အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၅) အမွတ္ (၈) by derric maw

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jrefrmtrsdK;om;atmifyGJae@ udk todtrSwjf yKum wwdik ;f wjynf vHk;u atmifyGJobifrsm; qif,if usif;y=uonhf wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf 10 &uf a e h o nf trS e f t m;jzif h jrefrmouU&mZf 1282 ckESpf/t*Fvdyf ouU&mZf 1920 ckESpfu &efukef wuUodkvfESifh ,k'oefaumvdyfwdk hrS ausmif;om;}uD;rsm;onf t*FvdyfjAL&dk u&uf tpdk;&u jrefrmjynfESifh jrefrm vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf wDxGifvdkufonfh &ef u k e f w uU o d k v f tuf O ya'ud k uef h u G u f o nf h t aeES i f h ol w d k h . ausmif ; rsm;ud k oyd w f a rS m uf I xGufvmaomae hyifjzpf./ xdkausmif;om;}uD;rsm; oydwf arSmufI xGufvmaom ae honfum; jrefrmouU&mZf 1282 ckEpS f wefaqmif rkef;vqkwf 10 &uft*FvdyfouU&mZf 1920 ck E S p f 'D Z if b mv (5)&uf we*FaEGae yh ifjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfvufxufu jrefrmjynft&yf&yf&Sd EdkifiHa&;toif;rsm;. *sD / pD / bD atac: jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD;. 1921 ckESpf / atmufwdkbmvtwGif; rEWav;+rdK hY usif;yonfh jynfvHk; u|wEf pS yf wfvnf nDvmcHobif}u;D wGif uef u h u G o f l r&Sw d nDwnGww f nf; xdak umvdyaf usmif; om;}uD;rsm; olwdk h. ausmif;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufum xGufvmaom wefaqmifrkef; vqkwf 10&ufae hudk jrefrmtrsdK;om;atmifyGJae h[k owfrSwfqHk;jzwfvdkuf./ xdu k o hJ kd ah om aumvdyaf usmif;om;}u;D rsm; olwkd ah usmif;rsm;udk oydwaf rSmufI xGuf vmaomae hudk tb,fa=umifh jrefrmtrsdK;om;atmifyGJae h [k owfrSwf&ygoenf;/ xdkausmif;om;}uD;rsm;onf ynmqufvufI oif&ef ysif;&donfhtwGuf olwdk h. ausmif;rsm;udk oydwaf rSmuf+y;D xGuv f m=uonfr[kw/f jrefrmjynfEiS hf jrefrmwrsKd ;om;vH;k . tem *wfaumif;pm;a&;twGuf rdrw d kd yh nmoif=um;a&;ESihf wuG aemifa&;udyk g tqH;k &_;H tepfemcHum xGuv f m=ujcif;jzpf./ xdak cwfxt kd cgu t*Fvyd v f ufatmufwiG f jrefrmrsm;Edik if aH &; vdu k pf m;=u onf[k qdk&jim;aomfvnf; t*FvdyfjAL&dku&uftpdk;& jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;tzdk h tusdK;,kwfzG,f&m Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm; xkwfa0onfudk jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD;ESifhwuG EdkifiHa&;toif;rsm;u xdxd

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)

a&mufa&muf twku d t f cHjyKvyk jf cif;r&Syd J tpnf;ta0;rsm;ac:um jyKjyifay;&efpmjzifo h m toem; cH&Hk cH=u.// odk h toem;cHpmrsm;udk t*Fvdyf jAL&dku&uftpdk;& u ta&;r,l *&krpdkufbJaecJ@ v#if vnf; owday;pm ydk h&Hktjyif aemufwpfqifhwwfjcif;r&Sd/ bmr#jyKjyifray;aomfvnf; iHk hI om cHae=u.// xdk ha=umifh aumvdyfausmif;om;}uD;rsm;u &efukefwuUodkvf tufOya'udk uef@ uGuo f nft h aeESihf olwkd . h ausmif;rsm;udk oydwaf rSmufI wdu k jf cif;yifjzpf./ t*Fvyd v f ufatmuf jrefrmjynf&mZ0ifwGifxdkaumvdyfausmif;om;}uD;rsm; oydwfarSmufjcif;onf t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk ud, k x f v d ufa&muf wdu k cf u kd o f nfh yxrqH;k wdu k yf jJG zpf./

oydwaf rSmufjcif; 1920 ckEpS t f xd jrefrmjynfwiG f wuUov kd w f pfcrk # r&Sad o;acs/ xdt k cgu &efuek af um vdyfESifh,k'oefaumvdyfausmif;rsm;rSm umvuwWm; wuUodkvf vufatmufcHausmif;rsm;jzpf =u.// xdw k uUov dk rf S jyXmef;aomynm&yfrsm;udo k m oif=um;&+y;D xdw k uUov kd rf S ppfaom pmar; yGJrsm;udk ajzqdk=u&.// odk hjzifh 1920 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfY oDoef h wuUodkvf wpfckxm;&ef ,lq um jrefrmvlrsKd ;rsm;ESihf oifah omfrnf[ h k qdak om wuUov kd f Oya'=urf;udk t*Fvyd f jAL&du k &uftpd;k & ua&;qG. J / xdOk ya'=urf;udk 1920 ckEpS f ZGev f wGiw f ikd ;f jynfrS a0zefEikd &f ef a=unm.// xdk Oya' =urf;udk aphaphpyfpyfavhvmaomtcg jrefrmvlrsKd ;rsm; txufwef;ynmoif=um;Edik af &;udk rsm;pGm csKyfcs,fxm;jcif;udk awG h&.// xdk ha=umifh wdkif;jynft0Srf; +rdK hvHk;u|wf tpnf;ta0;rsm; ac:um wpfrsdK; / owif;pmrsm;rS a0zefIuef huGufjcif;rsm;u wpfzHk trsdK;rsdK; uef huGufcJh=u.// odk@&m wGif xdktcgu oHvufoD;[kac:aom t*Fvdyfvufaxmuf bk&ifcH qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf acgif;aqmifonfh jAL&dku&uftpdk;&u tenf;i,fr#r+zHK / rif;wdk hArmawG ynma&;udk bmem; vnfovJ [kqdkum wdkif;jynf. uef huGufcsufrsm;udk tvsif;ta&;r,lbJ vspfvsL&_I ae.// 1920 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 1 &ufae hrS pI xdkOya'=urf;udk twnfjyK+yD[k a=unmawmh./ xdt k cgu aumvdyaf usmifom;}u;D rsm;onf jrefrmjynfEikd if aH &;wGif ud, k x f v d ufa&muf aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;rjyKcJhaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfESifh jrefrmvlrsdK;wdk h. udpP[loIudk pdwf0ifpm; pGmavhvmcJ=h u.// odk Eh iS hf &efuek w f uUov kd f Oya'udk twnfjyKvu kd af omtcg xdOk ya'onf jrefrm vlrsdK;rsm; txufwef;ynm wwfajrmufa&;udk rsm;pGmcsKyfcs,fxm;a=umif; ESifh xdkOya'udk wdkif; jynfu uef huGufcJhjcif;wdk hudk odESifh+yD;jzpf&um; wdkif;jynfu uef huGufI r&cJhaom xdk&efukef wuUov kd f Oya'udk wpfenf;enf;jzifh wdu k zf su&f ef aqG;aEG;wdik yf if=u.//

