Reactivating A Post-Industrial Landscape: Carrie Blast Furnaces National Historic Landmark by Allison Janik

Reactivating A Post-Industrial Landscape: Carrie Blast Furnaces National Historic Landmark Allison Janik, Undergraduate Landscape Architecture 5th year Comprehensive Project Proposal Professor Martha Hunt LA 451: Research Methods December 12, 2022 Ball State University, Estopinal College of Architecture and Planning Department of Landscape Architecture

The steel plated, 92-foot tall, megalithic industrial structure, known as the Carrie Blast Furnaces in the Swissvale borough of Pittsburgh, PA stands as a reminder of what had once reigned over the rivers of steel. The steel industry was once a booming catalyst of economic flux in what is currently regarded as the “rust belt”. The rust belt is composed of towns with post-industrial landscapes of great significance to the history of the town, leaving behind only the shells of what once occupied the land and the people who know of the robust history. The Carrie Blast Furnaces are one post-industrial landscape now recognized as a national landmark. This site is roughly 135 acres in total, with over half being reclaimed by resilient vegetation. This proposal aims to take the underutilized land and regenerate it as programmed community gathering spaces that continue to encourage the touring of the national landmark and maintain the preservation of the land. This study highlights the impacts of post-industrial landscapes on economic and ecological factors, as well as how communities can be enveloped in those processes.

Methods used to address the problem include evaluation of precedent studies ranging from 9 acres to 500 acres, with all falling under readaptation of post-industrial landscapes. Each case study will be examined on the economic and ecological effects of redesigning these landscapes, as well as the limitations associated with this project typology. In addition to case studies, a thorough site inventory and analysis will be conducted in conjunction with interviews with professionals who have first-hand experience with maintaining and promoting the integrity of the landmark. The primary products of this design will be an overall masterplan for the site, design prototypes that can be applicable throughout this land, and potential design options for similar post-industrial landscapes.

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Cover image taken by: Allison Janik

Abstract

Abstract........................................................................................................................... Table of Contents............................................................................................................ Section I: The Problem and Setting............................................................................... Introduction..................................................................................................................... Problem Statement......................................................................................................... Sub-Questions.................................................................................................................. Glossary of Terms............................................................................................................. Assumptions.................................................................................................................... Delimitations................................................................................................................... Significance...................................................................................................................... Section II: Annotated Bibliography................................................................................ Annotated Bibliography.................................................................................................. Section III: Methodology................................................................................................. Methodology................................................................................................................... Appendices...................................................................................................................... Appendix A: Site Summary.............................................................................................. Appendix B: Goals and Objectives.................................................................................. Appendix C: Timeline....................................................................................................... Appendix D: Inventory and Analysis............................................................................... Appendix E: Interviews.................................................................................................... Appendix F: Content Analysis.......................................................................................... Appendix G: Alphabetized Bibliography......................................................................... ii iii 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 17 18 20 21 28 31 35 38 41 46 Janik iii Table of Contents

Section I: The Problem and Setting

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Introduction

“The industrial landscape is already littered with remains of once successful companies that could not adapt their strategic vision to altered conditions of competition.”

- Ryan Abernathy-

Industrialization is a concept that has been around since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, starting in 1760. The rising demand for materials, such as steel and glass, left a major impact on most cities and communities throughout the United States, as well as the environment. Manufacturing started due to the need for developmental materials, especially during WWII, which impacted the workers once the military-industrial complex slowed in postWWII America. The Rust Belt was put into effect in 1980, where the industrial “cities” began dilapidating (Trubek, 2018). This displaced a large number of workers, and has taken a toll on many industrial sites. These sites are left decaying, maintaining only a silhouette of what once was.

The Rust Belt has impacted these industrial sites, as well as the communities and context that surrounds them. Not only were workers out of jobs, but the communities began to dissolve due to a lack of necessity to remain in these industrial districts. These sites remain only as memories of what had resided in the land, and, unfortunately, most are “sores” in the land. The industrial sites had once harnessed large masses of people that formed communities in and around them. As the Rust Belt went into effect, the communities rapidly declined. There is now a strong need to rejoin the communities, and reunite them with the site that had brought these manufacturing communities together.

In Pittsburgh, PA, there is a perfect example of a site that has attempted to regain the community within its boundaries. The Carrie Blast Furnaces National Historic Landmark (CBFNHL) is a landmark that celebrates “rare examples of pre-World War II iron-making technology” (Rivers of Steel, 2022). While this site is now a national landmark and utilized by the community, the maximum potential of the land is not being realized. The lack of accessibility and programmed spaces makes the site less functional for the intent and purposes of the community. The preservation of the landmark is not celebrated as much in the surrounding context, which in turn limits the potential of community development and access to economic gains through tourism. The disconnect creates an opportunity to develop a community gathering node that can adapt to the site with proposed functional spaces that enhance the experience of the site for those living around CBFNHL, and those visiting to learn the history and culture.

The following document will outline a research proposal that seeks to develop a site master plan for the reinvention of the CBFNHL site into a community gathering space. This space will aim to define the environmental impact that this site had prior to and post-industrialization while incorporating immersive learning opportunities, provide community gathering areas that accommodate existing and future events that will take place on site, and create accessible routes to enhance the experience of the existing landmark. The overall park will amplify the existing landmark and provide a connection to the community, as well as celebrate the robust industrial history of Pittsburgh.

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Problem Statement

This project proposes a design for the extents of the Carrie Blast Furnaces National Historic Landmark (CBFNHL) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which aims to provide an interactive space for visitors and neighbors to experience the landmark. This proposal will explore concepts of community engagement, historic preservation, and immersive learning opportunities, as well as how all of these principles can help to enhance the experience of the landmark.

Sub-Questions

How can a community park space be designed in a way that attention will not be taken from the CBFNHL, but will also help to support the experience of said landmark?

How can preservation principles be retained within the design of the site?

Can preservation retain pre-industrialization periods of the site?

