Enlightenment for dummies

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Enlightenment For​ ​Dummies By:​ ​Emily​ ​Eckart,​ ​Emily​ ​Fisher, Desiree​ ​Randall,​ ​and​ ​Allison​ ​Dollard

Published-​ ​October​ ​3,​ ​2017 Published​ ​by​ ​World​ ​History​ ​Publishing​ ​inc.​ ​Orinda,​ ​CA

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Table​ ​of​ ​Contents Title

Page(s)

Copyright​ ​Page​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​1 Table​ ​of​ ​Contents​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​2 Foreword​ ​on​ ​the​ ​Enlightenment​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​3,​ ​4 Chapter​ ​1​ ​-​ ​Mary​ ​Wollstonecraft​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​5,​ ​6 Chapter​ ​2​ ​-​ ​Voltaire​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​7,​ ​8 Chapter​ ​3​ ​-​ ​Jean​ ​Jacques​ ​Rousseau​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​9,​ ​10 Chapter​ ​4​ ​-​ ​ ​Baron​ ​de​ ​Montesquieu​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​11,​ ​12 Chapter​ ​5​ ​-​ ​ ​ ​Cesare​ ​Beccaria​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​13,​ ​14 Glossary​ ​/​ ​Index​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​15 Back​ ​Cover​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​16

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Foreword​ ​on​ ​the​ ​Enlightenment The​ ​enlightenment​ ​is​ ​very​ ​important​ ​today​ ​because​ ​it​ ​has​ ​shaped​ ​how​ ​we​ ​are​ ​as​ ​a government​ ​today​ ​and​ ​emphasized​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​reason​ ​to​ ​study​ ​reality.​ ​During​ ​the​ ​enlightenment many​ ​great​ ​thinkers​ ​emerged​ ​and​ ​shaped​ ​our​ ​country.​ ​These​ ​great​ ​thinkers​ ​helped​ ​citizens become​ ​more​ ​involved​ ​in​ ​the​ ​government​ ​or​ ​become​ ​a​ ​part​ ​of​ ​it.​ ​Enlightenment​ ​thinkers​ ​also made​ ​people​ ​think​ ​more​ ​rationally​ ​instead​ ​of​ ​religiously​ ​which​ ​shaped​ ​a​ ​huge​ ​and​ ​important​ ​part of​ ​our​ ​country.

The​ ​enlightenment​ ​brought​ ​many​ ​great​ ​ideas​ ​on​ ​how​ ​we​ ​should​ ​run​ ​our​ ​government which​ ​shaped​ ​our​ ​current​ ​government​ ​and​ ​country.​ ​Enlightenment​ ​thinkers​ ​helped​ ​citizens​ ​get more​ ​say​ ​and​ ​representation​ ​in​ ​government.​ ​In​ ​addition,​ ​checks​ ​and​ ​balances​ ​were​ ​created​ ​during the​ ​enlightenment​ ​which​ ​really​ ​had​ ​an​ ​impact​ ​on​ ​how​ ​we​ ​run​ ​our​ ​government​ ​today.​ ​The philosopher​ ​Montesquieu​ ​was​ ​the​ ​one​ ​who​ ​suggested​ ​that​ ​there​ ​be​ ​separation​ ​of​ ​powers​ ​so​ ​that no​ ​part​ ​of​ ​government​ ​gets​ ​too​ ​powerful.​ ​The​ ​government​ ​was​ ​greatly​ ​improved​ ​by​ ​these​ ​ideas but​ ​also​ ​improved​ ​with​ ​new​ ​ideas​ ​from​ ​the​ ​emphasization​ ​on​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​reason​ ​to​ ​study​ ​reality.

The​ ​current​ ​government​ ​has​ ​been​ ​greatly​ ​improved​ ​over​ ​the​ ​years​ ​because​ ​of​ ​the emphasize​ ​on​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​reason​ ​and​ ​reality​ ​as​ ​opposed​ ​to​ ​religious​ ​beliefs.​ ​The​ ​current government​ ​no​ ​longer​ ​focuses​ ​on​ ​religious​ ​ideas.​ ​Our​ ​government​ ​now​ ​makes​ ​laws​ ​based​ ​on reason​ ​instead​ ​of​ ​religion.​ ​Our​ ​country​ ​now​ ​makes​ ​decisions​ ​based​ ​upon​ ​what​ ​is​ ​good​ ​for everyone​ ​not​ ​just​ ​certain​ ​beliefs.

