm;ESihf v,form;rsm;udk trsm;qH;k wufa&muf cGihf ay;+yD;/ ynmwwfrsm; OD;a&udk avsmch svu kd o f nf?

1936 ck Zlvikd Ef iS hf =o*kwv f xJwiG f armfu ol. “vufawG@usr;f ”ESihf “yËdyuQusr;f ” rsm;udk *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd w f iG f yd@k csco hJ nf? armf. tbd"rRmusr;f ESpaf pmifv;kH / &Si;f vif; jywfom;onf? odyo f nf;onf? armf. &nf&, G cf surf mS tEkyËdavmr tbd"rRmudk tvkyf orm;/ v,form;/ tvG,w f ul em;vnfEikd &f ef jzpfonf? tbd"rRmonf/ tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;rsm; vufxw J iG f c|ex f ufaom vufeufjzpfae&rnf? tbd"rRmudk wuUov kd f ydËuwfwu kd rf sm;xJrS vGwaf jrmufatmif vky&f rnf[k armf ,lqonf? “u|eaf wmfw@kd [m vlxk em;vnfwhJ pum;awGukd rajym&if/ u|eaf wmfw@kd ajymwJh pum;awGukd vlxu k em;vnfrmS r[kwzf ;l ” qdo k !fh 'Drx D a&mh. pum;udk ud;k um;um/ tEkyËdavmr tbd"rRmudk omrefvrl sm; em;vnfatmif yd@k csonf? pifppf uGejf rLepf0g' qdo k nfrmS / vlaer_ enf;emw&yf jzpfonf? vlxrk sm;u uGef jrLepf0g'udk oabmaygurf /S tEkyËdavmrusus awG;rS/ 0dZm… enf;us rwfveD if0g'udk toH;k csrS atmifjrifEikd rf nf? uGejf rLepf0g'udk em;vnf&mwGif 0rfrif;vdk em;vnfyrkH sKd ; rjzpfap&[k armfu owday;onf? “vlwcsKd @[m ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynfta=umif;eJ@ ywfoufv@kd bmwckrS rod=ubl;? acgreJ@ wjcm;wdik ;f jynfawGu yHjk yifawGavmufyJ od=uw,f? 'gawG[mvJ Edik if jH cm;a&S;a[mif; puULpkwyf }kH u;D xJu/ [kw d p 'Dwydik ;f aumuf,v l mwmawGr@kd tawmfoem;p&maumif;w,f?

--ud, k Ehf ikd if &H @J ordik ;f udk eJerJ S em;rvnf=ubl;? *k%&f w dS ,fv@kd awmif xifae=uw,f?--vGecf w hJ EhJ pS f q,faygi;f tenf;i,ftwGi;f rSm Edik if jH cm;a&mufcw hJ hJ ynmoif awmfawmfrsm;rsm; [m/ Oa&mywdu k ef @J tar&duefjynf/ *syefjynfw@kd u jyefvm+yD;/ Edik if jH cm; ta=umif;awGukd Edu _ Ef u _d cf |wcf |wv f J rodyeJ @J twH;k vdu k f twpfvu kd /f azmufonfcs ajymzd@k avmufyo J w d hJ a&m*grsKd ; &vmcJ=h uzl;w,f? olw@kd "mwfpufvkd jzpfae=uw,f? t&m0wˆKopfawGukd odem;vnfz@kd / wDxiG zf @kd / ud, k w hf m0efawGukd arhavsmah e=uw,f” [k armfu ajymcJzh ;l onf? ( “u|eaf wmfw@kd . avhvmr_ukd jyK jyifa&;”vufa&G;pifusr;f / twGJ 3) armfu pum;}uD; pum;us,f ajymolrsm;udv k nf;/ Tod@k a0zefonf? “rde@f ceG ;f ajymwJt h cgrmS tcsuaf wGu u/ c/ */ C/ wd@k (1/ 2/ 3/ 4) wd@k qdw k mawGe@J woDwwef;}uD; ajym=uw,f? aqmif;yga&;&ifvJ Am&m%oDcs@J xm;wJ/h aqmif;yg;&Sn}f uD; rsKd ;awG a&;=uw,f? wu,fjh zpf&yfawGe@J trSew f &m;udk &SmazGvpkd w d rf &Syd /J olrsm; txif }uD;atmif [dw}f uD; [ef}uD;eJ@ vdrv f nf =uGm;0g;=uw,f? [efom&Sw d ,f? tqH r&Sb d ;l ? tqif;om&Sw d ,f? tcsi;f r&Sb d ;l ? ud, k u hf , kd u f kd xifwvH;k eJ@ ZrŠLrSm wvlomyJv@kd ,lq=u w,f? ‘bk&ifw h refawmf ’ vdk ae&mwumrSm/ vlwiG u f s,f vky=f uw,f? tJ'gawG[m u|ef awmfw@kd txJu/ &JabmfwcsKd @&@J vky[ f efawGy?J 'Dvkd vky[ f efrsKd ;awGukd ud, k w f ikd f usio hf ;kH NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