How can ecological advantages be represented for an immersive learning experience within the site?

What opportunities are there to create interactive, natural education moments on site?

How can the community improve engagement of CBFNHL while protecting its historic and cultural integrity?

How can the community better engage and utilize the landmark, without taking away significance or the integrity of the site?

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Glossary of Terms

Post-Industrial Landscape: Environmentally impaired resources that need to be reestablished for a productive use and integrated into the community surrounding it.

Industrialization: A switch from an economic focus on agriculture to a reliance on manufacturing.

Natural Environment: An environment in which nature, plants, insects, animals, etc., can evolve over time and exist naturally.

Urbanization: The concentration of mass populations into rather discrete areas.

Cultural Environment: Environments shaped by human activities and heritage.

Manufacturing Communities: Communities that developed due to the rise of manufacturing within a certain area.

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Assumptions

The Carrie Blast Furnaces National Historic Landmark is a vital part of the community, an actively explored landmark, and it is anticipated that this will continue into the future.

Current user groups will remain consistent into the distant future.

Delimitations

This research proposal and design will not include:

Brownfield remediation solutions that are expanded upon to a full extent, but rather highlight overhead ideas of what can be done (soil remediation, natural system restoration, etc.).

Development beyond the constraints of the land surrounding the Carrie Blast Furnaces National Historic Landmark.

An entire detailed design of the site, but rather the design with key features expanded upon to provide the driving design principles.

Construction documentation of the design, but rather overall design ideals.

Constraints with budgeting or funding necessary to implement the project on site.

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Significance

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is an active city with a robust history in the realm of industrial business. According to a study of the brownfield regeneration in Chicago, another postindustrial city, “77 jobs increased with 68 jobs retained and 76.2% of remaining jobs reported higher wages than previous use” (Higgins, 2008). This shows roughly a 213% increase in jobs, and a similar mindset can be applied to the CBFNHL site. An abundance of tourism and learning opportunities that can help to enhance not only public knowledge, but economic gain within the neighborhoods or city can also enhance the economy of Pittsburgh. A study in Brno, Czech Republic shows how roughly “20% of people stated they had visited regenerated brownfields for leisure time activities” (Navratil et. al., 2018), showing how about 20% of people came to the brownfield knowing about its history. This percentage is something that can be increased with awareness of brownfield regeneration. Historic preservation is a great tool for the public to understand the past of human culture and can be utilized as a tourism boom for a rust belt city.

Community Development/Socialization

In addition to the economic gain that can come from enhancing features on site, the community that can develop within the surrounding neighborhood(s), and within the outside visitors can be something of extreme significance. The interactions that can take place from the expansion of community space within the site will open up potential for greater connections among people. Not only would these interactions be beneficial for the further preservation of the site with the expanded tourism bringing more interest in preserving this site and others similar, but it also enhances the possibility of future trips of visitors, with roughly 20 people per tour from May through November every year (Rivers of Steel, 2022), to explore the site again, creating bonds within the community.

Environmental Impact

Finally, there is an educational benefit to visiting a site such as CBFNHL with the understanding of environmental impacts that steel mills had, as well as the acknowledgment of what had resided in this land prior to industrialization, during the industrialization period, and post industrial. The environmental challenges that had come within a post industrial landscape can be highlighted to potentially inspire others to look into these issues/techniques. These may even become a catalyst for other sites within Pittsburgh that need the remediation processes to create a reusable site.

All of these qualities can provide a better understanding of the site, expand on community potential, and celebrate a historically significant site without harming the integrity or the enrichment that can come from experiencing the site.

Economic

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Section II: Annotated Bibliography

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Annotated Bibliography

Ashworth, G. (2011). Preservation, Conservation and Heritage: Approaches to the Past in the Present Through the Built Environment. Asian Anthropology. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1683478X.2011.10552601

This article implies the difference between preservation, conservation and heritage. The necessity of this knowledge can help determine if the site benefits a cultural need or not. Heritage highlights cultural creation with the act of preservation in a loose setting. This article can be used to address the preservation and heritage concerns of a site. Statistics + definitions.

Center for Zero Waste Design. (n.a.). Domino Park, New York City. Zero Waste Design Guidelines for High Density Cities. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www. centerforzerowastedesign.org/public/?p=1048

This article highlights Domino Park in Brooklyn, New York, the former location of the Domino Sugar plant that served as an economic catalyst for the surrounding neighborhoods. This case study specifies how COVID-19 had affected the area and how the reduce, reuse, and recycle method had worked within the park, utilizing food scraps from local residences and commercial buildings within the plant beds of the park. This article shows potential community engagement opportunities that can be applicable at other brownfield sites and promotes an ecological effect. Design criteria + statistics.

Dale, A. & Newman, L. (2009). Sustainable Development for Some: Green Urban Development and Affordability. Local Environment. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13549830903089283

This article focuses on the impact of the quality of life with redefining a post-industrial landscape. Biodiversity and sustainability among the recreational needs of the general public are major development takeaways. This article can be used to determine the quality of life impact in a design decision. Design criteria + definitions.

EDRA. (2005). Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord - Duisburg, Germany. Places Awards Design. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s88h5sd

This case study looks into Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord in Duisburg Germany, which is an example of post-industrial park design. Main highlights of this article include, programming benefits with green urbanism and ecological impacts on the Emscher River. This case study can aid in the programming of the space surrounding CBFNHL, and is a precedent for environmental impacts on the site. Design criteria + programming.

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Espinoza, R. & Luccioni, L. (2002). Proper Risk Management: The Key to Successful Brownfield Development. Brownfield Sites: Assessment, Rehabilitation and Development. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-onecology-and-the-environment/55/1007

This article addresses the full risk assessment process for a possible brownfield site. Many of the risks that are associated involve the housing market surrounding the area with push back from the surrounding communities. This article can be used to address risk within the market and how that can affect the surrounding community. Statistics.

