NAVIGATOR (volume4, April, 2011)

Inside This Volume Editor’s Article

Pg.3

What About This

Pg.4

Impacts in Science Main Facts

Pg.5

Hall off Fame

Pg.7

Made in Egypt

Pg.8

Job Hunter

Pg.10

World Wide From Oil Side

Pg.12

Inside ALXUSC

Pg.15

AAPG News

Pg.16

Association Update

Pg.17

Japan Tsunami

Pg. 18

Tsunami Protection

Pg.20

Rocks

Pg.23

Geologic Time

Pg.25

Scholarships

Pg.26

Technical Conferences

Pg.27

Magazine Staff English Reviewer: 

Michael Meliek

Magazine Designs: 

Mariam El-Said

Magazine Presentation: 

Walaa Hesham



Yassin Mohamed

Magazine Coordinator: Mohamed El-Araby

DON'T LET CONFLICT Mohamed Ahmed Abo Ali

Few days ago we celebrated our first anniversary which means a one year of hard work, problems and success. a success we could not make it with out compassion , devotion and the most important thing the team work skills and sole so as it my turn to write the editors article I chouse to speak to you about some issues about team work skills and how to improve it .

Anytime you are making ground and moving toward success, there will inevitably be the opportunity for conflict. That is just a fact of life. You put two people or more in a group and there is potential for conflict - and conflict, improperly handled, can destroy your ability to continue on and achieve your goals.

This is true in many areas of life, from the boardroom to the schoolroom. It can happen in marriage and it can happen between friends and business associates. And when conflict goes bad, success doesn't happen. The good news is that conflict can be healthy and can actually move you closer to success. Success is based on relationships and relationships offer the chance of conflict, so to get success, you must master conflict. So with that in mind, here are some ideas for handling conflict.

When you are the one who is confronting the problem with someone else: 1. Don’t assume. Don't assume the worst. Don't assume that they meant what you think they did. Don't assume they know any better. Don't assume they did it on purpose. The fact is that most of the time our assumptions are incorrect and all our assumptions do is cause us to get out of a deeper hole.

2. Ask questions. Since you can't assume anything, you must begin your confrontation by finding out the facts as that person sees them. Here are some questions to ask: What was your intention in saying or doing that (Maybe they had good but misguided intentions)? What were the thoughts behind those words or actions (Maybe they actually have a well thought out position that you hadn't thought of)? Are you aware of how that might have been perceived (Maybe they just missed how that would be seen.

Everybody is entitled to blow it)?

3. Tell them how you perceive things, or how you feel, rather than what they did. It is never good to start out with telling somebody, "You did this!" Instead, you can say something like, "I feel like your action may have been better if you would have..." Or, "I think that the way that came across may have been..."

4. Deal with one issue at a time. If they battle back a bit, you may be tempted to say, "Well, that isn't all! As a matter of fact, a number of us here think that you also need to work on..." If there is another issue, then deal with it at a separate time. Too many conflicts go around and around and don't end up solving the original issue. Stick to one point and see it through to understanding.

2. Don't counterattack. This gets back to dealing with one issue at a time. Don't try to justify or hide from the conflict the person has with you by showing him or her problems. If they have a problem, great, talk about it later. Don't muddy the waters with debate about who is better, or as the case may be, less guilty. As hard as it may be, let the conversation run its course until it is solved.

3. Ask for some time to give it objective reflection. One way to stop conflict from escalating is simply to ask for time to consider it. Most of the time when people confront us, we had no idea it was coming. Our natural tendency is to fight out of reaction. If we go and think about it, we can be objective and approach the situation objectively, or at least more so.

4. Set a time to get back with them and discuss the issue. Let the person know that you take their concern seriously and that you want to deal with it in a timely manner. Set a time, no more than three days away, to get back together. You will keep from reacting, and they may even find that they had confronted too soon themselves.

Either way: 1. Keep your eye on the big picture. Is this the hill you want to die on? Determine how important this issue really is. Most things simply aren't worth getting too upset about, or so upset that the relationship breaks down. Is a productive business relationship worth sacrificing over the fact that you partner wears too much cologne or their spouse talks loudly at parties? Of course not, but some people go to war over those things. Is your husband worth giving up on because he leaves his underwear on the floor? Now, for the sake of argument, the reverse is true: The other person could wear less cologne or pick up their underwear, because that is an easy way to make the other person happy. Ask yourself if this is really a big deal. If it is, proceed.

2. Always respect the other person as a person. No matter what they have done, they are a person of value and deserve to be treated that way. They are not summed up and defined by their mistake. They have hopes and dreams, fears and worries, strengths and weaknesses. Take some time to picture them outside the office, playing with their kids or doing something fun. This will personalize your issue and keep you from going overboard.

3. Solution being oriented. Whatever you do, don't focus on the problem. Ask yourself and the other person to approach the issue with the idea that you are both working for a solution that will be mutually beneficial. Rather than ask, "Why in the world did you do that stupid thing? What were you thinking?" Ask, "Okay, what is done is done what can we do to fix this again?" That is much more productive. The goal is to get things going again, not continually punish the other person.

Conflict doesn't have to end in a bad way. In fact, it can cause you to develop a deeper and more trusting relationship with the person you have had conflict with. So the next time you have to confront, or you are being confronted, follow the advice above and you will be much further along toward getting through your conflict in a positive way.

Remember my friend you are made for Success.

When someone is confronting you: 1. Don't take it personally. Worst-case scenario, you blew it. But that doesn't make you a bad person. So don't act like they have accused your character (unless they have, in which case you should try to get the conversation back to the facts). When we take things personally we become even more protective and we tend to become defensive and in the end escalate the conflict even more.

Mohammed Abu Ali Treasurer (ALXUSC-AAPG)

3

By: Assem Bakr

What is Human Science?

Human science is the study and interpretation of the experiences, activities, constructs, and artifacts associated with human beings. The study of the human sciences attempts to expand and enlighten the human being's knowledge of his or her existence, its interrelationship with other species and systems, and the development of artifacts to perpetuate the human expression and thought. It is the study of human phenomena. The study of the human experience is historical and current in nature. It requires the evaluation and interpretation of the historic human experience and the analysis of current human activity to gain an understanding of human phenomena and to project the outlines of human evolution. Human science is the objective, informed critique of human existence and how it relates to reality. The ultimate question of science is - What is reality? The ultimate question in the study of human beings - What is the reality of being human? To study appropriate human phenomena it is necessary to use multiple systems of inquiry.

psychological activities of the human in order to understand the meaning of the human experience. Hermeneutics focuses on the interpretation of the historical meanings of human experience and its developmental and cumulative impact on the individual and society.

Spiritual inquiry is a study in the human contemplation of their being. It is a personal inquiry that provides insight into the individual human experience. Spiritual inquiry involves the researcher being in touch with who he or she is and how he or she relates to the rest of the world.

So, what kinds of data are used to set this science? , or in another word what are human science data types?

Data types used in the study of human sciences are linguistic data and numerical data. Linguistic data refers to data that forms a meaningful structure to convey information from the subject to the researcher and the researcher to the scientific community. This data is the most effective data type in the study of the human being, since this is the common method of communication for this species.

Numerical data provides a method to quantify data collected and provide statistical interpretations of the collected data, Numerical data types are more suitable for sciences that deal with exact differentiation between study elements and groups.

And to appropriately study human science, requires specific inquiry skills, these skills are: 1. The ability to observe, acutely, human activity.

2. The ability to describe, clearly, the observations of the human experience.

3. The ability to weigh evidence developed by research methodologies. 4. The capability to make a decision and take a position regarding a knowledge claim.

And many other skills For further information, check this website:

The methods of inquiry for the human sciences to address the key issues associated with inquiries into human phenomena are:

http://www.lutz-sanfilippo.com/library/general/lsfscience.htm

1. Empirical inquiry relies or bases its methodology solely on experimental or experiential data. This methodology can also be used to research some human science experiences. The empirical approach uses the deductive and pragmatic systems of inquiry, like investigating, evaluating, formulating scientific theories.

2. Hermeneutics is the science of correct Understanding or interpretation, this science approach supplements the descriptive approach of existentialphenomenological system of inquiry by focusing on the linguistic and mental/

4

By: Kerolos Edwar

NaNotechNology

(Sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least one dimension, and involve developing materials or devices possessing at least one dimension within that size. Quantum mechanical effects are very important at this scale, which is in the quantum realm.

Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from

Current research:

developing new materials with dimensions on the Nano scale to investigating wheth-

Nano materials:

er we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.

