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jrefrmtrsdK;om;atmifyGJae@ udk todtrSwjf yKum wwdik ;f wjynf vHk;u atmifyGJobifrsm; qif,if usif;y=uonhf wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf 10 &uf a e h o nf trS e f t m;jzif h jrefrmouU&mZf 1282 ckESpf/t*Fvdyf ouU&mZf 1920 ckESpfu &efukef wuUodkvfESifh ,k'oefaumvdyfwdk hrS ausmif;om;}uD;rsm;onf t*FvdyfjAL&dk u&uf tpdk;&u jrefrmjynfESifh jrefrm vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf wDxGifvdkufonfh &ef u k e f w uU o d k v f tuf O ya'ud k uef h u G u f o nf h t aeES i f h ol w d k h . ausmif ; rsm;ud k oyd w f a rS m uf I xGufvmaomae hyifjzpf./ xdkausmif;om;}uD;rsm; oydwf arSmufI xGufvmaom ae honfum; jrefrmouU&mZf 1282 ckEpS f wefaqmif rkef;vqkwf 10 &uft*FvdyfouU&mZf 1920 ck E S p f 'D Z if b mv (5)&uf we*FaEGae yh ifjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfvufxufu jrefrmjynft&yf&yf&Sd EdkifiHa&;toif;rsm;. *sD / pD / bD atac: jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD;. 1921 ckESpf / atmufwdkbmvtwGif; rEWav;+rdK hY usif;yonfh jynfvHk; u|wEf pS yf wfvnf nDvmcHobif}u;D wGif uef u h u G o f l r&Sw d nDwnGww f nf; xdak umvdyaf usmif; om;}uD;rsm; olwdk h. ausmif;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufum xGufvmaom wefaqmifrkef; vqkwf 10&ufae hudk jrefrmtrsdK;om;atmifyGJae h[k owfrSwfqHk;jzwfvdkuf./ xdu k o hJ kd ah om aumvdyaf usmif;om;}u;D rsm; olwkd ah usmif;rsm;udk oydwaf rSmufI xGuf vmaomae hudk tb,fa=umifh jrefrmtrsdK;om;atmifyGJae h [k owfrSwf&ygoenf;/ xdkausmif;om;}uD;rsm;onf ynmqufvufI oif&ef ysif;&donfhtwGuf olwdk h. ausmif;rsm;udk oydwaf rSmuf+y;D xGuv f m=uonfr[kw/f jrefrmjynfEiS hf jrefrmwrsKd ;om;vH;k . tem *wfaumif;pm;a&;twGuf rdrw d kd yh nmoif=um;a&;ESihf wuG aemifa&;udyk g tqH;k &_;H tepfemcHum xGuv f m=ujcif;jzpf./ xdak cwfxt kd cgu t*Fvyd v f ufatmufwiG f jrefrmrsm;Edik if aH &; vdu k pf m;=u onf[k qdk&jim;aomfvnf; t*FvdyfjAL&dku&uftpdk;& jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;tzdk h tusdK;,kwfzG,f&m Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm; xkwfa0onfudk jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD;ESifhwuG EdkifiHa&;toif;rsm;u xdxd
OD;bOD;
tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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a&mufa&muf twku d t f cHjyKvyk jf cif;r&Syd J tpnf;ta0;rsm;ac:um jyKjyifay;&efpmjzifo h m toem; cH&Hk cH=u.// odk h toem;cHpmrsm;udk t*Fvdyf jAL&dku&uftpdk;& u ta&;r,l *&krpdkufbJaecJ@ v#if vnf; owday;pm ydk h&Hktjyif aemufwpfqifhwwfjcif;r&Sd/ bmr#jyKjyifray;aomfvnf; iHk hI om cHae=u.// xdk ha=umifh aumvdyfausmif;om;}uD;rsm;u &efukefwuUodkvf tufOya'udk uef@ uGuo f nft h aeESihf olwkd . h ausmif;rsm;udk oydwaf rSmufI wdu k jf cif;yifjzpf./ t*Fvyd v f ufatmuf jrefrmjynf&mZ0ifwGifxdkaumvdyfausmif;om;}uD;rsm; oydwfarSmufjcif;onf t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk ud, k x f v d ufa&muf wdu k cf u kd o f nfh yxrqH;k wdu k yf jJG zpf./
oydwaf rSmufjcif; 1920 ckEpS t f xd jrefrmjynfwiG f wuUov kd w f pfcrk # r&Sad o;acs/ xdt k cgu &efuek af um vdyfESifh,k'oefaumvdyfausmif;rsm;rSm umvuwWm; wuUodkvf vufatmufcHausmif;rsm;jzpf =u.// xdw k uUov dk rf S jyXmef;aomynm&yfrsm;udo k m oif=um;&+y;D xdw k uUov kd rf S ppfaom pmar; yGJrsm;udk ajzqdk=u&.// odk hjzifh 1920 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfY oDoef h wuUodkvf wpfckxm;&ef ,lq um jrefrmvlrsKd ;rsm;ESihf oifah omfrnf[ h k qdak om wuUov kd f Oya'=urf;udk t*Fvyd f jAL&du k &uftpd;k & ua&;qG. J / xdOk ya'=urf;udk 1920 ckEpS f ZGev f wGiw f ikd ;f jynfrS a0zefEikd &f ef a=unm.// xdk Oya' =urf;udk aphaphpyfpyfavhvmaomtcg jrefrmvlrsKd ;rsm; txufwef;ynmoif=um;Edik af &;udk rsm;pGm csKyfcs,fxm;jcif;udk awG h&.// xdk ha=umifh wdkif;jynft0Srf; +rdK hvHk;u|wf tpnf;ta0;rsm; ac:um wpfrsdK; / owif;pmrsm;rS a0zefIuef huGufjcif;rsm;u wpfzHk trsdK;rsdK; uef huGufcJh=u.// odk@&m wGif xdktcgu oHvufoD;[kac:aom t*Fvdyfvufaxmuf bk&ifcH qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf acgif;aqmifonfh jAL&dku&uftpdk;&u tenf;i,fr#r+zHK / rif;wdk hArmawG ynma&;udk bmem; vnfovJ [kqdkum wdkif;jynf. uef huGufcsufrsm;udk tvsif;ta&;r,lbJ vspfvsL&_I ae.// 1920 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 1 &ufae hrS pI xdkOya'=urf;udk twnfjyK+yD[k a=unmawmh./ xdt k cgu aumvdyaf usmifom;}u;D rsm;onf jrefrmjynfEikd if aH &;wGif ud, k x f v d ufa&muf aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;rjyKcJhaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfESifh jrefrmvlrsdK;wdk h. udpP[loIudk pdwf0ifpm; pGmavhvmcJ=h u.// odk Eh iS hf &efuek w f uUov kd f Oya'udk twnfjyKvu kd af omtcg xdOk ya'onf jrefrm vlrsdK;rsm; txufwef;ynm wwfajrmufa&;udk rsm;pGmcsKyfcs,fxm;a=umif; ESifh xdkOya'udk wdkif; jynfu uef huGufcJhjcif;wdk hudk odESifh+yD;jzpf&um; wdkif;jynfu uef huGufI r&cJhaom xdk&efukef wuUov kd f Oya'udk wpfenf;enf;jzifh wdu k zf su&f ef aqG;aEG;wdik yf if=u.//
oydwaf rSmuf&onfh ta=umif; oydwfarSmuf&jcif; ta=umif;jzpfonfh &efukefwuUodkvfOya'wGif jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm; txufwef;ynmroif=um;Edkif&ef csKyfcs,fonfh tcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/ (1) jrefrmjynfwGif xdk wuUodkvfwpfckwnf;om&Sd&rnf/ xdk wuUodkvfvufatmufwGif vnf; aumvdyfausmif; wpfausmif;wnf;om &Sd&rnf/ (2) xdkwpfausmif;wnf;aom aumvdyfonf &efukefrSm &Sd&rnf/ (3) xdkaumvdyfausmif;wGif pmoifvdkaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; jzpf&rnf// 26
tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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(4) rufx&D;=uL;av;&Sef;ac: wuUokdvf0ifpmar;yGJrxm;bJ tpdk;&u jyKvkyfaom [dkuf pul;zdkife,fac: q,fwef;pmar;yGJudk atmif&rnf/ odk h&mwGif atmifaomolrsm;rSm wuUodkvf odk 0h ifciG &hf &ef t*Fvyd b f momESihf tjcm;bmomwpfcw k iG f xl;c|epf mG wufajrmufI atmifjrif&rnf/ /(5) q,fwef;atmifI wuUodkvf0ifcGifh&aomfvnf; wuUodkvf ynm&yfrsm;udk wquf wnf; pI roif&ao;bJ xdk wuUodkvfynm&yfrsm;udk aumif;pGmvdkufEdkif&eftwGuf (Preliminary Clas ) ac: jyifqifr_ twef;wGif wpfESpfae&OD;rnf/ (6) xdkjyifqifr_twef;wGif wpfESpfaeaomfvnf; ESpfukefonfhtcg wuUodkvfynmrsm;udk vdu k Ef ikd &f ef t&nftcsi;f r&Sad o;[kqv kd #if wuUov kd yf nmudk qufvufoifciG hf &OD;rnfr[kwaf o;/ (7) a&;ajzpmar;yGJrsm;tjyif E_wfwdkufajzqdk&rnfh pmar;yGJrsm;vnf; &Sdao;.// (8) ody`Hwef;udkatmif+yD; 0dZ…mwef; *k%fxl;ESifh atmifaom olrSom r[m0dZ…mbGJ h pmar; yGJudk 0ifa&mufajzqdkEdkifcGifh&Sd./ 0dZ…mbGJ h &dk;&dk;atmif&Hkr#ESifh r[m0dZ…mbJG h pmar;yGJ r0ifEdkif/ (9) *k%fxl;ESifh 0dZ…mbGJ hwef;pmar;yGJ ody`Hwef;atmif+yD; 3 ESpf=umrS 0if&rnf/ (10) *k%fxl;ESifh 0dZ…mbGJ hwef;udk wpfcg0ifa&mufajzqdkI ratmifjrifv#if aemufxyf r0if Edkifawmhacs/ tjcm;tcsuf (5)csufavmuf&Sdao;.// xdktcsufwdk honfrsm;pGm ta&;r}uD;vS/ odk@ ESihf &Snv f sm;rnfp;kd aoma=umifx h nfI h rajymawmhyg/ Ttcsuf 10 csuEf iS yhf if oydwaf rSmufxu kd f a=umif;udk vHkavmufpGm xif&Sm;apEdkif./
