Midterm Study Guide: World Lit II

WORLD LIT I ALLEN LOIBNER-WAITKUS

MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE

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TABLE of CONTENTS Introduction...................................................................5 Preparing........................................................................ 6 Literary Terms.............................................................. 8 Greek Mythology.......................................................10 The Odyssey................................................................ 18 Aesop’s Fables........................................................... 22 Sappho’s Poems....................................................... 23

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INTRODUCTION Students, If you are worried about the midterm, stop. It is made up of fifty questions, and you have 300 minutes to complete it. That means you have 6 minutes per question, which should be more than enough time.

It is made up of only three kinds of questions—multiple choice, matching, and ordering.

The following pages should help you prepare, but let me make one major suggestion: Figure out how to access class material and search engines without leaving the exam.

Because this is an online class, I cannot make the exam closedbook. I also cannot keep you from searching the class notes and Internet, so go crazy.

You just need to make sure you can do so without leaving the exam.

While I give you more than enough time to complete the exam, once you leave it, you cannot go back to it. GAME OVER! While I know how to do this, it’s up to you to figure it out for yourself. I would never help you “cheat.”

The following pages should help you study and should serve to assist you during the exam.

Professors don’t get bonuses if you fail, and I—for one—would like nothing more than to see everyone pass.

Good luck. If you don’t make a 100% on this exam, it’s on you.

Best, ALW 5

PREPARING Hopefully, this study guide will help you be completely prepared for the midterm exam.

Here are a few obvious things you can do that should ensure you do well: 1. Be sure you are 100% ready before you start the exam. While you are given a huge amount of time to complete it, you cannot stop mid-exam and start over. Once you start the exam, you have to complete it in one sitting.

2. Be sure you have read all of the assigned readings. Remember: the midterm only covers the material from the first two weeks. You don’t need to worry about The Bhagavad Gītā, Beowulf, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, or the essays of Michel de Montaigne.

3. Listen to the audio recordings of the texts, especially if you weren’t able to read the texts in time to take the exam. Even if you were able to read the texts, listening to the audio recordings won’t hurt.

4. Read, listen to, and view ALL the notes posted. I pride myself in not giving you a bunch of information you don’t need. It’s not imperative that you watch some of the supplementary materials—the Spark Note cartoons about The Odyssey or the various animated fables of Aesop.

However, watching them certainly won’t hurt.

5. While this should be obvious from #4 above, pay special attention to the reader’s guide I created for The Odyssey and the biographies I posted for Aesop and Sappho. These items took me several sleepless hours to produce, so if you think I’m not going to use them when I am creating the exam, you have another thing coming.

6. Use this study guide. It will really help.

7. Print out or make the reader’s guide, literary terms, and this study guide easily accessible while you’re taking the exam.

8. RELAX! The exam is not hard, and you have a lot of time to take it. I really couldn’t care less if everyone makes a 100%; in fact, that would be awesome. Between you and me, the exam is almost laughably easy.

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quick tips

1. COMPLETE ALL THE REQUIRED READING 2. READ ALL OF THE CLASS NOTES 3. READ THIS STUDY GUIDE 4. RELAX!

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LITERARY TERMS Your knowledge of the literary terms and your ability to identify examples of them could very easily make or break your grade on the exam. Be sure to pay close attention to the information provided on these two pages.

You should be able to answer two types of questions and question methods concerning literary terms. Some of the questions will be multiple choice while others will be matching.

Sometimes you will simply have to identify the definitions of the literary terms, which should be super easy considering you can simply look the definition up. Other times you will be provided with an example and have to figure out which literary term applies to the example. If the example might be easily confused or may be difficult, one or more of the key words in the example will be in bold and underlined to assist you.

In the space below, a few examples and the corresponding literary terms are provided.

These examples may or may not be on the exam, and there will certainly be more questions on the exam than are included in this list.

EXAMPLES

LT: imagery

EX=EXAMPLE

Note; Alliteration would also work as a correct answer, so in cases like this, I will make sure only one of the choices is correct.

LT=LITERARY TERM EX: They talked of all their dreams and hopes, Of art and nature, love and fate.

They peered through toy kaleidoscopes And murmured thoughts I shan’t relate.

Then Holley held Miss Spider’s hand...

I’ll say no more, you understand.

For private moments between spiders Should not be witnessed by outsiders.

