အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၅) အမွတ္ (၆) by derric maw

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

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rif;ok0%f jynfol@acwf*sme,f twGJ (2 ) trSwf (53 ) rS&,laz:jyygonf? 36

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

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(c) vufeufrygbJ +idrf;csrf;pGmpka0;cGifh/ pDwef;vSnfhvnfcGifh? (*) toif;tzGJŒ (okd@) tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;zGJŒpnf;aqmif&GufcGifh? (C) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wrsKd;ESifhwrsKd; (odk@) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;udk vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;bmomoemudv k nf;aumif; xdcu kd ef pfemr_r&Sad pbJ rdrcd spcf ifjrwfE;kd onfh pum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_ ud;k uG,o f nfb h mom / omoemESihf "avhx;kH wrf;rsm;udk vGwv f yfpmG aqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG &hf o dS nf[I l vnf; aumif ; / yk ' f r 356 wG i f Ed k i f i H a wmf o nf Ed k i f i H o m;rsm;. w&m;0if & &S d y d k i f q d k i f x m;aom a&GŒajymif;EdkifaomypPnf;/ ra&GŒajymif;EdkifaomypPnf;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I Oya't& umuG,fay;&rnf? yk'fr 357 wGif TzGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'ygjyÏmef;csufrsm;ESifhrqef;usifvSsif EdkifiHawmfonf EdkifiHom;rsm;. aetdrfOypmvHkjcHKr_/ ypPnf;vHkjcHKr_/ pmay;pm,lESifh tjcm;qufoG,fa&;qdkif&mvHkjcHKr_rsm; twGuf Oya't&umuG,fay;&rnf? yk'fr 358 wGif EdkifiHawmfwGifaus;uGsefjyKr_ESifh vlukeful;r_rsm;udk wm;jrpfonf? yk'fr 359 wGif EdkifiHawmfonf Oya'usL;vGefI jypf'%fay;jcif;udk cH&ojzifh tvkyf'%fxrf; aqmif c d k i f ; jcif ; ES i f h trsm;jynf o l t usKd ; twG u f a qmif & G u f & ef Ed k i f i H a wmf u Oya'ES i f h t nD wm0efcsxm;jcif;rSwyg; t"rRapcdkif;jcif;udk wm;jrpfonf? yk ' f r 373 wG i f jypf r _ u sL;vG e f o l rnf o l @ ud k r qd k ,if ; jypf r _ u sL;vG e f o nf h t csd e f u twnfjzpfvsu&f dS aom oufqdkif&mOya't&om jypfr_xif&Sm;pD&if&rnf? xdk@jyif ,if;Oya't& csrSwfEdkifaom jypf'%fxufydkIcsrSwfjcif;rjyK&? yk'rf 375 wGif jypfru _ sL;vGeaf =umif;pGypf cJG &H olwOD;OD;onf Oya'ESit hf nD ckcaH csycGihf &Sad p&rnf? yk'fr 376 wGif EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;/ trsm;jynfolat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh trsm;jynfoltusKd;iSm Oya'ESifh tnD }udKwifumuG,fxm;&Sd&ef vdktyfaom udpP(odk@)wnfqJOya' w&yf&yft& cGifhjyKonfhudpPrSwyg; pD&ifydkifcGifh&Sdaom w&m; ol}uD;.csKyfrdef@ r&&SdbJ rnfol@udkrSs 24 em&DxufydkIcsKyfaESmifjcif;rjyK&[lI jyÏmef;xm;aomfvnf; ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjyif yef;tm;jzifh t&yfom;tpdk;&jzpfaeaomfvnf; tESpfom&tm;jzifh ppftm%m&Siftpdk;&jzpfaeonfhtwGuf EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf ,ae@wdkif tajccHOy'. tumtuG,fudk wef;wlnDrSsr&&SdrcHpm;=u&ay? ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vdkufemusifhoHk;aeaomOya'trsm;pkrSm t*Fvdyfvufxufu jyÏmef;cJhaom Oya'trsm;pkjzpfonf? 1962 ckESpfwGif Adkvfae0if;ppftpdk;&wufvm+yD;aemufydkif; jref r mEd k i f i H t wG i f ; ,cif v d k u f e musif h o H k ; cJ h o nf h Oya'rsm;teuf tcsKd Œ onf acwf p epf E S i f h ravsmn f aD wmhonft h wGuaf =umifv h nf;aumif;/ vdu k ef musio hf ;kH jcif;r&So d nfrmS tcsed =f umjrih+f y;D jzpfojzifh vnf; aumif; ponfhta=umif;jycsufrsm;jzifh jrefrmudk Oya' (Myanmar Code) aygif;csKyftwGJ 13 wGJrS Oya'aygif; (435) ckteuf Oya' (221) ck¶kyfodrf;cJhojzifh (214) ckomusef&Sdawmhonf? xdk@jyif ygvDrefacwf (1955 rS 1962 rwfv 1 ae@txd) wGif usif;oHk;cJhaom jyÏmef;Oya' (334) ckteuf (158) ckukd ¶kyo f rd ;f cJh aoma=umifh (176) ckom use&f o dS nf? xdak cwfY jyifqifcsuOf ya' 120 udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? xdkenf;wlpGm awmfvSefa&;aumfpDacwf (1962 rwfv 2 rSwf 1974 rwfv 1 t xdf) wGif usihfoHk;cJhaom jyÏmef;Oya' (182) ckteuf 70 udk zsufodrf;cJh&m (112) ckom usef&Sd+yD; xdkacwfwGif jyifqifcsufOya' (36) ckudk xkwfjyefcJhonf? rqvacwf (1974 rwf 2 rS 1988 pufwifbm 17 xd) jyÏmef;Oya' (125) ck teuf (32) 54