Green, J. (2022). Domino Park: Privately-owned Public Infrastructure. THE DIRT. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://dirt.asla.org/2022/01/27/domino-park-privately-managedpublicly-owned-coastal-infrastructure/

This case study surrounds Domino Park in Brooklyn, New York, which is the former location of the Domino Sugar plant that served as an economic catalyst for the surrounding neighborhoods. The site had an abundance of waterfront access, which was desirable for the community once the plant officially shut down. This case study focuses on the reasoning of the site with design implications that case from the brownfield in terms of water contamination and natural resilience of the plants in the area. This article is a valuable source for programming and natural resource accessibility for the public. Design criteria.

Grimm-Pretner, D. & Gstach, D. (2011). Creating Added Value in Working Landscapes - The Development of the Atlanta BeltLine. Real Corp. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https:// programm.corp.at/cdrom2011/papers2011/CORP2011_30.pdf

This article describes a working landscape with the example of the Atlanta BeltLine, which connects infrastructure and natural systems among railroads and streetcar rails to form multi-use trails. This article can serve as a precedent for trail design to incorporate differing areas into a cohesive design for the community. Design criteria + programming.

Higgins, J. (2008). Evaluating the Chicago Brownfields Initiative: The Effects of City-Initiated Brownfield Redevelopment on Surrounding Communities. Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://scholarlycommons.law. northwestern.edu/njlsp/vol3/iss2/5/

This article addresses liability for the brownfields, as well as job creation and gentrification that can come from the new implementation of the brownfield remediation site. This regeneration can cause the existing community to be pushed out and these concerns need to be addressed. This article can help aid in the concerns that can come from gentrification due to the regeneration of an abandoned site. Statistics.

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Howland, M. (2007). Employment Effects of Brownfield Redevelopment: What Do We Know from the Literature? Journal of Planning Literature. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.epa.gov/environmental-economics/working-paper-employment-effectsbrownfield-redevelopment-what-do-we-know

This article focuses primarily on the job economy impact that a brownfield can have. With the employment consideration, there are limitations in who can apply for these jobs and if the surrounding community would benefit from the creation of them. This article can help base how the design can create employment opportunities for the community while addressing the average skill set among the population. Design criteria + programming.

Kim, E.J., & Miller, P. (2015). Periodic Characteristics and Implications of Programs and Policies for Brownfield Management in the U.S.A. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture, Vol. (43), 96-107. https://doi.org/10.9715/KILA.2015.43.1.096

This article described the policies and programs set in place for brownfield remediation purposes with the addition of environmental regulations and benefits that can come from redevelopment. This article can be used for remediation context, as well as benefits that can be an outcome of design implementation. Design criteria + definitions.

Landscape Architecture Foundation. (n.a.). High Line. Landscape Performance Series. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.landscapeperformance.org/case-studybriefs/high-line#/sustainable-features

This case study focuses on the impacts of the High Line in New York City, New York. The High Line is the reinvention of a railway in the city as an elevated park, connecting multiple areas of the city together to create a community. The project has had ample environmental impacts, among the increase of visitors and diversity in the surrounding areas. This case study can be used to determine statistical data and programming that can be successful in a post-industrial landscape. Design criteria + statistics.

Ling, C., Handley, J. & Rodwell, J. (2007). Restructuring the Post-industrial Landscape: A Multifunctional Approach. Landscape Research. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01426390701318171?journalCode=clar20

This article focuses on steps to take in the restructuring of a brownfield site The functionality, historical context, ecological impact, aesthetic, and community needs are the main focal points in the design process. This article can be used for design guidelines and a checklist to ensure that all necessary steps in a successful brownfield remediation project have been checked. Design criteria.

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Leonard, N. (2014). Utilizing Michigan Brownfield Policies to Incentivize Community-Based Agriculture in Detroit. Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjeal/vol3/iss2/7/

This article addresses the utilization of urban farms in place of post-industrial landscapes, with the outlook on financing issues among contamination necessities. Urban farms can aid in the decrease of food deserts. This article can be used as an alternative to programming within a post-industrial site. Design criteria + programming.

Loures, L., Heuer, T., Horta, D., Santos, R., & Silva, S. (2008). Multifunctional Clusters in Post-industrial Landscapes: Rising from What’s Left. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/228461212_Multifunctional_clusters_in_Post-industrial_Landscapes_Rising_ from_what’s_left

This article expresses the need for industrial heritage and the strategies used to promote the preservation of industrial sites. A specified guideline for goal and objective creation is utilized in this article, and based on relationships between risks and community. This article can be used for the goal and objective checklist for the brownfield remediation process. Design criteria.

Loures, L. (2008). Post-industrial Landscapes: Dereliction or Heritage? WSEAS International Conference on Landscape Architecture. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https:// www.researchgate.net/profile/Luis-Loures-2/publication/266244735_Post-Industrial_ Landscapes_dereliction_or_heritage/links/552ce4ae0cf2e089a3ad00ff/Post-IndustrialLandscapes-dereliction-or-heritage.pdf

This article addresses how to preserve heritage within the community and designing for the people in the surrounding neighborhoods. Preserving the whole identity of a site with the application of design at a human-scale allows the visitors to become fully emerged in the history of the site. This article is a good backbone for designing in relation to the visitors and community that will revolve within the site. Design criteria + programming.

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Loures, L., Vargues, P. & Horta, D. (2008). Landscape Aesthetic and Visual Analysis Facing the Challenge of Development of Sustainable Landscapes - A Case Study of the Postindustrial Area to the Left Margin of the Arade River. WIT Press. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251006854_Landscape_aesthetic_ and_visual_analysis_facing_the_challenge_of_development_of_sustainable_landscapes__a_case_study_of_the_post-industrial_area_to_the_left_margin_of_the_Arade_River

This article specifically addresses the aesthetics of a landscape with the need for genius loci nd the social legitimization of a site. The aesthetics can make or break whether a site is successful and utilized by the community. This article can be used to address how to create aesthetics in the landscape to attract the community and tourists. Design criteria + programming.