In​ ​conclusion,​ ​the​ ​Enlightenment​ ​brought​ ​many​ ​great​ ​thinkers​ ​that​ ​shaped​ ​our government​ ​and​ ​country,​ ​and​ ​emphasized​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​reason​ ​to​ ​study​ ​reality.​ ​Philosophers​ ​that may​ ​not​ ​seem​ ​like​ ​big​ ​important​ ​people​ ​actually​ ​brought​ ​us​ ​to​ ​where​ ​we​ ​are​ ​today​ ​and​ ​without

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them​ ​we​ ​would​ ​not​ ​be​ ​a​ ​sophisticated​ ​society.​ ​For​ ​example,​ ​the​ ​well​ ​organized​ ​government​ ​we have​ ​today​ ​is​ ​because​ ​of​ ​the​ ​philosopher​ ​Montesquieu​ ​who​ ​suggested​ ​separation​ ​of​ ​powers​ ​and equal​ ​representation​ ​in​ ​government.​ ​Citizens​ ​would​ ​not​ ​have​ ​as​ ​much​ ​power​ ​to​ ​have​ ​a​ ​say​ ​on matters​ ​today,​ ​nor​ ​free​ ​speech,​ ​if​ ​it​ ​weren’t​ ​for​ ​some​ ​of​ ​our​ ​enlightenment​ ​figures​ ​who​ ​gave​ ​us many​ ​of​ ​the​ ​great​ ​amendments​ ​that​ ​keep​ ​us​ ​safe​ ​today.

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Chapter​ ​1​ ​-​ ​Mary​ ​Wollstonecraft Life: Mary​ ​Wollstonecraft​ ​had​ ​a​ ​very​ ​different​ ​life​ ​than​ ​the​ ​typical​ ​philosopher.​ ​Mary Wollstonecraft​ ​was​ ​dragged​ ​from​ ​a​ ​river​ ​after​ ​she​ ​attempted​ ​to​ ​commit​ ​suicide​ ​but​ ​was successfully​ ​resuscitated.​ ​Mary’s​ ​view​ ​on​ ​life​ ​was​ ​greatly​ ​shaped​ ​by​ ​her​ ​family​ ​environment where​ ​her​ ​dad​ ​was​ ​abusive​ ​and​ ​had​ ​a​ ​drinking​ ​problem.​ ​Her​ ​life​ ​was​ ​greatly​ ​shaped​ ​because​ ​she now​ ​was​ ​extremely​ ​protective​ ​and​ ​was​ ​very​ ​courageous.

Beliefs: Mary​ ​had​ ​very​ ​interesting​ ​views​ ​on​ ​how​ ​women​ ​should​ ​have​ ​behaved​ ​back​ ​then;​ ​she believed​ ​that​ ​women​ ​are​ ​capable​ ​of​ ​more​ ​than​ ​marriage.​ ​.​ ​She​ ​believed​ ​that​ ​a​ ​woman​ ​could​ ​do just​ ​as​ ​much​ ​as​ ​a​ ​man​ ​could​ ​if​ ​they​ ​were​ ​taught:​ ​“Strengthen​ ​the​ ​female​ ​mind​ ​by​ ​enlarging​ ​it, and​ ​there​ ​will​ ​be​ ​an​ ​end​ ​to​ ​blind​ ​obedience”​ ​(Wollstonecraft).​ ​This​ ​idea​ ​of​ ​women​ ​gaining experience​ ​and​ ​being​ ​just​ ​as​ ​capable​ ​as​ ​men,​ ​came​ ​from​ ​John​ ​Locke’s​ ​idea​ ​of​ ​“tabula​ ​rasa.”​ ​The idea​ ​“tabula​ ​rasa”​ ​is​ ​that​ ​people​ ​are​ ​born​ ​not​ ​knowing​ ​anything​ ​until​ ​they​ ​experience​ ​it themselves​ ​which​ ​is​ ​the​ ​idea​ ​Mary​ ​Wollstonecraft​ ​is​ ​trying​ ​to​ ​point​ ​out​ ​to​ ​people​ ​about​ ​women and​ ​how​ ​they​ ​could​ ​be​ ​just​ ​as​ ​knowledgeable​ ​as​ ​men.

