Master thesis in Landscape Architecture 2020 by amalieeokk

G A S V Ă&#x2020; R K

Copenhagen

Ă&#x2DC; S T E R B R O

2020

Ă&#x2DC; S T R E

A sustainable socialand climate change adapted city qaurter

2020 Master thesis at University of Copenhagen, 30 ECTS point

Author: Amalie Ellehøj Okkels

Faculty of Science

Submitted: 2020 - 01 - 15

Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management

Supervisor: Li Liu

Master of Science (MSc) in Landscape Architecture

Student nr: xsk875

Title: Masterplan of Østre Gasværk, a sustainable socialand climate change adapted city qaurter in Østerbro Copenhagen

- Urban Design

Amalie Ellehøj Okkels

MASTERPLAN OF ØSTRE GASVÆRK A sustainable social- and climate change adapted city qaurter in Østerbro Copenhagen

All material and photos are produced by Amalie Ellehøj Okkels unless other is stated, and all maps face north if not other is stated.

PREFACE

This 30 ECTS thesis is the final project of the Landscape Architecture Master program with the Urban Design spezialization at the University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science. This thesis would not have been possible without the help and support I have recieved. Thanks to my supervisor Li Liu for useful supervision, critique and inspiration. Thanks to RambĂ¸ll, especially Nichlas Claus Rasmussen for introducing me to the site, and sharing knowledge with me. Thanks to my lovely family and friends who have been very supportive. Finally I will like to thank my friends and fellow thesis-students who have contributed to a great work-environment while giving support and feedback.

Collage from the thesis proposal

ABSTRACT

MOTIVATION

This thesis takes its starting point in the local plan of Østre Gasværk, Østebro Copenhagen. Østre Gasværk used to be an industrial site, a Gas Plant. The site is contaminated, and has been left unused since the industrial activities ended 50 years ago, and the structures were torn down. Since then there has only been contemporary functions happening on the site, despite a couple of football fields that are the only longterm planned constructions.

This thesis offers an alternative masterplan that emphasizes green areas with less dense housing and improved stormwater capabilities. The current natural environment and the existing users off the site are accomondated differently than suggested in the local plan. Inspired by the original local plan and through my exploration of Østre Gasværk, the potentials and the challenges of the site unfolded, and a strategic framework and design proposal came to be. The new plan for Østre Gasværk suggested in this project, revolves around the cultural history of the site.

At present the municipality wishes to transform the area into a new neighboorhood. Different actors has given their ideas on this transformation. On March 30, 2017, The City Council of Copenhagen has approved the local plan for Østre Gasværk Kvarteret.

Traces of the Gas Plant have almost dissappeared, The proposal highlights the cultural history in combination with transforming the site into accomodating current and future needs.

The purpose of the the local plan is to make it possible to develop a new city quarter on the previous site of Østre Gasværk, together with the football fields. The fields are owned by the sport club B93.

My thesis supervisor Li Liu suggested that I work on Østre Gasværk, after discussions with Rambøll. My choice of the gaswork project was motivated by the challenges of transforming an urban site with a cultural history in combination with stormwater challenges. My focus was to create a project that has a multifunctional purpose where the different functions interact to benefit each other. The project takes advantage of my specialisation in Urban Design through my master studies, working in neighborhood and city scales, with an understanding of urban cohesion. An advantage of choosing the Ostre Gasvark site was that clear requirements and specifications were already available from the local plan.

The design satisfies the requirements of the original masterplan, while trying to preserve the existing natural and social cultural qualities. The cultural history is highlighted through shape, material and vegetation in the design proposal.

According to the local plan the area will contain public- and private housing, a nursing home, an ice rink, a common parking space and public accessible green areas.

The design cosists of three phases, which incrementally transform the site into a sustainable social- and climate change adapted city quarter called Østre Gasværk Park-Quarter(Østre Gasværk Park-kvarter).

A park and an activity loop brings coherence in the area, and new routes provide access to surrounding areas.

CONTENT

002

PREFACE

003

ABSTRACT

004

MOTIVATION

008 009 011

017

064

CHALLENGES

064

POTENTIALS

018

SOCIAL CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

064

SPECULATION

019

Urban analysis

064

ANALYSIS SUMMERY

029

Site analysis - historic

040

Site analysis - current situation

099

100

ELABORATION

Project site

Structure

014

Project definition

Connection

043

Architecture and users

045

Identity and landscape

Method

IMPLEMENTATION STAREGY

118

1. Phase

120

2. Phase

122

3. Phase

NARURAL ENVIRONMENT

124

DISCUSSION

102

Connection - users of the park-city-quarter

066

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

071

VISION

074

PROPOSAL

075

Concept

110

Terrain and soil

126

CONCLUSION

076

Strategy

111

Leading water

128

REFERENCE

Background 041

117

SOCIAL CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

INTRODUCTION

013

016

ANALYSIS

109

104

Green areas - the park

106

Architecture - the city

050

NARURAL ENVIRONMENT 079

Orthoview

112

Water flow

051

Cloudburst management plan of Copenhagen

080

Masterplan

114

Detention

055

Natural flow routes

082

Cross-sections

056

Cloudburst pipes

087

The Square

057

Flooding scenario

093

The Forest

058

Terrain and natural flow routes

058

Soil

059

Pipe system

060

Future

INTRODUCTION

PROJECT SITE Gasværksgrunden located in Copenhagen - Østerbro, used to be an industrial site. The industrial activities ended 50 years ago.The site remains contaminated but several contemporary structures have been constructed. A couple of football fields are the only longterm planned constructions at the site.

Today members of a football club are the main users of the area together with the inhabitants surrounding the area, as well as the children connected to the institutions within this part of Østerbro. Other people visiting the area are users of the contemporary ice rink. Due to climate changes Copenhagen Municipality is requiring that the city will be designed towards meeting the intentions presented in Copenhagen’s Cloudburst Management Plan (publication 9, Københavns Kommune 2012). The municipality strives to develop the site of Østre Gasværk to create housing and to deal with the stormwater issues in the area, as well as offering recreational spaces.

Svanemøllen Strand

Svanemøllen st

yve yngb

Øresund

Nordhavnstunellen

Svanemølleværket

Østre Gasværk Teatret

Nordhavn

e rad

bro

er Øst

Århusgadekvarteret Nordhavn st

Sandkaj Brygge

ga vns

ri nde

ræ

kb Kal

Trekroner Langelinje

Copenhagen city center

Photo 1, By & Havn, 2018 9

BACKGROUND Residential buildings

Park

THE CONTEXT In my project I work within the local plan area, but also focus on the surrounding connections.

Urbanization has increased the demand for more housing in cities.

Ice rink

My project attempts to accomodate requirements from the municipality shown in the local plan (Publication 1 Lokalplan, 2017) and requests made by Østerbro Lokaludvalg (Publication 5, Skitseforslag 2014).

Former industrial sites are unused spaces that can be transformed into residential areas. These areas have historical value, but also challenges. When transforming the areas the historical traces can create unique identities for the places.

gad e

PROPOSAL BY ØSTERBRO LOKALUDVALG

6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0

Due to climate change, extreme weather conditions are appearing. Increased cloudburst events requires improved stormwater management, particularly surface management since it is expensive and difficult to regulate underground water management.

DVR 90

In 2014 before the Local plan was decided, Østerbro Lokaludvalg made a proposal for a masterplan for Østre Gasværk (Appendix 1) in collaboration with Marianne Levinsen Landskab Aps. The wish from the community is to use the site as an extension for the different institutions in the area, providing new recreational outdoor activities in an open landscape.