Menard, M., Howell, J. & Hachadorian, J. (2019). Economic, Ecological, and Equity Dimensions of Brownfield Redevelopment Plans for Environmental Justice Communities in the USA. Local Environment. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10.1080/13549839.2019.1652803?journalCode=cloe20

This article addresses risk-based remediation processes in economic, public health, and social equity risks associated with brownfields. The idea of placemaking is necessary, but hazards among the market, contamination, and lack of community engagement can break a brownfield remediation project. This article can be used for addressing risk concerns that can come from the remediation process. Design criteria + statistics.

Navratil, J., Krejci, T., Martinat, S., Pasqualetti, M., Klusacek, P., Frantal, B. & Tochackova, K. (2018). Brownfields Do Not “Only Live Twice”:The Possibilities for Heritage Preservation and the Enlargement of Leisure Time Activities in Brno, the Czech Republic. Cities. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/ S026427511730536X

This article addresses how heritage can be perceived and the lack of representation that comes from it. The recognition of history within these industrial sites is lacking and can undermine a brownfield remediation project. This article can be used to explain the impact that remediation can have on a city or community. Statistics + criteria.

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National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior. (2002). Battle of Homestead and Carrie Furnaces 6 and 7. National Park Service. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https:// npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/9f4411b3-a0f0-4654-b7b4-7ecb7791674d

This article fully addresses the history of Pittsburgh among the CBFNHL site and the Homestead Steel site across the river. This article highlights the history, importance, and community disruption that came from the closing of both plants. This article can be used for site importance and historic context. Definitions + context.

Rich, K., Ridealgh, M., West, S., Cinderby, S. & Ashmore, M. (2015). Exploring the Links Between Post-industrial Landscape History and Ecology Through Participatory Methods. PLoS ONE. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0136522

This article specifies plant growth and resilience in brownfield settings, as well as the environmental impact on the invertebrates that reside in the site. These plants are addressed on their resilience, as well as the materials that they can grow from. This article can be used for specific plant lists among environmental impacts. Design criteria + material consideration.

Satherley, S. (2016). Identifying Landscape Meanings: Images and Interactions at Gas Works Park. Queensland University of Technology. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https:// eprints.qut.edu.au/92512/

This article focuses on function and patterns of Gas Works Park , along with adaptation as opposed to recreation. The relationships between ideas, systems, processes, and forms help to guide the design process for post-industrial sites. This article can be used to address relative relationships among a post-industrial site. Design criteria.

Silverthorne, T. (2006). What Constitutes Success in Brownfield Redevelopment? A Review. WIT Press. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wittransactions-on-ecology-and-the-environment/94/16914

This article addresses how brownfield success is subjective to the site and what the main goals were in the project itself. The improvement in the quality of life and economic gain tend to be the main success points in a brownfield remediation process. This article can be used for specific goal creation in the brownfield remediation process. Design criteria + programming.

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Sousa, C. (2001). Brownfield Redevelopment in Toronto: An Examination of Past Trends and Future Prospects. Land Use Policy. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837702000248

This article specifies how Toronto’s downtown had been affected by brownfields, with exact reasoning behind redevelopment of these sites. Areas with blight were reworked into a urban downtown experience and relocating the genius loci of the area. This article can serve as an example of brownfield remediation for a neighborhood regeneration cause. Design example + statistics.

Sousa, C. (2008). Brownfields Redevelopment and the Quest for Sustainability. Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DYbi4reinkIC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=sustainable+urbanization+brownfield+redevelopment&ots=3ArQcNmxqe&sig=oideHzce1RbTIE4ps4hCAn4YRBo#v=onepage&q=sustainable%20urbanization%20brownfield%20redevelopment&f=false

This book focuses on defining exactly what a brownfield is and entails. The main highlights include the idea of risks associated with the implementation of the design, sustainability, economic integrity, and social equity that all come from the post-industrial landscape reinvention. This article can be used to define brownfields and the ideas that accompany the design. Definitions.

Sousa, C. (2014). The Greening of Urban Post-industrial Landscapes: Past Practices and Emerging Trends. Local Environment. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13549839.2014.886560?journalCode=cloe20

This article addresses how greening of an urban post-industrial site can impact a community and environment with the addition of connectivity among the built infrastructure to the natural environment. This article can be used as a defining guideline for greening programming of a post-industrial site. Design criteria + definitions.

Sousa, C., Wu, C., & Westphal, L. (2009). Assessing the Effect of Publicly Assisted Brownfield Redevelopment on Surrounding Property Values. Economic Development Quarterly. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/46551

This article touches on the people involved in brownfield remediation from a public, private, and non-profit viewpoint. These people were interviewed on how remediation can effect the market of surrounding neighborhoods, influences on social class, and uses the comparison of two midwestern cities to examine differing potential of the remediation processes. This article can be utilized to gauge economic gain and limitations that can be associated with redevelopment of a brownfield. Design criteria + statistics.

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Urban Land Institute. (2015). SteelStacks Arts and Cultural Campus. Urban Land Institute. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://casestudies.uli.org/steelstacks-arts-and-culturalcampus/

This case study highlights the SteelStacks in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. This site is the location of multi-use programming with residential, commercial, and natural resources. The key takeaways from this case study is the implementation of the casino on-site, which is the main funding source, as well as the ArtsQuest center, which pulls the community into the site. This case study can serve as an example of programming options within brownfield sites. Design criteria + programming.

Washington State Department of Ecology, Seattle Department of Parks and Recreation, & Puget Sound Energy. (1997). Gas Works Park Environmental Cleanup: Public Participation Plan. Department of Ecology State of Washington. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/cleanupsearch/document/1512

This article focuses on the public engagement within the cleanup for Gas Works Park in Seattle and allows for the community to participate in the overall re-establishment of the site. Most of the importance derives from the need for community engagement and recognition of the history that sits within the park’s boundaries. Information from this article can be used to supplement community engagement and touches on the ways to bring the community into a site, as well as basic bioremediation solutions for an overhead suggestion. Design criteria + processes.