txufazmfjyyg tcsuf 10csufukd a0zef=uygpdk /h / 1 tcsuf/ / aumvdyfausmif; wpfausmif;wnf;ESifh jrefrmtajrmuftjrm;udk txufwef; ynm oifray;Edik /f wuUov dk w f pfcw k nf;ESihf aumvdyaf usmif; wpfausmif;wpfausmif;wnf; &S&d rnfqkd &m Y ausmif;wGirf &So d nft h wGuf xdw k pfausmif;wnf;. tm%mydik rf sm;u pDrcH sio f vdk pDrEH ikd . f ausmif;om;OD;a& uef o h wfEikd . f / tb,fynm&yfonf jrefrmrsm;ESihf oifah wmfaomfvnf; xdyk nm &yfudk roif=um;&[k ydwfyifEdkif/ pmar;yGJrsm;udkvnf; =uyfwnf;atmif jyKvkyfEdkif. csKyfcs,fr_ trsdK;rsdK; vkyfEdkif./ 2 ESifh 3tcsuf / xdkacwftcgu jrefrmvlOD;a&teuf 85 &mcdkifE_ef;rSm awm&Gmrsm;wGifae +yD; awmifolv,form;qif;&Jom;rsm; jzpf=u.// +rdK hae jrefrmukefonf yGJpm; pma&; pmcsDrsm; rSmvnf; rsm;aomtm;jzifh aiG0if tenf;i,fom&Sd=u.// rdrdwdkh+rdK hwGif aomfvnfaumif;/ rdrdwdk@ aus;&Gmrsm;ESifheD;uyfaom+rdK hwGifaomfvnfaumif; 7wef; / 10wef; ausmif;rsm;rSmaomfrS rdrd wdk h om;orD;rsm;udk rxm;Edkif=u&um; tb,frSmv#if aiGukefcHI &efukef+rdK hodk hynmoif=um; &ef apv$wEf ikd rf nfenf;/ xkt d cgu aumvdyaf usmif;wGif ynmoifp&dwrf mS tenf;qH;k wpfvv#if 60 usyfjzpf&um; wpfvv#if xdk 60 usyfavmufr#om 0ifaiG&Sd=uonfh 85 &mcdkifE_ef;jzpfonfh jrefrmawmifolv,form; qif;&Jom;wdk hrSm rdrdwdk hom;orD;rsm;udk txufwef;ynm &ap&ef tb,frSmv#ifpdwful;Edkifrnfenf;/ t*Fvdyf0g' twdkif; jrefrmrsm;udk olwdk hcdkif;Iaumif;atmif xif;ckwf / a&cyfwwf&Hkavmufom &nf&G,faom ynm;a&;pepfjzpf./ 4 / 5 ESifh 6 tcsufrsm; / 10wef;atmif&ef 10ESpv f ;kH vH;k aiGtajrmuftrsm; tuket f uscH tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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+yD; aumvdyfynm&yfrsm;udk wpfpyfwnf; roifEdkifao;bJ &efukef+rdK hodk hvma&mufum jyifqifr_ twef;wGif wpfESpfxyfrH ae&OD;rnfqdkv#if rnfr# ydkI aiGukeftusrsm;OD;rnfenf;/ 10wef;udk 10ESpfESifhatmif&ef wpfzufzufrS ta=umif;nDnGwf+yD; wpfESpfwpfwef; rSefrSefatmifygrS jzpfrnf xdktcsdefydkp&dwf udk trsm;tm;jzifh qif;&Jaomjrefrmrsm; wwfEdkif=urnfr[kwf/ 4if;jyif xdkjyif qifr_twef;wGif wpfESpfae+yD; aumvdyfausmif; tm%mydkifrsm;u aumvdyfynm&yfrsm; quf vufoif=um;Edkif&ef t&nftcsif; rjynfhpHkao;bl;[k qdkv#if qufvufI oifcGifh r&awmhacs/ [dkufpul;zdkife,fac: 10 wef;atmif&mwGif t*FvdyfbmomY xl;c|efpGmwwfa=umif; xif&Sm;ap &rnfqo kd nfrmS rnfr#tqift h wef;txd[v k nf; uefo h wfxm;jcif;r&So d nft h jyif rsm;aom tm; jzifh jrefrmausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tcsKyftcs,fwpfckjzpfonf[kom qdkEkdif./ rnfr# csKyfcs,f xm;avoenf/ xdk jh yif tjcm; tjcm;aom wuUov kd rf sm;uJo h dk h wuUov kd 0f ifpmar;yGw J pfck owf owfrxm;jcif;onf bmoabmenf;/ pOf;pm;Iom =unhfygukef/ 7 rS 10 txdtcsufrsm;// / Ttcsufrsm;udk +cHKIajym&rnfqdkv#if 4if;wdk honf jrefrmrsm; tzdk h txufwef;ynmwwfajrmufa&;wGif trsdK;rsdK; csKyfcs,fr_omjzpfonf/ umvuwWm;tp &Sdonfh tjcm;aom wuUodkvf Oya'rsm;wGif TuJhodk h csKyfcs,faom jyXmef;csufrsm;r&Sd/ txufazmfjyyg tcsuftm;vHk;udk aygif;pyfI a0zef&aomf t*FvdyfjAL&dku&uf tpdk; &onf jrefrmrsm;udk txufwef;ynma&;r&atmif vkyfxm;jcif;r#jzpf. / t*Fvdyfu jrefrm txufwef;ynmrwwfatmif bma=umifhvkyf&rnfenf[kar;v#if ajz&rnfrSm t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ h pepftwGif;&Sd urBmwpf0ufavmuf&Sdonfh t*Fvdyftkyfpdk;jcif;udk cHae&aom wdkif;jynfwdk hwGif jrefrmjynfESifh tdEdN,jynfonf t*Fvdyfrsm;tzdk h &wemcJ}uD;rsm;jzpf./ qef / pyg;/ opf/ a&eH / owWKtrsKd ;rsKd ;ESihf ausmufoyH wWjrm; rukeEf ikd f rcef;Edik f xGuaf om jrefrmjynfukd xdt k cgu e,fcs@J 0g'orm;tppfjzpfonfh t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf olwdk hvufatmufu vGwfoGm;ap&ef b,ftcgrS pdwrf ul;cJh / xd@k a=umifv h nf; 1921ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D ukeaf vmufwiG f jrefrmjynf vufaxmuf bk&if cH . tdENd,jynf bk&ifcHcsKyf}uD;xHodk h 14 &ufwpfywf tpD&ifcHpmwGif &efukefwuUodkvf oydwf arSmufonft h a&;udk xdxad &mufa&muf rEdrS ef if;v#if jrefrmjynfonf t*Fvyd v f ufatmufrS vGwf ajrmufomG ;&ef ta=umif;&So d nf[k a&;om;cJ. h / xdv k ufaxmufb&k ifcH ud, k w f ikd u f vnf; t*Fvyd f ukefonf}uD;rsm; ESpfywfvnf npmpm;yGJwGifausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufonfh ta&;udk ol. vufeufwdkuftwGif;&Sdor# vufeuftm;vHk;udk toHk;jyKum ESdrfeif;rnf[k }uHK;0g;. jrefrmawG txufwef;ynmrwwfv#if wd;k wufr&_ rdS nfr[kw/f wd;k wufrr_ &Sv d #if olw@kd vufatmif u|efoabmufb0wGif; olwdk hvkyfoIudk iHk hcHum jrefrmawG t&kd; t&if;pm;+yD; olwdk hu tqDtESpfudk xm0pOf oHk;pGJoGm;&efjzpf./ jrefrmawG txufwef;ynmrwwfv#if olwdk@ay; or# atmufwef;pm;tvkyftudkifrsm;ESifhom a&mifh&Jwif;wdrf+yD; olwdk htkyfcsKyfr_wGif 0ifa&mufrpGuzf ufEikd /f wpfenf;tm;jzifq h &kd v#if jrefrmrsm; txufwef;ynmrwwfI wd;k wufr_ r&Sdv#if olwdk hvufatmuf u|efb0rS vGwfajrmuf&ef b,fawmhrS }udK;pm;rnfr[kwf/ rSeyf gonf/ xdt k cgu &efuek af umvdyf ,k'oefaumvdyaf usmif;om;}u;D rsm;tzdk v h #if xdk &efuek w f uUov kd Of ya'onf rsm;pGmxdcu kd pf &mr&Sd / bDat/ bDtufpaD cg 0dZm odyH` txufwef; 28
tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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ausmif; om;}uD;rsm;twGuf pmar;yGJ usif;y&ef oHk;vomvdkawmh./ pmar;yGJ}uD;atmifjrifv#if olwdk h. ynmoif=um;a&;twGufvnf; &efukefwuUodkvfOya' twnfjzpfaomfvnf; 4if; wuUodkvfOya'wGif yg0ifjyXmef;csufrsmudk &kwfw&uf raqmif&Guf Edkifao;// aumvdyfausmif; wpfausmif;wnf; &Sd&rnfqdk&mwGif ,k'oefaumvdyfausmif;udk zsufypf&efESifh tm;vHk;aom aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm; ausmif;tdyaf usmif;pm;tjzpf aeEdik &f ef taqmuftOD;rsm; aqmufvyk f &efwdk hrSm tvG,fwulESifhr+yD;Edkif/ tenf;qHk; 5 ESpfausmfavmuf=umOD;rnf/ xdktcgu aumvdyf ausmif;rsm;wGif atmufqHk;twef;jzpfonfh ody`Hatmufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm 3 ESpf=umaom tcg 0dZmwef;udk atmif=uawmhrnf/ [du k pf ul;zdik v f ef ,fac: 10wef;atmifI t*Fvyd b f momESihf tjcm; bmomwpf&yfwGifxl;c|efpGm atmifjrif&rnfqdkaom jyXmef;csuf 10 wef;atmif+yD; aum vdyw f iG f jyifqifr_ twef;Y wpfEpS af e&rnfqakd om jyXmef;csuf tp&So d nfwkd o h nf olwu hkd kd vH;k 0 rxdcu kd /f xdk ah =umifh xdak umvdyaf usmif;om;}u;D rsm;. &efuek w f uUov kd u f kd uef u h u G I f xGuv f m =ujcif;rSm wu,ftppf rsKd ;csppf w d Ef iS hf wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsKd ; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf olwkd . h ynmoif =um;a&;ESifhwuG aemifa&;udkyg pGef hypftepfemcH=uonfudk ,HkrSm;p&mr&Sd/ olwdk hoydwfarSmuf vdkufonhftwGuf rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfonfvnf; tHk=uG+yD; aygufuGJI vmav&m wpfwdkif; wpfjynf vHk; EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;r_ jzpfvmum t*Fvdyftpdk;& vkyfor#udk acgif;iHkI rcHawmhacs/
trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifjcif; oydwaf rSmuf+y;D rsm;r=umrS 'DZifbmv 17 &ufae w h iG f oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;}u;D rsm;. 'DZifbmv 4 &ufae htpnf;ta0;qHk;jzwfcsuf trSwf 2 t& &efukefwuUodkvft"dywd jzpfaom vufaxmufb&k ifcx H o H kd h &efuek w f uUov kd Of ya'wGiyf gonfh jyKjyifay;&ef ta&;qdak om pmv$mwpfapmifukd wifoiG ;f =u.// xdpk mv$m. aemufq;kH tydik ;f wGif epfemcsurf sm;udk jyKjyifray;o I umvywfvHk; ausmif;rsm;udk jyefI rwwf[kvnf; yg./ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk,f pm; olwdk h. acgif;aqmif udkbOD;u xdkpmv$mudk vufrSwfxdk;vdkuf. odk h&mwGif jrefrmrsm;udk tvGet f xifao;aom vufaxmuf bk&ifcu H wm0efrhJ ausmif;om;wpfO;D wpfa,muf vufrw S f xdk;IwifoGif;aom pmv$mudk vufcHIpOf;pm;&efjiif;qdkdvdkuf./ wpfenf;tm;jzifh oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;}u;D rsm;awmif;qdo k nft h wdik ;f &efuek w f uUov dk Of ya'udk jyifray;Edik [ f k ajymjcif;yif jzpf. aemufrsm;r=umrD xdv k ufaxmuf bk&ifc. H wdww f qdwf pDrrH a_ =umifo h ydwaf rSmufausmif;om; rsm;. awmif;qdkcsuftwdkif; armfv+rdKif+rdK hrS 0wfvHkawmf& OD;cspfvStp&Sdonfh yk*~dKvf}uD; oHk;av; OD;wdk h vufrw S x f ;kd +y;D epfemcsurf sm;udk jyKjyifay;&ef toem;cHpmwpfapmifukd wifoiG ;f . xdt k oem; cHpmudk um; vufaxmufb&k ifcu H vufcpH Of;pm;. odk &h mwGif ta=umi;ftrsKd ;rsKd ;jyum bmwpf ckudkr# jyifI ray;acs/ T&mZ0ifa&;ol. bDattzGJ o h nf t*Fvyd t f pd;k &vufatmif &efuek f wuUov kd rf S & aom bJG hr[kwf/ 1921 ck / =o*kwfvwGif jrefrmjynftrsdK;om;ynma&;aumifpDrSusif;yonfh bDatpmar;yGJudk 0ifa&muf ajzqdkatmifjrihfcJh.xdktrsdKom; ynma&;aumifpDrS&cJhaom bDat bGJ hudk ,ck vGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynf &efukefwuUodkvfu 1952 ckESpfwGif vufcHtodtrSwfjyK vdkuf./ tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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odk Eh iS hf oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm txl;ojzifh ausmif;om;i,frsm; pmoifrysuaf p&ef wpfwef;rS q,fwef;txd&adS om trsKd ;om;ausmif;rsm;udk wnfaxmifvu kd &f awmh./ xdak usmif; rsm;jzifv h nf; t*Fvyd jf AL&du k &uftpd;k &u jrefrmrsm; ynmrwwfatmif csKycf s,jf cif;udk wdu k zf suf &ef &nf&G,f./ xdktrsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif aumvdyfoydwfarSmufausmif;om;}uD;rsm;ESifh wuG 7 wef; / 10wef; oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;onf 0ifa&mufI q&mvky=f u&.// xdo k ydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm rsdK;cspfpdwf tvGefw&m xufoef&um; rnfonfht&yfudkrqdk jiif;y,fjcif; r&SdbJ oGm;a&mufI xdkt&yfrsm;&Sd trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif tenf;i,fr#aom vcESifh q&m vky=f u.// trsKd ;om;ausmif;rsm;rS 10wef;atmifaomolrsm;twGuf qufvufI pmoif=um;Edik f &efukef+rdK h/ A[ef;&yfwGif trsdK;om;aumvdyfausmif; wpfausmif;wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfay;./ trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wnfaxmifzGifhvSpf&mwGif ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;. omref ynma&;udkomt"du xm;cJhonf r[kwf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;&Sd ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; tm; rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfoGif;ay;+yD; jrefrmjynf t*Fvdyfvufatmuf u|efoabmufb0u vGwf ajrmufa&;udkyg &nf&G,fcJh./ Ttwdkif;rSefonfh ta=umif;udk oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;aumif pD(University Boy Cotter Council) rS 1920 jynfhESpf 'DZifbmv 14 &uf ae hY A[ef;wGif trsdK;om;ynma&; (National Education in Bahan)[k acgif;wyfxkwfjyefa=u nmcsufwGif “trdjrefrmjynfudk cspf&ef / vlrsdK;. ydkrdkt&ma&mufaom ta=umif;udpPrsm;wGif udk,fusdK;jzKwfypfEdkif&ef rdrdaoaomfvnf; rdrdtrsdK;udk cspfaompdwfraoEdkif&efwdk honf A[ef;&Sd trsKd ;om;ausmif;rsm;. [ke;f [ke;f awmuf &nf&, G cf surf sm;”[kxw k af zmfajymqdjk cif;ESihf 1920 jynfh ESpf 'DZifbmv 11&ufae Yh “u|Eykf w f kd o h nf rsKd ;aphcsaomolrsm;jzpfonf” (WE are the Sowers) [kacgif;wyfum xkwfjyefa=unmcsufwGif “trsdK;om;ynma&;. aemufqHk;&nf&G,fcsufonf trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;yg/ jrefrmvlrsdK;wdk t*Fvdyf vufatmufvGwfajrmufa&;yifwnf;”[k xkwaf zmfajymqdck jhJ cif;wdk u h kd =unhjf cif;tm;jzif xif&mS ;Edik af vmufonf/ T&nf&, G cf surf sm;ESihf vdu k f avsmnDtrsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmef wuf =uG&efESifh rsdK;cspfpdwf&Sd=u&efwdk hudk oif=um;apcJh./ odk hoif=um;cJhonfh twdkif;vnf; a&eHacsmif; +rdK h/ trsdK;om;ausmif;xGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqefonf jrefrmjynf. vGwfvyfa&;udk t& wdkuf,l cJh onfr[kwfygvm;//
oydwaf rSmufjcif;ESi hf trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;. tusdK; txufwpfae&mwGiaf &;om;cJo h nht f wdik ;f t*Fvyd v f ufatmufjrefrmjynfwiG f 1920 jynfhESpf aumvdyfausmif;om;}uD;rsm; oydwfarSmufta&;awmfyHktxd jrefrmwdk hrSm t*FvdyfjAL&dk u&uf tpdk;&u pDrHjyKvkyfoIudk acgif;iHk hIom cHvmcJh=u&.// odk hjzpf&jcif;rSm EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;r_ r&So d nft h wGuf t*Fvyd f tpd;k &udk ,SO+f yKd iu f m xdxad &mufa&mufajymcGihf qdck iG hf &Srd eS ;f rodIyifwnf;/ ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufI xGufvmwm t*Fvdyftpdk;&. tjypftemtqmrsm;udk yGifhyGifh vi;fvif;azmfxkwfI t*Fvdyftpdk;&u b,fodkh / t*Fvdyftpdk;&u b,fnm ponfhwdk hudk &J&Jawmuf a[majym=uaomtcgrS a=omf h h ht*Fvdyftpdk;&udkvnf; TuJhodk h ajymcGifh&Sdygovm; 30
tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
31