oydwaf rSmuf&onfh ta=umif; oydwfarSmuf&jcif; ta=umif;jzpfonfh &efukefwuUodkvfOya'wGif jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm; txufwef;ynmroif=um;Edkif&ef csKyfcs,fonfh tcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/ (1) jrefrmjynfwGif xdk wuUodkvfwpfckwnf;om&Sd&rnf/ xdk wuUodkvfvufatmufwGif vnf; aumvdyfausmif; wpfausmif;wnf;om &Sd&rnf/ (2) xdkwpfausmif;wnf;aom aumvdyfonf &efukefrSm &Sd&rnf/ (3) xdkaumvdyfausmif;wGif pmoifvdkaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; jzpf&rnf// 26

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)

(4) rufx&D;=uL;av;&Sef;ac: wuUokdvf0ifpmar;yGJrxm;bJ tpdk;&u jyKvkyfaom [dkuf pul;zdkife,fac: q,fwef;pmar;yGJudk atmif&rnf/ odk h&mwGif atmifaomolrsm;rSm wuUodkvf odk 0h ifciG &hf &ef t*Fvyd b f momESihf tjcm;bmomwpfcw k iG f xl;c|epf mG wufajrmufI atmifjrif&rnf/ /(5) q,fwef;atmifI wuUodkvf0ifcGifh&aomfvnf; wuUodkvf ynm&yfrsm;udk wquf wnf; pI roif&ao;bJ xdk wuUodkvfynm&yfrsm;udk aumif;pGmvdkufEdkif&eftwGuf (Preliminary Clas ) ac: jyifqifr_ twef;wGif wpfESpfae&OD;rnf/ (6) xdkjyifqifr_twef;wGif wpfESpfaeaomfvnf; ESpfukefonfhtcg wuUodkvfynmrsm;udk vdu k Ef ikd &f ef t&nftcsi;f r&Sad o;[kqv kd #if wuUov kd yf nmudk qufvufoifciG hf &OD;rnfr[kwaf o;/ (7) a&;ajzpmar;yGJrsm;tjyif E_wfwdkufajzqdk&rnfh pmar;yGJrsm;vnf; &Sdao;.// (8) ody`Hwef;udkatmif+yD; 0dZ…mwef; *k%fxl;ESifh atmifaom olrSom r[m0dZ…mbGJ h pmar; yGJudk 0ifa&mufajzqdkEdkifcGifh&Sd./ 0dZ…mbGJ h &dk;&dk;atmif&Hkr#ESifh r[m0dZ…mbJG h pmar;yGJ r0ifEdkif/ (9) *k%fxl;ESifh 0dZ…mbGJ hwef;pmar;yGJ ody`Hwef;atmif+yD; 3 ESpf=umrS 0if&rnf/ (10) *k%fxl;ESifh 0dZ…mbGJ hwef;udk wpfcg0ifa&mufajzqdkI ratmifjrifv#if aemufxyf r0if Edkifawmhacs/ tjcm;tcsuf (5)csufavmuf&Sdao;.// xdktcsufwdk honfrsm;pGm ta&;r}uD;vS/ odk@ ESihf &Snv f sm;rnfp;kd aoma=umifx h nfI h rajymawmhyg/ Ttcsuf 10 csuEf iS yhf if oydwaf rSmufxu kd f a=umif;udk vHkavmufpGm xif&Sm;apEdkif./

