အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၅) အမွတ္ (၁ဝ) by derric maw

Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.10

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a'gufwmarmifoif; “ynma&;qkdwm {u&mZf=uD;jzpfzkd@/ w&m;ol=uD;jzpfzkd@ r[kwfyg? +ynfoljynfom;aumif; jzpfatmifavhusifhay;jcif;” ygw?hJ tawG;tac:ynm&Si=f u;D “&l;qk;d ” (Rousseau) &J Œ ynma&;eJ @ qk d i f w J h tqk d t rd e f @ yg?ol @ tqk d [ m ,ae@txd rSeu f efaeqJyg? ol@tqku d dk bmx&ef&yfqv J u f “vlqefwhJ vlom;arG;xkwjf cif;” wJ?h ynma&;&JŒ aemufqHk;&v'fu aumif;r_("rR)eJ@raumif;r_(t"rR) wkd@ukda0zef qef;ppfekdifpGrf;&SdjyD; trSefw&m;ukd opPmcHwJh bufawmfom;jzpfvmum avmuaumif;usKd; pGrf;pGrf;wrH o,fykd;ekdifol jzpfvmjcif;ygyJ/ tJ'grS jynfolŒom;aumif; (good citizen) yg? ekdifiH om;aumif;/ jynfo@l om;aumif; wpfa,muf+zpfvmzk@d twGuf jynfojl ynfom;aumif; wpfa,muf &JŒtcGifhta&;/ wm0efeJ@0wW&m;/ av;pm;vkdufem&r,fh pnf;urf;awGu bmawGvJ? tJ'gawGodatmif/ jyD;awmhav;pm;um vkdufemusifhoHk;atmif b,fvkdvkyfrSmvJ? jynfoljynfom;aumif;qkdwm wpfOD;wpfa,muftwGuf r[kwfyg? ekdifiHtwGif;&Sd ql=uHKedrfhjrifh ekdifiHom;tm;vHk; twGufyg? jynfoljynfom;aumif; wpfa,mufrSm &Sdoihf&SdxkdufwJh ekdifiH=uD;om;pdwfxm; t&nftaoG;awGjynfh0rS tJ'DekdifiH[m jidrf;csrf;r_/ omm,mr_eJ@ jynfhpHkjyD; zHG@jzdK;wkd;wufr_ukd tifeJ@tm;eJ@ aqmif&GufekdifrSm? jynfolvlxkukd ekdifiHom;aumif;awG jzpfvmatmif tHkeJ@usif;eJ@ tpkta0;eJ@ avhusiahf y;ekid w f v hJ yk if ef;u ynma&;ygy?J ynma&;&JŒ vkyfief;awG/ arSsmfrSef;csufawGukd jynfhjynfh00 taumiftxnfazmfaewJh ae&mawGuawmh ausmif;awGyg? rl=udK/ rlvwef;rSonf aumvdyf wuUokdvf trsKd;rsKd;txdyg? rsm;aomtm;jzifh vlawGu xif=uygw,f? ausmif;qkw d m “oif” wJah e&m/ txl;ojzifh “pmoif” 22

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(10)

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(c) jrifrh m;onfh pdwof abmxm; &Sjd cif; 1? rdrdudk,fudk ,Hk=unfr_ tjynf@&SdpGmjzifh wm0efudk xrf;aqmifedkifjcif;? 2? wm0efodI wm0ef,laqmif&Gufvdkpdwf &SDjcif;? 3? tcuftcJudk aemufrqkwfbJ &ifqdkifausmfv$m;edkifjcif;? 4? olwpfyg;tm; &dkif;yif;ulnDvdkpdwf jynfh0jcif;? 5? touf/ 0g/ ynm/ *k%f=uD;oludk &dkaoav;pm;onfh tavhtx&Sdjcif;? 6? vltcsif;csif; b0aemufcHrwlr_eSifh p&dkufuGJjym;r_rsm;udk todtrSwfjyKjcif;? 7? olwpfyg;atmifjrifatmif ulnDpGrf;aqmifay;vdkjcif;? 8? uGJjym;aomvlrsdK;/ bmom/ ,Ofaus;r_/ "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;udk av;pm;wefzdk;xm;jcif;? 9? &yf&GmtusdK;/ vlxktusdK;/ tzGJŒtpnf;aumif;usdK; o,fydk;vdkpdwf jyif;xefjcif;? 10? vlrsKd ;eJ@ wdik ;f jynfuckd spjf y;D jynfo@l eDwd jynf0h I wm0efoad om edik if =H u;D om;. tjyKtrl tavh tusijhf zifh aexdik jf cif;wd@k jzpfygonf? 24

