By Manuel de Santiago Hidalgo 6ยบA
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INDEX THE WAR OF THE INDEPENDENCE (1808-1813)………………………………………………………. Page 3 y 4. THE CONSTITUCION OF 1812” THE PEPA”…………………………………………………………….. Page 5. REING OF FERDINAND VII (1814-1833)…………………………………………………………………. Page 6. CARLIST WARS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Page 7 y 8. LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE………………………………………………………………………… Page 9 y 10. REING OF ISABELLA II (1833-1868)……………………………………..................................... Page 11 y 12. THE SIX YEAR DEMOCRATIC PERIOD (1868-1874)…………………………………………………. Page 13.. THE SIX YEAR DEMOCRATIC PERIOD (1868-1874) ………………………..…………………...... Page 14. THE REGENCY OF MARIA CRISTINA OF HASBURG( 1855-1902)…….......................... Page 15. TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE 19 TH CENTURY………………………………………………..…………. Page 16 - 21 ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION ………………………………. Page 16. SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION …………………………………….. Page 17. CULTURAL MOVEMENTS ………………………………………… Page 18. FRANCISCO JOSE DE GOYA Y LUCIENTES (1746-1828).. Page 19. THE GENERATION OF 98 AND ARCHITECTURE …………… Page 20. EDUCATION AND HERITAGE ………………………………………. Page 21.
THE WAR OF THE INDEPENDENCE (1808-1813) In 1788 Charles IV become King of Spain. Manuel Godoy, Charles IV prime minister, signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau(1807) with Napoleon to allow French troops to pass through Spain to invade Portugal, but the purpose of Napoleon was to keep his army in Spain.
This fact was used by Ferdinand, eldest son of Charles IV, to organize the Mutiny of Aranjuez. As a result Godoy resigned and Charles IV abdicated in favour of his son. Napoleon persuaded Charles IV and Ferdinand VII to travel to France and convinced them to abdicate in favour of Joseph Bonaparte. Joseph I proclaimed the Statute of Bayonne that tried to introduce in Spain part of the liberal program to abolish the Ancien Regime. 3
THE WAR OF THE INDEPENDENCE (1808-1813) The French occupation provoked a popular revolt in Madrid on May 2nd 1808 that quickly spread all over the country. This uprising started the War of Independence. The war had three phases: ➢ Popular resistance (1808):Guerrilla war began and the Spanish army stopped the French at the Battle of Bailen.
➢ French offensive (1808-1812):Napoleon headed his army and succeded to control the whole country except for the city of Cadiz.
➢ Anglo-Spanish victories (1812-1814):Napoleon took many troops to invade Russia and the British attacked from Portugal in support of the Spanish. After the Battle of Los Arapiles (1812) French army started to withdraw. In 1813 the Treaty of Valenay returned the crown to Ferdinand VII. 4
THE CONSTITUTION OF 1812 – “THE PEPA” During the war, the High Court in Cádiz created the Constitution of 1812. .It established the principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty and eliminated absolutism. Its restriction of monarchical power, however, led to open conflict upon Ferdinand VII's return to power. The king dissolved the Cortes and abrogated the constitution on 4 May 1814, restoring the unrestricted monarchy that had existed prior to 1808.
The importance of the Americas was clear from the start: Article 1 of the Constitution reads: "The Spanish Nation is the collectivity of the Spaniards of both hemispheres."
Portada de la edición original de la Constitución:
The government's objective is the happiness of the nation: Article 13
The Constitution of 1812 essentially established a constitutional monarchy Alegoría de la Constitución de 1812, Francisco de Goya 5
REING OF FERDINAND VII (1814-1833) Ferdinand VII, Charles IV´s son, returned as King of Spain in 1814. His reign was divided into three phases : ➢ Absolutism Sexenium (1814-1820): Absolutist phase. The King abolished the Constitution of Cadiz and re-established an absolute monarchy. He also censored the press, banned the theatre and decreed that the liberals should be persecuted and put in jail, so many of them went on exile. ➢ Liberal Triennium(1820-1823): Liberal phase. Ferdinand VII was forced to reinstate the Constitution. Military uprisings were very common, and finally, General Riego managed to overcome the monarchists and bring back the Constitution, forcing Ferdinand to accept it as an official document of the Reign of Spain ➢ Ominous Decade(1823-1833): Invasion of the hundred thousand sons of Saint Louis. There was an invasion by the Bourbon King of France, Louis XVIII to restore the absolute monarchy of Ferdinand VII. Despite of the name, the army was composed by 60.000 soldiers
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CARLIST WARS
At the end of his reign, Ferdinand VII proclaimed his Pragmatic Sanction replacing the Salic Law (witch excluded females from the line of succession). On the King´s death, his daughter Isabel became queen. This angered Ferdinand´s brother, Carlos, and became a conflict. On the death of Ferdinand in 1833, the absolutists did not want to recognize his three-year-old daughter Isabella as the queen so they supported the prince Carlos María Isidro in his uprising against the new regent María Cristina. ISABELINO/CRISTINOS
CARLISTS
IDEAS
Formad a lineal government and made reform to build a constitutional monarchy
Defended the ideas of the Ancien Régime. “ God, country, King and fueros”
SOCIAL SUPPORT
Part of nobility, army, bourgeoise and urban population.