There is much debate on the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics, biomaterials and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterial, *1+ and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.

The first use of the concepts found in 'Nano-technology' (but pre-dating use of that name) was in "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", a talk given by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) on December 29, 1959. Feynman described a process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller set, and so on down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would arise from the changing magnitude of various physical phenomena: gravity would become less important, surface tension and van der Waals attraction would become increasingly more significant, etc. This basic idea appeared plausible, and exponential assembly enhances it with parallelism to produce a useful quantity of end products. The term "nanotechnology" was defined by Tokyo University of Science Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 as follows: "'Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule. "In the 1980s the basic idea of this definition was explored in much more depth by Dr. K. Eric Drexler, who promoted the technological significance of Nano-scale phenomena and devices through speeches and the books Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology (1986) and Nano systems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation and so the term acquired its current sense. Engines of Creation are considered the first book on the topic of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology and Nano science got started in the early 1980s with two major developments; the birth of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). This development led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1985 and carbon nanotubes a few years later. In another development, the synthesis and properties of semiconductor Nano crystals was studied; this led to a fast increasing number of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots.

The atomic force microscope (AFM or SFM) was invented six years after the STM was invented. In 2000, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative was founded to coordinate Federal nanotechnology research and development and is evaluated by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.

The nanomaterial field includes subfields which develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their Nano scale dimensions Interface and colloid science has given rise to many materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and various nanoparticles and Nano rods. Nano materials with fast ion transport are related also to nonionic and Nano electronics.

Nano scale materials can also be used for bulk applications; most present commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor ,Progress has been made in using these materials for medical applications; see Nano medicine.

Nano scale materials are sometimes used in solar cells which combats the cost of traditional Silicon solar cells.

Development of applications incorporating semiconductor nanoparticles to be used in the next generation of products, such as display technology, lighting, solar cells and biological imaging.

Applications: The National Science Foundation (a major distributor for nanotechnology research in the United States) funded researcher David Berube to study the field of nanotechnology. His findings are published in the monograph Nano-Hype: The Truth behind the Nanotechnology Buzz. This study concludes that much of what is sold as “nanotechnology” is in fact a recasting of straightforward materials science, which is leading to a “nanotech industry built solely on selling nanotubes, nanowires, and the like” which will “end up with a few suppliers selling low margin products in huge volumes." Further applications which require actual manipulation or arrangement of Nano scale components await further research. Though technologies branded with the term 'Nano' are sometimes little related to and fall far short of the most ambitious and transformative technological goals of the sort in molecular manufacturing proposals, the term still connotes such ideas. According to Berube, there may be a danger that a "Nano bubble" will form, or is forming already, from the use of the term by scientists and entrepreneurs to garner funding, regardless of interest in the transformative possibilities of more ambitious and far-sighted work

5

By: Yasmeen Said

SeNSorS A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury-in-glass thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube

Uses: Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile sensor) and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base. There are also innumerable applications for sensors of which most people are never aware. Applications include cars, machines, aerospace, medicine, manufacturing and robotics.

Classification of measurement errors: A good sensor obeys the following rules:

Biosensor: In biomedicine and biotechnology, sensors which detect analyses thanks to a biological component, such as cells, protein, nucleic acid or biomimetic polymers, are called biosensors. Whereas a non-biological sensor, even organic (=carbon chemistry), for biological analyses is referred to as sensor or nanosensor (such a micro cantilevers). This terminology applies for both in vitro and in vivo applications. The encapsulation of the biological component in biosensors, presents with a slightly different problem that ordinary sensors, this can either be done by means of a semipermeable barrier, such as a dialysis membrane or a hydrogen, a 3D polymer matrix, which either physically constrains the sensing macromolecule or chemically (macromolecule is bound to the scaffold).*1+

Is sensitive to the measured property.

Is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application.

Does not influence the measured property.

Resolution: The resolution of a sensor is the smallest change it can detect in the quantity that it is measuring. Often in a digital display, the least significant digit will fluctuate, indicating that changes of that magnitude are only just resolved. The resolution is related to the precision with which the measurement is made. For example, a scanning tunneling probe (a fine tip near a surface collects an electron tunneling current) can resolve atoms and molecules

Sensors in Nature: All living organisms contain biological sensors with functions similar to those of the mechanical devices described. Most of these are specialized cells that are sensitive to: Light, motion, temperature, magnetic fields, gravity, humidity, vibration, pressure, electrical fields, sound, and other physical aspects of the external environment.

Physical aspects of the internal environment, such as stretch, motion of the organism, and position of appendages (proprioception).

Environmental molecules, including toxins, nutrients, and pheromones.

Estimation of bimolecular interaction and some kinetics parameters.

Internal metabolic milieu, such as glucose level, oxygen level, or osmolarity.

Internal signal and cytokines.

molecules,

such

as

hormones,

neurotransmitters,

Differences between proteins of the organism itself and of the environment or alien creatures.

6

By: Mohamed El Araby

A Scottish farmer and naturalist, is known as the founder of modern geology. He was a great observer of the world around him. More importantly, he made carefully reasoned geological arguments. Hutton came to believe that the Earth was perpetually being formed; for example, molten material is forced up into mountains, eroded, and then eroded sediments are washed away. He recognized that the history of the Earth could be determined by understanding how processes such as erosion and sedimentation work in the present day. His ideas and approach to studying the Earth established geology as a proper science.

In the late eighteenth century, when Hutton was carefully examining the rocks, it was generally believed that Earth had come into creation only around six thousand years earlier (on October 22, 4004 B.C., to be precise, according to the seventeenth century scholarly analysis of the Bible by Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland), and that fossils were the remains of animals that had perished during the Biblical flood. As for the structure of the Earth, “natural philosophers” agreed that much bedrock consisted of long, parallel layers which occurred at various angles, and that sediments deposited by water were compressed to form stone. Hutton perceived that this sedimentation takes place so slowly that even the oldest rocks are made up of, in his words, “materials furnished from the ruins of former continents.” The reverse process occurs when rock exposed to the atmosphere erodes and decays. He called this coupling of destruction and renewal the “great geological cycle,” and realized that it had been completed innumerable times.

and then covered by an ocean, from which the red sandstone was then deposited. The boundary between the two rock types at Siccar Point is now called the Hutton Unconformity.

The fundamental force, theorized Hutton, was subterranean heat, as evidenced by the existence of hot springs and volcanoes. From his detailed observations of rock formations in Scotland and elsewhere in the British Isles, Hutton shrewdly inferred that high pressures and temperatures deep within the Earth would cause the chemical reactions that created formations of basalt, granite, and mineral veins. He also proposed that internal heat causes the crust to warm and expand, resulting in the upheavals that form mountains. The same process causes rock stratifications to tilt, fold and deform, as exemplified by the Siccar Point rocks.

Hutton came to his chosen field by quite a roundabout route. Born in Edinburgh in 1726, he studied medicine and chemistry at the Universities of Edinburgh, Paris, and Leiden, in the Netherlands, and then spent fourteen years running two small family farms. It was farming that gave rise to Hutton’s obsession with how the land could hold its own against the destructive forces of wind and weather he saw at work around him. Hutton began to devote his scientific knowledge, his philosophical turn of mind, and his extraordinary powers of observation to a subject that had only recently acquired a name: geology.

Another of Hutton’s key concepts was the Theory of uniformitarianism. This was the belief that geological forces at work in the present day—barely noticeable to the human eye, yet immense in their impact—are the same as those that operated in the past. This means that the rates at which processes such as erosion or sedimentation occur today are similar to past rates; making it possible to estimate the times it took to deposit sandstone, for example, of a given thickness. It became evident from such analysis that enormous lengths of time were required to account for the thicknesses of exposed rock layers.

Uniformitarianism is one of the fundamental principles of earth science. Hutton’s theories amounted to a frontal attack on a popular contemporary school of thought called catastrophes: the belief that only natural catastrophes, such as the Great Flood, could account for the form and nature of a 6,000-yearold Earth. The great age of Earth was the first revolutionary concept to emerge from the new science of geology.