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

ckudk zsufodrf;cJh&m vufusefOya' (93) ckom usef&Sd+yD;/ xdkacwfY jyefqif csufOya' (29) ckudk xkwfjyefcJhonf? wzef Edik if aH wmf+ird 0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ acwf (0g) e0wacwf (1988 pufwifbm 18 rS 1997 Edk0ifbm 14xd) wGif Oya'uJhodk@ tm%mwnfaomtrdef@ 1 &yftygt0if jyÏmef;Oya' (139) ck&Sd&m Oya' (8) ckudk zsufodrf;cJhI vufusefOya' (131) ckom usef&Sdonf? xdkacwfwGif jyifqifcsuf Oya' (43) cktm; xyfrHxkwfjyefcJhonf? ,if;aemuf EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHŒ+zdK;a&;aumifpDacwf (1997 Edk0ifbm 15 rS 2011 rwfv 30 &ufae@txd) wGif jyÏmef;Oya' (141) ck&Sdonfhteuf (2) ckudk zsufodrf;cJhojzifh vufusefOya' (139) &Sdonf? ,if;acwfY jyifqifcsufOya' (44) ckudk xkwfjyefonf? odk@uvdk wnfqJOya'w&yf&yfudk zsufodrf;onfjzpfap/ ,cifOya'udk jyifqifajymif;vJI Oya'topfrsm;udk jyifqifjyÏmef;onf jzpfap rltm;jzifh Oya'rsm;udk a&;qGJ&mYvnf;aumif;/ jyifqif&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ xyfrHjznfhpGuf&mwGifvnf;aumif; Oya'jyK ydkifcGifh&Sdaom tzGJŒtpnf;rS Oya'udk a&;qGJIjynfolwdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifonfh ygvDref (odk@) jynfholŒv$Gwfawmfodk@ wifjytwnfjyKcsuf &,l+yD;rSomvSsif jyifqif/ jznfhpGuf/ zsufodrf;Edkifayonf? Oya'rsm;udk a&;qGjJ yÏmef;&mwGiv f nf; oufqikd &f m Edik if w H Edik if . H Edik if aH &;/ vlra_ &;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf tpdk;&.rl0g'vrf;nGefcsuf p onfhwdk@tay:tajcjyKI Oya'rsm;udk vdktyfovdk a&;qGJjyÏmef;&ayrnf? xdkodk@a&;qGJjyÏmef;onfhOya'onf trsm;jynfolwdk@tm; tusKd;jzpfxGef;ap+yD; trSefwu,fOya't& jynf o l v l x k . tusKd ; pD ; yG m ;ud k tumtuG , f a y;Ed k i f & ef vk d t yf a yonf ? xd k u J h o d k @ r[k w f b J tk y f p d k ; ol t pd k ; &ud k o m tusKd ; jyKap+yD ; / jynf o l v l x k u d k epf e maponf h O ya'rsm;jzpf y gu xdkOya'rsmjyÏmef;xm;jcif;udk tjrefqHk;zsufodrf;ypf&ef vdktyfayonf? ol@uGsefb0usa&mufaepOfu t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd t D pd;k &onf jrefrmEdik if YH tajccH vl@tcGihf ta&;rsm;udk xdcu kd ef pfemaponfh Oya'rsm;udk rjyÏmef;cJhay? odk@aomf 1962 ckESpfrwfv 2 &ufae@wGif Adkvfae0if;OD;aqmifaom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu tm%modrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf EdkifiHa&; ygwDrsm;ESifh tjcm;toif;tzGJŒrsm;udk zsufodrf;Edkif&ef 1964 wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk umuG,fonhfOya'jyÏmef;I EdkifiHa&;ygwDESifh tjcm;toif;tzGJŒrsm; ud k z suf o d r f ; cJ h o nf ? wzef 1975 jynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf Oya' trS w f ( 3) jzif h Ed k i f i H a wmf t m; aESmuf,SufzsufqD;olrsm;. tEW&m,frS umuG,fonfhOya'wdk@udk jyÏmef;I EdkifiHom;rsm;. rl v tcG i f h t a&;ud k uef @ owf E d k i f & ef jyÏmef ; cJ h o nf ? tqd k y gOya'rsm;onf jynf o l v l x k . tusK;d pD;yGm;ESiv hf jkH cKH r&_ adS pa&;wd@k udt k umtuG,af y;onfh Oya'rsm;r[kwb f /J tkypf ;kd oltpd;k &wd@k taejzifh EdkifiHom;wOD;tm; rvdkvSsifrvdkovdk ta&;,ltjypfay;Edkifap&ef tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&udkom tumt uG,fay;xm;onfh Oya'rsm;jzpfayonf? e0w/ etz vufxufwGifvnf; Oya'opfrsm;jyÏmef;jcif;/ jyifqifjcif;/ jznfhpGuf jcif;/ y,f z suf j cif ; ponf w d k @ ud k vk y f a qmif & mwG i f trsm;jynf o l v l x k . oabmxm;ryg? 4if;wdk@tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGufom vGwfvyfpGm t[ef@twm;r&Sd aqmif&GufEdkifap&ef twGuf Oya'rsm;ud k vd k t yf o vd k xk w f j yef j yÏmef ; aejcif ; omjzpf o nf ? Oya'jyÏmef ; csuf r sm;ud k vdu k ef mtaumiftxnfaz: aqmifay;&onfh w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfwiG v f nf; jyÏmef;xm;onfOh ya'rsm;. tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

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ajcmufaoG@ae+yDjzpfwJ@ Hubei jynfe,fxJu Honghu a&uefxJrSm aoqkH;aewJ@ ig;awGyg? (may 20. 2011) The Yangtze River˜ China’s longest˜ has been plagued by a severe drought˜ with the lowest level of rainfall this year since 1961, an official with the river’s flood control and drought relief headquarters said Monday, Xinhua News Agency reported. Picture taken May 20. 2011. REUTERS/Stringer (CHINA - Tags: ENVIRONMENT ANIMALS)

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Henan jynfe,frS crf;ajcmufvmaeaom t0ga&mifjrpfurf;yg; wpfae&m (File Photo: China News Service)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

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wkdufydwfaqmifrSm &ufpuf=uwkef;u axmifykdif=uD;ajymxm;wJh pum;u em;xJurxGufao;yg? ukdvlacsm[m 0g'gawGukd pum;ajymzkd h [efjyifvkdufygw,f? tokH;ruswJh pum;awG rajymrdzkd h pOf;pm;xm;ygw,f? b,folrSvnf; aumifav;txJrSm &Sdao;vm;vkd h rar;=uyg? 0g'gawGtm;vkH;[mvnf; 'Daumifav;ukd oabmusw,f? ckdif;&wm aumif; w,f? ,Ofaus;jyD; vl=uD;awGukd &dkaowwfwJh aumifav;jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh ukdvlacsmu aumifav;ukd “acG;rom;”vkd h tjrJac:avh &dSw,f? ukdwifhvGif aemufxyf oHykH;ukd acgufaevkdufw,f? wu,fvkd o h m aumifav; 'DrmS &S&d if xGuv f m&rSmayg?h wu,fom &S&d ifvnf; &if;ES;D wJh 0g'gwa,mufa,mufqrD mS ykef;aerSmbJ? &SmaewJh abmfvfyif[m wu,fbJ aumifav;qDrSm &Sdaeovm;qkdwm 0g'gawG rawG; wwfyg? ...........wa'gifa'gifESifh oHacsmif;ukd qufjyD;xkaeqJyJ? 'grSr[kwf wckckESifh xkwfxm;jyD; ajr=uD;xJ 0Sufxm;vkdufjyDvm;? wu,fomjzpfcJh&if aumifav;ukd axmifrLS ;ukv d al csm &uf&ufpufpuf &ku d af wmhrmS aocsmw,f? a&S u h w dk ;dk jy;D aemufwcsuf wl;vkdufw,f? jcawmifykd hbJawG h&w,f? vlacsm[m aumifav;&J h tdyfxkwfuav;ukd xyfjyD; zsupf ;D vku d w f ,f? tdraf v;[m tm;vk;H &p&mr&Sad vmufatmif jyKyd suo f mG ;ygw,f? udik x f m;wJh a*:jym;ukd vGwfcsjyD;/ jyKdaewJh tdrfpkwfav;&Jh oHacsmif; awG opfom;acsmif;awGatmufrSm &Smaeygw,f? ac|;awGysHaewJh rsufESmukd wcsufokwfvkduf&if; 0g'gawGbuf vSnfhjyD; ........... “rif;wkd h bm&yf=unfhaewmvJ? abmfvfyifukd &atmif&Sm/ rawG hawG hatmif&Sm”......... vk@d rmefvu dk w f ,f? 'Dtykx H u J wae&m&mrSm &Su dS &dk &dS r,f? aocsm&Sm=uvkd h ajymaeayrJh 'l;acgi;f u rcHEidk f atmif emusifvmw,f? ........... ........... ........... ukdcspfEkdif rsufrSefukd taotcsmokwfjyD; jyefwyfvkdufygw,f? tvGefem;nnf;wJh oHacsmif; acguo f aH wG &yfomG ;w,f? axmifpm&if;&k;H bufuae aumifav;[m ukcd spEf idk q f u D dk tajy;av; a&muf vmygw,f? toufukd renf;vk&_&if; ol h&J h =uGuf&kdufwkwfukdajr=uD;xJ pkdufcsvkdufw,f? ykqkd;[m a&awGESifh &GJpkdaeygw,f? rkd;vnf; r&GmbJESifhaumifav; b,fvkdvkyfjyD; pkd&GJaewmvJ qkdjyD; ukdcspfEkdif pOf;pm;aew,f? axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifu aumifav; ukd =uifempGmESifh ... “ ukvm;av; rif;xrif;pm;jyD;jyDvm;”vkd h ar;vkdufygw,f? aumifav;u “ [kwfuJh pm;jyD;ygjyDcifAs”vkd h jyefajzvkdufw,f? ukdcspfEkdif[m aumifav; rsufESmu 'g%f&mawGukd jrifvkduf&ygw,f? aumifav;u “ =uGufzrf;rvkd@ xGufvmwmyg” vkd@ ajymvkdufayrJh &GJpkdaewJh ukd,fvkH;ukd=unfh&if; .. “rif;wukd,fvkH; &GJpkdaew,f/ bmjzpfwmvJ” ukdcspfEkdifar;wmukd r=um;ovkdESifh ... “ usaemf ukdawZqDoGm;jyD; bk&m;&Sdckd;enf; oifcsifygw,f? oGm;vkd h &rvm;q&m´”vkd h ar;vkdufygw,f? ukdcspfEdkifu “ odyf=um=umawmh raeeJ h/ tvGefqkH; 15rdepfavmufbJae?” qufjyD;awmh ... “rif;awZqD oGm;&if owdxm;? igtck awZqDu jyefvmwm? oloyd yf ifyef;aejy/D tdyrf aysmf aevdrfhr,f? rif;ol hukd oGm;rEdk;eJ haemf?” aumifav;[m ukdcspfEdkfifpum; =um;&vkd h pdwfouf om&m &oGm;wJh rsufESmukd jrifvkdufw,f? aumifav;[m awZqD a&muf&if pdwfayghjyD; jidrf;csrf;oGm;w,f? awZukd cspfvJcspf/ tm;vnf;ukd;w,f? awZ taqmifqDoGm;rJh ajcvSrf;[m ukdcspfEkdif&J h ... 94