–David Kirk, “Miss Spider’s Wedding” LT: consonance

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EX: In the period of which we speak, there reigned in the cities a stench barely conceivable to us modern men and women. The streets stank of manure, the courtyards of urine, the stairwells stank of moldering wood and rat droppings, the kitchens of spoiled cabbage and mutton fat; the unaired parlors stank of stale dust, the bedrooms of greasy sheets, damp feather beds, and the pungently sweet aroma of chamber pots. The stench of sulfur rose from the chimneys, the stench of caustic lyes from the tanneries, and from the slaughterhouses came the stench of congealed blood. People stank of sweat and unwashed clothes; from their mouths came the stench of rotting teeth, from their bellies that of onions, and from their bodies, if they were no longer very young, came the stench of rancid cheese and sour milk and tumorous disease.

–Patrick Suskind, Perfume: The Story of a Murderer

EX: I would have given anything for the power to soothe her frail soul, tormenting itself in its invincible ignorance like a small bird beating about the cruel wires of a cage.

–Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim LT: simile Note: Bolding “like” would have made this question way too easy to answer.

EX: Look at my car. She is a beauty, isn’t she?

LT: personification Note; Some of the examples will not include the original source because I will make them up.

EX: Stem end and blossom end, And every fleck of russet showing clear –Robert Frost, “After Apple-Picking” LT: assonance

EX: Let me give you a hand.

LT: metonymy

EX: When I stepped on something and heard it crack, my back snapped when I bent over, and I heard my pants rip.

key literary terms

LT: onomatopoeia

While you are responsible for knowing and being able to identify all of the literary terms you were provided, this list covers the ones I consider the most important that will probably be on the exam. –ALW ALLEGORY ALLITERATION ALLUSION ANTAGONIST ASSONANCE BULDINGSROMAN CONSONANCE DRAMATIC IRONY FORESHADOWING HYPERBOLE IMAGERY IN MEDIAS RES METEPHOR

METONYMY ONOMATOPOEIA PERSONIFICATION PROTAGONIST RED HERRING SATIRE SIMILE SITUATIONAL IRONY SYMBOL SYNECDOCHE THEME TONE VERBAL IRONY

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GREEK MYTHOLOGY To better understand the poetry of Sappho and The Odyssey, a basic knowledge of Greek Mythology is imperative. Your exam will include questions about important gods, goddesses and other mythological figures and details.

THE 12 OLYMPIANS MAKING UP THE DIVINE FAMILY RANKED The chief god, (1) ZEUS; his two brothers, (2) POSEIDON and (3) HADES1; their sister, (4) HESTIA; Zeus’s wife, (5) HERA; Zeus and Hera’s son, (6) ARES; Zeus’s other children, (7) ATHENA, (8) APOLLO, (9) APHRODITE, (10) HERMES, and (11) ARTEMIS; and Hera’s son, (12) HEPHAESTUS2 Also called Pluto.

Sometimes said to be the son of Zeus too.

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Contrary to popular belief, not all Greek gods were Olympians. I’m sure you noticed several Greek deities who have been mentioned in texts you’ve read for this class, as well as in other places. Below is a list in alphabetical order of most of the Greek gods and goddesses and what they were gods and goddesses of.

LIST OF GREEK DEITIES ACHELOIS—one of the moon goddesses ACHELOUS—the patron god of the Achelous River AEOLUS—god of air and the winds AETHER—god of light and the atmosphere ALASTOR—god of family feuds ALCYONE—one of the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione ALECTRONA—early Greek goddess of the sun ALLEN LOIBNER-WAITKUS—god of professors and the gays AMPHITRITE—wife of Poseidon and a Nereid ANTHEIA—oddess of swamps, and marshes

gardens,

flowers,

APHAEA—a Greek goddess who was worshipped exclusively at a single sanctuary on the island of Aegina in the Saronic Gulf APHRODITE—goddess of love and beauty

APOLLO—god of the sun, music, healing, and herding ARES—god of chaotic war ARISTAEUS—patron god of animal husbandry, bee-keeping, and fruit trees ARTEMIS—goddess of the moon, hunting, and nursing ASCLEPIUS—god and medicine

of

health

ASTRAEA—a goddess of justice, included in Virgo and Libra mythologies ATÉ—oddess of mischief ATHENA—goddess of wisdom, poetry, art, and the strategic side of war ATLAS—the Primordial Titan who carried the weight of the heavens on his back ATROPOS—one of The Fates; she cut the thread of life and chose the manner of a persons death

ARTISTIC RENDERING OF ATHENA

ATTIS—the (minor) god of rebirth

seus prisoner for seven years

BIA—the goddess of force.