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(10)

uav;i,fawG[m jynfo@lewD od if=um;ay;r_uif;rJch &hJ if =uD;edki fi,fnOS f;eJ@ twWpdwfxm;=uD;ol/ pmempdwfrJhol/ pnf;urf;rav;pm;ol/ wm0efrodwwfolawGtjzpf =uD;jyif;vmrSmyg? tJ'pD dwfxm;[m 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm r&SdtyfwJh pdwfxm;eJ@ tusifyh g? tJ'oD al wGvufxJ 'Drukd a&pDa&mufomG ;vd@k uawmh 0&kef;okef;um; 'Drdkua&pDyJjzpfygvdrfhr,f? txufygtcsuftmvHk;udk jcKHvdkufvSsif ausmif;awGrSm jynfol@eDwd oif=um;&jcif;&JŒ aemufq;kH &v'fu awmh..... (u) edkifiHoledkifiHom;aumif; (Good citizen) (c) vlawmfvlaumif; (Good person) (*) 'Drdkua&pD tusifhudk av;pm;wefzdk;xm;ol (odk@) 'Drdkua&pD0g'Daumif; (Good democrat) awG ay:xGef;vmjcif;wdk@ yJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ ausmif;uxGufoGm;wJh vli,fwpfa,mufudk avhusifhay;vdkufwJh t&mtm; vHk;teuf &ifxJ/ OD;aeSmufxJ pGJusef&pfr,fh t"dut&muawmh jynfol@eDwdygyJ? qdkvdkwmu tJ'Dvli,f [m jynfol@eDwdudk av;pm;vdkufem usifhoHk;ol (Civicminded person) jzpfoGm;zdk@yg? urBmwpf0ef;u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;&JŒ jidrf;csrf;om,m zGHŒ jzKd ;wd;k wufru _ kd tJ'v D v kd al wGuom aqmif&u G =f urSmrd@k yg? D ufomG ;aewJh vrfa=umif;u 'Dru kd a&pDvrf;a=umif;yg? uíeaf wmfw@kd &JŒ edik if aH wmfu csw 'D r d k u a&pD [ m ed k i f i H = uD ; om;pd w f x m;=uG , f 0 wJ h jynf o l j ynf o m;aumif ; awG e J Œ rS atmif a tmif j rif j rif u sif h o H k ; ed k i f rS m ? 'gh a =umif h ed k i f i H w umausmif ; awG r S m jynf o l @ eD w d oif = um;ay;wm[m “'D r d k u a&pD t avh t usif h & atmif avh u sif h a y;wmygyJ / xd k @ twl 'D r d k u a&pD x G e f ; um;wJ h e d k i f i H a wG u ausmif ; awG r S m jynf o l @ eD w d oif = um;ay;wm[m “edik if aH &;aumif;zd@k ” ygw?hJ jynfo@l eDwd uHv k w kH hJ edik if o H mawGaygygrS 'Dru kd a&pD&ŒJ “pH” / teSpo f m&udk taumiftxnfazmfeikd rf mS jzpfv@kd yg? uav;i,f a wG [ m jynf o l @ eD w d o if = um;ay;r_ u if ; rJ h c J h & if }uD ; ed k i f i ,f n S O f ; eJ @ twWpdwfxm;=uD;ol/ pmempdwfrJhol/ pnf;urf;rav;pm;ol/ wm0efrodwwfolawGtjzpf }uD;jyif;vmrSmyg? tJ'Dpdwfxm;[m 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm r&SdtyfwJh pdwfxm;eJ@ tusifhyg? tJ'DolawGvufxJ 'Drdkua&pDa&mufoGm;vdk@ uawmh 0&kef;okef;um; 'Drdkua&pDyJjzpfygvdrfhr,f? uíefawmfwdk@arSsmfrSef;wmu “pHjynfh 'Drdkua&pD vl@abmif”yg? tJ'Dvdkjzpfzdk@uawmh jynfoljynfom;aumif;/ vlawmf/ vlaumif;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD 0g'Daumif; awG avhusifhay;edkifpGrf; &SdwJh “jynfo@l eDw”d bmom&yfuakd usmif;awGrmS (txl;ojzifh rlvwef;eJ@ tv,fwef;ausmif;tqif)h rjzpfrae oif=um;ay;zdk@ vdkwJhtcsdefyg? 'grSjrefrmwdk@&JŒ “pHjynfh 'Drdkua&pD edkifiHqDodk@ csDwufyGJ” rSm ql;anSmifh cvkyf uefoif; uif;uif;eJ@ at;csrf;om,mpGm csDwufedkifrSmyg?

