Prospectus 1 Duration (2005)

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5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA 3CHOOL OF $ESIGN 'RADUATE 0ROGRAM IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION -EYERSON (ALL 3OUTH TH 3TREET 0HILADELPHIA 0ENNSYLVANIA

&RANK ' -ATERO #HAIRMAN 0HONE &AX 7EB DESIGN UPENN EDU

#OPYRIGHT 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA

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&OREWORD

$URATION

/N DURATION A CONSERVATOR S VIEW n &RANK -ATERO

0RESERVATION IN THE SPHERE OF THE MIND DURATION AND MEMORY n *OHN $IXON (UNT

4HE EXPERIENCE OF DURATION AND DURABILITY n 2ANDALL -ASON

0ROGRAM /VERVIEW

!REAS OF %MPHASIS

4HE !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION ,ABORATORY

2ESEARCH 0ROJECTS 4HE !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION ,ABORATORY

4HE #ENTER FOR 2ESEARCH ON 0RESERVATION AND 3OCIETY

#OURSE $ESCRIPTIONS

&ACULTY

,ECTURERS

2ECENT 6ISITING 0ROFESSORS

)NDEX OF (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION 4HESES

,IST OF (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION 4HESES

3TUDENT )NTERNSHIPS

!DVANCED #ERTIlCATE IN !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION AND 3ITE -ANAGEMENT

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/VER THE PAST DECADE HISTORIC PRESERVATION HAS COME CENTER STAGE IN THE DISCOURSE ON PLACE CULTURAL IDENTITY

AND OWNERSHIP OF THE PAST )F WE ACCEPT THE MOST BASIC DElNITION OF PRESERVATION AS THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL WORKS FROM LOSS AND DEPLETION THEN THE SAFEGUARDING OF ALL CULTURAL HERITAGE ˆ TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE ˆ ADDRESSES AND CONTRIBUTES TO MEMORY ITSELF BASIC TO ALL HUMAN EXISTENCE (ISTORIC PRESERVATION AS AN ACADEMIC PURSUIT IS PREDICATED ON THE BELIEF THAT KNOWLEDGE MEMORY AND EXPERIENCE ARE TIED TO CULTURAL CONSTRUCTS

AND ESPECIALLY MATERIAL CULTURE 0RESERVATION ˆ WHETHER OF A BUILDING LANDSCAPE OR CITY ˆ HELPS EXTEND THESE THINGS AND PLACES INTO THE PRESENT AND ESTABLISHES A FORM OF MEDIATION CRITICAL TO THE INTERPRETIVE PROCESS THAT REINFORCES SUCH ASPECTS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE 7ITH THE ESCALATING DEVELOPMENT AND COMMODIlCATION OF HERITAGE IN ALL ITS FORMS ˆ AS OBJECTS PLACES AND EVEN SYMBOLS ˆ FOR RECREATIONAL ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL PURPOSES

THE INPUT OF PRESERVATION PROFESSIONALS IN SHAPING BUILDINGS CITIES AND REGIONS BECOMES ALL THE MORE CRITICAL (ISTORIC PRESERVATION IS A DElNED lELD WITH A LONG HISTORY COMPLEX THEORIES AND DIVERSE METHODS OF PRACTICE )T IS A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF CONTEMPORARY THOUGHT AND PRACTICE IN THE DESIGN AND PLANNING OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

4ODAY IT IS NO LONGER A QUESTION OF WHY BUT RATHER OF HOW AND TO WHAT PURPOSE OR END PRESERVATION CAN ACHIEVE ITS GOALS 4ODAY THE BENElTS OF HERITAGE PRESERVATION ARE RECOGNIZED AS REAL INVESTMENTS ˆ WITH HIGH SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROlTABILITY ESPECIALLY IN VIEW OF OUR COMMITMENT TO A BETTER LIVING ENVIRONMENT AND THE NEED FOR REAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE NEXT MILLENNIUM 4HESE ARE COMMON INTERESTS SHARED BY ALL DEPARTMENTS IN THE 3CHOOL OF $ESIGN AND THEY GO WELL BEYOND A TRADITIONAL DESIGN AGENDA !T 0ENN$ESIGN PRESERVATION AS AN ACADEMIC AND APPLIED lELD CONTINUES TO EVOLVE IN ACCORDANCE WITH NEW IDEAS AND TECHNIQUES NEW TALENTS

AND WITHIN A BROAD ARRAY OF SUBJECTS INCLUDING THE SCIENTIlC AND TECHNICAL QUESTIONS OF CONSERVATION THE SOCIAL ASPECTS OF LOCAL COMMUNITY THE RELATIONSHIP OF HERITAGE TO ITS ENVIRONMENT AND AS AN ECONOMIC RESOURCE WITH PRESERVATION AS A DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 4HESE FORM THE BASIS FOR ALL COURSES RESEARCH AND PRACTICE AND EQUIP STUDENTS WITH THE NECESSARY KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS REQUIRED FOR A SUCCESSFUL AND REWARDING PROFESSIONAL LIFE

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4IME LIKE SPACE IS ALL AROUND US )TS EVIDENCE IS VISIBLE IN THE NATURAL WORLD AS LINEAR AND CYCLICAL CHANGE )N OUR OWN FABRICATED MATERIAL WORKS TIME EXERTS ITS PRESENCE THROUGH THE TELLTALE SIGNS OF MATERIAL DEGRADATION AND STYLISTIC ANACHRONISM )T IS THROUGH THESE INDICATORS THAT WE CONFRONT TIME INDIRECTLY AND ATTEMPT TO POSITION A THING OR PLACE IN RELATION TO THE PRESENT 4IME IS THEREFORE BOTH THE QUALIlER AND QUANTITATIVE MEASURE OF CREATIVE WORKS FOR THE HISTORIAN ARCHITECT AND CONSERVATOR WHO ATTEMPT TO DElNE AND INTERPRET IT THROUGH WORDS BUILT FORM AND MATERIAL INTERVENTIONS 7ITH FEW EXCEPTIONS ALL HUMAN WORKS PASS THROUGH TIME 4HAT PASSAGE REGARDLESS OF ITS LENGTH NOT COINCIDENTLY EXPRESSED IN SPATIAL TERMS IS DURATION THE TIME DURING WHICH A THING ACTION OR STATE CONTINUES TO EXIST (OW BUILDINGS AND SITES ARE RECEIVED BY EACH GENERATION DEPENDS ON THE SPECIlC CONDITIONS OF TIME AND PLACE !S TIME AFFORDS A MEASURE OF CHANGE BOTH TIME AND CHANGE ARE CRITICAL COMPONENTS SHAPING THE ARRIVAL AND SURVIVAL OF ANY WORK TO THE PRESENT )N OUR EFFORTS TO RELATE TO BUILDINGS AND PLACES FROM THE PAST WE USE TIME AS THE PRIMARY MEASURE OF DISTANCE FROM THE PRESENT 4HIS RELATIVE DISTANCE IS DURATION WHICH CAN BE EXPLAINED THROUGH HISTORICAL NARRATIVE AND SCIENTIlC HYPOTHESIS "UILT WORKS BE THEY GARDENS CORN lELDS BRIDGES OR PALACES OFTEN REmECT PREVAILING SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONCEPTS OF THE TIME WHEN THEY WERE CREATED #ERTAINLY MUCH SCHOLARLY WORK HAS BEEN DEDICATED TO THIS PROPOSITION )T REMAINS THE PRIMARY ARGUMENT FOR THE SIGNIlCANCE OF PRESERVING SUCH PLACES AND THINGS AS AN EMBODIMENT OF PAST KNOWLEDGE AND VALUES AND OWES ITS ORIGINS IN PART TO THE GREAT KNOWLEDGE ACCUMULATION PROJECTS OF THE %NLIGHTENMENT /F RISING INTEREST IN THE CURRENT DISCOURSE ON HERITAGE IS ITS ABILITY TO PRESENT THE EVERYDAY HUMAN EXPERIENCE OF LIVED TIME (ERE WE CAN TRACE SUCH CONCERNS TO EARLIER ARGUMENTS RAISED BY *OHN 2USKIN ON THE VISIBLE AGE OF A BUILDING AS A REmECTION OF THE FULLNESS OF LIFE (ISTORIC PRESERVATION HAS ALWAYS BEEN ABOUT DURATION AND ABOUT TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION 7HAT SURVIVES WHAT IS FORGOTTEN WHAT IS CARED FOR OR DESTROYED DESCRIBE THE LIVES OUR CREATIVE WORKS CAN TAKE 3UCH TRAJECTORIES ARE DEPENDENT ON MANY DIVERSE FACTORS HOWEVER ONCE CONSCIOUSLY EXAMINED ALL CREATIVE WORKS COME UNDER CONSIDERATION FOR THEIR ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE TO US TO HAVE RELEVANCE IN WAYS CONSISTENT OR NEW TO THEIR ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP AND TO CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY )N THIS CAPACITY THEY GO BEYOND MERE EXISTENCE THEY PERSEVERE AS ,UBETKIN WROTE OF BUILDINGS hxREMAINING AS LONG AS THEY HAVE SOMETHING TO SAY v 3INCE TIME IS NOT REVERSIBLE AND HISTORY CANNOT BE UNDONE ONLY REWRITTEN PRESERVATION IS A TRUE HISTORICAL EVENT A CRITICAL HUMAN ACTION THAT IS ONE OF THE WAYS IN WHICH A WORK IS TRANSMITTED TO THE FUTURE

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! 3OUTHERN #EMETERY 0HOTO © *OHN (ALL

)F WE ACCEPT THE MOST BASIC DElNITION OF CONSERVATION AS THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL WORKS FROM LOSS AND DEPLETION THEN THE PRESERVATION OF ALL CULTURAL HERITAGE ˆ TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE ˆ ADDRESSES AND CONTRIBUTES TO MEMORY ITSELF BASIC TO ALL HUMAN EXISTENCE 0RESERVATION AS AN INTELLECTUAL PURSUIT IS PREDICATED ON THE BELIEF THAT KNOWLEDGE MEMORY AND EXPERIENCE ARE TIED TO CULTURAL CONSTRUCTS AND ESPECIALLY MATERIAL CULTURE 0RESERVATION ˆ WHETHER OF A PAINTING BUILDING OR LANDSCAPE ˆ HELPS EXTEND THESE PLACES AND THINGS INTO THE PRESENT AND ESTABLISHES A FORM OF MEDIATION CRITICAL TO THE INTERPRETIVE PROCESS THAT REINFORCES THESE ASPECTS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE 4HE FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVES OF PRESERVATION ALSO CONCERN WAYS OF EVALUATING AND INTERPRETING CULTURAL HERITAGE FOR ITS SAFEGUARDING NOW AND FOR THE FUTURE )N THIS LAST RESPECT PRESERVATION ITSELF BECOMES A WAY OF EXTENDING AND REIFYING CULTURAL IDENTITIES AND HISTORICAL NARRATIVES OVER TIME THROUGH VALORIZATION AND INTERPRETATION OF AN IDENTIlED hHERITAGEv AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT 4HE STABILIZING EFFECT OBJECTS AND PLACES HAVE BY CONNECTING US TO A PERSONAL OR COLLECTIVE PAST IS WELL KNOWN THROUGHOUT TIME 4HE ISSUE HAS BECOME PARTICULARLY PRONOUNCED TODAY WHERE THE LONG TERM EFFECTS OF RAPID CHANGE AND MOBILITY HAVE CAUSED A CERTAIN ANXIETY AND DISLOCATION !CCORDING TO %CO AND OTHER POST MODERN CRITICS THIS DISCOMFORT HAS CREATED A TASTE FOR THE KNOWN THE FAMILIAR THE PREDICTABLE THE EXPECTED AND THE REPEATABLE RATHER THAN THE UNEXPECTED INNOVATIVE AND ORIGINAL )N THE CASE OF A RAPIDLY CHANGING BUILT ENVIRONMENT THE PAST AFFORDS A COMFORTABLE AND CONTROLLABLE CONTEXT AS EXPRESSED IN THE WIDESPREAD POPULARITY OF HISTORICIZED DESIGN hPOST MODERNISMv HISTORICAL THEME PARKS AND URBAN DEVELOPMENTS RECONSTRUCTIONS

AND A ROMANTICIZING ABOUT TRADITION AND SO CALLED TRADITIONAL PEOPLES AND TRADITIONAL LIVING 4HE BASIC MEANS BY WHICH SUCH VALUED CULTURAL INHERITANCE IS RETAINED AND TRANSMITTED CAN OCCUR EITHER AS TRADITION THE MECHANISM BY WHICH TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE ASPECTS OF CULTURE ARE INTERNALLY HANDED DOWN WITHIN A GIVEN SOCIETY OVER TIME OR AS PRESERVATION A CULTURALLY EXTERNAL CRITICAL ACT OFTEN VIEWED APART

FROM TRADITION AND ONE BASED ON AN OUTSIDE APPRECIATION OR VALORIZATION OF THE PLACE OR THING OFTEN BY CULTURAL OR TEMPORAL @OUTSIDERS !LTHOUGH THESE DElNITIONS MAKE FOR CONVENIENT OPPOSITIONS BOTH CONCEPTS ARE COMPLEX AND NOT EXCLUSIVE &OR EXAMPLE AS CENTRAL AS TRADITION IS TO THE CONCEPT OF CULTURAL IDENTITY IT IS ALSO DYNAMIC

BEING MANUFACTURED AND REFORMULATED BY EACH GENERATION THROUGH PERSONAL AND COLLECTIVE INTERPRETATIONS OF THE PAST 4HIS RECYCLING AND REASSIGNING OF VALUE THROUGH MEMORY OVER TIME WILL EVENTUALLY RESULT IN A TRANSFORMATION OF CULTURAL FORM AND MEANING 0RESERVATION ON THE OTHER HAND IS A MODERN CONCEPT EXISTING SELF CONSCIOUSLY OUTSIDE TRADITION (OWEVER BY VIEWING HISTORY AS CONTINUOUS CHANGE IT SEEKS WAYS TO MAKE THE PAST RELEVANT THROUGH CRITICAL DISTANCE AND EMPATHETIC ENGAGEMENT &ORM FABRIC CONTENT !T DIFFERENT TIMES AND IN DIFFERENT PLACES PRESERVATION HAS BEEN EXPRESSED AND PRACTICED THROUGH THREE BASIC CONSTRUCTS OR MODALITIES AS FORM FABRIC AND CONTENT THE LATTER BEING THE INTANGIBLE BELIEFS USES AND TRADITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MATERIAL CORRELATES OF FORM AND FABRIC )MPLICIT IN ALL THREE CONSTRUCTS IS THE NOTION OF MAINTAINING CONTACT WITH THE PAST THROUGH THE IDENTIlCATION TRANSMISSION AND PROTECTION OF THAT WHICH IS CONSIDERED VALUABLE IN THE PRESENT &OR ALL TRADITIONAL VISUAL ARTISTIC WORKS THE IDEA OF THE WORK IS CLOSELY TIED TO ITS MATERIALITY THROUGH FORM AND FABRIC AND CERTAINLY IN THE CASE OF IMMOVABLE HERITAGE ITS CONTEXT #ONSERVATION DIRECTLY ENGAGES THE FORMER MATERIALITY AND WHEN POSSIBLE THE LATTER CONTEXT ASSUMING BOTH ARE RECOVERABLE #ONTEMPORARY CONSERVATION THEORIES ARGUE THAT VALUE AND SIGNIlCANCE ARE BASED IN PART ON PHYSICAL MATERIALITY AND ITS AFFECT ON THE PERCEPTION OF THE VIEWER USER WHICH IN THE CASE OF THE VISUAL ARTS HAVE BEEN CATEGORIZED AS ARTISTIC AND HISTORICAL VALUES AGE VALUE AND USE VALUE /RIGINALITY AND AUTHENTICITY ARE DElNED IN A 7ESTERN %UROPEAN CONTEXT BY THESE QUALITIES HOWEVER AS WE HAVE COME TO DISCOVER IN RECENT YEARS THIS IS NOT NOR HAS EVER BEEN UNIVERSAL 7EATHERING AS A NATURAL ENTROPIC PROCESS ALWAYS RESULTS IN A TRANSFORMATION OF MATERIALS THROUGH PHYSICAL MECHANICAL OR CHEMICAL ALTERATION 7EATHERING INDICATES THE PASSAGE OF TIME AS VISIBLE AGING )T OCCURS DURING THE LIFE OF THE WORK AND ITS OCCURRENCE IS PREDICTABLE IF NOT IMMEDIATELY APPARENT $EPENDING ON THE MATERIAL AND THE FORM SUCH ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN VIEWED OVER TIME IN DIFFERENT WAYS 7HEREAS STRUCTURAL DEGRADATION HAS GENERALLY BEEN HELD AS A DECIDEDLY NEGATIVE ASPECT OF WEATHERING EXCEPT IN THE UNIQUE CASE OF RUINS AND SOME CONTEMPORARY ART THE MECHANISMS OF SURFACE ALTERATION HAVE ENJOYED VARYING DEGREES OF ACCEPTANCE DEPENDING ON THE TIME PLACE MATERIAL AND SUBJECT 4HIS IS PERHAPS BEST OBSERVED IN OUR TASTE FOR PRESERVING ARCHAIC hOLD FASHIONEDv THINGS AS AGED OR INCOMPLETE WHEREAS NO IMPERFECTION IS TOLERATED FOR WORKS OF THE PRESENT OR RECENT PAST !S EARLY AS !LOIS 2IEGL OBSERVED THAT THE TWENTIETH CENTURY VIEWER

WAS AS DISTURBED BY hSIGNS OF DECAY ;PREMATURE AGING= IN NEW WORKSxAS MUCH AS SIGNS OF NEW PRODUCTION ;CONSPICUOUS RESTORATIONS= IN OLD WORKS AND PARTICULARLY ENJOY;ED=xTHE PURELY NATURAL CYCLE OF GROWTH AND DECAY v 4HIS ATTITUDE REMAINS PREVALENT TODAY WHERE POST WAR BUILDINGS AND LANDSCAPES HAVE TAKEN CENTER STAGE IN CONTEMPORARY PRESERVATION DEBATES )T IS NOT UNUSUAL THAT SUCH WORKS ARE NOW BEING VIEWED AS hOUT OF TIMEv AS THEY ARE FAST APPROACHING THE CRITICAL TEMPORAL DISTANCE OF TWO GENERATIONS -OREOVER THE RAPID ESCALATION OF LAND VALUES AND NEW PROGRAM NEEDS HAVE BROUGHT ON AN UNPRECEDENTED ACCELERATION IN STRUCTURAL OBSOLESCENCE AND EXPENDABILITY 7HAT IS EQUALLY REMARKABLE IS THE WIDESPREAD INTEREST AND LEAD SUPPORT FROM THE PROFESSIONAL DESIGN COMMUNITY RATHER THAN THE PUBLIC IN THE FATE OF MANY OF THESE BUILDINGS !S THE OFFSPRING OF THE -ODERN -OVEMENT S lRST GENERATION THESE WORKS HAVE GIVEN MANY !MERICAN ARCHITECTS AND DESIGNERS CAUSE FOR CONSIDERATION OF PRESERVATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE OPTION FOR INTERVENTION YET ONE BASED ON LITTLE EXPERIENCE RECONCILING NEWNESS VALUE WITH OTHER MORE TRADITIONAL PRESERVATION VALUES !S A RESULT THESE PRESERVATION PROJECTS TEND TO lXATE ON ORIGINAL DESIGN INTENT REALIZED OR NOT -OREOVER THE APPARENT MORTALITY OF MANY SUCH BUILDINGS COMES PAINFULLY CLOSE TO THE LIVES AND WORKS OF MANY OF THE PROFESSION S LEADING ELDER PRACTITIONERS AND CRITICS WHO HAVE STRONG IDEOLOGICAL CONNECTIONS TO THESE WORKS 7EATHERING CHANGE )N CONSERVATION DEGRADATION IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED DESTRUCTIVE OR A NEGATIVE CONDITION THAT IS DETRIMENTAL TO THE VISUAL AND STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF THE WORK 3UCH CONCERNS ARE RELATED TO CONSERVATION S INTEREST IN THE AESTHETIC AND INTELLECTUAL LEGIBILITY OF THE WORK AND ARE THE LEGACY OF THE MID TWENTIETH CENTURY THEORIST #ESARE "RANDI WHO CONSIDERED hTHE REESTABLISHMENT OF THE POTENTIAL UNITY OF THE WORKv CRITICAL TO CONSERVATION S MISSION )NTERVENTION ADDRESSES DEGRADATION BY REDUCING THE TENSION TO THE FORMAL WHOLE CREATED BY MATERIAL DAMAGE AND LOSS AND INVOLVES RECONCILING CONSCIOUS ORIGINAL OR SUBSEQUENT AESTHETIC VALUES WITH HISTORICAL VALUES 4HIS CONCERN WITH SAFEGUARDING THE ARTISTIC AS WELL AS DOCUMENTARY VALUES OF THE WORK ESPECIALLY AS THEY RELATE TO INCOMPLETENESS OF FORM AND MEANING DRAWS ITS INSPIRATION FROM PHILOLOGICAL MODELS 4HE TERM PATINA HAS BEEN USED SINCE THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY TO DESCRIBE ACCEPTABLE ENTROPIC CHANGES THAT ARE CONSIDERED INTRINSIC TO THE MATERIAL DUE TO THE NATURAL WEATHERING OF THAT MATERIAL UNDER NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES 4HIS IS IN CONTRADISTINCTION TO EXCESSIVE ALTERATION RESULTING FROM DECAY AND THE OBFUSCATION OF THE SURFACE FROM SOILING CRUSTS AND DEGRADATION 4HIS SUGGESTS AN ACCEPTANCE OF ALTERATION THAT IS JUDGED OR MEASURED TO HAVE LITTLE PHYSICAL EFFECT ON THE DURABILITY OR PERFORMANCE OF THE MATERIAL OR IMPARTS AN ACCEPTABLE OR DESIRED VISUAL AESTHETIC AS WELL AS THOSE CHANGES THAT MORE OR LESS PRESERVE THE HISTORICAL APPEARANCE OF THE FORM 4HIS LATTER POINT IS SIGNIlCANT FOR THERE IS OFTEN CONFUSION ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORIGINAL AND HISTORICAL

APPEARANCE /RIGINAL APPEARANCE LINKED TO ARTISTIC INTENT IS A TRANSIENT CONDITION THAT EXISTS ONLY BRIEmY IF AT ALL AFTER COMPLETION OF THE WORK 4HE NOTION IS A FALSE ONE HOWEVER AS FEW MATERIALS ARE TRULY INERT OR STABLE FOR LONG AND MANY WORKS ESPECIALLY ARCHITECTURE CONTINUE TO EVOLVE AND CHANGE OVER TIME AS PART OF THEIR NATURAL LIFE USE 7HILE ENTROPIC CHANGE IS INEVITABLE FOR ALL MATERIAL THINGS DECAY HAS NOT ALWAYS BEEN CONSIDERED THE NEGATION OF CREATION AS IN THE CASE OF CERTAIN TWENTIETH CENTURY DESIGN IDEOLOGIES OR NATIVE PEOPLE S BELIEF SYSTEMS 4HE INDICATORS AND QUALITIES OF AGE DElNED MOST DIRECTLY BY WEATHERING AND STYLE BECAME MAJOR ISSUES IN EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURY AESTHETIC THEORY ART HISTORY AND RESTORATION PHILOSOPHY LINKING THE WORLDS OF NEW ART AND ARCHITECTURE WITH HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND MONUMENTS 7EATHERING AS TIME AND NATURE S lNISHING TOUCHES TO HUMAN WORKS WAS A MAJOR ELEMENT IN THE AESTHETIC PRINCIPLES OF THE 0ICTURESQUE (OWEVER IT WAS *OHN 2USKIN WHO GAVE A MORAL VOICE TO WEATHERING IN HIS DElNITION OF HISTORICAL MONUMENTS AND THEIR PRESERVATION A CONCEPT LATER REWORKED BY THE !USTRIAN ART HISTORIAN !LOIS 2EIGL WHO DEVELOPED A VALUES BASED APPROACH TO THE DElNITION AND TREATMENT OF UNINTENTIONAL MONUMENTS AS THOSE WORKS WHICH SERVE TO COMMEMORATE PAST HUMAN ACTIVITY THROUGH THEIR AGED APPEARANCE &OR 2USKIN THE GREATEST EXPRESSION OF A BUILDING S TRUTHFULNESS WAS TO BE FOUND IN ITS WEATHERED SURFACES AND ACCUMULATED ACCRETIONS )N 4HE 3EVEN ,AMPS OF !RCHITECTURE PERHAPS HIS MOST FAMOUS WORK AND ONE WHICH HAD A GREAT INmUENCE ON NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL THEORY HE WROTE

h4HE GREATEST GLORY OF A BUILDING IS NOT IN ITS STONES NOR ITS GOLD BUT IN ITS AGE 4HROUGH AGE ARCHITECTURE EMBODIED MEMORY hxWE CANNOT REMEMBER WITHOUT HER v AND THIS MEMORY WAS REmECTED IN ITS PHYSICAL APPEARANCE )N 4HE ,AMP OF -EMORY HE WROTE

xIT IS IN THAT GOLDEN STAIN OF TIME THAT WE ARE TO LOOK FOR THE REAL

LIGHT AND COLOR AND PRECIOUSNESS OF ARCHITECTURE AND IT IS NOT

UNTIL A BUILDING HAS ASSUMED THIS CHARACTER TILL IT HAS BEEN

ENTRUSTED WITH THE FAME AND HALLOWED BY THE DEEDS OF MEN TILL

ITS WALLS HAVE BEEN WITNESSES OF SUFFERING AND ITS PILLARS RISE OUT

OF THE SHADOWS OF DEATH THAT ITS EXISTENCE MORE LASTING AS IT IS

THAN THAT OF THE NATURAL OBJECTS OF THE WORLD AROUND IT CAN BE

GIFTED WITH EVEN SO MUCH AS THESE POSSESS OF LANGUAGE AND OF LIFE 4HUS IT WAS THROUGH WEATHERING THAT THE FULLNESS OF LIFE WAS RECORDED AND ARCHITECTURE GAINED NOBILITY

OR IN HIS OWN WORDS hACCUMULATED VOICEFULNESS v !S +IRBY 4ALLEY HAS POINTED OUT 2USKIN FURTHER ATTRIBUTED

BEAUTY TO AGE COMBINING AND PROMOTING DOCUMENTARY AND AESTHETIC VALUES OVER ORIGINAL APPEARANCE 7ITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ANCIENT BUILDINGS IT IS TO 2USKIN THEN THAT WE MUST ATTRIBUTE THE MOST COMPLETE EXPLANATION OF AGING AS ENHANCEMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE IDEA THAT WEATHERING RECORDS AND ALLOWS THE RECOLLECTION OF EARLIER STAGES IN THE HISTORY OF A BUILDING AND THE HUMAN LIVES ASSOCIATED WITH IT )T IS FOR THESE REASONS THAT 2USKIN SO PASSIONATELY ARGUED FOR THE hPRESERVATIONv ;CONSERVATION= AS OPPOSED TO THE hRESTORATIONv OF ART AND HISTORIC BUILDINGS WHICH REMOVED THE FACE OF TIME IN AN ATTEMPT TO OFFER hFRESH READINGS v 4HIS IS SUMMARIZED IN HIS OFTEN QUOTED !RTICLE OF 4HE ,AMP OF -EMORY

;2ESTORATION= MEANS THE MOST TOTAL DESTRUCTION WHICH A BUILDING

CAN SUFFERx A DESTRUCTION ACCOMPANIED WITH FALSE DESCRIPTION OF

THE THING DESTROYEDxTHAT SPIRIT WHICH IS GIVEN ONLY BY THE HAND

AND EYE OF THE WORKMAN CAN NEVER BE RECALLEDx7HAT COPYING

CAN THERE BE OF SURFACES THAT HAVE BEEN WORN HALF AN INCH

DOWN x(OW IS THE NEW WORK BETTER THAN THE OLD 4HERE WAS YET

IN THE OLD SOME LIFE SOME MYSTERIOUS SUGGESTION OF WHAT IT HAD

BEEN AND OF WHAT IT HAD LOST SOME SWEETNESS IN THE GENTLE LINES

WHICH RAIN AND SUN HAD WROUGHTx

9ET AGE IS NOT THE ONLY CONSEQUENTIAL FACTOR IN DETERMINING VALUE AND SIGNIlCANCE 4HE OLDER SOMETHING IS THE MORE POWERFUL IT IS TO ELICIT POSITIVE EMOTIONAL RESPONSE YET THIS IS INCIDENTAL TO REAL HISTORICAL SIGNIlCANCE (ISTORICAL APPEARANCE ACKNOWLEDGES TIME AS AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF ARCHITECTURE )T IS TIME THAT DISTINGUISHES AND SEPARATES PAST STRUCTURES FROM THE PRESENT AND IT IS TIME THAT CONTINUES TO SHAPE AND DElNE THEM THROUGH WEATHERING (OWEVER THE CONCEPT OF PATINA IMPLIES BENIGN CHANGE OVER TIME WHICH ACKNOWLEDGES THE NATURAL PROCESSES OF WEATHERING WE lND ACCEPTABLE OR APPEALING &OR CENTURIES WEATHERING WAS ACCOMMODATED IN THE ORIGINAL SELECTION OF MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS BASED ON EMPIRICAL EXPERIENCE 3UCH TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS WERE DESIGNED FOR EITHER LONG TERM RETENTION I E

PERMANENCE OR TO ACCOMMODATE GRADUAL CHANGE OR FOR PERIODIC REPLACEMENT E G SURFACE lNISHES &OR MANY WORKS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY WEATHERING AND AGE WERE IGNORED OR INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE IDEOLOGICAL CONCERNS OF MODERNITY AND WITH WHAT "ERNARD 4SCHUMI HAS TERMED hCONCEPTUAL AESTHETICSv OF THE AGE &OR THE SMOOTH WHITE HARD EDGED FORMS AND SURFACES OF MANY TWENTIETH CENTURY BUILDINGS OF THE -ODERN -OVEMENT WEATHERING WAS AN UNWELCOME AND CORRUPTIVE FORCE -OREOVER NON TRADITIONAL FORMS AND MATERIALS OF THE NEW VOCABULARY OFTEN RESULTED IN UNANTICIPATED MATERIAL FAILURE AND REDUCED BUILDING DURATION

7HETHER BY CONSCIOUS OBSOLESCENCE INTENTIONALLY SHORTER MAINTENANCE FREE LIFE SPANS OR SIMPLY mAWED TECHNOLOGY MODERNIST WORKS OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE HAVE CHALLENGED CONTEMPORARY CONSERVATION S CONTINUED FOCUS ON AGE VALUE AND MATERIAL AUTHENTICITY AND INSTEAD HAVE CHAMPIONED THE ARGUMENT FOR CYCLICAL RENEWAL OF FORM AND FABRIC %UGÒNE %MMANUEL 6IOLLET LE $UC S EQUALLY FAMOUS DElNITION OF RESTORATION FROM HIS ENCYCLOPEDIC $ICTIONNAIRE 2AISSONÏ STANDS IN COMPLETE CONTRAST TO 2USKIN S PRESERVATION PHILOSOPHY AND OFFERS A SYMPATHETIC ARGUMENT SUPPORTING POST MODERN ATTITUDES TOWARD PRESERVATION