CASTOR—one of the twins who represent Gemini

BOREAS—the North Wind; one of the Anemoi (wind gods)

CELAENO—Poseidon’s wife

BRIZO—protector of mariners

CERUS—the wild bull tamed by Persephone; made into the Taurus constellation

CAERUS—the (minor) god of luck and opportunity

CETO—a sea monster goddess who was also the mother of other sea monsters

CALLIOPE—one of the Muses; represented epic poetry

CHAOS—the nothingness that all else sprung from.

CALYPSO—the sea nymph who held Odys-

CHARON—the Ferryman of Hades; he had to

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DIONYSUS—god of wine and pleasure DORIS—a Sea Nymph; mother of the Nereids EILEITHYIA—goddess of childbirth EIREISONE—the deity who embodied the sacred ceremonial olive branch ELECTRA—one of the seven Pleiades ELPIS—the spirit of hope ENYO—a (minor) goddess of war; connected to Eris EOS—goddess of the dawn

SCULPTURE OF HADES

EREBUS—god of darkness

be paid to help one cross the river Styx

ERIS—goddess of strife, connected to Enyo

CHRONOS—god of time

EROS—god of love, procreation, and sexual desire

CIRCE— goddess who transformed her enemies into beasts CLIO—one of the Muses; she represented History CLOTHO—one of the Fates; spun the thread of life from her distaff onto her spindle CRIOS—the crab who protected the sea nymphs, made into the Cancer constellation CRONUS—god of agriculture; father of the Titans CYBELE—goddess of caverns, mountains, nature, and wild animals DEMETER—goddess of the harvest DINLAS—guardian of the ancient city of Lamark, where wounded heroes could heal after battle

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ERATO—one of the Muses; represents lyrics/ love poetry

EURUS—the East Wind; one of the Anemoi (wind gods) EUTERPE—one of the Muses; represents music/lyrics/poetry GAIA—goddess of the Earth; also known as Mother Earth GLAUCUS—a fisherman turned immortal, turned Argonaut, turned a god of the sea HADES—god of the dead; king of the underworld HARMONIA—goddess of harmony and concord HEBE—goddess of youth HECATE—goddess of ghosts, and the undead

magic,

witchcraft,

HELIOS—god of the sun

strength and power

HEMERA—goddess of daylight

LACHESES—one of the Fates; measured the thread of life with her rod

HEPHAESTUS—god of fire and blacksmithing who created weapons for the gods

MAIA—one of the seven Pleiades; goddess of fields

HERA—goddess of goddesses, women, and marriage; wife of Zeus

MANIA—goddess of insanity and the dead

HERACLES—an immortal hero of many Greek legends; the strongest man on Earth

MELPOMENE—one of the Muses; represented Tragedy

HERMES—god of commerce and travel; messenger of the gods HESPERUS—the Evening Star HESTIA—goddess of the home and fertility; one of the Hesperides HYGEA—goddess of cleanliness and hygeine HYMENAIOS—god of weddings HYPNOS—god sleep

of

IRIS—goddess rainbows

of

KHIONE—goddess of snow and daughter of the North Wind (Boreas) KOTYS—a Dionysian goddess whose celebrations were wild and liscivious KRATOS—a god of

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DRAWING OF PAN

ARTISTIC RENDERING OF POSEIDON

MEROPE—one of the seven Pleiades; married to king Sisyphos METIS—Titan goddess of wisdom MOMUS—god of satire, writers, and poets

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MORPHEUS—god of dreams and sleep NEMESIS—goddess geance)

of

retribution

(ven-

NEREUS—Titan god who fathered the Nereids; god of the sea before Poseidon

NIKE—goddess of victory

PAINTING OF PRIAPUS

of sea-goats, made into the Capricorn constellation

NOTUS—the South Wind; one of the Anemoi (wind gods)

PROTEUS—an early sea god before Poseidon

NYX—goddess of night

RHEA —goddess of nature

OCEANUS—Titan god of the ocean

SELENE—goddess of the moon and the ‘mother’ of vampires

PALLAS—a giant who was one of the ancient Titan gods of war

STEROPE—one of the seven Pleiades, who bore a child of Ares

PAN—god of woods, fields, and flocks; also a Satyr

STYX—a Naiad who was the first to aid Zeus in the Titan war (not to be confused with the river Styx)