Around 1768 he moved to Edinburgh, where a visitor a few years later described his study as “so full of fossils and chemical apparatus that there is hardly room to sit down.” In a paper presented in 1788 before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, a newly-founded scientific organization, Hutton described a universe very different from the Biblical cosmos: one formed by a continuous cycle in which rocks and soil are washed into the sea, compacted into bedrock, forced up to the surface by volcanic processes, and eventually worn away into sediment once again. “The result, therefore, of this physical enquiry,” Hutton concluded, “is that we find no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end.” Relying on the same methods as do modern field geologists, Hutton cited as evidence a cliff at nearby Siccar Point, where the juxtaposition of vertical layers of gray shale and overlying horizontal layers of red sandstone could only be explained by the action of stupendous forces over vast periods of time. There Hutton realized that the sediments now represented by the gray shale had, after deposition, been uplifted, tilted, eroded away,

The effect that this portrait of an ancient, dynamic planet had on the thinkers who followed in the next century was profound. Charles Darwin, for example, was well acquainted with Hutton’s ideas, which provided a framework for the eons required by the biological evolution he observed in the fossil record. English geologist Sir Charles Lyell, who was born the year Hutton died and whose influential book Principles of Geology won wide acceptance for the Theory of uniformitarianism, wrote, “The imagination was first fatigued and overpowered by endeavoring to conceive the immensity of time required for the annihilation of whole continents by so insensible a process.” The “ideas of sublimity” awakened by this “plan of such infinite extent,” as Lyell referred to it, inspired not only Hutton’s contemporaries, but generations of geologists to come.

7

By: Osama Hazem

Sinai, the triangular-shaped peninsula of Egypt, is situated between Asia and Africa.

The separation of the two continents caused the form and geographical shape of Sinai the way it looks today.

Sinai is approx. 380 km long (north - south) and 210 km wide (west - east). The surface area has an extension of 61.000 km², the coasts are streching about 600 km on the west and on the east. On the western part there is the Gulf of Suez (with the Suez channel) and the eastern part of Sinai brings up the much deeper Gulf of Aqaba. The sea in the Gulf of Suez measures approx. 80 meters only, while the profile of theGulf of Aqaba goes down to approx. 1.830 meters. The latter is a part of the big land rift that extends until Kenya.

Big siesmic activity and the tremendous eruptive phenomena have given Sinai its characteristic looks. The highest mountains are the Gebel Musa (Moses’ mountain) with 2,285 metres, and the Sinai's highest mountain Mount St. Catherine (Gebel Kathrina) with 2,642 metres. Many of the Pharaohs got their precious stones from the southern Sinai.

The west coast - reaching from Ras Mohammed to Taba - is filled with rich coral reefs sections, one after another. This under water paradise is giving ideal conditions for flora and marine fauna, and finally nowadays for divers.

The northern part of Sinai mainly consists of sandstone plains and hills. The Tih Plateau forms the boundary between the northern area and the southern mountainous with towering peaks.

Below two pictures from the surroundings of Abu Zeneima: The left picture shows a black, basaltic, Oligocene dyke in the middle of the picture. This dyke intruded between sediments of the Oligocene (reddish sandstones) and Eocene (white, well bedded micritic limestones) to the right of the dyke and the Miocene (dark marin sandstones, transformed into a massive, 0.5 m chert layer on the contact to the dyke) on the left side of the dyke.

The right picture shows normal faults in the fossilifereous Cretaceous (probably Santonian) associated with the Red Sea Rifting, which started in Lower Miocene.

8

The whole of the northern portion of the peninsula is occupied by an extensive plateau of limestone, supported on the south by the range of Jebel-etTyh, and sloping gradually towards the Mediterranean Sea. The graniti c district forms, as it were, the backbone of the southern portion of the peninsula. Its mountains are frequently seamed from top to bottom with veins of porphyry, greenstone, and basalt, which give them a peculiar striped appearance; this is especially remarkable on the east of Wady Mokatteb, the north-west of Jebel Serbal,and in the wadies between Jebel Musa and Ain Hudera. They are also in some parts capped by a stratum of sandstone of considerable thickness and perfectly horizontal stratification, proving that an enormous denudation has taken place. Both the limestone and sandstone, when found in close proximity to the granitic rocks, exhibit no change in their structure; and thus, as well as by their uniform horizontal stratification, they show that they must have been deposited subsequently to the upheaval of the latter. The only traces of active volcanic agency which are now to be found in the peninsula are the boiling sulphur-springs and hot caves at Jebel Musa, and the two warm mineral springs near Tor. The mountains of the granitic district appear to be chiefly Composed of syenite; but granite, porphyry, gneiss, mica-schist, and quartzose and hornblendic rocks occur in many

Sinai Tourism: Coastal Tourism in Sinai: this type prevails in the coastal areas and it is characterized by soft sand shores alongside the coasts with no rocks This long beach is known for its white soft sand and its pure water. On Areeh, in particular, there are palm trees that spread along the shore and that is why it known as “Palm Beach�.

Diving Tourism: this kind of tourism is focused on eastern shore of Aqaba bay... It is a rocky beach in most areas... It is followed by a large water depth directly after the coast. This is the region of the most beautiful tourist areas in the world because of its wonderful treasures, mainly the coral reef areas.... The most prominent untapped tourist sites on the beach of the Aqaba bay are: Sharm el-Sheikh, Dahab , Nuweiba and Taba.

Religious Tourism: Sinai is the land of spiritual background and which is mentioned in the heavenly books... It is the land of prophets Now, the religious tourism is concentrated in the St. Catherine and Wadi Ferrand basically where tens of thousands of tourists per year visit tourist sites in St. Catherine.

Jebel Musa:

Curative tourism: There are many sources of curative tourism in Sinai like springs that help to cure many diseases... As well as hot soft sand in many areas which are of great benefit in the treatment of rheumatic diseases....

Pharaoh's Bath: it is located about a hundred kilometers from the Suez Canal Beach, it consists of 15 hot water springs , rising steam from these springs fill the cave carved in the mountain at the top of the seaside where the water temperature is between 55-75 degrees. Scientific tests have proved the possibility of using the mineral water in the healing of many diseases consists of 15 hot water springs , rising steam from these springs fill the cave carved in the mountain at the top of the seaside where the water temperature is between 55-75 degrees. Scientific tests have proved the possibility of using the mineral water in the healing of many diseases like chest, skin and some eye diseases.

Moussa's Bath: it is located about three kilometers north of the Al-Toour town... The water is flowing from five springs that pour into a bath in the shape of a basin surrounded by a building. This sulfate hot water (37 degrees) is used in the cure of many rheumatism and skin diseases

Medicinal herbs in Sinai: the land of Sinai is full of many wild plants and herbs with great health benefits and of much interest to tourists especially in the area of St. Catherine. Thyme treats coughs and respiratory diseases, Alhbj which has positive effects in the treatment of colic and humidity

Safari and adventure tourism: the geographical nature of Sinai helps in the spread of special pattern of tourism which is the safari and adventures tourism across deserts and valleys in Sinai. Some are moving to the picturesque mountain and the most famous mountain is St. Catherine.The most famous mountains, which attract this type of tourism is the so-called Pale Colored Canyon

at the top of it , there are small church and a mosque .. Despite the hardship and difficulty of the journey.

Monastery of St. Catherine .. The monastery receives hundreds of tourists every day from around the world... To visit the Great Church and the Church of childhood and Fatimid mosque and monastery library and hundreds of unique icons, in addition to the mosaic that is matchless in the world.

Prophets Saleh and Haroun Graves : at the entrance to the city of St. Catherine , there are the tombs of the Prophet Saleh and the tomb of Haroun, which are tourist religious attractions.

9

By: Ahmed Nashaat

Principal Geophysicist Company : Total E&P Uk Plc ; United Kingdom - Aberdeen Job Description : Position has prime technical authority with regard to geophysical evaluation required for prospect interpretation, field mapping, well location decisions and well programmes. The safety and technical implications of an incorrect geophysical prognosis can be very significant

al&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column1&p_p_col_count=1&_Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet_offreId=10016566 &_Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet_curTypeContrat=Permanent+position& _Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet_struts.portlet.action=%2Fview%2Fview% 2Fdetail&_Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet_struts.portlet.mode=view

-——————————————————————————————— Senior Geophysicist Company : BP ; United Kingdom – South East

For more Information: http://careers.total.com/front/en_US/web/guest/fiche-offre? p_p_id=Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=norm al&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column1&p_p_col_count=1&_Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet_offreId=10002530 &_Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet_curTypeContrat=Permanent+position& _Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet_struts.portlet.action=%2Fview%2Fview% 2Fdetail&_Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet_struts.portlet.mode=view

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Senior Reservoir Geologist Company : Total E&P Uk Ltd ; United Kingdom - Aberdeen Job Description : - Help to define and optimise reservoir management strategy and evaluating development within a 3G team - Analysing geological and reservoir data and incorporation into 3D Geological models

For more Information: http://careers.total.com/front/en_US/web/guest/fiche-offre? p_p_id=Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=norm al&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column1&p_p_col_count=1&_Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet_offreId=10003150 &_Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet_curTypeContrat=Permanent+position& _Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet_struts.portlet.action=%2Fview%2Fview% 2Fdetail&_Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet_struts.portlet.mode=view

-——————————————————————————————— Reservoir Geologist Company : Total Tepng ; Nigeria - Lagos Or Phc Job Description : -Participate in the realization of the most appropriate studies and geological models that will make it possible to evaluate reserves of discoveries and proven reservoirs.