[k odvm=uawmh./ odk o h v d m=uonfEiS hf wpf+yKd ief uf jrefrmrsm;. rdsK;csppf w d "f gwo f nf jyif;xef pGm ayguu f x JG u G af y:vm. 1917 ckESpfu tdEdN,jynf&Sd b*Fvm; / bHkbdkif / rm&yf / yef*syf tp&Sdonfh e,fy,frsm; udk 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;ay;aomtcg jrefrmjynfonf tdEdN,tifydkif,mtwGif; xdkjynfe,frsm;uJh odk h jynfe,fwpfckjzpfaomfvnf; bDatatmifol 400 r# r&Sdao;I 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh rwef ao;[kqdkum ray;bJ xdk'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;xuf rsm;pGm,kwfnH haom u&ufa'gufpDrHudef; (Crado d ck eS eh me) [kac:aom vufaxmufb&k ifcH a&;qGo J nhf tkycf sKyaf &;udak y;&ef&nf&, G cf . hJ odk h&mwGif jrefrmrsm;u vef'ef+rdK hawmfodk h udk,fpm;vS,frsm;v$wfI 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;ay;&ef ta&;qdkcJhonfhtwGuf 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; ay;&efudkum; uwdray;bJ u&ufa'gufpDrHudef;t& tkycf sKyaf &;udk qdik ;f iHI h xm;.// 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;udk t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u ay;&efr&nf&, G /f aumvdyf ausmif;om;}uD;rsm; oydwfarSmufI EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;r_ ay:vmaomtcg jrefrmrsm;u 'dkiftmcDudk aomfrS tvdkr&Sd / [krR&l; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk awmif;qdkawmh./ xdktcgusrS t*Fvdyftpdk;& u jrefrmjynfudk 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; ray;bJaevdk h rjzpf+yD[k ,lqum 1922 ckESpfwGif 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;ay;awmh./ jrefrmrsm;ESifh rwef[k yxr u ay;&efjiify,fcJhaom 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; udk aemufq;kH Y ay;&jcif;rSm aumvdyaf usmif;om;}u;D rsm;u olwkd . h ausmif;rsm;udk oydwaf rSmuf I t*Fvdyf tpdk;&udk wdkufyGJqifcJhaoma=umifhyifwnf;/ t*Fvyd jf refrm 2 bmom pmoifausmif;rsm;rSm xdt k cgu tpd;k &u zGiv hf pS w f nfaxmif xm;aom ausmif;rsm; tvGefenf;.// wpfjynfvHk;twGuf 50 jynfhatmifr&Sd / &efukef+rdK hwGif 10 wef;ausmif; wpfausmif;om&Sd+yD; / +rdK h}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh rEWav; / a&$bdk / rdxDWvm / jrif;+cH / yck uUL tp&Sdonfh +rdK h}uD;rsm;wGif 10 wef;ausmif; a0;pG / 7 wef;ausmif;aomfrS wpfausmif;r# r&Sd / +rdK@i,f awm&Gmrsm;twGuf udkum;xnfhI pOf;pm;yHkr#ray: / jrefrmpm oufoufudk bkef;}uD; ausmif;rsm;Y oifay;&.// xkd ha=umifh jrefrmrsm; ynmoif=um;&ef tcGifhta&; tvGefenf;. jrefrmjynfudk t*Fvdyfpu jrefrmjynfwGif jrefrmpmudk a&;zwfwwfolvl 100 v#if 85 a,muf &S. d t*Fvyd t f yk cf sKyv f mI 1920 jynfEh pS o f kd h a&mufaomtcg jrefrmpmudak omfrS a&;wwfol 100 v#if 35a,mufr# &Sd./ jrefrmrsm;. ynma&;onf Tr# atmufwef;usI ae.// trsdK;om; ausmif;rsm; ay:aygufvmawmhrSyif jrefrmtajrmuftjrm; +rdK ha&m awmygrusef t*FvdyfpmESifh jrefrmpmudk tcsed w f w kd kd p&dwu f sO;f usO;f ESihf oifciG &hf =u.// wpf}urd w f pfcgu jrefrmjynfwiG f trsKd ; om;ausmif;rsm; 145 ausmif;r#&SdcJh./ aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufjcif; ESifh trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; wnfaxmif cJhjcif;wdk h. jrefrmjynfESifh jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;tzdk h tusdK;rsm;yHkudk vHk;aph ywfaph pDumywfuHk; a&; &rnfqdkv#if tvGef&Snfvsm;rnfjzpfaoma=umifh atmufygtwdkif;twdkcsHK;I a&;jyygawmhtHh/ (1) aumvdyfausmif;om;}uD;rsm; olwdk h.ausmif;rsm;udk oydwfarSmuf+yD; wdkif;jynfodk h vSnfhvnfum w&m;a[mv_H haqmfr_a=umifh udef;atmif;aeaom jrefrm;rsm;. rsdK;cspfpdwfonf rD;awmifaygufuGJonfh yrm aygufxGufvm+yD; EdkifiHa&; Edk;=um;r_jzpfvm.// (2) odk Eh ikd if aH &;Ek;d =um;r_jzpfvmonht f wdik ;f 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;udak omfrS rauseyfbJ [kr&R ;l tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk awmif;qdkvm=uawmh./ (3) odk v h ;kH 0 vGwv f yfa&;eD;ygr# tcGit hf a&;&Sad om [kr&R ;l ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyaf &;udk awmif;qdk awmhrSyif tvsufu ray;bJxm;cJhaom 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk ay;awmh./ (4) 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;onf tqift h wef;rsm;pGmjrifo h nf[k rqdo k maomfvnf; ,cif jAL&dk u&uf tkyfcsKyfa&;xuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm om+yD; wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfr_wGif jrefrmwdk hrSm txufqHk; rSm atmuftxd 0ifa&muftkyfcsKyfcGifh&Sd./ (5) 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;&onfESifh wpf+ydKifeuf tpdk;&vufatmufESifh t*FvdyfukefoG,fr_ vkyfief;}uD;rsm;wGif jrefrmrsm; b,ftcgu rar#mfvifhcJhaom &mxl;}uD;rsm;&=u.// jrefrmrsm; vnf; vlyguvm;[k t*FvdyfESifh tjcm;EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;. todtrSwfjyKjcif;udk cH&.// (6) trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;ay:aygufvmonfhtwGufjrefrmtajrmuftrsm; qif;&Jcsrf;om ra&G; tcsdefwdk p&dwfusOf;usOf;ESifh ynmoif=um;cGifh &=u.// (7) trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif Ak'<bmom oifcef;pmrsm; udk oif=um;jyo&m Ak'<omoem vnf; ydkrdkxGef;um;vm. (8) trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;udk pI wnfaxmifpOfu jrefrmjynf. t*FvdyfvufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&;udk t"duxm;cJhonfhtwdkif; xdkausmif;rsm;&Sdausmif;om;rsm;udk ZmwdaoG; / Zmwd rmef / rsdK;cspfpdwfrsm; arG;jrLwuf=uGvm&ef oif=um;vH_ haqmfay;cJh. (9) odk hoif=um;ay;cJhonfhtavsmuf jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk &atmif acgif;aqmifI wdkufcJhaom AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;onf a&eHacsmif;trsdK;om;ausmif;rS 10 wef;atmifoljzpf. (10) txufygtcsurf sm;udk qufpyfI =unhv f #if 1282ckEpS f u aumvdyaf usmif;om; }u;D rsm; olwdk h. ausmif;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufI xGufcJhjcif;onf jrefrmjynf t*FvdyfvufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf yxrqH;k wdu k yf jJG zpf. xdk ha=umifh aumvdyfausmif;om;}uD;rsm; &efukefwuUodkvf Oya'udk uef huGufonfh taeESifh olwdk h. ausmif;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufI xGufcJhaom wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf 10&ufae h onf jrefrmjynf t*Fvyd v f ufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufonftxd jrefrmrsm;tzdk t h usKd ;xl;rsm; jzpfay: ap&um; urBmausaomfvnf; O'ge;f rausqo kd uJo h kd h wefaqmifrek ;f vqkwf 10&ufae u h kd ESppf Of ESpfwdkif;owd&um jrefrmwrsdK;om;vHk; *k%f,lEdkif=uygapownf;/ 4if;jyif jrefrmrsm;tzdk h Tr#tusKkd ;xl;apaom xkt dk rsKd ;om;ae u h kd jzpfay:atmifzefw;D vm=uaomoydwaf rSmufausmif;om;}u;D rsm;udk rarhtyf/ txl;ojzifh xdk &efuek w f uUov kd f tuf Oya'udk xkdoydwfarSmufausmif;om;}uD;rsm;tm; bmr# xdckdufepfemap&ef rjzpfEdkifaomfvnf; olwdkh. rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfESifh jrefrmtrsdK;om; aemifvm aemufom;rsm; aumifpm;a&;twGuf olwkd . lh ynmoif=um;a&;ESiw hf uG aemiftvm;tvmrsm;udyk g pGef yh pfum tepfemcH cJ=h uonfukd tpOft+rJ owd&=u+y;D jrefrmwdik ;f jrefrmwdik ;f onf olwkd . h pdw"f gwrf sKd ; arG;jrLEdik =f uygap ownf;/ / (jrefrmopf r*~Zif;rS&,laz:jyygonf?) 32
tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
OD;bOD;
33
trsdK;om;ae h wdk hrarhEdkif (91 ESpfajrmuf trsdK;om;ae@ trSwfw&)
armifpdk;csdef (u) trsKd ;om;ynma&; v_y&f mS ;r_onf e,fcs@J +Aw d o d # udv k ekd . D udv k ekd D ynma&;pepfa=umihf ay:xGufvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? 1920 ausmif;om;oydwfonf udkvdkeDynma&;udk tHwk qef@usifvdkufo!fh v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_onf e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om; pd w f " gwf u d k w[k e f x d k ; xG e f ; awmuf apcJ h o nf ? yxrqH k ; t}ud r f jynf v H k ; u|wf ausmif;om;oydwfwdkufyGJ/ xdkv_yf&Sm;r_udk tpGJjyK *k%fjyKaom tm;jzihf &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm; oydwaf rSmufco hJ nf? wefaqmifrek ;f vqkwf (10) &ufae@udk trsKd ;om;ae@tjzpf owfrw S v f u kd =f uonf? *s-D pD-bD-at/ e0rt}urd af jrmuf rEWav; uGezf &ifu h owfrw S cf jhJ cif; jzpfonf? ord k i f ; 0if tjzpf t ysuf w ck / v_ y f & S m ;r_ w&yf o nf / ta=umif ; w&m;rJ h p G m jzpfay:vmcJhjcif; r[kwf? wqifh+yD; wqifh tdkvDppfuGif;qufrsm;ozG,f wckESifhwck qufpyfaecJo h nf? 1920 ausmif;om; oydwu f kd ol@a&S@u oydww f u kd yf rJG sm;/ Edik if aH &;wdu k yf rJG sm;u tvif;a&mifay;um/ u|efynm qef@usifr_ twGuf wGef;ydk@ay;cJhonf? 1915 a&eHacsmif;/ a&eHajr yxrqHk; tvkyform;oydwf/ 1917 a&eHacsmif; bD-tdk-pD ta&;rsm;. oydwf/ xdkoydwfwdkufyGJrsm;wGif atmifyGJrsm; &&SdcJ=uonf? xd@k aemuf 1920 udv k ekd D u|eyf nma&; pepfu/kd qef@usif awmfveS o f !fh wuUov kd f aumvdyfESihf txufwef;ausmif;rsm;. oydwfwdkufyGJ/ 1920 'DZifbm (5) &uf/ ( 1282 ck wefaqmif; rkef;vjy!fhausmf 10 &uf) wGif e,fcsJ@ +Adwdo# tpdk;&. ,leDbmpDwD tufOya'udk vHk;0 uef@uGufa=umif; qENjyo!fhtaejzihf/ oydwfarSmufa=umif; qHk;jzwfa=unmvdkufonf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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5 / 11 /2011
tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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43
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wifjrifharmf 5 / 11 / 2011
44
tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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51
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t&Si fynmoD[mbd0Ho (w&m;OD;"rRp=um) 09 October 2011
usrf;n$ef; - OÏm0awm-*gxmESihfed"DeH0 y0wœmeH-*gxm? "rRy'tÏuxm? (www.news-eleven.com/
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iSuaf ysmawmwef; vSn;f vrf;a}umif; ESihf &d;k ay:u avnSi;f jidrf;a0 (u) &d;k xJwiG af &r&Sad wmhonfw h ikd f udik ;f yif/ +cKH yifrsm;rSm xlxyfv f su&f adS eao;.? &d;k tv,fo@kd a&mufonftxd 0g;wHwm;xdk;qufoG,fxm;onfh “a&odrf” uav;rSm tumt&Hr&Sd? 0g;wHwm;av;ay:rS=unfhvsif av;zufav;wef 0ef;usifudk aumif;aumif; jrif&.? txl;ojzifh “acsmif;usdK;”’ &Gmuav;qDrS auGŒ0dkuf+yD; vmaeonfh ukuUdKyifwef;ESifh iSufaysmyifwef;udk tptqH;k vSr;f jrifae&.? 0g;wHwm;xdyo f nf vSn;f vrf;ab;wGiaf r;wifvsu&f . dS ? vSn;f vrf;ESihf rvSrf;rurf;wGif “bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;” &Sdaeavonf? “a&odr”f av;ESiq hf ufo, G x f m;&m/ 0g;wHwm;ay:wGif wOD;wnf;xdik af epOf ukuKdU yifwef;/ iSufaysmawmwef;uav;qD vSrf;arSsmf=unfhrdonf? aemufxyf em&D0uf (odk hr [kwf) wem&Dcef@&SdvSsif xdkukuUdKyifwef;ESifhiSufaysmawmwef;uav;twdkif; vrf;avSsmuffvmaeonfh “ra'0D” udkusaemfawGŒ&rnf? xdktcg usaemfhESvHk;om;rsm; &kwfw&uf pdrf;pdkvef;qef; vmum vSn;f vrf;uav;qD}uK+d y;D =unfah erdrnf? iS u f a ysmawmwef ; tvG e f awmtk y f uav;xd y f / acgif ; jyL+yD ; xG u f v monf h vSn;f vrf;uav;ay:wGif aps;awmif;acgi;f &Gu+f y;D avSsmufvmaeonfh ‘ra'0D’ udu k saemfawGŒ&rnf? ajcaxmufwaJG vmif;cs+y;D xdik af eonfhf usaemfq h o D @kd 0g;wHwm;av;twdik ;f olavSsmufvmvdrrhf nf? +yD;awmh olonfvnf;usaemhfab;wGif ajcaxmufwGJavmif;csxdkifum ol@b0 wae@wm tawGŒt}uKw H csKd Œudak jymjyaeOD;rnf? 0g;wHwm;av;ay:wGifwOD;wnf;xdkifae&if; rae@wae@u ‘ra'0D’ ESifhpum;vufqHk uscJhonfh ta=umif;udkjzwfueJawG;rdawmh usaemfhrSm tvdkvdk+yHK;rdvsufom;jzpfoGm;&.? 'Dwcg ‘tkww f iG ;f ’jyef wuf+y;D +rKŒd e,f&;kH wGiG f ‘a':atmifqef;pk=unf’ ESiahf wGŒcGi&hf onft hf cg ‘ra'0D’odcsifonffhar;cGef;wcdsKŒudk ar;jzpfatmif ar;=unffhzdk@ usaemfydkif;jzwfxm;+yD;jzpfonf? 'grS r [k w f ‘ra'0D ’ ud k , f w d k i f u ‘a':atmif qef ; pk = unf ’ ES i f h a wG Œ qH k + yD ; ol o d c sif o nf h / ol a r;csif o nf h a r;cG e f ; ud k ud k , f w d k i f u d k , f u s ar;cG i f h & atmif }uKd d ; pm;+yD ; zef w D ; ay;&ef tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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usaemfpOf;pm;xm;cJh.? ukuUdKyiffwef;atmufwGif vlwa,mufvrf;avSsmufvmaeonfudk opfyifrsm;=um;rS aysmufvdkuf ay:vdkufawGŒae&.?/ iSufaysmawmwef;uav;ESifh ukuUdKyifwef;tul;wGifrl aps;awmif ; acgif ; &G u f u m vS n f ; vrf ; twd k i f ; vrf ; avS s muf v maeonf f h ‘ ra'0D ’ ud k usaemfawGŒ&avawmhonf? (c) “b,f v d k v J a ps;onf } uD ; qef e D & J Œ / aeyl a wmh r ,f a vuG m tck x uf x d roGm;Edkifao;bl;vm;” “&GmxJ c%oGm;vdu k w f mygarmif&,f udp&P v dS @kd .... [J.... [J.... ” usaemfu +yHK;+yHK;&$if&$ifjzpfaeonhhf ‘ra'0D’ . rsufESmudk=unfhum pdwf0ifpm;rdonf? “bmudpPvJ csJ*%ef;oGm;awmif;wmvm;” “tdk; r[kwfwmarmif&,f/ &GmxJrSmtokbulaiGvdkufaumufwmyg” “bm/ tokbulaiG/ b,folŒtwGufvJuG/ b,folqHk;wmvJ” “atmf/ nwke;f uarmifu h akd jymjyxm;wJh ‘Z&yf}u;D ’utbd;k }u;D tokbtwGuyf garmif&ŒJ / &GmxJrSmusreJ@em;vnfr_&SdwJh oli,fcsif;awGvdkufajym+yD;pkwm/ ESpf&mausmfawmif&w,farmif” nwkef;utdyf&mr0ifcif ‘ra'0D’ajymcJhonfh ‘Z&yf}uD;’&Gmutouf (60) t&G,f vl wa,muf. tokbudpPudkusaemfowd&oGm;.? ppfawmif;jrpf[kdzufurf; um;vrf;opf azmufvkyfa&; vkyftm;vmay;&if;u &kwfw&ufaoqHk;oGm;&onfh ‘Z&yf}uD;’&Gmu tbdk;tdk wOD;ta=umif;udk ‘ra'0D’uusaemfu h kd pDumyufu;kH ajymjycJ. h ? &GmwGif ausmaxmufaemufcHr&Sdonfhtjyif olESifhtwl vkyftm;vmay;ae=u&onfh Z&yf}uD;&Gmom;rsm;vnf; wvudk;oDwif; &GmESifha0;vHonfhae&mwGif vkyftm;ay;ae=u&ojzifh ‘tokb’udpPudk wifhawmifhwihfw,fjjzpfatmif rpDpOfEdkif=u? wmab;u+cHKHykwftpyf aeyluGif;}uD;xJwGif 0g;pifay:zsmESifhvdyf+yD; tavmif;pifjyifcJh=u&.? vkyftm;ay;tcsif;csif; wusyfwefonf ESpfusyfwefonfpkum/ teD;qHk;&Gmu "gwfpufiSm;+yD;zGifh&.? ‘ra'0D’u vk y f t m;ay;rsm;ud k aps;awmif ; acgif ; &G u f rk e f @ vd k u f a &mif ; &if ; u tok b ud p P u d k a wG Œ +yD ; pdwrf aumif;jzpfr[ d efwal vonf? “ uJ 'gqdk&ifvnf;xGufawmh aeylvdrfhr,f ” “ aetHk;armif/ armifhudkvnf; usru ajymp&m&Sdao;vdk@ ” “ bmjyKw,f” “ armifhudk ajymp&menf;enf;&Sdao;w,fvdk@ ajymwmygarmif&,f wuwJ rsufvHk; rsuq f efjyL;+y;D b,fvjkd zpfomG ;wmvJ ” “atmf / aps;a&mif;xGucf ge;D =uumrS bmrajymnmrajym pum;ajymp&m&Sw d ,fqakd wmh/ tH=hH ooGm;vd@k ygumG .... / uJ.... ajym bmajymrvd@k vJ” ra'0D u wJaygu0f wGiyf if ajcaxmufwaJG vmif;csxikd &f if; usaemfu h kd +yKH ;+y;D =unfah eonf? “armfpDwkef;wdk@ [dkcsDrif;wdk@u uAsma&;=uw,faemfarmif.... ” 74