4O RESTORE AN EDIlCE MEANS NEITHER TO MAINTAIN IT NOR TO REPAIR IT NOR

TO REBUILD IT IT MEANS TO RE ESTABLISH IT IN A lNISHED STATE WHICH MAY

IN FACT NEVER HAVE ACTUALLY EXISTED AT ANY GIVEN TIME 3INCE THEIR lRST PUBLICATION THESE TWO STATEMENTS HAVE COME TO REPRESENT THE DOMINANT OPPOSING

POSITIONS ON THE SUBJECT (OWEVER BOTH MEN EXPRESSED FAR MORE COMPLEX VIEWS THAN THESE OFTEN QUOTED PASSAGES SUGGEST )N THE $ICTIONNAIRE 6IOLLET POSED THE PROBLEM OF RESTORATION AS ONE OF CHOICE THROUGH RATIONAL DEDUCTION BASED NOT ON BLIND ADHERENCE TO ONE POSITION OR ANOTHER BUT RATHER CASE BY CASE DETERMINED BY A BUILDING S PHYSICAL INTEGRITY

3HOULD THE UNITY OF STYLE SIMPLY BE RESTORED WITHOUT TAKING INTO

ACCOUNT THE LATE MODIlCATIONS /R SHOULD THE EDIlCE BE RESTORED

EXACTLY AS IT WAS THAT IS WITH AN ORIGINAL STYLE AND LATER MODIlCATIONS

)T IS IN FACT IMPERATIVE NOT TO ADOPT EITHER OF THESE TWO COURSES OF

ACTION IN ANY ABSOLUTE FASHION THE ACTION TAKEN SHOULD DEPEND INSTEAD

UPON THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES 7E HOLD THAT AN EDIlCE OUGHT TO BE

RESTORED IN A MANNER SUITABLE TO ITS OWN INTEGRITYx7E MUST

SCRUPULOUSLY RESPECT ALL TRACES OR INDICATIONS THAT SHOW ADDITIONS OR

MODIlCATIONS TO A STRUCTURE ,IKE 2USKIN 6IOLLET LE $UC REJECTED IMITATION AS BEING EQUAL TO THE ORIGINAL (OWEVER UNLIKE 2USKIN

HE BELIEVED THAT THE INTEGRITY OF THE WHOLE WORK AND THE ARTISTIC SPIRIT OR INTENT BEHIND IT COULD BE UNDERSTOOD AND SHOULD BE RE ESTABLISHED THROUGH hTHE NEW ANALYTIC METHODv OF RESTORATION 2ESTORATION WAS A RATIONAL PROCESS OF INFORMATION RECOVERY NOT UNLIKE THE NEW SCIENCES OF GEOLOGY COMPARATIVE ANATOMY ETHNOLOGY

AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF HIS DAY "Y MOVING BEYOND SHEER IMITATION OF FORMS TO THE IDEAS BEHIND THEM 6IOLLET SAW RESTORATION AS A CREATIVE PROCESS NO DIFFERENT THAN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN WHOSE PRIMARY TASK WAS hTHE MANIFESTATION OF IDEALS BASED ON PRINCIPLES v 6IOLLET S SEARCH FOR FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATIONS IN THE FORMS OF 2OMANESQUE AND 'OTHIC BUILDINGS WAS THE OBJECTIVE AND RESTORATION WAS AN EXERCISE TOWARD EXPLORING AND PROVING THAT CONCERN !S &RANCOISE "ERCE AND "RUNO &OUCART HAVE NOTED HIS INSISTENCE ON STYLE AT THE EXPENSE OF THE INDIVIDUALITY OF A BUILDING ˆ IN AN AGE WHEN THE SUM KNOWLEDGE WAS AS YET VERY INCOMPLETE

THE CHRONOLOGY OF REFERENCE WORKS INEXACT AND THE NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS LIMITED ˆ COULD ONLY LEAD TO SIMPLIlCATIONS WHICH HAVE BEEN JUSTLY DENOUNCED 2ECONCILING HISTORY AND INTENT !NY ATTEMPT TO SITUATE DURATION WITHIN THE LARGER CONSERVATION DISCOURSE MUST ACKNOWLEDGE THE THREE BASIC CONSTRUCTS OF FORM FABRIC AND CONTENT !LL ARE TIED TOGETHER IN DElNING WORKS OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE HOWEVER DEPENDING ON THE SITUATION WE CAN CHOOSE ANY NUMBER OF STRATEGIES THAT EITHER PRIVILEGE ONE OVER THE OTHER OR ATTEMPT TO PRESENT ALL THREE IN BALANCE &OR EXAMPLE 2USKINIAN PRESERVATION FAVORED THE FABRIC ABOVE ALL ELSE IN CONTRAST WITH THE FORMALISTIC CONCERNS OF STYLISTIC RESTORATION 4HE CONTENT AS VALUE OR MEANING WAS ASSOCIATIVE AND DIFFERENT IN EACH CASE 4HE BALANCE OF THESE MODALITIES IN THE CONSERVATION PROJECT WILL OF COURSE BE DEPENDENT ON A GREAT MANY FACTORS CULTURAL SOCIAL TECHNICAL ECONOMIC AND VISUAL TO NAME A FEW !ND THE SCALE OF THE INTERVENTION WILL DICTATE OPTIONS THE VISUAL AND STRUCTURAL REINTEGRATION OF AN ARCHITECTURAL DETAIL WILL REQUIRE A DIFFERENT SET OF SOLUTIONS THAN THE REPLACEMENT OF A ROOF THE ADDITION OF A WING OR THE INSERTION OF NEW BUILDINGS IN AN HISTORIC URBAN CONTEXT #ONTEMPORARY PRACTICE IS NO LESS POLARIZED DESPITE A GREATER THEORETICAL EMBRACE OF BOTH AESTHETIC AND HISTORICAL VALUES $ESPITE THE PREVALENCE OF hSCHOOLSv OF CONSERVATION THAT OWE THEIR PRACTICES PARTLY TO THE INHERITED TRADITIONS OF INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES AND RESOURCES THE PREVAILING PRACTICE OF IDENTIFYING AUTHENTICITY IN THE MATERIAL FABRIC OF A BUILDING HAS GIVEN RISE IN ITS MOST EXTREME EXPRESSION TO ARCHITECTURAL EMBALMING WHICH HAS DEVELOPED AN ENTIRE KIT OF SCIENTIlC MEASURES AND AESTHETIC TRICKS TO SUSTAIN AND PRESENT COMPROMISED FABRIC 4HIS IN TURN HAS PROMPTED CRITICAL RESPONSES TO REASSERT THE DOMINANCE OF FORM AND CONTENT BY REPOSITIONING CONSERVATION AS AN ACT OF DESIGN WHOSE AUTHENTICITIES RESIDE IN ARCHITECTURAL PROCESS AND CRAFT TRADITION INSTEAD "Y APPROACHING ALL VISUAL WORKS THROUGH THEIR MODALITIES OF FORM FABRIC AND CONTENT THIS SIMPLE MODEL OFFERS A MEANS OF ASSESSING THE IMMEDIATE OUTCOME AND LONG TERM EFFECTS OF ANY INTERVENTION DECISION !S EACH MODALITY IS GOVERNED BY ONE OR MORE OF THE VARIOUS DISCIPLINES ASSOCIATED WITH CULTURAL HERITAGE CRITICAL ISSUES RELEVANT TO THE WORK OR SITE AND THE PROFESSIONAL INPUT REQUIRED CAN BE BETTER PLACED IN PERSPECTIVE TO

BOTH DEVELOP AND CRITIQUE PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS AND PREDICT THEIR OUTCOME #ONTEMPORARY PRESERVATION MUST STRIVE TO SEEK A MIDDLE GROUND BY ACKNOWLEDGING BOTH PROCESS AND PRODUCT WHEREBY KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE ARE TIED TOGETHER )TS PRIMARY OBLIGATION IS TO EXTEND THE WHOLE LIFE OF THE WORK WHICH IN ADDITION TO THE CREATIVE ENERGIES OF ORIGINAL AND SUBSEQUENT ARTISTIC INTENT MUST ALSO EMBRACE THE EQUALLY LONG AND COMPLEX HISTORY OF ITS RECEPTION OVER TIME !S A MODERN PRACTICE CONSERVATION IS A SCIENTIlC ACTIVITY WHERE ITS AIMS AND METHODS ARE INVOLVED BUT AT THE SAME TIME IT ALSO HAS HUMANISTIC GOALS !S SUCH CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE NOW REQUIRES INPUT FROM VARIOUS SPECIALISTS EACH BRINGING THEIR EXPERTISE TO THE PROBLEM #ONSERVATION STARTS FROM A CONSTRUCTED WORK AND COMES BACK TO THAT WORK THROUGH A SERIES OF PROCESSES THAT BELONG TO A BROAD RANGE OF lELDS AND IT DEPENDS ON THE CONTEMPORARY CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT OF THE WORK 4O THAT END DURATION AS AN EXPRESSION OF VALUE PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN CONSTRUCTING HERITAGE !S "RANDI WARNED A GENERATION AGO h!LL RESTORATION IS A PRODUCT OF ITS TIME AND AS SUCH IS AN ACT OF CRITICAL INTERPRETATION v 7E RESTORE WITH INTENTION AND IT IS THAT INTENTION WHICH NEEDS TO BE CONTINUALLY QUESTIONED AS MUCH AS THE WORK ITSELF %NDNOTES 4HE TERM HERITAGE IS USED HERE SPECIlCALLY TO MEAN CONSTRUCTED HISTORY THAT IS INTENTIONALLY BIASED TOWARD A PARTICULAR GROUP OR ISSUE

3EE $ ,OWENTHAL 4HE (ERITAGE #RUSADE AND THE 3POILS OF (ISTORY ,ONDON 6IKING 0RESS

# "OYER 4HE #ITY OF #OLLECTIVE -EMORY ITS (ISTORICAL )MAGERY AND !RCHITECTURAL %NTERTAINMENTS #AMBRIDGE -)40RESS

PP -ARSHALL 3AHLINS HAS DESCRIBED THE PROCESS OF TRADITION AND ETHNIC MEMORY AS hWHAT BEGAN AS REPRODUCTION ENDS AS TRANSFORMATION v

SO THAT IN THE PROCESS OF REMEMBERING A REINTERPRETATION OR hCULTURAL REORDERING hOCCURS )N THIS WAY TRADITION IS NEITHER STATIC NOR ANTI

MODERN 1UOTED IN - 7 -EISTER 3WEETMEATS OR #ORPSES !RT (ISTORY AND %THNOHISTORY 2ES

! RATIONAL CLASSIlCATION OF HERITAGE VALUES WAS lRST DEVELOPED BY ! 2IEGL 4HE -ODERN #ULT OF -ONUMENTS )TS #HARACTER AND ITS /RIGIN

)N . 3TANLEY 0RICE - + 4ALLEY *R AND ! - 6ACCARO EDS (ISTORICAL AND 0HILOSOPHICAL )SSUES IN THE #ONSERVATION OF #ULTURAL

(ERITAGE ,OS !NGELES 4HE 'ETTY #ONSERVATION )NSTITUTE -ORE RECENT EFFORTS OF 4HE 'ETTY #ONSERVATION )NSTITUTE ON

VALUES AND CULTURAL HERITAGE CAN BE FOUND IN 4HE 'ETTY #ONSERVATION )NSTITUTE 6ALUES AND (ERITAGE #ONSERVATION ,OS !NGELES 4HE *

0AUL 'ETTY 4RUST

!T THE 3CIENCE -USEUM IN ,ONDON THIS DISTINCTION WAS OBSERVED WHERE VISITORS WERE DISTURBED TO SEE EXPENSIVE OLD MOTORCARS LOOKING

SHABBY WHEREAS WHEN THE -USEUM OF ,ONDON OPENED ITS STORES TO THE PUBLIC THE OLD LOOKING HORSE DRAWN CARRIAGES WERE PREFERRED

TO THE NEWLY RESTORED ONES

2IEGL IN 3TANLEY 0RICE ( -USCHAMP h)T S HISTORY NOW SO SHOULDN T MODERNISM BE PRESERVED TOO v .EW 9ORK 4IMES $EC

# "RANDI 4HEORY OF 2ESTORATION !XIOM ˆ2ESTORATION MUST AIM TO REESTABLISH THE POTENTIAL UNITY OF THE WORK AS LONG AS THIS

IS POSSIBLE WITHOUT PRODUCING AN ARTISTIC OR HISTORICAL FORGERY AND WITHOUT ERASING EVERY TRACE OF THE PASSAGE OF TIME #ONCEPT OF

hUNITYv ! FRAGMENTED WORK WILL CONTINUE TO EXIST AS A POTENTIAL WHOLE IN EACH OF ITS FRAGMENTS 4HE FORM OF EACH WORK OF ART IS

INDIVISIBLE 4HEREFORE LACUNAE OR INTERRUPTIONS BE THEY VISUAL AESTHETIC OR STRUCTURAL MUST BE REINTEGRATED TO REESTABLISH THE IMAGE

RELATED OR MATERIAL UNITY OF THE WORK 4HE REINTEGRATION MUST BE RECOGNIZABLE YET REESTABLISH UNITY OF THE WORK )N . 3TANLEY 0RICE

0ATINA IS THE IMPERCEPTIBLE MUTING PLACED ON THE MATERIALS THAT ARE COMPELLED TO REMAIN SUBDUED WITHIN THE IMAGE 0ATINA IS AGE VALUE

AND THE FACE OF TIME AND PRESERVES THE UNITY AND EQUILIBRIUM OF THE WORK h&OR RESTORATION TO BE A LEGITIMATE OPERATION IT CANNOT PRESUME

THAT TIME IS REVERSIBLE OR THAT HISTORY CAN BE ABOLISHEDxIT MUST ALLOW ITSELF TO BE EMPHASIZED AS A TRUE HISTORICAL EVENTxv "RANDI

IN 3TANLEY 0RICE

"EGINNING IN THE MID TH CENTURY THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION FROM INDUSTRIALIZATION BEGAN TO BE OBSERVED AND DISTINGUISHED

FROM NATURAL WEATHERING PROCESSES THUS PROMPTING THE ENTRY OF SCIENCE INTO BUILDING AND MONUMENT CONSERVATION

0 0HILIPPOT 2ESTORATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE HUMANITIES )N 3TANLEY 0RICE 2USKIN * 4HE 3EVEN ,AMPS OF !RCHITECTURE .EW 9ORK &ARRAR 3TRAUS AND 'IROUX

PP 2USKIN P 2USKIN CHALLENGED AND EXTENDED 6ITRUVIUS S PRIMARY REQUIREMENTS OF lRMNESS COMMODITY AND DELIGHT IN HIS 3EVEN ,AMPS OF

!RCHITECTURE TO INCLUDE SACRIlCE TRUTH POWER BEAUTY LIFE MEMORY AND OBEDIENCE

2USKIN P ! FASCINATION WITH RUINS WAS COMMON THROUGHOUT THE LATE TH AND TH CENTURIES AND APPEARS IN PAINTING LITERATURE AESTHETICS AND

ARCHITECTURE 4HE DILEMMA 2USKIN CLEARLY ARTICULATES IS THE CONTRADICTION BETWEEN AGE OR WEATHERING WITH WHAT HE TERMS hORIGINAL OR TRUE

CHARACTER v 2USKIN P h&OR THOUGH HITHERTO WE HAVE BEEN SPEAKING OF THE SENTIMENT OF AGE ONLY THERE IS AN ACTUAL BEAUTY

IN THE MARKS OF ITxv 2USKIN P

2USKIN VOICED A SIMILAR NEGATIVE VIEW TOWARD THE RESTORATION OF PAINTINGS hxCLEANING WHICH IS INCIPIENT DESTRUCTION AND x RESTORING

THAT IS PAINTING OVER WHICH IS OF COURSE TOTAL DESTRUCTION v h;4HOSE PAINTINGS= HOWEVER FRAGMENTARY HOWEVER RUINOUS HOWEVER

OBSCURED AND DElLED IS ALMOST ALWAYS THE REAL THING THERE ARE NO FRESH READINGSx v 3TONES OF 6ENICE 6OL )) #H 6))) !RTICLES

2IEGLE ALSO REMARKED ON THE FAILURE OF RESTORATION IN ITS CONmATION OF NEWNESS VALUE WITH ARTISTIC VALUE THE LATTER IN SUPPORT OF RECAPTURING

AND DISPLAYING THE ARCHITECT S ORIGINAL INTENT

2USKIN P 2 ,ONGSTRETH h4HE 3IGNIlCANCE OF THE 2ECENT 0AST v !04 "ULLETIN )T IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THERE IS NO AGE CRITERIA FOR

INCLUSION OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES IN THE 7ORLD (ERITAGE ,IST

h4HE -ODERN -OVEMENT LOVED BOTH LIFE AND DEATH BUT SEPARATELY !RCHITECTS GENERALLY DO NOT LOVE THAT PART OF LIFE THAT RESEMBLES DEATH

DECAYING CONSTRUCTIONS THE DISSOLVING TRACES THAT TIME LEAVES ON BUILDINGS ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH BOTH THE IDEOLOGY OF MODERNITY

AND WITH WHAT MIGHT BE CALLED CONCEPTUAL AESTHETICS v " 4SCHUMI !RCHITECTURE AND 4RANSGRESSION /PPOSITIONS

% % 6IOLLET LE DUC @2ESTORATION IN 4HE &OUNDATIONS OF !RCHITECTURE 3ELECTIONS FROM THE $ICTIONNAIRE 2AISONNÏ TRANS + $ 7HITEHEAD

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6IOLLET LE DUC PP & "ERCE AND " &OUCART 6IOLLET LE $UC 7ASHINGTON $ # 4HE 4RUST FOR -USEUM %XHIBITIONS PP &OR RECENT CRITICISM ON THIS SEE 0 -ARCONI -ATERAILI E 3IGNIlCATO LA 1UESTIONE DEL 2ESTAURO !RCHITETTONICO 2OME AND "ARI

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6ISITORS LOOKING AT THE GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES AT THE #ARDADA /BSERVATORY ABOVE ,OCARNO 3WITZERLAND $ESIGNED BY 0AOLO "Ã RGI 0HOTO * $IXON (UNT

3IGMUND &REUD BEGINS HIS #IVILIZATION AND ITS $ISCONTENTS BY ADDRESSING THE ISSUE OF HOW MUCH AND HOW LONG THE HUMAN MIND CAN RETAIN MEMORIES 4HIS hGENERAL PROBLEMv IS AS HE PUTS IT A QUESTION OF hPRESERVATION IN THE SPHERE OF THE MINDv ) REREAD HIS CHAPTER IN WHICH HE ARGUES UNSURPRISINGLY BUT ALMOST TRIUMPHANTLY FOR THE COMPLETE RETENTION IN THE HUMAN MIND OF EVERYTHING THAT HAS BEEN FORMED THERE WHEN ) WAS PREPARING TO TALK ON ARCHITECTURE AND MEMORY AT 'EORGIA 4ECH ! VERSION OF THAT TALK IS OFFERED HERE AS AN OBLIQUE BUT ) HOPE SIGNIlCANT PERSPECTIVE ON THE IDEA OF DURATION HERE ) REJOIN AND REWORK SOME OF THE ARGUMENTS CONNECTED WITH HISTORIC PRESERVATION THAT ) PUT FORWARD IN MY RECENT BOOK 4HE !FTERLIFE OF 'ARDENS 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA 0RESS

.O SUBJECT HAS BEEN AS DISCUSSED AMONG WRITERS ON LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE WITH SUCH ENTHUSIASM AS ITS TIES TO MEMORY 4WO SUBSTANTIAL COLLECTIONS OF ESSAYS NEITHER UNFORTUNATELY IN %NGLISH HAVE EXPLORED THE CONNECTIONS WITH APPARENT THOROUGHNESS A COLLOQUIUM DURING THE EARLY S IN &RANCE PRODUCED ,E *ARDIN ART ET LIEU DE MÏMOIRE WHILE A COLLECTION OF )TALIAN ESSAYS ENTITLED )L 'IARDINO E LA MEMORIA DEL MONDO APPEARED MORE RECENTLY FROM THE &LORENCE PUBLISHERS /LSCHKI IN THEIR SERIES h'IARDINI E 0AESAGGIOv ) MENTION THESE PARTLY TO NOTE THAT THERE ARE RELEVANT CRITICAL WORKS OUT THERE AND LANDSCAPE STUDIES ARE ABSURDLY BLIND TO WORK IN OTHER COUNTRIES AND OTHER LANGUAGES AS THOSE TWO VOLUMES THEMSELVES REVEAL IN THEIR SOLIDLY EURO CENTRIC REFERENCES AND PARTLY BECAUSE THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS DO NOT IN THE END SEEM TO ADDRESS ADEQUATELY THE TOPIC WE ARE ENGAGED WITH HERE -OST OF THE ENQUIRIES SO FAR CONDUCTED INTO THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN LANDSCAPE AND MEMORY ARE GROUNDED IN HISTORICAL INVOCATIONS OF CLASSICAL RHETORIC THE FAMOUS STUDY BY &RANCES 9ATES ON 4HE !RT OF -EMORY IS THE DISTINGUISHED EXPONENT OF HOW THE ART OF MEMORY THE ARS MEMORIAE WAS UNDERSTOOD AND PRACTICED IN MEDIAEVAL AND 2ENAISSANCE TIMES

"UT ˆ TO PUT THE MATTER NOW SUCCINCTLY AND BLUNTLY ˆ THE TRADITIONS AND HABITS BY WHICH CLASSICAL RHETORICIANS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS EXPLAINED AND PRACTICED THE ARTS OF MEMORY SEEM TO BE USELESS IN OUR VERY DIFFERENT CULTURE A CULTURE WITH NO EDUCATIONAL INSISTENCE ON TRAINING MEMORY AND APPARENTLY FAR LESS NEED TO DO SO SYSTEMATICALLY IN AN AGE WHEN WE HAVE ABUNDANT PAPER AND PENCILS WHICH THE ANCIENTS DID NOT POSSESS AS WELL AS PALM PILOTS PORTABLE RECORDERS VIDEO PHOTOGRAPHY TAPES ETC !ND MORE IMPORTANTLY THAN THAT WE INHABIT A CULTURE THAT SEEMS TO SHARE SO LITTLE IN COMMON THAT THE ANCIENT RHETORICAL DEVICES OF FOR INSTANCE EMBLEMS AND ALLEGORICAL lGURES CAN NO LONGER BE EMPLOYED TO CONVEY IDEAS AND THAT A COMPENDIUM OF REFERENCES OR ARSENAL OF SHARED GENERAL KNOWLEDGE CANNOT BE COUNTED UPON AS A LINGUA FRANCA IN COMMUNICATION !S .IETSZCHE IS QUOTED IN ONE PRESENTATION OF "ERNARD 4SCHUMI S 0ARC LA 6ILLETTE ˆ h4HE WORLD FOR US HAS BECOME INlNITE MEANING THAT WE CANNOT REFUSE IT THE POSSIBILITY TO LEND ITSELF TO AN INlNITY OF INTERPRETATIONSv 4SCHUMI HIMSELF DECLARED THAT THE 6ILLETTE PROJECT hAIMS TO UNSETTLE BOTH MEMORY AND CONTEXTv ) WANT TO ENQUIRE BRIEmY INTO THIS BREAKDOWN OF CLASSICAL TRADITIONS OF MEMORY SYSTEMS AS A PRELUDE TO ASKING WHAT MODES AND MECHANISMS OF MEMORY ARE AVAILABLE THESE DAYS BOTH TO LANDSCAPE PRACTITIONERS AND THOSE WHO EXPERIENCE THEIR WORK ) LL FOCUS UPON ONE VERY ILLUMINATING INCIDENT THAT OCCURRED AT A WATERSHED OF MODERNITY IN THE TH CENTURY 4WO )N *OSEPH 3PENCE WHO WAS A PROFESSOR OF BOTH POETRY AND MODERN HISTORY AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF /XFORD

DECIDED THAT A SUFlCIENT KNOWLEDGE OF 2OMAN DIVINITIES THEIR NAMES ATTRIBUTES AND POWERS WAS LACKING AMONG BOTH STUDENTS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC SO HE WROTE AND PUBLISHED 0OLYMETIS WHICH WENT THROUGH INNUMERABLE EDITIONS UNTIL SUGGESTING INDEED THAT THERE WAS NEED AND DEMAND FOR HIS WORK )N IT HE ASSEMBLED ALL THE VERBAL DESCRIPTIONS AND VISUAL IMAGERY HE COULD lND ON EACH DEITY AND GATHERED THEM ˆ STATUES INSCRIPTIONS

MEDALS ETC ˆ IN A SERIES OF APPROPRIATE TEMPLES SCATTERED AROUND A LARGE LANDSCAPED GARDEN !S VISITORS PROCEEDED FROM TEMPLE TO TEMPLE THEY D LEARN OR REFRESH THEIR MEMORIES ABOUT THE CHARACTERISTICS BEHAVIOUR

ATTRIBUTES ACTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS OF EACH DEITY INCLUDING THE VARIOUS DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF ANY ONE LIKE !POLLO )T WAS A MEMORY BANK OF CLASSICAL LORE AND LEGEND OR IF YOU LIKE A HUGE PERIPATETIC ENCYCLOPEDIA OR ALTERNATIVELY SOME RESERVE COLLECTION OF TEXTS AND SLIDES IN A MODERN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FOR A COURSE ON CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY 4HE VERY YEAR IN WHICH 3PENCE PUBLISHED THIS GUIDE TO THE NOMENCLATURE AND ATTRIBUTES OF 2OMAN GODS AND GODDESSES A YOUNG CLERGYMAN CALLED 7ILLIAM 'ILPIN LATER TO BECOME FAMOUS AS THE THEORIST AND POPULARISER OF THE PICTURESQUE VISITED THE GARDENS AT 3TOWE WHICH MUST HAVE SEEMED IN ITS PROFUSION OF TEMPLES STATUES AND INSCRIPTIONS NOT A BIT SIMILAR TO THE IMAGINARY LANDSCAPE OF THE 0OLYMETIS 'ILPIN SUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED AN

ACCOUNT OF THIS VISIT IN IN THE FORM OF A DIALOGUE THAT CONTRASTS TWO KINDS OF RECEPTION OF THE 3TOWE SITE AND ITS DENSE ARRAY OF ICONOGRAPHY /NE VISITOR SEEMS TO POSSESS AN INSTANT RECALL OF ALL NECESSARY KNOWLEDGE BY WHICH TO NEGOTIATE THE GARDENS THE OTHER PROMPTS HIS FRIEND BY CONSTANTLY ASKING ABOUT THE STORIES REPRESENTED IN PAINTINGS AND THE MEANINGS OF THE SERIES OF TEMPLES ON SOME FEW OTHER OCCASIONS THE LESS INFORMED MAN HIMSELF REGISTERS AND IDENTIlES SUBJECTS ˆ hTAKEN FROM THE &AIRY 1UEEN ) DARE SAY THEY LOOK LIKE 3PENCER S )DEASv PP /N SEVERAL OCCASIONS hINSCRIPTIONSxEXPLAIN THE $ESIGNSv P AND ALLOW DISQUISITIONS ON THE TOPIC OR SUBJECT IDENTIlED 7ILLIAM 0ENN FOR INSTANCE ;P = "UT GRADUALLY THERE DEVELOPS A DISTINCT CONTRAST BETWEEN 0OLYPTHON WHO HANKERS AFTER MEANINGS AND IDENTIlCATIONS AND #ALLOPHILUS WHO RESPONDS MORE TO FORMAL EFFECTS VISTAS AND PROSPECTS IT IS HE WHO IDENTIlES A STRUCTURE OF hWHIMSICAL APPEARANCEv AS THE h#HINESE (OUSEv P 9ET THE CONTRASTS ARE NOT SO STARK AS THAT SUGGESTS #ALLOPHILUS lNDS hA KIND OF %MBLEMv P SIMPLY IN THE SHADY WALKS OF THE WOODLAND GROVES RATHER THAN IN SOME SYMBOL OR SCULPTURED ITEM (IS ABILITY TO INSTRUCT HIS COMPANION ALSO SUGGESTS THAT HE HAS MASTERED MEANINGS AND REFERENCES AS THE SOLE MECHANISMS OF GARDEN MEANING EVEN AS HE MOVES BEYOND THEM HE KNOWS THAT HIS COMPANION CAN PURCHASE A GUIDE TO ALL THE INSCRIPTIONS AND GARDEN IMAGERY AT THE LOCAL INN P ˆ IMPLYING THAT HE S GONE THROUGH ALL THAT HIMSELF 4HROUGHOUT WHOEVER DISPLAYS COMPETENCE OR IS BAFmED BY WHAT IS ENCOUNTERED IN THE LONG EXCURSION THROUGH THE GARDENS WHETHER IDENTIlCATIONS ARE PRECISE OR WHETHER SOMETHING ONLY hPUTS ONE IN MIND OF SOME GENEROUS PATRIOT IN HIS RETIREMENTv P ˆ I E PROVOKES A VERY GENERAL IDEA IT IS CLEAR THAT A LANDSCAPE LIKE 3TOWE WAS DESIGNED FOR AND EXPECTED TO PROVOKE AND SUSTAIN A CONSTANT mOW OF CONVERSATION THAT DREW UPON AN ASSUMED BODY OF SHARED MEMORIES 'ILPIN HIGHLIGHTS PRECISELY THE RANGE OF COMPREHENSION POSSIBLE TO A MID TH CENTURY VISITOR TO A LANDSCAPE GARDEN RICHLY ENDOWED WITH ITEMS THAT THE PREVIOUS YEARS HAD DEEMED PERFECTLY READABLE !S THE $IALOGUE CLOSES HOWEVER THE ONE WHO HAS BEEN SO CONCERNED TO KNOW EXACTLY WHAT REFERENCE WHAT STORY WHAT INCIDENT HE IS FACED WITH IS ALLOWED TO CELEBRATE THE GARDEN AS hA VERY GOOD EPITOME OF THE 7ORLDv P UNDERSTOOD AS A VARIETY OF SCENES THAT WILL SATISFY ALL PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS )T IS AS IF BY THE END EVEN THIS CHARACTER 0OLYPTHON CAN ACCEPT A MEASURE OF EXPRESSIVE AND AFFECTIVE DESIGN 4HREE !LL THIS RESONATES WITH A DISTINCTION FAMILIAR ENOUGH TODAY -ARC 4REIB CAN USEFULLY STAND AS ITS REPRESENTATIVE SPOKESMAN WHEN IN WRITING ABOUT THE 7OODLAND #EMETERY IN 3TOCKHOLM HE OPTS TO CAST ASIDE hERUDITE REFERENCES TO HISTORY THAT DEMAND AN EDUCATED VISITORv IN FAVOUR OF hSIGNIlCANCE ;THAT= DOES NOT DEPEND ON INTERPRETING ICONOGRAPHY v 9ET WHAT IT DOES DEPEND UPON IS NOT CLEAR BUT SEEMS ˆ FOR 4REIB ˆ TO BE INSTINCTIVE RESPONSES ONLY TO THE FORMS OF DESIGN ) AM NOT SO CONVINCED THAT WE NEED RETREAT SO FAR 7HILE