-Carry out reservoir appraisal and development, in terms of geology and in interaction

Bottom of Form Removal Date : 5 June 2011

Top of Form For more Information: https://careers.bpglobal.com/2057/ASP/TG/cim_jobdetail.asp?

SID=^pWPAbkeXNrtinO/ooYZ4tcDEszRCAetQ7YPJRRZh23Dya/ aIzgTiYmX8_slp_rhc_WhqNxaW&jobId=30392&type=search&JobReqLang=1 40&recordstart=1&JobSiteId=5012&JobSiteInfo=30392_5012&GQId=610

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Seismic Acquisition Specialist/Seismic Operations Manager Company: BP; United Kingdom – South East Removal Date: 8 May 2011

For more Information: https://careers.bpglobal.com/2057/ASP/TG/cim_jobdetail.asp?

SID=^pWPAbkeXNrtinO/ooYZ4tcDEszRCAetQ7YPJRRZh23Dya/ aIzgTiYmX8_slp_rhc_WhqNxaW&jobId=29506&type=search&JobReqLang=1 40&recordstart=1&JobSiteId=5012&JobSiteInfo=29506_5012&GQId=610

-——————————————————————————————— Rock properties Specialist Company :BP ; United States-Texas

For more Information: https://careers.bpglobal.com/2057/ASP/TG/cim_jobdetail.asp?

SID=^pWPAbkeXNrtinO/ooYZ4tcDEszRCAetQ7YPJRRZh23Dya/ aIzgTiYmX8_slp_rhc_WhqNxaW&jobId=29159&type=search&JobReqLang=1 40&recordstart=1&JobSiteId=5012&JobSiteInfo=29159_5012&GQId=538

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Clastic Sedimentologist Company : bg ; United Kingdom Closing date for applications : 19 April 2011

For more Information: For more Information: http://careers.total.com/front/en_US/web/guest/fiche-offre? p_p_id=Offres_WAR_careersoffresportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=norm

http://careers.bg-group.com/fe/tpl_BGgroup01.asp? s=IHqSpVAxKiZLqNnZif&jobid=65817,4987527723&key=59804058&c=87523 4467887&pagestamp=senkgsuujjcqynvwcb

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Petroleum Geochemist Company: bg ; United Kingdom Closing date for applications: 30 April 2011

Senior Geologist Company : Shell ; Houston, TX

For more Information: http://careers.bg-group.com/fe/tpl_BGgroup01.asp? s=jbkMjPUrEcTFkHhTcz&jobid=65267,4187528723&key=59804058&c=87523 4467887&pagestamp=seoveeyfssqbmsegzg

--——————————————————————————————— Principal Petrophysicist Company : bg ; United Kingdom Closing date for applications : 29 April 2011

Application Deadline: Monday 25 April 2011

For more Information: http://impact-gs.jobstreet.com/templates/shell_my/jobdesc_global.aspx? eid=%2fnAgtedneYp6fLe3U5HwV04m9Ew% 3d&uid=469|23742||&did=0&its=0&src=8&ref=&cc=&agn=

-——————————————————————————————— Petroleum Systems Geoscientist Company : Shell Canada Energy

For more Information: http://careers.bg-group.com/fe/tpl_BGgroup01.asp? s=XgIfLQnAyPBgDdPyv&jobid=63989,0298235262&key=59804058&c=87523 4467887&pagestamp=seqfgjvvrdsxphmcvk

-——————————————————————————————— Geophysicist Company : Schlumberger Job Description : Evaluates and interprets geophysical and seismic data together with geological evidence, in order to provide best-of-class results and services to our clients

Application Deadline: Tuesday 19 April 2011

For more Information: http://impact-gs.jobstreet.com/templates/shell_my/jobdesc_global.aspx? eid=zHRP%2bu3Vobs80AZQLmocJJ51Mw8% 3d&uid=469|23448||&did=0&its=0&src=8&ref=&cc=&agn=

——————————————————————————————— Senior Geological Technician Company : Devon ; USA- Oklahoma Job Description : Primary responsibilities are to manage data and provide technical support to geoscientists.

For more Information: https://careers.slb.com/experiencedprofessionals/geoscience/ geophysicist.aspx

For more Information:

-———————————————————————————————

https://www.devonenergy.apply2jobs.com/ProfExt/index.cfm? fuseaction=mExternal.showJob&RID=1879&CurrentPage=1

Structural Geologist

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Company : Schlumberger

Senior Staff Geologist

Job Description :

Company : apache; Houston/Calgary

Develop methods and workflows for 3D structural restoration

Job Description :

For more Information:

Integrate multi-scales of data including regional depositional concepts, stratigraphic frameworks, 2D 3D seismic data interpretation, well log corelation, core data and production data

https://careers.slb.com/experiencedprofessionals/geoscience/ structural_geol.aspx

--——————————————————————————————— Senior Geomechanics Specialist Company : Baker Hughes ; KUALA LUMPUR

For more Information: http://www.apachecorp.com/Careers/egypt/View_Job.aspx?

ResumeForm.JobID=1460&ResumeForm.Mode=ViewJob

Job Description : Provide consulting services on geomechanical project work including, at a minimum, stress constraint, wellbore stability analysis, fracture permeability, fault seal analysis, sand production prediction, and pore pressure prediction.

For more Information: https://bakerhughes73.recruitmax.com/main/careerportal/ Job_Profile.cfm? szOrderID=43117&szReturnToSearch=1&szWordsToHighlight=

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11

By: Mahmoud Emad Sara Moustafa

As we believe that oil industry consider the main source for our needs and as we promised you by the best ,we get this responsibility to get the oil world to you .so prepare yourself , get your mind open ,fasten your seat belt and get ready to the journey.

Let's start by the freshest news and the most important news which states that: Oilfield Attacked in Egypt: On Monday 29\3\2011 evening, a group of armed thugs attacked and set on fire oil wells in Beni Suef, Egypt. Attackers have killed one guard, stolen his weapons and fled towards mountains in the Western Sahara.

Source: http://www.oilegypt.com/webpro1/MAIN/Mainnews.asp?id=14803

The 5th news states that the Egyptian Minister of Petroleum declared that negotiations were underway with all countries, including Israel that receives gas from Egypt in order to modify the existing gas exports agreements.

This comes after many protests against selling gas at low prices to Tel Aviv. In the mean time, the Egyptian Minister denied that Egypt had exported gas to Israel at low prices between 1.5 to 2 USD. Gas export to Israel started in July 2008 based on revised prices. The quantities exported represent no more than 4 per cent of the total gas production in Egypt Egypt produces 6.3 billion cubic feet of gas per day. The Egyptian government signed the controversy agreement in 2005 with the Israeli government to export 1.7 billion cubic meters of gas per year to Israel for 20 years with a price, which was said to range between 70 cents and 1.5 dollars per million Btu while it cost $ 2.65

The 2nd news is about oil price in middle east which states that: Oil Price Jumps Due to Middle East Protest Worries

AND from the shell company we have some news and here's some

The price of certain grades of oil - including the UK's Brent crude - has jumped amid political protests in the Middle East.

The 1st news states that:

Brent rose by $3.36 (£2.09) a barrel to $104.30 (£65.07) for April delivery, its highest since September 2008.

Shell agrees sale of Chilean businesses (Shell announced it has agreed to sell most of its Downstream business in Chile to Qui? encore for a total consideration of some US$614 million.

The US benchmark oil, West Texas Intermediate (WTI) rose by a far smaller 25 cents to $85.84 a barrel.

For more information you can use this link:

The gap between the two prices has been at record levels recently, partly because stocks of WTI are high.

Seasonal maintenance of some refineries is also causing spikes in certain grades of crude oil.

There is concern that the recent toppling of regimes in Tunisia and Egypt is prompting further instability in the Middle East and North Africa, which together account for more than a third of the world's oil.

http://www.shell.com/home/content/investor/ news_and_library/2011_media_releases/sale_downstream_chile_01042011.html The 2nd news states that: Shell announced it has signed a sales and purchase agreement for its 270,000 barrel -per-day Stanlow refinery in the United Kingdom and certain associated local marketing businesses with Essar Oil (UK) Limited (Essar) for a total expected consideration of some $1.3 billion. Today’s announcement follows a formal offer Essar made for Stanlow in mid-February.