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usaemfu oJou J u JG =JG um;vdu k o f nfw h ikd f em;udrk ,HEk ikd af tmif jzpf&ojzifh olŒudk a=umif+y;D ai;=unfhaerdonf? &kwfw&uf bmajym&rSef;yifrod? “atmf.... 'Dvdkygarmif&JŒ / AD,uferfu [dkcsDrif;wdk@ w&kwfjynfu armfpDwkef;wdk@u uAsma&;=uw,faemf armif” “tif;.... [kwfw,f/ a&;w,fav/ tJ'g bmjzpfvJ/ rif;bmawG awG;aewmvJ” “ usr/ 'gudkpOf;pm;aewm=um+yDarmif&JŒ/ AD,uferfacgif;aqmif/ w&kwfacgif;aqmif awGu uAsma&;w,f/ uAsmudkcHpm;wwfw,fqdkawmh tu,fIrsm; usrwdk@&JŒacgif;aqmif uvnf; uAsma&;wwf&if/ uAsmudck pH m;wwf&if b,favmufrsm;aumif;vdrrhf vJv@kd ayg/h usru usrwd k @ &J Œ acgif ; aqmif u d k uAsma&;wwf a pcsif w ,f / 'grS r [k w f uAsmawG u d k aumif;aumif;cHpm;wwfapcsifvdkufwm t&rf;yJ armif&,f wu,fyJ” ra'0Dudk usaemf =ocs,l&avmufatmif jzpfoGm;&.? “ tJ'Dawmh ” “ tJ ' g... / aemuf ES p f & uf & S d & if armif t k w f w G i f ; ud k oG m ;&r,f r d k @ vm;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu rEWaav;utjyef tkwfwGif;&Hk;udk 0iftHk;rSmyJrdk@vm;/ tJ'g 'Dwcg armiftkwfwGif; oGm;&if usrvdkufcsifw,f/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@awGŒcsifw,f/ +yD;awmh ol@udk uAsma&;wwfovm;/ 'grSr[kwf uAsmzwfovm;/ uAsmcHpm;wwfovm;qdkwm ar;r,f/ tJ'g usrawG;aewm=um+yD/ usr 'DudpP t&rf;odcsifwmyJarmif&,f/ armif'Dwcg tkwfwGif;udkoGm;&if usrvdkufvdk@&rvm;[ifarmif/ usrvdkufcsifw,f/ vdkufyg&aparmif&,f ” ajymcsiw f majym+y;D usaemfEiS ahf qG;aEG;ndES id_ ;f auseyfumrS aps;awmif;acgi;f ay:wifum aps;a&mif;xGufonfh ra'0D. ausmjyifudkai;=unfhum usaemfhrSm oufjyif;csrdavonf? (*) awmtkyfuav;xJrS vrf;avSsmuf+yD; xGufvmaeonfh ‘ra'0D’ udk usaemfai;=unfh ae&if;u ‘ra'0D’ ESifhajym&qdk&rnfhpum;vHk;rsm;udk }udKwifpOf;pm;ae&jyefonf? trS e f p if p pf / ra'0D u d k , f w d k i f / tk w f w G i f ; &k k H ; ud k vd k u f v mEd k i f v S s if aumif;avpG[lIvnf;awG;rdonf? tckawmh tkwfwGif;&HHk;udkrvdkufvmEdkifcJhonfh ra'0Dtzdk@ ol o d c sif o nf f h ar;cG e f ; rsm;ud k b ,f a vmuf t xd pd w f v _ y f & S m ;pG m od c sif a ecJ h r nf u d k usaemfcef@rSe;f rdonf? ol@udk usaemfem;vnfonf? xdak e@utkww f iG ;f +rKd Œ trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG J @ csKyf +rd K Œe,f & H k ; ud k ra'0D rvd k u f E d k i f c J h y g? ti,f q H k ; om;jzpf o l u xk d a e@=uumrS txufvSefatmufavSsmjzpfum &kkwfw&ufaeraumif;ojzifh ol@crsm usaemfESifhtwl tkwfwGif;&HHk;udkrvdkufEdkifcJhyg? olodcsifonfh ar;cGef;rsm;udkom a':atmifqef; qk=unfESifh awGŒonfhtcg ar;jzpfatmifar;cJhzdk@ usaemfhudk twefwefrSm&if; &GmwGifusefae&pfcJh.? &GmrSxu G +f y;D aemufwae@wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd tzGŒJ usyJG &JG mG trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pD tzGJŒcsKyf&Hk;udk 0ifa&mufvmcJh=u.? trSefpifppf a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJŒrSm usGJyGJ&Gmudk 0ifa&mufzdk@&eftpDpOfr&Sd? usaemfonfyifuaH umifaxmufrpGm a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf awGŒ vdu k &f jcif;jzpfonf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf w d k @ . rl v tpD p Of u tk w f w G i f ; +rd K Œe,f & H k ; wG i f o m acwW 0ifa&muf&efpDpOfxm;cJhjcif;jzpf.? rlvtpDtpOfu tkwfwGif;&HHk;udk naeydkif;wGifa&mufrnf[k ta=umif;=um;&mu/ rarSsmfvifhbJ reufcif;wGifa&mufvmcJhojzifh/ xdkpOfu usGJyGJ&kH;wGifyif&Sdae aoonfhf usaemfrmS tkww f iG ;f od@k oGm;um a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS ahf wGŒzd@k tcGirhf omcJ?h xd@k a=umifh a':atmif qef;pk=unfwdk@tzGJŒudk usGJyGJ&Hk;rSomxdkifapmifhaecJh&.? a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf zGŒJ onf usyJG &JG ;Hk wGif (5) rdepfrsS om um;&yf+y;D aemuf c&D;quf =u&.? pk+yHK0dkif;tHkvmonfh vlxkudkauseyfatmif tenf;qHk; pum;wpfcGef;awmh ajymay;yg[k tcrf; tem;rSL;vkyo f l usaemfu awmif;yefojzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf um;ab;wGi&f yfum pum; wcGef;ESpfcGef;rSsom vlxkudk ajymqdk+yD; c&D;quf=u&jcif;jzpfavonf? wd k a wmif ; vS o nf h awG Œ qH k y G J u av;xJ w G i f / ra'0D o d c sif o nf h ar;cG e f ; ud k a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ar;jref;zdk@&m tajctaeray;cJhyg? xdk@a=umifh usaemhfrSm ra'0DtwGuf pdwfraumif;jzpfcJh&.? ra'0D odcsifonfhar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;cGifhr&cJhonffhwdkif ol auseyfaprnfhypPnf;wckudkrl usaemf,lvmEdkifcJhonf[kqdk&ygrnf? &Gmodk@jyefvmonfh usaemfhvufxJwGif/ ra'0DESpfoufrnf xif o nf f h vuf u rf ; pmapmif w ck yg&S d v mcJ h . ? xk d p mapmif x J w G i f uAsmwyk ' f ygvmcJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xkduAsmudkjyum ra'0Dudk pdwfauseyfatmif ajzmifhzs&rnf[k usaemfawG;xm;cJ. h ? “a[;...... bmai;aewmvJ/ vlurkd jrifb;l vm;” “atmf/ [kwfom;bJ/ ta0;}uD;uwnf;u jrifygw,fuGm/ tawG;vGefoGm;vdk@yg?” ra'0D u awmif ; tvG w f u d k cg;wG i f v uf w zuf j zif h c sd w f u m 0g;wH w m;twd k i f ; avSsmufvm.? “uJ ajym a':atmifqef;pk=unfu b,fvakd jzvdu k o f vJ” “tdk tarmajyatmifxkdifprf;ygtkef;av/ ajymwmayghuGm/ vm'DrSm xkdiftkH;” “armif h u d k [k d ; ta0;=uD ; uwnf ; uvS r f ; jrif a ewmyJ usrtarmajy+yD ; om;/ ajymrSmomajymprf;uGm/ bmvJ / usrodcsifygw,fqdkrS armifu aps;wifaewmvm;” “r[kwf&ygbl;Asm” “uJ 'gjzifah jymav a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J awGŒcJw h ,fr@kd vm;” “awGŒw,f tif; ...awGŒawmhawGŒw,f” usaemfu jzpfa=umif;ukefpifajymjyaepOf usaemfhab;wGif 0ifxdkifpOfu &$ifvef;wuf =uGaeonfh ra'0DrSm acgif;idkufpdkufcsum em;axmifaeavawmhonf? “at;uGm/ usrt&rf;odcsifw,fqdkumrS aemufwacgufawGŒrSar;r,fqdk&if olu b,fawmhrS aemufwacguv f mrSmvJ[if” “'gawmh rod b l ; aygh / rif ; od c sif w J h a r;cG e f ; ud k a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf ud, k w f ikd u f tajzray;vdu k Ef ikd af yr,f/h rif;pdwaf useyfavmufatmiftajzay;r,fh pmapmif wckukd armif,v l mchyJ gw,fumG / 'DpmapmifxrJ mS a':atmifqefp=k unfbmomjyefxm;wJh uAsmwyk'yf gw,f/ 76