a'gufwmarmifoif; jynfol@acwf*sme,f twGJ1/ trSwf 45 tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(10) 2 5

'Duae h ArmawG Armpma}u }uovm;

O\mq&mtdk av;av;tdk (O\majrrS) zcif}uD;a&;om;jyKpkxm;aom a0g[m& / ayg&m%ESifh o'Ng aqmif;yg;aygif;csKyfrSaeI vpOf jrefrmrsm; jrefrmpmudk od=u/ wdus/ rSefuefpGm ajymqdk a&;om;Edkifapa&;twGuf ESifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;a&muf (odk@r[kwf) EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif arG;zGm;=uolrsm;ESifh jrefrmpmudk avhvmvdkufpm;vdkolrsm;twGuf vpOfa&;om;az:jyay;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? ,ckyxrqHk;taeeJ@ XmemXmeaumov†Om%f / ol@ae&mESifhol wdusrSefuefpGm a&;om;ajymqdk Edik af pa&;twGuu f kd wifjyvdu k yf gawmhonf?

XmemXmeaumov Om%f q&mtdkonf jrefrmhpmayavmuodk@ wdk;0ifI =unfhaomtcg odp&m/ rSwfp&m/ a&Smifp&m/ aqmifp&mawGrsm;vSygbd[k awG;rdygonf? igbmr# rodao;yguvm;[k rdrdudk,frdrd tuJjzwfrdygonf? odk@aomfodk@aomf wwfor# rSwfor#ESifhyif ynm'ge jyKvdkuf&ygonf? XmemESifh XmerSm t"dy`g,f twlwljzpfonf? teufrSm t&yfa'ojzpfonf? aumov†rSm odonfwwfonf/uírf;usifvdrRmonf[k t"dy`g,f&dSonf? Xmem Xmeaumov†Om%f onf ol@ae&mESifhol xHk;rSDpHus tH0ifcGifus oHk;E_ef;wwfaom todOm%f[k qdkcsifygonf? pma&;ol yJcl;+rdK@ t-x-u (5) wGiftxufwef;jyq&mvkyfcJhpOfu wynfhrsm;tm; ok'E< iS u hf m&du k t f a=umif;udk oif=um;ay;cJzh ;l ygonf? wynfw h pfO;D tm; pkwaf tmif b,fvv kd yk &f rvJ[k ar;&m wynfrh u +z&J ygrnf[k ajzvdu k &f m wpfcef;vH;k tke;f tke;f uíuu f íuf jzpfomG ;ygonf? 26

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(10)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(10)

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armif0Ho (Popular News Journal 23/ 02/ 2012 rSu;l ,laz: jyygonf?)

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vufcHEkdi frmS r[kwf owif;orm;wdk@vdkufem&r,fh usifh0wfpnf;urf;awGqdkwmvnf; owif;orm;awG ud k , f w d k i f aqG ; aEG ; wd k i f y if a&;qG J & rS m jzpf w ,f ? q&m0ef a wG t wG u f usif h 0 wf u d k q&m0efr[kwfolawGudk a&;cdkif;vdk@ rjzpfygbl;? q&m0efawGudk,fwdkifa&;rS t"dy`m,f&Sdygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh vH;k 0vGwv f yfwhJ owif;pmq&mtoif;wd@k / owif;axmuftoif;wd@k ay:xGuv f mzd@k t&ifqHk; vkyf&ygr,f? 'gudkrvkyfbJeJ@ owif;rD'D,musifh0wf pnf;urf;a&;qGJwm jzpfjzpf/ rD ' D , mOya' jyXmef ; wmjzpf j zpf / atmif j rif v mzG , f r&S d y gbl ; ? bma=umif h v J q d k a wmh b,fvdkowif;orm;ppfppfrsKd;rS vufcHEdkifrSm r[kwfvdk@yg?