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+yD; aumvdyfynm&yfrsm;udk wpfpyfwnf; roifEdkifao;bJ &efukef+rdK hodk hvma&mufum jyifqifr_ twef;wGif wpfESpfxyfrH ae&OD;rnfqdkv#if rnfr# ydkI aiGukeftusrsm;OD;rnfenf;/ 10wef;udk 10ESpfESifhatmif&ef wpfzufzufrS ta=umif;nDnGwf+yD; wpfESpfwpfwef; rSefrSefatmifygrS jzpfrnf xdktcsdefydkp&dwf udk trsm;tm;jzifh qif;&Jaomjrefrmrsm; wwfEdkif=urnfr[kwf/ 4if;jyif xdkjyif qifr_twef;wGif wpfESpfae+yD; aumvdyfausmif; tm%mydkifrsm;u aumvdyfynm&yfrsm; quf vufoif=um;Edkif&ef t&nftcsif; rjynfhpHkao;bl;[k qdkv#if qufvufI oifcGifh r&awmhacs/ [dkufpul;zdkife,fac: 10 wef;atmif&mwGif t*FvdyfbmomY xl;c|efpGmwwfa=umif; xif&Sm;ap &rnfqo kd nfrmS rnfr#tqift h wef;txd[v k nf; uefo h wfxm;jcif;r&So d nft h jyif rsm;aom tm; jzifh jrefrmausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tcsKyftcs,fwpfckjzpfonf[kom qdkEkdif./ rnfr# csKyfcs,f xm;avoenf/ xdk jh yif tjcm; tjcm;aom wuUov kd rf sm;uJo h dk h wuUov kd 0f ifpmar;yGw J pfck owf owfrxm;jcif;onf bmoabmenf;/ pOf;pm;Iom =unhfygukef/ 7 rS 10 txdtcsufrsm;// / Ttcsufrsm;udk +cHKIajym&rnfqdkv#if 4if;wdk honf jrefrmrsm; tzdk h txufwef;ynmwwfajrmufa&;wGif trsdK;rsdK; csKyfcs,fr_omjzpfonf/ umvuwWm;tp &Sdonfh tjcm;aom wuUodkvf Oya'rsm;wGif TuJhodk h csKyfcs,faom jyXmef;csufrsm;r&Sd/ txufazmfjyyg tcsuftm;vHk;udk aygif;pyfI a0zef&aomf t*FvdyfjAL&dku&uf tpdk; &onf jrefrmrsm;udk txufwef;ynma&;r&atmif vkyfxm;jcif;r#jzpf. / t*Fvdyfu jrefrm txufwef;ynmrwwfatmif bma=umifhvkyf&rnfenf[kar;v#if ajz&rnfrSm t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ h pepftwGif;&Sd urBmwpf0ufavmuf&Sdonfh t*Fvdyftkyfpdk;jcif;udk cHae&aom wdkif;jynfwdk hwGif jrefrmjynfESifh tdEdN,jynfonf t*Fvdyfrsm;tzdk h &wemcJ}uD;rsm;jzpf./ qef / pyg;/ opf/ a&eH / owWKtrsKd ;rsKd ;ESihf ausmufoyH wWjrm; rukeEf ikd f rcef;Edik f xGuaf om jrefrmjynfukd xdt k cgu e,fcs@J 0g'orm;tppfjzpfonfh t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf olwdk hvufatmufu vGwfoGm;ap&ef b,ftcgrS pdwrf ul;cJh / xd@k a=umifv h nf; 1921ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D ukeaf vmufwiG f jrefrmjynf vufaxmuf bk&if cH . tdENd,jynf bk&ifcHcsKyf}uD;xHodk h 14 &ufwpfywf tpD&ifcHpmwGif &efukefwuUodkvf oydwf arSmufonft h a&;udk xdxad &mufa&muf rEdrS ef if;v#if jrefrmjynfonf t*Fvyd v f ufatmufrS vGwf ajrmufomG ;&ef ta=umif;&So d nf[k a&;om;cJ. h / xdv k ufaxmufb&k ifcH ud, k w f ikd u f vnf; t*Fvyd f ukefonf}uD;rsm; ESpfywfvnf npmpm;yGJwGifausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufonfh ta&;udk ol. vufeufwdkuftwGif;&Sdor# vufeuftm;vHk;udk toHk;jyKum ESdrfeif;rnf[k }uHK;0g;. jrefrmawG txufwef;ynmrwwfv#if wd;k wufr&_ rdS nfr[kw/f wd;k wufrr_ &Sv d #if olw@kd vufatmif u|efoabmufb0wGif; olwdk hvkyfoIudk iHk hcHum jrefrmawG t&kd; t&if;pm;+yD; olwdk hu tqDtESpfudk xm0pOf oHk;pGJoGm;&efjzpf./ jrefrmawG txufwef;ynmrwwfv#if olwdk@ay; or# atmufwef;pm;tvkyftudkifrsm;ESifhom a&mifh&Jwif;wdrf+yD; olwdk htkyfcsKyfr_wGif 0ifa&mufrpGuzf ufEikd /f wpfenf;tm;jzifq h &kd v#if jrefrmrsm; txufwef;ynmrwwfI wd;k wufr_ r&Sdv#if olwdk hvufatmuf u|efb0rS vGwfajrmuf&ef b,fawmhrS }udK;pm;rnfr[kwf/ rSeyf gonf/ xdt k cgu &efuek af umvdyf ,k'oefaumvdyaf usmif;om;}u;D rsm;tzdk v h #if xdk &efuek w f uUov kd Of ya'onf rsm;pGmxdcu kd pf &mr&Sd / bDat/ bDtufpaD cg 0dZm odyH` txufwef; 28

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)

ausmif; om;}uD;rsm;twGuf pmar;yGJ usif;y&ef oHk;vomvdkawmh./ pmar;yGJ}uD;atmifjrifv#if olwdk h. ynmoif=um;a&;twGufvnf; &efukefwuUodkvfOya' twnfjzpfaomfvnf; 4if; wuUodkvfOya'wGif yg0ifjyXmef;csufrsmudk &kwfw&uf raqmif&Guf Edkifao;// aumvdyfausmif; wpfausmif;wnf; &Sd&rnfqdk&mwGif ,k'oefaumvdyfausmif;udk zsufypf&efESifh tm;vHk;aom aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm; ausmif;tdyaf usmif;pm;tjzpf aeEdik &f ef taqmuftOD;rsm; aqmufvyk f &efwdk hrSm tvG,fwulESifhr+yD;Edkif/ tenf;qHk; 5 ESpfausmfavmuf=umOD;rnf/ xdktcgu aumvdyf ausmif;rsm;wGif atmufqHk;twef;jzpfonfh ody`Hatmufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm 3 ESpf=umaom tcg 0dZmwef;udk atmif=uawmhrnf/ [du k pf ul;zdik v f ef ,fac: 10wef;atmifI t*Fvyd b f momESihf tjcm; bmomwpf&yfwGifxl;c|efpGm atmifjrif&rnfqdkaom jyXmef;csuf 10 wef;atmif+yD; aum vdyw f iG f jyifqifr_ twef;Y wpfEpS af e&rnfqakd om jyXmef;csuf tp&So d nfwkd o h nf olwu hkd kd vH;k 0 rxdcu kd /f xdk ah =umifh xdak umvdyaf usmif;om;}u;D rsm;. &efuek w f uUov kd u f kd uef u h u G I f xGuv f m =ujcif;rSm wu,ftppf rsKd ;csppf w d Ef iS hf wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsKd ; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf olwkd . h ynmoif =um;a&;ESifhwuG aemifa&;udkyg pGef hypftepfemcH=uonfudk ,HkrSm;p&mr&Sd/ olwdk hoydwfarSmuf vdkufonhftwGuf rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfonfvnf; tHk=uG+yD; aygufuGJI vmav&m wpfwdkif; wpfjynf vHk; EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;r_ jzpfvmum t*Fvdyftpdk;& vkyfor#udk acgif;iHkI rcHawmhacs/

trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifjcif; oydwaf rSmuf+y;D rsm;r=umrS 'DZifbmv 17 &ufae w h iG f oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;}u;D rsm;. 'DZifbmv 4 &ufae htpnf;ta0;qHk;jzwfcsuf trSwf 2 t& &efukefwuUodkvft"dywd jzpfaom vufaxmufb&k ifcx H o H kd h &efuek w f uUov kd Of ya'wGiyf gonfh jyKjyifay;&ef ta&;qdak om pmv$mwpfapmifukd wifoiG ;f =u.// xdpk mv$m. aemufq;kH tydik ;f wGif epfemcsurf sm;udk jyKjyifray;o I umvywfvHk; ausmif;rsm;udk jyefI rwwf[kvnf; yg./ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk,f pm; olwdk h. acgif;aqmif udkbOD;u xdkpmv$mudk vufrSwfxdk;vdkuf. odk h&mwGif jrefrmrsm;udk tvGet f xifao;aom vufaxmuf bk&ifcu H wm0efrhJ ausmif;om;wpfO;D wpfa,muf vufrw S f xdk;IwifoGif;aom pmv$mudk vufcHIpOf;pm;&efjiif;qdkdvdkuf./ wpfenf;tm;jzifh oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;}u;D rsm;awmif;qdo k nft h wdik ;f &efuek w f uUov dk Of ya'udk jyifray;Edik [ f k ajymjcif;yif jzpf. aemufrsm;r=umrD xdv k ufaxmuf bk&ifc. H wdww f qdwf pDrrH a_ =umifo h ydwaf rSmufausmif;om; rsm;. awmif;qdkcsuftwdkif; armfv+rdKif+rdK hrS 0wfvHkawmf& OD;cspfvStp&Sdonfh yk*~dKvf}uD; oHk;av; OD;wdk h vufrw S x f ;kd +y;D epfemcsurf sm;udk jyKjyifay;&ef toem;cHpmwpfapmifukd wifoiG ;f . xdt k oem; cHpmudk um; vufaxmufb&k ifcu H vufcpH Of;pm;. odk &h mwGif ta=umi;ftrsKd ;rsKd ;jyum bmwpf ckudkr# jyifI ray;acs/ T&mZ0ifa&;ol. bDattzGJ o h nf t*Fvyd t f pd;k &vufatmif &efuek f wuUov kd rf S & aom bJG hr[kwf/ 1921 ck / =o*kwfvwGif jrefrmjynftrsdK;om;ynma&;aumifpDrSusif;yonfh bDatpmar;yGJudk 0ifa&muf ajzqdkatmifjrihfcJh.xdktrsdKom; ynma&;aumifpDrS&cJhaom bDat bGJ hudk ,ck vGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynf &efukefwuUodkvfu 1952 ckESpfwGif vufcHtodtrSwfjyK vdkuf./ tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)

odk Eh iS hf oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm txl;ojzifh ausmif;om;i,frsm; pmoifrysuaf p&ef wpfwef;rS q,fwef;txd&adS om trsKd ;om;ausmif;rsm;udk wnfaxmifvu kd &f awmh./ xdak usmif; rsm;jzifv h nf; t*Fvyd jf AL&du k &uftpd;k &u jrefrmrsm; ynmrwwfatmif csKycf s,jf cif;udk wdu k zf suf &ef &nf&G,f./ xdktrsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif aumvdyfoydwfarSmufausmif;om;}uD;rsm;ESifh wuG 7 wef; / 10wef; oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;onf 0ifa&mufI q&mvky=f u&.// xdo k ydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm rsdK;cspfpdwf tvGefw&m xufoef&um; rnfonfht&yfudkrqdk jiif;y,fjcif; r&SdbJ oGm;a&mufI xdkt&yfrsm;&Sd trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif tenf;i,fr#aom vcESifh q&m vky=f u.// trsKd ;om;ausmif;rsm;rS 10wef;atmifaomolrsm;twGuf qufvufI pmoif=um;Edik f &efukef+rdK h/ A[ef;&yfwGif trsdK;om;aumvdyfausmif; wpfausmif;wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfay;./ trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wnfaxmifzGifhvSpf&mwGif ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;. omref ynma&;udkomt"du xm;cJhonf r[kwf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;&Sd ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; tm; rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfoGif;ay;+yD; jrefrmjynf t*Fvdyfvufatmuf u|efoabmufb0u vGwf ajrmufa&;udkyg &nf&G,fcJh./ Ttwdkif;rSefonfh ta=umif;udk oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;aumif pD(University Boy Cotter Council) rS 1920 jynfhESpf 'DZifbmv 14 &uf ae hY A[ef;wGif trsdK;om;ynma&; (National Education in Bahan)[k acgif;wyfxkwfjyefa=u nmcsufwGif “trdjrefrmjynfudk cspf&ef / vlrsdK;. ydkrdkt&ma&mufaom ta=umif;udpPrsm;wGif udk,fusdK;jzKwfypfEdkif&ef rdrdaoaomfvnf; rdrdtrsdK;udk cspfaompdwfraoEdkif&efwdk honf A[ef;&Sd trsKd ;om;ausmif;rsm;. [ke;f [ke;f awmuf &nf&, G cf surf sm;”[kxw k af zmfajymqdjk cif;ESihf 1920 jynfh ESpf 'DZifbmv 11&ufae Yh “u|Eykf w f kd o h nf rsKd ;aphcsaomolrsm;jzpfonf” (WE are the Sowers) [kacgif;wyfum xkwfjyefa=unmcsufwGif “trsdK;om;ynma&;. aemufqHk;&nf&G,fcsufonf trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;yg/ jrefrmvlrsdK;wdk t*Fvdyf vufatmufvGwfajrmufa&;yifwnf;”[k xkwaf zmfajymqdck jhJ cif;wdk u h kd =unhjf cif;tm;jzif xif&mS ;Edik af vmufonf/ T&nf&, G cf surf sm;ESihf vdu k f avsmnDtrsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmef wuf =uG&efESifh rsdK;cspfpdwf&Sd=u&efwdk hudk oif=um;apcJh./ odk hoif=um;cJhonfh twdkif;vnf; a&eHacsmif; +rdK h/ trsdK;om;ausmif;xGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqefonf jrefrmjynf. vGwfvyfa&;udk t& wdkuf,l cJh onfr[kwfygvm;//