WE ARE CERTAINLY HEIRS TODAY OF THE DISTINCTION PROPOSED BY 4HOMAS 7HATELY IN BETWEEN hEMBLEMATICv GARDENS WITH READABLE IMAGERY AND A VOCABULARY AND SYNTAX APPARENTLY SHARED BY ALL VISITORS AND THOSE THAT PROMOTED hEXPRESSIONv THE FAR MORE PERSONAL RESPONSES OF THE SENSITIVE AND SOLITARY IMAGINATION THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT WE HAVE LOST OUR MEMORIES AND CAN NO LONGER EXERCISE OUR IMAGINATIONS )T IS A FAMILIAR CLAIM THAT BOTH EDUCATION AND THE DIVERSITY OF THE WORLD WE LIVE ˆ DESPITE ITS GLOBALISM ˆ DENY US ANY COMMONALITY OF REFERENCE EVEN THAT THIS VERY GLOBALISM REDUCES TO A BARE COMMON DENOMINATOR THE FEW SIGNS AND REFERENCES WE HAVE IN COMMON .ONETHELESS WHILE WE PROBABLY LIVE IN WHAT ) WOULD CALL PLAYING OFF 9ATES !RT OF -EMORY AN ARTLESSLY MNEMONIC WORLD IT IS NOT A WORLD WITHOUT MEMORIES !ND THESE MEMORIES WILL INCLUDE A RANGE OF POSSIBILITIES UNIMAGINABLE BY THOSE IN THE TH CENTURY FACED WITH A LOSS OF SHARED IMAGERY AND CLEARLY UNIMAGINABLE BY -ARC 4REIB FOR WHOM THERE SEEMS TO BE NOTHING IN THE MEMORY BANK AND ITS MECHANISMS THIS SIDE OF hERUDITIONv hICONOGRAPHYv AND THE CONSCIOUS ACT OF hINTERPRETATIONv (ERE WE MIGHT RECALL EVEN IF WE CANNOT NOW LINGER UPON ITS SUGGESTIVE SCOPE 3IGMUND &REUD S DISCUSSION OF THE MIND S RESOURCES IN PARTICULAR ITS PARTICULAR ABILITY TO PRESERVE MEMORIES LIKE SOME PALIMPSESTIAL MODEL OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF 2OME hIN MENTAL LIFE NOTHING WHICH HAS ONCE BEEN FORMED CAN PERISH ˆ THAT EVERYTHING IS SOMEHOW PRESERVED AND THAT IN SUITABLE CIRCUMSTANCESx IT CAN ONCE MORE BE BROUGHT TO LIGHTv &OUR 7HAT IS CLEAR IS THAT FOR BOTH DESIGNERS AND THOSE WHO BENElT FROM AND EXPERIENCE THEIR DESIGNS THERE EXIST SKILLS EVEN ARTS TO ACTIVATE AND INDULGE OUR CAPACITY FOR IMAGINATIVE MEMORIES &IRST ) D LIKE TO PUT ASIDE ON THIS OCCASION THE TOPIC THAT SHOULD RECEIVE ADEQUATE TREATMENT ELSEWHERE MEMORIALS "Y THEIR VERY NATURE MANY OR MOST MEMORIALS ARE ESTABLISHED WITHIN COMMUNITIES THAT RECOGNIZE WHAT IS AT STAKE WHAT IS BEING RECALLED AND UNDERSTAND THE LOCATION AND SYNTAX OF THE INVENTION 7HILE IT IS TRUE THAT THE 6IETNAM -EMORIAL FOR INSTANCE HAS GENERATED AN OFTEN EXTREME RANGE OF RESPONSE NOBODY IS IGNORANT OF WHAT IS MEMORIALIZED THERE EVEN IF BOTH THE MODE OF COMMEMORATION AND ITS hTAKEv ON THE WAR IN SOUTH EAST !SIA HAVE BEEN DEBATED (OWEVER IT IS ALSO WORTH REMINDING OURSELVES THAT SOME MEMORIALS AT LEAST CAN LOSE THEIR RESONANCE OVER TIME ˆ THE EMBLEMATIC CASE ) SUPPOSE IS THE WORN GRAVESTONE AND ITS COROLLARY WHAT WE MIGHT TERM THE h%LEGY IN A #OUNTRY #HURCHYARDv SYNDROME OF hMUTE INGLORIOUSv DENIZENS OF INNUMERABLE GRAVEYARDS ABOUT WHOM WE CAN RECALL NOTHING WHATSOEVER 4HE FAR MORE PROBLEMATICAL ISSUE IS WHAT MEANINGS OR MEMORIES CAN BE COMMUNICATED BY CONTEMPORARY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE WHEN DESIGN DOES NOT SPECIlCALLY INVOKE SOME EVENT OR FAMOUS PERSON LIKE THE &$2 -EMORIAL 9ET LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE WITHOUT MEMORIAL FUNCTION IS NOT SURELY DEVOID OF WHAT WE MIGHT CALL RESONANCE ) MEAN EXCELLENT DESIGN WORK ˆ FOR ) MUST ARGUE IN PASSING THAT GOOD DESIGN IS

CHARACTERIZED AMONG ITS OTHER ASPECTS PRECISELY BY SUCH AN hAURAv OR RESONANCE THAT ACTIVATES MEMORY

MEMORY THAT IN ITS TURN DEPENDS UPON BOTH IMAGINATION AND KNOWLEDGE IN ITS RECIPIENTS .IETZSCHE POPULARIZED THE IDEA THAT WE CANNOT LEARN ANYTHING THAT WE DO NOT ALREADY KNOW SO ONE STRATEGY BY WHICH OUR MEMORIES ARE ACTIVATED ON A LANDSCAPED SITE IS BY THE DESIGN REMINDING US OF SOMETHING THAT WAS UP TO THAT POINT LOST

FORGOTTEN OR REPRESSED BUT WHICH NOW RELEASED IS WORKED UPON BY THE IMAGINATION AND SINCE THIS IS A QUESTION OF MEMORY

BY THE HISTORICAL IMAGINATION IN THE BROADEST SENSE 7E NEED TO LOOK AT MATTERS FROM BOTH THE DESIGNER S POINT OF VIEW AND THE VISITOR S WHICH DO NOT ALWAYS ˆ NOR PERHAPS DO THEY NEED TO ˆ COINCIDE 4HE DESIGNER HAS BASICALLY TWO STRATEGIES TO PRE DETERMINE MEANINGS AND TRY TO COMMUNICATE THEM COUNTING UPON HIS HER SKILL AT PRODUCING FORMS THAT WILL RELEASE IN VISITORS A RANGE OF MEMORIES AND MEANINGS THAT APPROXIMATE HIS HER OWN ALTERNATIVELY THE DESIGN MIGHT ESCHEW ALL EFFORT TO INSERT OR ENCODE MEANINGS TRUSTING PRESUMABLY TO A SERIES OF WILLINGLY INTERACTIVE RESPONDENTS &ROM THE VISITORS PERSPECTIVE WE MAY IMAGINE SOME WHO CONSCIOUSLY BUT SYMPATHETICALLY APPLY THEIR OWN RESOURCES OF MEMORY TO AN ENCOUNTER IN SUCH A WAY THAT THEY APPRECIATE SOME MUCH OR EVEN ALL OF THE MEANINGS INTENDED BY THE DESIGN IF SUCH WERE INTENDED BUT EQUALLY OR ALTERNATIVELY THE VISITOR MAY SIMPLY EXERCISE HIS HER FREE ASSOCIATION DRAWING UPON ASSOCIATIONS AND MEMORIES THAT THE DESIGNER MIGHT NEVER HAVE CONSIDERED AND THUS COME TO hlLLv THE SITE WITH THEIR OWN MORE OR LESS RICH AND REWARDING IDEAS 7E HAVE SUFlCIENT EXPERIENCE OF ALL THESE MODES AND RESPONSES THE STUDENT AT A lNAL REVIEW THE DESIGNER MAKING HIS HER PITCH TO A CLIENT OR JURY MAY ELABORATE ON THE hMEANINGSv THAT THE DESIGN SUPPOSEDLY INCORPORATES BUT THE VISITOR S SHARE ) RE WORK 'OMBRICH S FAMOUS PHRASE hTHE BEHOLDER S SHAREv IS LARGELY IGNORED OR POSTPONED "UT ONCE A SITE COMES INTO EXISTENCE THERE IS THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS VISITORS BEING GUIDED IN AN INTERPRETATION OF SOME PRE CODED MEANINGS 7E ALL HAVE USED OR SEEN VISITORS USING GUIDEBOOKS THAT SPELL OUT WHAT MAY ESCAPE OR BE MISSING IN THEIR OWN OUR MINDS AND MEMORIES PROMPTING THEM IN WAYS THAT THE SITE ITSELF CANNOT READILY DO "UT WE HAVE ALSO EXPERIENCED EXTRAORDINARY mIGHTS OF FANCY IN RESPONSE TO SOME SITE OR DESIGN IT HAPPENS ALL THE TIME IN ACADEMIC CRITICISM "UT IT ALSO HAPPENS IN WAYS WE CAN ONLY GUESS AT UNLESS WE EAVESDROP THAT MANY PEOPLE VISIT AND RESPOND TO SITES WITH THEIR OWN INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES OF EXPERIENCE

KNOWLEDGE AND MEMORY 3OME SITES THAT HAVE BEEN IN EXISTENCE FOR A LONG TIME AND ESPECIALLY THROUGH CULTURAL CHANGES PROVIDE FASCINATING EXAMPLES OF FRESH READINGS AS VERBAL AND VISUAL RECORDS ACCRETE A PALIMPSEST OF RECEPTIONS %VEN THE 6IETNAM -EMORIAL CAN BE SEEN AS HAVING ALREADY ACQUIRED A MULTIPLICITY OF RESPONSES CONTESTED MEMORIES YES AND SOME PREFERABLE THAN OTHERS ACCORDING TO WHAT YOU BRING TO THE EXPERIENCE !NOTHER EXAMPLE WOULD BE THE CENTURIES OLD HABIT OF RESPONDING TO RUINS BY COMPLETING THEIR STRUCTURES IN WORD OR IMAGE lLLING THE VACANCIES WITH PERHAPS NEW ASSOCIATIONS RESTORING FRAGMENTS AFTER THE VISITOR S OWN MENTAL RECOLLECTIONS AND DESIGNS

3EEN FROM THIS THE VISITOR S OR RECEIVER S PERSPECTIVE THE POSSIBILITIES ARE VAST "UT THERE ARE RESOURCES FOR THE DESIGNER TO CALL UPON THAT CAN RESCUE HIM FROM BEING TRAPPED BETWEEN THE ROCK OF COMMUNITY DESIGN AND PRESCRIPTION OF MEANING ON THE ONE HAND AND ON THE OTHER THE HARD PLACE OF ARGUING FOR SOME UNIVERSAL HUMAN KITTY OR RESERVOIR OF RELIABLE MEMORIES !N OBVIOUS CASE IS THE INVOCATION OF MATERIALS AND FORMS THAT RECALL BY INTENSIFYING LOCALITY (ALPRIN S CASCADES IN 0ORTLAND ARE AN ABSTRACT RECOLLECTION OF MOUNTAIN STREAMS

OR +ILEY S WONDERFUL &OUNTAIN 0LACE IN $ALLAS GATHERS CYPRESSES AND A DESCENT OF WATERS IN WAYS THAT REMIND OF BUT DO NOT TRY AND REPLICATE 4EXAN SWAMP LANDSCAPES !NOTHER MOVE IS SO TO CONCENTRATE ˆ NOT CROWD

BUT EPITOMIZE ˆ FORMS THAT SEIZE THE IMAGINATION BY THE FORCE OF THEIR OWN PRESENTATION HERE AGAIN &OUNTAIN 0LACE ESTABLISHING ITS OWN STRONG IDENTITY AS A PRECIOUS ENCLAVE WITHIN THE URBAN HARDNESS AND HEAT ALLOWS ANYONE TO DREAM AND THINK WITHIN ITS VIRTUAL ENCLOSURE &IVE 3OME DESIGNERS CONlDENT PRESUMABLY WITH THE DURABILITY OF MEMORY HAVE OF COURSE TAKEN THE INITIATIVE AND DIRECTED REACTION AND RECEPTION WHILE INVOKING THE RICH RESOURCES OF THEIR OWN ART (ERE ARE TWO EXAMPLES !T THE EDGE OF )AN (AMILTON &INLAY S GARDEN OF ,ITTLE 3PARTA VISITORS COME UPON A FENCE FRAGMENT DESCENDING INTO THE LOCHAN ON WHICH IS INSCRIBED THE SINGLE WORD 0)#452%315% 4O WHICH THERE ARE MANY RESPONSES ALL OF WHICH REQUIRE SOME MNEMONIC AGILITY AND ACTIVITY ON THEIR PART THEY CAN LAUGH AT THE APPARENT UN PICTURESQUENESS AND SEE A JOKE AT THE EXPENCE OF THIS TIRED OLD WARHORSE OF A CONCEPT OR THEY CAN ACKNOWLEDGE ITS TRIBUTE TO THE FASCINATION WITH DECAY WHAT THE PAINTER *OHN #ONSTABLE CALLED hOLD ROTTEN BANKS SLIMY POSTSv PERHAPS THEY MIGHT RECALL THE VOGUE FOR BASING LANDSCAPE DESIGN UPON PAINTERLY MODELS ˆ THOUGH THEN WONDERING WHOSE PAINTINGS ARE IMITATED HERE AS SCENES EARLIER IN THE GARDEN HAD RECALLED $à RER AND #LAUDE OR IF WE ARE ALERT TO THE CONTEXT AND TO &INLAY S FASCINATION WITH REVOLUTION WE MIGHT lND A MORE STRENUOUS REFERENCE TO THE FAMOUS "RITISH EXPONENTS OF THE PICTURESQUE ˆ 'ILPIN 2ICHARD 0AYNE +NIGHT 5VEDALE 0RICE AND PERHAPS (UMPHRY 2EPTON ˆ NOT UNIMPORTANTLY CONTEMPORARIES WITH THOSE OTHER REVOLUTIONARIES 3T *UST 2OUSSEAU 2OBESPIERRE

WHOSE LIVES AND WORKS ARE BY NO MEANS NEGLIGIBLE LET ALONE PICTURESQUE IN THE CANT USAGE OF THAT TERM 4HE MARVELOUS SUCCESS OF THIS SMALL INTERVENTION ) SUGGEST IS PRECISELY THAT IT OPENS UP A WHOLE ANTHOLOGY OF MEMORIES /NE PROJECT FROM ONWARDS BY THE 3WISS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT 0AOLO "URGI DRAWS UPON HISTORY EVEN AS IT RELIES UPON THE EXTRAORDINARY CONTEXT OF ITS MOUNTAIN SITE !T #ARDADA ABOVE ,OCARNO A GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY GATHERS AND PRESENTS THE MATERIALS FOR A REVIEW OF GEOLOGICAL TIME NOTABLY RECALLING THE COLLISION OF THE %UROPEAN AND !FRICAN CONTINENTS "URGI CALLS IT h5N GRANDE SCENARIO UNA STORIA FANTASTICAv WHICH HIS PROPOSAL SEEKS TO BRING HOME TO VISITORS BY ACTIVATING HISTORICAL IMAGINATION ON A SUITABLY DRAMATIC SITE

,OWER DOWN THE MOUNTAIN A BREATHTAKING PROMONTORY IS CANTILEVERED INTO THE VOID ABOVE THE FOREST ALONG ITS PEDESTRIAN SURFACE THE hATTENTION OF THE VISITORv IS DIRECTED TO A SERIES OF EMBEDDED IMAGES ˆ FROM $.!

MOLECULES OUT OF PRIMORDIAL SEAS TO THE SIGNS AND MARKINGS OF OUR OWN ECOSYSTEMS 7HAT CHARACTERIZES THESE SITES ABOVE ALL IS THEIR CONlDENCE IN THE MNEMONIC CAPACITIES AND CAPABILITIES OF VISITORS AND THAT THESE MEMORIES ENDURE 4HEY SEEM TO REACH OUT AND DRAW US INTO THEIR WORLD

PROPOSING AN AGENDA OF MEANINGS FOR WHICH OUR MEMORIES ARE LIKELY TO BE PRIMED 7HAT WE CANNOT KNOW

UNLESS WE ARE PREPARED TO UNDERTAKE THIS RESEARCH MORE SYSTEMATICALLY THAN HAS BEEN DONE HERETOFORE IS WHETHER ON SITES LIKE THESE TWO RADICALLY DIFFERENT ONES PEOPLE CREATE THEIR OWN VERSION OF THE SITE FROM OTHER IDEAS ASSOCIATIONS AND MEMORIES

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4HE WORDS DURABILITY AND DURATION SHARE A COMMON ROOT SUGGESTING HARDNESS OR AN ABILITY TO LAST "OTH IDEAS SUGGEST AN ABILITY TO HOLD OUT AGAINST TIME $URATION AND DURABILITY ARE UNQUESTIONABLY CENTRAL TO THE IDEA AND PRACTICE OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION 4HEY ARE IMPLIED GOALS IN MUCH OF WHAT PRESERVATIONISTS DO AND THINK ABOUT

AND THEREFORE THEY WARRANT A CLOSER LOOK 4HINKING ABOUT THE EXPERIENCE OF DURATION AND DURABILITY AS NOTIONAL QUALITIES IN ADDITION TO MATERIAL REALITIES OFFERS INSIGHT INTO THE CHANGING DEMANDS ON THE PRESERVATION lELD &OR PRESERVATIONISTS IS SEEKING DURATION AND DURABILITY ALWAYS A GOOD THING $URATION ) WOULD SAY IS ALWAYS A PRESENCE IN PRESERVATION DISCOURSE AND PRAXIS AND IS A hGOOD THINGv IN THE SENSE THAT IT REALLY DElNES THE lELD 4HE hAGE VALUEv THAT !LOIS 2EIGL OBSERVED IN THEORIZING PRESERVATION AT THE TURN OF THE TH CENTURY FOR INSTANCE IS A WAY OF EXPRESSING A SENSE OF TIME HAVING PASSED A SENSE OF DURATION !ND AS $AVID ,OWENTHAL FAMOUSLY WROTE IN HIS LANDMARK BOOK OF THE PAST IN MODERN WESTERN SOCIETY IS hA FOREIGN COUNTRY v 4HIS SENSE OF DISTANCE METAPHORICALLY REINFORCED IN GEOGRAPHIC TERMS WHAT WAS FUNDAMENTALLY A CHRONOLOGIC EXPERIENCE HISTORY WAS SOMETHING DISTANT SOMETHING IN THE PAST AND WE PERCEIVE THIS DISTANCE IN UNITS OF DURATION 4HE EMINENT HISTORIAN &RANÎOISE #HOAY IN CLOSING HER MASTERFUL BOOK 4HE )NVENTION OF THE (ISTORIC -ONUMENT UNSURPRISINGLY PLACED DURATION RIGHT AT THE CENTER OF THE CRISIS FACING PRESERVATION IN CONTEMPORARY CULTURE %XPOUNDING ON THE hNARCISSISMv OF HERITAGE SHE WRITES h;4=HE PROSTHESES ;ELECTRONIC DIGITAL MEDIA THE MEANS OF THE VIRTUAL NON PLACE REALM= THAT LIBERATE US FROM THE ASCENDANCY OF PLACE ALSO RELEASE US FROM OUR INVOLVEMENT IN DURATION INSTALLING US IN INSTANTANEITY v !LL BAD DEVELOPMENTS SHE ARGUES AS THEY LESSEN THE PRESERVATION lELD S DEPENDENCE ON DURATION !BOUT DURABILITY AS ) SEE IT THE PRESERVATION MINDED HAVE HAD MORE MIXED OPINIONS $URABILITY HAS LONG BEEN A lXTURE OF PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION A QUALITY OF RESISTANCE TO CHANGE THAT WE SEEK IN OLD THINGS AND SEEK TO SUPPORT IN THINGS THAT BEGIN TO DETERIORATE NOTICEABLY 4HE VALORIZATION OF DURABILITY HAS

BEEN ONE OF THE DOMINANT DISCOURSES IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION SINCE THE lELD S INCEPTION "ERNARD &EILDEN IN HIS PRIMER ON CONSERVATION WROTE OF hARRESTING DECAYv AS A DRIVING FORCE OF CONSERVATION THEORY RESEARCH AND PRAXIS )T GIVES A VIVID IMAGE OF PRESERVATIONISTS GOAL lNDING UNDERSTANDING AND PROTECTING THE DURABILITY OF THINGS "UT ISN T IT THE LACK OF DURABILITY THAT OFTEN LENDS THINGS A SENSE OF DURATION &OR THE 2USKINIAN STRAINS OF PRESERVATION IDEOLOGY THIS CERTAINLY IS THE CASE 3OME MEASURE OF DETERIORATION AND DECAY EVIDENCE OF A LACK OF DURABILITY ADDS VALUE hAGE VALUEv TO A BUILDING ARTWORK TOWN OR LANDSCAPE /LDNESS DEPENDS ON SOME LACK OF DURABILITY $ESPITE THE COMMON ETYMOLOGY OF hDURATIONv AND hDURABILITY v THERE ARE SOME CONTRADICTIONS OR CONUNDRUMS AT PLAY IN HOW THE PRESERVATION lELD UNDERSTANDS AND USES THESE IDEAS 4HIS IS A REALLY FRUITFUL THEME FOR HISTORIANS OF PRESERVATION 0ERHAPS THE MOST OBVIOUS CONUNDRUM WELL REHEARSED IN THE PRESERVATION THEORY CANON LIES BETWEEN DURABILITY AS A LITERAL QUALITY OF MATERIALS AND DURABILITY OF AN HISTORICAL IMAGE OF A BUILDING A PLACE AN ARTWORK )N THE CEASELESS DEBATES ABOUT RECONSTRUCTION THIS IS THE ARGUMENT AT WHAT COST TO THE DURABILITY OF MATERIALS DOES ONE CREATE A DURABLE IMAGE OF AN HISTORIC TIME AND PLACE 4O CREATE A DURABLE IMAGE OF THE PAST IS ONE WILLING TO DESTROY MATERIAL THUS IGNORING THE VALUE LENT BY ITS DURABILITY #LOSER TO THE CONCERNS OF CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE SOME ASPECTS OF THE PRESERVATION lELD SEEM TO SUGGEST THAT IN THE CONTINUING PLAY OF DURATION AND DURABILITY THE LITERAL SORT OF DURABILITY COULD BECOME LESS OF A CONCERN THAN IT USED TO BE 4WO SPECIlC DIRECTIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY PRESERVATION lELD POINT THE WAY TO THIS ,ANDSCAPE PRESERVATION EMBRACES THE MANAGEMENT OF A DIFFERENT KIND OF SYSTEM FROM THE RELATIVELY CONTROLLED RELATIVELY CURATORIAL FRAMEWORK OF BUILDING CONSERVATION $EPENDING ON THE TYPE OF LANDSCAPE ONE IS TALKING ABOUT THE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM UNDERPINNING THE CULTURAL MEANINGS OF THE PLACE LIKELY EMBODIES A DYNAMISM UNPREDICTABILITY AND ESSENTIAL CHANGEFULNESS UNLIKE THE SYSTEMS UNDERPINNING MOST WORKS OF ARCHITECTURE ,ANDSCAPE DYNAMICS MIGHT NOT BE FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF BUILDINGS WHEN IT COMES TO PRESERVING THEM ,ANDSCAPES ARE DElNED AND VALUED MORE BY CHANGEFULNESS THROUGH SEASONS THROUGH ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION THROUGH GEOMORPHOLOGICAL SOIL FORMATION AND OTHER NATURAL PROCESSES THAN BY THE RELATIVE STABILITY AND lXITY OF BUILDINGS 'RANTED IT S DIFlCULT TO MAKE SUCH GENERALIZATIONS WITHOUT DISTINGUISHING AMONG DESIGNED AND UNDESIGNED LANDSCAPES AMONG TYPES OF BUILDINGS AND BUILDING MATERIALS AND SO ON 7ITH LANDSCAPES THERE IS A DIFFERENT CHARACTER AND PACE TO CHANGE TO WHICH PRESERVATION MUST ADAPT 0ART OF THIS ADAPTATION MUST CONSIST OF FRESH EXPLORATIONS OF OUR NOTIONS OF DURATION AND DURABILITY 4HE SECOND EMERGENT PRESERVATION ISSUE THAT SHINES LIGHT ON DURATION AND DURABILITY IS THE PHENOMENON OF EPHEMERAL MEMORIALS AND OTHER POPULAR MEMORIAL EXPRESSIONS THAT ARE SO APPARENT TODAY -ADE OF PAPER CANDLES PHOTOGRAPHS PLASTIC CHAIN LINK FENCE FOUND AND HASTILY MADE DISPLAYS THESE

MEMORIALS SEEM UBIQUITOUS AND AT THE SAME TIME INVISIBLE TO THE PRESERVATION PROFESSION /NE MIGHT ARGUE THAT THESE MEMORIALS HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH PRESERVATION ˆ THEY RE NOT OLD AFTER ALL NOR DESIGNED BY GREAT DESIGNERS NOR MADE OF NOBLE MATERIALS (OWEVER THEY CERTAINLY ARE A FORM OF PUBLIC COMMEMORATION AND USE FORMAL AND AESTHETIC MEANS TO REPRESENT THE PAST AND THEREFORE DEMAND SOME ANALOGOUS RELATIONSHIP TO HISTORIC PRESERVATION %PHEMERAL AND POPULAR MEMORIALS PRESENT ANOTHER WAY TO EXPLORE THE CHANGING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DURATION AND DURABILITY /FTEN THESE MEMORIALS ARE CREATED WHEN VERY LITTLE TIME HAS PASSED FROM THE EVENT 4HE MATERIALS OF WHICH THEY ARE MADE ARE DElNED MORE BY THEIR INDURABILITY 9ET THESE INSTALLATIONS ARE WIDESPREAD SHARED ACROSS CULTURAL GROUPS 4HEY SEEM DElNED BY MORE PURE EXPRESSION OF DESIRE FOR MEMORY

WITHOUT ABIDING BY THE CONVENTIONS OF MATERIAL DURABILITY SO COMMON IN OFlCIAL MEMORIALS STONE BRONZE SITES CLEARED MARKED OFF AND PUBLICLY OWNED 4HEIR POPULARITY IS UNDENIABLE AND FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS ESSAY THEY ARE INTRIGUING BECAUSE OF THEIR SEEMING EMBRACE OF THE OPPOSITE OF DURABILITY 4HESE MEMORIALS APPARENTLY RELY LITTLE ON THE SENSE OF DURATION NOR ON THE QUALITY OF DURABILITY TO MAKE THEIR IMPACT 4HEIR MERE PRESENCE IN PUBLIC SPACE AND THE HEARTFELT MOSTLY UNCONSIDERED AFFECT OF THEIR MESSAGES ARE ENOUGH TO JUSTIFY THEM /VER TIME OF COURSE THE REALITY OF DURATION PREVAILS AND THE POPULAR MEMORIALS FADE DISSOLVE ARE FORGOTTEN "UT IT IS PERHAPS THIS TYRANNY OF DURATION EFFACING THE DURABILITY OF CHEAP MATERIALS THAT IS SO COMPELLING ˆ MIMICKING

OF COURSE THE DECAY AND EFFACEMENT OF MEMORY OVER TIME 4HE CONUNDRUM OF DURATION AND DURABILITY IS NOTHING NEW TO THE PRESERVATION lELD /VER THE TH CENTURY PRESERVATIONISTS HAVE TENDED TO IGNORE OR EFFACE MANY OF THE CONTRADICTIONS AND COMPLEXITIES OF THE lELD THINKING THAT THE CERTAINTIES OF SCIENTIlC METHODS PROFESSIONAL CODES AND AUGUST INSTITUTIONS WERE THE HIGHER GOALS TO BE SOUGHT "UT FAR BACK INTO THE TH CENTURY THE MORE BROAD THINKING AND VISIONARY AMONG US SAW AND EVEN FOUND WAYS TO CELEBRATE SOME OF THE CONTRADICTORY IMPULSES BEHIND OUR DESIRES TO PRESERVE AND REMEMBER &OR EXAMPLE THE PAINTER 4HOMAS #OLE WRITING IN OBSERVED THAT A WATERFALL hPRESENTS TO THE MIND THE BEAUTIFUL BUT APPARENTLY INCONGRUOUS IDEA OF lXEDNESS AND MOTION ˆ A SINGLE EXISTENCE IN WHICH WE PERCEIVE UNCEASING CHANGE AND EVERLASTING DURATION v 0RESERVATION IS AN INTENTIONAL ORGANIZED MEANS OF SUSTAINING AND SHAPING COLLECTIVE REMEMBERING 4HE MATERIAL CONSERVATION OF BUILDINGS PLACES AND ARTWORKS IS THE MEANS TO THIS END NOT THE END IN ITSELF $URATION AND DURABILITY PRESENT US WITH MORE CONUNDRUM THAN CLARITY BECAUSE PRESERVATION EXISTS AT THE SERVICE OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY NOT AT THE SERVICE OF MATERIALS AND IMAGES THEMSELVES 4HIS ASSERTION RESTS ON MAKING A DISTINCTION BETWEEN DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF THE PRESERVATION lELD AND FORCES SOME SELF REmECTION THAT AS A lELD WE OFTEN ARE RELUCTANT TO DO BECAUSE IT MIGHT SEEM TO OUTSIDERS TO UNDERMINE OUR STATUS AND COHESIVENESS AS A PROFESSION 4HE DISTINCTION LIES IN THE CONCEPTIONS OF PRESERVATION

AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON AND ASPECT OF CULTURE ON ONE HAND OPPOSED TO THE CONCEPTION OF PRESERVATION AS A TECHNICAL PRACTICE AND DOMAINE OF PROFESSIONAL EXPERTISE 4O THE EXTENT THAT WE EMBRACE PRESERVATION S SOCIAL GOAL AS A CONTINUALLY EVOLVING EXPRESSION OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY WE ENTER IN TO THIS RIDDLE OF DURATION AND DURABILITY 7HEREAS DURABILITY MAY LONG HAVE SERVED PRESERVATION INTERESTS WELL AS A GOAL THE DEMANDS OF SOCIETY FOR NEW AND RELEVANT WAY TO STIMULATE COLLECTIVE MEMORY SEEM TO REQUIRE AT TIMES THE OPPOSITE OF DURABILITY -EMORY OF COURSE IS FUNDAMENTALLY CHANGEABLE