Way, T. (2013). Landscapes of Industrial Excess: A Thick Sections Approach to Gas Works Plan. Journal of Landscape Architecture. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www. tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/18626033.2013.798920

This case study looks into Gas Works Park in Seattle, Washington. This park contains the remains of a prevalent industrial entity that improved the Seattle area. Richard Haag, the designer of the park, focused on persuasion with design and observed the community use of the site during construction to create a useful design for the park. This case study is a great example of a successful brownfield remediation project that is still utilized by the public. Design criteria + programming.

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Winson-Geideman, K., Simon’s, R. & Pendergrass, J. (2004). Tracking Remediation and Redevelopment Trends of Brownfield Clean-up Programmes: The Cook County Experience. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0964056042000216528

This article relays the funding disadvantages and limitations that can come from a remediation project. In addition, specified protection measures in the remediation process are also highlighted. This article can be used for overhead funding concerns that can be addressed as potential options. Definitions.

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Section III: Methodology

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This section provides a layout of various processes and procedures that will be followed for the methodology. The framework of the methodology can be categorized into four sections: content analysis, interviews, and site inventory and analysis.

Content Analysis:

To identify key characteristics of brownfield redevelopment and successful design tactics, a content analysis will be completed on sources listed in the annotated bibliography. A few of these texts are key, including the Zero Waste Design Guidelines for High Density Cities, “The Key to Successful Brownfield Development’’, “Battle of Homestead and Carrie Furnaces 6 and 7”, and “Brownfield Redevelopment in Toronto: An Examination of Past Trends and Future Prospects’’. The main characteristics being reviewed in these sources are economic and ecological success in design implementation of sites similar to CBFNHL, community engagement in the design process of a post-industrial site, and historical context of the site. The economic and ecological successes will be analyzed and compared in order to determine areas of overlap, as well as prioritized in the overall analysis of the material at hand.

Content analysis will also be completed on these case studies:

Domino Park - Brooklyn, New York: This project will be analyzed for the educational concept and the impact on the surrounding community, with design proposals and benefits.

Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord - Duisburg, Germany: This project will be analyzed for design principles while preserving an abandoned industrial site.

SteelStacks - Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: This project will be analyzed for design principles while preserving an abandoned industrial site, as well as the economic benefits that have come from the site.

Gas Works Park - Seattle, Washington: This project will be analyzed for methodologies in design principles, as well as the community engagement within the site.

Successful features and methods of these studies, with the economic and ecological overlap as priority, will be identified and can be applied in the proposed design for the CBFNHL site [more information on each case study can be found in (Appendix F)].

In addition to the sources from the annotated bibliography and the case studies, GIS data will be collected on the demographics of people visiting the site, and the contextual demographics of the surrounding area. This information will better inform who is utilizing the site and who has the potential for immediate access to the site, or gauge the general skills of those surrounding the site to create career options that cater to those individuals.

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Interviews:

A series of interviews will be completed with experts in the field of brownfield redevelopment, and community members within the manufacturing communities. These are as follows:

Mr. Doug Styles, Tour Guide at CBFNHL and prior industrial worker: to better understand the relationship of CBFNHL to the surrounding community, the impact of the landmark on the city of Pittsburgh, and to understand the relationships between workers and industrial sites.

Mr. Ronald Baraff, Director of Historic Resources & Facilities: to better understand the history of the site, how the site is being preserved and limitations in designing around the landmark, and future proposals for visitor interaction with the landmark and existing context within the site boundaries.

Mrs. Jaimie Hanson, Manager of Tourism: to understand the demographics of visitors on site, to understand the economic benefits coming from the programs/events/tours of the CBFNHL, and how these statistics are seen to progress in the future with future development.

Assessment of interviews will include a comparison between information gathered regarding the CBFNHL site, and the case studies of successful post-industrial redevelopment sites. This data will be documented through notes and presented in illustrative diagrams/informational graphics. [Interview questions can be found in

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Site Inventory and Analysis (Inventory Data Collection):

The following data has been acquired in order to develop an understanding of physical characteristic in and surrounding the site:

Existing Vegetation (including existing tree line and species of vegetation if possible)

Topography

Circulation (roads, sidewalks, the Monongahela River, etc.)

Existing and proposed structures

Hydrology

Existing and proposed trails

Historical and existing aerial photographs [images found in (Appendix A)]

Contextual and proposed land use

GIS data will be used for a general demographic basis of the surrounding context

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Appendices

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APPENDIX A: Site Summary

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Appendix A: Site Summary

Fig 1.1: Downtown Pittsburgh and CBFNHL proximity/relationship map.

Fig 1.2: Boroughs in relation to the CBFNHL site.

The CBFNHL site is located in the southeastern portion of Pittsburgh, PA (see Fig 1.1) in the Swissvale and Rankin boroughs (see Fig 1.2) on the northern bank of the Monongahela River. This site in total takes up approximately 135 acres, with roughly 75 on the eastern boundary of the national landmark being open to new development. The 75 open acres is the focus site for this project, with some minor design adjustments in the landmark boundary.Established in 2006 as a National Historic Landmark along with four other locations in Pennsylvania, all associated with the steel industry and included in the Rivers of Steel National Heritage Area (NPS, 2022), the site is currently being managed by a nonprofit in partnership with the NPS. With the site being closed to the general public, tours and events are the only way to access the grounds with most of the traffic coming from tours. Tours range from May through mid-November, with cut off prior to first snow, and include an industrial tour of the furnaces themselves, as well as the Iron Garden tour and the Arts and Grounds tour. The Iron Garden tour caters to the botanic experience of the reclaimed land, and gives visitors an insight into the resilience of nature. The Arts and Grounds tour shows the newly adapted use of the site with guerrilla artists, graffiti artists, and designers leaving their imprint on the land (Rivers of Steel, 2022).

Fig 1.3: Carrie and Homestead relation.