Protests have also taken place in Yemen, Algeria and Iran.

Christopher Bellew, a broker at London's Bache Commodities said: "We're staying up because of the continued risk of further unrest in the Middle East.") source: http://www.gulfoilandgas.com

The 3rd news states that: Egypt’s Prime Minister Essam Sharaf met today with the CEO of British Petroleum.

The CEO of BP assured Sharaf that the company will continue in their plans to invest US$11 billion in the gas sector in Egypt in the next five years, opening up at least 5,000 job opportunities. source: http://www.oilegypt.com/webpro1/MAIN/Mainnews.asp?id=14681

For more details you can use this link: http://www.shell.com/home/content/investor/ news_and_library/2011_media_releases/ sale_essar_stanlow_refinery_29032011.html

Also from Chevron Company we have this news The 1st news states that: Chevron has reached an agreement with Valero Energy Corporation to sell Chevron Limited, the entity that holds the 220,000 barrel per day Pembroke Refinery and other downstream assets in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

For more details you can use this link:

The 4th news states that: East West Petroleum Corp. is pleased to provide a 2011 drilling and operations update for the Burg El Arab concession (“BEA”), located in the Western Desert of Egypt.

For more details you can use this link: http://www.oilegypt.com/webpro1/MAIN/Mainnews.asp?id=14675

http://www.chevron.com/chevron/pressreleases/ article/03112011_chevrontosellpembrokerefinerytovalero.news The 2nd news states that: Chevron celebrated a milestone on Feb 23rd and surpassed 5 billion barrels of oil and gas production in the Permian Basin—the company also tipped its hat to 85 years of people, partnership and performance in the region.

For more details you can use this link: http://www.chevron.com/news/currentissues/permianbasin

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The 3rd news states that: Chevron employee Craig Tysse spotted numerous young red-tail and Cooper hawks working their way out of nests in groves of aspen and cottonwood trees and learning how to hunt and survive on their own.

Chevron crews in northwestern Colorado's Piceance Basin are careful to not disturb the raptors' nests. To Tysse and his colleagues, the juvenile hawks are among many positive signs of the company's efforts to be a proactive steward of the environment and a good corporate citizen. and let's end our story in chevron company by the most important news which states that: Chevron recently donated $50,000 to the nonprofit organization Save the Children for relief and recovery efforts in Pakistan, where the United Nations reports epic flooding has claimed the lives of 1,500 people and affected 20 million more in one of the worst natural disasters in recent history.

For more details you can use this link: http://www.chevron.com/news/currentissues/pakistan

From chevron to baker

And about Apache: The 1st news states that: Apache's Zola-1 Natural Gas Discovery Logs 410 Feet of Pay Offshore Western Australia HOUSTON, April 4, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Apache Corporation (NYSE, Nasdaq: APA) today announced that its subsidiary's Zola-1 discovery in license WA-290-P, offshore Western Australia, logged 410 feet of net pay in three Triassic Mungaroo sands over a depth range of 13,450-15,100 feet below sea level. Logging tools and formation pressure tests confirmed at least two separate natural gas columns with excellent reservoir characteristics. http://investor.apachecorp.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=561664 The 2nd news states that: Apache Builds CNG Station For Houston's Bush Intercontinental Airport HOUSTON, April 1, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Apache Corporation announced today that the company will build a compressed natural gas (CNG) refueling station for the ecoparkfleet of buses that carry passengers to and from the city's economy parking lots at Houston's Bush Intercontinental Airport. http://investor.apachecorp.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=561316

The 1st news states that: we got this news which states that: Baker Hughes Opens Saudi Arabia Drill Bit Manufacturing Plant

And now Schlumberger time

For more details you can use this link:

The 1st news states that:

http://www.bakerhughes.com/news-and-media/media-center/press-releases/ houston-texas-february-2-2011

Let's start by the freshest news which states that: Schlumberger Launches New Wireless Down hole Reservoir Testing System for more details you can use this link: http://www.slb.com/news/press_releases/2011/2011_0328_enact_pr.aspx

The 2nd news states that: Baker Hughes Installs First 40-Stage Open hole Completion in the Williston Basin

The 2nd news stats that:

For more details you can use this link:

Schlumberger Introduces New High Build Rate Rotary Steerable System for Increased Reservoir Exposure

http://www.bakerhughes.com/news-and-media/media-center/press-releases/ houston-texas-march-10-2011

For more details you can use this link:

And the last news states that: Baker Hughes (NYSE: BHI) announced today the commercial launch of its GeoForm™ conformable sand management system with shape memory polymer (SMP) technology. A completely new approach to sand control, the GeoForm system reliably conforms to the borehole in an open hole environment—radically reducing complexity versus traditional gravel pack systems while improving efficiency, reducing rig time and mitigating risks associated with conventional techniques. for more details you can use this link :

http://www.slb.com/news/ press_releases/2011/2011_0228_powerdrivearcher_pr.aspx

The 3rd news states that: New Schlumberger Quartz Gauges Deliver Reliable High-Resolution HPHT Measurements For more details you can use this link: http://www.slb.com/news/press_releases/2011/2011_0322_signature_pr.aspx And the finally news states that:

http://www.bakerhughes.com/news-and-media/media-center/press-releases/ houston-texas-march-10-2011-sand-control

M-I SWACO Introduces Next Generation Water-Base Drilling Fluid for HTHP Environments for more details you can use this link: http://www.slb.com/news/ press_releases/2011/2011_0303_miswaco_envirothermnt_pr.aspx

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And about total news we got these The 1st news states that: Total today announces the acquisition of a one-third interest in Blocks 1, 2 and 3A in Uganda held by a subsidiary of Tullow Oil plc, for $1,467M. Located in the Lake Albert region, these three licenses cover a total area of close to 10,000 square kilometres. Exploration and appraisal work has already discovered oil resources of over one billion barrels and Total estimates that the area’s remaining exploration potential is roughly similar. for more details you can use this link: http://www.total.com/en/about-total/news/news940500.html&idActu=2551 The 2nd news states that: otal Lubrifiants and KIA Motors Corporation, on 22 March 2011, entered into a five-year international cooperation (1) agreement. For more details you can use this link: http://www.total.com/en/about-total/news/news940500.html&idActu=2545 And the last news: from Russia which states that: Total enters into a strategic partnership with the independent gas company Novatek And here we land with this news which states that oble Corporation announced that the Company has exercised two of its four options with Sembcorp Marine's subsidiary Jurong Shipyard for the construction of additional high-specification heavy duty, harsh environment JU3000N jackup drilling rigs.

This order will bring to four the total number of new jackup rigs the Company will have under construction. For more details you can use this link: http://www.gulfoilandgas.com/webpro1/MAIN/ Mainnews.asp?id=14801

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15

By: Mohamed El Araby

New! AAPG Member Discounts for GraphicsRich Online Petroleum Training Courses So you ever wish you knew more about drilling and completions? Do you or your team members find it useful to know the nuts and bolts of operations? Do you need to take safety courses? AAPG is partnering with PetroEd to expand its offerings of educational opportunities to include its full catalogue of technology-focused self-paced online courses that contain robust graphics, including animations and simulations. AAPG members receive a 5 percent discount. http://blog.aapg.org/learn/?p=695

The Wyoming Geological Association is pleased to host

Energy On The Rocks 2011 RMS-AAPG Meeting The Rocky Mountain Section of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 25-29 June 2011 Little America Conference Center Cheyenne, Wyoming http://www.rms-aapg.org/2011_meeting/

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Eastern Section Meeting September 25-27, 2011 Hyatt Regency, Crystal City Arlington, Virginia http://www.gswweb.org/aapg/ 2011 AAPG Mid-Continent Section Meeting Saturday, October 1 - Tuesday, October 4, 2011 http://2011aapgmcsectionmeeting.org/2.html SPE / AAPG / SPEE Reserves and resources estimation and reporting 19-20 July 2011 The Houstonians hotel Houston, Texas, USA. http://www.spe.org/events/resv/2011/index.php

Building a Better Foundation for the Geosciences Your support of AAPG Foundation programs is important! It reflects your personal commitment to promoting geological programs such as scholarships and grants to university students, K-12 education, distinguished lectures across the world, research, the AAPG Bulletin and much more. http://foundation.aapg.org/

17

By: Ahmed Hassan

Associations Updates

Imaging Dispersion of MASW Data—Full vs. Selective Offset Scheme (March 2011): The dispersion imaging scheme for multichannel surface waves involves summation of a given frequency component over all traces in one record, always including wave fields in the full-offset range in the calculation. http://library.seg.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet? prog=normal&id=JEEGXX000016000001000013000001&idtype=cvips&gi fs=Yes&ref=no Inversion of First-arrival Time Using Simulated Annealing (2011): A technique is presented to invert first-arrival time using simulated annealing. The scheme is based on an extremely fast finite-difference solution of the Eikonal equation to compute the first-arrival time through the velocity models by the multistencils fast marching method. http://library.seg.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet? prog=normal&id=JEEGXX000016000001000025000001&idtype=cvips&gi fs=Yes&ref=no Size, Weight and Power Efficiency for High-power, Nonlinear, Geophysical-transmitter, Rod-core Antennas.(March 2011) here is a significant body of work that addresses the use of rod-core antennas as receiver coils. However, research on the use of rod-core antennas as transmitters is limited since high-permeability core materials are nonlinear at high-drive levels. http://library.seg.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet? prog=normal&id=JEEGXX000016000001000001000001&idtype=cvips&gi fs=Yes&ref=no GEOPHYSICS’ 2009 impact factor sets record.