AND SOCIAL AND UNPREDICTABLE !ND THIS WOULD SEEM TO BRING IT IN TO CONmICT WITH THE APPARENT CERTAINTIES OF DURABILITY AND DURATION %NDNOTES !LOIS 2EIGL h4HE -ODERN #ULT OF -ONUMENTS )TS #HARACTER AND )TS /RIGINS v TRANS $IANE 'HIRARDO AND +URT &ORSTER

/PPOSITIONS

$AVID ,OWENTHAL 4HE 0AST IS A &OREIGN #OUNTRY .EW 9ORK #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS

&RANÎOISE #HOAY 4HE )NVENTION OF THE (ISTORIC -ONUMENT TRANS ,AUREN - / #ONNELL .EW 9ORK #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS

P

!MONG THE BURGEONING LITERATURE OF WORK ON LANDSCAPE PRESERVATION SEE IN PARTICULAR THE WRITING OF 2OBERT -ELNICK

AND #ATHERINE (OWETT

h%SSAY ON !MERICAN 3CENERY v !MERICAN -ONTHLY -AGAZINE *ANUARY 4HERE IS A GREAT RANGE OF READINGS ON THIS ISSUE FROM ONE OF THE ORIGINATING THEORISTS OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY -AURICE (ALBWACHS

TO VERY RECENT WORKS BY SCHOLARS IN MANY lELDS SUCH AS THE LITERARY CRITIC !NDREAS (UYSSEN

02/'2 !- /6%26)%7

(ISTORIC PRESERVATION ADDRESSES CHANGE RESPONSIVE TO THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT !T A TIME WHEN SOCIETY INCREASINGLY REALIZES THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL VALUE OF THAT INHERITED ENVIRONMENT AND WHAT HAS BEEN LOST THROUGH THE DESTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS LANDSCAPES AND COMMUNITIES THE lELD OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION HAS BECOME CENTRAL TO THE DESIGN ADAPTIVE USE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF BUILDINGS CITIES AND REGIONS "Y UNDERSTANDING THE TIME DIMENSION IN HUMAN CULTURE IT IDENTIlES HISTORY AS AN INTEGRATED COMPONENT OF THE CONTINUOUS CHANGE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MATERIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SYMBOLIC QUALITIES OF OUR BUILT WORKS 4HE 'RADUATE 0ROGRAM IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION PROVIDES AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR ARCHITECTS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

PLANNERS HISTORIANS ARCHAEOLOGISTS CONSERVATORS MANAGERS AND OTHER PROFESSIONALS TO UNDERSTAND SUSTAIN

AND TRANSFORM THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 4HE IDENTIlCATION AND ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL PLACES AND THEIR HISTORIC FABRIC THE DETERMINATION OF SIGNIlCANCE AND VALUE AND THE DESIGN OF APPROPRIATE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT MEASURES REQUIRE SPECIAL PREPARATION IN HISTORY THEORY DOCUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY AND PLANNING 4HESE SUBJECTS FORM THE CORE OF THE PROGRAM WHICH STUDENTS BUILD UPON TO DElNE AN AREA OF EMPHASIS INCLUDING BUILDING CONSERVATION

SITE MANAGEMENT LANDSCAPE PRESERVATION PRESERVATION PLANNING AND PRESERVATION DESIGN FOR THOSE WITH A PREVIOUS DESIGN DEGREE 4HROUGH COURSEWORK AND DEDICATED STUDIOS AND LABORATORIES AT THE 3CHOOL OF $ESIGN AS WELL AS THROUGH PARTNERSHIPS WITH OTHER NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND AGENCIES STUDENTS HAVE UNPARALLELED OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDY INTERNSHIPS AND SPONSORED RESEARCH 'RADUATES CAN LOOK TOWARD CAREERS FOCUSED ON THE DESIGN AND PRESERVATION OF THE WORLD S CULTURAL HERITAGE INCLUDING BUILDINGS ENGINEERING WORKS CULTURAL LANDSCAPES ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES

$EGREES AND #ERTIlCATES IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION 0ENN $ESIGN S $EPARTMENT OF (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION OFFERS A -ASTER OF 3CIENCE AND #ERTIlCATE IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION AND IT HAS A POST GRADUATE CERTIlCATE PROGRAM FOR ADVANCED STUDY IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION AND SITE MANAGEMENT 4HE -ASTER OF 3CIENCE IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION DEGREE REQUIRES TWO YEARS OF STUDY AND A SUMMER INTERNSHIP AND MAY BE DONE IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER DEGREE PROGRAMS IN THE 3CHOOL OF $ESIGN 4HE #ERTIlCATE IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION ALSO PROVIDES AN OPPORTUNITY FOR SPECIALIZATION FOR MID CAREER PROFESSIONALS AND FOR STUDENTS IN OTHER DEPARTMENTS OF THE SCHOOL AND UNIVERSITY WHO WISH TO PURSUE THE SUBJECT IN GREATER DEPTH THAN THEIR DEGREE PROGRAM PERMITS !DDITIONALLY THE DEPARTMENT OFFERS A ONE SEMESTER !DVANCED #ERTIlCATE IN !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION AND 3ITE -ANAGEMENT WHICH PROVIDES POST GRADUATE TRAINING FOCUSED ON ADVANCED RESEARCH FOR THOSE WHO HAVE COMPLETED THE -ASTER OF 3CIENCE IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION DEGREE #ERTIlCATE IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION 4HE #ERTIlCATE IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION PROVIDES AN OPPORTUNITY FOR STUDENTS IN THE DEPARTMENTS OF !RCHITECTURE

,ANDSCAPE !RCHITECTURE AND 2EGIONAL 0LANNING AND #ITY AND 2EGIONAL 0LANNING TO GAIN EXPERTISE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION WHILE COMPLETING REQUIREMENTS FOR THEIR PROFESSIONAL DEGREES 4HE #ERTIlCATE PROGRAM ALSO OFFERS PRACTICING PROFESSIONALS THE OPPORTUNITY TO PURSUE SPECIALIZATION TRAINING IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION WITHIN ONE SEMESTER FULL TIME &OR ALL STUDENTS THE REQUIREMENTS MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN FOUR YEARS OF ADMISSION &IVE COURSE UNITS IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION INCLUDING (306 4HEORIES OF (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION ARE SELECTED IN CONSULTATION WITH THE FACULTY TO DEVELOP AN AREA OF PROFESSIONAL FOCUS !DVANCED #ERTIlCATE IN !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION !DDITIONALLY THE DEPARTMENT OFFERS A ONE SEMESTER !DVANCED #ERTIlCATE IN !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION AND 3ITE -ANAGEMENT WHICH PROVIDES POST GRADUATE TRAINING FOCUSED ON RESEARCH OR PRAXIS FOR THOSE WHO HAVE COMPLETED THE -ASTER OF 3CIENCE IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION 4HE !DVANCED #ERTIlCATE ALLOWS GRADUATES THE UNIQUE EXPERIENCE OF DIRECTED RESEARCH AND lELD WORK AT HOME OR ABROAD UNDER DIRECT PROFESSIONAL MENTORSHIP

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$IGITAL -EDIA FOR (306

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!LL STUDENTS ENTERING THE PROGRAM SHOULD POSSESS DRAFTING OR DRAWING PROlCIENCY THOSE ELECTING THE EMPHASIS IN BUILDING CONSERVATION SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST ONE COLLEGE LEVEL COURSE IN CHEMISTRY

!2% !3 /& %-0(!3)3

3ITE -ANAGEMENT 4HE MODERN CONCEPT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IS RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY ITS VALUES AND REQUIREMENTS 5SING HISTORY AND PRESERVATION AS A BASIS FOR ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT TRAINING IN SITE MANAGEMENT REQUIRES KNOWLEDGE OF INVENTORY DOCUMENTATION EVALUATION PUBLIC POLICY lNANCE COMMUNICATIONS AND ADMINISTRATION 3UCH WORK IS NORMALLY UNDERTAKEN IN BOTH THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS BY VARIOUS PLANNING HISTORICAL AND REGULATORY AGENCIES INCLUDING GOVERNMENTAL AND NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND BY FOUNDATIONS NOT FOR PROlT CORPORATIONS DEVELOPERS AND CONSULTING lRMS "UILDING #ONSERVATION #ONSERVATION ENCOMPASSES THE MATERIAL DOCUMENTATION ANALYSIS CONDITIONS DIAGNOSIS TESTING MONITORING

AND TREATMENT OF BUILDINGS AND SITES )T IS THE TECHNICAL MEANS BY WHICH THE WHOLE SPECTRUM OF PRESERVATION INTERVENTIONS CAN BE ULTIMATELY ACCOMPLISHED ON A BROAD RANGE OF ISSUES 7ORK OPPORTUNITIES WITHIN THIS SPECIALIZATION INCLUDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS FEDERAL AND STATE AGENCIES AND PRIVATE PRACTICE SUCH AS ARCHITECTURAL AND TECHNICAL CONSULTING lRMS

0RESERVATION 0LANNING .O COMPONENT OF THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT CAN BE BENElCIALLY PRESERVED IN ISOLATION "Y PROVIDING FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ESSENTIAL CONTINUITIES WHILE DElNING STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE PLANNING IS A FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT OF PRESERVATION JUST AS PRESERVATION IS A MEANS TO PLANNING 4HIS ENTAILS EXPERTISE IN POLICY LAW

AND ECONOMICS AS WELL AS IN HISTORY AND PHYSICAL PLANNING 3UCH WORK IS NORMALLY UNDERTAKEN IN BOTH THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS BY VARIOUS PLANNING HISTORICAL AND REGULATORY AGENCIES INCLUDING GOVERNMENTAL AND NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND BY FOUNDATIONS NOT FOR PROlT CORPORATIONS DEVELOPERS AND CONSULTING lRMS ,ANDSCAPE 0RESERVATION 4HE PRESERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL AND HISTORIC LANDSCAPES REQUIRE COMPLEX TRAINING IN LANDSCAPE HISTORY ETHNOGRAPHY ECOLOGY REGIONAL PLANNING AND THE MATERIALITY OF THE BUILT AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT !S THE PHYSICAL RESULT OF HUMAN INTERACTION WITH THE NATURAL WORLD CULTURAL LANDSCAPES AS COMMON AND DESIGNED PLACES REQUIRE PRESERVATION STRATEGIES THAT INCORPORATE SENSITIVE DESIGN WITH RESPONSIBLE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 0RESERVATION $ESIGN )NCREASINGLY MANY ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEMS REQUIRE DESIGN PROFESSIONALS WITH SPECIAL TRAINING IN THE CREATIVE AND SENSITIVE MODIlCATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES AND SITES &OR ARCHITECTS AND DESIGNERS WHO CHOOSE TO BROADEN THEIR PROFESSIONAL EXPERTISE BY PREPARING FOR SUCH SPECIALIZED PRACTICE DETAILED KNOWLEDGE OF HISTORY AND PRESERVATION THEORY AND TECHNOLOGY IS ESSENTIAL FOR GOOD DESIGN 4HIS EMPHASIS IS AVAILABLE ONLY TO JOINT ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN DEGREE CERTIlCATE CANDIDATES AND INDIVIDUALS WITH DESIGN BACKGROUNDS

4(% !2#() 4%#452 !, # / . 3 % 2 6!4 ) / . , ! " / 2 !4 / 2 9

4HE !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION ,ABORATORY OF THE 'RADUATE 0ROGRAM IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION IS DEVOTED TO TRAINING AND RESEARCH IN THE CONSERVATION OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 4HIS SPECIALIZED FACILITY PROVIDES A UNIQUE INTELLECTUAL ENVIRONMENT FOR THOSE PURSUING STUDIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION AND THE HISTORY OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 4HE ,ABORATORY ENCOURAGES CROSS DISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION ON CONTEMPORARY ISSUES RELATED TO THE CONSERVATION OF CULTURALLY SIGNIlCANT BUILDINGS MONUMENTS AND SITES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 4HROUGH GRANTS AND SPONSORED PROJECTS THE FACULTY AND STAFF OF THE (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION 0ROGRAM IN COLLABORATION WITH OTHER 5NIVERSITY CENTERS SUCH AS THE ,ABORATORY FOR 2ESEARCH ON THE 3TRUCTURE OF -ATTER AND THE #ARTOGRAPHIC -ODELING ,ABORATORY CONDUCT A FULL AGENDA OF RESEARCH DEDICATED TO lELD SURVEY RECORDING ANALYSIS OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND TREATMENT EVALUATION OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS 4HE !#, HAS COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS WITH MANY PRIVATE AND PUBLIC AGENCIES AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE 5 3 AND ABROAD WHICH PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDEPENDENT STUDY THESIS WORK AND SPONSORED RESEARCH FOR STUDENTS FROM 0ENN AND GUEST INSTITUTIONS 3ELECTED PROJECTS ALSO PROVIDE FUNDED OPPORTUNITIES FOR POST GRADUATE STUDENTS PURSUING THE !DVANCED #ERTIlCATE IN !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION 4HE %UROPEAN #ONSERVATION SUMMER PROGRAM CO SPONSORED WITH EXTERNAL PARTNERS SUCH AS THE )NTERNATIONAL #ENTRE FOR THE 3TUDY OF THE 0RESERVATION AND 2ESTORATION OF #ULTURAL 0ROPERTY IN 2OME )##2/- OFFERS STUDENTS A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY IN INTERNATIONAL TRAINING AND lELD EXPERIENCE

4 (% ! 2 # ( ) 4 % # 4 52 ! , # / . 3 % 2 6!4 ) / . , ! " / 2 !4 / 2 9 0 2 / * % # 4 3 n 0 2 % 3 % . 4 4HE FOLLOWING IS A SUMMARY OF PROJECTS FROM TO THE PRESENT LISTED IN REVERSE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER 4HESE PROJECTS INCLUDE SPONSORED RESEARCH TRAINING THESES

ADVANCED CERTIlCATES AND lELD SCHOOLS

3PECIlCATION DEVELOPMENT FOR COLUMN MASONRY REPAIR 3ECOND "ANK OF THE 5NITED 3TATES .03 53$) 0HILADELPHIA 0! &IELD 2ESEARCH !DVANCED )NTERNSHIP

$ESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A CONSERVATION PLAN 2OSARIO #HAPEL n )GLESIA 3AN *OSE 3AN *UAN 0UERTO 2ICO 7ORLD -ONUMENTS &UND #ONSERVATION 0RAXIS

$OCUMENTATION 2ECORDING OF 6ILLA AND 'ARDENS 6IZCAYA -USEUM AND 'ARDENS -IAMI &LORIDA 'ETTY 'RANT 2ESEARCH

3TONE CONSERVATION STUDY n 3ACRISTY 7INDOW -ISSION 3AN *OSE Y 3AN -IGUEL DE !GUAYO 3AN !NTONIO 48 2ESEARCH 4HESIS #ONSERVATION OF HISTORIC GRAFlTI AND ARCHITECTURAL EMBELLISHMENTS 3AN *UAN &ORTIlCATIONS .ATIONAL (ISTORIC 3ITE .03 53$) 3AN *UAN 0UERTO 2ICO !DVANCED )NTERNSHIP %VALUATION OF MICRO PINNING TECHNIQUES FOR STONE DETACHMENT 6ICTORIA -ORSE ,IBBY -ANSION 0ORTLAND -% 'ETTY 'RANT 2ESEARCH !DVANCED )NTERNSHIP "URIAL 'ROUND 3URVEY n 0HASE 3OUTH (AMPTON 4OWNSHIP ,ONG )SLAND .9 #ONSERVATION 0RAXIS

%XTERIOR -ASONRY 3URVEY AND ')3 !SSESSMENT 3ECOND "ANK OF 5NITED 3TATES )NDEPENDENCE .ATIONAL (ISTORIC 0ARK .03 0HASE 0HILADELPHIA 0ENNSYLVANIA 3UMMER &IELD 3CHOOL )NTERNSHIP 3PRING 2ESEARCH $OCUMENTATION AND !NALYSIS OF 'ARDENS AND "UILDINGS /RTO "OTANICO 2OME )TALY +RESS &OUNDATION 'RANT 3UMMER %UROPEAN #ONSERVATION 3UMMER #OURSE 3UMMER %UROPEAN #ONSERVATION 3UMMER #OURSE %XTERIOR -ASONRY 3TUDY #APILLA DEL 3ANTO #RISTO DE ,A 3ALUD 3AN *UAN 0UERTO 2ICO 'ETTY 'RANT #ONSERVATION 0RAXIS

3PRUCE 4REE (OUSE -ASONRY #ONSERVATION -ESA 6ERDE .ATIONAL 0ARK 0HASE #ORTEZ #OLORADO

#AVATE #ONSERVATION AND !NCESTRAL #ULTURAL ,ANDSCAPE 3TUDY "ANDELIER .ATIONAL -ONUMENT 'ETTY 'RANT ,OS !LAMOS .EW -EXICO 3UMMER &IELD 3CHOOL )NTERNSHIP ')3 -APPING AND 4OMB 3URVEY 3T ,OUIS #EMETERY .O .EW /RLEANS ,OUISIANA 0HASES ,OUISIANA $IVISION FOR (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION /FlCE OF #ULTURAL $EVELOPMENT 0HASE 3AVE !MERICA S 4REASURES 'RANT 0HASE 3TUDIO 0HASE &IELD 2ESEARCH 0HASE 2ESEARCH 4HESIS #ONSERVATION OF THE 'REAT (ALL 0LASTER #EILING $RAYTON (ALL .ATIONAL 4RUST FOR (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION #HARLESTON 3OUTH #AROLINA 'ETTY 'RANT *UNE n *ANUARY !DVANCED )NTERNSHIP #ONSERVATION OF !RCHAEOLOGICAL 2ESOURCES "ANDELIER .ATIONAL -ONUMENT ,OS !LAMOS .EW -EXICO .03 -ODIlCATION 3EPTEMBER 3EPTEMBER )NTERNSHIP AND &IELDSCHOOL #EMETERY #ONSERVATION 4RINITY #ATHEDRAL "URYING 'ROUND 0HASE 0ITTSBURGH 0ENNSYLVANIA !DVANCED )NTERNSHIP

#ONSERVATION OF #LIFF 0ALACE !RCHITECTURAL 3URFACES 0ROGRAM FOR !RCHAEOLOGICAL 2ESOURCES -ESA 6ERDE .ATIONAL 0ARK 0HASE #ORTEZ #OLORADO .03 -ARCH *ANUARY )NTERNSHIP !DVANCED )NTERNSHIP ! ,ABORATORY TEST PROGRAM FOR INJECTION GROUTING AND LIMEWATER CONSOLIDATION #ASA 'RANDE 2UINS 0HASE #OOLIDGE !RIZONA .03 -ODIlCATION *ULY *ANUARY 2ESEARCH 4HESIS #ONDITIONS !SSESSMENT OF THE %XTERIOR -ASONRY OF THE 3ECOND "ANK OF THE 5NITED 3TATES 0HASE )NDEPENDENCE .ATIONAL (ISTORIC 0ARK 0HILADELPHIA 0ENNSYLVANIA .03 -AY n 3EPTEMBER )NTERNSHIP 2UINS 3ITE #ONSERVATION 0ROGRAM )NDIAN +EY &LORIDA 3TATE 0ARKS 2ECREATION *ANUARY n $ECEMBER )NTERNSHIP #LIFF 0ALACE #ONSERVATION OF !RCHITECTURAL 3URFACES 0ROGRAM FOR !RCHAEOLOGICAL 2ESOURCES AT -ESA 6ERDE .ATIONAL 0ARK -ESA 6ERDE 0HASE #ORTEZ #OLORADO .03 -ODIlCATION !MENDMENT /CTOBER n 3EPTEMBER !DVANCED )NTERNSHIP -ASONRY #ONSERVATION 0ILOT 0ROGRAM FOR THE !YYUBID #ITY 7ALL #AIRO %GYPT !GA +HAN 4RUST FOR #ULTURE 3EPTEMBER n -AY 2ESEARCH

#ONDITION 3URVEY AND 2ECOMMENDATIONS #ORONADO 3TATE -ONUMENT .EW -EXICO 3TATE -ONUMENTS "ERNALILLO .*ULY n .OVEMBER !DVANCED )NTERNSHIP -ASONRY #ONSERVATION 0ILOT 0ROGRAM FOR THE !YYUBID #ITY 7ALL #AIRO %GYPT !GA +HAN 4RUST FOR #ULTURE 3EPTEMBER *ANUARY !DVANCED )NTERNSHIP 3HELTER 3TABILIZATION AND 0RESENTATION OF "UILDING ±ATALHÚYàK 0HASE ±ATALHÚYàK 4URKEY 3UMMER 2ESEARCH AND )NTERNSHIP $OCUMENTATION FOR THE (ISTORIC !MERICAN "UILDINGS 3URVEY .ATIONAL 0ARK 3ERVICE 0HILADELPHIA 0ENNSYLVANIA .03 !MENDMENT TO 3UPPLEMENTAL !GREEMENT 3EPTEMBER 3EPTEMBER )NTERNSHIP ±ATALHÚYàK 0HASE ±ATALHÚYàK 4URKEY !UGUST 2ESEARCH 3UMMER &IELD 3CHOOL $OCUMENTATION FOR THE (ISTORIC !MERICAN "UILDINGS 3URVEY .ATIONAL 0ARK 3ERVICE 0HILADELPHIA 0ENNSYLVANIA .03 3UBAGREEMENT *UNE 3EPTEMBER )NTERNSHIP

3ITE #ONSERVATION 0ROGRAM FOR !RCHITECTURE -URALS AND 2ELIEF 3CULPTURE ±ATALHÚYàK 0HASE ±ATALHÚYàK 4URKEY +RESS &OUNDATION 'RANT *UNE $ECEMBER 2ESEARCH AND )NTERNSHIP #HIEF 4OMOKIE -ONUMENT 3TABILIZATION 4OMOKIE 3TATE 0ARK 0HASE /RMOND "EACH &LORIDA -ARCH n *UNE !DVANCED )NTERNSHIP )NSCRIPTION #ONSERVATION 0ROGRAM %L -ORRO .ATIONAL -ONUMENT 0HASE 2AMAH . .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT !UGUST )NTERNSHIP #ULTURAL ,ANDSCAPE 0RESERVATION 0LAN 4SANKAWI "ANDELIER .ATIONAL -ONUMENT ,OS !LAMOS . .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT 3OUTHERN 2EGION AND +RESS &OUNDATION 'RANT *UNE )NTERNSHIP -AY 4HESIS #ONDITIONS 3URVEY AND 3ITE 0RESERVATION 0LAN #ASA 'RANDE 2UINS .ATIONAL -ONUMENT #ASA 'RANDE !: .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT 3EPTEMBER n &IELD 3CHOOL 4HESIS 3EPTEMBER n &IELD 3CHOOL 4HESIS $OCUMENTATION FOR THE .ATIONAL (ISTORIC ,ANDMARK $ATA "ASE .ATIONAL 0ARK 3ERVICE 0HILADELPHIA 0! .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT -ID !TLANTIC 2EGION 3EPTEMBER )NTERNSHIP 3EPTEMBER )NTERNSHIP

$OCUMENTATION OF (ISTORIC !MERICAN "UILDINGS 3URVEY (!"3 AND (ISTORIC !MERICAN %NGINEERING 2ECORD (!%2 .ATIONAL 0ARK 3ERVICE 0HILADELPHIA 0! .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT -ID !TLANTIC 2EGION 3EPTEMBER )NTERNSHIP 3EPTEMBER )NTERNSHIP 3EPTEMBER )NTERNSHIP 3EPTEMBER )NTERNSHIP -URAL AND 3ITE #ONSERVATION 0ROGRAM #ATALHÚYàK 4URKEY )N COOPERATION WITH #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 5+ 7ORLD -ONUMENTS &UND AND +RESS &OUNDATION 'RANTS !UGUST n 3EPTEMBER 4HESIS )NTERNSHIP !UGUST n 3EPTEMBER 4HESIS )NTERNSHIP 2ENDEZ 6OUS &OLLY ,EDNICE 6ALTICE #ZECH 2EPUBLIC #ULTURAL ,ANDSCAPE $OCUMENTATION AND 0LANNING 0HASE 7ORLD -ONUMENTS &UND AND +RESS &OUNDATION 'RANTS *ULY n !UGUST !DVANCED #ERTIlCATE IN !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION #ONSERVATION 3TUDY OF THE )NTERIOR 3URFACE &INISHES 4HE 4EMPEL 3YNAGOGUE +RAKOW 0OLAND 7ORLD -ONUMENTS &UND AND +RESS &OUNDATION 'RANTS *UNE n *ULY !DVANCED #ERTIlCATE IN !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION !DOBE 2UINS -ONITORING 0ROGRAM AND 0RESERVATION 0LAN &ORT 5NION .ATIONAL -ONUMENT 0HASE 7ATROUS . .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT !PRIL n *ULY &IELD 3CHOOL 2ESEARCH

0REHISTORIC 0LASTER #ONSERVATION 0HASE -UG (OUSE 4REATMENT -ESA 6ERDE .ATIONAL 0ARK -ESA 6ERDE #/ .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT *UNE n *ULY 2ESEARCH AND )NTERNSHIP 4HESIS ,IST OF #LASSIlED 3TRUCTURES .ATIONAL 0ARK 3ERVICE 0HILADELPHIA 0! .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT -ID !TLANTIC 2EGION !UGUST n *ANUARY )NTERNSHIP 3TONE #ONSERVATION &IELD 4ESTING 0ROGRAM 0HASE %L -ORRO .ATIONAL -ONUMENT 2AMAH . .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT -ARCH n /CTOBER 2ESEARCH 0ENNSYLVANIA "LUE -ARBLE #HARACTERIZATION AND #ONSOLIDATION 4REATMENT 4ESTING 3ECOND "ANK OF THE 5NITED 3TATES 0HILADELPHIA 0! .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT -ID !TLANTIC 2EGION *ANUARY n $ECEMBER 2ESEARCH AND 4HESIS #ONSERVATION 0ROGRAM FOR TH #ENTURY $ECORATIVE #EILING OF "ELMONT -ANSION &AIRMOUNT 0ARK 0HILADELPHIA 0! &AIRMOUNT 0ARK (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION 4RUST #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT *UNE n *ANUARY 2ESEARCH AND 4HESIS -ASONRY #ONSERVATION 0ILOT 0ROJECT -ISSION 3AN *UAN #APISTRANO 0HASE 3AN *UAN #APISTRANO #! $ECEMBER n $ECEMBER !DVANCED #ERTIlCATE IN !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION

2UINS &INISHES 3TABILIZATION 0ROGRAM 0HASE &ORT 5NION .ATIONAL -ONUMENT 7ATROUS .&ORT $AVIS .ATIONAL (ISTORIC 3ITE &ORT $AVIS 48 .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT *UNE n $ECEMBER 2ESEARCH 4HESIS 0REHISTORIC 0LASTER #ONSERVATION 0HASE -UG (OUSE 0ILOT 3TUDY -ESA 6ERDE .ATIONAL 0ARK -ESA 6ERDE #/ 'ETTY 'RANT !WARD -AY n -AY &IELD 3CHOOL 2ESEARCH AND 4RAINING 4ERRA #OTTA #ONSERVATION 2ESEARCH "IBLIOGRAPHY AND 4ECHNICAL 'LOSSARY 7ITH "OURNEMOUTH 5NIVERSITY %NGLAND 3EPTEMBER n *ANUARY 2ESEARCH 3TONE #ONSERVATION &IELD 4ESTING 0ROGRAM 0HASE %L -ORRO .ATIONAL -ONUMENT 2AMAH . .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT *ULY 2ESEARCH *ULY 2ESEARCH #ONSERVATION 3URVEY OF THE 0REHISTORIC 0LASTERS OF -UG (OUSE 0HASES -ESA 6ERDE .ATIONAL 0ARK -ESA 6ERDE #/ .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT *ULY 2ESEARCH AND )NTERNSHIP *UNE 2ESEARCH AND )NTERNSHIP

2UINS &INISHES 3TABILIZATION 0ROGRAM 0HASE &ORT 5NION .ATIONAL -ONUMENT 7ATROUS .&ORT $AVIS .ATIONAL (ISTORIC 3ITE &ORT $AVIS 48 .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT *ULY &IELD 3CHOOL *UNE &IELD 3CHOOL 3TONE #ONSERVATION OF THE ,INCOLN AND *EFFERSON -EMORIALS 0HASE 4ECHNICAL ,ITERATURE 2EVIEW AND !SSESSMENT 7ASHINGTON $# .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT -ARCH n *UNE 2ESEARCH -AY n *UNE 2ESEARCH #ONSERVATION OF 0LASTER &RAGMENTS #ONVENTO OF THE 3AN *OSE -ISSION 3AN !NTONIO 48 .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT -ARCH n *ULY 2ESEARCH -ASONRY #ONSERVATION 0ROGRAM 0HASE -ISSION 3AN *UAN #APISTRANO 3AN *UAN #APISTRANO #! $ECEMBER n .OVEMBER 2ESEARCH AND 4HESIS %VALUATION OF -ETHODS FOR THE 2EATTACHMENT OF $ELAMINATING 3ANDSTONE 0HASE %L -ORRO .ATIONAL -ONUMENT 2AMAH . .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT !UGUST 2ESEARCH AND 4HESIS 3EPTEMBER 2ESEARCH AND 4HESIS

2UINS &INISHES 3TABILIZATION 0ROGRAM 0HASE &ORT 5NION .ATIONAL -ONUMENT 7ATROUS .&ORT $AVIS .ATIONAL (ISTORIC 3ITE &ORT $AVIS 48 .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT *UNE n /CTOBER &IELD 3CHOOL #ONSOLIDATION AND 2EPAIR OF !RGILLACEOUS ,IMESTONE #ONVENTO #OLUMN OF 3AN *OSE -ISSION 3AN !NTONIO 48 .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT *ANUARY n -AY 2ESEARCH AND 4HESIS 2UINS 3TABILIZATION 0ROGRAM 0HASE &ORT 5NION .ATIONAL -ONUMENT 7ATROUS .&ORT $AVIS .ATIONAL (ISTORIC 3ITE &ORT $AVIS 48 .03 #OOPERATIVE !GREEMENT *UNE n /CTOBER &IELD 3CHOOL #ONSERVATION 0ROGRAM FOR THE %XTERIOR #ONCRETE OF THE 3OLOMON 2 'UGGENHEIM -USEUM .EW 9ORK .9 'ETTY 'RANT *ANUARY 2ESEARCH !PRIL 2ESEARCH !SSESSMENT OF #LEANING 4ECHNIQUES FOR 5NGLAZED !RCHITECTURAL 4ERRA #OTTA 4HE "ROOKLYN (ISTORICAL 3OCIETY "UILDING "ROOKLYN .9 'ETTY 'RANT !UGUST 2ESEARCH &EBRUARY 2ESEARCH