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85
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85
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a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfv#if uGefjrLepf udk,fpm;vS,f/ trsm;pk ae&m&r!fh tvm;tvm&Sdonf? TwGif tar&dueftzdk@ t=uyftwnf; w&yfudk &ifqdkifvm&onf? a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfv#if/ uGefjrLepfwdk@ tm%m &rnf? a&G;aumufyGJ rvkyfv#if csefau&Sdwfudk xif&mpdkif;zdk@ wa,mufwnf; v$waf y;ovdk jzpfrnf? jynfo@l twdik yf ifcH uGezf &ihu f Edik if aH &; vkyif ef;pOf w&yfukd csvu kd o f nf? Tonfukd csefau&SdwfESifh tar&duefrsm; &ifwrr jzpfae=uonf? xdk vkyfief;pOft& w&kwfjynfwGif csefau&Sdwf wdk@. vlwOD; tm%m&Sif pepf tqHk;owf&ef/ tpdk;&tzGJ@udk jyifzGJ@&ef/ zGJ@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH Oya'udk jyif&ef/ vGwfvyfo!fh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzihf !Gef@aygif;tpdk;& zGJ@&ef/ ponfwdk@ jzpfonf? tar&duef ppft}uHay;tzGJ@onf csefau&Sdwf. wyfrsm;udk vufeufjz!fhwif;um wyfr}u;D (39) wyfukd avhusihf ay;aeonf? cseaf u&Sw d o f nf Tenf;jzifh tm;aumif;vmonf? a*smhrm&S,f. ‘jzefajza&;’ qdkonfrSm twkta,mif jzpfvmonf? TonfESifh ywfoufI armfu “tar&duef tpdk;&&J@ ay:vpD[m csefau&Sdwfudk tiftm;aumif;atmif tzufzufu vkyfay;zdk@/ csefau&Sdwf&J@ owfjzwfa&; ay:vpDudk toHk;jyK +yD;/ w&kwfjynf 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkawGudk zdESdyfzdk@ tJ'Denf;eJ@ w&kwfjynfudk tar&duef&J@ udkvdkeD jzpfatmif vkyfzdk@ ‘jzefajza&;’ qdkwmudk/ r_dif;vHk; tjzpf oHk;aewmyg? 'Day:vpDudk qufusifhoHk;ae&if w&kwfjynf w0ef;vHk;u EdkifiHcspf jynfolawG tm;vHk;[m tHk=uGvm+yD; jywfjywfom;om; qef@usi=f urSmyJ” [k ajymcJo h nf? ( “tar&duef ‘jzefajza&;’ . tjzpfreS Ef iS hf w&kwjf ynfwiG ;f ppf tvm;tvm ” tar&duef owif;axmuf atwDpwD;ESifh aqG;aEG; csuf? vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 4) xdktawm twGif; csefau&Sdwf. v#dK@0Sufykvdyf wyfzGJ@onf/ tar&duef axmufvSrf;a&; (aemifwGif pD-tdkif-at) ./ taxmuftyHhjzifh tiftm;}uD;vmonf? v#dK@0Sufykvdyfrsm;onf vpfb&,frsm;/ 'Drdku&ufwpftzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;udk tpkvdkuf t+yHKvu kd f zrf;qD;um tpdk;&udk rauseyf a=umif; xkwfazmf ajymqdkolrsm;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhonf? armfpw D ek ;f xifo!ft h wdik ;f cseaf u&Sw d o f nf jynfou l kd rD;uke/f ,rf;ukef zdEydS af eonf? odk@&mwGif uGefjrLepfygwDxJu csefau&SdwfESihf tvkyfjzpfEdkifonf[k ar#mfvifhaeolrsm; &S d a eao;onf ? ZEM 0 g&D v (10) &uf a e@wG i f A[d k a umf r wD u typf t cwf & yf p J & ef trdef@xkwfcJhonf? “+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&; tqifhopf wckodk@ a&muf+yD” [k ausnmcJhonf? odk@&mwGif azazmf0g&DvxJY csefau &Sdwfu typftcwf &yfpJa&;udk csdK;azmufum/ xdk;ppfqifvmonf? TtajctaewGif v#La&SmufcsDu A[kdaumfrwD ausnmcsufudk udk;um;um “ygwD. t"du wdkufyGJyHko¾ef jzpfonf ”[k a&;cJhonf? olu “ygwDonf ppfwyfrsm;tm; wdkuf&dkufuGyfuJjcif;udk &yfqdkif;um/ 4if;wdk@tm; umuG,fa&; 0ef}uD;XmeatmufwGif xm;&rnf?---igwdk@ ygwDonf twdkuftcHygwDw&yf r[kwfawmh? 102
tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
103
tm%m& ygwDwck jzpfvm+yD? igwdk@ ygwD0iftcsdK@onf/ A[kdtpdk;&tzGJ@wGif t&m&Sdrsm; jzpfvmawmhrnf?--1927 ckEpS u f vnf;/ Tod@k jzpfczhJ ;l onf?---od@k &mwGif tjcm;zufwzufu vufeufuikd f wdu k cf u kd cf hJ o!ft h wGuf ysujf ym;cJ&h onf?---,ck TtjzpfrsKd ; tjzpfrcH&” [k a&;cJo h nf? od@k &mwGif xdt k jzpfrsKd ; xyfrjzpfatmif rnfo!fh tmrcHcsuf &Syd goenf;? typftcwf &yfpJa&;udk csdK;azmufolrSm csefau&Sdwf jzpfonf[k a*smhrm&S,f udk,fwdkifu 0efcHcJhonf r[kwaf vm? 1946 ck yxr ESpf0uftwGif;wGif armfonf ppfyGJtwGuf jyifqifonf? +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk rnfo!feh nf;jzif&h & ,l&rnf[k ygww D iG ;f wGif pdwu f ;l ,Ofrae=u&ef aqmf=oonf? “ jynfwGif;ppf[m wuJh jzpf&yf jzpfae+yD? u|efawmfwdk@&J@ tvkyfu &Sdor# tiftm;pkudk pkpnf;zdk@ jzpfw,f ” [k armfu ajymcJhonf? 1946 ck rwfvwGif ulrifwefu xdk;ppf}uD;w&yf pwifqifonf? TwGif armfuvnf; ppfjyifqifr_rsm;udk aZmufcsvkyfonf? ulrifwef xdk;ppfudk wH@k jyef&ef vlxrk sm;udk v_@H aqmfonf? oD;pm;c av#mo h nf? ukex f w k v f yk af &;udk wGe;f wifonf? ajr,mjyKjyif ajymif;vJa&;udk vkyfonf? refcsL;&D;,m;wGif tajccHa'orsm; cdkifrma&;udk tao;pd w f vk y f o nf ? wyf o m;opf r sm; pk a qmif ; um wyf e D a wmf u d k jynf o l @ vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf[k jyifzGJ@onf? ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;a=umihf aumufyJ oD;ESH txGurf av#m&h ef uGyu f o J nf? “w&kwfjynf ajrmufydkif;u u|efawmfwdk@ jynfolawG[m 'Drdkua&pD ta=umif;udk em;vnfoGm; +yD? tcktcsdefup+yD;/ b,frif;qdk;rif;npfrS jynfolawGudk !Sif;yef; EkdifrSm r[kwaf wmhb;l ” [k csLaw;u tifemvl0Dpxa&mif;udk ajymcJhonf? csefau&Sdwfonf aqG;aEG;+yD;o!fhaemuf wjynfvHk; wGif jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk pwifqifE$JcJhonf? tar&duef owif;pm q&mr tifemvl0Dpxa&mif;udk awG@qHkI/ tEkjrLAHk;udk puULusm;[k ajymvdkufonfrSm xdktcsdef jzpfonf? armf. pum;onf/ jynfwGif; jynfy/ csefau&SdwfESifh tar&duef ESpfOD;pvHk;udk &nf&G,f ajymjcif;jzpfonf? tEkjrLAHk;[m tar&duef azmufjyefa&;orm;awGu/ vlawGudk ajcmufvSef@zdk@ toHk;jyKwJh puULusm; jzpfw,f? yHkyef;u a=umufp&mygyJ? wu,fawmh a=umufp&mr[kwf? tEkjrLAHk;[m vlawGudk tpkvdkuf t+yHKvdkuf owfjzwfEdkifwJh vufeufwrsdK;awmh rSefw,f? 'gayr,fh ppf&J@ t&_H;tEdkifudk opfqef;wJh vufeufESpfcku qHk;jzwfEdkifwm r[kwfzl;? jynfoal wGuom qH;k jzwfEikd w f ,f? “ azmuf j yef a &;orm;tm;vH k ; [m puU L usm;yJ ? toG i f = u!f h & if azmufjyefa&;orm;awG[m a=umufp&myJ? trSefuawmh olwdk@rSm 'Davmuftiftm; }uD;rm;wm[m/ azmufjyefa&;orm;awG r[kwfzl;? jynfolawGuomjzpfw,f ” [k armfu tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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ulrifwefonf typftcuf&yfpaJ &; oabmwlncD suu f kd csKd ;azmuf+y;D aemuf uGejf rLepfw@kd tm; wyfom; (1740000) &Sdo!fh wyfr}uD; (180) ESihf wyfr (206) ckjzifh xdk;ppfqifcJhonf[k ajymcJo h nf? atmufwb kd mvwGif rm&S,u f wdu k cf u kd rf r_ sm; r&yfv#i/f xGurf nf[k cseaf u&Sw d x f H ta=umif;=um; cJhonf? csefau&Sdwfu “uGefjrLepf wdkufppf ” rsm;udk vuf!_d;xdk;jyonf? tar&duef tpdk;&u/ csefau&Sdwfudk tpGrf;ukef axmufyHh&ef pdwf'kef;'kef;cs +yD;o!hfaemuf jy\emudk ajz&Sif;a&;rSm jynfwGif;ppfrSwyg; tjcm;vrf; r&Sdawmh?