oydwaf rSmufjcif;ESi hf trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;. tusdK; txufwpfae&mwGiaf &;om;cJo h nht f wdik ;f t*Fvyd v f ufatmufjrefrmjynfwiG f 1920 jynfhESpf aumvdyfausmif;om;}uD;rsm; oydwfarSmufta&;awmfyHktxd jrefrmwdk hrSm t*FvdyfjAL&dk u&uf tpdk;&u pDrHjyKvkyfoIudk acgif;iHk hIom cHvmcJh=u&.// odk hjzpf&jcif;rSm EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;r_ r&So d nft h wGuf t*Fvyd f tpd;k &udk ,SO+f yKd iu f m xdxad &mufa&mufajymcGihf qdck iG hf &Srd eS ;f rodIyifwnf;/ ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufI xGufvmwm t*Fvdyftpdk;&. tjypftemtqmrsm;udk yGifhyGifh vi;fvif;azmfxkwfI t*Fvdyftpdk;&u b,fodkh / t*Fvdyftpdk;&u b,fnm ponfhwdk hudk &J&Jawmuf a[majym=uaomtcgrS a=omf h h ht*Fvdyftpdk;&udkvnf; TuJhodk h ajymcGifh&Sdygovm; 30

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)

[k odvm=uawmh./ odk o h v d m=uonfEiS hf wpf+yKd ief uf jrefrmrsm;. rdsK;csppf w d "f gwo f nf jyif;xef pGm ayguu f x JG u G af y:vm. 1917 ckESpfu tdEdN,jynf&Sd b*Fvm; / bHkbdkif / rm&yf / yef*syf tp&Sdonfh e,fy,frsm; udk 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;ay;aomtcg jrefrmjynfonf tdEdN,tifydkif,mtwGif; xdkjynfe,frsm;uJh odk h jynfe,fwpfckjzpfaomfvnf; bDatatmifol 400 r# r&Sdao;I 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh rwef ao;[kqdkum ray;bJ xdk'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;xuf rsm;pGm,kwfnH haom u&ufa'gufpDrHudef; (Crado d ck eS eh me) [kac:aom vufaxmufb&k ifcH a&;qGo J nhf tkycf sKyaf &;udak y;&ef&nf&, G cf . hJ odk h&mwGif jrefrmrsm;u vef'ef+rdK hawmfodk h udk,fpm;vS,frsm;v$wfI 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;ay;&ef ta&;qdkcJhonfhtwGuf 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; ay;&efudkum; uwdray;bJ u&ufa'gufpDrHudef;t& tkycf sKyaf &;udk qdik ;f iHI h xm;.// 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;udk t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u ay;&efr&nf&, G /f aumvdyf ausmif;om;}uD;rsm; oydwfarSmufI EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;r_ ay:vmaomtcg jrefrmrsm;u 'dkiftmcDudk aomfrS tvdkr&Sd / [krR&l; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk awmif;qdkawmh./ xdktcgusrS t*Fvdyftpdk;& u jrefrmjynfudk 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; ray;bJaevdk h rjzpf+yD[k ,lqum 1922 ckESpfwGif 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;ay;awmh./ jrefrmrsm;ESifh rwef[k yxr u ay;&efjiify,fcJhaom 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; udk aemufq;kH Y ay;&jcif;rSm aumvdyaf usmif;om;}u;D rsm;u olwkd . h ausmif;rsm;udk oydwaf rSmuf I t*Fvdyf tpdk;&udk wdkufyGJqifcJhaoma=umifhyifwnf;/ t*Fvyd jf refrm 2 bmom pmoifausmif;rsm;rSm xdt k cgu tpd;k &u zGiv hf pS w f nfaxmif xm;aom ausmif;rsm; tvGefenf;.// wpfjynfvHk;twGuf 50 jynfhatmifr&Sd / &efukef+rdK hwGif 10 wef;ausmif; wpfausmif;om&Sd+yD; / +rdK h}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh rEWav; / a&$bdk / rdxDWvm / jrif;+cH / yck uUL tp&Sdonfh +rdK h}uD;rsm;wGif 10 wef;ausmif; a0;pG / 7 wef;ausmif;aomfrS wpfausmif;r# r&Sd / +rdK@i,f awm&Gmrsm;twGuf udkum;xnfhI pOf;pm;yHkr#ray: / jrefrmpm oufoufudk bkef;}uD; ausmif;rsm;Y oifay;&.// xkd ha=umifh jrefrmrsm; ynmoif=um;&ef tcGifhta&; tvGefenf;. jrefrmjynfudk t*Fvdyfpu jrefrmjynfwGif jrefrmpmudk a&;zwfwwfolvl 100 v#if 85 a,muf &S. d t*Fvyd t f yk cf sKyv f mI 1920 jynfEh pS o f kd h a&mufaomtcg jrefrmpmudak omfrS a&;wwfol 100 v#if 35a,mufr# &Sd./ jrefrmrsm;. ynma&;onf Tr# atmufwef;usI ae.// trsdK;om; ausmif;rsm; ay:aygufvmawmhrSyif jrefrmtajrmuftjrm; +rdK ha&m awmygrusef t*FvdyfpmESifh jrefrmpmudk tcsed w f w kd kd p&dwu f sO;f usO;f ESihf oifciG &hf =u.// wpf}urd w f pfcgu jrefrmjynfwiG f trsKd ; om;ausmif;rsm; 145 ausmif;r#&SdcJh./ aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufjcif; ESifh trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; wnfaxmif cJhjcif;wdk h. jrefrmjynfESifh jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;tzdk h tusdK;rsm;yHkudk vHk;aph ywfaph pDumywfuHk; a&; &rnfqdkv#if tvGef&Snfvsm;rnfjzpfaoma=umifh atmufygtwdkif;twdkcsHK;I a&;jyygawmhtHh/ (1) aumvdyfausmif;om;}uD;rsm; olwdk h.ausmif;rsm;udk oydwfarSmuf+yD; wdkif;jynfodk h vSnfhvnfum w&m;a[mv_H haqmfr_a=umifh udef;atmif;aeaom jrefrm;rsm;. rsdK;cspfpdwfonf rD;awmifaygufuGJonfh yrm aygufxGufvm+yD; EdkifiHa&; Edk;=um;r_jzpfvm.// (2) odk Eh ikd if aH &;Ek;d =um;r_jzpfvmonht f wdik ;f 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;udak omfrS rauseyfbJ [kr&R ;l tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)

udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk awmif;qdkvm=uawmh./ (3) odk v h ;kH 0 vGwv f yfa&;eD;ygr# tcGit hf a&;&Sad om [kr&R ;l ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyaf &;udk awmif;qdk awmhrSyif tvsufu ray;bJxm;cJhaom 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk ay;awmh./ (4) 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;onf tqift h wef;rsm;pGmjrifo h nf[k rqdo k maomfvnf; ,cif jAL&dk u&uf tkyfcsKyfa&;xuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm om+yD; wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfr_wGif jrefrmwdk hrSm txufqHk; rSm atmuftxd 0ifa&muftkyfcsKyfcGifh&Sd./ (5) 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;&onfESifh wpf+ydKifeuf tpdk;&vufatmufESifh t*FvdyfukefoG,fr_ vkyfief;}uD;rsm;wGif jrefrmrsm; b,ftcgu rar#mfvifhcJhaom &mxl;}uD;rsm;&=u.// jrefrmrsm; vnf; vlyguvm;[k t*FvdyfESifh tjcm;EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;. todtrSwfjyKjcif;udk cH&.// (6) trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;ay:aygufvmonfhtwGufjrefrmtajrmuftrsm; qif;&Jcsrf;om ra&G; tcsdefwdk p&dwfusOf;usOf;ESifh ynmoif=um;cGifh &=u.// (7) trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif Ak'<bmom oifcef;pmrsm; udk oif=um;jyo&m Ak'<omoem vnf; ydkrdkxGef;um;vm. (8) trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;udk pI wnfaxmifpOfu jrefrmjynf. t*FvdyfvufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&;udk t"duxm;cJhonfhtwdkif; xdkausmif;rsm;&Sdausmif;om;rsm;udk ZmwdaoG; / Zmwd rmef / rsdK;cspfpdwfrsm; arG;jrLwuf=uGvm&ef oif=um;vH_ haqmfay;cJh. (9) odk hoif=um;ay;cJhonfhtavsmuf jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk &atmif acgif;aqmifI wdkufcJhaom AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;onf a&eHacsmif;trsdK;om;ausmif;rS 10 wef;atmifoljzpf. (10) txufygtcsurf sm;udk qufpyfI =unhv f #if 1282ckEpS f u aumvdyaf usmif;om; }u;D rsm; olwdk h. ausmif;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufI xGufcJhjcif;onf jrefrmjynf t*FvdyfvufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf yxrqH;k wdu k yf jJG zpf. xdk ha=umifh aumvdyfausmif;om;}uD;rsm; &efukefwuUodkvf Oya'udk uef huGufonfh taeESifh olwdk h. ausmif;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufI xGufcJhaom wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf 10&ufae h onf jrefrmjynf t*Fvyd v f ufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufonftxd jrefrmrsm;tzdk t h usKd ;xl;rsm; jzpfay: ap&um; urBmausaomfvnf; O'ge;f rausqo kd uJo h kd h wefaqmifrek ;f vqkwf 10&ufae u h kd ESppf Of ESpfwdkif;owd&um jrefrmwrsdK;om;vHk; *k%f,lEdkif=uygapownf;/ 4if;jyif jrefrmrsm;tzdk h Tr#tusKkd ;xl;apaom xkt dk rsKd ;om;ae u h kd jzpfay:atmifzefw;D vm=uaomoydwaf rSmufausmif;om;}u;D rsm;udk rarhtyf/ txl;ojzifh xdk &efuek w f uUov kd f tuf Oya'udk xkdoydwfarSmufausmif;om;}uD;rsm;tm; bmr# xdckdufepfemap&ef rjzpfEdkifaomfvnf; olwdkh. rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfESifh jrefrmtrsdK;om; aemifvm aemufom;rsm; aumifpm;a&;twGuf olwkd . lh ynmoif=um;a&;ESiw hf uG aemiftvm;tvmrsm;udyk g pGef yh pfum tepfemcH cJ=h uonfukd tpOft+rJ owd&=u+y;D jrefrmwdik ;f jrefrmwdik ;f onf olwkd . h pdw"f gwrf sKd ; arG;jrLEdik =f uygap ownf;/ / (jrefrmopf r*~Zif;rS&,laz:jyygonf?) 32

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)

OD;bOD;