Part of nobility, church and peasants.
MAIN AREAS OF INFLUENCE
Cities
Basque Country, Navarre and the old Crown of Aragon.
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➢ THE FIRST CARLIST WAR lasted for seven years (1833-1840). 1839: The Convention of Vergara: Isabel was recognized as Queen of Spain however, Carlos didn´t accept the treaty, and his son ( Charles Louis Bourbon) continued to fight for his right to the Spanish throne. ➢ THE SECOND CARLIST WAR (1846 – 1849). The was caused by Isabel II´S refusal to marry Charles Louis Bourbon, the Carlist claimant. If they had married, the succession dispute would have ended. The war ended with the defeat of the Carlist. ➢ THE THIRD CARLIST WAR (1872 – 1876) began during the six years of democracy, when the Spanish throne became vacant after the exile of Isabel II. The Carlists rebelled in may territories and even formed a parallel government in Estella until their final defeat.
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LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE In the last year of the reign of Ferdinand VII, the Independence of the Spanish colonies in America took place. The process was advanced by the creoles, dissatisfied with their political marginalisation, the high taxes and the social discrimination they faced compared to peninsular Spaniards. It was driven by military aid from the USA and the UK. Already in 1810, Caracas and Buenos Aires juntas declared their independence from the Bonapartist government in Spain In 1816, Bolívar defeated Spanish forces at the Battle of Boyacá in 1819, ending Spanish rule in Colombia.
Political map of the Americas in 1794 Battle of Boyacá Simón Bolívar
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Venezuela was liberated on 24 June 1821, when Simón Bolívar destroyed the Spanish army on the fields of Carabobo on the Battle of Carabobo Argentina declared its independence in 1816 Chile was retaken by Spain in 1814, but lost permanently in 1817 when an army under José de San Martín, crossed the Andes Mountains from Argentina to Chile, and went on to defeat Spanish royalist forces at the Battle of Chacabuco in 1817. Mexico, Perú, Ecuador and Central America still remained under Spanish control in 1820 In the Battle of Ayacucho ( 1824) the Spanish army was defeated. Peru won his independence, leaving Cuba (1895) and Puerto Rico. The Battle of Ayacucho signified the end of the Spanish Empire on the American mainland. The liberal government of Spain showed less interest in the military reconquest of the colonies than Ferdinand, although it rejected the independence of Mexico in the failed Treaty of Córdoba. In 1833 Spain finally abandoned all plans of military re-conquest.
José de San Martín
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REING OF ISABELLA II (1833-1868) Ferdinand died in 1833 and Isabella was proclaimed Queen of Spain while she was only 3 years old. The queen was supported by the liberal political parties: ➢ The Moderates: who wanted to give more power to the King: Upper bourgeoisie and middle class ➢ The Progressives: who wanted to give more power to the High Court: urban middle class
Isabella succeeded to the throne because Ferdinand VII had induced the Cortes Generales to help him set aside the Salic law
Isabella had nine children, but only five reached adulthood
Also known as La de los Tristes Destinos (She of the Sad Destinies) 11
The reign of Isabella II is divided into five differents periods: ➢ The regency of Maria Christina ( 1833-1840) ➢ The regency of General Espartero ( 1840-1843): Governed until Isabel II turned 13 and is considered an adult, able to govern. ➢ The moderate decade(1843-1854): The Constitution of 1845 was imposed. ➢ The progressive biennium(1854-1856): The Constitution of 1856 was written but not published ➢ Decline of the system(1856-1868): The liberal moderates alternated in power with a new centrist party, the Liberal Union. Additionally, new parties that opposed the liberal regime: The Democrats and Republicans. The people were dissatisfied with the Queen, the government and the economic crisis. They started a revolution known as “La Gloriosa” in 1868 and Isabella II abdicated, renouncing the throne. The success of the revolution marked the beginning of the “Sexenio Democrático” with the installment of a provisional government.