tm%mod r f ; yG J jynfwGif;ppfESihf trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; ppfyGJ 1946 - 49 jynfwGif;ppf. ed'gef;tjzpf csefau&Sdwfu usefpk-tefa0S; a'oudk wyfom;aygif; (120000) (wyfr 18 ck) jzifh xdk;ppfqifonf? Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae@wGif armfa&;o!fh !$e=f um;csuu f kd A[kad umfrwD u xkwjf yefonf? xdk !$e=f um;csurf mS “cseaf u&Sw d . f xd;k ppftm; k !fh pmwrf; jzpfonf? “u|eaf wmfw@kd onf ud, k u hf u kd , kd f umuG,af om ppfjzihf acsre_ ;f =u ” qdo csefau&Sdwfudk tEdkifwdkufEdkifonf? Ttcsufudk wygwDvHk; wif;jy!fh usyfjy!fh ,Hk=unf&rnf ” [k az: jyxm;onf? ckcHa&; ppfaoe*FAsK[mudk armfudk,fwdkif tao;pdwf a&;qGJonf? armfonf cseaf u&Sw d f ta=umif;udk aumif;aumif;odonf? cseaf u&Sw d f ppfwu kd yf u kH kd od+y;D om; jzpfonf? pifppf cseaf u&Sw d f onf aoe*FAsK[mr_; wa,mufr[kw?f uGejf rLepfw@kd . wdu k yf pJG Ofrsm;onf ppfyGJ oufoufr[kwf? vlr_awmfvSefa&; jzpfonf? xdk@a=umihf armfonf ppfy&d,m,f jy\emrsm;udkomru/ ajr,mjyKjyifa&; b¾ma&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf 0g'jzef@csDa&;wdk@ESifh ywfoufIvnf; pmwrf;rsm; a&;onf? txl;ojzifh xdk vkyfief;rsm;onf vGwfajrmuf+yD; refcsL;&D;,m;jynfe,fwGif rsm;pGmta&;}uD;onf? armfu wnf+idrf o!fh tajccHa'orsm; wnfaqmuf&ef/ xdak 'orsm;udk +rdK@}u;D rsm;ESihf axmufyaHh &; vrf;a=umif;rsm; teD;wGif r[kwyf /J vHk+cHKo!fh a'orsm;wGif wnfaqmuf&ef ajymcJhonf? ppftajctae wckvHk;tm;/ !$ef=um;o!fh w&m;rsm;udk/ qnf;yl;avhvmo!fhtcg eufeufeeJ J awG;awm}uq H rS jzpfrnf? ta=umif;rl tajctaewckv;kH ESiq hf ikd af om t&mrsm;udk rsuf p d j zif h rjrif E d k i f ? euf e uf e J e J awG ; awm }uH q jcif ; rS t y/ tjcm;enf ; vrf ; rsm;jzif h rodEdkifaoma=umihf jzpfonf?---aoe*FAsK[m jy\emrsm;rSm &efolESifh u|efawmfwdk@ qufpyfaer_udk axmuf&_a&;/ tajctaewckvHk;ESihf oufqdkifo!fh tpdwftydkif;tcsdK@wdk@udk axmuf&a_ &;/ tajctae wckv;kH xJu xl;jcm;csurf sm;udk axmuf&a_ &;/ a&S@wef; ppfrsuEf mS ESihf ppfaemufydkif; a'owdk@. qufpyfaer_udk axmuf&_a&;? “qHk;yg;r_ESifh jz!fhwif;r_/ wdkufcdkufr_ESihf tem;,lr_/ pkpnf;r_ESihf jzef@cGJr_/ xdk;ppfESihf cHppf/ twufESifh tqkwf/ zkef;uG,fjcif;ESihf rzkef;uG,fjcif;/ t"du wdkufr!fhbufESihf tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)
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t&Hwu kd rf !hb f uf/ pkpnf; !$e=f um;r_EiS fh jzef@cGJ !$e=f um;r_/ a&&Snpf pfEiS fh tjrefq;kH tqH;k owfppf/ ae&m,lppfESihf v_yf&Sm;ppf/ udk,fhwyfESihfr[mrdwfwyf/ TwyfrsdK;ESifh xdkwyfrsdK;/ acgif;aqmifESihf vuf a tmuf i ,f o m;/ au'grsm;ES i f h ppf o m;rsm;/ ppf o m;a[mif ; ES i h f ppf o m;opf / tqifjh rifah u'gEiS hf tqifeh rd hf au'g/ 0g&ifah u'gEiS fh 0gEk au'g/ a'oeDEiS hf a'ojzL/ a'oa[mif;ESihf a'oopf/ A[kda'oESifh tpGeftzsm;a'o/ yltdkufaom&moD ESifh csrf;at;aom &moD/ tEdkifESifh t&_H;/ wyfzGJ@pk}uD;ESifh wyfpGJpk uav;/ t+rJwrf;wyfESihf ajymufusm;wyf &efoludk okwfoifacsr_ef;jcif;ESifh vlxkaxmufcHr_&jcif;/ wyfeDawmfudk wdk;csJ@jcif;ESifh cdkif+rJatmif vkyfjcif;/ ppfa&;vkyfief;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;/ twdwfwm0efESifh ypPKy`efwm0ef/ ypPKy`efwm0efESifh tem8gwfwm0ef/ twnfwus ppfa=umif;ESifh a&G@vsm;aeaom ppfa=umif;/ jynfwGif;ppfESihf trsdK;om;ppf po!fh jy\emrsm; t=um;&Sd/ uGJjym;jcm;em;r_ESifh qufpyfr_wdk@udk axmuf&_a&; ” ( “w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&; ppfyGJ. aoe*FAsK[m jy\emrsm;” vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ/ 1) ZlvdkifvwGif csefau&Sdwfonf tar&duefxHrS a':vm oef; (500) ESifh a':vm oef; (500) bd;k vufeufrsm; &onf? cseaf u&Sw d o f nf refcsL;&D;,m;wGif pcef;csaeo!fh ol@wyfrsm;udk xdak iGjzifh axmufyo hH nf? od@k &mwGif jynfow l @kd u &xm;vrf;rsm;udk zsu=f uonf? oHvrf;rsm;udk jzKwu f m awmifay:od@k ,lomG ;=uonf? cseaf u&Sw d w f iG f rD;&xm;rsm;&Sad omfvnf; oHvrf;rsm; r&Sd? csefau&Sdwf onf ol@wyfr_;rsm;udkvnf; olr,Hk? wyfr_;rsm;u trdef@wrsdK;xkwfI/ olu wrsdK; xkwfonf? ol jzKwfcsifoludk jzKwfI/ ol cef@csifoludk cef@onf? xdk@a=umifh rnfo!fht&mudkr# &J & J 0 H h 0 H h rvk yf & J =u? ol @wyf rsm;onf ,ck w d k i f pnf ;urf ;r&S d ? iwfjywfae=uolrsm; jzpfonf? awmu v,form;rsm;udk vufjyef }uKd ;csnI f ppfxJ qGo J iG ;f um/ ppfoifwef; ay;=uonf? wcsdK@ vrf;wGif iwfI ao=uonf? armfu jynfwiG ;f ppf wdu k &f if;/ 0g'jzef@csaD &;vkyif ef; vkyo f nf? zrf;rdaom oH@k yef;rsm;udk aumif;pGm jyKpkonf? odk@jzifh ulrifwef wyfom;rsm;pGm wyfeDawmfxJodk@ 0ifvm=uonf? armhfbufwGif wyfr_;aumif;rsm; &Sdonf? jynfol&Sdonf? uGefjrLepfygwD&Sdonf? ygwDonf nD!Gwfaom/ pnf;urf;&Sd aom &dk;om;aom ygwDjzpfonf? armfu 1946 ckESpfonf “aoe*FAsK[m cHppf” umv[k owfrw S f onf? enf;y&d,m,frmS v_y&f mS ;ppfyJG enf;y&d,m,f jzpfonf? csefaau&Sdwfu +rdK@}uD;rsm;odrf;v#if odrf;ygap? cGifhjyKxm;onf/ vltiftm;ESifh vufeuftiftm;udk ac|wm&rnf? ,m,DpGef@v$wfr_rsm;onf a&SmifvGJr&&Hkr#ru/ vdkvnf; vdt k yfonf[k armf ,lqonf? xd@k a=umihf ajryHu k kd =u!fI h ppftajctaeudk avhvmaeonf? urBm}u;D tzd@k +rKd @}u;D rsm; odr;f ydu k x f m;Edik o f !fh cseaf u&Sw d u f kd =u!fu h m cseaf u&Sw d f tEdik &f ae+y?D uGefjrLepfawG &_H;ae+yD[k xifp&m jzpfaeonf? Todk@ xifp&m jzpfatmifvnf; armfu wrifzefw;D xm;onf? aoe*FAsK[m cHppfumv yxrESpfwGif armfonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udkom/ t"du pOf;pm;ae onf? udk,fhzmom zlvHk&ef ukefxkwfvkyfa&;udk wGef;wif&rnf? pm;eyf&duQmESihf t0wftxnf vHkavmufatmif vkyf&rnf? tdrfwdkif; csnfiif&rnf[k aqmf=oonf? 1936 106
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tvi tviff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef POST 169-0075 TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10 303,HIGARI BLD TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178 Japan. TEL 080-5070-0080 080-3574-9700 090-9954-5070 090-6528-9292 090-7198-4763
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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(8)