To mitigate climate change and lower damage a sustainable plan is needed that combines and benefits different users and the landscape. The Copenhagen municipality has planned for stormwater management projects to be incorporated in the city’s infrastructure. Within Østerbro a stormwater tunnel has been built to channel water from the surface to the sea. The stormwater tunnel is situated in Gasværksgrunden, and water from Gasværksgrunden and the surroundings can be fed to the tunnel. The munucipality is also interested in creating detention basins that can catch the water, and only slowly feed to the stormwater tunnel.

THE LOCAL PLAN The area included in the local plan is a approximately 102,750 m2. The eastern end of the site was transformed into football fields in the 1990’s, measuring approx. 51,000 m2. The western end of the site (approx. 4,000 m2) has been unused since the buildings where demolished in the 1970’s. Only a builing that used to contain a gastank reveals the history of the site. The building is now used as Østre Gasværk Theater.

THE THESIS This thesis takes its starting point in the local plan Østre Gasværk, Østerbro Copenhagen. The local plan proposes to transform the contaminated industrial site into a residential area with other urban functions, including an ice rink, more football fields, and green areas.

To create access to Østre Gasværk Kvarter by car, the local plan includes the area towards Strandboulevarden via Svendborggade. The local plan creates 39,000 m2 of residential space, a permanent ice rink (5,500 m2), shops, recreational area(1,000 m2), a promenade in the south, and a multistorey car park. Some of the current football fields will be reorganized and upgraded.

The clients for the project is the Copenhagen Municipality and the sports club B93. B93 is responsible for Svanemølle-anlægget, and the club house ‘Slottet’ is located north of Østre Gasværk.

Grænse for lokalplanområde

10 0

150

20 0 m

A park and an activity loop will connect the area, and new connections to the surrounding areas will be established.

The plan above shows the terrain and building foundation.

The residential buildings will be characterized by block buildings in U-forms of 4-8 floors. The residential space will include:

The existing terrain combinded with the degree of soil contamination has helped decide the formation of the new terrain.

SOCIAL HOUSING (Almene boliger) 7,500 m2, max 120 apartments at the same place 250 family apartments, and a nursing home.

Extremed contaminated areas will be seiled with closed hard surfaces or by adding extra soil resulting in small hills.

OWNER-OCCUPIED (Ejerboliger) 9,500 m2

Areas with little contamination stays more or less intact and low making it possible for water to flow into the bodies, and hereafter be disposed.

YOUTH HOUSING (ungdomsboliger) 3,900 m2

The water will be lead into the north of the site by raising the terrain in general, and especially under neath the ice rink, the residential buildings and the park.

NURSING HOME (plejeboliger) 9,000 m2 New apartments will have a max. size of 95 m2, and min. size of 50 m2. There will be build approx. 190 apartments in all, resulting in approx. 330 residents.

Figure 1, Lokalplan, 2017 12

STRUCTURE

PROJECT DEFINITION

The assignment is divided into six main sections: The first section introduces the thesis assignment. Second section is an urban analysis of Østre Gasværk, from a large scale to a smaller scale. The analysis includes a cloud burst plan for the area, and describes architecture and other existing elements within and surrounding the area. A more detailed analysis of the site is then provided with a social cultural aspect, with a historic presentation, and a natural environmental aspect.

The third section describes the design principles that guide the project, as well as value criteria related to the creation of a social sustainable city. The fourth section describes the proposed design through plan, section, orthoview, visualizations and diagrams.

This thesis is a proposal for Østre Gasværk, transforming the site from an abandoned industrial area into a social- and climate sustainable area called Østre Gasværk Park-Quarter.

The site will connect infrastructure and stormwater systems across parts of the city and create social cohesion between past identities, and present and future users in and around Østre Gasværk.

The place will be a public stormwater park with urban functions and residential living within.

The fifth section presents some of the steps in the implementation phase. The last section provides a summary and discussion.

METHOD This master thesis project takes its starting point in the local plan: Local plan nr. 545

My investigations led me to queston the local plan, since I felt that the place had more to offer than what could be achieved following the design in the local plan.

Østre Gasværk Kvarteret (Publication 1, Lokalplan, 2017).

While the local plan is good and offers welldesigned solutions, I felt that the spririt of the place could be emphasised more. I wanted to create more green spaces and social cohesion, in offering solutions for the water detention and the social experience across spaces.

Rambøll was asked to refine the local plan, working strictly according to the local plan, while managing the storm water requirements. In discussions with Rambøll, it was suggested that I work with certain detail areas, and focus on the water management. New aspects and ideas on the project were also welcome. Rambøll did not share their plans with me, so as not to prejudice my proposal.

In this way the local plan was my starting point, making Østre Gasværk relevant to work with, guiding what the site is today, and what it should be transformed into in the future.

Initially I followed the requirements of the local plan which includes a high area of residential space, urban functions, semi public and public green spaces, as well as a high storage capacity of detaining stormwater.

The design in the local plan meant that I was able to use it as a foundation. From there I could regulate the importance of the different areas and requirements, turning some up and others’ down.

I visited the site to better understand the strengths and waeknesses of the area, and to identify opportunities and potential challenges. The visits included notes and maesurements, photos and casual conversations with users of the site. I learned about the cultural history of the site and studyied photos of Østre Gasværk, to understand the spirit of the place.

My design has been developed through mapping, registration, notes, photos, drawings and 3D sketching. I have gained understanding of the current cultural social and natural environment, integrating culture historic elements, and working in preserving the spirit of the site.

SOCIAL CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT To understand the potentials and challenges of transforming Østre Gasværk I next provide a coarse to fine grain description of the issues:

URBAN ANALYSIS Context Reference Access to green areas Green areas in Østerbro The area surrounding Østre Gasværk

A SITE ANALYSIS - HISTORIC History of the area

ANALYSIS

Timeline of Østre Gasværk Identity

A SITE ANALYSIS CURRENT SITUATION This section focuses on two main areas: Connections 1. Social Cultural Environment 2. Natural Environment

Architecture

The analysis of both focus areas follow a coarse to fine scale analyis to identify qualities and challenges in Østre Gasværk.

Identity and landscape

SUMMARY

URBAN ANALYSIS

REFERENCE

CONTEXT

Scale

1:1,000,000

1:100,000

1:20,000

Copenhagen City Hall

COPENHAGEN

Østerbro is a district located in the north area of central Copenhagen. The Østre Gasværk site is located approximately 4,7 km north of Copenhagen City Hall.

ØSTERBRO

ØSTRE GASVÆRK

ASSISTENT KIRKEGARDEN

PAPIRØEN

Approx. 875 Ha

Approx. 10 Ha

Approx. 20 Ha.

Approx. 4.5 Ha

The population of Østerbro grew rapidly during the1850’s. It consist of several parts with variation in urban planning in relation to different periods. It is a mixed city quarter with residential living, urban functions, green areas, and characterized by its many embassies (website 1, detlillemuseum, 2019).

Østre Gasværk is approx. 102,750 m2. It is contaminated due to previous industrial activites on the site.

This is a public cemetery surrounded by a dense faubourg styled city area. The cemetary is regularly perceived as a park. The only building located in the cemetary is a church.

When considering the future of Østre Gasværk, it is important to understand the context of Østerbro.

It is planned to build between 270 and 340 apartments, a hotel, swimming pool and other recreational functions on the preindustrial island (Article 1, tv2lorry, 2019).

The above examples help build an understanding of the size of the area of Østre Gasværk in connection to the green space, and mixed-use areas, while presenting ideas of what facilities will be in Østre Gasværk in the future.

