HEALING WOUNDED SITE THROUGH MOVEMENT Mixed Development of Cardiff Centre For Built-Environment (CCBE), Commercial Outlets and Urban Parks TECHNICAL REPORT Teck Kang Poh
CONTENT Chapter 1: PROJECT OVERVIEW 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Site 1.3 Strategy
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Chapter 2: TECTONIC 2.1 Precedent Study 2.2 Concepts 2.3 Materials
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Chapter 3: STRUCTURE & CONSTRUCTION 3.1 Structural Organisation 3.2 Construction Sequence of New Extension 3.3 Exploded Axonometry 3.4 Construction Sections 3.5 Construction Sequence of the Adaptive Reuse of the Existing Warehouse 3.6 Construction Sequence of Railway Embankment 3.7 Development Phases
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Chapter 4: ENVIRONMENTAL Chapter 5: FIRE SAFETY Chapter 6: VEHICLE ACCESS AND SUPPLY
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PROJECT OVERVIEW
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INTRODUCTION In the primer, I did investigation on simulation of people movement pattern and how it can be used to inform in my subsequent design thesis processes. To test it on the design stage, the chosen site is very important. It should be a brownfield or disused site in a city quarter, where it is segregated from the city centre by railways and highways, and hence how the site can be linked back to the city and healed through people movement will be the main theme of the design processes. The methodology of this design project is to use my primer as the apparatus or tool to simulate people movement pattern when design and architecture elements are introduced. From the simulation I can determine how well a designed space might be, and subsequently the movement pattern and the parameters applied will be the backbone for my subsequent design processes. Although the simulation may not be empirical, but the idea behind it is to get rudimentary ideas and impressions on how the people might use the place, therefore, the movement pattern simulation can be used as an important design starting point. However, the design project will not be based solely on the simulation, rather, it will also be looked from multiple readings of the site, and subsequently the corresponding strategies from the site analysis will be integrated together with the simulation to produce well-thought and context-sensitive design precursors.
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SITE The chosen site is located along southern edge of city centre in Cardiff, segregated from the city centre by elevated railway tracks. During industrial age when Cardiff Bay (Cardiff Docklands) was at its zenith, the area from the site till the tip of the docklands in the south housed thriving community and numerous basins, docks and canals, which were the backbones of the port of Cardiff Docklands. Cardiff Docklands was the biggest coal exporting port in the world, with railway used to transport coal from inland to the port for exporting. Railway tracks and docks were the common sight during its heyday, alongside with the thriving community in Butetown. However, after the collapse of coal industry in the late 50s, the port deteriorated and subsequently largely became disused. In the late 80s, a major redevelopment for the area called Cardiff Bay started. It is a controversial redevelopment, as the built environment of the port was changed beyond recognition, with canals and docks filled up and railway tracks removed, replaced by mostly typological housing blocks, despite introduction of some state of the art architecture. Now, its original characters were the remote past, with little traces of the past. The area is now so alienated from the city centre and its history, where both city centre and the docklands were once connected, sharing the same characters and purpose. Due to the unsuccessful of Cardiff Bay development to heighten the awareness of Cardiff built environment and its heritage, hence, the project should be design to address this issue, and is aimed to increase appreciation towards Cardiff surviving heritage buildings as well as subsequently increase awareness and participation of local population in Cardiff present and future built environment. The site is sandwiched between Cardiff Docklands and the city centre. Therefore, it is the best site for a project to re-link both sides of the city, and to act as the incubator for the ‘renaissance’ of Cardiff built-environment. And to re-link means to heal the wounded site with people movement through the site.
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The site, where city centre is located across the railway at the North. Around the site are office buildings (Callaghan Square) to the West and proposed Capital Quarter Development to the East of the site
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SITE MACRO STRATEGY
Macro Strategy - Tram Station A new tram station will be built on the site, to serve patrons from surrounding developments, as well as the local population. At a larger scale, it will increase the accessibility to the site from larger extent of the city Macro Strategy - Green Belt
ď Ž
Recreational green belt will be created starting from the site to Cardiff Bay along the railway track to the bay. This requires the reclamation of brownfield site and rail embankment for green spaces.