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eyfoal wGu vky=f uo H wfjzwfvu dk =f uw,f? ol@taz vky=f uo H wfjzwfc&H ovkd orD;jzpfol 'DtjzpfrsK;d =uKH&r,fqkdwmukd awG;rdwkdif; &if;xJwif;usyfarmyef;vmrdw,f? axmifrLS ; ukcd spEf idk f Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;yku H dk ai;arm&if; ESpjf rKyaf ewJt h csed rf mS axmifyidk f =u;D [mvnf; axmifyidk =f u;D [mvnf; jyLwif;buftjyifbuf ai;arm=unfah ecku d f vufxrJ S pD;u &ufjym[m &Snv f eG ;f vk@d =urf;jyifay:a=uu G somG ;w,f? axmifyidk =f u;D toH[m wnfjird jf y;D ---“ atmifqef;pk=unf[m ol@tazvkad wmh r[kwb f ;l ? ” 'Dpum;&J@ t"dyg` ,u f dk em;rvnf vku d o f vkd axmifyidk =f u;D ukd =unfv h u dk &f if; --“ rif; t"dy`g,f em;rvnfbl;vm;/ AkdvfcsKyfu aooGm;jyD? 'Drdef;r touf&Sifaeao; w,f? uJ -- tck rif; odjyDvm;? ” udck spEf idk [ f m a,mifvnfvnfEiS hf ---“ [kwu f q hJ &m/ [kwyf gw,f q&m” vk@d jyefajymvku d yf gw,f? “ 'gqkd rif;ajymykHt&qkd&if/ tJ'D bkef;=uD;ausmif;u q&mawmf=uD;u EkdifiHa&;orm; r[kwfbl;qkdwm aocsm&J@vm;´ “ q&mawmf EkdifiHa&; pum;ajymw,fqkdwm wcgrS r=um;bl;ygbl;q&m? q&mawmf =uD;rSm bmrmerSvnf; r&Sdbl;q&m? aemuf 2&ufvmuft=umrSm ppfukdif;acsmifu w&m;tm; xkwfjyD; jyefvmrSmyg? usaemftxift& q&mawmf=uD;u EkdifiHa&;rSm 0goem rygygQbl;? q&m pdwf0ifpm;r,fqdk&if ar;jref;zkd@ usaemf pDpOfay;ygr,f? ” “ [kwfw,f/ igwkd@ q&mawmf=uD;ta=umif; odatmif pkHprf;&r,f? rif;ukd igr,kHvkd@ r[kwfbl;? ” “ rif;odatmif ajym&&if igvnf; 'Duav;ukd oabmusw,f? axmifxJrSm ol[m tavhtusihf jzpfaejy?D wu,fq&dk if jy\emjzpfEidk w f v hJ al wGvufxu J dk rxnfv h u dk cf sib f ;l ? 'ga=umifh igvnf; 'Duav;twGuf aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;&r,f?” axmifykdif=uD;pum;ukd em;axmif&if; axmifykdif=uD;&J@ tokH;ruswJhtawG;ESifh bkef; =u;D ausmif;rSmae&if uav;[m ysupf ;D r,fqw dk hJ oabm/ axmifxrJ mS aewmu ykjd y;D vkjH cKw H ,fqdk wJo h abm a&mufaew,f? axmifyidk =f u;D pum;[m b,ft"dyg` ,o f ufa&mufaew,fqw dk m axmifyidk =f u;D od&@J vm;? b,fvkdbJ jzpfjzpf axmifykdif=uD;ukd olacsmhaygif;umrS aumifav;ukd olu,fEkdifrSm? axmifrSL;ukd cspEf idk u f “ rSefygw,f q&m/ axmifykdif=uD; xifovkd usaemfvnf; twlwlygyJ q&m ” qufvuf azmfjyygO;D rnf?

bmomjyef armifarmifvwf (c) Roland Hardy 120

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bmomjyef tcef;quf a'gufwmbarmf .

&kef;xGufcJh&aomjrefrmjynf Ba Maw BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA Memoirs Of a Revolution 1939 - 1946

oef;0if;vSkdif (jyefqdkonf) rl&if;pma&;q&m a'gufwmbarmf. (Breakthrough in Burma) vuf&mjzpfonf?a'gufwmbarmfonf udkvdkeD acwfynmwwf 0wfvHka&S@aewpfOD;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH.udkvdkeDacwf 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;wpfOD;/ zufqpf*syefacwf t"dywdtm%m&SifwpfOD;/ twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD; jzpfcJhbl;olwa,mufjzpfum/ oljzwfoef;}uHKawG@cJh&aom jrefrmjynf. EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfudk tajccHI a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf? pma&;q&m oef;0if;v_difrS bmomjyefI a&;om;xm;onfudk tvif;tdrfrStcef;quftjzpf az: jyvdkufygonf? acwfwpfacwf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;ordkif; jzpfpOfudk acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf jzpfcJhol. a&;om;csufudk avhvmod&SdEdkif&ef wifjyvdkufygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;