Østerbro seen from south west towards north east.

In Østerbro you find urban life and a strong commercial nerve along Østerbrogade.

BUILDING AND BUILDING STRUCTURE The carré structure dominates Østerbro. Individual neighborhoods are experienced differently and coexist due to the historical development. Some building breaks with the carré structure. Places with different urban structures in Østerbro include Brumleby,

Parken and Fælledparken are located in Østerbro and are some of the city’s most visited places. The main development of Østerbro occurred in the years that followed 1890.

Østerbro and Nordhavn seen from east towards west.

Komponistkvarteret, large residential areas at Ryvangen and the large institutional areas at the University Park, Rigshospitalet, the former Øresundshospital, and Rosenvængets Allé.

Because of the urban development in Nordhavnen it is important to support and develop railway connections to access the harbour from Østerbro.

The linked roads Dag Hammerskjolds Alle Østerbrogade - Strandvejen have since the founding of Copenhagen, been the most important connection to Nordsjælland.

Photo 1 and 2, By & Havn, 2018 21

Sv -s ane tr mø an ll de e n

Studies show that visiting green areas plays a positive role in lowering stress level, and the distance to green areas makes a difference to how often people visit these green areas.

Number of visits in green areas per week

0.77 HA

æl

4000 M2

Øs Ga tre sv ær k

400 M long

10 HA

59 HA

Ve Cl d Ha ass ve en el

Distance to nearest green area (metres) 33 HA

200 M

The correlation between distance to green areas and the visiting-frequency.

200 M

Øs An tre læ g

ne er Sø

20 HA

12 HA

1 HA

en rk pa ed ll

Map of green areas, 1:35,000 Stress index

4.3 HA

As Ki sis rk te eg ns år de n

Fæ

6.35 KM Circumference

ØSTERBRO

il rk pe Su

øp

10.275 HA

ACCESS TO GREEN AREAS The situation map shows the green/recreational areas located near Østre Gasværk. Fælledparken, Sandkaj and Søerne are the easiest accessable areas. All recreational areas are located in distance from 400 m or more.

Visits in green areas per week

The correlation between stress-index and distance to nearest green area. Low number in the stress index mean high amount of stress.

Østerbro city quarter is represented by a classic faubourg quarter with narrow streets, tall buildings, and little greenery, resulting in relative closed and dark areas.

The curve in the first diagram shows how the number of visitors decreases noticable by more than a half after a distance of between 0-400 m. Therefore it is important to create green spaces that are easily accessible for the inhabitants.

When taking a look at the map of green areas it shows that the inhabitants in Østerbro have access to green areas, such as Fælledparken, Sandkaj and Søerne. Considering Østre Gasværk would be transformed into a mainly residential area, you will need to walk 400 m before accessing a green recreative area.

To create a public green space in Østre Gasværk it is therefore essential to cover the need for green access close to the existing and future residents around and in Østre Gasværk.

Figures 2 and 3, p. 25, Hansen, K.B, 2005

GREEN AREAS IN ØSTERBRO

Photo 4

Photo 5

Photo 6

Photo 7

Photo 8

SANDKAJ

SVANEMØLLE STRAND

FÆLLEDPARKEN

SØERNE

KILDEVÆLDSPARKEN

400 m long

4000 m long

59 Ha

6,35 km in circumference

0,77 Ha

Fælledparken is a huge park compared to the other parks in Copenhagen. The park has many big lawns in the center that allow for various activities, sport, big groups to gather and events. The paths are surrounded by big trees an offer for people the opportunity to walk, run and bike. The park has designated areas for special activites such as skating, playgrounds and pavillions.

Søerne connects some of the different cityparts in Copenhagen, which makes it attractive to follow when orienting around the city. There is limited space, which makes it crowded, but it feels bigger because of the view over the water.

Kildevældsparken is often seen with few people visiting it, which makes for a calm atmosphere. The atmosphere can be described like a village pond.

Sandkaj and Svanemølle Strand are crowded on hot summer days, offerring the opportunity to swim and enjoy the water and open horizon.

Faubourg

LANDMARK

Øresund

Railway buildings

s rd wa To

When zooming into the area surrounding Østre Gasværk you see different landmarks, which work as orientation points within the area (Book 5, Lynch, K., 1960, p 9). Noticable landmarks are Svanemølle st, Svanemølle-værket, Østre Gasværk Theater and Slottet. You see these buildings when arriving by train and arriving at the roads.

Residential neighborhood

Previous Øresundshospitalet

Østre Gasværk

Modernistic block

Nordhavn

Østre Gasværk Theater Tunnel

DEN

STRANDBOULEVAR

o ebr EJ r r V ø < N JAGT

City er >

cent

Faubourg

er ent y c >

< CPH City center

CPH

Cit

Modernistick block: Up to 13 floors

CPH

Tall buildings of 8-14 floors in a modernistick block style dominate visually with their green facades. They are located in the south west corner of Østre Gasværk. The surroundings of Østre Gasværk vary with the local city areas in style and volume. The variety is greater here than many other places in Østerbro, where the general style is faubourg.

Modernistic block

Hospital buildings: Previous Øresundshospitalet Buildings dating from 1875-1876

ÆN

Svanemølle - anlægget

Faubourg : The district is in general characterized by Faubourg styled buildings.

North of Østre Gasværk the area was historically a hospital with generally yellow brick buildings. Today the buildings house a sports hall, institutions and other facilities. Running along the west part of the area are various buildings, houses, and schools. Some of these buildings dates back from the industrial era.

School buildings

Buildings around Svanemølleværket is primarily used by rowing clubs and similar activites. Plans propose transforming Svanemølleværket into a museum in the future. Hopefully this area will become a significant attraction. Today access to this area is via a tunnel and the heavy trafficked Kalkbrænderihavnsgade. A route to cross above the railway is recommended to offer a more pleasant, visual and direct route to the water front.

The part of Østerbro shown on the map is dominated by faubourg style areas. The facades are generally decorated with interesting facades, mainly in red bricks. The carré blocks are between 5-7 floors.

ØSTERBROGADE

Faubourg

There is several bike route possibles to the center, but fewer connections when travelling up north.

Slottet

AREA STYLE

Svanemølleværket

Hellerup >

Svanemølle- Svanemølle værket st

Arriving by car, bike or foot, the main road is Østerbrogade connecting Hellerup to the center. Another main road is Jagtvej connecting to Nørrebro.

Slottet

Østre Gasværk Theater

h ac be

Terraced house

e th

Svanemølle st

7 min walk from Østre Gasværk is Svanemølle st., which is a big station connecting several train lines. Nørreport st is within 7 min.

Out e Øst r erb ro Inn e ØSt r erb ro

THE AREA SURROUNDING ØSTRE GASVÆRK

Bike routes Main roads Landmark Local city area

Please see photo copyright in reference 27

1:5000 28

SITE ANALYSIS HISTORIC

Aerial photo Photo 9, kbhbilleder, 1936

HISTORY OF THE AREA

The original coastline of Øresund ran along the east side of the industrial site, and there was a harbour connected to the gas plant, where the coal was loaded directy into the coal houses. In 1897 the railway was built, and therefore the ships had to be unloaded in Nordhavn and the coal transported by train.

Øresund

During the industrial era Østre Gasværk was a factory that produced gas for Copenhagen. By heating coal to high temperatures it released all the gas, and the coal turned into coke, that could be used for fuel in households’ fires.