Advice​ ​Column: I​ ​want​ ​to​ ​go​ ​to​ ​college,​ ​but​ ​my​ ​parents​ ​want​ ​me​ ​to​ ​stay​ ​at​ ​home​ ​and​ ​get​ ​married​ ​instead.​ ​ ​What should​ ​I​ ​do?

Marriage​ ​is​ ​a​ ​form​ ​of​ ​slavery​ ​that​ ​takes​ ​away​ ​women’s​ ​individuality.​ ​You​ ​as​ ​a​ ​young woman​ ​have​ ​a​ ​right​ ​to​ ​go​ ​to​ ​college​ ​and​ ​educate​ ​yourself​ ​beyond​ ​being​ ​able​ ​to​ ​be​ ​there​ ​for​ ​your husband.​ ​You​ ​should​ ​go​ ​to​ ​college​ ​and​ ​educate​ ​yourself.​ ​Think​ ​of​ ​all​ ​the​ ​opportunities.​ ​The

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world​ ​opens​ ​up​ ​to​ ​you​ ​and​ ​you​ ​will​ ​be​ ​able​ ​to​ ​appreciate​ ​it​ ​so​ ​much​ ​more.​ ​Having​ ​an​ ​education will​ ​be​ ​much​ ​more​ ​fulfilling​ ​that​ ​being​ ​in​ ​an​ ​oppressive​ ​relationship,​ ​us​ ​women​ ​get​ ​nothing handed​ ​to​ ​us,​ ​we​ ​fight​ ​for​ ​every​ ​right​ ​that​ ​should​ ​be​ ​naturally​ ​obtained.​ ​Men​ ​abuse​ ​this​ ​privilege through​ ​alcohol​ ​and​ ​other​ ​dumb,​ ​non​ ​helpful​ ​distractions.​ ​So,​ ​I​ ​advise​ ​you​ ​to​ ​go​ ​against​ ​your parents​ ​and​ ​take​ ​off​ ​on​ ​the​ ​exciting​ ​adventure​ ​of​ ​furthering​ ​your​ ​education.

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Chapter​ ​2​ ​-​ ​Voltaire Life: Voltaire​ ​was​ ​a​ ​French​ ​writer​ ​born​ ​in​ ​1693,​ ​in​ ​Paris,​ ​France.​ ​Voltaire​ ​lived​ ​in​ ​exile​ ​most of​ ​his​ ​life​ ​but​ ​was​ ​a​ ​great​ ​Enlightenment​ ​writer.​ ​He​ ​lived​ ​in​ ​exile​ ​most​ ​of​ ​his​ ​life​ ​because​ ​he​ ​was a​ ​satirist,​ ​and​ ​some​ ​of​ ​his​ ​satire​ ​insulted​ ​nobles​ ​and​ ​other​ ​people​ ​which​ ​is​ ​why​ ​he​ ​was​ ​exiled from​ ​France.​ ​Voltaire​ ​also​ ​wrote​ ​over​ ​2,000​ ​books​ ​and​ ​pamphlets​ ​during​ ​his​ ​career​ ​including criticizing​ ​France’s​ ​policy​ ​of​ ​censorship​ ​and​ ​religious​ ​intolerance​ ​in​ ​Letters​ ​Concerning​ ​the English​ ​Nation.​ ​Voltaire​ ​made​ ​a​ ​great​ ​influence​ ​on​ ​people​ ​all​ ​around​ ​the​ ​world​ ​today​ ​to​ ​become satirists​ ​which​ ​is​ ​greatly​ ​appreciated​ ​around​ ​the​ ​world​ ​especially​ ​during​ ​rough​ ​times.