a'gufwm barmf (Edik if aH wmf t"dywda[mif;) (c&pf 1893-1977) . twWKywWdtusOf;? a'gufwmbarmfudk 1893 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (8) &uf/ Ak'[ < l;ae@wGif rtlyif+rdK@Y OD;aus;/ a':odef;wifrS zGm;jrifonf? arG;csif; ESpfa,mufwGif ti,f jzpfonf? t}uD;rSm Oya' ygarmuQ a'gufwm b[ef jzpfonf? i,fpOfu c&pf,mef bmom0if jzpf+yD;/ Oa&myrS jyefvm+yD;aemuf Ak'Q bmom0if jzpfvmonf? a'guw f m barmfonf pdeaf ygausmif; (t-x-u (6) Adv k w f axmif) rS wuUov kd 0f if pmar;yGJ atmifjrifI 1913 ckESpfwGif &efukefaumvdyfrS 0dZ…mbGJ@ &&Sdonf? &efukef+rdK@ tpdk;& txuf wef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;q&m tjzpf acwW0ifa&muf vkyfudkif+yD; umvuwWm; hJ nf? &efuek f wuUov kd f t*Fvyd pf may XmewGif wuUov kd rf S 1917 ckEpS w f iG f r[m0dZm… bG@J &&Scd o yxrqHk; jrefrmvlrsdK; uxdu tjzpf 1916 ckESpfrS 1920 jy!fhESpftxd av;ESpfwmr# aqmif&GufcGifh &&Sdonf? 1921 ckESpf wGif t*Fvefjynf udef;A&pf wuUodkvfodk@ oGm;a&muf ynmoif=um;cJh+y;D 1923 ckEpS w f iG f vef'ef+rdK@ *a&;tif; (GraysInn) rS bm&pfpwm 0wfvb kH @JG tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(10) 121

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&&Scd o hJ nf? 1924 ckEpS rf mS yif jyifopfEikd if H abm'd;k wuUov kd f (University of Bordeaux) rS Ak'b < momusr;f jyKI/ yg&*lb@JG (Doctcurdel' Universite) &&Scd ahJ vonf? yDtyd cf s'f b D @JG twGuf wifoGif;aom pmwrf;rSm "Ak'<bmomESifh c&pf,mef bmom&Sd psmefurRXmef;rsm; E_id ;f ,SOaf vhvmonf"h (Easten Mysticism) jzpfonf? 1924 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvnf a&muf&Sd +yD; 0wfvHkvdkuf&m 1930 jy!fhESpf om,m0wD *VKef q&mpHESifh rsdK;cspfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;bufrS vdkufygaqmif&Guf&mrS a'gufwm barmf trnfrSm xif&Sm;vmonf? 1932 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY cGJa&; wGJa&; jy\em/ tjiif;tcHk jzpfaeo!fhtcg 0wfvHk OD;ausmfjrifh/ &rf+AJ OD;armifarmif ponfwdk@ yg0ifo!fh wGJa&;toif; (armfjrifh+AJygwD) udk wnfaxmifI uGJa&; acgif;aqmiftjzpf EdkifiHa&;avmuodk@ 0ifa&mufcJhonf? 1932 ckESpfwGif Edk0ifbmv a&G;aumufyGJwGif trwftjzpf ta&G;cH&+yD; 1933 ckESpfwGif +Adwdo# ygvDref wGJzufaumfrwDESifh aqG;aEG;&ef/ jrefrm udk,fpm;vS,f (11) OD;ESifhtwl bdvyfo@kd wufa&muf aqG;aEG;cJo h nf? a'guw f m barmfonf 1934 ckEpS f rwfvwGif ynma&;ESifh use;f rma&; 0ef}u;D tjzpf vufcH aqmif&u G cf ahJ vonf? xdEk pS rf mS yif ‘qif;&Jom; 0HomEkygwD’udk wnfaxmifI 1933 ckESpfrSm 1942 ckESpftxd acgif;aqmiftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf?

a'gufwmbarmf

&kef;xGufcJh&aom jrefrmjynf 1936 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvY usif;yo!fh (91) Xme tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'jyK v$wfawmfwGif &rnfoif; awmifyikd ;f trwftjzpf ta&G;cH&onf? 1937 ckEpS /f {+yv D wGif a'guw f mbarmfonf tjcm;ygwDrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;I !Gef@aygif;tpdk;& zGJ@pnf;Edkifojzihf/ jrefrmtrsdK;om;xJrS yxrqHk; 122