Moneda de oro de 10 escudos del reinado de Isabel II (1868).
Baldomero Espartero
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The Spanish Provisional Government
THE SIX YEAR DEMOCRATIC PERIOD (1868-1874) In 1968 a military revolt began in Cádiz, the Glorious Revolution, and the Queen was torced to exile. This period has three phases: ➢ The Provisional Government(1868-1871): Serrano ( Regent) and Prim ( head of Government) looked a new King for Spain . They also wrote the Constitution of 1869, the most democraty of the century. It established a constitutional monarchy. ➢ Democratic monarchy (1871-1873) with a new King: Amadeo de Saboya . He faced the political opposition of the Republicans and the supporters of Alfonso, Isabel II son. His main supporter was the president Prim, who was assassinated that same year. In 1873 Amadeo I abdicated the throne. ➢ The First Republic (1873-1874). The Cortes proclaimed Spain a Republic and established a federal regimen. This was supported by the middle class to achieve the division of land among farm workers and improve the for working conditions of labourers. This was many problems: the Third Carlist War, Alfonso´s supporters rejected it, the Cuban War (Cubans that wanted Independence from Spain)and revolts that demanded the creation of a federal Republic. A military coup put an end to the Republic and Alfonso XII, son of Isabella II, restored the monarchy. Bourbon Restoration) 13 Allegory of the Spanish Republic
THE RESTORATION (1875-1885) Alfonso XII´s reign began in 1875. The system had three pillars: ➢ A new Constitution is approved in 1876 to give power to the people, dividing it equally between them and the monarch. (Shared sovereignty) ➢ Bipartisanship: Two parties were created to share power: Conservative Party ( led by Cánovas del Castillo) and Liberal Party(Sagasta) ➢ These two parties established the peaceful alternation marginalisisn the rest of the parties ( Carlist, Democrats, Republicans and Socialist)
The alternation was guaranteed through the caciquism and the electoral fraud where elections were manipulated to get the expected result. Portrait of Alfonso XII 14
THE REGENCY OF MARIA CRISTINA OF HASBURG( 1855-1902) When Alfonso XII died, his wife, Maria Cristina, took control of the throne until their son, Alfonso XIII. During this time, there were some democratic advanced, such as the return of universal male suffrage in 1890, but the most important was the Crisis of 1898. United States declared the War on Spain. In a few monts Spain was defeated. The Treaty of Paris was signed and Spain lost its last three colonies ( Cuba, Philippines and Puerto Rico) The crisis created big feelings of fustration and pessimism in Spain. Regenerationist movements appeared to call for the end corruption and caciquism. Generacion del 98 is a reflection of that.
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TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE 19TH CENTURY ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION As many other countries, Spain began its industrialization in the 19th century. However, the country has some factors that made this process limited: ➢ Most of the land remained in the hands of large landowners who did not invest. The result was a traditional agriculture. ➢ There was not a connected market. The lack of buyers and the bad transport network made trade difficult. Trying to solve that problem the General Railway Law was passed in 1855.
➢ The lack of capital of the state made that the financing of the industry was left to private investors. ➢ Lack of raw materials and energy sources. In order to abolish the Ancien Régime, the Liberal Government after the 1830 privatised the property of the land owned by the Church or the municipalities. The confiscations of Mendizábal (1836) and Pascual Maoz ( 1855) did not change the structure of the ownership since only landowners and the bourgeoisie bought most of the expropiated land.
Industrialisation only affected to some specific áreas of Spain, that specialized in differents sectors: ➢ Cotton textile industry in Catalonia. ➢ Iron and Steel industries in Málaga, Asturias and the Basque Country. 16
TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE 19TH CENTURY SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION There was a big increase in population in the 19th century, from 11.5 to 18.5 millions. The quality of life was very por for the majority of the population. There were epidemics(cólera), famine and a hight mortality rate. Society in the 19th century was divided into three clases: ➢ The leading class: represented 15% of the population ✓ Aristocrats: nobles who owned large áreas of land ✓ Bourgeois: Factory owner, properous merchant and bankers ➢ The middle class: represented 5% of the population was formed by small merchants and entrepreneurs, small landwners, doctors, lawyers and engineers. ➢ The lower class: formed by the proletariat, represented 80% of the population and was made up of farm workers and industrial labourers. In the city, the working class grew quickly but lived in terrible conditions, with long working hours, low salaries, unsanitary houses and illiteracy. The resulted in a labourer´s movement that sought to improve the injustice of the situation. This is when the first politial organisations and anarchist and socialist unión appeared mainly in Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia y Andalucia 17
ART AND CULTURE IN THE 19TH CENTURY CULTURAL MOVEMENTS ROMANTICISM: Romanticism authors defended the past and wanted to recover the essence of a Spanish nation with poetry, historic novels and theatre ➢ PINTURA: Francisco de Goya (1746-1828), Federico Madra and Jose Casado de Alisol. ➢ LITERATURA: Gustavo Adlofo Béquer, Espronceda, Jose de Larra and Zorrilla.