Not only does this site house a national landmark with significance in the steel industry, but also roughly 5,000 feet of

riverfront with 3,000 feet falling in the open acres to the east of the furnaces. The Carrie Furnace Hot Metal Bridge creates a connection to the Great Allegheny Passage, which is a riverfront trail on the southern bank of the Monongahela. To the west of the landmark is another riverfront trail, which spans the northern edge of the site boundary (see Fig 1.3 and 1.4).

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N MUNHALL WHITAKER WEST HOMESTEAD WEST MIFFLIN RANKIN SWISSVALE SWISSVALE BRADDOCK BRADDOCK HILLS N PITTSBURGH

PROJECTSITE

Fig 1.4: Historic Carrie Blast Furnaces map with entire facility. In yellow is what is existing after demolition.

Fig 1.6: RIDC tech flex campus masterplan for Carrie Site.

Not only does this site house a national landmark with significance in the steel industry, but also roughly 5,000 feet of riverfront with 3,000 feet falling in the open acres to the east of the furnaces. The Carrie Furnaces hot metal bridge with a connection to the Great Allegheny Passage, which is a riverfront trail on the southern bank of the Monongahela. To the west of the landmark is another riverfront trail, which spans the northern edge of the site boundary. Both trails connect much of the Swissvale and Rankin boroughs to the River and back to downtown Pittsburgh. In terms of vegetation, the landmark itself has many resilient, drought friendly perennials growing, which emphasize the boundary of the furnaces. To the east are grasses and prairie land that are fairly open to redevelopment, even catching the interest of the Pittsburgh Film Office (see Fig 1.6) with anticipation to create a film and entertainment hub, which has the first phase approved for construction by the city of Pittsburgh (RIDC, 2022). Along the riverfront, there are shade trees with minimal understory that help to protect from erosion and maintain a wildlife corridor through the site. Outside of the wildlife corridor, the condition of the site is fairly safe as it has been reclaimed by native vegetation after the furnaces were closed and most of the facilities were demolished. There is no development on the eastern side of the landmark between the CBFNHL and the power plant next to the Rankin bridge, however there is the hot metal bridge with no connection access to the north of the Carrie Furnace Boulevard.

Overall, this site is underdeveloped with opportunities for design and connections through the Swissvale, Rankin, Homestead, and Whitaker boroughs. In addition, this is a great hub for industrial heritage along the Monongahela River, and within proximity to downtown Pittsburgh. There are design challenges with the proposed Carrie Blast Furnaces Masterplan by RIDC, including eleven proposed buildings, two of which have been approved for construction, but the interest in the site and the opportunity for redevelopment as an asset for the community is prevalent.

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Fig 2.1: CBFNHL site CAD base map at 100 scale on a 24 x 36 board. This map provides the project boundary, landmark boundary, various vegetation, and transportation routes.

0' 150' N Scale: 1"=150' 300' 600' CBFNHL OPEN GRASSLAND MONONGAHELA RIVER PROJECT BOUNDARY TREES PLANTED AREA CARRIE FURNACE BLVD. BRADDOCK AVE. RIVERRD. PUMP HOUSE & WATER TOWER CBFNHL PROP. LINE PINKERTON'S LANDING BRIDGE CBFNHL HOT METAL BRIDGE GREAT ALLEGHENY PASSAGE

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Site Visit Photos as of November 2022: All imagery was captured by Allison Janik.

Fig 3.1: Entrance to Carrie Blast Furnaces view southeast towards furnace.

Pictured: Doug Styles.

Fig 3.2: Crane at CBFNHL view southwest towards furnaces and graffiti wall.

Fig 3.3: Crane at CBFNHL view southwest towards furnaces and iron garden.

Fig 3.4: Carrie furnace close up with landmark fencing. Visitors are not allowed in official landmark.

Fig 3.5: Carrie crane close up with furnace in backdrop.

Fig 3.6: Decorated engine at the CBFNHL with coal disposal track.

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Historic Imagery of CBFNHL:

Fig 4.1: Aerial view looking southwest towards downtown Pittsburgh of Carrie Blast Furnaces.

Fig 4.2: View of the furnaces with smoke stacks and active rails.

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APPENDIX B: Goals and Objectives

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Modified Problem Statement

This study and design project propose the repurposing of the CBFNHL site in the city of Pittsburgh into a new community resource that will benefit the ecological health of the site, promote new educational opportunities through preservation of the site, and offer spaces for community gathering, recreation, and entertainment.

Goals and Objectives

Design opportunities for programmed community engagement spaces, recreation, and entertainment.

Outdoor classrooms

Park space(s)

Community garden space

Trails

Drive-in movie theater

Art wall

Outdoor art studio space

Food truck/festival event space(s)

Connect to the CBFNHL and the Monongahela River

Increase educational opportunities through the history of the site.

Improve preservation of the landmark

Educational signage

Educational play space (Domino Park Case Study)

Improve accessibility on site for inclusive interaction with CBFNHL

Reconstruct missing historic aspects of past site

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Restore and reclaim natural function(s) of the site.

Maintain existing vegetation

Reinstate native vegetation

Wetland areas

Revegetate river banks

Bioremediation

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APPENDIX C: Timeline

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Janik 32 Task/Assignment Data Collection Design Breaks Site Visit Annotated Bibliography (General) Methodology Design Principles, Guidelines, Criteria Appendices Site Analysis Presentation Goals & Objectives Concepts Site Programming Site Design Sections Renderings Detail Drawings Final Board Layouts Design Booklet Holidays/Breaks Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 October November December 1st Semester Schedule

Janik 33 Task/Assignment Data Collection Design Breaks Site Visit Annotated Bibliography (General) Methodology Design Principles, Guidelines, Criteria Appendices Site Analysis Presentation Goals & Objectives Concepts Site Programming Site Design Sections Renderings Detail Drawings Final Board Layouts Design Booklet Holidays/Breaks Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 1 Week 1 Week 2 Week 2 Week 3 Week 3 Week 4 Week 4 Week 5 Week 1 January February March April May 2nd Semester Schedule

Data Collection Design

October - December

Site Visit/Analysis

Take Pictures

Document existing landmark through pictures and notes.