Ra y

Gas production produces a number of secondary products such as heavy metals, and therefore the production has caused significant pollution on the site. The map from around 1899 shows how circular buildings or silos containing the gastanks could be found in the industrial area in and around Gasværksgrunden.

SVANEMØLLEN The quarter is named after the mill. However the mill was later demolished.

Nordhavn

Øs

Illustration 1, strandvejskvarteret Map 1, historiskatlas 1840 - 1899

1:5000 31

Transformation of an previous used hospital building at Øresundshospitalet into a club house for B93. The building is called ‘Slottet’.

TIMELINE OF ØSTRE GASVÆRK

The area is used for gas production.

A building hosting a gastank is built, designed by Martin Nyrop (now Østre Gasværk Teater).

A sportclub called B93 uses the area in the north east of Østre Gasværk. The photo shows the prior board members.

The map shows that the waterfront is developed with e.g a bathhouse. In the north of Østre Gasværk, Øresunds Hospital is build.

1928 - 1945

Untill 1899

Gas production ends.

The map shows that the water on Gasværksgrunden is reclaimed, and that the harbour area is developed into a harbor for sailing boats.

1953 - 1976

Theater plays are performed in the building previous used as a gastank.

2019

The map shows that the industrial buildings are removed with the contaminated top soil, and that the east of Østre Gasværk is turned into football fields. Water is drained under the football fields.

1980 - 2001

Map scale 1 : 27,500 made in ArcMap Please see photo reference for copyright

Only few buildings from the industrial time are left. The buildings are not well preserved. The area reveals traces of anarchy with graffiti and broken glass.

2001

1991-93

1980

1976 1978 1979

1969

1953

1945

1928

1900-01

1899

1883

1878

The site is contaminated and no official functions are happening.

The map shows that today there is a contemporary ice rink in the center and a contemporary kindergarden in the south of the site.

2019

IDENTITY

S The photos show what used to identify the site. The buildings were primarily constructed of red- and yellow bricks.

Photo above is from 1956, and shows how the site of Østre Gasværk used to be dominated by the industrial buildings and silos.

Photos are from Københavns Stadsarkiv, 2019

W Previous Øresundshospitalet

S The buildings were characterized by a classic industrial style, and railways led wagons into the area. When figuring out how Gasværksgrunden can be transformed in the future it is useful to consider the heritage identity due to the historical develop of the site.

The photo is from 1949, and shows how the tracks follow the east of Østre Gasværk, and that tracks used to lead into the site.

Photos from Københavns Stadsarkiv , 2019

j tve Jag Contemporary kindergarden

Østre Gasværk Teatret

Contemporary ice rink

Contaminated soil

Football fields

vnsgade

Kalkbrænderiha

Svanemølleværket

SITE ANALYSIS CURRENT SITUATION

Nordhavn

Østre Gasværk consists of a couple of football fields, and a contaminated area. On the contaminated area a contemporary ice rink and kindergarden is placed. When looking closer to this part of Østerbro you can look into the social cultural environment, such as users functions, architecture, the site history and infrastructure. 39

Aerial photo, By & Havn, 2019

(Svanemølle beach)

SVANEMØLLEN ST

ilw

e2 e1

d ræ

Sionsgade

Østre Gasværk is located close to public transport, 8 min from the new metro station: Poul Henningsens Plads. Bus and train connections are also easy accessible.

a. When entering from Svendborggade you have a long view into Østre Gasværk. The view ends when reaching sight of the contemporary icerink.

Via Svendborggade and Sionsgade you can enter Østre Gasværk by car. A bike path runs along the tracks and the east side of Østre Gasværk, connecting Svanemølle St with the path along the tracks all the way to Østerport st.

b. When entering Østre Gasværk from Østerbrogade via Sionsgade you see Sions Church. Johan Svendsens Vej near Sionsgade is dominated by red brick buildings in 5-7 floors.

From Østre Gasværk, to enter the harbour area by foot or bike, you need to cross the big train track terrain via a tunnel south of Østre Gasværk. From the tunnel you follow the heavily-trafficked Kalkbrænderihavnsgade. This road leads to the recreational area of Svanemølle beach.

c. The entrance when arriving to Østre Gasværk via the bike path is unwelcoming, and uneasy to access. Only people on foot can enter. The area looks unmaintained, and there is much graffiti. d. The path at Østre Gasværk is mainly gravel, but asphalted near the school and kindergarden to make it accessble for trucks to deliver goods.

Tunnel

POUL HENNINGSENS PLADS

Access by car

Østerbrogade

ERP

ade

Strandboulevarden

ØST

8 min walk

Svendborgg

sga

avn

h eri nd

lkb

CONNECTION

Johan Svendsens Vej

Access by foot/bike

Map of the connection from Østre Gasværk to the surroundings 1:5000

e1 The other paths leading into Østre Gasværk in the north are less accessble, due to poor maintenance and overgrown vegetation.

f. The area outside Øster Gasværk Theater looks welcoming for visitors, but the connection to the Østre Gasværk is poor for pedestrians.

e2 Picture e2 shows how the road on the other side of the vegetation is pleasent and can potentially be better connected to Østre Gasværk.

Improving the routes from and to Østre Gasværk is recommended to encourage people into the area, and provide the opportunity to pass through the site from other city parts to the waterfront.

a UNDERSTATIONEN: Event venue

b ØSTRE GASVÆRK THEATRE

c EVENTYRØEN DAYCARE

d ØSTERBRO ICE RINK: contemporary building

e B93 TENNISHALL

f ØSTERBRO LILLESKOLE

h k e j c

g2 g1

g1 and g2 STRANDVEJSSKOLEN

h ‘SLOTTET’: Owned by club 1893

i Buildings containing business

j Diving club, Sail-/ rowingclub

k SVANEMØLLEVÆRKET b a i

ARCHITECTURE AND USERS

walking there, it was noticable how the children, especially girls, sought this place to find peace, and get away from the crowded inner yard.

The needs of existing users are important to include when designing the proposal. In this way the area will encourage urban life, and attract future residents.

NORTH AREA

The buildings that are not highlighted are mainly residential buildings. Around Østre Gasværk there are many buildings housing activities for children, and this is very visible around the site.

The buildings here are used for sports and owned by the ball club B93. The main building is Slottet, previously part of Øresundshospitalet, and now renovated into its colorful pink orange facade. The tennis hall is less noticeable with its black semireflecting facades.

WESTERN AREA

SOUTH AREA

On the north border of Østre Gasværk besides Slottet, a housing community is located for vulnerable young people.

The terrain slopes heavily from Østre Gasværk down to this area, where there are buildings with different sort of business functions. The buildings orient mainly opposite from Østre Gasværk. The building in between the theater and Understationen is for supply and energy distribution.

These people are able to gaze out at Østre Gasværk across the football fields, towards Svanemølleværket, and benefit from the peaceful open area.

EASTERN AREA In the west a big school with several buildings is located. The children are, at the moment, able to watch out towards the open Østre Gasværk. When

Business and others

Residents

Buildings for sports

Buildings for water sports

Cultural activities

Institutions, schools etc

Map of buildings and users in and around Østre Gasværk 1:5000

Buildings dating back to the industrial era

Østre Gasværk, and bike/walk a long the busy road: Kalkbrænderihavnsgade. The train tracks seems like a barrier for accessing the harbour. Future plans reveal that Svanemølleværket might be transformed into a recreational area, with a potential museum and business area.

Many buildings around Østre Gasværk contain cultural offers, and the place stands out in this way, being open and mixed in functions compared to many other places in Østerbro.