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Edge Condition Analysis The diagram across shows existing edge condition of the site. The red coloured annotation represents the obstructive and repulsive elevated railway tracks and viaducts which divide the site into two. The blue coloured annotation represents the attractive nature of the Bute dock feeder canal as water element which is currently under-utilised. The black coloured annotation represents heavy traffic street boundary which is repulsive, with sound and noise pollution.
Edge Condition Strategy These edges should be intervened and utilised while retaining its characteristics. The spaces beneath the viaduct to the northern edge will be adaptive reused for shops and gastronomy outlets. The elevated railway track in between both ends of the site will be transformed into a urban green belt, which will continue along the railway track down to the bay. The pedestrian routes will be designed to weave through the site.
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Site Structure Analysis The diagram across shows the structure of the site. It is orthogonal in nature, with the elevated railway track and road disrupt the site structure.
Site Structure Strategy The site structure should as much as possible be taken as the precursors behind the formation of the structure grid of the schematic design. Curve structure line towards the south edge can be interpreted with curve concrete load-bearing wall, forming a sweeping wall along the busy road.
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Vistas Analysis Due to the centrality of the site within the context of Cardiff city, generous provision of views from the site to its surrounding (the bay, Butetown, city centre etc) are important features. This nature of the site should be exploited as much as possible to add value to the urban design of Cardiff city through introduction of urban meeting spaces for local population and tourists with views out to different parts of the city. The diagram across shows important features within the site vicinity and parts of the site which offer important views. Pockets of spaces with different views will be dotted around the scheme.
Vistas Strategy Pockets of spaces with different views will be dotted around the scheme, contained within continuous important routes and spaces. Some of these viewpoints will have to be elevated so as to cross over the rail embankment and provide elevated bird’s eye view to the surrounding.
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Sun Exposure Analysis The diagram across shows the existing sun shadow range and exposure throughout the whole year. Due to the south facing nature of the site, quite a big portion of the sites receive a lot of sunshine throughout the year. Can be seen here that area to the north of the railway embankment and the existing warehouse receive minimal sun exposure, while open space next to Bute Street and the canal receives a lot of sunshine.
Sun Exposure Strategy These bright areas will be fully utilised as public squares and green spaces.
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Ground Texture Analysis The diagram across shows the existing ground texture, where the west side of the site is covered with alsphalt for car parking, while the elevated railway is covered with vegetation and the east side is covered with gravel. The character of the ground texture is combination of nature, rustic and new surfaces.
Alsphalt surface
Grass & Gravel surface
Gravel surface
Ground Texture Strategy The strategy is to unite all these different ground textures with new surface treatment of vegetation, while retaining original characters of each surface. For example, vegetation will be introduced into both gravel and alsphate surfaces by means of planting etc. The main aim of the strategy is to reclaim the brownfield site texture with greenery.
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TECTONIC
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Precedent Study
Maxxi, Rome The most imposing feature of Maxxi is the curves and axes. These lines respond to the existing orthogonal site structure, producing another intriguing reading of the site. To celebrate these lines, Zaha Hadid introduce interesting skylight which runs along the line, with fins which is as deep as 1.5m, but houses different layer of glazing, sun shading, and louvre. The idea of compacting several feature inside the fins is very holistic. People movement is also very celebrated here, with bridges and walkways interweaving in the main full storey foyer, leading to different destinations.
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Caixa Forum, Madrid This complex poses intriguing question on how new structure is introduced in the old facade and lifted the facade up to open ground floor to the public space, and thus creating a continuous public space which runs from outside to inside.
Tate Modern, London Again, internal public space is celebrated here, with the downward slope and expansive ground floor public space, with functions on one of its edges ‘hanging’ out from the structure.
Copper Square, New York The materiality of preforated steel cladding used in this project is interesting as seen from far, it looks like solid concrete panels, but up close it is transparent, and even so when at night. Preforated metal mesh can be used to play transparency and opacity on the facade, as well as providing environmental benefit of sun shading for south facing facade. 15
Concepts The tectonic ideas of the new wing of CCBE are derived primarily from the form of the structure design which in turn derived from the site strategies and simulation of pedestrian movement patterns. Due to the nature of the form which consists of interweaving curves, the sense of movement is heightened through the homogenous treatment of the facade. Broadly speaking, the tectonic of each section consists of same elements and architecture language, and this section is replicated along the length of the curve. These sections are connected with movement guiding elements which run along the length of the curve on both horizontal and vertical faces.