Document expansion opportunities.

Define visitor boundaries with the landmark and how that is conveyed to the visitors.

Document areas of significance, both in and around the tour.

Initial Data - 1st Semester

Annotated bibliography and statistic collection.

Method analysis.

Initial guidelines and principles.

January - May

Data - 2nd Semester

In-depth site analysis.

Modified methods, principles, and appendices per suggestions and data collection.

October - December

Goals and Objectives - 1st Semester

Initial design goals and objectives per site observation and case studies.

January - May

Goals and Objectives - 2nd Semester

Revised goals and objectives per site programming.

Site design with accompanied graphics

Site plan overall and zoom in plans.

Sections/Perspectives/Details/ Renders

Layout and booklet

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APPENDIX D: Inventory and Analysis

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Fig 5.2: CBFNHL site analysis placeholder.

APPENDIX E: Interviews

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Question 1: How does the CBFNHL impact the surrounding community? Is there a connection between CBFNHL and the surrounding community, i.e. economic gain from tourism in the immediate context of the site?

Question 2: What are the impacts that the CBFNHL site has on the city of Pittsburgh? Is there a disconnect between the site and the city?

Question 3: As a former industrial worker, what are some activities you would like to see implemented on this site for visitors to become fully immersed in the experience of working in an industrial site? Are there opportunities to expand these activities out into the site surrounding the landmark?

Mr. Ronald Baraff, Director of Historic Resources & Facilities: Mrs. Jaimie Hanson, Manager of Tourism:

Question 1: What limitations are there on visitor experience within the existing landmark? How can the boundaries set by the proposed landmark be properly engaged with the visitor experience of the site?

Question 2: What are important key takeaways of economic and ecological impacts that the CBFNHL site had while the furnaces were still in operation?

Question 3: Are there limitations on the context outside of the proposed landmark? How can more historic elements be implemented into the site that can better explain the history of the CBF property?

Question 1: Do you have general demographic data of those who are coming onto the site? Does the data sway primarily to tourists or are there signs of locals coming into the site to immerse themselves in the industrial history?

Question 2: What programs have been put in place to help bring tourism into the site? Which programs/events pull in the most people? What trends do you see bringing in more people in the near future?

Question 3: How does the CBFNHL site promote tourism into the surrounding context? Do you see any economic benefits within the surrounding neighborhoods stemming off of the tourism from CBFNHL?

Mr. Doug Styles, Tour Guide at CBFNHL and prior industrial worker:

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Mr. Doug Styles, Tour Guide at CBFNHL and prior industrial worker:

Answer 1: How does the CBFNHL impact the surrounding community? Is there a connection between CBFNHL and the surrounding community, i.e. economic gain from tourism in the immediate context of the site?

Answer 2: What are the impacts that the CBFNHL site has on the city of Pittsburgh? Is there a disconnect between the site and the city?

Answer 3: As a former industrial worker, what are some activities you would like to see implemented on this site for visitors to become fully immersed in the experience of working in an industrial site? Are there opportunities to expand these activities out into the site surrounding the landmark?

Mr. Ronald Baraff, Director of Historic Resources & Facilities: Mrs. Jaimie Hanson, Manager of Tourism:

Answer 1: What limitations are there on visitor experience within the existing landmark? How can the boundaries set by the proposed landmark be properly engaged with the visitor experience of the site?

Answer 2: What are important key takeaways of economic and ecological impacts that the CBFNHL site had while the furnaces were still in operation?

Answer 3: Are there limitations on the context outside of the proposed landmark? How can more historic elements be implemented into the site that can better explain the history of the CBF property?

Answer 1: Do you have general demographic data of those who are coming onto the site? Does the data sway primarily to tourists or are there signs of locals coming into the site to immerse themselves in the industrial history?

Answer 2: What programs have been put in place to help bring tourism into the site? Which programs/events pull in the most people? What trends do you see bringing in more people in the near future?

Answer 3: How does the CBFNHL site promote tourism into the surrounding context? Do you see any economic benefits within the surrounding neighborhoods stemming off of the tourism from CBFNHL?

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APPENDIX F: Content Analysis

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F: Additional Graphics

Domino Park - Brooklyn, NY

Fig 6.1: Domino Park with old refinery by Daniel Levin

Fig 6.2: Domino Park at night with Taco Cina by Daniel Levin

About Program

Area: 435,594 sq. ft. Completed in 2018

Public Space, Park, Renovation

Active Recreation Park (volleyball, bocce, dog run, etc.)

Waterfront view seating

Passive recreation (lounge spaces, beach, active lawn, and interactive play space)

This site accompanies the refinery, being turned into a landmark with associated building becoming affordable housing for New Yorkers, with the rent being $640/month for a onebedroom (Schwab, 2018). This park in relation boosts the desire to live in such apartments. Over 4 million diverse visitors have visited the site, as well as the implementation of 100 local jobs through St. Nicks Alliance (ASLA, 2022).

In addition, the site has established scrap drop offs from the community surrounding the park. These scraps were then repurposed into new materials and fertilizer for the planting beds located in the park (Center for Zero Waste Design, n.a.).

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6.3:

Fig 6.4:

About Program

Area: 230 hectares Completed in 2002 Parks, Post-Industrial

Blast Furnace Park (public park with historic preservation)

Sinter Park (garden oriented)

Railway Park, Play-points (climbing and play in the industrial structure), and Ore Bunker

Like CBFNHL, Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord is the site of a former blast furnace industry. This site is now composed of many parks and open spaces for the community to utilize while still preserving the landmark. Roughly 50,000 people gather in the open spaces during festivals held in the grounds (EDRA, 2005).

One of the main focuses of Latz + Partner was ecological awareness. The ideas of sustainability and ecology played a major role in design. They took into account runoff and clean up of the Emscher River while catering to the industrial origin of the land (EDRA, 2005).

Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord - Duisburg, Germany: Fig Blast Furnace Park with seating by Christa Panick Blast Furnace Park ground view by Michael Latz

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Fig 6.5: Historic and current aerial view SteelStacks by WRT

Fig 6.6: Observation deck SteelStacks by WRT

About Program

Area: 9.5 acres

Completed in 2016

Cultural Facilities, Performing arts, park

Festival Center and ArtsQuest Center

Amphitheater and Levitt Pavilion (lawn and event space)

Linear Park and Playground with seating and recreational trail(s)

Unique to this site, the ArtsQuest Center is a contains a casino and the open entertainment spaces for concerts, which caters to most of the economic gain for this particular case study. Roughly 7 to 8 million people are attracted to this particular space with roughly 1 million visiting SteelStacks annually (ULI, 2015).

While sustainability and ecology are not primary focuses on this project, the site is an old industrial wasteland that has been remediated in order to accommodate for the future usage of the land. It also runs along the Lehigh River and incorporates the riverbank into the project boundary (ULI, 2015).

SteelStacks - Bethlehem, PA:

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Gas Works Park - Seattle, WA:

Fig 6.7:

Fig 6.8:

About Program

Area: 21 acres

Naturalistic green mounds Waterfront viewing plaza Playground and park with associated preserved spaces of a former oil plant

Like most parks and open spaces, Gas Works Park attracts property value in the surrounding areas because of the vast amount of open green space, especially located along water. In addition, the pull of over 200,000 tourists and visitors annually helps to aid in the economic gain of the surrounding neighborhoods (The Trust for Public Land, 2011).

Not only is there economic gain in tourism and property, but also in ecological advantages. People want a space to be able to be immersed in nature, which Gas Works manages to do. Outside of this ecological advantage, the site has been remediated in order to establish a space that people can reutilize (The Trust for Public Land, 2011).

Domino Park with old refinery by Daniel Levin Domino Park at night with Taco Cina by Daniel Levin

Completed in 1975 Public Space, Park, Preservation Janik 45

APPENDIX G: Alphabetized Bibliography

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ASLA Professional Awards. (2022). Domino Park. ASLA. Retrieved December 3, 2022 from https://www.asla.org/2022awards/5909.html#:~:text=To%20date%2C%20the%20park%20 has,salsa%2C%20and%20student%20photography%20exhibitions.

Brickshire. (2012, May 18). From Carnegie Steel to Target Store: The Story of America in One Place. Poetries of Place. Retrieved December 3, 2022 from https://poetriesofplace. wordpress.com/tag/homestead-pennsylvania/

EDRA. (2005). Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord - Duisburg, Germany. Places Awards Design. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s88h5sd

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Landezine. (n.a.) Bethlehem SteelStacks Arts + Cultural Landscape. Landezine. Retrieved December 3, 2022 from https://landezine.com/bethlehem-steelstacks-arts-culture-campusby-wrt/ Landezine. (n.a.) Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord. Landezine. Retrieved December 3, 2022 from https://landezine.com/post-industrial-landscape-architecture/

Landscape Architecture Foundation. (n.a.). High Line. Landscape Performance Series. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.landscapeperformance.org/case-study-briefs/ high-line#/sustainable-features

Loures, L., Heuer, T., Horta, D., Santos, R., & Silva, S. (2008). Multifunctional Clusters in Post-industrial Landscapes: Rising from What’s Left. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228461212_Multifunctional_clusters_in_Post-industrial_Landscapes_Rising_from_ what’s_left

Loures, L. (2008). Post-industrial Landscapes: Dereliction or Heritage? WSEAS International Conference on Landscape Architecture. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Luis-Loures-2/publication/266244735_Post-Industrial_Landscapes_ dereliction_or_heritage/links/552ce4ae0cf2e089a3ad00ff/Post-Industrial-Landscapes-dereliction-or-heritage.pdf

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NPS. (2022). Rivers of Steel National Heritage Area. National Park Service. Retrieved December 3, 2022 from https://www.nps.gov/places/rivers-of-steel-national-heritage-area. htm

Pintos, P. (n.a.). Domino Park/James Corner Field Operations. ArchDaily. Retrieved December 3, 2022 from https://www.archdaily.com/914548/domino-park-james-cornerfield-operations

Raymond. (2014, Sept. 29). Pittsburgh Photo Tour 04 - Carrie Furnaces. RMB-Design. Retrieved December 3, 2022 from https://rmb-design.com/2014/09/29/pittsburgh-phototour-04-carrie-furnaces/

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RIDC. (2022). Tech Flex Building I. RIDC. Retrieved December 3, 2022 from https://ridc.org/ properties/find-space/tech-flex-building-i/

Rivers of Steel. (2022). Carrie Blast Furnaces. Rivers of Steel. Retrieved December 3, 2022 from https://riversofsteel.com/attractions/carrie-furnaces/

Schwab, K. (2018, June 7). Can NYC’s Next Big Park Recapture the Magic of the High Line? Fast Company. Retrieved December 3, 2022 from https://www.fastcompany. com/90174744/can-nycs-next-big-park-recapture-the-magic-of-the-high-line

Silverthorne, T. (2006). What Constitutes Success in Brownfield Redevelopment? A Review. WIT Press. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-ecology-and-the-environment/94/16914

The Trust for Public Land. (2011). The Economic Benefits of Seattle’s Park and Recreation System. The Trust for Public Land. Retrieved December 3, 2022 from http://cloud.tpl.org/ pubs/ccpe-seattle-park-benefits-report.pdf

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Trubek, A. (2018, April 3). Our Collective Ignorance About the Rust Belt is Getting Dangerous. Time. Retrieved December 3, 2022 from https://time.com/5225497/rust-belthistory/

Urban Land Institute. (2015). SteelStacks Arts and Cultural Campus. Urban Land Institute. Retrieved October 14, 2022 from https://casestudies.uli.org/steelstacks-arts-and-culturalcampus/

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