Within Østre Gasværk a temporary ice rink is placed. It will be removed when the construction of the new permanent ice rink is completed.

A few buildings are preserved from the industrial era located at the edge of the site of Østre Gasværk, standing as elements from the past.

HISTORICAL BUILDINGS

To get from Østre Gasværk to Svanemølle Beach by foot or bike you need to go through a tunnel south of Please see copyright for photos in reference

b4 Previous Øresundshospitalet Tennis courts

l j

i f

P-lot

ræ nd

Football fields

sg ad

a +

Sionsgade

eri

Strandvejsskolen

lkb

borgga

P-lot

S ve n d

IDENTITY AND LANDSCAPE Area photos together with the map present the different spaces to identify those that have potential for transformation and those spaces to preserve the existing qualities.

South of the theater is a well-established entrance although it is more a pass-through rather than a place to stay or wait. In the west corner of Østre Gasværk is a P-LOT a turning place for vehicles, and a road running along the child institutions. Because of these structures, the children are met with vehicles and asphalt.

SIONSGADE is a quiet vehicle street, and because of the schools, children are active on both sides of the road. KALKBRÆNDERIHAVNSGADE is a loud, busy and wide road which is unpleasant for bikes and pedestrians.

The TENNIS COURTS are disconnected to the surroundings. It is recommended to open up to Østre Gasværk with a path, while keeping the neccesary fences around the courts.

The PREVIOUS ØRESUNDSHOSPITALET has small narrow quiet streets. It appears as a well functioning area. Determining where to connect Østre Gasværk in the north by improving the infrastructure, this area should avoid too much pass-through traffic.

a. In this place you feel far from the busy city with long views and open sky. Gravel is the main surface.

The fence around the FOOTBALL FIELDS is tall, and dividing the site. It is suggested to aim for creating softer borders.

b. Young people seek this place to get away from the city.

North of ØSTRE GASVÆRK THEATER the area is laid out with containers among other things, functioning as an unpleasant rear to the theater. West of the theater is a narrow path used by the users of the “Unit for supply and energy distribution”-building. The path is disconnected from Østre Gasværk.

c. The narrow area along the Strandvejsskolen is often used by school children. They seek this place to avoid the crowded inner yard, getting a nice view of the green vegetation and the open sky. d. This area is overgrown creating a sense of a tiny forest. There is a nice direct view from Strandvejsskolen to the forest.

It is recommended to connect the path to Østre Gasværk.

Asphalt surface

Selfgrown vegetation

Pleasent space

Path with Gravel surface

School/institution border

Unpleasent space Potential area for improving

e. Wet area overgrown with Salix.

Map characterizing pleasant- and unpleasant areas 1:5000

j. Traces in the ground show that people tend to use this route, although there is no official path, and the soil is moist and wet. There is no fence around the football fields in this area allowing by-passers.

f. Water pipe leading water to the cloudburst tunnel. g. The place has an abrupt terrain slope, and appears dark and unpleasant due to the fence. It is recommened to design for a softer edge.

k. The path is surfaced with asphalt making it userfriendly. It is mainly used by runners and dog walkers. The area feels narrow and unintersting, stuck between the tracks and the tall fence of the football fields.

h. The path here is well established with small pockets. The path abrupts towards Østre Gasværk making it a weak connection.

l. The place along Svanemølleværket is used as berths. Exisiting swimming zones in Copenhagen experience overload and therefore it is recommended to change into a swimming zone when Svanemølleværket in the future will be transformed into a recreational space.

Even though the football fields belong to Club B93, there is poor connection between the clubhouse ‘Slottet’ and the football fields. i. Nice and wellgrown one row allé of Castanea, that clarifies the border of Østre Gasværk.

Please see copyright for photos in reference

SUMMARY

VARIOUS USERS WITHIN LIMITED SPACE

VANISHED HISTORICAL TRACES Only a few buildings dating back to the industrial era are preserved. These buildings are located on the edge of Ă&#x2DC;stre GasvĂŚrk, outside the local plan area. All structures and buildings within the local plan area have been demolished, and it is therefore a challenge to highlight and reveal the history of the site.

To create an area with social cohesion it is important to plan for both the existing users and the new residents. Investors have an interest in a large amount of housing, while existing users prefer a transformation without new housing. Many new functions, for example the ice rink, will attract various visitors, and since the site is relatively small compared to the many users and wished functions, the area has to provide multifunctional spaces.

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT To understand the opportunities and challenges of transforming Østre Gasværk, the following analysis in scale from big to small is provided: COPENHAGEN Cloudburst Management Plan of Copenhagen

ØSTERBRO The cloudburst branches in catchment area Østerbro Strategy Indre Østerbro Ydre Østerbro Natural flow routes Cloudburst pipes

ØSTRE GASVÆRK Flooding scenario Terrain and natural flow routes Soil Pipe system Future

SUMMARY

COPENHAGEN

CLOUDBURST MANAGEMENT PLAN OF COPENHAGEN Cloudburst is defined as a heavy rainfall with more than 15 mm of rain falling in 30 minutes (Website 2, dingeo).

The essential cloudburst pipes will take 7-9 years to complete. To begin with, the first projects in the various water catchment areas must be able to work separately and in connection to the already existing cloudburst pipes.

Extreme rainfall and cloudburst is occurring more frequently and more strongly than before.

Østre Gasværk

These projects must be merged with the urban development in Copenhagen, so that it brings new values and qualities to the city. In addition, for economic reasons, they must be started where other construction work has already commenced.

Past cases of heavy rainfall have resulted in high damage costs. In order to safeguard against future heavy rain and the damage it may cause, Copenhagen has developed a comprehensive solution in the form of a cloudburst plan to reduce damage in extreme rainfall and cloudburst.

Each of the 7 water catchment areas has their own hydraulic connection, which means that all projects in a water catchment area are a total solution and are dependent on each other. Therefore you cannot remove a project without affecting the others.

This plan consists of around 300 projects distributed across Copenhagen’s 7 water catchments. The water catchment areas are based on how the water flows on the surface during rain. The many projects will, by means of stormwater management, relieve sewerage systems and secure the housing and the urban spaces in Copenhagen.

The various cloudburst projects and their connection are based on the stormwater runoff.

This is done by combining stormwater solutions on the surface together with underground stormwater pipes. In this way you avoid that water from everyday rain and cloudburst is drained into the sewers.

The cloudburst branches act as a continuous hydraulic solution, and a cloudburst branch is the smallest hydraulic unit in which the cloudburst project can be seen.

The total solution in the water catchment areas is subdivided into what are called cloudburst branches.

There are a total of 60 cloudburst branches, which are spread over the 7 water catchment areas.

These solutions will delay and lead water to lakes and harbours. In order for this to be possible, four extra-large pipes called cloudburst tunnels must be constructed, which are essential for the water to be discharged into the harbor. One cloudburst tunnel is placed at Østre Gasværk.

The 7 water catchment areas, and the 60 cloudburst branches presented in the ‘Cloudburst Management Plan for Copenhagen’ (Publication 6, Københavns Kommune, 2015, p. 35).

(Publication 6, Københavns Kommune, 2015, p. 6-9, p. 13-14, p. 31, p. 34)

Please look for Danish cloudburst definitions in appendix 2

ØSTERBRO

n vne

INDRE ØSTERBRO Strandboule -varden

Area: 191 HA Households: 20109 Risk: high Number of projects: 9

v a rd

rd e

ev a n

Cloudburst road Green retention roads Forsinkelsespladser Detention area Grønne veje Vegetation road Skybrudsledninger Cloudburst pipe Skybrudsveje

Forsinkelsesveje

Carl Nielsen’s Allé

STRATEGY The vision for Østerbro is to create a new green urban space and clean stormwater to the harbour.