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

“&yfvkdufprf;”qkdwmESifh wef hoGm;ygw,f? “rif; oGm;awmh oGm;&r,f? igar;p&m&Sdao;w,f? tJ'gukd ajzjyD;rS oGm;&r,f?” aumifav;u ar;cGef; [kwfvm;´ “bm ar;cGef;ygvJ cifAsm”vkd h ar;vkdufw,f? aumifav;rsufESmu jyJpkwfaewJh ae&mukd vufnKd;ESifh wkd hvkduf&if; “rif;&J hrsufESmu 'g%f&mawG b,fu&vmwmvJ´ qkdwmajymprf;” aumifav;rsufESm rJ&h @H_ oGm;w,f? “ prf;acsmif;xJrSm vJusoGm;vkd hygq&m” vkd h ajzvkdufw,f? “prf;acsmif; [kwfvm;” “[kwfygw,f q&m/ aq;&kHESifh zkd=uD;&Jh aemufzufu prf;acsmif;ygq&m?” ukdcspfEdkifu “atmf .... rif; vJusvkd h pkd&GJoGm;jyD; rsufESm yGef;oGm;wmukd;” aumifav;ukd vufukd vkHcsnfESifh yGwfvkdufygw,f? “ aeygOD;/ rif; b,fvkdvkyfjyD; prf;acsmif;xJukd vJusoGm;wmvJ´” “ usaemf rrSwrf ad wmhygb;l q&m/ q&maus;Zl;jyKjy;D ukad wZ rtdycf if c%oGm;awG h yg&ap” “ at; ... oGm;awmh/ igrif;ukd 'DrSmbJ apmifhaer,f? jrefjrefjyefvmcJh/ [kwfvm;?” aq;ayghvdyfudk &Smae&if; vufygwfem&Dukd wcsuf =unfhvkdufw,f? aumifav;[m tvGefv#ifjrefpGmESihf aysmufuG,foGm;ygw,f? rdepfawG wa&G ha&G hygwfaewJh em&DvufwHukd t"dy`g,frJh pkduf=unfhaerdw,f? axmifeH&H=uD;ESifh wkdufjzLjzLawGukd ai;armpkduf=unfh&if; toHawGukd em;pGifhaerdw,f? bk&m;&Sdckd;aerJh olwkd hESpfa,mufukd pOf;pm;=unfhaerdw,f? wkdufeH&Hukd acgif;rSD&if; &yfwef haew,f? aumifav;[m awZtcef;a&S@rSm 'l;axmuf&if; OD;ok;H =urd cf svu kd yf gw,f? bk&m;pmukd vku d f em;axmifaeygw,f? axmifrLS ;ukcd spEf idk u f awZtcef;a&S@bufa&muawmh aumifav;[m awZta&S@ rSm 'l;axmufxidk af ewm awG@vku d &f w,f? rjrif&wJh Ak'j< rwfpmG bk&m;ukd tm&kEH iS hf &Scd ;dk aewmawG@&w,f? 'gayrJh axmifrSL; awG;xm;wmESifh vuf&Sdtjyifbuf[m vkH;0rwlyg? wu,fqkd&if awZ[m rsufvkH;ydwfjyD; tdyfaew,f? aumifav; ukcd spEf idk t f oH=um;vk@d vSn=hf unfv h u dk yf gw,f? awZ[m oH'idk u f rdk &DS if; tdyaf ysmf aewmyg? awZukd =unfh&if; axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifu jyKH;vkduf&if; aumifav;ukd “awZtdyfaew,f”vkd@ wkd;wkd;av; ajymvkdufygw,f? ukdcspfEkdifvnf; olwdwfwdwfav; acsmif;ajrmif;aewmukd aumifav;odomG ;vk@d enf;enf;awmh rsuEf mS ylomG ;w,f? 'gEiS b hf J ESpaf ,mufom; awZtaqmifuae vrf;av#muf&if; xGufvmvm=uw,f? vrf;w0ufrSm axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdfif ajcvSrf;awGukd &yfvkduf&if; “ nDav; rif; igajymp&m&Sdw,f?” vkd@ ajymvkdufygw,f? aumifav;[m ukdcspfekdifa&S@rsm acgif;ikH@ t&kdtaoay;&if; “ [kwfuJhq&m” vkd@ jyefajymvkduf ygw,f? “rif;[mrif; prf;acsmif;xJrSm vJusw,fqkdwm igr,kHbl;? rif;b,fvkdjzpfjyD; 'D'g%f&mawG &vmovJqkdwm ajymprf;” aumifav;[m vufESpfzufykdufjyD; ajr=uD;ukdpkduf=unfhaew,f? wu,fuq H ;dk wJh naecif; jzpfw,f? prf;acsmif;xJrmS axmifrLS ;ukv d al csm a&ESpo f wfwmawGudk tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

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tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

EdkifiHa&; tawG;tjrif bmomjyef tcef;quf

'Da&jrifhopf jroef;wifh

jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDvufxuf jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sifrsm;rS xkwfa0cGifhjyK+yD;aemufydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef;wifh. 'Da&jrifhopf (armfpDwkef;ESifh w&kwfawmfvSefa&;) pmtkyftm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;&Jabmfrsm;taejzifh vufawG@b0/ w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESifh cH,ljzwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfolwdk@ avhvmod&SdEdkifap&ef tcef;quftjzpfaz:jyvdkufygonf? (pma&;ol.rdom;pkESifh qufoG,fa&;cufcJojzifh today;jcif;r&Sdonfudk cGifhv$wfay;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf?)