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eef;&if;0ef jzpfvmavonf? 1300 jy!fh ta&;awmfy}kH u;D wGif e,fcs@J vufyg;aprsm;. &ufpufpmG &du k Ef u S rf a_ =umihf Adv k af tmifausmEf iS fh rEWav; tmZmenf (17) OD; usq;kH cJ&h o!ft h cg jynforl sm;u !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k & acgif;aqmif eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmfESifh taygif;tygrsm;tm; 0dkif;0ef; &_wfcscJh=uonf? v$wfawmfwGif vnf; twdkuftcHrsm;u t,Hkt=unf r&Sd tqdkwifI/ eef;&if;0ef&mxl;rS jzKwfcs jcif; cHvdkuf&onf? 1939 ckEpS f pufwifbmvwGif vGwv f yfa&;twGuf aoG;pnf;aqmif&u G &f ef/ wd@k Arm tpnf;t&Hk; ocifrsm;/ ig;yGifhqdkif/ qif;&Jom; 0HomEk/ aejynfawmf po!fhtzGJ@rsm; yl;aygif; vufwI JG Armhxu G &f yf *d% k ;f (Burma Freedom Bloc) zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifvu kd o f !ft h cg tzGJ@acgif;aqmif jzpfvmonf? 1940 jy!fhESpf =o*kwfv (29) &ufae@wGif xGuf&yf*dk%f; acgi;f aqmif a'guw f m barmfukd umuG,af &; yk'rf jzifh axmif'%f wESpf tjypfay;um rd;k ukwf axmifo@kd yd@k vdu k o f nf? *syefrsm; jrefrmjynfukd odr;f +y;D o!ft h cg 1942 ck/ arv wwd,ywfwiG f *syef ppfaoemywd tD;'gu a'gufwmbarmftm; acgif;aqmiftjzpf cef@xm;I tkyfcsKyfa&; pDppfr_ aumfrwDudk zGJ@pnf;ay;onf? xdEk pS f =o*kwv f (1) &ufae@wGif tpd;k &tzG@J zG@J pnf;aomtcg 0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfvmonf? Edik if aH &; OD;aqmiftzG@J tjzpf wd@k Arm qif;&Jom; tpnf;t&H;k zG@J pnf;o!ft h cgwiG v f nf; tpnf;t&H;k acgif;aqmif tm%m&Sif tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1934 ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifjr polrsm;ESit hf wl Armhvw G v f yfa&; jyifqifra_ umfr&Siu f kd acgi;f aqmifI wdu k sKd +rdK@od@k oGm;a&muf aqG;aEG;&m/ *syef {u&mZfbk&ifu wufae0if; wHqdyfjzifh *k%fjyKcsD;jrSifhcJhonf? *syefEdkifi/H jrefrmEdkifiHtm; 1943 ckESpf =o*kwfv (1) &ufae@wGif vGwfvyfa&;ay;I/ ArmEdik if H tpd;k & zG@J pnf;o!ft h cg Edik if aH wmf t"dywdtjzpf ArmEdik if H tpd;k &tzG@J udk OD;aqmifco hJ nf? xdk@aemuf a'gufwmbarmfonf *syefodk@ vufeufcs +yD;aemuf 1945 ckESpf =o*kwfv (16) &ufwGif *syefEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&; cdkv_HcGihf awmif;&ef jrefrmEdkifiHrS xGufcGmcJhonf? 1945 'DZifbmvwGif wdu k sKd +rKd @&Sd +Adwo d # ppfwyfxH vufeufcs tzrf;cHco hJ nf? ,if;aemuf *syefEikd if H ql*grdk tusOf;axmifrS 1946 ckESpf ZlvdkifvwGif jyefvnf vGwfajrmufvmcJhonf? a'guw f m barmfonf 1977ckEpS f arv (29) &ufae@wGif touf (85) ESpt f &G,Yf vl}uD;a&m*gjzifh &efukef+rdK@Y uG,fvGefonf? uG,fvGefcsdefY ZeD; a':cifrrESihf om; oHk;a,muf/ orD; av;a,muf usef&pfcJhavonf? a'gufwm barmfonf pmayrsm;udkvnf; a&;om; jyKpkcJh&m xif&Sm;o!fh pmtkyrf sm;rSm "Buddhist Mysticism: A Psychological Study"(1942)/ "New Order Plan for Burma" (1950)/ "Breakthrogh in Burma" (1968) ponfw@kd jzpfonf?

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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.10