PEITHA—goddess of persuasion PERSEPHONE—goddess of the spring who lives off-season in the Underworld PHEME—goddess of fame and gossip PHOSPHORUS—the Star

Morning

PLUTUS—god of wealth POLLUX—one of the twins who represent Gemini POLYHYMNIA—one of the Muses; represents sacred poetry and geometry PONTUS—ancient god of the deep sea POSEIDON—god of the sea and earthquakes PRIAPUS—god of gardens and fertility; best known for having an enormous penis PRICUS—the immortal father

15 HEADLESS STATUE OF NIKE

TARTARUS—god of the depths of the Underworld; a great storm pit; the father of Typhon TAYGETE—one of the seven Pleiades; a mountain nymph TERPSICHORE—one of the Muses; represented dancing THALIA—0ne of the Muses; represented comedy THANATOS—god of death THEMIS—ancient goddess of divine order, law, and custom THETIS—leader of the Nereids; a shapeshifter and a prophet.

TRITON—trumpeter of the sea and messenger

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of the deep TYCHE—goddess of fortune and prosperity TYPHON—god of monsters, storms, and volcanoes; challenged Zeus for control of Mount Olympus URANIA—one of the Muses; represented astronomy and astrology URANUS—god of the sky and the heavens; father of the Titans ZELUS—the god of zeal, rivalry, and jealousy ZEPHYRUS—the West Wind; one of the Anemoi (wind gods) ZEUS—leader of the Olympic gods; god of lightning, thunder, and the heavens

17 PAINTING OF SEVERAL OLYMPIANS

THE ODYSSEY The best way to study for The Odyssey is to read the epic and go over the reader’s guide, but to help you even more, some important things to consider are included here to better prepare you for the midterm.

KEY FACTS • • • • •

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TITLE—The Odyssey AUTHOR—Homer; some critics argue for multiple authorship TYPE OF WORK—Poem GENRE—Epic LANGUAGE—Ancient Greek (Ionic dialect mixed with archaic forms and other dialects) TIME AND PLACE WRITTEN—Unknown, but probably mainland Greece, approximately 700 BCE DATE OF FIRST PUBLICATION—Unknown NARRATOR—The poet, who invokes the assistance of the Muse; Odysseus narrates Books 9–12 POINT OF VIEW—The narrator speaks in the third person and is omniscient.

He frequently offers insight into the thoughts and feelings of even minor characters, gods and mortals alike; Odysseus narrates Books 9–12 in the first person. Odysseus freely gives inferences about the thoughts and feelings of other characters.

TONE—Celebratory and nostalgic; the poet views the times in which the action is set as glorious and larger than life.

TENSE—Past; large portions of the poem (especially Books 9–12) are narrated in flashbacks.

SETTING (TIME)—Bronze Age (approximately twelfth century b.c.e.); The Odyssey begins where The Iliad ends

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and covers the ten years after the fall of Troy.

SETTING (PLACE)—Odysseus’s wanderings cover the Aegean and surrounding seas and eventually end in Ithaca, in northwestern Greece; Telemachus travels from Ithaca to southern Greece.

PROTAGONIST—Odysseus MAJOR CONFLICT—Odysseus must return home and vanquish the suitors who threaten his estate; Telemachus must mature and secure his own reputation in Greek society.

CLIMAX—The beginning of Book 22, when the beggar in the palace reveals his true identity as Odysseus THEMES—The power of cunning over strength; the pitfalls of temptation; the tension between goals and obstacles; the misery of separation; maturation as a journey MOTIFS—Disguises; storytelling; seductresses SYMBOLS—Food; the wedding bed; the great bow; symbols of temptation (Circe, the lotus, the Sirens’ song, the cattle of the Sun) FORESHADOWING—Agamemnon’s fate at the hands of his wife and his vindication by his son foreshadow the domestic troubles and triumphs Odysseus faces when he returns to Ithaca; Odysseus is nearly recognized by his wife and servants several times in Books 18–19, foreshadowing the revelation of his identity in Book 22.

THE PLACES ODYSSEUS VISITS IN ORDER 1. TROY—After the victory at Troy, Odysseus and his men begin their journey home from here.