&if ab;awG@r,f? wjcm;vlawGukd oifay;&if/ wjcm;vlawGukd ab;awG@aprSmyJ? 'Dvkd vky[ f efrsKd ;eJ@ awmfveS af &;udk a&S@aqmif vrf;!$e&f if/ awmfveS af &;[m ab;tE &W m,fawG@ rSmyJ?” (4if;usr;f ) armfu “vufawG@usr;f ”ESihf “yËdyuQusr;f ” ESpaf pmifteuf “vufawG@usr;f ”u ydt k a&; }uD;onf[k ,lqonf? Tusr;f udk *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd w f iG f yd@k csonfrmS (2) em&Dr#om jzpfaomfvnf; ESpyf wf a&;cJ&h onf? ( taemufwikd ;f okawoDrsm;url “yËdyuQ usr;f ”udk ydI k ta&;xm;=uonf?) “&k&mS ;jyef” rsm;u rwfveD if0g'udk *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd w f iG /f twH;k vdu k f twpfvu kd f yd@k cs =uonf? “vufawG@usr;f ” onf “&k&mS ;jyef” wd@k . oif=um;csuu f kd acsycsuf jzpfonf? armfu Tusr;f . acgi;f pOfukd “odjrifrE_ iS hf vufawG@ qufpyfykH (0g ) odjcif;ESihf vkyjf cif; qyfpyfy”kH [k rlvu acgi;f pOfay;xm;onf? “u|eaf wmfw@kd ygww D iG ;f Y w&m;ao0g'orm; &JabmftcsKd @onf w&kwjf ynf awmf vSeaf &; tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk vufc&H ef/ =umjrifph mG jiif;qefae=u+yD;/ ‘rwf0g'onf w&m; ao r[kw?f jyK rlvyk af qmifcsu. f a&S@aqmifvrf;jyjzpfonf ’[laom trSew f &m;udk tod trSwrf jyKyJ aecJ=h uzl;onf? rwf0g' pmtkyrf sm;xJrS [kw d vH;k onfwyk'f qGx J w k u f m/ tpdr;f vdu k f rsKd cs +yD;/ vlawGukd ajcmufveS @f =uonf?” ( vufawG@usr;f atmufajcrSwpf ?k vufa&G;pifusr;f twGJ 1) “vufawG@usr;f ” wGif armfu “qifjcifa&;oufouf0g'” udk acszsux f m;onf? awG;ac:r_ (0g ) qifjcifr[ _ o l nf/ tvdt k avsmuf ay:xGuv f mjcif; r[kw?f vlr_ vufawG@rS ay:ayguv f mjcif; jzpfonf[k aqG;aEG;onf? qifjcifoo d nf? xdawG@cpH m;&aom tm&Ho k d ay:wGif trSjD yKonf[k armfu wifjyonf? oabmw&m;onf vufawG@rS ayguzf mG ;vm jcif; jzpfonf[k ,lqonf? Tpmwrf;jzifh armfonf w&kwv f @l tzG@J tpnf;wGif tcdik t f rm ausmufpx JG m;o!fh a&S;a[mif; tbd"rRmudk wdu k cf o hJ nf? ya'o&mZf qifjcifa&; oufouf 0g'ESihf acwfopfwuUaA'udk qef@usicf o hJ nf? “vufawG@rw S qifh trSew f &m;udk &SmazG awG@&+dS yD;/ wzef vufawG@rS wqifyh if trSew f &m;udk rSeaf =umif;/ oufao taxmuftxm;jyKI/ 4if;udk jzpfay: wd;k yGm;apjyef.?”