One of the idea of the strategies is about elevated viewpoints. Therefore, the facade of elevated viewpoints which are dotted along the curve should be juxtaposed to the other part of the facade. The viewpoints which house gallery spaces of different development areas in Cardiff should be lightweight and filled with natural light, juxtaposed against massive auditorium and other functions below which are enclosed by load bearing concrete walls. Therefore, it is an interplay of light and heavy, and transparency.
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The brick facade of the existing warehouse building bears witness to the Cardiff past, therefore should be anyway retained and refurbished. Due to insufficient data on the building existing layout, therefore, the idea is to rip off the interior and change the structure system, and hence creating a large internal public space. The base of the facade is removed to create a continuous public space between inside and outside. The new structure system is designed to support and hold the facade, therefore, changing the materiality of the load-bearing brick facade into cosmetic cladding facade.
The facade transition from concrete base to the elevated viewpoints should be gradual, hence emphasising on the transition from solid to transparent. Therefore, the choice of sunshade cladding should be the same colour tone as that of concrete.
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Materials Primarily the materials consist of brickwork, concrete, concrete cladding, and expanded metal mesh. These four materials will determine the tectonic of the project. The other materials are steel structure and glazing.
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STRUCTURE & CONSTRUCTION
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Structural Organisation Two main areas of structure, one with adaptive re-use of the existing warehouse, which involve heavy reconstruction with new steel structure and interior; another being the new extension which primarily built of concrete structure beneath and lighter steel structure above.
Adaptive Re-use of the existing warehouse
New Extension
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Construction Sequence of New Extension The following series of diagrams shows the construction sequence of the new extension.
1st, construction of the load bearing walls and cores
2nd, construction of the concrete floor slabs
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3rd, erection of the main members of steel structure and the steel bridge spanning across the tram track below
4th, erection of fins of steel trusses which run along the curve of the plan
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4th, installation of the double glazing, expanded metal mesh and the fittings
Exploded axonometric of a section of the facade. The south facing skylight is fitted with Power Glaz BIPV pv cells which leaves gaps in between them to allow sunlight penetrate into the space. Expanded aluminium mesh is used as sun shading device. 23
Exploded Axonometry of the Skin
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3 2
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5 1. South facing facade with expanded metal mesh for sun shading 2. North facing facade 3. Skylight with Power Glaz BIPV 4. Glass roof of the bridge to Callaghan square 5. Courtyard curtain wall glazing 6. Skylight to meeting rooms beneath
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Construction Section Through South Side of CCBE Gallery: Overview The diagram shows construction section through the CCBE new extension which runs along the southern edge. Can be seen clearly the difference of structural system used for the top floors and the other lower floors. The top floor is gallery space for different development areas of Cardiff, the first floor is product gallery space and the ground floor is food outlet.
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1:25 Section: Top Floor 1 3
2 4
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9.5mm Laminated Glazing, with Power Glaz BIPV on south facing pane Aluminium mullions at 30o angle on Fins* Steel grating for light diffusion Double Glazing: 4mm clear glass, 10mm cavity, 11mm laminated safety glass
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Expanded aluminium mesh for sun shading with opening for views Aluminium mullions 9.5mm Laminated Glazing Double Glazing: 4mm clear glass, 10mm cavity, 11mm laminated safety glass
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Vent
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*Fins construction: -Steel truss consists IPE 200 for outer beam and 2 x parallel flange steel channel (100x50) each for inner beam -Both beams are tied together with steel plates in the middle -Steel truss is covered with preforated aluminium sheet (preforation to let air pass through) -Fins are tied to main steel structure by steel angles and steel plates -Fluorescent light tube runs along the inner beam
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1:25 Section: First Floor
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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
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24mm timber boarding 60mm screed with underfloor heating pipes 60mm rigid insulation Concrete slab
2 30mm glass-fibre-reinforced concrete cladding 20mm Cavity 2 x 60mm thermal insulation PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT Concrete wall 3 Opening Construction: Glazing with side opening for ventilation, covered by preforated metal mesh for sound absorption and to reduce draught
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1:25 Section: Ground Floor
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1
Suspended ceiling plasterboard Ventilation duct and service above
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24mm timber boarding 60mm screed with underfloor heating pipes 120mm rigid insulation DPM Raft foundation on piles DPM Hardcore
2
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Construction Sequence of the Adaptive Reuse of the Existing Warehouse The idea behind the adaptive reuse is just retain the brick facade while changing the interior layout and structure entirely, so that a full storey internal public space can be built. 1st, the existing brick facade is temporary hold up by steel structure tied to the facade. This then allow the existing internal structure to be demolished. A few existing walls are demolished and be replaced by new load bearing walls. This is because currently the warehouse is in hazardous condition, and reusing its structure might pose problems.