2. THE LAND OF THE CICONES (ISMARUS)—After leaving Troy, they stop to raid this island for supplies. The Cicones attack on horseback, and Odysseus lost 72 of his men.

3. THE LAND OF THE LOTUS-EATERS— Odysseus sends his men out to search for food, and has to recover them when they eat the Lotus Flower.

4. THE ISLAND OF THE CYCLOPES— Here, Odysseus and his men find a Cyclops’ cave, lured by his cheese and wine. The cyclops, Polyphemus, traps them inside the cave. Odysseus and his men blind the cyclops, and then sneak out under his heard of sheep.

5. THE ISLAND OF AEOLUS—Aeolus, the god of the winds, gives Odysseus all of the bad winds, so he can safely sail home. Odysseus’ men go against his orders and open the bag, and all of the winds escape.

6. THE ISLAND OF THE LAESTRYGONIANS (GIANTS)—The Laestrygonians, a race of cannibals, eat the Greeks.

Only the men on Odysseus’ ship and himself survive.

7. AEAEA (CIRCE’S ISLAND)—Circe turns Odysseus’ men to swine, but Odysseus is protected from her magic with the help of Hermes, who gave him a magical herb called Moly. Odysseus ends up staying there for what seems like a short time, but ended up being a couple years. Before Odysseus departs, Circe finally tells him that he needs to find the blind prophet Teiresias in the Underworld.

8. THE LAND OF THE DEAD (THE UNDERWORLD)—Odysseus consults the prophet Teiresias to ask how he can get home, and finds his mother there, who has committed suicide in depres-

sion.

9. THE ISLAND OF THE SIRENS—Odysseus and his men pass here, an island with women singing their luring songs, trying to reel in sailors. So they do not hear, Odysseus fills his mens ears with beeswax, and he has them tie him to the mast.

10. SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS—Odysseus chooses to sail for Scylla, a six-headed sea serpent, rather than Charybdis, a giant whirlpool. He did this because he knew that if he went to Charybdis, the whole ship would be destroyed. However, if he went towards Scylla, six men would die. A sacrifice the brave Odysseus decided to make.

11. THE ISLAND OF THE SUN GOD (THRINACIA)—They stop here, and Odysseus falls asleep praying to Athena.

While sleeping, his men once again go against his orders and eat Helios’ cattle. This outrages the god, and he threatens never to rise again. As a punishment, Zeus throws a bolt of lightning at the ship, and turns it to splinters. Only Odysseus survives.

12. OGYGIA (CALYPSO’S ISLAND)—Odysseus finds this island after drifting in the sea. It is a island of women, with a nymph named Calypso, with whom Odysseus has a seven-year affair with.

After the seven years, Hermes convinces Calypso to let Odysseus build a new ship so he could sail home.

13. SCHERIA (PHAEA OR THE LAND OF THE PHAEACIANS)—The Phaecians accept Odysseus, and he explains his ten-year journey to them during a feast.

They happily give him a ride home on one of their magical ships.

14. ITHACA—Odysseus finally arrives home, and sees his son, Telemachus, for the first time in 15 years. He and Telemachus kill all of the suitors, and Odysseus takes his place as king, once again, alongside his wife Penelope.

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LIST OF CHARACTERS IN THE ODYSSEY It’s not compulsory that you know every character in The Odyssey and their roles, but a list of characters can be helpful. The more important characters are bolded, and you may want to know their roles. A list of important characters and their descriptions can be found in your reader’s guide for The Odyssey.

Characters in The Odyssey in alphabetical order:

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ACHILLES

ANTICLEIA

CALYPSO

AEGISTHUS

ANTINOUS

CICONES

AEOLUS

ANTIPHATES

CIMMERIANS

AGAMEMNON

APOLLO

CIRCE

AIGHISTOS

ARETE

CLYTEMNESTRA

AJAX

ARGOS

CTESIPPUS

ALCINOUS

ARNAEUS

CYCLOPES

AMPHINOMUS

ATHENA

DEMODOCOS

PAINTING OF POLYPHEMUS

ELPENOR EPICASTE ETEONEUS EUMAEUS EURYALUS EURYCLEIA EURYLOCHOS EURYMACHUS EURYTUS HADES HELEN HELIUS

MENTES

PROTEUS

HERMES

MENTOR

RHEXENOR

INO

MUSES

SCYLLA

IPHITUS

NAUSICAA

SIRENS

IRUS

NESTOR

SISYPHUS

ITHACANS

ODYSSEUS

STRATIUS

LAERTES

ORESTES

TANTALUS

LAESTRYGONIANS

PENELOPE

TELEMACHUS

LAODAMAS

PHAEACIANS

TELEMUS

LEDA

PHEMIUS

THOAS

LOTUS-EATERS

PHILOETIUS

THEOCLYMENUS

MELANTHIUS

PISISTRATUS

TIRESIAS

MELANTHO

POLYPHEMUS

TITHONUS

MENELAUS

POSEIDON

ZEUS

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AESOP’S FABLES Because you read so few fables by Aesop for the class, there won’t be very many questions covering them. You should, however, be aware of some important things about Aesop, his fables, and fables in general.

THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT AESOP’S FABLES • • • • • • • •

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How were Aesop’s fables passed down before they were first published?

When were they first published?

Who is responsible for having Aesop’s fables first published?

What are some of the more common morals and themes in Aesop’s fables?

Why do animals play such an important role in his fables?

Who is the translator of the fables in your textbook?

How did the translator choose to arrange the fables?

What is the moral of “The Shepherd and the Lion,” “The Boy Who Cried ‘Wolf,’” “The Tortoise and the Hare,” “The Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing,” and “The Man and the Golden Eggs”?

How do Aesop’s fables influence us today?

What are some current day examples of some of his better-known fables?

What are some modern examples of wolves in sheep’s clothing, boys calling “wolf,” etc.?

What is the connection between “The Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing” and Mathew 7:15 in the Christian Bible?

THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT AESOP • • •

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When (approximately) was he born?

What was his nationality?

When (approximately) did he die?

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Were did he die?

According to various legends, how did he die?

What are some of the other myths surrounding his life?

10 CHARACTERISTICS OF FABLES 1. Most of the characters in fables are animals, and if people are characters in the story, they usually interact directly with animals.

2. Fables usually have a non-participant observer narrator in the third person, who tells what happens to the characters in a place and time indeterminate.

3. The structure of fables is generally very simple.

4. Fables are often very short and simple.

5. Despite the common use of animals, fables contain very human themes that are timeless.

6. Fables are focused so that even children can learn the lesson, but the messages are perfectly applicable to any audience.

7. They usually have funny tones, using mostly satire to criticize behaviors.

8. They convey effectively ”correct” behavior conventions.

9. They help to maintain a structure of values ​​in a certain collective, transmitting the conventions of expected behavior in society.

10. The moral is almost always clearly presented at the end of the story in a small sentence outside the narrative, although it may not appear at all.

SAPPHO’S POEMS Much like Aesop and his fables, we spent very little time on Sappho and her poems; therefore, there will be very few questions about her and her works. Despite this, there are a few things you need to review.

THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW CHARACTERS MENTIONED IN ABOUT SAPPHO AND HER SAPPHO’S POEMS YOU READ POETRY FOR CLASS • • • • • • • • • • •

When (approximately) was Sappho born?

Where (exactly) was Sappho born?

What are some of the rumors about how Sappho died?

Why is she considered by so many people to be the first-known lesbian?

What is the connection between the word lesbian and the Island of Lesbos?

How does Sappho use invocations?

What are the common themes and topics of Sappho’s poems?

How does Sappho convey the themes of love and lust in her poems?

What are some ways in which Sappho uses figurative language?

What are some of the ways Sappho uses imagery?

How do critics justify calling Sappho a lyric poet?

PAINTING OF AESOP

Understanding Sappho’s poems requires knowing the characters she mentions. All of the characters mentioned in “Poem 58,” Poem 111,” “The Brothers Poem,” and “The Cypris Poem” are listed below. You should know who they are for the exam.

Here’s the complete list of characters (in the order they’re mentioned) in the poems you read by Sappho for class: 1. Muses—”Poem 58” 2. Tithonus—”Poem 58” 3. Hymenaeus—”Poem 111” 4. Ares—”Poem 111” 5. Charaxus—”The Brothers Poem” 6. Zeus—”The Brothers Poem” 7. Queen Hera—”The Brothers Poem” 8. Larichus—”The Brothers Poem” 9. Queen Cypris—”The Cypris Poem”

BUST OF SAPPHO

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