)NVESTIGATION $OCUMENTATION AND #ONDITION !SSESSMENT OF THE 'REAT %NTRY (ALL #EILING AT $RAYTON (ALL .ATIONAL 4RUST FOR (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION #HARLESTON 3# -AY n /CTOBER )NTERNSHIP #ENTER #HURCH #RYPT -ASONRY #ONSERVATION .EW (AVEN #4 $ECEMBER 2ESEARCH AND 4RAINING $ECEMBER 2ESEARCH AND 4RAINING $ESALINATION AND #LEANING OF )NTERIOR ,IMESTONE 3T -ARK S %PISCOPAL #HURCH -T +ISCO .9 *ULY 2ESEARCH AND )NTERNSHIP *UNE 2ESEARCH AND )NTERNSHIP $EVELOPMENT AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A #ONSERVATION 0ROGRAM FOR 'LASS -OSAICS 3T -ARK S %PISCOPAL #HURCH -T +ISCO .9 *UNE )NTERNSHIP -AY )NTERNSHIP -ASONRY #ONSERVATION 0ROGRAM /HIO 3TATEHOUSE #OLUMBUS /( *UNE 2ESEARCH AND )NTERNSHIP !PRIL 2ESEARCH AND )NTERNSHIP #ONSERVATION -ASTER 0LAN 0HASE 4RINITY #ATHEDRAL "URYING 'ROUND 0ITTSBURGH 0! *UNE n $ECEMBER 2ESEARCH AND )NTERNSHIP

4(% #%.4%2 &/2 2%3% !2#( / . 0 2 % 3 % 2 6!4 ) / . ! . $ 3 / # ) % 4 9

4HE MISSION OF THE #ENTER FOR 2ESEARCH ON 0RESERVATION AND 3OCIETY IS TO STUDY THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HISTORIC PRESERVATION AND SOCIETY GENERATING AND DISSEMINATING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE FUNCTIONS AND IMPACTS OF PRESERVATION IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY (ISTORIC PRESERVATION HAS TRADITIONALLY BEEN HAMPERED BY A LACK OF ACADEMIC INFRASTRUCTURE DEVOTED TO THE QUESTIONS LINKING PRESERVATION AND CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 2IGOROUS SCHOLARLY RESEARCH IS NEEDED IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE STATE OF PRACTICE CULTIVATE SUPPORTERS STRENGTHEN THE EDUCATION OF PRESERVATION PROFESSIONALS

IMPROVE PUBLIC POLICY AND STRENGTHEN THE CAPACITY OF PRESERVATION INSTITUTIONS 4HE 2ESEARCH #ENTER ON 0RESERVATION AND 3OCIETY lLLS A PRESSING NEED BY ACTING AS A CRUCIBLE AND CONDUIT BRINGING THE WORK OF SCHOLARS IN NUMEROUS SOCIAL SCIENCE HUMANITIES DESIGN AND PROFESSIONAL lELDS TO BEAR ON THE ISSUES LINKING PRESERVATION AND SOCIETY 4HE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN HISTORIC PRESERVATION AND CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY OFTEN ARE ILL DElNED OR TAKEN FOR GRANTED 4HE BENElTS OF PRESERVATION HAVE BEEN ASSUMED TO BE SELF EVIDENT PUBLIC GOODS ESSENTIAL FOR ANY HEALTHY SOCIETY THE COSTS OF PRESERVATION RARELY EXAMINED IN SUFlCIENTLY COMPLEX WAYS 4HE EFFECTS OF PRESERVATION ON SOCIETY IN SHORT HAVE BEEN FAIRLY UNEXAMINED MATTERS OF FAITH 3UCH STRONGLY HELD BELIEFS

WHILE ADMIRABLE HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE RELATIVELY ANEMIC STATE OF RESEARCH AND ACADEMIC DISCOURSE ON PRESERVATION SOCIETY INTERFACES 7HILE RESEARCH CAPACITIES ON HOW TO DO PRESERVATION HAVE GROWN IMPRESSIVELY OVER THE LAST CENTURY QUESTIONS OF HOW PRESERVATION BENElTS SOCIETY AND HOW THE BENElTS CAN BE EXPANDED ARE RARELY EXPLORED 4HE RELATIVELY INSULAR IDEAS AND WORKS OF THE PRESERVATION lELD HAVE NOT BEEN TESTED AND STRENGTHENED BY CRITICAL MORE OUTWARD LOOKING RESEARCH

4HE #ENTER UNDERTAKES AND ADVOCATES RESEARCH ON THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN HISTORIC PRESERVATION AND SOCIAL THEMES SUCH AS ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC POLICY EVALUATION SOCIAL JUSTICE AND CULTURAL CRITICISM 2ESEARCH IS AIMED AT UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACTS AND EFFECTS OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN THE PAST AND PRESENT AS WELL AS PROJECTING FUTURE ROLES FOR THE lELD 4HIS MISSION HAS BEEN PURSUED THROUGH A RANGE OF INTELLECTUAL AND PRAXIS ACTIVITIES INCLUDING #ENTER LED RESEARCH PROJECTS ON SPECIlC ISSUES OR SITES SEMINARS AND OTHER ACADEMIC GATHERINGS AND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS WITH NATIONAL REGIONAL AND LOCAL PRESERVATION ORGANIZATIONS 4HE #ENTER ENDEAVORS TO BE A SOURCE OF INNOVATION GENERATING NEW IDEAS PERSPECTIVES AND ALLIANCES GEARED TOWARD MAKING PRESERVATION A MORE EFFECTIVE PART OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 4HERE ARE ENORMOUS OPPORTUNITIES TO STRENGTHEN THE PRESERVATION lELD

BY BUILDING A BASE OF RESEARCH AND COLLABORATION THAT IS OUTWARD LOOKING SEEKING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN lELDS

#/523% $%3#2 )04 )/.3

(306 !MERICAN !RCHITECTURE &ALL n $E ,ONG 4HE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND ITS DESCENDANT MODES IN THE 5NITED 3TATES IS PRESENTED THROUGH AN EXAMINATION OF WORK BY LEADING ARCHITECTS -AJOR DESIGNS ARE RELATED TO INmUENTIAL STYLISTIC PATTERNS AS A BASIS FOR HISTORIC EVALUATION OF MORE ANONYMOUS EXAMPLES AND CURRENT STYLISTIC TERMINOLOGY IS CRITICALLY EVALUATED (306 6ERNACULAR !RCHITECTURE 3PRING n 3T 'EORGE 4HIS COURSE EXPLORES THE FORM AND DEVELOPMENT OF !MERICA S BUILT LANDSCAPE ˆ ITS HOUSES FARM BUILDINGS

CHURCHES FACTORIES AND lELDS ˆ AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION ON FOLK HISTORY VERNACULAR CULTURE AND ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE (306 !MERICAN $OMESTIC )NTERIORS "EFORE &ALL n 7INKLER 4HE !MERICAN DOMESTIC INTERIOR FROM THE EARLY "RITISH AND &RENCH SETTLEMENTS IN .ORTH !MERICA UNTIL %MPHASIS WILL BE ON THE SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL FORCES AS WELL AS THE %UROPEAN INmUENCES THAT DETERMINED HOUSEHOLD DECORATION RANGING FROM THE DECORATIVE ARTS TO mOOR WALL AND WINDOW TREATMENTS (306 !MERICAN $OMESTIC )NTERIORS !FTER &ALL n 7INKLER 4HE !MERICAN DOMESTIC INTERIOR AFTER WITH EMPHASIS ON THE SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL FORCES AS WELL AS CONSIDERATION OF %UROPEAN INmUENCES THAT DETERMINED THE DECORATION AND FURNISHING OF THE !MERICAN HOME

4OPICS TO BE COVERED INCLUDE THE DECORATIVE ARTS mOOR

WALL AND WINDOW TREATMENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN LIGHTING AND HEATING )N ADDITION TO THE IDENTIlCATION OF PERIOD MATERIALS THE COURSE WILL GIVE SPECIAL EMPHASIS TO RECREATING HISTORICAL lNISHES

(306 &UNDAMENTALS OF THE !MERICAN ,ANDSCAPE &ALL n -ASON 4HE COURSE PRESENTS THE HISTORY OF COMMON !MERICAN LANDSCAPES AND SURVEYS OF THE lELD OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE STUDIES 4HE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE PERSPECTIVE IS A UNIQUE LENS FOR UNDERSTANDING HOLISTICALLY THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND THE ABSTRACT ECONOMIC

POLITICAL AND SOCIAL PROCESSES THAT SHAPE THE PLACES WHERE MOST !MERICANS SPEND MOST OF THEIR TIME 4HE COURSE WILL FOCUS ON THE FORCES AND PATTERNS NATURAL AND CULTURAL BEHIND THE SHAPING OF RECOGNIZABLY h!MERICANv LANDSCAPES WHETHER URBAN SUBURBAN OR RURAL #LASS DISCUSSIONS READINGS AND PROJECTS WILL DRAW ON WORK FROM SEVERAL DISCIPLINES ˆ CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY ART AND MORE (306 !MERICAN "UILDING 4ECHNOLOGY &ALL n &ALCK 0RESENTATION OF TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS OF THE EIGHTEENTH NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES IN .ORTH !MERICA 3TRUCTURAL AND DECORATIVE BUILDING COMPONENTS INCLUDING BRICK AND STONE MASONRY

TERRA COTTA WOOD FRAMING MILLWORK METALS ROOlNG AND PLASTER WILL BE DISCUSSED

(306 -ECHANICAL 3YSTEMS OF (ISTORIC "UILDINGS 3PRING n 3TAFF -ECHANICAL SYSTEMS WILL BE EXAMINED TOPICALLY FROM THE LATE TH THROUGH THE EARLY TH CENTURIES INCLUDING LIGHTING WATER SYSTEMS DRAINAGE HEATING VENTILATION

KITCHENS AND SECURITY SYSTEMS 4HE COURSE EQUALLY DIVIDES BETWEEN UNDERSTANDING HISTORIC SYSTEMS AND PROBLEMS OF INTRODUCING MODERN MECHANICAL SYSTEMS INTO HISTORIC BUILDINGS (306 "UILDING 0ATHOLOGY &ALL n (ENRY 0REREQUISITE S (306 OR ONE TECHNICAL COURSE IN ARCHITECTURE 4HIS COURSE ADDRESSES THE SUBJECT OF BUILDING DETERIORATION AND INTERVENTION WITH THE EMPHASIS ON THE TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF DETERIORATION #ONSTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION DETAILS AND ASSEMBLIES ARE ANALYZED RELATIVE TO FUNCTIONAL AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS ,ECTURES COVER SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

WALL AND ROOF SYSTEMS AND INTERIOR lNISHES WITH ATTENTION TO PERFORMANCE DETERIORATION AND STABILIZATION OR INTERVENTION TECHNIQUES (306 !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION 3CIENCE 3PRING n -ATERO !N INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION AND THE TECHNICAL STUDY OF TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS ,ECTURES AND ACCOMPANYING LABORATORY SESSIONS INTRODUCE THE NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF THESE MATERIALS THEIR PROPERTIES AND MECHANISMS OF DETERIORATION AND THE GENERAL LABORATORY SKILLS NECESSARY FOR lELD AND LABORATORY CHARACTERIZATION +NOWLEDGE OF BASIC COLLEGE LEVEL CHEMISTRY IS REQUIRED

(306 #ONSERVATION OF THE (ISTORIC ,ANDSCAPE 3PRING n 3TAFF ! MULTI DISCIPLINARY EXPLORATION OF INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR THE CONSERVATION OF THE CULTURAL AND HISTORIC LANDSCAPE 4HIS COURSE AIMS TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW BY LOOKING AT CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES OF DOCUMENTATION

ASSESSMENT POLICY AND INTERVENTION OF MANY DIFFERENT LANDSCAPE TYPES (306 0RESERVATION 4HROUGH 0UBLIC 0OLICY 3PRING n (OLLENBERG !N EXPLORATION OF THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN HISTORIC PRESERVATION DESIGN AND PUBLIC POLICY 4HAT EXPLORATION IS BASED ON THE RECOGNITION THAT A NETWORK OF LAW AND POLICY AT THE FEDERAL STATE AND LOCAL LEVEL HAS PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE ABILITY TO MANAGE CULTURAL RESOURCES AND THAT THE PIECES OF THAT NETWORK WHILE INTERCONNECTING

ARE NOT NECESSARILY MUTUALLY SUPPORTIVE 4HE FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTION OF THE COURSE IS THAT THE PRESERVATION PROFESSIONAL MUST UNDERSTAND THE CAPABILITIES AND DElCIENCIES OF THIS NETWORK IN ORDER TO BE EFFECTIVE 4HE COURSE WILL LOOK AT A RANGE OF RELEVANT AND EXEMPLARY LAWS AND POLICIES EXISTING AT ALL LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT EXAMINING THEM THROUGH CASE STUDIES AND lELD EXERCISES (306 !2#( 4HE %VOLUTION OF !RCHITECTURE &ALL n $E ,ONG ! CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FROM ITS FORMAL BEGINNINGS IN THE ANCIENT WORLD INCLUDING NON 7ESTERN EXAMPLES TO THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY 4HE DEVELOPMENT OF SIGNIlCANT TYPOLOGIES WILL BE ILLUSTRATED WITH MAJOR EXAMPLES AND RELATED TO CULTURAL FORCES THAT SHAPED THEM LEADING ARCHITECTS AND THE DIRECTIONS THEY INSPIRED WILL BE PLACED IN HISTORIC CONTEXT

(306 $OCUMENTATION AND !RCHIVAL 2ESEARCH &ALL n #OHEN 4HE GOAL OF THIS CLASS IS TO HELP STUDENTS BUILD ON THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF MATERIALS THAT RECORD AND CONTEXTUALIZE THE HISTORY OF PLACES !S IN PAST ITERATIONS OF THE COURSE

A CENTERPIECE OF THE CLASS WILL BE lRST HAND EXPOSURE TO THE ACTUAL MATERIALS OF BUILDING HISTORIES 7E WILL VISIT A HALF DOZEN KEY ARCHIVAL REPOSITORIES AND STUDENTS WILL WORK DIRECTLY WITH HISTORICAL EVIDENCE BOTH TEXTUAL AND GRAPHIC EXERCISING THEIR FACILITY THROUGH PROJECTS 7E WILL EXPLORE VARIOUS FORMS OF DOCUMENTATION DISCUSSING EACH IN TERMS OF ITS NATURE ESPECIALLY THE MOTIVES FOR ITS CREATION AND SOME WAYS IT MIGHT lND EFFECTIVE USE 0HILADELPHIA IS MORE OUR LABORATORY THAN A PRIMARY FOCUS IN TERMS OF CONTENT AS THE CITY IS EXTREMELY RICH IN SUCH INSTITUTIONS THAT HOLD OVER THREE CENTURIES WORTH OF SUCH MATERIALS AND STUDENTS WILL lND HERE BOTH AN EXPOSURE TO PRIMARY DOCUMENTS OF MOST OF THE SPECIES THEY MIGHT lND ELSEWHERE AS WELL AS A SENSE OF THE CULTURE OF SUCH INSTITUTIONS AND THE KINDS OF RESEARCH STRATEGIES THAT CAN BE MOST EFFECTIVE (306 2ECORDING AND 3ITE !NALYSIS 3PRING n "OARDMAN %LLIOTT ,ETALLIER )NTRODUCTION TO THE SURVEY AND RECORDING OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND THEIR SITES 4ECHNIQUES OF RECORDING INCLUDE PHOTOGRAPHY AND TRADITIONAL AS WELL AS NEW DIGITALLY BASED QUANTITATIVE METHODS INCLUDING MEASURED DRAWINGS

RECTIlED PHOTOGRAPHY AND STEREO PHOTOGRAMMETRY (306 (ISTORIC 3ITE -ANAGEMENT 3PRING n -ASON 4HE COURSE FOCUSES ON MANAGEMENT PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING FOR ALL TYPES OF HERITAGE SITES FROM INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS TO HISTORIC SITES TO WHOLE LANDSCAPES #OURSE MATERIAL WILL DRAW ON MODEL APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT AS WELL AS A SERIES OF DOMESTIC AND

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES WITH THE GOAL OF UNDERSTANDING THE PRACTICALITIES OF SITE MANAGEMENT 0ARTICULAR TOPICS TO BE EXAMINED IN GREATER DETAIL MIGHT INCLUDE CONSERVATION POLICY INTERPRETATION TOURISM OR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

(306 3EMINAR IN !MERICAN !RCHITECTURE 3PRING n 3TAFF !N INVESTIGATION OF A SPECIlC TOPIC RELATED TO THE HISTORY OF !MERICAN ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING &OLLOWING INTRODUCTORY LECTURES STUDENTS PARTICIPATE THROUGH DETAILED REPORTS AND INFORMAL DISCUSSION 7RITTEN SUMMARIES OF SEMINAR REPORTS ARE ALSO REQUIRED 4HE TOPIC UNDER INVESTIGATION VARIES EACH SEMESTER THE SEMINAR IS OFFERED (306 $IGITAL -EDIA FOR (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION &ALL n (INCHMAN ! REQUIRED PRAXIS COURSE DESIGNED TO INTRODUCE STUDENTS TO THE TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATION OF DIGITAL MEDIA FOR VISUAL AND TEXTUAL COMMUNICATION 4ECHNIQUES WILL BE DISCUSSED FOR PRESERVATION USE INCLUDING SURVEY DOCUMENTATION

RELATIONAL DATABASES AND DIGITAL IMAGING AND MODELING (306 0RESERVATION %CONOMICS 3PRING n 2YPKEMA 4HE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE IS TO PREPARE THE STUDENT AS A PRACTICING PRESERVATIONIST TO UNDERSTAND THE LANGUAGE OF THE DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY TO MAKE THE CASE THROUGH FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS WHY A PRESERVATION PROJECT SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN AND TO BE ABLE TO QUANTIFY THE NEED FOR PUBLIC NON PROlT INTERVENTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ! SECOND OBJECTIVE IS TO ACQUAINT THE STUDENT WITH THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION AND TO CRITICALLY EVALUATE hECONOMIC HARDSHIPv CLAIMS MADE TO REGULATORY BODIES BY PRIVATE OWNERS

(306 3EMINAR IN THE !MERICAN ,ANDSCAPE &ALL n -ASON %ACH FALL THE SEMINAR CONCENTRATES ON A SELECTED TOPIC WHICH ILLUMINATES A TYPICAL LANDSCAPE OR SIGNIlCANT ASPECT OF THE !MERICAN LANDSCAPE IN A PARTICULAR TIME AND PLACE (306 %UROPEAN #ONSERVATION 3UMMER n 3TAFF .OT OFFERED EVERY YEAR ! FOUR TO SIX WEEK SUMMER COURSE OFFERED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN %UROPE TO TEACH INTERNATIONAL THEORIES AND METHODOLOGIES OF CONSERVATION AS PRACTICED THERE ,ECTURES LABORATORY WORK AND lELD TRIPS WILL BE INVOLVED 0AST COURSE LOCATIONS INCLUDED )TALY

%NGLAND AND 4URKEY 4RAVEL AND RESIDENCE FEES EXTRA (306 !DVANCED #ONSERVATION 3CIENCE &ALL n #HAROLA 0REREQUISITE S (306 #ONSERVATION 3CIENCE OR 0ERMISSION OF THE )NSTRUCTOR ! METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE EXAMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF HISTORIC BUILDING MATERIALS 0RACTICAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES APPROPRIATE FOR CONSERVATION PRACTICE INCLUDE OPTICAL MICROSCOPY

WET CHEMICAL PROCEDURES FOR QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MATERIALS SUCH AS MICROCHEMISTRY HISTOCHEMISTRY TITRIMETRY ETC 4HEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF ADVANCED PROCEDURES FOR INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS INCLUDING ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIES THERMAL ANALYSIS AND X RAY TECHNIQUES WILL BE DISCUSSED #OURSE MATERIAL WILL BE TAUGHT THROUGH LECTURES LABORATORY SESSIONS AND READINGS

(306 4HEORIES OF (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION &ALL n -ATERO !N EXAMINATION OF THEORETICAL ISSUES GOVERNING THE lELD OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION !CCEPTED CONCEPTS ARE QUESTIONED

SELECTED EXAMPLES OF CURRENT PRACTICE EVALUATED AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS REVIEWED 4HE INSTRUCTOR S PERMISSION IS REQUIRED FOR ANY STUDENT NOT IN THE (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION 0ROGRAM (306 #0,.

5$%3 (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION ,AW 3PRING n +EENE )NTRODUCTION TO THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF URBAN PLANNING AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON KEY CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES ZONING HISTORIC DISTRICTS GROWTH MANAGEMENT AND STATE AND LOCAL LAWS FOR CONSERVING HISTORIC BUILDINGS (306 (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION 3TUDIO &ALL n -ASON 4HE STUDIO IS A PRACTICAL COURSE IN PLANNING THE CONSERVATION OF LARGER AREAS BRINGING TO BEAR THE WIDE RANGE OF SKILLS AND IDEAS AT PLAY IN THE lELD OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2ECOGNIZING THAT HISTORICAL AREAS ARE COMPLEX ENTITIES WHERE CULTURAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC REALITIES LAND USE BUILDING TYPES AND THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL SETTING ARE ALL CLOSELY INTERRELATED

THE MAIN FOCUS OF THE STUDIO IS UNDERSTANDING THE CULTURAL SIGNIlCANCE OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND THE RELATION OF THIS SIGNIlCANCE TO OTHER ECONOMIC SOCIAL

POLITICAL ECOLOGICAL AND AESTHETIC VALUES 4HROUGH THE DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF A SELECTED STUDY AREA THE STUDIO UNDERTAKES PLANNING EXERCISES FOR AN HISTORICAL AREA CARRIES OUT DOCUMENTATION AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH AND CREATES POLICIES AND PROJECTS 4HE STUDIO SEEKS TO DEMONSTRATE HOW THROUGH CAREFUL EVALUATION OF PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALS PRESERVATION PLANNING CAN RESPOND TO COMMON CONmICTS BETWEEN THE CONSERVATION

OF CULTURAL AND ARCHITECTURAL VALUES AND THE PRESSURE OF SOCIAL FORCES ECONOMIC INTEREST AND POLITICS 4HE STUDIO FOCUSES ON A SPECIlC AREA IN NEED OF COMPREHENSIVE PRESERVATION EFFORT OFTEN IN 0HILADELPHIA PROPER 3TUDENTS WORK IN CONSULTATION WITH LOCAL PRESERVATION AND PLANNING GROUPS COMMUNITY REPRESENTATIVES AND FACULTY ADVISORS TO RESEARCH AND ANALYZE THE STUDY AREA DElNE MAJOR PRESERVATION PLANNING PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES

FORMULATE POLICIES AND PROPOSE PRESERVATION PLANS AND ACTIONS

(306 4HESIS 3PRING n &ACULTY 3TUDENTS ARE ADMITTED TO THESIS AFTER COMPLETION OF THREE SEMESTERS OR THEIR EQUIVALENT IN THE GRADUATE PROGRAM 4HESES SHOULD BE BASED ON ORIGINAL RESEARCH AND RELATE TO EACH STUDENT S ELECTED CONCENTRATION IN HISTORY THEORY

TECHNOLOGY PLANNING OR DESIGN 4HESIS PROPOSALS ARE REQUIRED AT THE TIME OF FALL ENROLLMENT AND DURING THE FALL SEMESTER THESIS STUDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO DEFEND THEIR TOPICS BEFORE PRESERVATION FACULTY AND STUDENTS 4HESIS GUIDELINES AVAILABLE IN THE (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION OFlCE

DESCRIBE OTHER DETAILS (306 #ONSERVATION 3EMINAR &ALL n -ATERO AND 3TAFF !DVANCED STUDY OF HISTORIC BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES FOCUSING ON A DIFFERENT MATERIAL EACH SEMESTER INCLUDING MASONRY METALS WOOD AND SURFACE lNISHES 3EMINARS WILL EXAMINE RESEARCH METHODS AND DOCUMENTARY SOURCES CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

DETERIORATION MECHANISMS SPECIlC METHODS OF ANALYSIS

AND CONSERVATION TREATMENTS #ASE STUDIES WILL BE PRESENTED

(306 3PECIAL 0ROBLEMS !RCHITECTURAL !RCHAEOLOGY 3PRING n -ILNER 0ROBLEMS IN THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES SURROUNDING THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORIC STRUCTURES AND SITES "OTH THEMATIC AND SITE SPECIlC TOPICS WILL VARY EACH YEAR TO ALLOW STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS AND INTERESTS THE OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP MULTI DISCIPLINARY APPROACHES TO PRESERVATION 0AST TOPICS HAVE INCLUDED THE PRESERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES THE PRESERVATION OF TWENTIETH CENTURY BUILDINGS AND ARCHITECTURAL ARCHAEOLOGY (306 3PECIAL 0ROBLEMS )N 0RESERVATION &ALL n 3TAFF 3EE (306 (306 #ONSERVATION 3EMINAR 3PRING n 3TAFF 3EE (306 (306 !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION !DVANCED 0RAXIS 3TAFF 4HIS ADVANCED CU COURSE OFFERS TRAINING BEYOND THE CLASSROOM BY FOCUSING ON THE INTEGRATION OF THEORY AND PRACTICE IN AN APPLIED lELD PROJECT ! WRITTEN PROPOSAL MUST BE SUBMITTED FOR CONSIDERATION AND APPROVAL BY FACULTY AND A WRITTEN DEFENSE OF THE WORK MUST BE PRESENTED AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT 3TUDENTS MUST HAVE COMPLETED THE -ASTER OF (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA BEFORE ENROLLING (306 )NDEPENDENT 3TUDY &ACULTY !N OPPORTUNITY FOR A STUDENT TO WORK ON A SPECIAL TOPIC UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF A FACULTY MEMBER

&! # 5 ,4 9

&RANK ' -ATERO 0ROFESSOR OF !RCHITECTURE #HAIR 0ROGRAM IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION FGMATERO DESIGN UPENN EDU " !

35.9 3TONYBROOK SUMMA CUM LAUDE - 3 'RADUATE 3CHOOL OF !RCHITECTURE 0LANNING AND 0RESERVATION #OLUMBIA 5NIVERSITY #ONSERVATION 0ROGRAM

)NSTITUTE OF &INE !RTS .EW 9ORK 5NIVERSITY 6ISITING 0ROFESSOR ˆ 0OLYTECHNIC 5NIVERSITY OF 0UERTO 2ICO PRESENT )NTERNATIONAL #ENTER FOR THE 0RESERVATION AND 2ESTORATION OF #ULTURAL 0ROPERTY 5.%3#/

2OME 0REVIOUSLY !SSISTANT 0ROFESSOR OF !RCHITECTURE AND $IRECTOR #ENTER FOR 0RESERVATION 2ESEARCH #OLUMBIA 5NIVERSITY 4EACHING AND RESEARCH IN BUILDING CONSERVATION AND APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY 0UBLICATIONS INCLUDE ˆ -ANAGING #HANGE 3USTAINABLE !PPROACHES TO THE #ONSERVATION OF THE "UILT 7ORLD #ONTRIBUTIONS 4OWARDS 2EmEXIVE -ETHOD IN !RCHAEOLOGY THE %XAMPLE AT #ATALHOYUK

!RCHITECTURAL #ERAMICS !NCIENT AND (ISTORIC -ETALS AND #ONSERVING "UILDINGS AS WELL AS ARTICLES IN PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS AND CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 2ECIPIENT OF THE /LIVER 4ORREY &ULLER !WARD FOR "EST 0UBLICATION %DITOR #ONSERVATION AND -ANAGEMENT OF !RCHAEOLOGICAL 3ITES AND *OURNAL OF !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION 2ESEARCH !SSOCIATE -USEUM OF !RCHAEOLOGY AND !NTHROPOLOGY OF THE 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA

$AVID "ROWNLEE ! " SUMMA CUM LAUDE (ARVARD #OLLEGE

! -

(ARVARD 5NIVERSITY

0H $ (ARVARD 5NIVERSITY

$AVID ' $E ,ONG 0ROFESSOR %MERITUS OF !RCHITECTURE DDELONG DESIGN UPENN EDU " !RCH 5NIVERSITY OF +ANSAS - !RCH 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA 0H $ IN !RCHITECTURAL (ISTORY #OLUMBIA 5NIVERSITY 6ISITING #RITIC IN !RCHITECTURAL $ESIGN -IDDLE %AST 4ECHNICAL 5NIVERSITY !NKARA 6ISITING 0ROFESSOR 5NIVERSITY OF 3YDNEY RESTORATION ARCHITECT (ARVARD #ORNELL !RCHAEOLOGICAL %XPEDITION TO 3ARDIS FORMER !SSOCIATE

*OHN #ARL 7ARNECKE AND !SSOCIATES .EW 9ORK #ITY FORMER #HAIR 0ROGRAM IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION #OLUMBIA 5NIVERSITY &ULBRIGHT &ELLOW lRST *AMES -ARSTON &ITCH 2ESIDENT IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION !MERICAN !CADEMY IN 2OME 'UGGENHEIM &ELLOW

4EACHES (ISTORY 4HEORY ) !MERICAN ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY

AND THEORIES OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION #HAIR 'RADUATE 'ROUP IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION "OOKS INCLUDE (ISTORIC !MERICAN "UILDINGS VOLS

"RUCE 'OFF 4OWARD !BSOLUTE !RCHITECTURE ,OUIS ) +AHN )N THE 2EALM OF !RCHITECTURE &RANK ,LOYD 7RIGHT $ESIGNS FOR AN !MERICAN ,ANDSCAPE &RANK ,LOYD 7RIGHT AND THE ,IVING #ITY /UT OF THE /RDINARY 2OBERT 6ENTURI $ENISE 3COTT "ROWN AND !SSOCIATES

!ULDBRASS &RANK ,LOYD 7RIGHT S 3OUTHERN 0LANTATION &ORMER AND CURRENT AFlLIATIONS INCLUDE %DITORIAL "OARD OF THE !RCHITECTURAL (ISTORY &OUNDATION #HAIRMAN OF THE "OARD OF $IRECTORS OF THE 0RESERVATION !LLIANCE FOR 'REATER 0HILADELPHIA 7ESTERN 0ENNSYLVANIA #ONSERVANCY !DVISORY #OMMITTEE AND "OARD OF $IRECTORS OF THE &RANK ,LOYD 7RIGHT "UILDING #ONSERVANCY

*OHN $IXON (UNT 0ROFESSOR OF THE (ISTORY AND 4HEORY OF ,ANDSCAPE JDHUNT DESIGN UPENN EDU

*OHN +EENE 0ROFESSOR OF #ITY AND 2EGIONAL 0LANNING KEENEJ DESIGN UPENN EDU

" ! AND - ! +ING S #OLLEGE

#AMBRIDGE 0H $ "RISTOL 5NIVERSITY

" !