GEOPHYSICS earned the highest impact factor in the journal’s history in 2009 — 1.662 — according to the Science Edition of Thomson Reuters’ Journal Citation Reports released in June. http://www.seg.org/seg/media/news/geophysicsimpact07062010

2,000 Year-old Deep-sea Black Corals call Gulf of Mexico Home.

U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey Office of Communication 119 National Center Reston, VA 20192 http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2745

Tohoku Earthquake Affects Mineral Supplies.

In addition to its other effects, the magnitude 9.0 Tohoku earthquake that struck northeast Japan on March 11, 2011, will affect Japan’s and the world’s supply of some minerals, at least temporarily. Up to one-quarter of the world’s iodine and one-third of Japan’s cement production may be affected, according to a recently released U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) report. http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2738 Native Trout Fare Best When Dams Use Natural Stream Flow Management Practices.

Natural stream flow suits native trout populations best, according to a new study that is the first to examine the impacts of dam operations on threatened freshwater trout. The study appears in River Research and Applications. http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2724 Uncertain Future for Joshua Trees Projected with Climate Change.

3/24/2011, FLAGSTAFF, Ariz. — Temperature increases resulting from climate change in the Southwest will likely eliminate Joshua trees from 90 percent of their current range in 60 to 90 years, according to a new study led by U.S. Geological Survey ecologist Ken Cole. http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2723

Upstream Oil & Gas Engineering Fundamentals.

Upstream Engineering Fundamentals is to develop engineers across various disciplines to be continuously relevant with key knowledge to enhance their competency and to deliver better capability and results during projects for consistent success. http://www.petroedgeasia.net/upstream-oil-and-gas.html

Oil & Gas Information and Analytical Tools.

Providing upstream, regional, seismic, well, oil, and basin data with the E&P insight, decision support tools and data, software delivery systems and top experts in energy strategy, environment, risk and economic forecasting to aid in better business decisions. http://www.ihs.com/products/oil-gas-information/index.aspx? pu=1&rd=ihs_com#

18

By: Mo’men Mohamed Mohamed Ahmed Gaber

The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami (東日本大震災, Higashi Nihon Daishinsai literally "Eastern Japan Great Earthquake Disaster) was caused by a 9.0magnitude undersea mega thrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday, 11 March 2011. The epicenter was approximately 72 km (45 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku, with the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately 32 km (19.9 mi). On 1 April 2011, the Japanese government named the disaster resulting from the earthquake and tsunami the "Great Eastern Japan Earthquake" (東日本大震災, Higashi Nihon Daishinsai?).

The earthquake triggered extremely destructive tsunami waves of up to 37.9 meters (124 ft) that struck Japan minutes after the quake, in some cases traveling up to 10 km (6 mi) inland, with smaller waves reaching many other countries after several hours. Tsunami warnings were issued and evacuations ordered along Japan's Pacific coast and at least 20 other countries, including the entire Pacific coast of the Americas.

The Japanese National Police Agency has confirmed 12,787 deaths, 4,661 injured, and 14,991 people missing across eighteen prefectures, as well as over 125,000 buildings damaged or destroyed. The earthquake and tsunami caused extensive and severe structural damage in Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse. Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.5 million without water. Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least three nuclear reactors suffered explosions due to hydrogen gas that had built up within their outer containment buildings after cooling system failure. On 18 March, Yukiya Amano—the head of the International Atomic Energy Agency—described the crisis as "extremely serious." Residents within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km (6 mi) radius of the Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated. In addition, the U.S. recommended that its citizens evacuate up to 80 km (50 mi) of the plant.

Estimates of the Tōhoku earthquake's magnitude make it the most powerful known earthquake to have hit Japan, and one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the world overall since modern record-keeping began in 1900. Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said, "In the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan." The earthquake moved Honshu 2.4 m (7.9 ft) east and shifted the Earth on its axis by almost 10 cm (3.9 in). Early estimates placed insured losses from the earthquake alone at US$14.5 to $34.6 billion. The Bank of Japan offered ¥15 trillion (US$183 billion) to the banking system on 14 March in an effort to normalize market conditions. On 21 March, the World Bank estimated damage between US$122 billion and $235 billion. Japan's government said the cost of the earthquake and tsunami that devastated the northeast could reach $309 billion, making it the world's most expensive natural disaster on record.

Earthquake: The 9.0-magnitude (MW) undersea mega thrust earthquake occurred on 11 March 2011 at 14:46 JST (05:46 GMT) in the western Pacific Ocean at a relatively shallow depth of 32 km (19.9 mi), with its epicenter approximately 72 km (45 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku, Japan, lasting approximately six minutes. The nearest major city to the quake was Sendai, on the main island of Honshu, 130 km (81 mi) away. The quake occurred 373 km (232 mi) from Tokyo. The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, and hundreds of aftershocks were reported. The first major foreshock was a 7.2 MW event on 9 March, approximately 40 km (25 mi) from the location of the 11 March quake, with another three on the same day in excess of 6.0 MW. Following the quake, a 7.0 MW aftershock was reported at 15:06 JST, followed by a 7.4 at 15:15 JST and a 7.2 at 15:26 JST. Over eight hundred aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 or greater have occurred since the initial quake. United States Geological Survey (USGS) director Marcia McNutt explained that aftershocks follow Omori's Law, might continue for years, and will taper off in time.

One minute before the earthquake was felt in Tokyo, the Earthquake Early Warning system, which includes more than 1,000 seismometers in Japan, sent out warnings of impending strong shaking to millions. The early warning is believed by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) to have saved many lives. Initially reported as 7.9 MW by the USGS, the magnitude was quickly upgraded to 8.8, then again to 8.9, and then finally to 9.0.

Geology: This earthquake occurred where the Pacific Plate is subducting under the plate beneath northern Honshu; which plate is a matter of debate amongst scientists. The Pacific plate, which moves at a rate of 8 to 9 cm (3.1 to 3.5 in) per year dips under Honshu's underlying plate releasing large amounts of energy. This motion pulls the upper plate down until the stress builds up enough to cause a seismic event. The break caused the sea floor to rise by several meters. A quake of this magnitude usually has a rupture length of at least 480 km (300 mi) and generally requires a long, relatively straight fault surface. Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in the area of the rupture is not very straight, it is unusual for the magnitude of an earthquake to exceed 8.5; the magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists. The hypocentral region of this earthquake extended from offshore Iwate Prefecture to offshore Ibaraki Prefecture. The Japanese Meteorological Agency said that the earthquake may have ruptured the fault zone from Iwate to Ibaraki with a length of 500 km (310 mi) and a width of 200 km (120 mi). Analysis showed that this earthquake consisted of a set of three events. The earthquake may have had a mechanism similar to that of another large earthquake in 869 with an estimated surface wave magnitude (Ms) of 8.6, which also created a large tsunami. Other major earthquakes with tsunamis struck the Sanriku Coast region in 1896 and in 1933.

The strong ground motion registered at the maximum of 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara, Miyagi Prefecture. Three other prefectures—Fukushima, Ibaraki and Tochigi—recorded an upper 6 on the JMA scale. Seismic stations in Iwate, Gunma, Saitama and Chiba Prefecture measured a lower 6, recording an upper 5 in Tokyo.

19

By: David Arias Abad (Spain)

This system placed in the sea off the coastal cities and other industrial sites significantly reduces the impact that a tsunami would have on residential areas at risk for these problems.