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armifpdk;csdef (u) trsKd ;om;ynma&; v_y&f mS ;r_onf e,fcs@J +Aw d o d # udv k ekd . D udv k ekd D ynma&;pepfa=umihf ay:xGufvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? 1920 ausmif;om;oydwfonf udkvdkeDynma&;udk tHwk qef@usifvdkufo!fh v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_onf e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om; pd w f " gwf u d k w[k e f x d k ; xG e f ; awmuf apcJ h o nf ? yxrqH k ; t}ud r f jynf v H k ; u|wf ausmif;om;oydwfwdkufyGJ/ xdkv_yf&Sm;r_udk tpGJjyK *k%fjyKaom tm;jzihf &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm; oydwaf rSmufco hJ nf? wefaqmifrek ;f vqkwf (10) &ufae@udk trsKd ;om;ae@tjzpf owfrw S v f u kd =f uonf? *s-D pD-bD-at/ e0rt}urd af jrmuf rEWav; uGezf &ifu h owfrw S cf jhJ cif; jzpfonf? ord k i f ; 0if tjzpf t ysuf w ck / v_ y f & S m ;r_ w&yf o nf / ta=umif ; w&m;rJ h p G m jzpfay:vmcJhjcif; r[kwf? wqifh+yD; wqifh tdkvDppfuGif;qufrsm;ozG,f wckESifhwck qufpyfaecJo h nf? 1920 ausmif;om; oydwu f kd ol@a&S@u oydww f u kd yf rJG sm;/ Edik if aH &;wdu k yf rJG sm;u tvif;a&mifay;um/ u|efynm qef@usifr_ twGuf wGef;ydk@ay;cJhonf? 1915 a&eHacsmif;/ a&eHajr yxrqHk; tvkyform;oydwf/ 1917 a&eHacsmif; bD-tdk-pD ta&;rsm;. oydwf/ xdkoydwfwdkufyGJrsm;wGif atmifyGJrsm; &&SdcJ=uonf? xd@k aemuf 1920 udv k ekd D u|eyf nma&; pepfu/kd qef@usif awmfveS o f !fh wuUov kd f aumvdyfESihf txufwef;ausmif;rsm;. oydwfwdkufyGJ/ 1920 'DZifbm (5) &uf/ ( 1282 ck wefaqmif; rkef;vjy!fhausmf 10 &uf) wGif e,fcsJ@ +Adwdo# tpdk;&. ,leDbmpDwD tufOya'udk vHk;0 uef@uGufa=umif; qENjyo!fhtaejzihf/ oydwfarSmufa=umif; qHk;jzwfa=unmvdkufonf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)

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Weekly Eleven

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)

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cif+idrf;opf (hae@opfr'D , D mrS)

http://www.naytthit.net/ 82

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tm%mod r f ; yG J jynfwGif;ppfESihf trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; ppfyGJ 1946 - 49 jynfwGif;ppf. ed'gef;tjzpf csefau&Sdwfu usefpk-tefa0S; a'oudk wyfom;aygif; (120000) (wyfr 18 ck) jzifh xdk;ppfqifonf? Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae@wGif armfa&;o!fh !$e=f um;csuu f kd A[kad umfrwD u xkwjf yefonf? xdk !$e=f um;csurf mS “cseaf u&Sw d . f xd;k ppftm; k !fh pmwrf; jzpfonf? “u|eaf wmfw@kd onf ud, k u hf u kd , kd f umuG,af om ppfjzihf acsre_ ;f =u ” qdo csefau&Sdwfudk tEdkifwdkufEdkifonf? Ttcsufudk wygwDvHk; wif;jy!fh usyfjy!fh ,Hk=unf&rnf ” [k az: jyxm;onf? ckcHa&; ppfaoe*FAsK[mudk armfudk,fwdkif tao;pdwf a&;qGJonf? armfonf cseaf u&Sw d f ta=umif;udk aumif;aumif;odonf? cseaf u&Sw d f ppfwu kd yf u kH kd od+y;D om; jzpfonf? pifppf cseaf u&Sw d f onf aoe*FAsK[mr_; wa,mufr[kw?f uGejf rLepfw@kd . wdu k yf pJG Ofrsm;onf ppfyGJ oufoufr[kwf? vlr_awmfvSefa&; jzpfonf? xdk@a=umihf armfonf ppfy&d,m,f jy\emrsm;udkomru/ ajr,mjyKjyifa&; b¾ma&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf 0g'jzef@csDa&;wdk@ESifh ywfoufIvnf; pmwrf;rsm; a&;onf? txl;ojzifh xdk vkyfief;rsm;onf vGwfajrmuf+yD; refcsL;&D;,m;jynfe,fwGif rsm;pGmta&;}uD;onf? armfu wnf+idrf o!fh tajccHa'orsm; wnfaqmuf&ef/ xdak 'orsm;udk +rdK@}u;D rsm;ESihf axmufyaHh &; vrf;a=umif;rsm; teD;wGif r[kwyf /J vHk+cHKo!fh a'orsm;wGif wnfaqmuf&ef ajymcJhonf? ppftajctae wckvHk;tm;/ !$ef=um;o!fh w&m;rsm;udk/ qnf;yl;avhvmo!fhtcg eufeufeeJ J awG;awm}uq H rS jzpfrnf? ta=umif;rl tajctaewckv;kH ESiq hf ikd af om t&mrsm;udk rsuf p d j zif h rjrif E d k i f ? euf e uf e J e J awG ; awm }uH q jcif ; rS t y/ tjcm;enf ; vrf ; rsm;jzif h rodEdkifaoma=umihf jzpfonf?---aoe*FAsK[m jy\emrsm;rSm &efolESifh u|efawmfwdk@ qufpyfaer_udk axmuf&_a&;/ tajctaewckvHk;ESihf oufqdkifo!fh tpdwftydkif;tcsdK@wdk@udk axmuf&a_ &;/ tajctae wckv;kH xJu xl;jcm;csurf sm;udk axmuf&a_ &;/ a&S@wef; ppfrsuEf mS ESihf ppfaemufydkif; a'owdk@. qufpyfaer_udk axmuf&_a&;? “qHk;yg;r_ESifh jz!fhwif;r_/ wdkufcdkufr_ESihf tem;,lr_/ pkpnf;r_ESihf jzef@cGJr_/ xdk;ppfESihf cHppf/ twufESifh tqkwf/ zkef;uG,fjcif;ESihf rzkef;uG,fjcif;/ t"du wdkufr!fhbufESihf tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)