Beliefs: Voltaire​ ​believed​ ​that​ ​people​ ​had​ ​a​ ​right​ ​to​ ​freedom​ ​of​ ​speech,​ ​which​ ​kind​ ​of​ ​goes​ ​along with​ ​him​ ​being​ ​a​ ​satirist:​ ​“I​ ​do​ ​not​ ​agree​ ​with​ ​what​ ​you​ ​have​ ​to​ ​say,​ ​but​ ​I'll​ ​defend​ ​to​ ​the​ ​death your​ ​right​ ​to​ ​say​ ​it”​ ​(Voltaire).​ ​Voltaire​ ​thought​ ​that​ ​you​ ​don’t​ ​have​ ​to​ ​agree​ ​with​ ​what​ ​he​ ​is saying​ ​and​ ​he​ ​doesn’t​ ​have​ ​to​ ​agree​ ​with​ ​what​ ​you​ ​are​ ​saying,​ ​but​ ​overall​ ​everyone​ ​has​ ​a​ ​right​ ​to say​ ​what​ ​they​ ​want​ ​to​ ​say.​ ​He​ ​strongly​ ​believed​ ​in​ ​freedom​ ​of​ ​speech​ ​which​ ​is​ ​the​ ​First amendment​ ​ ​Amendment​ ​in​ ​the​ ​Bill​ ​of​ ​Rights​ ​today.

Advice​ ​Column: Students​ ​in​ ​a​ ​high​ ​school​ ​newspaper​ ​class​ ​would​ ​like​ ​to​ ​publish​ ​a​ ​piece​ ​critical​ ​of​ ​the​ ​school’s principal.​ ​ ​They​ ​have​ ​been​ ​told​ ​that​ ​if​ ​they​ ​do,​ ​they​ ​will​ ​be​ ​expelled.​ ​ ​What​ ​should​ ​they​ ​do?

If​ ​I​ ​were​ ​in​ ​this​ ​position​ ​I​ ​would​ ​recommend​ ​publishing​ ​the​ ​article​ ​because​ ​freedom​ ​of speech​ ​is​ ​an​ ​essential​ ​part​ ​of​ ​today’s​ ​society.​ ​Freedom​ ​of​ ​speech​ ​is​ ​the​ ​first​ ​amendment​ ​as​ ​long as​ ​we​ ​are​ ​alive​ ​and​ ​citizens,​ ​we​ ​should​ ​be​ ​able​ ​to​ ​use​ ​it​ ​and​ ​say​ ​whatever​ ​beliefs,​ ​opinions,​ ​or

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comments​ ​on​ ​today’s​ ​world.​ ​I​ ​may​ ​like​ ​your​ ​principle​ ​very​ ​much,​ ​but​ ​if​ ​you​ ​have​ ​something​ ​to say​ ​that​ ​could​ ​correct​ ​her​ ​way​ ​of​ ​dealing​ ​with​ ​school​ ​issues​ ​or​ ​the​ ​student​ ​body,​ ​then​ ​publish​ ​it.

Multiple​ ​opinions​ ​is​ ​what​ ​makes​ ​this​ ​country​ ​run​ ​smoothly​ ​and​ ​not​ ​get​ ​driven​ ​into​ ​the​ ​ground.

The​ ​same​ ​can​ ​be​ ​said​ ​for​ ​your​ ​school.

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Chapter​ ​3​ ​-​ ​Jean-Jacques​ ​Rousseau Life: Jean-Jacques​ ​Rousseau​ ​was​ ​born​ ​in​ ​Switzerland​ ​in​ ​1712.​ ​Rousseau​ ​was​ ​a​ ​very​ ​good essay​ ​writer​ ​and​ ​won​ ​competitions​ ​in​ ​essay​ ​writing.​ ​In​ ​addition​ ​to​ ​being​ ​a​ ​good​ ​writer,​ ​he​ ​was also​ ​very​ ​involved​ ​in​ ​politics​ ​and​ ​how​ ​things​ ​should​ ​run.​ ​Rousseau​ ​agreed​ ​with​ ​John​ ​Locke about​ ​how​ ​the​ ​government​ ​cannot​ ​take​ ​away​ ​a​ ​person’s​ ​natural​ ​rights​ ​and​ ​wrote​ ​about​ ​it.

Beliefs: Jean-Jacques​ ​Rousseau​ ​was​ ​an​ ​Extreme​ ​Democrat.​​ ​He​ ​believed​ ​that​ ​people​ ​should​ ​give up​ ​all​ ​of​ ​their​ ​rights​ ​to​ ​the​ ​community​ ​so​ ​that​ ​everybody​ ​could​ ​have​ ​equal​ ​power​ ​and​ ​vote together​ ​on​ ​everything:​ ​“All​ ​political​ ​power,​ ​according​ ​to​ ​Rousseau,​ ​must​ ​reside​ ​with​ ​the​ ​people, exercising​ ​their​ ​general​ ​will.​ ​There​ ​can​ ​be​ ​no​ ​separation​ ​of​ ​powers,​ ​as​ ​Montesquieu​ ​proposed.