---vufawG@vyk v f u kd /f odjrifvu kd /f aemufxyf vufawG@vyk v f u kd /f aemufxyfojd rifvu kd f [l o!fh o¾mefonf puf0ikd ;f uJo h @kd tqH;k r&S?d xyfcgxyfcg vnfvsu&f . dS ? vufawG@EiS o hf jd rifrw _ @kd onf wywfywfrw d ikd ;f twGi;f oabmonf/ E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;tm;jzifh ydI k jrifrh m;aom tqifo h @kd wufvSrf;vmonf? TonfrSm tEkyËdavmr &kyf0g'. odjcif;ESihf vkyfjcif;wdk@ aygi;f pnf;aeaom tjrifjzpf.? ( “vufawG@usr;f ” vufa&G;pifusr;f twGJ 1) armfu awmfveS af &;orm;wOD; vky&f r!f/h vufawG@vyk if ef;udk axmufjyonf? awmfveS af &;orm; wa,mufonf/ ukex f w k v f yk af &; vufawG@/ vlwef;pm; wdu k yf JG vufawG@ N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

ESihf odyyH` nm prf;oyfr_ vufawG@ oH;k &yfukd jzwfoef;&rnf[/k 1937 ckEpS w f iG f a&;o!fh “vufawG@usr;f ”wGif axmufjycJo h nf? Tonfuykd if armfu 1936 ckEpS w f iG f xyfI/ tav; wif;ajymonf? “vl&@J rSeu f efwhJ tawG;tac:[m/ b,fuay:vmovJ? rd;k ay:uusvmwmvm;? r[kwzf ;l ? vl&@J rSeu f efwhJ tawG;tac:[m vlra_ &;vufawG@xu J om ay:vmEdik w f ,f? ukex f w k v f yk af &;wdu k yf /JG vlwef;pm;wdu k yf eJG @J odyyH` nm prf;oyfrq _ w dk hJ vlra_ &;vufawG@ oH;k &yfxu J om ay:vmEdik w f ,f? (“vl. rSeu f efaom tawG;tac: b,fuay:vmovJ aqmif;yg;”) vufawG@vyk jf cif;[lonf todukd prf;oyfusio hf ;kH =u!fjh cif;jzpfonf? urBmt h jrifukd vufawG@jzifh ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfonf? armfonf w&kwaf wmfveS af &;vufawG@r/S w&kwaf wmf vSeaf &; todukd &onf? wzef xdak wmfveS af &;todjzif/h awmfveS af &;vufawG@ukd qufvyk f onf? Ttjrifjzifh vl. twWuv kd nf; ajymif;vJypfonf? vl. twWukd awmfveS af &; vufawG@jzihf awmfveS af jymif;ypf&rnf[k armfu ,lqonf? oabmw&m;onf vufawG@ukd trSjD yKaeonf? Tod@k rS trSrD jyKv#i/f xko d abm w&m; rSerf rSeu f kd vufawG@jzifh prf;oyfppfaq;I &rnfr[kw?f wzef oabmw&m;onf vufawG@ukd ajymif;vJay;onf? enf;emudk ajymif;ay;onf? TwGif aemufxyfojd rifrr_ S wqifh wufvmonf? arG;uwnf;u odjrifr_ [lI r&S?d &ky0f wˆK tawG@t}uKH r&Syd J “odjrifr”_ [lI r&SEd ikd ?f vufawG@r&Syd /J u|r;f usio f jd rifr_ [lI r&SEd ikd ?f “urBmah vmu. ajymif;vJa&; v_y&f mS ;r_Y xm0pOf +yD;qH;k jcif;r&SEd ikd ?f xd@k a=umihf vufawG@ vkyaf qmif&mwGi/f trSew f &m;ESiyhf wfoufaom/ vlw@kd . odjrifro _ nfvnf;/ xm0pOf +yD;qH;k jcif;r&Sad cs? rwfveD if0g'onf/ trSew f &m;udk t+yD;owfvu kd o f nf r[kwyf /J vufawG@wiG f trSew f &m;odjrifa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;ud/k tqufrjywf zGiahf y;vsu&f o dS nf? u|eaf wmfw@kd . ed*;kH csKycf suo f nf/ qENyikd ;f ESihf yuwdyikd ;f / oabmw&m;ESifh vufawG@/ odjcif;ESifh vkyjf cif;wd@k ukd tcdik t f rmusus/ ordik ;f t&/ aygi;f pyfjcif;jzpfonf?”) (“vufawG@usr;f ” twGJ 1) 1937 ck =o*kwv f wGif armfonf/ *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd Yf / yd@k cscsuf ESpcf v k yk o f nf?