2nd, new structure is introduced to, with steel structure and trusses spanning the main space and holding up permanently the facade. New concrete load bearing walls and core walls are erected right in the middle so as to stiffen the steel structure and provide support to the facade.
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3rd, new interior layout, secondary structure and floor plates are erected
4th, before the construction of the interior, the roof is erected to provide weather proofing for the interior works
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Construction Sequence of the Partial Reconstruction of the Railway Embankment 1st, the train service will be temporary stopped to allow construction work. The rail track will be largely retained because it has same specification as the tram track (standard gauge). The parts where access required by design to both sides of the site are excavated. Tunneling is not necessarily. Materials excavated will be recycled and used as hardcore for the erection of foundation of the other parts.
2nd, new concrete structure is erected, bridging the rail track back together, with access to both sides of the site beneath
3rd, top vegetation layers of the embankment is replanted and cover the concrete structure, and hence rail track is installed back.
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Phased Development First phase involves the construction of the commercial outlets, public spaces, the elevated park and the tram stop, as to provide early revenue, and also to introduce new activities to the area and attract passenger inflow through the site.
First phase
Second phase involves the construction of CCBE, which will further introducing new activities to the site. This will be the main part of the development, where it will add social value and land value to the surrounding context.
Second phase 32
ENIVRONMENTAL
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PV Cells warm air for space heating and ventilation for auditorium
Warm stale air extraction
Heating and mechanical ventilation
Outside cold air intake
Heat recovery with air to water heat exchanger
Hot water ow
Warm stale air extraction Mechanical unheated Natural ventilation ventilation through facade Underoor heating for space heating
Geothermal ground source heat pump
Hot water ow Hot water storage
Boiler
The main goals behind the environmental strategy is to use passive ventilation and recover heat as much as possible, as well as holistically integrate semi transparent PV glazing which can provide solar energy to partially power the services of the building. Air conditioning service is reduced only to auditorium where it is very difficult to regulate the climate of a big space, while other spaces will be heated by under floor heating and mostly passively ventilated through the facade. Hot water is heated by means of geothermal and boiler, coupled with recovered heat.
Cold Water Feed
Underground geothermal pipe loops
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The plant room is located on ground level, with vertical distribution shaft next to it. Most ground floor spaces are mechanically ventilated, because of the air pollution from street level
First floor is passively ventilated through windows (refer to the structure section), and air extracted for heat recovery
Second floor is passively ventilated through double glazing, and air extracted for heat recovery
Orange lines - hot water pipes (for underfloor heating, WC and heat recovery from air to water exchanger) Red - heat recovery system which includes air to water exchanger and ducts Dark red - heated ventilation Blue - mechanical ventilation, fresh air taken from the top of the shaft
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
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Ventilation and Heating Strategy across the New Extension Cold air drawn in through facade, where facade is designed to regulate the air flow and reduce noise pollution from exterior, and to a certain extent, reduce pollution. The openings can be manually controlled. The cold air is heat up by underfloor space heating, and extracted out through ceiling, where its heat is recovered with the heat recovery system. On the first floor (Product Gallery), the heated air is extracted in duct work to heat recovery system. On the second floor (Development Areas Gallery), the heated air is extracted through the double skin ceiling, where its heat is recovered through air to water exchanger. As for the ground floor which consists food outlet and its kitchen, mechanical ventilation has to be introduced.