It consists of a deep trench with the width more or less than the height of the tsunami could be larger than the area to prevent in particular, and a depth that would associate depending on the approximate cubic meters that could bring the worst tsunami that may result in that particular area. This trench would be about fifty yards from shore and traverse from side to side parallel to it the distance from the area to be protected. The trench would be slightly tilted in the direction of the tsunami for this the more easily on this. The bottom of the trench would widen to form a cavity for admitting as much water as possible and would be the part of the structure that would divert the energy of the Tsunami to direct this water out toward the corners making it safely through ramps in an uninhabited area where there could be a dry artificial wetland permitting the entry of more water from the front of the Tsunami in the ditch. To do this the trench would be curved in the direction of the sense of Tsunami for the energy of this push water onto the ramp, at the level of the ditch water with surface water coming from above the following would exceed the straight path, so it would have to opt for the possibility of installing a huge bomb in the exit ramps of the ditch water to force water to leave the safe zone. You could dispense with these ramps and lead the water directly to the bottom of some artificial reservoirs that are empty, being equally without hydraulic pump as the result below sea level Tsunami force strong enough to exert drag water through the ditch to the dams. Also underground tunnels would pass under the populated area would carry the water directly to a reservoir placed behind it.

At the entrance of the trench on top of this would be a rack to keep from falling objects or people inside of it, while allowing the passage of people and vehicles from one side to another of the trench. In one version would take some gates that remain closed to allow passage of vehicles and people without their suffering from vertigo and prevent litter and debris from falling inside the trench. These gates would open up putting in a vertical position after the tsunami alert sounded while making wall, thus hindering the passage of the Tsunami to the inhabited area where the trench will not supply to absorb water.

To reinforce this system could be a concrete wall on the inner edge of the entrance of the trench divided into sections of fifty meters with a separation of ten or twenty yards in each section to decrease the force of the tsunami to hit this and allow passage of people and vehicles.

The second system: It consists of a dry canal system and / or underground tunnels that traverse the populated area (towards the Tsunami) whose function is to force the Tsunami to go through them using the strength of this, avoiding the urban area. Once the water of the tsunami on the coast penetrated through the channels and has lost its strength, this return to the sea through the same channels and / or underground tunnels, being ready to receive another Tsunami.

20

Geophysical impacts: The quake moved portions of northeast Japan by as much as 2.4 m (7.9 ft) closer to North America, making portions of Japan's landmass wider than before. Portions of Japan closest to the epicenter experienced the largest shifts

Tsunami: The earthquake which was caused by 5 to 8 meters upthrust on 180-km wide seabed at 60 km offshore from the east coast of Tōhoku] resulted in a major tsunami which brought destruction along the Pacific coastline of Japan's northern islands and resulted in the loss of thousands of lives and devastated Fukushima I and II Nuclear Power Plants: Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents. Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that radiation levels inside the plant were up to 1,000 times normal levels, and that radiation levels outside the plant were up to 8 times normal levels. Later, a state of emergency was also declared at the Fukushima II nuclear power plant about 11 km (7 mi) south. This brought the total number of problematic reactors to six.

It was reported that radioactive iodine was detected in the tap water in Fukushima, Toshigi, Gunma, Tokyo, Chiba, Saitama, and Niigata, and radioactive cesium in the tap water in Fukushima, Tochigi and Gunma. Radioactive cesium and iodine were also detected in the soil in some places in Fukushima. There may be a need to replace the contaminated soil. Food products were also found contaminated by radioactive matter in several places in Japan. On April 5, 2011, the government of the Ibaraki Prefecture banned the fishing of sand lance after discovering that this species was contaminated by radioactive cesium above legal limits.

Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant: A map showing epicenter of earthquake and position of nuclear power plants A fire occurred in the turbine section of the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant following the earthquake. The blaze was in a building housing the turbine, which is sited separately from the plant's reactor, and was soon extinguished. The plant was shut down as a precaution.

On 13 March the lowest-level state of emergency was declared regarding the Onagawa plant as radioactivity readings temporarily exceeded allowed levels in the area of the plant. Tohoku Electric Power Co. stated this may have been due to radiation from the Fukushima I nuclear accidents but was not from the Onagawa plant itself.

Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant: The number 2 reactor at Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant was shut down automatically.

On 14 March it was reported that a cooling system pump for this reactor had stopped working; however, the Japan Atomic Power Company stated that there was a second operational pump sustaining the cooling systems, but that two of three diesel generators used to power the cooling system were out of order.

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The third system: It consists of a wall that rises above sea level and below the level of the inhabited area. This wall would be curved in an arc toward their releases to direct the force of the Tsunami to these and make the water flow in that direction depositing it in a safe area outside the populated area, if possible in a man-made reservoirs empty.

The fifth system: The quarter system: System consists of a horizontal concrete module on the ground raised the height of the Tsunami more powerful than can be given in a specific place. Each module built buildings; parks, industrial units and other, and the size of each would depend on how big the building would be constructed and the characteristics of this. These modules would land high thanks to strong pillars to leave a space beneath it would be to allow the passage of the Tsunami. The pillars would take a spring system that would go in harmony with the buildings that support to absorb the force of earthquakes to prevent these and buildings built on top would collapse. These absorbers would be intelligent allowing adapting his hardness to the type of earthquake.

Roadways regardless of the modules would therefore lead its own structure and cushioning system. Among the modules have a separation that would be to build roads. Tsunami water to head towards the coast would under the modules of the city without opposition by returning to the sea once lost power, leaving the field open for the next Tsunami.

This system is ideal to shelter a nuclear power station since his modules would absorb almost the whole earthquake and the distance to the surface of the soil would prevent from being reached by a Tsunami or floods.

It consists of a system of gates that would be about fifty or a hundred meters from the coast would remain flat on the ground allowing the passage of persons and vehicles on them. These gates have a hydraulic system that would allow its elevation to a vertical position forming a wall to prevent the passage of water in case of threat of tsunami. The height of this would depend on the maximum height would be the worst tsunami that might occur in the area to be protected in particular.

These gates would be divided into sections to divide the force exerted by each section of the wall against the Tsunami, if any of these parts not affected cede the entire structure and installing a hydraulic system allowing for avoiding section so these are too big.

The gates should be hollow and be formed by a system of ribs or galvanized steel beams (so that will not rust) covers a relatively thin sheets of carbon fiber (one option), all to achieve the greatest resistance less weight Should prepare the ground with concrete to achieve a level surface solid and durable. In this area would fit the doors in the horizontal position so they sit perfectly level ground and to not deform under its own weight or passing the pedestrians. Reinforced would face to the outside to allow passage of people above them and they feel no discomfort as the sounds of the structure, and that this is not deformed. The dimensions of the gates depend on ground conditions but have a universal size for most, and the separation between the gates depend on the expansion of these at different times of year depending on the climate of the area, so they do not touch and forcibly made to each other at risk of being deformed. The hydraulic system would be inserted into cavities specially equipped to house these for its conservation, and would be installed along the face of "bottom" of the gates to produce a synchronized push the gates and prevent warping on the rise risk of binges. This system would work with electricity from a battery to be charged with solar panels if there is a power outage after the earthquake. Once the gates lifted the party attaches to the structure would leverage against the structure to prevent water pressure from the Tsunami topple.

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By: Safia Farouk

Igneous Rocks Photos and facts about intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks

Andesite Andesite is a fine-grained, extrusive igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase with other minerals such as hornblende, pyroxene and biotite.

Granite Granite is a light-colored igneous rock with grains large enough to be visible with the unaided eye. It forms from the slow crystallization of magma below Earth’s surface. Granite is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar with minor amounts of micas, amphiboles and other minerals. This mineral composition usually gives granite a red, pink, gray or white color with dark mineral grains visible throughout the rock.

Basalt Basalt is a dark-colored, fine-grained, igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene minerals. It most commonly forms as an extrusive rock, such as a lava flow, but can also form in small intrusive bodies, such as an igneous dike or a thin sill. It has a composition similar to gabbro. The difference between basalt and gabbro is that basalt is a fine-grained rock while gabbro is a coarse-grained rock

Obsidian Obsidian is an igneous rock that forms when molten rock material cools so rapidly that atoms are unable to arrange themselves into a crystalline structure. The result is a volcanic glass with a smooth uniform texture that breaks with a conchoidal fracture

Diorite Diorite is a coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock that contains a mixture of feldspar, pyroxene, hornblende and sometimes quartz.