In the catchment area Østerbro, there are 3 cloudburst branches: Ydre Østerbro, Indre Østerbro and Klosterfælleden, altogether containing 18 projects.

By completing the nine projects in the cloudburst branch, a high-risk area with 20109 households, is protected.

The water from the cloudburst branch Klosterfælleden however leads to the north part of Fælledparken.

The following are the initiatives in the cloudburst plan of Østerbro:

YDRE ØSTERBRO

Østerbro consists of two plateaus, which are connected by a slope. This means that it is relatively simple to handle rainwater in the upper and the middle section of the catchment area.

- A cloudburst pipe that collects the stormwater along Østerbrogade.

Area: 120 HA Households: 9973 Risk: high Number of projects: 11

Jagt

ve j

Østerbrogade

(Publication 6, Københavns Kommune, 2015, p. 75).

The water from the catchment area Østerbro is primarily discharged into the harbour through underground pipes.

The goal for Østerbro catchment area is to create stormwater solutions, that combine surface solutions with underground pipes, creating new urban spaces that are robust to climate change.

YDRE ØSTERBRO

Østerbrogade

The water is led through seven cloudburst pipes into the harbour of Copenhagen (please look at appendix 3 for further information), and does not interfere with the stormwater situation in Østre Gasværk. CLOUDBURST BRANCHES IN CATCHMENT AREA ØSTERBO

oule

oul

INDRE ØSTERBRO

ndb

The area south of Østre Gasværk is also managed in the Indre Østerbro cloudburst branch.

Stra

Østerbrogad

The main project in the cloudburst branch Indre Østerbro is Strandboulevarden. Strandboulevarden will be transformed into both a green retention road and a cloudburst road, that collects and delays stormwater from the area between Østerbrogade and Strandboulevarden.

Østerbrogade

Ka l k

bræ

nde

riha

Østerbrogade

Green area per inhabitant: 15.58 m2

The site of Østre Gasværk is located both in the cloudburst branch Indre Østerbro and Ydre Østerbro.

FUTURE AND CURRENT

Area: 8.74 km2.

Østerbrogade

Existing cloudburst tunnel at Østre Gasværk

FUTURE AND CURRENT SITUATION

Inhabitants: approx. 75,000 in 2015

Existing cloudburst tunnel at Østre Gasværk

- A cloudburst pipe from Østerbrogade to Kalkbrændihavnen, which was made in 2016.

In the lower part, the terrain slope is quite small, meaning that the water gathers here, and can easily cause flooding, if not quickly led into the harbour.

- Adjustments in the existing sewer systems - Terrain regulation

Østerbrogade and Strandboulevarden are located at the start of the lower part of the catchment area. Therefore these streets are easily flooded. The solution for Østerbro is therefore creating opportunity for directing stormwater from Østerbrogade and Strandboulevarden to the harbor.

- Cloudburst roads

The cloudburst branch Ydre Østerbro consists of 11 cloudburst projects that together form one coherent cloudburst solution for the area, shown in the map. The main structure in the cloudburst branch is the cloudburst road Østerbrogade(OS9), which combines detention cloudburst road OS10 Carl Nielsen’s Allé and the cloudburst tunnel underneath the site of Østre Gasværk.

The other projects in the cloudburst branch lead water from the upstream areas of Skt. Kjelds Plads, Tåsinge Plads and Kildevældsparken all the way down to Østerbrogade (please look at appendix 4 for further information). By completing the 11 projects in the cloudburst branch, a high-risk area with 9973 households, is protected.

(Publication 6, Københavns Kommune, 2015, p. 71). Together they form a coherent stormwater flow from Østerbrogade to the harbour of Copenhagen.

(Publication 6, Københavns Kommune, 2015, p. 73).

CLOUDBURST PIPES

The stormwater in the southern part of Ydre Østerbro flows towards Jagvej and east to Østerbrogade.

In Ydre Østerbro the common sewer catches water from Skt. Kjelds Plads kvarter and the Svanemølle area, where the water runs towards Østerbrogade.

A report proposing detailed cloudburst solutions has been made by Københavns Kommune, NIRAS A/S, Marianne Levinsen ApS, HOFOR (Publication 7, Skybrudsopland Østerbro, 2013).

The terrain at Østre Gasværk is rather flat. Because of the raised railway terrain along the east side of Østre Gasværk, the stormwater on the site flows in north east direction to the harbour .

However in case of cloudburst events the stormwater in the western area of Ydre Østerbro flows towards Kildevældssøen in the north, and follows along the orange line to the harbour.

n nge r va

YDRE ØSTERBRO

Østerbrogade

Br y

gge

Exis

Skt. Kjelds Kvarter

Tåsingegade

Being build Strandboulevarden

INDRE ØSTERBRO

oule

J a g t ve

gegad

ndb

Tåsin

Stra

Strandboulevarden

ve agt

Existing cloudburst tunnel

Suggested

Skt. Kjelds Kvarter

ting

v a rd en

INDRE ØSTERBRO

The lines shows cloudburst pipes (publication 7, Skybrudsopland Østerbro, 2013, p 67)

Current flow paths at Ydre Østerbro. Flow paths runs from green to red. (Publication 7, Skybrudsopland Østerbro, 2013, p 36)

Blue lines: cloudburst pipes, on a daily basis they will function as a separation system for drainage of roof and pavement water. Green lines: cloudburst pipes, leading stormwater from Tåsingegade via Strandboulevarden. Dotted green line shows the green retention road/cloudburst pipe at Strandboulevarden.

FUTURE AND CURRENT SITUATION

Østerbrogade

CURRENT SITUATION

Previous Carl Øresundshospital Nielsens Allé

Svanemølle area Svanemølle area

The route Strandboulevarden leads the water to cloudburst pipes located in Indre Østerbro and further to the harbour, having no impact on Østre Gasværk (Publication 7, Skybrudsopland Østerbro, 2013, p 67).

Water in Østerbrogade cloudburst pipe is either led to the route Carl Nielsens Allé or the route at Strandboulevarden.

From the central part of Ydre Østerbro the stormwater flows down towards Østerbrogade, through the previous Øresundshospital to the harbour.

Previous Øresundshospital

The route Carl Nielsens Allé leads stormwater into the cloudburst tunnel located in Østre Gasværk and further to the harbour.

The water from Ydre Østerbro will be led to a cloudburst pipe underneath Østerbrogade.

(Publication 7, Skybrudsopland Østerbro, 2013, p 34-36)

Kildevældsparken

Strandboulevarden will have both a green retention road (on surface) and a cloudburst pipe(skybrudstunnelen Strandboulevarden(website 7, hofor.dk).

Ka l k - h av b r æ n d eri nen

NATURAL FLOW ROUTES

ØSTRE GASVÆRK

TERRAIN AND NATURAL FLOW ROUTES

FLOODING SCENARIO

Østre Gasværk is in relatively low terrain. The area north and south of Østre Gasværk is likewise relatively low. a

Bluespot 2016, 15 mm cloudburst event in 30 min.

The flooding south of Østre Gasværk will in the future be managed in the Strandboulevarden green retention and cloudburst road.

Water tends to stay on the surface in the center of Østre Gasværk where there is rather low terrain.

Østre Gasværk is highly contaminated due to the industrial activities of the gas plant (1878-1969) that used to run on the site (please see appendix 7, dingeo 2019.