TESpcf u k kd aygi;f aomtcg/ “yËdyuQusr;f ” jzpfvmonf? “yËdyuQusr;f ”u “vufawG@usr;f ” xuf zwfaumif;onf? od@k &mwGif “vufawG@usr;f ”udk armfu ta&;w}uD;xm;onfrmS avhvma&;ESihf vkyef nf;udk ajymif;&mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ au'gavhusiahf &;wGif vnf;aumif;/ rsm;pGm xda&muf aoma=umih/f jzpf[efwo l nf? pifppf w&kwjf ynfonf qifjcifa&; oufouf 0g'ESihf pdw0f g'wd@k xGe;f um;cJ&h m jzpfonf? xdt k pOftvmudk wdu k &f mwGi/f “vufawG@usr;f ” onf ydI k xda&mufonf[k armf ,lqyH&k onf? “tvkyo f nf vlEiS hf obm0 aygi;f pyfyg0if&aom/ jzpfpOfwckjzpfonf? xdjk zpfpOf twGi;f Y vlonf/ 4if;. qENtavsmuf/ vlEiS hf obm0t=um;u/ &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m wH@k jyefr_ NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

rsm;ud/k pwifvyk af qmifonf? vnfywfaponf? xde;f csKyfonf? vlonf obm0 tiftm; wck jzpfvsu&f +dS yD;/ w+ydKifwnf;wGif obm0udk qef@usif wdu k cf u kd af e&onf” [k armfu ajymcJzh ;l onf?