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t&Hwu kd rf !hb f uf/ pkpnf; !$e=f um;r_EiS fh jzef@cGJ !$e=f um;r_/ a&&Snpf pfEiS fh tjrefq;kH tqH;k owfppf/ ae&m,lppfESihf v_yf&Sm;ppf/ udk,fhwyfESihfr[mrdwfwyf/ TwyfrsdK;ESifh xdkwyfrsdK;/ acgif;aqmifESihf vuf a tmuf i ,f o m;/ au'grsm;ES i f h ppf o m;rsm;/ ppf o m;a[mif ; ES i h f ppf o m;opf / tqifjh rifah u'gEiS hf tqifeh rd hf au'g/ 0g&ifah u'gEiS fh 0gEk au'g/ a'oeDEiS hf a'ojzL/ a'oa[mif;ESihf a'oopf/ A[kda'oESifh tpGeftzsm;a'o/ yltdkufaom&moD ESifh csrf;at;aom &moD/ tEdkifESifh t&_H;/ wyfzGJ@pk}uD;ESifh wyfpGJpk uav;/ t+rJwrf;wyfESihf ajymufusm;wyf &efoludk okwfoifacsr_ef;jcif;ESifh vlxkaxmufcHr_&jcif;/ wyfeDawmfudk wdk;csJ@jcif;ESifh cdkif+rJatmif vkyfjcif;/ ppfa&;vkyfief;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;/ twdwfwm0efESifh ypPKy`efwm0ef/ ypPKy`efwm0efESifh tem8gwfwm0ef/ twnfwus ppfa=umif;ESifh a&G@vsm;aeaom ppfa=umif;/ jynfwGif;ppfESihf trsdK;om;ppf po!fh jy\emrsm; t=um;&Sd/ uGJjym;jcm;em;r_ESifh qufpyfr_wdk@udk axmuf&_a&; ” ( “w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&; ppfyGJ. aoe*FAsK[m jy\emrsm;” vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ/ 1) ZlvdkifvwGif csefau&Sdwfonf tar&duefxHrS a':vm oef; (500) ESifh a':vm oef; (500) bd;k vufeufrsm; &onf? cseaf u&Sw d o f nf refcsL;&D;,m;wGif pcef;csaeo!fh ol@wyfrsm;udk xdak iGjzifh axmufyo hH nf? od@k &mwGif jynfow l @kd u &xm;vrf;rsm;udk zsu=f uonf? oHvrf;rsm;udk jzKwu f m awmifay:od@k ,lomG ;=uonf? cseaf u&Sw d w f iG f rD;&xm;rsm;&Sad omfvnf; oHvrf;rsm; r&Sd? csefau&Sdwf onf ol@wyfr_;rsm;udkvnf; olr,Hk? wyfr_;rsm;u trdef@wrsdK;xkwfI/ olu wrsdK; xkwfonf? ol jzKwfcsifoludk jzKwfI/ ol cef@csifoludk cef@onf? xdk@a=umifh rnfo!fht&mudkr# &J & J 0 H h 0 H h rvk yf & J =u? ol @wyf rsm;onf ,ck w d k i f pnf ;urf ;r&S d ? iwfjywfae=uolrsm; jzpfonf? awmu v,form;rsm;udk vufjyef }uKd ;csnI f ppfxJ qGo J iG ;f um/ ppfoifwef; ay;=uonf? wcsdK@ vrf;wGif iwfI ao=uonf? armfu jynfwiG ;f ppf wdu k &f if;/ 0g'jzef@csaD &;vkyif ef; vkyo f nf? zrf;rdaom oH@k yef;rsm;udk aumif;pGm jyKpkonf? odk@jzifh ulrifwef wyfom;rsm;pGm wyfeDawmfxJodk@ 0ifvm=uonf? armhfbufwGif wyfr_;aumif;rsm; &Sdonf? jynfol&Sdonf? uGefjrLepfygwD&Sdonf? ygwDonf nD!Gwfaom/ pnf;urf;&Sd aom &dk;om;aom ygwDjzpfonf? armfu 1946 ckESpfonf “aoe*FAsK[m cHppf” umv[k owfrw S f onf? enf;y&d,m,frmS v_y&f mS ;ppfyJG enf;y&d,m,f jzpfonf? csefaau&Sdwfu +rdK@}uD;rsm;odrf;v#if odrf;ygap? cGifhjyKxm;onf/ vltiftm;ESifh vufeuftiftm;udk ac|wm&rnf? ,m,DpGef@v$wfr_rsm;onf a&SmifvGJr&&Hkr#ru/ vdkvnf; vdt k yfonf[k armf ,lqonf? xd@k a=umihf ajryHu k kd =u!fI h ppftajctaeudk avhvmaeonf? urBm}u;D tzd@k +rKd @}u;D rsm; odr;f ydu k x f m;Edik o f !fh cseaf u&Sw d u f kd =u!fu h m cseaf u&Sw d f tEdik &f ae+y?D uGefjrLepfawG &_H;ae+yD[k xifp&m jzpfaeonf? Todk@ xifp&m jzpfatmifvnf; armfu wrifzefw;D xm;onf? aoe*FAsK[m cHppfumv yxrESpfwGif armfonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udkom/ t"du pOf;pm;ae onf? udk,fhzmom zlvHk&ef ukefxkwfvkyfa&;udk wGef;wif&rnf? pm;eyf&duQmESihf t0wftxnf vHkavmufatmif vkyf&rnf? tdrfwdkif; csnfiif&rnf[k aqmf=oonf? 1936 106

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