The​ ​people,​ ​meeting​ ​together,​ ​will​ ​deliberate​ ​individually​ ​on​ ​laws​ ​and​ ​then​ ​by​ ​majority​ ​vote​ ​find the​ ​general​ ​will”​ ​(Rousseau).​ ​In​ ​general,​ ​Rousseau​ ​thought​ ​that​ ​natural​ ​rights​ ​were​ ​extremely important​ ​and​ ​the​ ​government​ ​had​ ​not​ ​right​ ​to​ ​take​ ​it​ ​away.​ ​He​ ​also​ ​thought​ ​that​ ​everyone​ ​should have​ ​equal​ ​representation​ ​and​ ​that​ ​everyone​ ​should​ ​vote​ ​on​ ​everything​ ​which​ ​is​ ​why​ ​he​ ​is​ ​an Extreme​ ​Democrat.

Advice​ ​Column:

​ ​I​ ​am​ ​a​ ​very​ ​thrifty​ ​person​ ​and​ ​I​ ​was​ ​just​ ​fired​ ​from​ ​my​ ​job.​ ​I​ ​have​ ​plenty​ ​of​ ​money​ ​saved,​ ​but​ ​i’m just​ ​not​ ​sure​ ​what​ ​to​ ​do​ ​next.​ ​I​ ​am​ ​either​ ​thinking​ ​of​ ​either​ ​trying​ ​to​ ​find​ ​a​ ​new​ ​job​ ​in​ ​San Francisco​ ​or​ ​backpacking​ ​the​ ​Pacific​ ​Crest​ ​Trail​ ​for​ ​a​ ​year​ ​with​ ​a​ ​group​ ​of​ ​five​ ​other​ ​friends.

For​ ​me,​ ​it​ ​would​ ​be​ ​nice​ ​to​ ​get​ ​away​ ​from​ ​civilization​ ​for​ ​a​ ​while.​ ​ ​What​ ​should​ ​I​ ​do?

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​ ​I​ ​think​ ​Rouso​ ​would​ ​go​ ​backpacking​ ​the​ ​Pacific​ ​Crest​ ​Trail​ ​for​ ​a​ ​year​ ​with​ ​a​ ​group​ ​of​ ​five​ ​other friends​ ​because​ ​he​ ​believed​ ​in​ ​the​ ​social​ ​contract​ ​theory,​ ​and​ ​the​ ​social​ ​contract​ ​“​is​ ​the​ ​view that​ ​person's'​ ​moral​ ​and/or​ ​political​ ​obligations​ ​are​ ​dependent​ ​upon​ ​a​ c ​ ontract​​ ​or agreement​ ​among​ ​them​ ​to​ ​form​ ​the​ ​society​ ​in​ ​which​ ​they​ ​live.”

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Chapter​ ​4​ ​-​ ​Baron​ ​de​ ​Montesquieu Life: Baron​ ​de​ ​Montesquieu​ ​was​ ​born​ ​in​ ​France​ ​in​ ​1689.​ ​He​ ​was​ ​born​ ​into​ ​a​ ​wealthy​ ​noble family​ ​and​ ​was​ ​able​ ​to​ ​receive​ ​a​ ​good​ ​education​ ​in​ ​law.​ ​Montesquieu​ ​wrote​ ​his​ ​most​ ​famous work​ ​The​ ​Spirit​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Laws​ ​in​ ​1748​ ​but​ ​he​ ​mislead​ ​people​ ​because​ ​he​ ​misinterpreted​ ​England’s form​ ​of​ ​government​ ​thinking​ ​that​ ​there​ ​was​ ​separation​ ​of​ ​powers.​ ​Montesquieu​ ​brought​ ​in​ ​the idea​ ​of​ ​the​ ​checks​ ​and​ ​balances​ ​system​ ​we​ ​still​ ​use​ ​today​ ​in​ ​our​ ​own​ ​government.