9ALE 5NIVERSITY * $ (ARVARD 5NIVERSITY - # 0

5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA

0ROFESSOR *OHN $IXON (UNT JOINED THE FACULTY IN AND SERVED AS DEPARTMENT CHAIR THROUGH *UNE (E WAS THE FORMER $IRECTOR OF 3TUDIES IN ,ANDSCAPE !RCHITECTURE AT $UMBARTON /AKS (E IS THE AUTHOR OF NUMEROUS ARTICLES AND BOOKS ON GARDEN HISTORY AND THEORY INCLUDING A CATALOGUE OF THE LANDSCAPE DRAWINGS OF 7ILLIAM +ENT

'ARDEN AND 'ROVE 'ARDENS AND THE 0ICTURESQUE 4HE 0ICTURESQUE 'ARDEN IN %UROPE AND 4HE !FTERLIFE OF 'ARDENS (E EDITS TWO JOURNALS 7ORD )MAGE AND 3TUDIES IN THE (ISTORY OF 'ARDENS AND $ESIGNED ,ANDSCAPES #URRENT INTERESTS FOCUS UPON LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL THEORY THE DEVELOPMENT OF GARDEN DESIGN IN THE CITY OF 6ENICE MODERN IST GARDEN DESIGN AND EKPHRASIS (E IS THE INAUGURAL SERIES EDITOR OF THE NEW 0ENN 3TUDIES IN ,ANDSCAPE !RCHITECTURE 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA 0RESS IN WHICH WAS PUBLISHED HIS OWN THEORETIC STUDY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 'REATER 0ERFECTIONS 4HE 0RACTICE OF 'ARDEN 4HEORY )N -AY HE WAS NAMED #HEVALIER OF THE /RDER OF !RTS AND ,ETTERS BY THE &RENCH -INISTRY OF #ULTURE

0ROFESSOR +EENE S TEACHING AND RESEARCH INTERESTS FOCUS ON THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING LAND DEVELOPMENT REGULATION ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND LAW

LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES RELATING TO BROWNlELD REMEDIATION

AND MANAGEMENT OF URBAN GROWTH

0ROFESSOR +EENE HAS ADVISED LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ON THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND FARMLAND PROTECTION AND IS CURRENTLY WORKING ON A STUDY OF URBAN SPRAWL AND POPULAR ATTITUDES TOWARD hWALKABLE COMMUNITIESv AND OTHER ALTERNATIVES TO STANDARD SINGLE FAMILY DETACHED RESIDENTIAL SUBDIVISION DEVELOPMENT

0ROFESSOR +EENE IS THE #HAIR OF THE 'RADUATE 'ROUP IN #ITY AND 2EGIONAL 0LANNING WHICH ADMINISTERS THE 0H $ $EGREE PROGRAM IN #ITY AND 2EGIONAL 0LANNING $URING

AND HE SERVED CONSECUTIVELY AS #HAIR %LECT #HAIR AND PAST #HAIR OF THE &ACULTY 3ENATE OF THE 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA

(E IS THE CO AUTHOR OF 3AVING !MERICAN &ARMLAND 7HAT 7ORKS 'UIDING 'ROWTH ! 0RIMER ON 'ROWTH -ANAGEMENT FOR 0ENNSYLVANIA -UNICIPALITIES 4HE 0ROTECTION OF &ARMLAND ! 2EFERENCE 'UIDEBOOK FOR 3TATE AND ,OCAL 'OVERNMENTS AND 5NTAXING /PEN 3PACE !N %VALUATION OF THE %FFECTIVENESS OF $IFFERENTIAL !SSESSMENT OF &ARMS AND /PEN 3PACE ALONG WITH NUMEROUS ARTICLES AND REPORTS (E RECENTLY CO AUTHORED A STUDY WITH .ANCY , -OHR 6ISIONS OF ,ANDSCAPES ! 3TUDY OF 3PRAWL 6ALUES IN #ONmICT AND THE .EED FOR 0UBLIC 0ERSUASION WHICH EXAMINED PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF SHAPING SUBURBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT

2ANDALL & -ASON !SSOCIATE 0ROFESSOR OF #ITY AND 2EGIONAL 0LANNING RFMASON DESIGN UPENN EDU

*OHN -ILNER !DJUNCT 0ROFESSOR OF !RCHITECTURE " !RCH 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA

" !

"UCKNELL 5NIVERSITY - 3 0ENNSYLVANIA 3TATE 5NIVERSITY 0H $ - 0HIL #OLUMBIA 5NIVERSITY 4EACHES HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLANNING URBAN HISTORY AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE STUDIES 2ESEARCH INTERESTS INCLUDE THEORY AND METHODS OF PRESERVATION PLANNING CULTURAL POLICY SITE MANAGEMENT AND THE HISTORY OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION 7ORKED AS 3ENIOR 0ROJECT 3PECIALIST AT THE 'ETTY #ONSERVATION )NSTITUTE RESEARCHING ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELATING TO HERITAGE CONSERVATION 0UBLICATIONS INCLUDED IN THE 'ETTY S %CONOMIC AND (ERITAGE #ONSERVATION 6ALUES AND (ERITAGE #ONSERVATION

AND !SSESSING THE 6ALUES OF #ULTURAL (ERITAGE CO EDITOR

'IVING 0RESERVATION A (ISTORY 3ERVED PREVIOUSLY AS !SSISTANT 0ROFESSOR OF (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION AND !RCHITECTURE AND $IRECTOR OF (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION

5NIVERSITY OF -ARYLAND AND AS ADJUNCT FACULTY IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AT 2)3$ 0ARTNER IN THE NONPROlT RESEARCH AND CONSULTING lRM -INERVA 0ARTNERS

WHICH DEVELOPS PROJECTS TO STRENGTHEN THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

*OHN -ILNER !RCHITECTS )NC SPECIALIZES IN THE CONSERVATION RESTORATION AND ADAPTATION OF HISTORIC STRUCTURES AND THE DESIGN OF NEW BUILDINGS WHICH ARE OFTEN IN AN HISTORIC CONTEXT 2ESTORATION PROJECTS INCLUDE &OURTH 0RESBYTERIAN #HURCH #HICAGO 7ILLIAM 3CARBROUGH (OUSE 3AVANNAH &ONTHILL $OYLESTOWN 0!

-ARKET 3TREET (OUSES OF &RANKLIN #OURT 0HILADELPHIA

*ETHRO #OFlN (OUSE .ANTUCKET AND 4HOMAS 3TONE .ATIONAL (ISTORIC 3ITE #HARLES #O -$ .EW CONSTRUCTION INCLUDES #HERRY (ILL &ARM #HARLOTTESVILLE -ARLBOROUGH &ARM #HESTER #O 0!

0INEY 0OINT %ASTERN 3HORE

-$ AND NUMEROUS PRIVATE RESIDENCES AND INSTITUTIONAL FACILITIES 4EACHES COURSES IN !MERICAN "UILDING 4ECHNOLOGY AND $OCUMENTATION AND 3ITE !NALYSIS

2OGER -OSS !DJUNCT 0ROFESSOR OF !RCHITECTURE RWMOSS DESIGN UPENN EDU " 3 %D AND - ! /HIO 5NIVERSITY 0H $

5NIVERSITY OF $ELAWARE %XECUTIVE $IRECTOR 4HE !THENAEUM OF 0HILADELPHIA 0RIVATE CONSULTING PRACTICE AS 0ARTNER ,#! !SSOCIATES

LIMITED TO THE RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MUSEUMS AND HISTORIC SITES 4EACHES COURSES ON DOCUMENTATION OF HISTORIC STRUCTURES MANAGEMENT OF HISTORIC SITES AND MUSEUMS AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS OF HISTORIC STRUCTURES "OARD OF $IRECTORS #HRISTOPHER ,UDWICK &OUNDATION

!BRAHAM ,INCOLN &OUNDATION "RITISH #ATHEDRALS AND (ISTORIC #HURCHES &OUNDATION 2ESEARCH PUBLICATION AND EXHIBITION GRANTS FROM )-,3 .%! (%( .(02#

"OOKS INCLUDE (ISTORIC (OUSES OF 0HILADELPHIA 0HILADELPHIA 6ICTORIAN 0AINT IN !MERICA 4HE !MERICAN #OUNTRY (OUSE ,IGHTING FOR (ISTORIC "UILDINGS 6ICTORIAN %XTERIOR $ECORATION "IOGRAPHICAL $ICTIONARY OF 0HILADELPHIA !RCHITECTS AND #ENTURY OF #OLOR

7ITOLD 2YBCZYNSKI $IRECTOR 2EAL %STATE $ESIGN AND $EVELOPMENT -ARTIN AND -ARGY -EYERSON 0ROFESSOR OF 5RBANISM

0ROFESSOR OF 2EAL %STATE RYBCZYNS DESIGN UPENN EDU

-! (ON 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA -!RCH

-C'ILL 5NIVERSITY "!RCH -C'ILL 5NIVERSITY

(ONORARY FELLOW !MERICAN )NSTITUTE OF !RCHITECTS 4EACHES COURSES IN ARCHITECTURAL THEORY 2ESEARCH INTERESTS URBANISM HOUSING ARCHITECTUREAL CRITICISM 0REVIOUSLY PROFESSOR OF ARCHITECTURE AT -C'ILL 5NIVERSITY IN -ONTREAL !UTHOR OF MANY ACCLAIMED BOOKS INCLUDING (OME

TRANSLATED INTO EIGHT LANGUAGES #ITY ,IFE ! #LEARING IN THE $ISTANCE A BIOGRAPHY OF &REDERICK ,AW /LMSTED AND WINNER OF THE * !NTHONY ,UKAS 0RIZE 4HE ,OOK OF !RCHITECTURE AND 4HE 0ERFECT (OUSE ON THE VILLAS OF 0ALLADIO #URRENTLY WRITING A BOOK ON URBAN DESIGN AND REAL ESTATE (E CONTRIBUTES REGULARLY TO THE .EW 9ORK 4IMES AND 4HE !TLANTIC -ONTHLY (E IS ALSO 0ROFESSOR OF 2EAL %STATE AT THE 7HARTON 3CHOOL

AND IS FOUNDING CO EDITOR OF THE 7HARTON 2EAL %STATE 2EVIEW

2OBERT 3T 'EORGE !SSOCIATE 0ROFESSOR OF (ISTORY (IS RESEARCH FOCUSES ON !MERICAN CULTURAL HISTORY

MATERIAL CULTURE VERNACULAR LANDSCAPES AND HERITAGE PRODUCTIONS IN .ORTH !MERICA %NGLAND )RELAND AND )CELAND (E TEACHES UNDERGRADUATE COURSES ON SUCH TOPICS AS EARLY !MERICAN CULTURAL HISTORY WITCHCRAFT IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD PUBLIC CULTURE !MERICAN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE PERFORMING HISTORY AND !MERICAN CONSUMER CULTURE (E IS A GRADUATE OF (AMILTON #OLLEGE !"

THE 7INTERTHUR 0ROGRAM IN %ARLY !MERICAN #ULTURE AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF $ELAWARE -!

AND THE 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA -!

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(E JOINED THE FACULTY AT 0ENN IN 0RIOR TO JOINING THE (ISTORY $EPARTMENT IN HE WAS A FACULTY MEMBER IN THE $EPARTMENT OF &OLKLORE &OLKLIFE

WHERE HE WAS UNDERGRADUATE CHAIR AND GRADUATE CHAIR (E IS CURRENTLY A MEMBER OF THE GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN &OLKLORE AND IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION AND IS $IRECTOR OF THE 0ROGRAM IN 0UBLIC #ULTURE IN 0ENN S -ASTER OF ,IBERAL !RTS CURRICULUM

!MONG HIS PUBLICATIONS ARE 4HE 7ROUGHT #OVENANT 3OURCE -ATERIALS FOR THE 3TUDY OF #RAFTSMEN AND #OMMUNITY IN 3OUTHEASTERN .EW %NGLAND

-ATERIAL ,IFE IN !MERICA

#ONVERSING "Y 3IGNS 0OETICS OF )MPLICATION IN #OLONIAL .EW %NGLAND #ULTURE AND 0OSSIBLE 0ASTS "ECOMING #OLONIAL IN %ARLY !MERICA ! PAST WINNER OF THE UNIVERSITY S ,INDBACK !WARD FOR DISTINGUISHED TEACHING HE HAS HELD FELLOWSHIPS FROM THE !MERICAN !NTIQUARIAN 3OCIETY THE .ATIONAL %NDOWMENT FOR THE (UMANITIES

THE 'ILDER ,ERHMAN )NSTITUTE FOR !MERICAN (ISTORY

AND THE *OHN 3IMON 'UGGENHEIM &OUNDATION (E IS CURRENTLY COMPLETING A BOOK ON POPULAR VIOLENCE AND LAW IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -AINE EXPLORING THE CLASS AND RELIGIOUS TENSIONS THAT SURFACED IN *OHN !DAMS S LAST LEGAL CASE

# $ANA 4OMLIN 0ROFESSOR OF ,ANDSCAPE !RCHITECTURE TOMLIN DANA VERIZON NET HTTP WWW CML UPENN EDU " 3 5NIVERSITY OF 6IRGINIA - , !

(ARVARD 5NIVERSITY - 0HIL AND 0H $ IN FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 9ALE 5NIVERSITY 0ROFESSOR $ANA 4OMLIN JOINED THE FACULTY IN 0RIOR TO COMING TO THE 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA HE WAS ON THE FACULTY AT THE /HIO 3TATE 5NIVERSITY 3CHOOL OF .ATURAL 2ESOURCES AND AT (ARVARD '3$ (E IS A WORLD RENOWNED EXPERT ON GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS ')3 (E IS AUTHOR OF 'EOGRAPHIC )NFORMATION 3YSTEMS AND #ARTOGRAPHIC -ODELING DEVELOPER OF THE -AP !NALYSIS 0ACKAGE SOFTWARE AND ORIGINATOR OF -AP !LGEBRA (IS CURRENT RESEARCH INTERESTS INVOLVE THE USE OF DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN SPATIAL PATTERN ANALYSIS AND LAND USE ALLOCATION 4OMLIN WAS A RECIPIENT OF A ,INDBACK !WARD FOR $ISTINGUISHED TEACHING

,%#452%23

'USTAVO !RAOZ " !RCH #ATHOLIC 5NIVERSITY OF !MERICA - !

'EORGETOWN 5NIVERSITY #ERTIlCADO DE #APACITACION EN 2ESTAURACION DE -ONUMENTOS )NSTITUTO .ACIONAL DE !NTROPOLOGIA E (ISTORIA -EXICO -R !RAOZ IS A PRESERVATION ARCHITECT WHO HAS WORKED ON THE MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF THE HISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENT FOR THE PAST YEARS 3INCE HE HAS BEEN %XECUTIVE $IRECTOR OF THE 5NITED 3TATES #OMMITTEE FOR THE )NTERNATIONAL #OUNCIL ON -ONUMENTS AND 3ITES

THE WORLDWIDE NON GOVERNMENTAL GLOBAL ALLIANCE OF PRESERVATION PROFESSIONALS AND SUPPORTERS (E HAS TAUGHT AND LECTURED IN "RAZIL -EXICO 'UATAMALA "OLIVIA

0ARAGUAY #HILE %L 3ALVADOR 0ERU AND 3PAIN *AKE "ARROW 3R %XHIBIT 3PECIALIST )NTER -OUNTAIN 3UPPORT /FlCE .ATIONAL 0ARK 3ERVICE 3ANTA &E .EW -EXICO

#LIVE "OARDMAN "3C 'EOGRAPHY 5NIVERSITY OF 7ALES !BERYSTWYTH 4RAINED COMPUTER PROGRAMMER SURVEYOR -3C 0HOTOGRAMMETRY 5NIVERSITY #OLLEGE ,ONDON 4ECHNICAL $IRECTOR OF 0HOTARC 3URVEYS ,TD INTERNATIONAL GEOMATICS SERVICE PROVIDERS SPECIALISING IN ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY SINCE #OUNCIL MEMBER OF 5+ 0HOTOGRAMMETRIC 3OCIETY n 4WENTY lVE YEARS EXPERIENCE OF ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION SURVEY )MAGERY ANALYST AND CONSULTANT TO THE 5+ -INISTRY OF $EFENCE AND SEVERAL 5+ POLICE FORCES 2EGISTERED EXPERT WITNESS FOR IMAGERY ANALYSIS FOR LEGAL CASES -EMBER OF COMMITTEE ESTABLISHED BY %NGLISH (ERITAGE TO DETERMINE STANDARDS FOR $ LASER SCANNING FOR HERITAGE STRUCTURES 4ASK GROUP MEMBER FOR THE 2ECOR$)- INITIATIVE ESTABLISHED BY '#) )#/-/3 AND #)0! TO PURSUE IMPROVED DOCUMENTATION RECORDING INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND DISSEMINATION IN THE RECORDING OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS &ELLOW OF THE 2EMOTE 3ENSING AND 0HOTOGRAMMETRY 3OCIETY ! %LENA #HAROLA 0H $ #HEMISTRY 5NIVERSIDAD .ACIONAL DE ,A 0LATA

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*EFFREY ! #OHEN 0H $ (ISTORY OF !RT 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA ,ECTURER 'ROWTH AND 3TRUCTURE OF #ITIES 0ROGRAM "RYN -AWR #OLLEGE SINCE $IRECTOR $IGITAL -EDIA AND 6ISUAL 2ESOURCE #ENTER AT "RYN -AWR AND HUMANITIES REPRESENTATIVE FOR )NSTRUCTIONAL 4ECHNOLOGY 4EAM #O AUTHOR OF $RAWING 4OWARD "UILDING 0HILADELPHIA !RCHITECTURAL 'RAPHICS

4HE !RCHITECTURAL $RAWINGS OF "ENJAMIN ,ATROBE AND &RANK &URNESS 4HE #OMPLETE 7ORKS REV 2ECENT PROJECTS INCLUDE (ISTORIC 3TRUCTURES 2EPORT FOR %ASTERN 3TATE 0ENITENTIARY AND TWO EXHIBITIONS

h'RACED 0LACES 4HE !RCHITECTURE OF 7ILSON %YREv AND h4HE #HANGING (EART OF THE #ITY "UILDING AND 2EBUILDING 7ESTERN @7ASH 7EST v #HAIR OF THE %LECTRONIC -EDIA #OMMITTEE AND WEBMASTER FOR THE 3OCIETY OF !RCHITECTURAL (ISTORIANS 0ROJECT DIRECTOR FOR h0LACES IN 4IME v A WEB SITE FOR DISSEMINATING DOCUMENTATION OF THE 0HILADELPHIA AREA S BUILT ENVIRONMENT #O TEACHES THE 3ENIOR 0RESERVATION STUDIO WITH 'USTAVO !AROZ AND .ELLIE ,ONGSWORTH %MILY 4 #OOPERMAN %MILY #OOPERMAN IS THE $IRECTOR OF (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION FOR THE #ULTURAL 2ESOURCE #ONSULTING 'ROUP A CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT lRM WITH OFlCES IN CENTRAL .EW *ERSEY .EW 9ORK AND 0HILADELPHIA (ER UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE FROM !MHERST #OLLEGE WAS IN &RENCH AND %NGLISH

AND SHE COMPLETED AN - 3 IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION AND A 0H $ IN THE (ISTORY OF !RT AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA 3HE BEGAN HER CAREER IN MUSEUM WORK AND IS THE FORMER DIRECTOR OF 3TENTON THE .ATIONAL (ISTORIC ,ANDMARK HOUSE OF *AMES ,OGAN IN 0HILADELPHIA 3HE IS ALSO THE FORMER $IRECTOR OF 2ESEARCH AT THE !RCHITECTURAL !RCHIVES OF THE 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA WHERE SHE WAS ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORS OF ARCHITECT BIOGRAPHIES FOR THE 0HILADELPHIA !RCHITECTS AND "UILDINGS DATABASE PROGRAM 3HE WAS A FOUNDING PRINCIPAL OF 'EORGE % 4HOMAS !SSOCIATES )NC PRIOR TO JOINING #2#' 3HE HAS TAUGHT LANDSCAPE AND ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AT BOTH THE

GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE LEVELS AT 0ENN 0HILADELPHIA 5NIVERSITY AND AT "RYN -AWR #OLLEGE AND HAS CURATED EXHIBITIONS AND LECTURED ON RELATED TOPICS TO BOTH SCHOLARLY AND GENERAL AUDIENCES

*OSEPH %LLIOTT 0HOTOGRAPHER %DUCATION " 3 5NIVERSITY OF -INNESOTA

-&! 0RATT INSTITUTE 0ROFESSOR OF !RT -UHLENBERG #OLLEGE SINCE 'RANTS .9 3TATE !RTS #OUNCIL 'RAHAM &OUNDATION

%XHIBITS -INNEAPOLIS )NSTITUTE OF !RT !LLENTOWN !RT -USEUM 0ENN$ESIGN 3TATE -USEUM OF 0ENNSYLVANIA

,EHIGH 5NIVERSITY (AVERFORD #OLLEGE 0UBLICATIONS -ETROPOLIS 7IRED 3MITHSONIAN 0ROJECTS .UMEROUS (!"3 (!%2 DOCUMENTATIONS FOR 53 $EPT OF )NTERIOR 53 6ETERANS !DMINISTRATION #2#'

2ICHARD 'RUBB AND !SSOC ,ICHTENSTEIN %NGINEERS

0ANTEL DEL #UETO AND !SSOC ,INDSAY &ALCK " !RCH -ASTER OF 5RBAN 2EGIONAL 0LANNING

5NIVERSITY OF #APETOWN 3OUTH !FRICA ,INDSAY &ALCK TEACHES COURSES IN CONSTRUCTION &ORMERLY

0ROFESSOR AT 5#4 WHERE HE SERVED AS $IRECTOR OF 5NDERGRADUATE 3TUDIES AND $EAN OF &ACULTY 6ISITING CRITIC AND EXTERNAL EXAMINER TO ALL MAJOR SCHOOLS OF ARCHITECTURE IN 3OUTH !FRICA AND VISITING CRITIC AT SEVERAL SCHOOLS IN 'REAT "RITAIN AND THE 53! 2ECIPIENT $ISTINGUISHED 4EACHER !WARD &ORD &OUNDATION 4RAVEL 'RANT (ELEN 'ARDNER 4RAVEL !WARD 2ESEARCH FOCUS IN AREA OF URBAN CONDITIONS %XTENSIVE EXPERIENCE AS ARCHITECT AND URBAN PLANNER IN 3OUTH !FRICA #ONTINUES IN PRIVATE PRACTICE IN ARCHITECTURE AND IS A CONSULTANT IN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY #URRENT RESEARCH IS IN THE lELD OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AND STRUCTURAL MECHANICS AT #ATALHOYUK 4URKEY AND IN HIGH PERFORMANCE CLIMATE ADJUSTABLE BUILDING ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS AND ULTRA LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURES

#AROL &RANKLIN 0RINCIPAL AND #O FOUNDER !NDROPOGON !SSOCIATES ,TS 0HILADELPHIA 0! &RANKLINC ANDROPOGON COM -ICHAEL # (ENRY - 3 %NGINEERING 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA " 3

-ECHANICAL %NGINEERING 5NIVERSITY OF (OUSTON -R (ENRY HAS OVER THREE DECADES OF EXPERIENCE IN THE CONCEPTION PLANNING DESIGN AND EXECUTION OF COMPLEX PROJECTS RELATED TO BUILDINGS AND ENGINEERED SYSTEMS INCLUDING TECHNICAL DIRECTION AND OVERSIGHT

STAFF DEVELOPMENT AND CLIENT ACCOUNTABILITY &OR THE PAST TWENTY ONE YEARS HE HAS BEEN ENGAGED IN THE INVESTIGATION ASSESSMENT PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF HISTORUC STRUCTURES RELATED SITES AND CONTENTS AS 0RINCIPAL %NGINEER !RCHITECT AND FOUNDING PARTNER OF 7ATSON (ENRY !SSOCIATES (E CONSULTS ON MUSEUM PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS !S ,ECTURER IN THE 'RADUATE 0ROGRAM IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION -R (ENRY TEACHES "UILDING 0ATHOLOGY *OHN (INCHMAN 2ESEARCH 3PECIALIST !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION ,ABORATORY HINCHMAN CANOEMAIL COM - 3 IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION AND !DVANCED #ERTIlCATE IN !RCHITECTURAL #ONSERVATION 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA - & ! #RANBROOK !CADEMY OF &INE !RTS " & ! #ORNELL 5NIVERSITY !S ,ECTURER *OHN TEACHES !PPLICATIONS OF $IGITAL -EDIA IN 0RESERVATION WHICH FOCUSES ON DEVELOPING A COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE USE OF DIVERSE SOFTWARE PACKAGES AS A SINGLE INTEGRATED TOOL IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION 2ECENT TEACHING PROJECTS INCLUDE A JOINT EFFORT WITH THE 0OLYTECHNIC 5NIVERSITY OF 0UERTO 2ICO IN 3AN *UAN 0UERTO 2ICO FOR WHICH THE TEAM RECEIVED AN %DUCATION (ONOR !WARD FROM THE !MERICAN )NSTITUTE OF !RCHITECTS !S RESEARCH SPECIALIST FOR THE !RCHITECTURAL

#ONSERVATION ,ABORATORY HE IS PRESENTLY INVOLVED WITH A WIDE RANGE OF PROJECTS INCLUDING THE -ERCHANT S %XCHANGE "UILDING AT )NDEPENDENCE .ATIONAL (ISTORICAL 0ARK AS WELL AS "ANDELIER .ATIONAL -ONUMENT IN .EW -EXICO

$AVID (OLLENBERG - !RCH 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA #URRENTLY SERVES AS THE !SSOCIATE 2EGIONAL $IRECTOR FOR $ESIGN #ONSTRUCTION AND &ACILITY -ANAGEMENT OF THE .ORTHEAST 2EGION .ATIONAL 0ARK 3ERVICE .03 2ESPONSIBLE FOR THE FULL RANGE OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE STATE .ORTHEAST 2EGION INCLUDING RESTORATION AND PRESERVATION OF HISTORIC STRUCTURES AS WELL AS DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW FACILITIES 0RIOR TO JOINING .03 WAS A PARTNER IN A CULTURAL RESOURCES CONSULTING lRM WORKING AS AN ARCHITECT AND PLANNER SPECIALIZING IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION 0 !NDREW ,INS " !

5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA - 3 3IR *OHN #ASS #OLLEGE ,ONDON - ! .EW 9ORK 5NIVERSITY $IPLOMA IN THE #ONSERVATION OF &INE !RTS .EW 9ORK 5NIVERSITY 'ETTY )NSTITUTE 3CHOLAR +RESS &OUNDATION &ELLOW

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.ELLIE , ,ONGSWORTH " !

3MITH #OLLEGE ! ,OEB &ELLOW IN !DVANCED %NVIRONMENTAL $ESIGN AT (ARVARD 5NIVERSITY (ONORARY $OCTORATE OF ,AWS FROM 'OUCHER #OLLEGE (AVE TAUGHT COURSES AND LECTURED WIDELY ON THE POLITICS OF URBAN PRESERVATION PLANNING AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA (ARVARD #OLUMBIA 'EORGE 7ASHINGTON

56!

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!NTHROPOLOGY -USEUM OF !PPLIED 3CIENCE FOR !RCHAEOLOGY -!3#!

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BY THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES "UILDING AND -ATERIALS #ONSERVATION n SUB DIVIDED INTO A "UILDING AND 3ITE 0RESERVATION B -ASONRY C -ETALS D &INISHES E 7OOD F %ARTH (ERITAGE -ANAGEMENT n SUB DIVIDED INTO A ,ANDSCAPE 0RESERVATION B (ISTORY AND $OCUMENTATION C -USEUM AND 3ITE -ANAGEMENT D 0RESERVATION 0LANNING E $ESIGN !DAPTIVE 2EUSE 7HERE RELEVANT THESES ARE CITED IN MORE THAN ONE CATEGORY %ACH CITATION IS FOLLOWED BY THE THESIS S CALL NUMBER 4HESES ARE HELD AT THE &ISHER &INE !RTS ,IBRARY WHERE THEY MAY BE CHECKED OUT OR REQUESTED BY INTER LIBRARY LOAN AND IN THE 6AN 0ELT ,IBRARY STORAGE FROM WHERE THEY MAY BE RETRIEVED FOR VIEWING IN THE READING ROOM )N ADDITION SEVERAL HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED IN THE FORM OF ARTICLES AND INDEPENDENT PUBLICATIONS

"UILDING AND -ATERIALS #ONSERVATION "UILDING AND 3ITE 0RESERVATION %LK 3ARA *ANE 3TRUCTURAL 'LASS AND THE 3TORE &RONT .! % !DERMAN %LLA 7EBSTER !RCHITECTURAL 4ERRA #OTTA /N 3ITE %VALUATION AND 4ESTING .! ! .EVITT 2OBERT 4HE %NVIRONMENTAL #ONTROLS OF &URNESS &INE !RTS ,IBRARY .! .

(ITTLEMAN *ILL 4HE 2EPLACEMENT OF (ISTORIC /RNAMENT WITH &IBERGLASS 2EPRODUCTIONS )S IT A REALISTIC ALTERNATIVE .! ( %LK 3ARA *ANE 3TRUCTURAL 'LASS AND THE 3TORE &RONT .! % !BREU #INTRON (ECTOR 2EHABILITATION 'UIDELINES FOR (ISTORIC !DOBE 3TRUCTURES IN .EW -EXICO .! # &RIEDMAN !NN )SABEL -INEVILLE .EW 9ORK ! #ONCRETE )NDUSTRIAL 6ILLAGE IN THE (EART OF THE !DIRONDACK &ORESTS .! &

3ATHER +ATHRYN 'RANITE $ETERIORATION IN THE 'RAVEYARD OF 3AINT *AMES THE ,ESS

0HILADELPHIA .! 3 "EAS -ARIA )SABEL ' 4RADITIONAL !RCHITECTURAL 2ENDERS ON %ARTHEN 3URFACES .! " 'OLDBERGER -IRNA ! #ONSERVATION 3TUDY OF AN !NASAZI %ARTHEN -URAL AT !ZTEC 2UINS .ATIONAL -ONUMENT .! ' -ILKOVICH !NN +ATHERINE 'USTAVINO 4ILE #ONSTRUCTION !N !NALYSIS OF A -ODERN #OHESIVE #ONSTRUCTION 4ECHNIQUE .! - /ZTURK )SIL !LKOXYSILANES #ONSOLIDATION OF 3TONE AND %ARTHEN "UILDING -ATERIALS .!