,cifvrStquf rdrdwdk@ w&kwfjynfolrsm;onf tar&duefjynfolrsm;ESihf vufwGJI/ *syefudk ckcHwdkufcdkufvdk a=umif;/ csp=f unfpmG aevdak =umif;/ uGejf rLepfrsm;onf/ *syefw@kd e,fajrxJo@kd usomG ;aom/ tar&duef av,mOfr;_ rsm;tm; toufpeG @f I u,fq,fc=hJ ua=umif;/ jzpfymG ;tHq h q J J jynfwiG ;f ppfxo J @kd 0ifa&muf pGuzf ufjcif;rjyKv#i/f tar&duef jynfaxmifpo k nf/ w&kwjf ynfol vlxt k rsm;pk}u;D . csp=f unfav;pm;r_ udk xm0pOf&vdrfhrnf jzpfa=umif;/ w&kwfjynfwGif;a&;udk 0ifa&mufpGufjcif;onf/ csefau&Sdwfudk tm;ay;jcif;jzpf+y;D / cseaf u&Sw d u f kd tm;ay;jcif;onf/ w&kwjf ynforl sm;udk qef@usijf cif; jzpfa=umif;jzihf armfu ajymcJo h nf? csLtifvikd ;f uvnf; *|eq f m;Apftm; ,iftef;wGi/f aemufxyfaexdik &f ef wdu k w f eG ;f onf? tu,fI aejzpfcJhv#if *|efqm;Apf onf owWruGefu&ufodk@ wuf&vdrfhrnf? odk@&mwGif *|efqm;Apf aeIrjzpf? raeEdkif? tb,frSmvsif aeEdkifrnf;enf;? [mavu ol@udk jyefac:ae+y?D oHtrwf [mavu *|eq f m;Apfonf “uGejf rLepfvv kd m;ol” tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

[k EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmeodk@ owif;ydk@cJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmeu *|efqm;Apf csufcsif; jyef&rnf[k trdef@ xkwfonf? odk@jzifh *|efqm;Apfonf w&kwfjynfwGif;rS armif;xkwfcHvdkuf&onf? ZGefvwGif *|efqm;Apf tm; owif;ayguf=um;onfqdkum tpdk;&u zrf;vdkufonf? [mavonf cseaf u&Sw d u f kd axmufcu H m uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;udk wGiw f iG }f u;D vkycf o hJ nf? owWruGefu&ufwGif wifo!fh armf. “!Gef@aygif;tpdk;&”pmwrf;udk avhvm&mwGif Taemuf c H u m;ud k od x m;zd k @ vd k o nf ? xd k p mwrf ; Y armf u ppf a &;/ Ed k i f i H a &;/ pD ; yG m ;a&;/ EkdifiHjcm;qufqHa&;wdk@udk =unfvifpGm az: jyxm;onf? armf.pmwrf;wGif &efvdko!fh oabmryg/ csefau&SdwfESihf yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufvdko!fh oabmudk jyxm;onf? odk@&mwGif csefau&Sdwfu vufrcHv#if rnfodk@ ajcvSrf;rnfudkvnf; cdkifrm jywfom;pGm az: jyxm;onf? 1937 ckESpfu wifjycJhaom (10) csuf vkyfief;pOfudk aqG;aEG;onf? vufeufcsrnf r[kwf[k/ wdwdvif;vif; ausnmonf? “!$e@f aygi;f tpd;k & ” pmwrf;wGif armfu w&kwjf ynfopf Edik if aH wmf. yH=k urf;udv k nf; az: jyonf? csefau&Sdwfu trsdK;om;ppfaumifpDwGif wae&m yg0if&ef uGefjrLepfwdk@udk zdwfac: jcif;ESihf ywfoufIvnf; armfu xdk&mxl;wae&monf bmr# t"dy`yg,fr&Sd? wygwD tm%m&Sif pepfudk zsuo f rd ;f &rnf? v#Kd @0Suf ykvyd pf epfukd zsuyf pf&rnf? uGejf rLepfa'orsm;tm; ydwq f @kd jcif;/ wdu k cf u kd jf cif;udk &yfp&J rnf? *syefcck aH &; ppfwyfrsm;tm;vH;k . w&m;0ifru _ kd todtrSwjf yK&rnf? vGwaf jrmuf+y;D a'o rsm;u vlxkaxmufcHr_&o!fh tpdk;&rsm;udk todtrSwfjyK&rnf[k awmif;qdkonf? 1944 ckEpS w f iG f cseaf u&Sw d u f “w&kwfjynf. uH=urRm” qdak om pmtkyw f tkyf a&;zl;onf? xkdpmtkyfrSm uGefjzL;&Syf tawG;ac:rsm;udk tajccHum uGefjrLepf0g'udk “rdp>m” tbd"rRm[k a&;xm;onf? armfu csefau&Sdwf. xkdpmtkyfudk avSmifajymifI udk;um;oGm;onf? w&kwfjynf &ifqdkifae&o!fh uH=urRm ESpf&yf&Sdonf qdkonfrSm [kwfonf[k armfu ajymonf? “w&kwfjynf&J@ uH=urRm[m (2) &yf &Sdw,f? uH=urRmw&yf ta=umif;udkawmh vlwOD;w a,mufu pmtkyftjzpf a&;cJh+yD;+yD? u|efawmfwdk@&J@ 'DuGefu&uf[m w&kwjf ynf&@J tjcm;uH=urRm w&yfudk udk,fpm;jyKaew,f? u|efawmfwdk@vJyJ/ pmtkyfwtkyfa&;om; xkwfa0&r,f? ( “!$ef@aygif; tpd;k &pmwrf; ” udq k kjd cif;jzpfonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd rSeu f efwhJ ay:vpDw&yf&zdS @kd vdw k ,f? tJ'D ay:vpD&@J tajccHtcsuf[m vlxkudk &J&J}uD; v_H@aqmf/ jynfol@tiftm;rsm;udk }uD;xGm;awmifhwif;atmifvkyf/ u|eaf wmfw@kd &J@ acgi;f aqmifra_ tmufrmS usL;ausmaf &;orm;rsm;udk tjyKww f u kd +f y;D / w&kwjf ynfopfukd wnfaxmifzdk@ jzpfw,f?” ( “w&kwfjynf. uH=urRmESpf&yf ”vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 3) ygww D iG ;f ESifh ygwyD wGif ppfukd +i;D aiG@aeolrsm; &So d nf? xdo k rl sm;onf rnfo!fh pnf;urf;csuf jzifh jzpfap/ aqG;aEG;I ppf+yD;apcsifae=uonf[k armfu owday;onf? &k&Sm;/ tar&duef/ +AdwdefESifh jyifopfwdk@uvnf; tav#mhay;&ef w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDudk wdkufwGef;aeonf? odk@&mwGif ulrifwefwdk@u xdk;ppfqifaejcif;/ ydwfqdk@xm;jcif; wdk@a=umihf uGefjrLepfygwDonf rdrd. vufeufudkifwyfrsm;ESifh rdrd. e,fajrrsm;udk zsufodrf;ypfEdkifrnf r[kwf[k armfu ajymonf? jynfwGif;ppfrD;awmufvk+yD? wdkuf&J tEdkif,l&Jr!fhtcsdefjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif ygwDxJY rwdkuf&J/ 98

tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

tEd k i f r ,l & J o l r sm; &S d o nf ? ol w d k @ onf w&k w fj ynf o l r sm;ud k r,H k = unf = u? ol w d k @ onf vufeufudkifwdkufyGJjzifh tm%mrodrf;&Jolrsm; jzpfonf[k armfu ajymonf? rdrdonf +idrfcsrf;a&; pum;ajym&ef tqihfoihf&Sdonf? odk@&mwGif udk,fhudk,fudk taocH&o!fh +idrf;csrf;a&;rsdK; r[kwf[k armfu xyfavmif; ajymonf? EdkifiHjcm;a&;0g'ESifh ywfoufI armfu-“w&kwfjynf uGefjrLepfygw[ D m twWvefww d f yÉn d mOfpmcsKyef @J armfpud/k udik &f /kd wD[&D ef/ u&d k i f ; rD ; ,m;pwJ h Ed k i f i H w um tpnf ; ta0;rsm;&J @ qH k ; j zwf c suf a wG u d k oabmwl w ,f ? f u kd zf @kd eJ@ ta=umif;uawmh tJ'D qH;k jzwfcsuaf wG tm;vH;k [m zufqpfusL;ausmaf &;orm;rsm;udk tEdik w urBm@+idrf;csrf;a&; umuG,fzdk@twGuf tusdK;&Sdvdk@ jzpfw,f ”[k ajymonf? ( “!$ef@aygif;tpdk;& ” vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 3) wcsed x f w J iG f armfu w&kwu f eG fjrLepfygw. D Edik if Hjcm;a&;0g' tajccHrrl sm;udv k nf; ajymjy oGm;onf? xdt k ajccHrrl sm;onf aemifaomtcgwiG f w&kwfjynfo@l orRw Edik if jH cm;a&;0g' tajccHrrl sm; jzpfvm=uonf? “w&kwfjynf uGefjrLepfygw&D @J Edik if Hjcm;a&;ay:vpD tajccHru l awmh *syefusL;ausmaf &;orm; f u kd af &;/ urBm@+ird ;f csr;f a&;udk xde;f odr;f umuG,af &;/ Edik if aH wmf&@J vGwv f yfre_ @J wef;wlrl rsm;udk tjyKww u l kd tjyeftvSef av;pm;a&;/ EdkifiHawmfeJ@ jynfolawG&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;eJ@ cspf=unfr_udk tjyeftvSef wdk;wufapa&;qdkwJh tajccHay:rSm tEdkif EdkifiHeJ@ oHwrefqufoG,fzdk@ oHtquftoG,fcdkif+rJatmif vkyfzdk@ wOD;eJ@wOD;&J@ qufqHr_ jy\emtm;vHk;/ Oyrm yl;wGJppfwdkufum/ +idrf;csrf;a&; tpnf;ta0; usif;yum/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fwm t&if;tESD; jrSKyfESHwm pwJh jy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;zdk@qdkwmawG jzpfw,f? ” (“ !$ef@aygif; tpdk;&” pmwrf; vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 3) Tpum;rsm;xJwGif w&kwjf ynfEdkifiHjcm;a&;0g'. tajccHrl (5) csuf tusHK;0ifaeonf? “qefz&efppPudkrSm usif;ywJh/ ukvor*~ tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk u|efawmfwdk@ óudqw kd ,f? w&kwfjynf uGejf rLepfygwD[m w&kwfjynfolwdk@&J@ qENudk az: jyzdk@twGuf/ rdrd&J@ udk,fpm;vS,fudk qefz&efppPudk wufa&mufwJh udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@xJudk x!fhvdkufw,f?---r[mrdwfEdkifiHtpdk;& toD;oD; OD;pGmtm;jzifh tar&duef- t*Fvdyf ESpfEdkifiH tpdk;&wdk@[m/ w&kwfjynfol vlxk}uD;&J@ [pfa=uG;oHudk av;av;eufeuf *&kjyK=uzdk@ olwdk@usifhoHk;wJh EkdifiHjcm;a&; ay:vpDrsm;[m/ w&kwjf ynfoal wG&@J csn=f unfa&; xdcu dk ef pfemoGm;&wmrsKd ; rjzpfapzd@k / u|eaf wmfw@kd awmif;qdw k ,f? b,fEdkifiHjcm; tpdk;&yJjzpfjzpf w&kwfazmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;udk ulnD+yD;/ w&kwfjynfolwdk@&J@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk qef@usif &if {&mr trSm;}uD;udk usL;vGefrdvdrfhr,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ ,lqw,f?” (“!$ef@aygif;tpdk;&” pmwrf; vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 3) xkpd Ofuwnf;u armfonf/ tar&dueftpd;k &udk owday;cJo h nf? od@k &mwGif tar&duef. ajcvSrf; vGefae+yD? 1937 ckEpS Ef iS hf aemufq;kH owWruGeu f &ufwiG f vsLa&SmufcsD wa,muf a&S@wef;od@k a&muf vmjcif;onf tEkyÉdavmrw&m;t& ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfonf[k qdk&vdrhfrnf? tEkyÉdavmr tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

100

w&m;wGif t&m0wˆKwdkif;Y qef@usifbufw&m;rsm; udef;atmif;aeonf[k qdkonf r[kwfavm? owWr uGefu&uf +yD;o!fhaemufwGif vsLa&SmufcsDonf armf. “opPm&Sdaom ” axmufcHolwOD;[k ,lq cJhonf? csufcsif;yif vsLa&SmufcsDonf “ygwD. oabmw&m;a&; yg&*l” tjzpfodk@ a&mufvmonf? 1950 ckESpfwGif vsLa&SmufcsDonf armfxuf &k&Sm;ESifh ydkI eD;pyfonf? xdk@a=umihf armhfxufyif “rwf0g'orm;” yDoonf[laom owif;rsm; xGufvmonf? odk@&mwGif xdktcsdefxd vsLa&SmufcsD. ta&;w}uD; usrf;wapmifjzpfo!fh “uGefjrLepfjzpfajrmufa&;usrf;” ESifhwuG tjcm;usrf;rsm;onf/ ta&;}uD;o!fh ygwDpmwrf;rsm; jzpfrvm=uao;? EdkifiHjcm;wGif vsLa&SmufcsD. *k%fowif; }uD;onfjzpfap/ i,fonf jzpfap/ 1935 ckESpf 1945 ck =um;twGif; vsLa&SmufcsD. EdkifiHa&;b0udk aocsmpGm pDppf=u!fh&ef vkdonf? owWruGeu f &ufY armf+y;D v#if vsLa&Smufcso D nf ajyma&;qdck iG hf &So d jl zpfonf? armfuygwD OuUXtjzpf ta&G;cH&+yD;/ vsLa&SmufcsDu 'kwd, OuUX tjzpf ta&G;cH&onf? csLtifvdkif;onf awmfveS af &;wGif &moufyef yg0ifc+hJ y;D ta&;}u;D aom wm0efrsm;udk ,lco hJ l jzpfonf? cseaf u&Sw d Ef iS hf ta&;}u;D aom aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk vkycf &hJ onf? tar&duef oHtrwf [mavESifh aqG;aEG;cJ&h onf? csLtifvikd ;f onf =um;tiftm;pkrsm;udo k mru ulrifwefvv kd m;olrsm;udyk g ud, k b fh ufygatmif pnf;&H;k EdkifcJhonf? uGejf rLepfygwDudk todray;yJ ulrifwefESifh rnfo!fhaphpyf aqG;aEG;r_rsdK;udkr# rjyK[al om oabmwlncD surf sKd ;&atmif w&kw'f rD u kd &ufwpf tzG@J csKyu f kd odr;f oGi;f qGaJ qmifEikd cf o hJ nf? od@k &mwGif owWr uGefu&ufY vsLa&SmufcsDonf Tr# ta&;}uD;aom csLtifvdkif;udk ausmfI rnfodk@rnfyHk 'kwd, ae&modk@ a&mufoGm;oenf;? usef;udk@axmifu vsLa&SmufcsDESifh ywfoufI Todk@ ajymbl;onf? l ”k rsm;tm; 4if;wd@k . vsLa&Smufcso D nf tvkyo f rm;/ ausmif;om;/ trsKd ;orD;ESihf “qif;&Jvx oufarG;r_ b0 wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif wdkufyGJ0ifapvdko!fh qENrsdK; &Sdonf? vsLa&SmufcsD. &nfreS ;f csuo f nf awmfveS af &;r[kw?f vlro _ ufom acsmifcsad &; vkyif ef;om jzpfonf[k 4if;uqdo k nf? w&m;Oya'abmiftwGi;f u tusKd ;cHpm;cGiEhf iS hf w&m;Oya'abmiftwGi;f u v_y&f mS ;r_rsKd ;om jzpfonf? vsLa&SmufcsDonf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk rkef;wD;onf? vlwef;pm; wdkufyGJudk a=umufolonf awmfvSefa&; orm;wa,muf r[kwfEdkif[k 4if;rdwfaqG}uD; usef;udk@axmifu ajymonf? 1925 ck arv (25) &ufae@ tjzpftysut f +y;D wGif vsLa&Smufcso D nf tzrf;cH&rnf jyKonf? (xdkpOfu olonf &Sef[Jtvkyform; or*~. 'kwd, OuUXjzpfonf?) vsLa&SmufcsDonf csef&Sm;odk@ xGufajy;um armf. pmtkyfqdkifwGif ykef;onf? odk@&mwGif ykvdyfwdk@ awG@oGm;um tzrf;cH&+yD;aemuf vGwv f monf? 1927 ckEpS w f iG f vsLa&Smufcso D nf csew f &l ;_ . trde@f t& tvkyo f rm;rsm;. vufeuf rsm;udk odrf;cJhonf? xdkaemufwzef tzrf;cH&jyefonf? axmifxJwGif ,cifu uGefjrLepfygwD acgi;f aqmifwa,muf jzpfcI hJ / aemifwiG f cseaf u&Sw d zf ufo@kd ul;oGm;cJo h !f/h csiu f eG w f @kd u vma&muf awG@qHkum uGefjrLepf0g'udk pGef@v$wf&ef wdkufwGef;onf? vsLa&SmufcsDtm; axmifxJwGifzwf&ef/ uGejf zL;&Sy. f usr;f rsm;udk ay;onf? vsLa&Smufcso D nf xdu k sr;f pmrsm;udk zwf+y;D / “vGepf mG pdwx f cd u kd f oGm;onf” [k qdkonf? xdk@aemuf uGefjrLepfygwDxJwGif ulrifwef olv#dKtjzpf aqmif&Gufrnf 100 tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