Pegmatite Pegmatite is a light-colored, extremely coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock. It forms near the margins of a magma chamber during the final phases of magma chamber crystallization. It often contains rare minerals that are not found in other parts of the magma chamber.

Gabbro Gabbro is a coarse-grained, dark-colored, intrusive igneous rock. It is usually black or dark green in color and composed mainly of the minerals plagioclase and augite.

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Peridotite Peridotite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock that is composed almost entirely of olivine. It may contain small amounts of amphibole, feldspar, quartz or pyroxene.

Pumice Pumice is a light-colored vesicular igneous rock. It forms through very rapid solidification of a melt. The vesicular texture is a result of gas trapped in the melt at the time of solidification.

Rhyolite Rhyolite is a light-colored, fine-grained, extrusive igneous rock that typically contains quartz and feldspar minerals.

Scoria Scoria is a dark-colored, vesicular, extrusive igneous rock. The vesicles are a result of trapped gas within the melt at the time of solidification. It often forms as a frothy crust on the top of a lava flow or as material ejected from a volcanic vent and solidifying while airborne

Tuff Welded Tuff is a rock that is composed of materials that were ejected from a volcano, fell to Earth, and then lithified into a rock. It is usually composed mainly of volcanic ash and sometimes contains larger size particles such as cinders.

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By: Marwan Awad

ILast month we started our journey with the geologic time scale. And we began this journey from the Cambrian period. So why didn’t we started from the Precambrian?

Actually this is our main focus because the major study in paleontology that deals with petroleum and historical geology starts with the real spreading of skeletal fossils which started from Cambrian and now the Ordovician period.

Ordovician period: Time: About 490 to 443 Million Years Ago.

Type locality: Mainly towns in Great Britain like wales, Birmingham, Barrow & according to the Epoch we study.

Stratigraphy: The Ordovician was named by the British geologist Charles Lapworth in 1879. He took the name from an ancient Celtic tribe, the Ordovician, renowned for its resistance to Roman domination. The epochs and series of the Ordovician each have a type location in Britain, where their characteristic faunas may be found. The age of the Ordovician boundaries were determined using potassium-argon and uranium radiometric dating?

Graptolites, extinct planktonic organisms, are most often used to correlate Ordovician strata.

Climate and sea level: The Ordovician saw the highest sea levels of the Paleozoic, and the low relief of the continents led to many shelf deposits being formed under hundreds of meters of water. Sea level rose more or less continuously throughout the Early Ordovician, leveling off somewhat during the middle of the period. Locally, some regressions occurred, but sea level rise continued in the beginning of the Late Ordovician.

Paleontology: Ordovician was characterized by the adaptive radiation of man animal phyla: Brachiopods, Bryozoans, Coral, Cephalopods, Crinoids Graptolites were excellent guide fossils.

A consequent dramatic increase in the diversity of the total Shelly fauna

End of period: The Ordovician came to a close in a series of extinction events that, taken together, comprise the second largest of the five major extinction events in Earth's history in terms of percentage of genera that went extinct. The only larger one was the PermianTriassic extinction event.The most commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of most cold conditions in the late Katina, followed by an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage, that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician.The late Ordovician glaciations event was preceded by a fall in atmospheric carbon dioxide, which selectively affected the shallow seas where most organisms lived. Mass extinctions of tropical marine faunas occurred at the end of the Ordovician when 100 or more families became extinct, including more than half of the bryozoans and brachiopod species.

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By: Bassam Ataia

U.S. National Science Foundation – International Research Fellowships 2011 The NSF supports U.S. scientists and engineers in the early stages of their careers to engage in international collaborative research in the field of science and technology.

Study Subject: science and engineering For more details: http://scholarship-positions.com/u-s-national-science-foundationinternational-research-fellowships

Minnesota River Board Undergraduate Scholarship 2011-2012, USA

Erasmus Mundus - EMMEP Scholarships The EMMEP (Erasmus Mundus Minerals and Environmental Programmer) is a 2 year M.Sc. program for students in Mining / Geotechnical Engineering, Mineral Processing, Recycling and related academic studies. There are three different specializations; accommodating groups with 15 to 20 students each.

The existing MSc programmers that are taught at the six universities form the basis of this two-year master course.

The diversity, as well as the complimentary nature of these existing programmers will ensure that students can specialize themselves in different subjects related to the field of Resource Engineering. None of the individual universities alone can offer the subject paths this joint master offers, which is what makes the EMMEP Master a unique one For more details:

Scholarship for undergraduate studies in water resources for students enrolled in a college or university within the Minnesota River Basin.

Study Subject: Water Resources Management Fore more details: http://scholarship-positions.com/minnesota-river-board-undergraduatescholarship-2011-2012-usa

Ontario-China Research and Innovation Fund 2011 2011-Call for Proposals in Research Projects in the field of Water and water-related technologies and Neuroscience at Ontario and the Ministry of research and Innovation in Canada and China

http://cambodiajobs.blogspot.com/2010/08/erasmus-mundus-emmepscholarships.htm

University of Bremen- Research Scholarship, Germany Research Funding for foreign Students and Scientists at University of Bremen, Germany Study Subject: Ocean and Climate Research, Material Science, Information-Cognition-Communication, Social Sciences, Health Sciences, and Logistics.

Fore more details: http://scholarship-positions.com/university-of-bremen-research-scholarshipgermany/2011/04/08/

Study Subject: Water and water-related technologies, Neuroscience For more details: http://scholarship-positions.com/ontario-china-research-and-innovationfund

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By: Mohamed El Araby

SUBSEA Asia 2012 3 - 5 October 2012, Malaysia Asia's 3rd Subsea Conference and Exhibition SUBSEA Asia 2012 will bring together Subsea professionals from all over the world to congregate in Kuala Lumpur and provide a platform for the industry to network, view the latest technology and keep abreast of all major technical advances in this highly specialized field. The event looks to assist those trying to secure the future of Asia's Subsea and deepwater industry, for generations to come.

Greater Noida, New Delhi 12 – 14 January 2011 The conference program is coordinated by two leading geosciences societies: the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) and the Association of Petroleum Geologists, India (APG) in collaboration with an executive committee chaired by Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).

This combination of local and international expertise ensures that the program is highly technical with leading edge science brought from around the world mixed with local knowledge from the region’s leading geoscientists.

In addition to the technical program, there will be extensive poster presentations, workshops and field trips. In this exciting conference mix senior industry figures will address topics that are relevant to the current energy climate in India. These will include regulatory policy, advances in technology, reservoir characterization, new play concepts, environmental concerns and frontier exploration areas in the Indian Subcontinent. http://www.geoindia2011.com/

The SUBSEA Asia 2011 conference will again bring together the major industry players from around Asia and beyond. The focus will be on dissemination of new and existing subsea technology and most importantly, the exchange of ideas and practical knowledge. http://www.oilandgas-asia.com/ conference.asp

Energy Solutions for All: Promoting Cooperation, Innovation and Investment 4-8 December 2011 Every three years the World Petroleum Congress is held in one of the over 60 member countries of the World Petroleum Council. In 2011 Qatar will be the first country to host the Congress in the Middle East. The 20th World Petroleum Congress will be a world class event and has received support from the highest level in Qatar, the Middle East and from its global partners. http://www.world-petroleum.org/index.php?/20th-WPC-2011/2othwpcdoha.html

MTOGR 2011 — First Scientific Conference on Modern Technologies in Oil & Gas Refining 25 Apr 2011 → 27 Apr 2011; Baghdad, Iraq

The SUBSEA Asia 2011 conference 2 June 2011 alongside the OGA 2011 exhibition.

The SUBSEA Asia 2011 conference will be held on 2 June 2011 alongside the OGA 2011 exhibition.

The conference will be the sixth edition of successful technical programmes organized in Malaysia by the industry’s leading association, Subsea UK. Previous editions have been held each year since 2006 drawing presenters and delegates from around the region.

Abstract: The Chemical Engineering Department - University of Technology and midland Refineries Company are organizing the First Scientific Conference on Modern Technologies in Oil & Gas Refining in the period 25-27 April 2011. The idea is to bring together researchers, scientists and academics active in the field of oil and gas refining processes. The conference looks ahead to cover a wide range of interdisciplinary topics in petroleum refineries. topics: Chemical Engineering, petroleum refineries web link:

http://www.uotechnology.edu.iq/mtogr2011_en.htm

In 2010 the conference attracted presentations from industry leaders including Schlumberger, Shell and Technip, amongst others. Conference delegates were impressed by the region specific content and enjoyed the opportunity

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