REALISM: They used art as a way to represent current reality and describe characteristics element of their country, regions, landscapes, customs and habitants. It was also very common to criticise the upper class. ➢ PINTURA: Ramón Martí Alsica and Mariano Fortuny ➢ LITERATURA:Emilio Benito Pérez Galdós, Valera and Clarín. IMPRESSIONISM: Represents reality according to first impression. Highlights Joaquín Sorolla.
MODERNISM: Both a philosophical movement and art movement that arose from broad transformations in western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ➢ PINTURA: Ramón Casas ➢ ARCHITECTURE: Gaudi.
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ART AND CULTURE IN THE 19TH CENTURY FRANCISCO JOSE DE GOYA Y LUCIENTES (1746-1828) He is considered the most important Spanish artist of the 19th centuries and throughout his long career was a commentator and chronicler of his era. He was born on March 30, 1746, in Fuendetodos, a Village in northern Spain. The family later moved to Saragossa, where Goya’s father worked as a gilder. At about 14 young Goya was apprenticed to José Luzán, a local painter. 1770-1807: Age and maturity Professional wins. Optimistic view of life. Goya began to work for Spanish royal court. He skillfully captured the tiniest elements of their faces and clothes. In 1972 seriously ill. He overcame the disease but remained deaf. He began to isolate himself in his inner world. 1808-1828: Great pessimism. Years marked by deafness and war. He painted scenes from the Spanish War of Independence and inspired the Romantic and Impressionist movement.With the return of Fernando VII he made the black paintings: fourteen mural works that Goya painted The political climate subsequently became so tense that Goya willingly went into exile in 1828. Despite his poor health, Goya thought he might be safer outside of Spain. Goya moved to Bordeaux, France, where he spent the remainder of his life. During this time, he continued to paint. ( La Lechera) Some of his later works included portraits of friends also living in exile. Goya died on April 16, 1828, in Bordeaux, France.
La familia de Carlos IV
La duquesa de Alba
Retrato del pintor Francisco de Goya
La maja vestida
Dos viejos comiendo sopa,
Saturno devorando a un hijo
La lechera de Burdeos,
El19 coloso
ART AND CULTURE IN THE 19TH CENTURY THE GENERATION OF 98 "Generation of '98" is the name used to bring together a group of Spanish writers, essayists and poets that were profoundly affected by the moral, social and political crisis in Spain caused by the military defeat against the US and which meant the loss of Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines in 1898 in the Spanish–American War that same year. They believed that the system had to be improved. The main representatives of thus generation were Miguel de Unamuno, Valle Inclán, Pio Baroja and Antonio Machado ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURA was based on historical styles. It is divided into three main types: the neo-Gothic, the neoMudejar and the classicist architecture itself. It is also important to take into account the architecture of new materials such as iron, concrete and glass, especially used in buildings such as train station. Antonio Gaudí: One of greatest architect under the protection of Count Güell. Among all his works, Park Güell and Sagrada Familia stand out.
The generación of 98
El Ángel Caído(Ricardo Belver) Sagrada Familia
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ART AND CULTURE IN THE 19TH CENTURY
EDUCATION AND HERITAGE At the end of the 19th century alphabetization continued to be very deficient: only 37%, while in France 70% of the population had gone to school. Illiteracy was also very high: 70% of the population was illiterate (50% in men and 80% in women) and only 1% of the population had university studies. Many educational advances were archieved thanks to the Moyano Law (1857) and the organisation of education into three levels: primary, secondary and superior. This law also established the foundations for private education in Spain, which at the time were mainly Catholic Schools. The only free education was from 6 to 9 years old and only for those who could prove that they couldn’t pay it. The rest of the studies had to be financed by the families who could afford them(paid education). Due to expropriation, many artefacts from the church were given to museums, universities and libraries to be conserved for social use ( Prado Museum National Library of Madrid. It was an important century for the press with the advancements in the telegraph. 21