101

[laom 0efccH sujf zifh jyefvw G v f monf? Ttjzpftysurf sm; rnfa&G@rnfr#/ rSeu f efrnfurkd /l vsLa&Smuf csDrSty rnfolr# odEdkifrnfr[kwf? odk@&mwGif xdkta=umif;udk jyefajymolrsm;rSm ,Hk=unfpdwfcs& avmufolrsm; jzpfonf? (w&kwftrsdK;orD; pma&;q&mr [efqk,if. awG@qHkar;jref;csuf) 1928 ckESpfY vsLa&SmufcsDonf csefwl&SL;. ygwDvrf;pOfudk axmufcH&mrS qef@usifbuf ajymif;oGm;um/ ta&S@ajrmufydkif;wGif v#dK@0Suf vkyfief;vkyfonf? refcsL;&D;,m; ygwDaumfrwD. twGi;f a&;r_; jzpfvmonf? &k&mS ;wGif usi;f yo!f/h uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sief ,f tzG@J csKyf tpnf;ta0; rsm;ESifh armfpudkwGif usif;yo!fh/ w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD qXr uGefu&ufodk@ wufcJhonf? 1930 ckESpfwGif refcsL&D;,m; ygwDwckvHk; tzrf;cH&aomfvnf;/ vsLa&SmufcsD vGwfoGm;cJhonf? 1931 ckESpfwGif ,GDcsif; tajccHa'ou w&kwfjynfvHk;qdkif&m tvkyform; or*~ tzGJ@csKyf OuUXtjzpf aqmif&Gufonf[k ajym=uaomfvnf;/ 0rfrif; acgif;aqmifo!fh ,m,D aygvpfAsK&dkwGif tzGJ@0if wa,muf jzpfcJhonf? xdkaygvpfAsK&dku armf. vrf;pOfudk qef@usifum/ armf. =oZmudk [ef@wm;cJhonf? 1934 ckESpfwGif vsLa&SmufcsDonf c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJwGif ygvmonf? qGef,Dodk@ a&muf+yD; aemuf r=umrD a'ojzLodk@ jyefoGm;um/ ,iftef;ESifh ul;csDoef;csD vkyfaeonf? 1927 ckESpfwGif vsLa&Smufcsu D use;f ud@k axmifxH pmwapmif a&;cJo h nf? xdpk mY ygwv D rf;pOfukd “vuf0pJ eG @f pm;a&; vrf;pOf ”[k a0zefum/ yxrnD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pkukd qef@usio f nf? w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwD vkyo f r# k m cseaf u&Sw d x f H vufeufcs&ef/ wdu k w f eG ;f cJo h nf? txl;ojzifh a'oeDrsm; trSm;rsm; jzpfonf[k qdu wnfaqmufa&;ESifh v,form; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; az:xkwfa&;wdk@udk &_wfcsonf? armf oGm;a&muf aqG;aEG;ojzifh ol@pmudk oljyef&kyfodrf;oGm;cJhonf? vsLa&SmufcsDonf a'ojzLodk@ jyefoGm;um/ v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;rsm;vkyfonf? 1939 ckESpfwGif armf. vrf;pOfudk vufcHum ,iftef;odk@ jyefvm+yD;/ rwf/ vDeif0g' oifwef;ausmif;wGif oifwef; ay;onf? xdk@aemuf “opPmazgufonf” qdkaom udpP ay:vmonf? &Jabmfi,ftcsdK@u vsLa&SmufcsDudk opPmazguftjzpf xdkpOfuwnf;u &_wfcs wdkufcdkufcJhonf? odk@&mwGif 4if;wdk@. a0zefa&;udk vspfvsL&_ cJhonf? vsLa&SmufcsD. opPmazgufr_onf 1936 ckESpfu jzpfyGm;cJhaomfvnf; 1967 ck {+yv D (1) &ufae@usrS yxrqH;k vlo&d iS =f um; jzpfvmonf? 4if;wd@k tqdt k & vsLa&Smufcso D nf ulrifwef tusOf;om; jzpfcJhpOf axmifxJodk@a&mufvmonf? ygwDau'grsm;tm; towfrcHvdkv#if uGefjrLepf 0g'udk pGef@v$wf=u[k !$e=f um;csufay;cJhonf? ydefusif;/ vsLvefwdk;/ tefZl;0if;/ ydktDydk; polwdk@onf Tenf;jzifh v$wfvmcJh=uonf? vsLa&SmufcsDwdk@ tjyifodk@ a&mufvmo!fhtcgwGif xdkolrsm;udk toHk;jyKI ygwDxJwGif tkyfpkzGJ@cJhonf? Todk@jzihf vsLa&SmufcsDonf “"e&Sif XmecsKyf” udk ygwDxJwGif wnfaqmufcJhonf? 1938 ckESpfwGif ygwDudk wdk;csJ@aomtcg ygwD0ifopf D =omZmatmufo@kd a&mufomG ;=uonf? od@k wdik af tmif trsm;pkonf/ trsm;tjym;onf/ vsLa&Smuf cs. vsLa&Smufcs. D twdwEf iS hf ajcyke;f ckwrf r_ sm;udk rod=u? vsLa&Smufcso D nf ygwD ta&;}u;D aomae&mwGif ol@vlrsm;udk wm0efay;cJh onf? tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