The terrain rises in the west, leading stormwater from other places in Østerbro to Østre Gasværk. On the eastern border of Østre Gasværk the railway terrain rises creating a border for the stormwater to run directly to the harbour. Instead the stormwater runs in a zigzag direction north of the site.

area and connect it to the cloudburst tunnel in Østre Gasværk. (Publication 7, Skybrudsopland Østerbro, 2013, p 67)

The cloudburst event of 15 mm is chosen to show what the minimum flooding scenario looks like in the case of a cloudburst.

SOIL

The soil in the western part of Østre Gasværk is more polluted than the soil in the eastern part. In the eastern part the terrain has been added with a new layer of 1 m clean soil on top of the contaminated soil. This was done in 1990’s when the football fields were constructed (Website 3, kulturarv).

The pictures shows that surface water is to be found in different places in Østre Gasværk. This existing feature is worth considering when designing the proposal for Østre Gasværk.

A critical area for flooding is the previous Øresundshospital. The solution for managing the stormwater problem is to adjust the pipes in this

The site is contaminated with BTEXs, phenols, tar, heavy metals and cyanide, threatening the groundwater.

Previous Øresundshospital

CURRENT SITUATION

To harbour

2,0

ilw

7,0

6,5 6,0 5,5 5,0

4,0

4,5

3,5

Cloudburst tunnel

Kalkbrænderi havnen

3,0

Øs ter bro ga de

Østerb rogade

To harbour 3,5

2,0

2,5

3,5 2,0

7,0 2,0 2,5

To harbour

Stra ndb oul eva rde n burst road

Stra

Strandboulevarden green retention- and cloud

ndb oule va rd en

Map 3, Bluespot 2016 1:5000 57

Natural flow route 1:5000 58

PIPE SYSTEM

FUTURE

CLOUDBURST TUNNEL In Østre Gasværk there is the cloudburst tunnel. It was built in 2016, and located along the north edge of Østre Gasværk with two cloudburst wells.

The common sewer system is to be found under the west side of Østre Gasværk. It means that it is possible to lead stormwater from the newly built roads in the area into the existing common sewer system.

The cloudburst tunnel leads stormwater from Ydre Østerbro, Østerbrogade, the previous Øresundshospital and Østre Gasværk into Kalkbrænderihavnen.

DRAIN Underneath the football fields in the west side of Østre Gasværk drainage is installed.

Stormwater led from Østre Gasværk into the cloudburst wells, can handle a maximum of 700 liters per second during a rain event that statistically will come once every 100 years.

The drainage in the north is rather old, not working well and should be reconstructed, the drainage in the south is rather new due to the construction of the two artificial pitches.

RAINWATER PIPE You find rainwater pipes in different places in Østre Gasværk, leading water into the cloudburst wells.

Gas pipes are also installed in this area cleaning the soil.

COMMON SEWER SYSTEM A big common sewer pipe is placed in the north of Østre Gasværk. In case of cloudburst, the first flush from roads is flowing to the common sewer pipes.

EAST The stormwater from subcatchment area east will be managed inside this area, and drained away into the cloudburst tunnel well in the east. Water will flow to the cloudburst tunnel with a speed of 100 l/s from subcatchment area east.

To manage stormwater in Previous Øresundshospital it is proposed to establish more pipes leading stormwater to the cloudburst well in Østre Gasværk(p 70, Publication 7, Københavns Kommune). Strandboulevarden will be transformed into a green retention road combined with a cloudburst road. The surface and pipe project will finish in 2021, leading stormwater to the harbour through cloudburst pipes located south of Østre Gasværk (Website 7, hofor).

WEST In subcatchment area west the water will be datained in bassins within the site of Østre Gasværk and led to the cloudburst tunnel in the west. The municipality wishes to detain the stormwater volume from Sionsgade, the buildings and the local park, which is measuring 2200 m3. Water will flow to the cloudburst tunnel with a speed of 600 l/s from subcatchment area west.

The main focus in this assignment is to manage stormwater from the subcatchment area east and west shown in the map. The subcatchment west is covering Sionsgade and the west side of Østre Gasværk. The subcatchment area east is covering the football fields.

In subcatchment area west it is required to detain 850 m3 of stormwater in the detention bassins.

The following is specified with the intention of managing a 100 year event (CDS 100 1,54 cloudburst (CDS-cloudburst in a 100-year event with a 1,4 security factor and 1,1 climate factor)).

TOTAL When measuring the subcatchment area east and west the water flow to the cloudburst tunnel will be 700 l/s. The areas of buildings, roads, bassins etc. in the local plan design can be used as estimation when comparing the detention volume in the thesis design proposal.

FUTURE SITUATION

Previous Øresundshospital

CURRENT SITUATION

Kalk - h av b r æ n d e nen ri

The map shows the measurements calculated in the design from the original local plan.

Previous Øresundshospital Låge til tennisbaner (låst)

Fliser

700 l/s Asfalt

600 l/s

100 l/s

184 m3

51.000 m2

850 m3

Sionsgade

Sio nsg ade

154 m3

Kunstgræs

680 m3

172 m3

114 m3 Græs

n retention- and cloudbu

44.000 m2

2200 m3

Strandboulevarden gree

rst road

Strandb oulevard en

Cloudburst well

Common sewer pipe

Cloudburst tunnel

Drainwater

Rainwater pipe

Well Maps are scale 1:5000

SUMMARY STORMWATER It would seem simple to lead the water to the harbour from Østre Gasværk due to the close location, but because of the raised railway terrain a cloudburst pipe has been built to lead the water to the harbour. To avoid stressing the cloudburst pipe it is necessary to make detention solutions on surfaces to regulate the water, and slowly lead it into the cloudburst wells. Based on the local plan, the site of Østre Gasværk will be transformed in a way that future functions avoid stormwater damage. The design of buildings and terrain will ensure that water is handled on the surface and led away from buildings. An existing common sewer system will catch stormwater falling on roads.

SOIL Because the site is contaminated it is important to plan in a way that contaminated soil avoids contact with groundwater. Contaminated soil shall furthermore avoid being exposed on the surface where it can cause problems to people and animals.

CHALLENGE

POTENTIALS

STORMWATER

The multifunctional space has another benefit, which often result in an area that will be used many hours a day, instead of being limited to working hours as occurs in an exclusively residential area.

A large volume of detained water according to the Copenhagen Cloudburst Plan has to be detained at Østre Gasværk. CONTAMINATED SOIL

SPECULATION

The area has contaminated soil that raise the risk of cancer when in direct contact with people. It is neccersary to determine a design where this is avoided, while ensuring the management of stormwater on the surface.

How can Gasværksgrunden be transformed into a well-functioning city part that respects the sites unique history and existing users while accommodating the future wishes of the municipality, dealing with the soil contamination and turning stormwater into a resource?

The stormwater will be managed in a way that avoids contact with contaminated soil. The same goes for the groundwater that needs to avoid contact with contaminated soil. VARIOUS USERS WITHIN LIMITED SPACE

ANALYSIS SUMMARY

To create an area with social cohesion it is important to plan for both the existing users and new residents. Investors have interest in a large amount of housing, while existing users prefer a transformation without new housing.

Østre Gasværk is set to be transformed, because of the request for more housing in Copenhagen, and because of the wish to build an ice rink. The vision from the municipality is to build a new housing quarter with several other urban and green functions.

Many new functions, e.g. the ice rink, will attract various visitors, and since the site is relatively small compared to the many users and wished functions, the area has to provide multifunctional spaces.