Ttjrifjzifh =u!fv h #i/f c&D;&Snf csw D ufy}JG u;D onf }u;D rm;aom vufawG@ vkyaf qmif r_}uD; w&yfjzpfonf? vlEiS hf obm0t=um;u tEkyËdavmrusaom qufo, G rf u _ jkd yo!f/h O'g[&k%}f uD; wckjzpfonf? vlEiS hf obm0onf/ wOD;udw k OD; trSo D [J jyKae=u&onf? w+ydKifeufxw J iG f yËdyuQvnf; jzpfae=uonf? “yËdyuQEiS hf orl[w&m;/ qef@usijf cif;ESihf aygi;f pyfjcif; w&m;udk armfu ol. yËdyuQusr;f wGif &Si;f vif;pGm ËDum cs@J co hJ nf” [k uae'gEikd if H rwf*;D wuUov kd f ygarmuQ a'guw f m Edak rmhu a&;zl;onf? armfonf w&kwjf ynfow l @kd . ,Ofaus;r_ aemufcu H /kd aumif;aumif; oabmayguf onf? xd@k a=umifh rwf. tEkyËdavmr &ky0f g'udk w&kwjf ynforl sm;tm;/ yd@k cso!ft h cgwiG f a&S;a[mif; w&kwfpmay/ w&kwfjynfordkif;rS yHkjyifrsm;/ '¾m&Drsm;udk O'g[&k%f aqmifjyoGm;jcif; jzpfonf? a&S;a[mif; *E 0W ifusr;f jzpfo!fh “urf;em;a&pyf” 0wˆKEiS hf qGeZf ;l . “aoe*FAsK[musr;f ”wGif tEkyËdavmr &ky0f g'/ O'g[&k%rf sm;pGm yg&o dS nf[k armfu ajymcJzh ;l onf? ,iftef;wGif “yËdyuQusr;f ”udk yd@k cso!ft h cgY/ armfonf“cef;aqmifet D rd rf uf” [laom a&S;a[mif; *E 0W if 0wˆKwyk'rf S Oyrmrsm;udk ud;k um; yd@k csomG ;onf? rwf. tEkyËdavmr w&m;wGi/f qef@usib f ufw@kd . aygi;f pnf;r_[al om tajccHrl w&yf&o dS nf? armfu xdrk u l kd “wpfcu k kd ESpcf jk zpfatmif cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmjcif;” [k bmomjyefonf? xdak 0g[m&udk w&kww f ikd ;f em;vnf=uonf? tEkyËdavmr &ky0f g't& yËdyuQ[o l nf ae&mtES@H tjym;wGif wnf&adS e=uonf? (yËdyuQtES@H tjym; wnf&rdS ?_ ) armfu w&kww f @kd em;vnfv, G f atmif “wckukd ESpcf jk zpfatmif cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmjcif;” [lI t"dyg` ,zf iG chf o hJ nf? urBmavmu}uD;&Sd t&m0wˆKwdik ;f onf/ ajymif;vJvy_ &f mS ;ae=uonf? t&m0wˆK wd@k onf/ wckEiS w hf ck tjyeftvSef trSo D [JjyKum/ twdu k t f cHjzpfae=uonf? Ttwdu k t f cH jzpfr/_ yËdyuQjzpfrw _ @kd a=umif/h tqifo h pfw&yf jzpfxeG ;f vmonf? armfonf tEkyËdavmr w&m;udk t"dyg` ,zf iG &hf mY t&m0wˆKrsm;. jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ jzpfpOftwGi;f &S/d yËdyuQ. qef@usif zuf zufEpS cf o k nf/ wckuw kd ck trSo D [JjyKI ae&onf? woD;wjcm;wnf&I dS r&? arG;zGm;jcif; r&Sv d #if aoqH;k jcif;r&S?d txufr&Sv d #if atmuf&o dS nf[I l ajymp&mr&S?d 'kurQ &Sv d #if okc [lIvnf; r&S?d acsmarmjcif;r&Sv d #if cufcjJ cif;[lIvnf; r&S?d ajr&Sirf &Sv d #if oD;pm;[lI r&S?d "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; [lIr&Sv d #i/f ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;vnf; r&S?d e,fcs@J pepf. trsKd ;om; zdEydS rf _ r&Sv d #i/f udv k ekd ED iS hf udv k ekd D wydik ;f Edik if v H nf;r&S?d qef@usizf uf jzpfaom/ tpdwt f ykid ;f rsm; tm;vH;k onf/ Tod@k wnf&adS e=uonf? wpHw k ckaom ta=umif; a=umif; a=umifh wzufwiG f tjyeftvSef qufpyfae+yD;/ wzufwiG f tjyeftvSef qef@usiaf eonf? qufvufaz: jyygrnf?

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NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

{jyD ZGef {jyD 'DZifbm {jyD jo*kwfv atmufwdkbm {jyD {jyD ar ZGef pufwifbm

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NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N

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NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.2N