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Ventilation and Heating Strategy across the Auditorium and Level Above Mechanically heated air is drawn into the auditorium through spaces beneath the seating, then it is extracted through the chimney, where its heat is recovered by air to heat exchanger in the chimney. The floor above shares the same strategy, where air is extracted out through the chimney, and on the top floor, the air can be drawn in through the facade.
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Duct Sizing of Heated Air Extract in Product Gallery Space on First Floor
Duct Sizing of Ventilation only in Food Outlet and Kitchen Space on Ground Floor
Duct Sizing of Heated Air Intake in Auditorium
Maximum number of people in the auditorium is 50 at any one time
The ac/h for commercial catering is 15 ac/h
The air intake in the auditorium involves heated air, therefore,
with the litres/second per person method
with ac/h method,
Maximum number of people in the auditorium is 200
total volume is 200m x 3.365m = 673m 2
8 l/s per person
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hence, for 30ac/h and we need 673 x 15 = 10095 hence, for a maximum of 50 people @ 8 l/s = 400 l/s m3/hr of air change total is 400 l/s = 0.4 m /s
hence, in m /s, air change is 10095/3600 = 2.8 m /s
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gallery is noise sensitive space, hence, 0.4 m /s can be delivered to main ducts which can deliver air at maximum 5 m2/s
Food outlet is non noise sensitive space, hence, 2.8 m3/s can be delivered and extracted on main ducts which can deliver air at maximum 7 m2/s
Hence, cross-sectional of the main duct delivering 0.4 m3/s heated air requires
Hence, cross-sectional of the main ducts for ventilation of 2.8 m3/s requires
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(0.4/5) = 0.08 m2 hence, there can a (0.4 m x 0.2 m) main ducts running to provide heated air into the auditorium. (0.4/2) = 0.2 m2 of branch ducts (0.4/1.7) = 0.235 m of diffusers 2
(2.8/7) = 0.4 m2
with the litres/second per person method 8 l/s per person hence, for a maximum of 200 people @ 8 l/s = 1600 l/s total is 1600 l/s = 1.6 m3/s auditorium is noise sensitive space, hence, 1.6 m3/s can be delivered to main ducts which can deliver air at maximum 5 m2/s
hence, there can a (0.8 m x 0.5 m) main duct running to ventilate the space
Hence, cross-sectional of the main duct delivering 1.6 m3/s heated air requires
(2.8/3) = 0.933 m2 of branch ducts
(1.6/5) x 4 = 1.28 m2
(2.8/2) = 1.4 m2 of diffusers
hence, there can be two (1m x 0.65m) main ducts running to provide heated air into the auditorium.
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FIRE SAFETY
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The purpose group for the general gallery areas in CCBE is Assembly Recreation 5(d), where its direct travel distance for 1 fire exit is 18m while 2 fire exits is 45m. The purpose group for the auditorium is 5 (c), where its direct travel distance for 1 fire exit is 15m, while 2 fire exits is 32m Due to its location just next to the railway, the wall along the rail track has to be fire resistant throughout, hence, no openings. The following diagrams show the radius of travel distance from fire exit on each respective floor. Some travel distances are different due to the different purpose group while some are different due to availability of two fire exits. The long length nature of the top floor gallery means that fire stairs have to be inserted along the length.
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Ground floor 41
15 m
15 m 18 m
18 m
18 m
First Floor 42
18 m
18 m
15 m
18 m
18 m
18 m
Second Floor 43
18 m
18 m
45 m
18 m
45 m
18 m
18 m
VEHICALE ACCESS AND SUPPLY
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Morning Delivery (blue lines) and Disposal (Orange line) Vehicle Access
3m
m 7.5
5m
Eventhough the whole circulation of this project is designed specially for pedestrians and cyclists only with very little street lines provision for vehicles, but care and consideration have always been emphasized for the vehicle access issue. For example, the width of the path on which vehicle can travel on in this project is between 5 m - 7.5 m.
Vehicle Access Barrier
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Plant Rooms Maintenance Vehicle Access Access for plant room maintenance vehicles
Vehicle Access Barrier
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Utility Supply Diagram Utility (electric, gas and water) from the main grid is connected to plant rooms before redistributed to other parts
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