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wcgu opPmazgufzl;ol/ odk@r[kwf ygwDudk pGef@cGmoGm;zl;olwdk@udk ygwDxJodk@ jyef0ifcGihf rjyK&ef armfu uef@uGuo f nf? 1933 ckEpS u f pI/ uGejf rLepf0g'udk pGe@f v$wrf nf[k vufrw S x f ;kd o!fh uGejf rLepf tusO;f orm;rsm;tm;/ v$waf y;o!feh nf;udk cseaf u&Sw d u f oH;k cJo h nf? Tod@k jzihf cseaf u&Sw d f onf uGefjrLepfygwDxJodk@ 4if;. olv#dKrsm;/ olv#dKjzpfEdkifolrsm;jzifh pdrfh0if xdk;azmufcJhonf? owWr uGefu&ufwGif wifoGif;o!fh/ vsLa&SmufcsD. tpD&ifcHpmudk zwf=u!fhv#if vsLa&SmufcsDonf ygwDxJ wGif vufeufcsolrsm; jyef0ifEdkifatmif wHcg;zGifhay;xm;o!fh oabmrsm;udk awG@&onf? “ygwD”[laom pmwrf;wGif rdrdwdk@. "e&Sifaygufp obm0udk ajymif;vJhcJho!fh/ "e&Sifaygufp ygwD0ifrsm;udk t,l0g'a&;t& jyKjyifay;jcif;jzifh a&S@wef;a&muf ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;/ wku d cf u kd af &; orm;jzpfvmatmif vky&f rnf[/k vsLa&Smufcsu D a&;cJo h nf? TonfrmS vl@obm0ESihf ywfoufo!fh vsLa&SmufcsD. "e&Sif urBm@tjrif jzpfonf? rwf0g' r[kwf? f rm;/ v,form; ygwt D csK@d &J@ vuQ%m vsLa&Smufcsu D “Oa&mywdik ;f jynftcsKd @u tvkyo csuu f kd tJ'D ygwaD wG&@J vlra_ &; zG@J pnf;yHu k qH;k jzwfwm r[kwo f vd/k u|eaf wmfw@kd ygw&D @J vlwef;pm; vuQ%mcsufudkvnf; ygwD0ifawG&J@ vlr_a&; Zpfjrpfu qHk;jzwfwm r[kwfzl;” [k ajymcJhonf? ygwDpnf;rsOf;Oya'Y vsLa&SmufcsDu ygwD0ifrsm;udk trsdK;tpm; av;rsdK;; cGJxm;onf? pwkwˆygwD0if trsdK;tpm;rSm tjcm;aom EdkifiHa&; ,Hk=unfcsufudk vufcHI/ tjcm;tjcm;aom ygwDrsm; trsm;pkodk@ 0ifa&mufcJhzl;ol[k owfrSwfxm;onf? wenf;qdk&aomf ulrifwefygwDodk@ 0ifcJhzl;olrsm;udkvnf;/ ygwD0if tjzpf vufcHEdkifonf[k az: jyxm;onf? “ygwDudk pGef@cGmcJh+yD;ol ygwD0if aumif;wa,mufu ygwDodk@ jyef0ifcGifhawmif;v#if/ 4if;tm; pwkwˆygwD0if trsdK;tpm;rsm; vdu k ef m&r!fh usix fh ;kH rsm;twdik ;f ygw0D ifciG jhf yK&rnf? xdyk gw0D ifonf Edik if aH &;t& awGa0,dr;f ,dik o f jzifh tawG@ t}uHK &Sd+yD;/ 0g&ifh ygwD0ifrsm;. axmufcHr_udk &,l&rnf” [k qdkonf? TonfrSm wcgu opPmazgufr_cJholrsm;udk wHcg;zGifhay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf? Todk@jzifh vsLa&SmufcsDESifh ol.tkyfpkonf ygwD0if a&G;cs,f&mwGif ta&;}uD;o!fh ae&mrsm;udk &,lum/ olwdk@vlrsm;udk ygwDxJodk@ oGwfoGif;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh vsLa&SmufcsDonf ygwDwGif;wGif "e&Sif XmecsKyf wckukd xlaxmifco hJ nf qdo k !f/h pGypf cJG suo f nf vufvw G pf y,f pGypf JG jcif;rsKd ; [kw[ f efrwl? armfurl ygwDudk pGef@cGmoGm;olrsm;tm; ygwDodk@ jyefI 0ifcGihfjyKjcif;udk tjyif;txef uef@uGufonf? opPmazmufwdk@tm; b,fawmhrS ygwDodk@ jyef0ifcGifh rjyK&[k awmif;qdkonf? odk@&mwGif armfonf ygwDxJwGif &Sifbk&ifvdk usihf}uH jcif;rjyK? oabmw&m;a&;t& tompD;&jcif; onf tm%m&Sif qefqef vkyfjcif;ESifhrwl? EdkifiHa&; qdkonfrSm wcgw&HwGif udk,fhqef@usifzufrsm; tem*gwf &efolrsm;ESifhvnf; vufwGJwefwGJ&o!fh twwfynmwrsdK; jzpfonf? Tod@k jzihf vsLa&Smufcso D nf ygww D iG ;f wGif xdyw f ef;od@k a&mufvmcJo h nf? ygwD AsK&u kd a&pD udk tajccHum/ acgif;aqmifr_udk ,lcJhonf? odk@&mwGif owWruGefu&ufwGifrl vsLa&SmufcsDonf armfpDwkef; tawG;tac:udk csD;r$ef;cef; zGifhcJhonf? tvGeftu|H ajrmufyifhcJhonf? Tonfyifv#if ol@tay: oHo, &SdzG,f jzpfvmonf? “armfpw D ek ;f tawG;tac:[m/ rwf-vDeif0g'udk w&kwaf wmfveS af &;&J@ wuJh vufawG@eJ@ 102 tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

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aygif;pyfay;wm jzpfw,f? 'DtawG;tac:udk udkifpGJ+yD;/ u|efawmfwdk@ tvkyfawGrSm vrf;!$eftjzpf toHk;jyK&r,f? u|efawmfwdk@ ygwD[m 'DtawG;tac:&J@ vrf;!$efr_atmufrSm awmfvSefwJhvrf;pOf w&yfudk csrSwf+yD;+yD? u|efawmfwdk@ ygwD[m/ }uD;jrwfwJh acgif;aqmif &Jabmf armfpDwkef; OD;aqmifwJh ygwDjzpfw,f? &Jabmf armfpDwkef;[m u|efawmfwdk@ trsdK;om; awG;ac:r_udk/ tjrihfqHk;a&mufatmif jrSihfwifay;cJhol jzpfw,f? tzdESdyfcH jynfolrsm;eJ@ trsdK;omrsm;&J@ vHk;0vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wckwnf; aom rSefuefwJh vrf;udk !$ejf ycJhw,f? 'Dvrf;[m armfpDwkef;vrf;yJ jzpfw,f” [k ajymcJhonf? ol ajymo!fh pum;onf trSefjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif vsLa&SmufcsDonf trSefpum;udk &kd;om;pGm ajymjcif;r[kwf? ajrSmufyifh ajymqdkjcif;om jzpfonf[k ,lqzG,f jzpfonf? armf. atmifjrifcsufrsm;udk tlv_dufoJv_duf csDrGrf;jcif;rsdK; r[kwf? tay:,H toHaumif;[pfjcif;r#om jzpfonf? “vsLa&Smufcso D nf armfukd b,fwek ;f ur# =unf!akd v;pm;cJo h l r[kwf ”[k ol@l rdwaf qG}u;D usef;udk@ axmifu a&;cJhzl;onf? owWruGefu&uf t+yD;wGif armfu rdef@cGef;ajymonf? xdkrdef@cGef;xJY ygwDxJwGif yÉdyuQ jzpfaeo!hf tr$mnDaemif vrf;pOfESpf&yfwdkufyGJonf &Sdaeonf? ygwDwGif;u wdkufyGJonf “wckudk ESpfck jzpfatmif vkyfa&;” toGijf zifh t+rJ&SdaeOD;rnf[k armfu owday;cJhonf? f &ufonf nD!w G o f !fh uGeu f &uf/ atmifycJG o H !fh uGeu f &uf rnfo@kd jzpfap owWruGeu jzpfonf[k armf,lqonf? ygwDonf tiftm;awmifhwif;ae+yD? tqifhopfodk@ a&mufvm+yD? uGefz&ihf em;csdefrsm;Y aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aewwfo!fh/ armfonf &Jabmfrsm;ESihf yifaygif upm; onf ? vrf ; av#muf o nf ? A[k d a umf r wD & H k ; txuf a wmif a pmif ; u *l r sm;&S d / v,form;rsm;xHoGm;I pum;ajymonf? ydkI 0vm+yD; qHyifwdkvmonf? aemufqHk;Y w&kwfawmfvSefa&;udk tqHk;tjzwf jyKr!fholrSm }uD;jrihfvdkpdwf&Sdol vlwpkr[kwf w&kwftvkyform;/ v,form;om jzpfa=umif; ordkif;u oufaojycJ+h y?D