6ENKATARAMAN !NURADHA 4HE #ONSERVATION OF 3ALT #ONTAMINATED 3TONE 7OLF *EAN +ESSLER 4HE 2ESIDENTIAL !RCHITECTURE OF 7ALTER + $URHAM IN ,OWER -ERION 4OWNSHIP 4YPOLOGICAL !NALYSIS AND #ONSERVATION 'UIDELINES .! 7

"ANTA *AMES 6ALENTE 4HE #HARACTERIZATION AND !NALYSIS OF /RNAMENTAL #AST 3TONE AND 3TUCCO FROM THE 0ALACIO %RRAZURIZ "UENOS !IRES !RGENTINA .! " 4ONER *AMES % 2ESEARCHING 2ISING $AMP AT "ARTRAM S 'ARDEN .! 4 #OWING +ATHERINE % ! 0RESERVATION !NALYSIS AND 2ECOMMENDATIONS FOR 70! /UTBUILDINGS IN THE 7ISSAHICKON 6ALLEY .! # -C$OWELL +ATHERINE #HARACTERIZATION AND #ONDITIONS !SSESSMENT OF THE 3ACRISTY 7INDOW

-ISSION 3AN *OSE Y 3AN -IGUEL DE !GUAYO 3AN !NTONIO 4EXAS $I,UCIA !NN -ARIE (IGH !RCH "RIDGES ! #OST "ENElT !NALYSIS OF 0RESERVATION 4ECHNIQUES AS !PPLIED TO A 6ERNACULAR #ONCRETE 3TRUCTURE -UNSCH 'UY 2 4HE &IRST "ANK OF THE 5NITED STATES 2EEVALUATING 3UCCESS ! #ONSERVATION #ONDITIONS !SSESSMENT 3URVEY AND !NALYSIS OF 0REVIOUS 4REATMENTS

-ORRISON !NDREA 3UE 3TRUCTURAL &AILURES OF 3INGLE 7ALL #ONSTRUCTION IN A 7ESTERN -INING 4OWN "ODIE #ALIFORNIA

+REILICK 4ERRY 3COTT !N )NVESTIGATION OF %LECTROCHEMICAL 4ECHNIQUES $ESIGNED TO -ITIGATE THE #ORROSION OF 3TEEL IN (ISTORIC 3TRUCTURES &RANK ,LOYD 7RIGHT S &REEMAN (OUSE (OLLYWOOD #!

"OURGUIGNON %LSA 3TUDY OF $ETERIORATION -ECHANISMS AND 0ROTECTIVE 4REATMENTS FOR THE %GYPTIAN ,IMESTONE OF THE !YYUBID #ITY 7ALL OF #AIRO (INCHMAN *OHN "RAYTON 4HE %FlCACY OF A #ONTROL 0ERIOD !PPROACH IN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION .! ( &ACENDA $AVID -ARK -ERION &RIENDS -EETING (OUSE $OCUMENTATION AND 3ITE !NALYSIS .! & 0ETERS *UDITH !LLEYNE -ODELING OF 4OMB $ECAY AT 3T ,OUIS #EMETERY .O 4HE 2OLE OF -ATERIAL 0ROPERTIES AND THE %NVIRONMENT .! 0 !RKUN "URCUM ( ! 4ECHNICAL !NALYSIS OF "UILDING AT ±ATALHÚYàK

-IDDLEBROOK 3OPHIE ')3 !S A 4OOL TO !SSESS (ERITAGE 2ISK ! #ASE 3TUDY IN &RIJOLES #ANYON "ANDELIER .ATIONAL -ONUMENT

)VES !MY #OLE "ELMONT -ANSION ! #ONDITIONS 3URVEY OF THE /RNAMENTAL 0LASTER #EILINGS OF 2OOMS AND .! )

-ASONRY

3LOOP *ESSICA !MY 2EPAIR OF $AMAGED 'LAZED 4ERRA #OTTA 3URFACES ! #OMPARATIVE 3TUDY OF 2EMEDIAL #OATINGS FOR 4HEIR %FFECTIVENESS ON !REAS OF 'LAZE ,OSS IN 4EMPERATE -ARITIME 7EATHERING #ONDITIONS

-C'AW *OHN % 4HE #ONSERVATION OF -ASONRY AND -ORTAR ! 3TUDY OF THE %ARLIEST %IGHTEENTH #ENTURY 3TRUCTURE AT THE *ACOB +EIM (OMESTEAD IN ,OBACHSVILLE 0ENNSYLVANIA (306 -( -ELBOURNE $AWN -ARIE ! #OMPARATIVE 3TUDY OF %POXIDE 2ESIN AND #EMENTITIOUS 'ROUTS FOR THE $ELAMINATION OF 3ANDSTONE AT %L -ORRO .ATIONAL -ONUMENT .! #ARR *OHN 'LENGARY !N )NVESTIGATION ON THE %FFECT OF "RICK $UST ON ,IME "ASED -ORTARS .! # (ARTZLER 2OBERT ,YLE ! 0ROGRAM OF )NVESTIGATION AND ,ABORATORY 2ESEARCH OF !CRYLIC -ODIlED %ARTHEN -ORTAR 5SED AT 4HREE 0REHISTORIC 0UEBLOAN 3ITES .! ( (EWAT *AMES - !PPROACHES TO THE #ONSERVATION OF 3ALT $ETERIORATED "RICK .! (

&ETZER +RISTIN ! #OMPARATIVE 3TUDY OF 4HOMAS *EFFERSON S 2ENDERS AT 0OPLAR &OREST 5NIVERSITY OF 6IRGINIA AND "ARBOURSVILLE .! & &REY *AMES #HRISTOPHER %XTERIOR 3TUCCOES AS AN )NTERPRETIVE AND #ONSERVATION !SSET 4HE !IKEN 0HETT (OUSE #HARLESTON 3# %LLISON 0ETER 4 (YDRAULIC ,IME -ORTARS &IX +AREN *EAN "IODETERIORATION OF 3TONE !N %VALUATION OF 0OSSIBLE 4REATMENTS AND THEIR %FFECTS WITH 3PECIAL 2EFERENCE TO -ARBLE 3TATUARY AT #LIVEDEN 'ERMANTOWN

0ENNSYLVANIA

-OSS %LIZABETH 0ROTECTION AND %NVIRONMENTAL #ONTROL OF THE 0LASTERED -UDBRICK 7ALLS AT ±ATALHÚYàK -UNSCH 'UY 2 4HE &IRST "ANK OF THE 5NITED 3TATES 2EEVALUATING 3UCCESS ! #ONSERVATION #ONDITIONS !SSESSMENT 3URVEY AND !NALYSIS OF 0REVIOUS 4REATMENTS #ONAHAN (EATHER !N !SSESSMENT OF THE %FFECTS OF (YDROmUORIC !CID "ASED #LEANERS ON 5NGLAZED !RCHITECTURAL 4ERRA #OTTA 3ANCHEZ !NA -ARIA !N %VALUATION OF THE 0HYSICAL %FFECTS OF 3ANDBLASTING ON !RCHITECTURAL "RICK $EWEY #ATHERINE # !N )NVESTIGATION ONTO THE %FFECTS OF AN (ERBICIDE ON (ISTORIC -ASONRY -ATERIALS &ONG +ECIA ,EE $ESIGN AND %VALUATION OF !CRYLIC "ASED 'ROUTS FOR %ARTHEN 0LASTERS &REEDLAND *OSHUA 3OLUBLE 3ALTS IN 0OROUS -ATERIALS %VALUATING %FFECTIVENESS OF THEIR 2EMOVAL *OHANSEN %LIZABETH ,AEL !NTHONY $ETERIORATION OF 'NEISS $UE TO ,IMEWASH AT %ASTERN 3TATE 0ENITENTIARY

"OURGUIGNON %LSA 3TUDY OF $ETERIORATION -ECHANISMS AND 0ROTECTIVE 4REATMENTS FOR THE %GYPTIAN ,IMESTONE OF THE !YYUBID #ITY 7ALL OF #AIRO

$EFREECE 3HERRY .ICHOLE 4HE %VALUATION OF 0ROTECTIVE #OATINGS AND THEIR %FFECT ON 3ALT &ORMATION ON "RICK 3UBSTRATE .! $

'2!9 3ARAH %LIZABETH ! 3TUDY OF #OMPOSITE !CTION IN -ATERIALS !FTER 4REATMENT

3OHONI 0USHKAR %VALUATION OF #ONSERVATION 0LANS OF #ITY 7ALLS FOR THE 0OTENTIAL $EVELOPMENT OF #ONSERVATION 'UIDELINES FOR THE #ITY 7ALL OF #AIRO THROUGH #OMPARATIVE 3TUDIES .! 3

"ORGE #LAUDIA #ANCINO !SSESSMENT OF 'ROUTING -ETHODS FOR #RACKS AND ,ARGE 3CALE $ETACHMENT 2EPAIR AT #ASA 'RANDE 2UINS .ATIONAL -ONUMENT .! # $ORCHESTER *ANE %LIZABETH 4HE %VOLUTION OF 3ERPENTINE 3TONE AS A "UILDING -ATERIAL IN 3OUTHEASTERN 0ENNSYLVANIA .! $ -C#ORMACK -ELISSA #ONSERVATION 3TUDIES FOR THE !YYUBID #ITY 7ALL #AIRO .! - 7ARE 2OBERT ,AMB ! #OMPARISON OF &RESH AND 7EATHERED -ARBLE FROM THE 4WEED #OURTHOUSE .! 7 7ATSANTACHAD .UANLAK !N )NVESTIGATION OF 3ANDSTONE #ONSOLIDATION -ETHOD FOR THE .ORTHERN 'OPURA OF THE 0HIMAI 3ANCTUARY ! +HMER -ONUMENT IN 4HAILAND .! 7

#APPETO *ENNIFER ! 0ERFORMANCE !NALYSIS OF 4HE #AIRO 7ALL $IDDEN !MANDA - 3TANDARDIZATION OF 4ERRA #OTTA !NCHORAGE !N !NALYSIS OF 3HOP $RAWINGS &ROM THE .ORTHWESTERN 4ERRA #OTTA #OMPANY AND THE / 7 +ETCHAM 4ERRA #OTTA 7ORKS .! $

-ETALS (ALL !NDREW "ENJAMIN !MERICAN 'ALVANIZED )RON 2OOlNG AND #LADDING FROM THE S TO S .! ( 0LAVIN ,ORI 7 ! #ONSIDERATION OF THE $EVELOPMENT AND #ONSERVATION OF -ETAL 3KELETON "UILDINGS .! 0

+REILICK 4ERRY 3COTT !N )NVESTIGATION OF %LECTROCHEMICAL 4ECHNIQUES $ESIGNED TO -ITIGATE THE #ORROSION OF 3TEEL IN (ISTORIC 3TRUCTURES &RANK ,LOYD 7RIGHT S &REEMAN (OUSE (OLLYWOOD #! #URTIS 3TEPHEN / 2YAN 3T ,OUIS ) #EMETERY TH #ENTURY 4RANSITIONAL -ETALWORK 3URVEY AND 0HYSICAL $OCUMENTATION .! #

&INISHES +ILPATRICK 4HADDEUS 2OGER )) ! #ONSERVATION 3TUDY OF THE $ECORATIVE 0AINTINGS AT 7HITNEY 0LANTATION 3T *OHN THE "APTIST 0ARISH ,OUISIANA .! + ,UELLEN -ARK # 4HE $ECORATIVE !RT OF 'EORGE (ERZOG

.! , -YERS #ATHERINE 3TERLING ! 4ECHNICAL )NVESTIGATION OF 0AINTING -EDIUM 4HE !NALYSIS OF 4HREE 7ALL 0AINTINGS "Y #ONSTANTINO "RUMIDI IN THE 5NITED 3TATES #APITOL ! #ASE 3TUDY .! -

0ENNELL 3ARA -ARGARET 4HE 1UAKER $OMESTIC )NTERIOR

0HILADELPHIA !N !RTIFACTUAL )NVESTIGATION OF THE h1UAKER %STHETICv AT 7YCK (OUSE

0HILADELPHIA !ND #OLLEN "ROOK &ARM

5PPER $ARBY 0ENNSYLVANIA .! 0 "RACKIN !NN % ! #OMPARATIVE 3TUDY OF THE %FFECTS OF !PPLYING !CRYLICS AND 3ILANES IN 3EQUENCE AND IN -IXTURE WITH A #ASE 3TUDY OF THE #OLUMN IN THE #ONVENTO OF -IISION 3AN *OSE Y 3AN -IGUEL DE !GUAYO 4EXAS .! " !LBA !LMYR - !RCHITECTURAL %XTERIOR &INISHES IN THE 3PANISH #ARIBBEAN #ASE 3TUDIES 3AN 'ERONIMO AND 3ANTA %LENA 0OWDER -AGAZINES .! ! $IX ,INNAEA ! #HARACTERIZATION AND !NALYSIS OF 0REHISTORIC %ARTHEN 0LASTERS

-ORTARS AND 0AINTS FROM -UG (OUSE -ESA 6ERDE .ATIONAL 0ARK

#OLORADO .! $ )VES !MY #OLE "ELMONT -ANSION ! #ONDITIONS 3URVEY OF THE /RNAMENTAL 0LASTER #EILINGS OF 2OOMS AND .! )

3LOOP *ESSICA !MY 2EPAIR OF $AMAGED 'LAZED 4ERRA #OTTA 3URFACES ! #OMPARATIVE 3TUDY OF 2EMEDIAL #OATINGS FOR 4HEIR %FFECTIVENESS ON !REAS OF 'LAZE ,OSS IN 4EMPERATE -ARITIME 7EATHERING #ONDITIONS #AROSINO #ATHERINE !

4HE 7OODLANDS $OCUMENTATION OF AN !MERICAN )NTERIOR .! # &ETZER +RISTIN ! #OMPARATIVE 3TUDY OF 4HOMAS *EFFERSON S 2ENDERS AT 0OPLAR &OREST 5NIVERSITY OF 6IRGINIA AND "ARBOURSVILLE .! & &OURIE 3USANNA # !NALYSIS AND )NTERPRETATION OF THE )NTERIOR 0AINTED &INISHES OF THE -ATHEWS ,OCKWOOD -ANSION &REY *AMES #HRISTOPHER %XTERIOR 3TUCCOES AS AN )NTERPRETIVE AND #ONSERVATION !SSET 4HE !IKEN 0HETT (OUSE #HARLESTON 3# "ASS !NGELYN $ESIGN AND %VALUATION OF (YDRAULIC ,IME 'ROUTS FOR )N 3ITU 2EATTACHMENT OF ,IME 0LASTER TO %ARTHEN 7ALLS 'OODMAN -ARK -ENDEL 4HE %FFECTS OF 7OOD !SH !DDITIVE ON THE 3TRUCTURAL 0ROPERTIES OF ,IME 0LASTER

+OPELSON %VAN !NALYSIS AND #ONSOLIDATION OF !RCHITECTURAL 0LASTERS FROM ±ATALHÚYàK 4URKEY

(AYDON %LIZABETH 4HE $UALITY OF (ISTORIC 3TAINED 'LASS ! #ONSERVATOR S !PPROACH .! (

4ANIGUCHI #HRISTEEN 4HE )DENTIlCATION AND #ONSERVATION OF $ECORATIVE !RCHITECTURAL 0LASTICS AT $RAGON 2OCK

-ATSEN #ATHARINE 2UTH 4HE #ORBIT 3HARP (OUSE AT /DESSA

$ELAWARE &INISHES !NALYSIS AND )NTERPRETATION OF &OUR )NTERIOR 2OOMS .! -

4URTON #ATHERINE % 0LAN FOR THE 3TABILIZATION AND 2EMOVAL OF 7ALL 0AINTINGS AT ±ATALHÚYàK

3LATER -ARY #HARACTERIZATION OF %ARTHEN !RCHITECTURAL &INISHES FROM +IVA 1

#LIFF 0ALACE -ESA 6ERDE .ATIONAL 0ARK #OLORADO

7OLF :ANA # $OCUMENTATION !NALYSIS AND )NTERPRETATION OF THE )NTERIOR &INISHES OF &RANK ,LOYD 7RIGHT S (ELLER (OUSE +ROTZER $OROTHY 3T !LPHONSUS #HURCH .EW /RLEANS

,OUISIANA $OCUMENTATION !NALYSIS AND )NTERPRETATION OF )NTERIOR &INISHES .! + #ARR 2EBECCA *EAN %VALUATION OF !DHESIVE "INDERS FOR THE 0RESERVATION OF )N 3ITU !BORIGINAL 3URFACE &INISHES AT -ESA 6ERDE .ATIONAL 0ARK .! #

3ENKER *ESSICA ! (ISTORIC 0HILADELPHIA %XHIBITION 3PACE ! 0AINT !NALYSIS OF THE 'REAT (ALL .! 3

7OOD 'USTINE !NDREW 4HE #OMMON 7OOD &LOOR )NTERPRETATION AND 4REATMENT OF 7OOD 0LANK &LOORING IN (ISTORIC "UILDINGS

%ARTH !BREU #INTRON (ECTOR 2EHABILITATION 'UIDELINES FOR (ISTORIC !DOBE 3TRUCTURES IN .EW -EXICO .! # "EAS -ARIA )SABEL ' 4RADITIONAL !RCHITECTURAL 2ENDERS ON %ARTHEN 3URFACES .! " 'OLDBERGER -IRNA ! #ONSERVATION 3TUDY OF AN !NASAZI %ARTHEN -URAL AT !ZTEC 2UINS .ATIONAL -ONUMENT .! '

$IX ,INNAEA ! #HARACTERIZATION AND !NALYSIS OF 0REHISTORIC %ARTHEN 0LASTERS

-ORTARS AD 0AINTS FROM -UG (OUSES -ESA 6ERDE .ATIONAL 0ARK

#OLORADO .! $ (ARTZLER 2OBERT ,YLE ! 0ROGRAM OF )NVESTIGATION AND ,ABORATORY 2ESEARCH OF !CRYLIC -ODIlED %ARTHEN -ORTAR 5SED AT 4HREE 0REHISTORIC 0UEBLOAN 3ITES .! ' "ASS !NGELYN $ESIGN AND %VALUATION OF (YDRAULIC ,IME 'ROUTS FOR )N 3ITU 2EATTACHMENT OF ,IME 0LASTER TO %ARTHEN 7ALLS +OPELSON %VAN !NALYSIS AND #ONSOLIDATION OF !RCHITECTURAL 0LASTERS FROM ±ATALHÚYàK 4URKEY -OSS %LIZABETH 0ROTECTION AND %NVIRONMENTAL #ONTROL OF THE 0LASTERED -UDBRICK 7ALLS AT ±ATALHÚYàK &ONG +ECIA ,EE $ESIGN AND %VALUATION OF !CRYLIC "ASED 'ROUTS FOR %ARTHEN 0LASTERS 3LATER -ARY #HARACTERIZATION OF %ARTHEN !RCHITECTURAL &INISHES FROM +IVA 1

#LIFF 0ALACE -ESA 6ERDE .ATIONAL 0ARK #OLORADO

&ORREST +ATHLEEN !NNE !N !RCHITECTURAL !NALYSIS AND %ARTHEN &INISH #HARACTERIZATION OF #AVATE - &RIJOLES #ANYON

"ANDELIER .ATIONAL -ONUMENT ,OS !LAMOS .- .! & -EYER ,AUREN &RIJOLES #ANYON 4HE 0RESERVATION OF A 2ESOURCE .! -

'OODMAN *ENNIFER "RYAN 4HE 3CHUYLKILL 2IVER (ERITAGE #ORRIDOR 4HE 3TUDY AND )NTERPRETATION OF ITS #ULTURAL ,ANDSCAPE .! ' (AUSMANN !NN #ATHERINE 2URAL #ONSERVATION ! 6ISION FOR THE !ARON 'ARRETT 0ROPERTY .! (

,ANDSCAPE 0RESERVATION

3USANIN *AY $AVIDSON 'RUMBLETHORPE !N (ISTORIC ,ANDSCAPE 2EPORT .! 3

2OBBINS /WEN 4OWARD A 0RESERVATION OF THE 'ROUNDS OF ,EMON (ILL )N ,IGHT OF THEIR 0AST AND 0RESENT 3IGNIlCANCE FOR 0HILADELPHIANS .! 2

'OLDFRANK !NDREW -ARC "RINGING .EW ,IFE TO (ISTORIC 5RBAN 0ARKS )DENTIFYING THE +EY %LEMENTS OF THE 2ESTORATION 0ROCESS .!

(ERITAGE -ANAGEMENT

7EIDLER "ETH !NNE ,ANSDOWNE AND 3EDGLEY &AIRMOUNT 0ARK 0HILADELPHIA .! 7 !VERY .ICOLAS #ONSTANTINE 4HE 2URAL )DEAS AS %XPRESSED AT 7YCK &ROM &ARM TO &ERME /RNEE .! ! %LLIS 3USAN %LIZABETH 4HE 2OUTE OF 3CENIC #HARM ! #ASE 3TUDY OF THE $ELAWARE ,ACKAWANNA

AND 7ESTERN 2AILROAD IN THE !MERICAN ,ANDSCAPE

.! 3

,ONG 4IMOTHY 0RESTON 4HE 7OODLANDS ! h-ATCHLESS 0LACEv .!

"ROWN %LIZABETH .ATURE S 2ETREAT FOR 7EARY "ODIES AND 4IRED "RAINS 3CENIC "YWAY $ESIGNATION AS A 0RESERVATION 4OOL FOR 4OPSlELD -ASSACHUSETTS .! " $IAMOND !LISON 3UKI 3UZANNE +ATHERINE 7ARD S )SLAND ! #OMMUNITY 7ORTH 3AVING .! $

&REITAG !MY #ULTURAL ,ANDSCAPE 3TUDY OF &ORT 5NION .ATIONAL -ONUMENT .! & ,EWIS 3TEPHIANIE "LYTHE 4HE $OCUMENTATION OF .INETEENTH #ENTURY 'ARDENS !N %XAMINATION OF THE .EW /RLEANS .OTORIAL !RCHIVES .! , "OVERS 0ATRICIA * 4HE "URCHAM &ARM &ROM -ARSH TO &ARM TO &ACTORY .! " "RONSKI -ATTHEW " 4HE 'ARDEN IN THE -ACHINE 4HE #ULTURAL ,ANDSCAPE OF THE 5RBAN -AJOR ,EAGUE "ASEBALL 0ARKS OF

.! " #ONEYBEER !LICA 0ARRISH $UFFEE 4HE -ARYLAND (OUSE AND 'ARDEN 0ILGRIMAGE AS A 0RESERVATION &ORCE IN -ARYLAND .! # -C$OWELL !LISON ,EIGH $ECODING #ULTURAL ,ANDSCAPES )NTERPRETIVE 4RAILS AND 4HEIR 0OTENTIAL TO 0ROMOTE 0RESERVATION )NITIATIVES .! -

!PPLEBY -ARY %LIZABETH .INETEENTH #ENTURY !RBORETUMS IN 3OUTHEASTERN 0ENNSYLVANIA !N %XAMINATION OF THE ,EGACY OF .ATURAL (ISTORY AND ITS 2AMIlCATIONS IN THE 0RESERVATION OF THE (ISTORIC ,ANDSCAPE .! ! #LEARY #ALISTA + &ROM h"EACH &RONT 0ALACESv TO 0RESERVATION $ILEMMAS 4HE (ISTORY AND (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION OF THE 3TRUCTURES OF !SBURY 0ARK S 3HOREFRONT ,ANDSCAPE .! # #OWING +ATHERINE % ! 0RESERVATION !NALYSIS AND 2ECOMMENDATIONS FOR 70! /UTBUILDINGS IN THE 7ISSAHICKON 6ALLEY .! # 4ORRES 2ENE , # #EMETERY ,ANDSCAPES OF 0HILADELPHIA .! 4

,AVOIE $EBRA %LIZABETH $OCUMENTATION OF THE (ISTORY AND 0HYSICAL %VOLUTION OF (ERMITAGE &ARM

3HORE -ARTIN 4HE %VOLUTION OF THE 0HILADELPHIA 3KYSCAPER

.! 3

6IETH #ATHERINE DE*ARNETTE -OVING OFF THE -ESA ! 4YPOLOGICAL !NALYSIS OF (OUSING AT !COMA 0UEBLO .EW -EXICO .! 6

7EENER #AROL 0ENNSBURY -ANOR ! 3TUDY IN #OLONIAL 2EVIVAL 0RESERVATION .! 7

$ALY +ATE 4HE )NTERPRETATION OF 2UINS AT 3ITES OF -EMORY .! $ (EGARTY ,AUREN * 3AVING /UR 'RACE ! 2EGIONAL 3TUDY OF 3ACRED 0LACES IN 7EST 0HILADELPHIA .! ( +EGERISE #ORY 2 4HE 0RESERVATION OF 0ENNSYLVANIAN 'ERMAN #ULTURAL ,ANDSCAPES 4HE #ASE 3TUDY OF "OWERS 0ENNSYLVANIA .! +

(ISTORY AND $OCUMENTATION (AAVIK "ENJAMIN +NUTE %DEN (ALL ! #ULTURAL (ISTORIC ,ANDSCAPE #ARSON 7OODWARD #HRISTIAN 3OUTH "ETHLEHEM 0ENNSYLVANIA

)NDUSTRIALIZATION

)MMIGRATION AND THE $EVELOPMENT OF A 2ELIGIOUS ,ANDSCAPE

%LLIN 0HYLLIS -INERVA !T (OME WITH THE 2ANGE 4HE !MERICAN #OOKING 3TOVE

.! % (ARRINGTON $AVID (UDSON 0LAYS AND 0LAYER S 4HEATRE .! (

'UIX &RANCESCA 8AVIER #OSTA 6IOLLET LE $UC S 2ESTORATION OF THE #ITE OF #ARCASSONNE ! .INETEENTH #ENTURY !RCHITECTURAL -ONUMENT .! ' &REEDMAN %LLEN 4HE 7OMEN S #OMMITTEE AND 4HEIR (IGH 3TREET %XHIBIT AT THE 0HILADELPHIA 3ESQUICENTENNIAL %XPOSITION OF .! & 'REEN 0ATRICIA %LAINE 4HE %VOLUTION OF *AMACIAN !RCHITECTURE .! ' (ARRIS ,AURA 4HE !PARTMENT "UILDINGS OF !LBERT ( "EERS

.! ( (AWKINS "RYAN +EVEN 'RECIAN 3PLENDOR 4HE #ITY -ANSION OF *OHN (ARE 0OWEL .! (

(ERBERT 3IMON ! 0ROPOSAL FOR &URNISHINGS IN THE 2EADING 2OOM OF THE &URNESS ,IBRARY "ASED ON (ISTORICAL 0RECEDENT AND -ODERN &URNITURE 2EQUIREMENTS .! ( ,YNCH #ATHERINE 'RACE "ENJAMIN ,INFOOT 4HE #AREER OF AN !RCHITECTURAL 2ENDERER .! , 4RIBERT 2ENEE %LIZABETH 'ERVASE 7HEELER -ID .INETEENTH #ENTURY "RITISH !RCHITECT IN !MERICA .! 4 $IAMOND 3HEILA -C%LROY &ABRICS AND 'ARNITURE FOR 5PHOLSTERY "ETWEEN THE 9EARS .! $ 2EED !LISON *ANET 4HE "RYN -AWR (OTEL 4HE 2ELATIONSHIP "ETWEEN THE -AIN ,INE OF THE 0ENNSYLVANIA 2AILROAD AND .INETEENTH #ENTURY 2AILROAD 2ESORT (OTELS .! 2

"EDE %LIZA"ETH !NNE 4HE 3ITE $EVELOPMENT OF h"LACK 2OCKSv ,OCATED IN ,OWER -ERION 4OWNSHIP -ONTGOMERY #OUNTY

0ENNSYLVANIA .! " &RANKEL #ATHERINE 3CHAFER -OHICAN #OTTAGE ON ,AKE 'EORGE .! & &RIEDMAN !NN )SABEL -INEVILLE .EW 9ORK ! #ONCRETE )NDUSTRIAL 6ILLAGE IN THE (EART OF THE !DIRONDACK &ORESTS .! & (ASKELL *ENNIFER !

0LUMBING AT THE (IGHLANDS

&ORT 7ASHINGTON 0ENNSYLVANIA

.! ( 2OSE #YNTHIA !NNE !RCHITECTURE AS A 0ORTRAIT OF #IRCUMSTANCE 4HE 2ESTORATION #AREER OF 'EORGE %DWIN "RUMBAUGH .! 2

3TRATHEARN .ANCY %LAINE ,AKE 3IDE #OMMUNITIES IN -ORRIS #OUNTY .EW *ERSEY .! 3

7EILBACKER ,ISA ! 3TUDY OF 2ESIDENTIAL 3TAINED 'LASS 4HE 7ORK OF .ICOLA $ !SCENZO 3TUDIOS &ROM .! 7

7ELLS 3TUART 7ILLIAM 4HE 3CHUYLKILL .AVIGATION AND THE 'IRARD #ANAL .! 7

#ALAFATI -ICHAEL #ONGRESS (ALL (OTEL !N (ISTORIC 3TRUCTURE 2EPORT .! #

#ONRAN #IORSDAN #ATHLEEN 5SONIA )) .! # *ESTER 4HOMAS #LAYTON 5NIVERSITY !VENUE "RIDGE

0HILADELPHIA ! (ISTORIC 3TRUCTURE 2EPORT .! * ,ONG 4IMOTHY 0RESTON 4HE 7OODLANDS ! h-ATCHLESS 0LACEv .!

-EY !NDREE -ARIE #HANGING 0ERCEPTIONS OF THE "EDCHAMBER ! 3TUDY OF &URNITURE AND &URNISHINGS IN 0HILADELPHIA #OUNTY

.! - .EWBURY $IANE %LIZABETH #HARLES 7ILSON 0EALE 4HE 'ENTLEMAN &ARMER AT "ELlELD .! .