Beliefs: Montesquieu​ ​was​ ​the​ ​“Balanced​ ​Democrat”​ ​because​ ​he​ ​did​ ​not​ ​believed​ ​that​ ​all​ ​the power​ ​should​ ​go​ ​to​ ​one​ ​place.​ ​He​ ​believed​ ​that​ ​the​ ​power​ ​should​ ​be​ ​divided​ ​among​ ​branches​ ​of government:​ ​“Montesquieu​ ​concluded​ ​that​ ​the​ ​best​ ​form​ ​of​ ​government​ ​was​ ​one​ ​in​ ​which​ ​the legislative,​ ​executive,​ ​and​ ​judicial​ ​powers​ ​were​ ​separate​ ​and​ ​kept​ ​each​ ​other​ ​in​ ​check​ ​to​ ​prevent any​ ​branch​ ​from​ ​becoming​ ​too​ ​powerful.”

Advice​ ​Column: I,​ ​the​ ​CEO​ ​of​ ​a​ ​company​ ​is​ ​trying​ ​to​ ​create​ ​a​ ​new​ ​hierarchical​ ​system​ ​for​ ​my​ ​company.

I​ ​want​ ​to​ ​make​ ​sure​ ​that​ ​the​ ​none​ ​of​ ​the​ ​leaders​ ​in​ ​this​ ​company​ ​gain​ ​too​ ​much​ ​power.

What​ ​should​ ​I​ ​do?

Checks​ ​and​ ​balances​ ​are​ ​an​ ​essential​ ​and​ ​major​ ​part​ ​of​ ​maintaining​ ​a​ ​steady and​ ​successful​ ​government.​ ​If​ ​one​ ​person​ ​has​ ​power,​ ​then​ ​that​ ​person’s​ ​one​ ​opinion​ ​is what​ ​dictates​ ​what​ ​is​ ​“deemed​ ​best”​ ​for​ ​the​ ​country.​ ​If​ ​we​ ​have​ ​multiple​ ​voices​ ​in​ ​power, then​ ​we​ ​get​ ​wider​ ​views​ ​on​ ​problems​ ​and​ ​new​ ​propaganda.​ ​What​ ​I​ ​would​ ​advise​ ​for​ ​the future​ ​of​ ​your​ ​company​ ​is​ ​that​ ​you​ ​appoint​ ​certain​ ​people​ ​certain​ ​jobs​ ​and​ ​tasks​ ​that

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they,​ ​and​ ​only​ ​them​ ​can​ ​do.​ ​If​ ​another​ ​worker​ ​tries​ ​to​ ​take​ ​over​ ​other​ ​worker’s​ ​tasks, lightly​ ​punish​ ​them​ ​by​ ​blocking​ ​responsibility.​ ​An​ ​example​ ​of​ ​this​ ​would​ ​be​ ​taking​ ​tasks away​ ​from​ ​that​ ​person.

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Chapter​ ​5​ ​-​ ​Cesare​ ​Beccaria Life: Cesare​ ​Beccaria​ ​was​ ​an​ ​Italian​ ​man​ ​born​ ​in​ ​1738.​ ​He​ ​was​ ​a​ ​very​ ​well​ ​known criminologist,​ ​jurist,​ ​philosopher,​ ​and​ ​politician.​ ​His​ ​views​ ​on​ ​many​ ​important​ ​matters​ ​such​ ​as ideas​ ​on​ ​the​ ​death​ ​penalty​ ​were​ ​viewed​ ​seriously.​ ​Beccaria​ ​was​ ​one​ ​the​ ​most​ ​influential, talented,​ ​and​ ​greatest​ ​thinkers​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Age​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Enlightenment.

Beliefs: Cesare​ ​Beccaria​ ​had​ ​many​ ​good​ ​and​ ​strong​ ​ideas​ ​about​ ​cruel​ ​and​ ​unusual​ ​punishment.​ ​He believed​ ​that​ ​you​ ​get​ ​the​ ​right​ ​to​ ​a​ ​fair​ ​trial,​ ​which​ ​also​ ​happens​ ​to​ ​be​ ​the​ ​6th​ ​amendment​ ​of​ ​The Bill​ ​of​ ​Rights.​ ​Beccaria​ ​also​ ​believed​ ​that​ ​there​ ​should​ ​be​ ​no​ ​torture,​ ​no​ ​death​ ​penalty,​ ​and​ ​no double​ ​jeopardy.