tm%modr;f yGeJ 'd ge;f ? “rae@u olwdk@EdkifiHudk jyefr,hf tar&duef ESpfa,mufudk u|efawmfajymvdkufw,f? tar&duef tpd;k &u u|eaf wmfw@kd udk zsuq f ;D csiw f ,f? 'gukd u|eaf wmfw@kd cGirhf jyKb;l ? cseaf u&Sw d u f kd ulnD+yD; uGefjrLepf qef@usifwJh tar&dueftpdk;& ay:vpDudk u|efawmfwdk@ qef@usifw,f? 'gayr,hf yxr taeeJ@ u|eaf wmfw@kd [m tar&duefjynfoel @J olw@kd &J@ tpd;k &udk cGJjcm;=u!fw h ,f? 'kw, d taeeJ@ tar&duef tpd;k &xJu ay:vpD csrw S o f al wGe@J atmufajc&Sd omref tr_xrf;awGukd cGjJ cm;=u!fw h ,f?” (“,GduHk;awmif òzd jcif;” pmwrf;/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 3) Tod@k jzihf armfonf tar&duef tpdk;&tay: uGefjrLepfygwD. oabmxm;udk az: jy vdkuf onf? ,ck ,iftef;rS 'uUZrD pf&iS f jyef&yk o f mG ;+y?D avhvma&;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf tar&duef owif;pm q&mrsm;udv k nf; jyefac:oGm;+y?D 4if;wd@k teuf tcsKd @udk tar&duef tpd;k &u zrf;vdu k o f nf? tcsKd @udk tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

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yifpifay;vdkufonf? tcsdK@udk &mxl;csonf? Oyrm avhvma&;tzGJ@0if *|efqm;Apfudk uGefjrLepf vdkvm;ol[k qdkum zrf;onf? Adkvfr_;}uD; bm;&ufrSm uGefjrLepfwdk@tm;/ *syefudk wdkufzdk@ vufeuf axmufyhH&ef/ axmufcHcsuf ay;ojzihf/ yifpifay;vdkufonf? *|efaywefa';AD;pfudkrl uGefjrLepfwdk@ aumif; a=umif;/ tpD&ifcHpm a&;ojzihf &mxl;csvdkufonf? 1945 ck {+yv D (2) &ufae@ 0g&iS w f efowif;pm uGezf &ihw f iG f tar&duef oHtrwf [mav u rdrw d @kd onf w&kwu f eG jf rLepfrsm;ESihf qufvuf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af wmhrnfr[kw[ f k ausnmum csefau&Sdwf. “'Drdkua&pD” tpdk;&udk csD;rGef;cef; zGifhoGm;onf? {+yDv (3) &ufae@wGif csefau&Sdwf. k pf m;rjyKEikd af wmha=umif;/ cseaf u&Sw d o f nf w&kwjf ynfol tpd;k &onf/ w&kwjf ynforl sm;tm;vH;k ud/k ud, rsm;. axmufcHr_udk r&rcsif;/ w&kwfjynfwGif trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;udk rwnfaqmufEdkif rcsif;/ rdrw d @kd u cseaf u&Sw d t f m; t=uGi;f rJu h n l ED ikd af wmhrnf r[kwaf =umif;jzifh Edik if jH cm;a&; Xmeu ausnm jyefonf? tar&duef EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeESifh tar&duefoHtrwf [mavwdk@ woHpD xGufae+yD? [mavonf Todk@ woHxGufum csHKuif;odk@ jyefvm+yD; csefau&Sdwfudk ajcpHkypf axmufcHcJhonf? csefau&Sdwfuvnf; +idrfrae? jynfoludk rsufvS!fhjy&ef twGuf/ trsdK;om;twdkifyifcH uGefz&ifhESifh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk qifhac:vdkufonf? Ttpnf;ta0;rsm;ac:&ef/ armfpDwkef;u wdu k w f eG ;f cJzh ;l onf? xdt k pnf;ta0;rsm;od@k ulrifwefygw/D uGejf rLepfygwED iS hf w&kwf 'Dru kd &ufwpftzG@J udk,fpm;vnfrsm; wufa&muf&rnf[k armfu ajymcJhonf? ZlvdkifvwGif uGefjrLepfwdk@u xyfrH w H u kd w f eG ;f jyefonf? od@k &mwGif [mavu oabmrwl? uef@uGuo f nf? xdt k csed w f iG f w&kwjf ynfwiG f [mav oduQmusae+yD? uGefjrLepf r[kwfo!fh =um;vlrsm;ESihf jynfolrsm;uyg vdkvm;aeo!fh v$waf wmfukd [mavu wHcg;ydwaf eojzifh [mavudk rausreyf jzpfae=uonf? Ed0k ifbmvxJwiG rf /l csefau&Sdwfu “jynfoludk jyefI tm%mtyf&ef” [k qdkum v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0; ac:onf? k pf m;vS,rf sm;om jzpfojzif/h od@k &mwGif cseaf u&Sw d . f v$waf wmf wGif ulrifwef pdw}f uKd uaf &G;o!fh ud, usefygwDrsm;u v$wfawmfudk oydwfarSmuf=uonf? [mavu “ csefau&Sdwf wu,fjyK jyifae+yD ” [k ajymaomfvnf;/ ol@pum;udk rnfolur# r,Hk=u? oludk,fwdkifvnf; ,Hk=unf[ef r&Sd? csefau&Sdwfu v$wfawmfudk ac:,ljcif;rSm uGefjrLepfrsm;udk csKyfudkif&ef/ wyfeDawmfudk ol@ ajcz0g; atmufo@kd / oGi;f &efom jzpfonf? cseaf u&Sw d u f wyfeaD wmf jyefz@JG a&;twGuf tar&duef wOD; tygt0if/ oHk;OD;aumfrwD w&yf zGJ@&rnf[kqdkonf? odk@&mwGif uGefjrLepfygwD w&m;0if wnf&SdcGifh&a&;twGuf 4if;. wyfrsm;udk ol@vufodk@ tyf&rnf? xdkodk@ wyfrsm;udk v$Jtyf+yD;rS v$wfawmf wufcGifh ay;rnf[k qdkonf? 1945 ck ZlvdkifvwGif armfu Todk@ a&;cJhonf? “w&kwfjynfqdkif&m tar&duefoHtrwf [mav udk,fpm;jyKwJh tar&duefwdk@u w&kwfjynf tay: usifhoHk;wJh ay:vpD[m w&kwjf ynfwGif; ppfwdkufatmif zefwD;aew,fqdkwm =umav xif&mS ;avyJ?---us,fjyef@wJh w&kwfjynforl sm;eJ@ &efzufjzpfaewJh [mav&J@ ay:vpDrsKd ;udk rajymif;vJyJ qufvufusifhoHk;oGm;r,fqdk&if/ tar&dueftpdk;&eJ@ tar&duefjynfolawGtzdk@ twdkif;rod }uD;av;wJh 0efxkyf0efydk;rsm;udk aqmif=uOf;vm+yD; tawmrowfwJh/ ab;'kuQrsm;eJ@ 104 tvif;tdrfr*~if;twGJ(5)trSwf(6)

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