6IDER %LISE 4HE (ISTORIC !MERICAN "UILDINGS 3URVEY IN 0HILADELPHIA 3HAPING 0OSTWAR 0RESERVATION .! 6 6INCENT "ROOKE &UNCTION AND 5SE OF A .INETEENTH #ENTURY "ARN 7ALNUT (ILL %STATE

0AWLING 2OAD ,OWER 0ROVIDENCE 4OWNSHIP -ONTGOMERY #OUNTY

0ENNSYLVANIA .! 6

"AUMOEL *EFFERY , ! 3TUDY OF 0OSTWAR !RCHITECTURE IN #ENTER #ITY 0HILADELPHIA .! "

,UELLEN -ARK # 4HE $ECORATIVE !RT OF 'EORGE (ERZOG

.! ,

#OPASS #LOANTHA 7ADE #ITY OF 0HILADELPHIA -UNICIPAL 0IERS

AND $OCUMENTING THE $EVELOPMENT OF 0HILADELPHIA S %ARLY 4WENTIETH #ENTURY 7ATERFRONT .! #

-IKELBERG 3HERLY &ARBER ! $ECORATIVE !NALYSIS OF 0HIL %LLENA ! 'REEK 2EVIVAL 0HILADELPHIA -ANSION .! -

$I#HIERA ,ISA -ARIE 4HE 4HEATER $ESIGNS OF # (OWARD #RANE .! $ $ONNELLY +AREN # 3 $OMESTIC 3ECURITY 4HE (OLMES "URGLAR !LARM 4ELEGRAPH

.! $ (ARRISON 3TEPHEN 'LYNN $OCUMENTING A $ESIGN 4HE 4HOMAS 5STICK 7ALTER (OUSE

'ERMANTOWN 0ENNSYLVANIA .! ( )SAKSEN -ARK %ARLY #ONCEPTS OF (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION 4HE 2ESTORATION OF #ARPENTER S (ALL .! ) ,INGEMAN !NNE - ! 0ORTRAIT OF A #OLLECTOR (ARRY & 2 $OLAN *OSEPH %VERETT #HANDLER AND THE $UNSTABLE &ARMS 0ROJECT .! ,

0ENNELL 3ARA -ARGARET 4HE 1UAKER $OMESTIC )NTERIOR

0HILADELPHIA !N !RTIFACTUAL )NVESTIGATION OF THE h1UAKER %STHETICv AT 7YCK (OUSE

0HILADELPHIA !ND #OLLEN "ROOK &ARM

5PPER $ARBY 0ENNSYLVANIA .! 0 2ICHARDS &REDRICK ,EE *R /LD 3T 0ETER S 0ROTESTANT %PISCOPAL #HURCH 0HILADELPHIA !N !RCHITECTURAL (ISTORY AND )NVENTORY

.! 2 3AGERMAN 0AULA * 4HE 2ESTORATION OF ,ATE .INETEENTH #ENTURY "ATHROOMS ! 4WO 0ART 3TUDY .! 3 3TARK *ENNIFER 4HE 0AWLING &ARMHOUSE AT 7ALNUT (ILL 6ALLEY &ORGE .ATIONAL (ISTORICAL 0ARK .! 3

"ARR *EFFERY 2 0RESERVATION IN 2IDLEY #REEK 3TATE 0ARK $OCUMENTATION OF THE (ISTORIC &ARMSTEADS .! " "OGRETTE #HRISTINE $URHAM 4HE !BINGTON 9-#! ! #ASE 3TUDY OF AN !MERICAN )NSTITUTIONAL "UILDING 4YPE .! " %DWARDS %LIZA (ARVEY !2$%. 4HE !RCHITECTURE AND 0LANNING OF A $ELAWARE 5TOPIA .! % 4SCHOEPE 2AYMOND , 4HE !PPLICATION OF #OMPUTER #ONTROLLED $ATA -ANAGEMENT TO THE (ISTORIC 3TRUCTURE 2EPORT .! 4 7ISE 2OBERT * *R &ACADE %ASEMENTS ! 0RESERVATION !LTERNATIVE FOR (ISTORIC %AGLES -ERE

0ENNSYLVANIA .! 7 7OLF *EAN +ESSLER 4HE 2ESIDENTIAL !RCHITECTURE OF 7ALTER + $URHAM IN ,OWER -ERION 4OWNSHIP

4YPOLOGICAL !NALYSIS AND #ONSERVATION 'UIDELINES .! 7 (OUTON *ANEL %LIZABETH 2EADING (ENRY (OBSON 2ICHARDSON S 4RAIN 3TATIONS 4HE #ONTEXT OF ,OCALE .! (

(UNT 2EBECCA !NNE h"LESSED 3POTv !LONG THE 0ERKIOMEN !N (ISTORICAL !NALYSIS OF -ILL 'ROVE .! ( ,EWIS 3TEPHIANIE "LYTHE 4HE $OCUMENTATION OF .INETEENTH #ENTURY 'ARDENS !N %XAMINATION OF THE .EW /RLEANS .OTORIAL !RCHIVES .! , -C$ONOUGH 0ATRICK 3TEWART 4RANSFORMATION OF A .ATIONAL ,ANDMARK h%LLIS )SLAND #OLLEGEv .!

3AARNIO 2OBERT % #OMPLEXITY #ONTRADICTION AND #OPYRIGHT %VOLVING )NTELLECTUAL 0ROPERTY $OCTRINE AND THE 0RACTICE OF !RCHITECTURE IN THE 5NITED 3TATES .!

3ATCHELL $EREK # !T THE 3TROKE OF A "RUSH 0AINTED !RCHITECTURE AS A 0ERSERVATION !LTERNATIVE .!

3PENCER #HRISTINE ! !N !NALYSIS OF THE $OMESTIC 7ORKERS 0LACE IN THE ,ATE .INETEENTH #ENTURY (OUSEHOLD .! 3

7ESTWOOD 0 "RADFORD 4HE %ARLY ,IFE AND #AREER OF *OSEPH $ON #ARLOS 9OUNG ! 3TUDY OF 5TAH S &IRST )NSTITUTIONALLY 4RAINED !RCHITECT .! 7 "OYER *OHN 4HE 2OMAN 4ETRAKIONION AT !NCIENT !PHRODISIAS !NALYSIS

$OCUMENTATION AND 2ECONSTRUCTION 0ROGRAM .! " #ORRIGAN +ARINA (ELEN (ILTJE 4URCOMAN 0ORTIERES AND !RABIA S 3WEETEST 0ERFUMES 4HE 4URKISH 3TYLE IN !MERICAN -IDDLE #LASS )NTERIORS

.! # (OLLANDER !MY 3UZANNE 4HE (ISTORICAL $EVELOPMENT OF 'ENOA 3QUARE IN !CRE )SRAEL FROM THE 3EVENTH #ENTURY TO THE 0RESENT $AY .! ( -ESA #HRISTINE 0ILAR 4HE 0AWLING 7ETHERILL (OUSE AT 7ALNUT (ILL %STATE !N !RCHITECTURAL )NTERPRETATION .! - 3IPPEL %LIZABETH 4 4HE )MPROVEMENT #OMPANY (OUSES

2OSE 6ALLEY 0! 4HE $EMOCRATIC 6ISION OF 7ILLIAM , 0RICE .! 3

3MITH #HRISTEN $ENISE &ORT 3HERIDAN )LLINOIS !N !NALYSIS OF ITS 3IGNIlCANCE ITS #LOSURE AND 0OSSIBLE !LTERNATIVE 5SES .! 3 ,AMBERT #ATHERINE !NN (ERITAGE %DUCATION IN THE 0OSTMODERN #URRICULUM .! , "ERMAN ,ESLIE 3USAN 4HE %VOLUTION OF THE .INETEENTH #ENTURY $INING 2OOM .! " #ABANA -ICHAEL 2AYMOND 4O $OCUMENT AND 0ERSUADE 4HE !MERICAN 0RESERVATION -OVEMENT AND )TS 5SE OF -OTION 0ICTURES .! # #AROSINO #ATHERINE !

4HE 7OODLANDS $OCUMENTATION OF AN !MERICAN )NTERIOR .! # $ESAI .EETA *ITENDRA "ELLAIRE .! $ &ETZER +RISTIN ! #OMPARATIVE 3TUDY OF 4HOMAS *EFFERSON S 2ENDERS AT 0OPLAR &OREST 5NIVERSITY OF 6IRGINIA AND "ARBOURSVILLE .! &

'OLDBERG #ATHERINE *ILL ! #ASE 3TUDY FOR THE 0RESERVATION OF A 5SONIAN (OUSE BY &RANK ,LOYD 7RIGHT .! '

'RUBEL -ATTHEW % #ENTRAL #HANGES IN $OMESTIC (EATING ,INGERING 4RADITIONS AND .EW 4ECHNOLOGY IN 0HILADELPHIA

+ELSEY !LLISON %LIZABETH (OW THE OTHER NINE TENTHS LIVED )NTERPRETING THE 7ORKING #LASS %XPERIENCE IN 0HILADELPHIA

.! +

(AAVIK "ENJAMIN +NUTE %DEN (ALL ! #ULTURAL (ISTORIC ,ANDSCAPE -ONTELEONE 3IMONE %LIZABETH 4HE )TALIAN -ARKET ! .EIGHBORHOOD #OMMERCIAL #ORE

+ENNEDY *UDITH &RANCES 4HE 3WISS 2OOM ! #OMPARATIVE !NALYSIS .! +

!NDREWS $ONNA -ARIE 2OSE (ILL !N (ISTORIC /VERVIEW .! !

0HILLIPS 3TEPHANIE 4HE ,OCKWOOD -ATHEWS -ANSION 3EASONAL $RESS AS AN )NTERPRETIVE 4OOL .! 0

(INSHAW 3ETH "EESON 4HE %VOLUTION OF 1UAKER -EETING (OUSES IN .ORTH !MERICA

.! (

:URIER 3ARAH %LISABETH #OMMERCE #EREMONY #OMMUNITY 0HILADELPHIA S #ONVENTION (ALL IN #ONTEXT .! :

$UBE 2OSANNE 4HE #IVIC 'OTHIC ,EGACY 0ARLIAMENT "UILDINGS OF /TTAWA ,ONDON AND "UDAPEST .! $

#LOUD $ANA 3 4HE "LOCKLEY 2ETREAT &ARM !N !NALYSIS OF AND 2ECOMMENDATIONS FOR ITS 2EVITALIZATION

&ACENDA $AVID -ARK -ERION &RIENDS -EETING (OUSE $OCUMENTATION AND 3ITE !NALYSIS .! &

$IXON 4AYA 3HOSHANA %DWARD "URNETT !N !GRICULTURAL $ESIGNER ON 'ENTLEMEN S %STATES

'AMBLE +IRSTIN &REEMAN 4IME !FTER 4IME !N %VOLUTION OF $IACHRONIC )NTERPRETATION IN 4RADITIONAL (ISTORIC (OUSE -USEUMS .! '

$IDDEN !MANDA - 3TANDARDIZATION OF 4ERRA #OTTA !NCHORAGE !N !NALYSIS OF 3HOP $RAWINGS &ROM THE .ORTHWESTERN 4ERRA #OTTA #OMPANY AND THE / 7 +ETCHAM 4ERRA #OTTA 7ORKS .! $ 7ANG #HEN SHAN %LLEN (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION IN 4AIWAN 4HE 2ESTORATION OF 4AINAN $A 4IANHOU 'ONG .! 7

-USEUM AND 3ITE -ANAGEMENT .OBLE 4IMOTHY - ! 0RESERVATION #ASE 3TUDY OF +RIEBEL (ALL !DMINISTRATION "UILDING OF THE 0ERKIOMEN 3CHOOL 0ENNSBURG

0ENNSYLVANIA (306 -( "OWER -ARK ! ,OUDON 'ERMANTOWN 0HILADELPHIA #OUNTY (OUSE OF THE !RMAT &AMILY THE 9EARS .! " DE LA #RUZ 0ACITA 4 !DAPTIVE 2EUSE !N %ARLY 4WENTIETH #ENTURY !PPROACH IN #HESTNUT (ILL 0ENNSYLVANIA BY $R 'EORGE 7OODWARD $EVELOPER AND (ERMAN ,OUIS $UHRING *R !RCHITECT .! $ 3COTT #HRISTINE ! $EVELOPMENT 0ROPOSAL FOR A .EW *ERSEY ,ANDMARK 3PRING ,AKE S %SSEX AND 3USSEX (OTEL .! 3

$OYLE *OHN %DWARD ! (ISTORICAL 3URVEY AND $EVELOPMENT 0LAN FOR !RCH 3TREET 4HE *UVENILE #OURT AND (OUSE OF $ETENTION .! $ 7EENER #AROL 0ENNSBURY -ANOR ! 3TUDY IN #OLONIAL 2EVIVAL 0RESERVATION .! 7 7EIDLER "ETH !NNE ,ANSDOWNE AND 3EDGLEY &AIRMOUNT 0ARK 0HILADELPHIA .! 7 (AWKINS "RYAN +EVEN 'RECIAN 3PLENDOR 4HE #ITY -ANSION OF *OHN (ARE 0OWEL .! ( (ERBERT 3IMON ! 0ROPOSAL FOR &URNISHINGS IN THE 2EADING 2OOM OF THE &URNESS ,IBRARY "ASED ON (ISTORICAL 0RECEDENT AND -ODERN &URNITURE 2EQUIREMENTS .! ( $IAMOND 3HEILA -C%LROY &ABRICS AND 'ARNITURE FOR 5PHOLSTERY "ETWEEN THE 9EARS .! $ "EDE %LIZA"ETH !NNE 4HE 3ITE $EVELOPMENT OF h"LACK 2OCKSv ,OCATED IN ,OWER -ERION 4OWNSHIP -ONTGOMERY #OUNTY

0ENNSYLVANIA .! "

&RANKEL #ATHERINE 3CHAFER -OHICAN #OTTAGE ON ,AKE 'EORGE .! & 'OODMAN *ENNIFER "RYAN 4HE 3CHUYLKILL 2IVER (ERITAGE #ORRIDOR 4HE 3TUDY AND )NTERPRETATION OF ITS #ULTURAL ,ANDSCAPE .! ' -EY !NDREE -ARIE #HANGING 0ERCEPTIONS OF THE "EDCHAMBER ! 3TUDY OF &URNITURE AND &URNISHINGS IN 0HILADELPHIA #OUNTY

.! - .ITTINGER #ARL %DWARD ! 0RIMARY 2ESOURCE FOR THE 2ESTORATION 2ECONSTRUCTION AND OR 2EPLICATION OF TH AND %ARLY TH #ENTURY !RCHITECTURAL %LEMENTS 4HE !RCHITECTURAL 3TUDY #OLLECTION OF )NDEPENDENCE .ATIONAL (ISTORICAL 0ARK .! .

3HUTT !LEXIS (AIGHT -ODELS FOR 0ROTECTING /UR (ERITAGE !LTERNATIVE FOR THE 0RESERVATION OF 0UBLIC OR .ON 0ROlT /WNED (ISTORIC 2ESOURCES .! 3

6INCENT "ROOKE &UNCTION AND 5SE OF A .INETEENTH #ENTURY "ARN 7ALNUT (ILL %STATE

0AWLING 2OAD ,OWER 0ROVIDENCE 4OWNSHIP -ONTGOMERY #OUNTY

0ENNSYLVANIA .! 6 "RIERTON *OAN -ARY 0RESERVATION 0LANNING !N !PPROACH TO ,AND 5SE -ANAGEMENT 4HE +INGS 0ARK 0SYCHIATRIC #ENTER ,ONG )SLAND .EW 9ORK .! "

)SAKSEN -ARK %ARLY #ONCEPTS OF (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION 4HE 2ESTORATION OF #ARPENTER S (ALL .! ) -C'IMSEY 4HOMAS #LINTON 5NTANGLING THE (ISTORY OF THE 0AWLING 7ETHERILL (OUSE AT 7ALNUT (ILL %STATE 0AWLING 2OAD ,OWER 0ROVIDENCE 4OWNSHIP -ONTGOMERY #OUNTY 0! .! - -IKELBERG 3HERLY &ARBER ! $ECORATIVE !NALYSIS OF 0HIL %LLENA ! 'REEK 2EVIVAL 0HILADELPHIA -ANSION .! - 3AGERMAN 0AULA * 4HE 2ESTORATION OF ,ATE .INETEENTH #ENTURY "ATHROOMS ! 4WO 0ART 3TUDY .! 3

6IETZKE 'AY %LIZABETH 0RETTY 0OSIES 4HE #OLONIAL 2EVIVAL S )NmUENCE ON THE 5SE OF &LOWERS IN (ISTORIC )NTERIORS .! 6 "ARR *EFFERY 2 0RESERVATION IN 2IDLEY #REEK 3TATE 0ARK $OCUMENTATION OF THE (ISTORIC &ARMSTEADS .! " (UNT 2EBECCA !NNE h"LESSED 3POTv !LONG THE 0ERKIOMEN !N (ISTORICAL !NALYSIS OF -ILL 'ROVE .! ( +UCIK -ICHAL )NTERPRETATION 0ROGRAM FOR THE 6AN 7YCK ,EFFERTS 4IDE -ILL .! + -C$ONOUGH 0ATRICK 3TEWART 4RANSFORMATION OF A .ATIONAL ,ANDMARK h%LLIS )SLAND #OLLEGEv .!

0ARKINSON *AMES 4HOMAS )6 0LACING THE &ULCRUM "ALANCING 0RESERVATION AND 5SE IN #HADD S &ORD 0ENNSYLVANIA .! 0 "OYER *OHN 4HE 2OMAN 4ETRAKIONION AT !NCIENT !PHRODISIAS !NALYSIS

$OCUMENTATION AND 2ECONSTRUCTION 0ROGRAM .! "

#ORRIGAN +ARINA (ELEN (ILTJE 4URCOMAN 0ORTIERES AND !RABIA S 3WEETEST 0ERFUMES 4HE 4URKISH 3TYLE IN !MERICAN -IDDLE #LASS )NTERIORS

.! # "REIKREUTZ 7ILLIAM %RIC 4HERE S 4REASURES IN THEM THAR (ILLS ˆ "UT WILL THEY BE 3AVED %FFECTIVE (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION IN &REDRICKSBURG 4EXAS .! # 7EIDLICH 2OBIN *ANE ! 5SE 0LAN AND &URNISHING 2ECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE #RAVEN (ALL (ISTORICAL 3OCIETY .! 7 !PLENC 6ERONICA #ONSERVATION OF #ULTURAL )DENTITY 4HROUGH THE #ARE OF -ONUMENTS 'UIDELINES FOR THE ,EDNICE 6ALTICE -ONUMENT :ONE .! ! !VAILA 2OBERT 8AVIER 0RESERVATION OF (ISTORIC )NTERIORS 2ETAINING &IXTURES IN 3IGNIlCANT "UILDINGS .! !

"ITTERMAN . %LIZABETH &ARTHING -ODELS OF 3UCCESS !N %XAMINATION OF 4HREE 0HILADELPHIA (ISTORIC (OUSE -USEUMS

#OOMBS *ULIA %LIZABETH (OUSE -USEUMS 7HO S -INDING THE 3ITE ! 3TUDY OF 0ROFESSIONAL (ISTORIC 3ITE $IRECTORS 'OLDBERG #ATHERINE *ILL ! #ASE 3TUDY FOR THE 0RESERVATION OF A 5SONIAN (OUSE BY &RANK ,LOYD 7RIGHT .! ' +ENNEDY *UDITH &RANCES 4HE 3WISS 2OOM ! #OMPARATIVE !NALYSIS .! + 0HILLIPS 3TEPHANIE 4HE ,OCKWOOD -ATHEWS -ANSION 3EASONAL $RESS AS AN )NTERPRETIVE 4OOL .! 0 3AMUELS #AROLYN 2 &RANK ,LOYD 7RIGHT S (ANNA (OUSE 2ECOMMENDATIONS FOR A 3EISMIC 3TRENGTHENING 0ROGRAM .! 3 !LLEN *EFFERY 2 ,EARNING FROM &RANKLIN #OURT ! #ULTURAL 2EAPPRAISAL OF 4OURISM AND (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION AT )NDEPENDENCE .ATIONAL (ISTORICAL 0ARK 0AWLOWSKI -ONICA !NN (ISTORIC 2ESOURCES FOR 2ENT #ORNOG S "OTTOM &ARMSTEAD AND THE 2ENTAL 0ROGRAM AT 2IDLEY #REEK 3TATE 0ARK

3TEPHENSON #OURTNEY #OCKRELL ! 0ROMOTIONAL 0LAN FOR &AIRMOUNT 0ARK !N %XPANSION OF THE 2OLE OF THE 0ROPOSED &AIRMOUNT 0ARK #ONSERVANCY 3TUTMAN ,AURA +EIM 4HE 0ERIOD 2OOMS AT 2YERSS -USEUM ! (ISTORY AND 0HOTOGRAPHIC !NALYSIS

"ARATTA %RIC !NDERS 4HE 0ERFORMANCE OF (ISTORY AND $ESIGN IN 0AUL #RET S 2ITTENHOUSE 3QUARE .! "

(AGBERG #HRISTOPHER -ARK 0ARKSIDE ! #ASE 3TUDY IN .EIGHBORHOOD 0RESERVATION .! (

0RESERVATION 0LANNING

2ENDON -ARY *O -ANAYUNK AS A (ISTORIC $ISTRICT .! 2

#OCKE 3TEPHANIE (ECTOS 4HE 'ILDED !GE %STATES OF ,OWER -ERION 4OWNSHIP ! (ISTORY AND 0RESERVATION 0LAN .! #

#ORRETTE .ICHOLAS -OSES 7HAT TO DO WITH THE BARN &INANCIAL !SPECTS IN THE 2E USE OF !NCILLARY "UILDINGS ON 4HREE .ON 0ROlT (ISTORIC 3ITES AS .ON )NTERPRETIVE

2EVENUE 'ENERATING %NTITIES ! ,OOK INTO (ISTORIC "ARTRAM S 'ARDENS

,YNDHURST AND 3HELBURNE &ARMS

"ENENSON #AROL -ERCHANTSVILLE .EW *ERSEY 4HE $EVELOPMENT !RCHITECTURE

AND 0RESERVATION OF A 6ICTORIAN #OMMUTER 3UBURB .! "

"ROOKSHEAR #HERYL %LAINE !N )NTERPRETATION OF THE #APTAIN &REDERICK 0ABST -ANSION 4HE 2ESPONSE "ASED !PPROACH

&OUST $OREEN , 7YNCOTE 0ENNSYLVANIA 4HE (ISTORY $EVELOPMENT !RCHITECTURE

AND 0RESERVATION OF A 6ICTORIAN 0HILADELPHIA 3UBURB .! &

!LFSON -ARY 0OINT "ETSIE 4HE &UTURE OF THE 'REAT ,AKES ,IGHTHOUSE (ANNAH ,INDSAY 3KADS 4HE )MPACT OF 3PECIAL %VENTS ON (ISTORIC (OUSE -USEUMS .! ( .ORD 0HILIP - 3CRIPTING (ISTORY #REATING AN )NTRODUCTORY 6IDEOTAPE 0RESENTATION FOR 6ISITORS TO AN (ISTORIC (OUSE .! .

0RIOR *ACQUELINE 6IRGINIA 0RACTICING 0RESERVATION ! -ANDATE FOR 0ROFESSIONAL !CCOUNTABILITY .! 0 $OYLE *OHN %DWARD ! (ISTORICAL 3URVEY AND $EVELOPMENT 0LAN FOR !RCH 3TREET 4HE *UVENILE #OURT AND (OUSE OF $ETENTION .! $

!BUHOFF ,AWRENCE %VAN 4HE #ITY OF .EW 9ORK AND THE 4RANSFER OF $EVELOPMENT 2IGHTS .! ! %NGLISH )LONA 3UROTCHAK ! 0RESERVATION 0LAN FOR %AST !MWELL 4OWNSHIP %AST !MWELL .EW *ERSEY .! % #OOK +ATHLEEN +URTZ 4HE #REATION OF )NDEPENDENCE .ATIONAL (ISTORICAL 0ARK AND )NDEPENDENCE -ALL .! # 3CHNEIDER !DAM $AVID 0RACTICAL 2EHABILITATION ! 'UIDE FOR THE 2EVITALIZATION OF /LDER 5RBAN .EIGHBORHOODS .! 3 4RIESCHMANN ,AURA .EIGHBORHOOD #ONSERVATION :ONING &EASIBILITY 3TUDY FOR 0HILADELPHIA 0! .! 4 +ELLY $EBORAH -ARQUIS ! 0ROPOSED !FFORDABLE (ISTORIC (OUSING 0ROGRAM FOR THE 3TATE OF .EW *ERSEY .! +

-ARKS -ILTON ))) "ALANCING 0RIORITIES (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION !FFORDABLE (OUSING

AND ,IFE 3AFETY .! - 3HUTT !LEXIS (AIGHT -ODELS FOR 0ROTECTING /UR (ERITAGE !LTERNATIVE FOR THE 0RESERVATION OF 0UBLIC OR .ON 0ROlT /WNED (ISTORIC 2ESOURCES .! 3 "RIERTON *OAN -ARY 0RESERVATION 0LANNING !N !PPROACH TO ,AND 5SE -ANAGEMENT 4HE +INGS 0ARK 0SYCHIATRIC #ENTER ,ONG )SLAND .EW 9ORK .! " *ONES *AMES -ORSE 4HE 4RANSFER OF $EVELOPMENT 2IGHTS IN #ENTER #ITY 0HILADELPHIA .! * +APP 0AUL (ARDIN 5NDERSTANDING "USINESS $ISTRICT 2EVITALIZATION AND $ESIGN IN 3MALL #OMMUNITIES ! 2EVITALIZATION AND $ESIGN 3TUDY OF 'ALAX 6IRGINIA .! + +ORJEFF 3ARAH 0AYNE 5NWINDING THE 0AST !N %DUCATIONAL 0ROGRAM FOR THE 0RESERVATION 0LANNING 0ROCESS .! +

0APAZIAN ,YSSA $JUNA 'ETTING A 3EAT AT THE 4ABLE ! 2OLE FOR THE 3TATE (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION 0LAN .! 0 'REGORIOU 0ERICLES 0 ! #ASE "ASED !NALYSIS OF THE )NVESTMENT %FFECTS OF THE #OMMUNITY 2EVITALIZATION 4AX !CT .! ' *ANSON *EAN %LLEN !N !NALYSIS OF 0UBLIC AND 0RIVATE $ESIGN 2EVIEW .EO 4RADITIONAL $EVELOPMENT 3TANDARDS AND (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION /RDINANCES .! * )NFANTE 2OSEMARY 0RESERVATION 0LANNING FOR A 2URAL 6ILLAGE (ARRISONVILLE 3OUTH (ARRISON 4OWNSHIP .EW *ERSEY .! ) 3ILVER *OSHUA %XPLORING !TTITUDES 4OWARDS 0RESERVATION ! #ASE 3TUDY OF !TLANTA

'EORGIA S #ABBAGETOWN .! 3 "LOOM *OSHUA * 4HE "ANKING #RISIS AND #ULTURAL 2ESOURCES 4HE 2OLE OF THE 24# AND &$)# WHEN ,IQUIDATING (ISTORIC 0ROPERTIES 0ARKINSON *AMES 4HOMAS )6 0LACING THE &ULCRUM "ALANCING 0RESERVATION AND 5SE IN #HADD S &ORD

0ENNSYLVANIA .! 0

3PIES 3TACY %LIZABETH !N %XAMINATION OF #ORPORATE )NVESTMENT IN 4ANDEM (ISTORIC 2EHABILITATION 4AX #REDIT AND ,OW )NCOME (OUSING 4AX #REDIT 0ROJECTS .!

'OLDWYN !NDREA -ERRILL $EMOLITION BY .EGLECT ! ,OOPHOLE IN 0RESERVATION 0OLICY .! ' +ING *OSEPH !LAN 3ECTION AND !FFORDABLE (OUSING .! + -ONAHAN 3USAN ! #RITICAL !NALYSIS OF ,AND 4RUSTS AND 4HEIR 5SE OF #ONSERVATION %ASEMENTS AS AN %FFECTIVE 4OOL FOR /PEN 3PACE 0RESERVATION .! - "REIKREUTZ 7ILLIAM %RIC 4HERE S 4REASURES IN THEM THAR (ILLS ˆ "UT WILL THEY BE 3AVED %FFECTIVE (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION IN &REDRICKSBURG 4EXAS .! # 3TRASSNER !NDREA *OY #OCHRANE 2ELIGIOUS )NSTITUTIONS AND &AITH "ASED #OMMUNITY $EVELOPMENT #ORPORATIONS ! ,INK "ETWEEN !FFORDABLE (OUSING AND (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION IN )NNER #ITY .EIGHBORHOODS .! 3

!PLENC 6ERONICA #ONSERVATION OF #ULTURAL )DENTITY 4HROUGH THE #ARE OF -ONUMENTS 'UIDELINES FOR THE ,EDNICE 6ALTICE -ONUMENT :ONE .! ! #URTIS ,YNETTE 5NDERSTANDING THE "IG "OX .EGOTIATING WITH A ,ARGE 3CALE .ATIONAL 2ETAILER TO 0ROTECT -AIN 3TREET .! # $AVIES *OHNETTE %LLA 2OLES OF (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION IN 5RBAN 2EVITALIZATION 4HE $ETROIT 4HEATER $ISTRICT AND 0HILADELPHIA S !VENUE OF THE !RTS .! $ +OLAKOWSKI ,ISA -ARIE (ISTORIC 3TRUCTURES IN THE 2EDEVELOPMENT 0ROCESS -ARKET 3TREET %AST 0HILADELPHIA .! + 0HIPPS +ELLIE !NNE 4HE "ULHEADS !LONG THE "AY

2EHABILITATING 3AN &RANCISCO S (ISTORIC 7ATERFRONT 2ESOURCES .! 0 #HIU 3HU #HEN 2EVITALIZING THE "EACHFRONT OF #APE -AY %GGERS +ATHERINE !NN 3TONETOWN (AMLET .EOTRADITIONAL 0LANNING IN AN (ISTORIC $ISTRICT

-ONTELEONE 3IMONE %LIZABETH 4HE )TALIAN -ARKET ! .EIGHBORHOOD #OMMERCIAL #ORE *OSHI *HARNA ! #ULTURAL 2ESOURCE -ANAGEMENT 0LAN FOR %PHRATA #LOISTER (ISTORIC 3ITE $OYLE -ICHAEL 3COTT 4HE %XISTING #ONDITION OF 2EHABILITATION )NVESTMENT 4AX #REDIT "UILDINGS IN 3ELECTED -UNICIPALITIES OF .EW *ERSEY -AC7ILLIAMS -EGHAN 4HE 3QUARE "LOCK OF #HESTNUT

7ALNUT &RONT AND 3ECOND 3TREETS 4OBIN %RIN - !RE %ASEMENTS AN %FFECTIVE 0RESERVATION )NCENTIVE !N %VALUATION OF &ACADE %ASEMENT 0ROGRAM -ANAGEMENT IN .ON 0ROlT /RGANIZATIONS &ELZER ,ISSA $ !QUISTO !VOIDING THE 4HEME 0ARK ! 3TUDY OF THE !RCHITECTURE OF !UGUSTUS %DISON #ONSTANTINE AND THE .EED FOR 0RESERVATION 0OLICY 2EFORM IN #HARLESTON 3OUTH #AROLINA FOR THE 4WENTY &IRST #ENTURY -ILLEY +RISTIN -ARIE (ISTORIC 0RESERVATION AND THE !MERICANS 7ITH $ISABILITIES !CT 4HE 0ROBLEM OF (ANDICAPPED %NTRY AND (ISTORIC "UILDINGS

-ERRIAM 3UZANNE %LIZABETH )SSUES 3URROUNDING 4HREATENED .ATIONAL (ISTORIC ,ANDMARK $ISTRICTS WITH #APE -AY .EW *ERSEY !BBOTT &ARM .EW *ERSEY AND ,OCKE

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