Advice​ ​Column: Me​ ​and​ ​my​ ​brother​ ​got​ ​into​ ​a​ ​fight.​ ​ ​My​ ​parents​ ​intervened​ ​and​ ​want​ ​to​ ​punish​ ​whoever​ ​started the​ ​fight,​ ​but​ ​want​ ​to​ ​be​ ​fair.​ ​ ​How​ ​should​ ​they​ ​figure​ ​out​ ​who​ ​started​ ​the​ ​fight​ ​and​ ​what​ ​should the​ ​punishment​ ​be?

Trials​ ​are​ ​very​ ​helpful​ ​ways​ ​to​ ​decide​ ​who​ ​was​ ​in​ ​the​ ​wrong,​ ​or​ ​guilty​ ​in​ ​the​ ​situation.​ ​A trial​ ​would​ ​be​ ​conducted​ ​with​ ​you​ ​and​ ​your​ ​brother​ ​swearing​ ​to​ ​tell​ ​the​ ​full​ ​and​ ​honest​ ​truth about​ ​the​ ​fight.​ ​Then​ ​an​ ​unbiased​ ​judge​ ​should​ ​step​ ​in​ ​and​ ​aid​ ​in​ ​the​ ​decision​ ​of​ ​who​ ​is​ ​guilty and​ ​who​ ​isn’t.​ ​The​ ​punishment​ ​should​ ​be​ ​set​ ​beforehand.​ ​This​ ​shouldn’t​ ​be​ ​extensively​ ​violent or​ ​painful​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​fact​ ​that​ ​it​ ​was​ ​only​ ​a​ ​fight​ ​and​ ​therefore​ ​wasn’t​ ​too​ ​serious​ ​of​ ​an​ ​offense.

The​ ​punishment​ ​should​ ​be​ ​equivalent​ ​to​ ​the​ ​weight​ ​of​ ​the​ ​problem​ ​or​ ​rule​ ​broken.​ ​My​ ​advice

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when​ ​deciding​ ​on​ ​the​ ​punishment​ ​is​ ​to​ ​consider​ ​what​ ​was​ ​done.​ ​How​ ​bad​ ​is​ ​the​ ​other​ ​party involved​ ​hurt?​ ​How​ ​long​ ​was​ ​the​ ​fight?​ ​And​ ​is​ ​brotherly​ ​quarrel​ ​really​ ​that​ ​big​ ​of​ ​an​ ​issue?

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Glossary/Index Enlightenment

a​ ​time​ ​when​ ​philosophers​ ​came​ ​together​ ​to​ ​push​ ​science​ ​and

democracy​ ​was​ ​the​ ​main​ ​form​ ​of​ ​government.

Oppressed

things​ ​subject​ ​to​ ​harsh​ ​treatment

Satirist

someone​ ​who​ ​makes​ ​jokes​ ​about​ ​political​ ​and​ ​current​ ​events

Social​ ​contract​ ​theory

a​ ​polite​ ​agreement​ ​for​ ​the​ ​society​ ​in​ ​which​ ​they​ ​live

Checks​ ​and​ ​balances

a​ ​way​ ​of​ ​ensuring​ ​people​ ​in​ ​government​ ​don’t​ ​have​ ​great​ ​power

Exile

to​ ​expel​ ​someone​ ​from​ ​their​ ​native​ ​country

The​ ​spirit​ ​of​ ​the​ ​laws

Charles​ ​de​ ​Secondat​ ​published​ ​this​ ​treatise​ ​on​ ​political​ ​theory

Balanced​ ​democrat

who​ ​believes​ ​that​ ​all​ ​government​ ​should​ ​have​ ​equal​ ​power

Hierarchical

something​ ​arranged​ ​in​ ​order​ ​of​ ​rank

Propaganda

bias​ ​information​ ​politicians​ ​use​ ​to​ ​convince​ ​people

Criminologist

to​ ​analyze​ ​data​ ​to​ ​see​ ​why​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​was​ ​committed

Bill​ ​of​ ​rights

the​ ​first​ ​ten​ ​amendments​ ​in​ ​the​ ​constitution

Double​ ​jeopardy

you​ ​cannot​ ​be​ ​tried​ ​twice​ ​for​ ​something

Philosopher

a​ ​person​ ​engaged​ ​in​ ​philosophy

Tabla​ ​rasa

Locke’s​ ​philosophy​ ​on​ ​how​ ​the​ ​mind​ ​starts​ ​a​ ​blank​ ​slate

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