The vision from the municipality is challenged by another bigger scale vision for Copenhagen to collect stormwater at Østre Gasværk. A lot of the area is needed to solve this problem. Meanwhile these visions can conflict, because the soil in Østre Gasværk is highly contaminated.

VANISHED HISTORICAL TRACES Only a few buildings dating back to the industrial era are preserved. These buildings are located on the edge of Østre Gasværk, outside the local plan area. All structures and buildings within the local plan area have been demolished, and it is therefore a challenge to highlight and reveal the history of the site.

The municipality’s vision for many functions in Østre Gasværk, a wish for collecting stormwater from nearby areas and the soil contamination on the site are themes that need to be dealt with in the following proposal.

DESIGN PRINCIPLES When determining how to design the site, it is relevant to consider different ideas. By considering theories from urban thinkers, I have proposed some design criteria I value when trying to establish a social sustainable design.

PARK-CITY-QUARTER

GARDEN CITY

TY R C I RT E A QU

To understand what concept I wish to work towards, it is relevant to understand how a city-quarter is defined, as well as a park.

QUARTER (quarter noun (area))

PARK (noun)

‘‘ an area of a town where a particular group of people live or work or where a particular activity happens. ‘‘

‘‘ An area of land set aside for public use, as: a. A piece of land with few or no buildings within or adjoining a town, maintained for recreational and ornamental purposes.

(Website 4, dictionary.cambridge)

PA R

PARK-CITY -QUARTER

Illustration 2

b. A landscaped city square. ‘‘ Also defined as: ‘‘ ... an open square in a city, with benches, trees, etc.... ... usually laid out with walks, drives, playgrounds, etc., for public recreation ... ... a large area known for its natural scenery and preserved for public recreation by a state or national government... Sports, A stadium or an enclosed playing field: a baseball park. ‘‘

Ebenezer Howard initiated in 1898 the idea of the garden city because of his belief that overcrowding and deterioration was the main problem of the cities (Book 1, Howard, E., 1960).

Østre Gasværk, the original titles of the magnets have been adjusted from ‘town, country and town-country’ into ‘cityquarter, park and park-city-quarter’. The scale, the dense surroundings of the existing city, and the demands from the municipality is therefore the reason why the vision is to establish a park-cityquarter.

His idealised garden city was designed to house 32,000 people on a site of 2,400 ha (Book 1, Howard, E., 1960). In comparison Østre Gasværk is approx. 10 ha, and it is intended that approx. 330 people will be housed on the site.

The next page suggest and explains what criterias should be balanced into a site to create social sustainability.

Today we still have similar challenges, and so Howard’s ideas are still relevant. Due to the difference in scale of Howard’s intentions and the size of

(Website 5, yourdictionary)

FUNCTION

Social sustainable city criterias:

< PARK

PARK- CITYQUARTER

RESIDENTIAL AREA

Public place

Mainly private place

by themselves. Permitting private gardens/ balconies allows residents to influence their outside surroundings.

As explained on the previous page, the vision is to create a park-city-quarter where the values from a park and a residential area are combined. The park is a public space that usually results in many positive factors for the users in the city as well as benefits to the climate. There is a high demand for new residential areas, and it is therefore important to build these places that are more or less private. Residential areas can be socially challenged feeling unsafe if built like a ghetto, and highrise areas can lead to little green space that is important for both climate and social sustainability.

Making spaces in the public space for semi private gardens encourages creativity and activity. In this way people are offered to work in the gaps and in the margins, also described as ‘everyday urbanism’ (Book 2, p 43 Haas, 2008). That larger spaces are zoned into smaller ones creates possibilities to seek safe-feeling spots and makes it possible to be near other people because of the visual borders. In this way you ‘shorten distances between people’ creating social cohesion (Publication 3, p 3, gehlinstitute, 2017).

USERS

VISITORS

MIXED USE

RESIDENTS

< MIXED CITY

MAINTENANCE

URBAN SPRAWL

RESIDENTS

CROWDED CITY

< PUBLIC

PRIVATE/SEMI PRIVATE

When designing a new space, the users have an important role. If creating an exclusively residential area, it can become lifeless during certain hours when people travel to school, work etc. The same applies to an area exclusively for visitors, e.g. a tourist place, school area, business area etc, where people are only present during certain hours of the day, but the area is empty at night. Making the area lively during all hours, designing for a mix of users and functions. creates a sense of safety. (Book 4, Jacobs, J., 1961)

To make a model providing responsibility for the outdoor areas, the local housing community can be activated. This approach is tested out by AlmenBolig+, with the intention of making affordable housing. The intention is that all outdoor areas are maintained by the residents (Website 9, kab-bolig, 2019). This responsibility can bring closer relations between neighbours, and have a positive affect on social cohesion.

RESIDENTS

ORIENTATION

Deciding that a well functioning city quarter has mixed-use functions, among residential housing, it is relevant to determine what type of residents you want to attract. Creating many small cheap apartments can lead to crowded, poor social problemized ghettos, whereas large expensive apartments take up a lot of space, benefitting the privileged and creating sprawl. It is therefore a criteria to design for mixed housing avoiding monotomy, and improving social integration across various groups. In this way there will become a mix in low- and high income residents (Website 8, Bankrate, 2019).

To be able to orient plays an important role in good city planning. ‘‘Translated into practical planning, this emphasizes the importance of careful design of pedestrian routes where the distant destination is not in view, but where the primary direction toward the destination is maintained.’’ (Publication 4, p 45, gehlinstitute, 2017). To meet this criteria I present soft unstraight orientation lines. If the buildings are shaped round it feels softer and less of an obstacle than a sharp edge with corners. Furthermore the unstraight roads lower the speed of vehicles thereby making the traffic more safe.

ORIENTATION

MAINTENANCE

When designing it is relevant to not only think about the planned design, but also about how it will be maintained over time. Creating outdoor spaces that are soley public can often become boring because the site appearance is decided far from the users. Furthermore poeple tend to care less for the responsibility of the public areas compared to what is owned

Since the unstraight roads are not the most convient for cars, hopefully less people choose to drive in the area, and instead walk or bike ride (Book 4, p 72, Gehl, J. 2011).

The vision is to transform Ă&#x2DC;stre GasvĂŚrk into a well functioning city part that respects its unique history and accomodates the future wishes of the municipality together with finding solutions of the challenges. This is proposed through:

VISION

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

CLIMATE SUSTAINABILITY

- A carefull transformation that cares for the existing qualities.

- Flexible designs that accommodates changes in weather and users needs, particular dealing with stormwater events.

- Highlighting the cultural history of the site - Connecting the fragmented city parts across the borders physically and creating a meeting point - Considering the multifunctional spaces, accommodating various interests.

PROPOSAL CONCEPT Social cohesion in combination with climate sustainability is presented in a park-quarter concept. The park will have different green areas and functions, both inside buildings and outdoor.

OFFERING A GREEN SPACE Designing a park that invites existing and new users to use the area, allowing to find different spaces that satisfy different needs.

TREATING WATER IN SYNERGY Creating possibilities for people to interactand understand the local ecosystem better. When designing, it is important to plan for no infiltration and detention, because of the contaminated soil. The water will be slowly drained to the cloudburst tunnel. Exposing the water to people, making them aware of nature while stimulating senses. The water transforms from being an issue to a resource.

CREATING COHESION Opening up the area to become a pass or gateway from one city part to another, making the city more accessable, and creating a meeting point.

STRATEGY

IMPLEMENTING MODEST BUILDINGS

The main concept; social cohesion in combination with climate sustainability is presented and categorized by the following strategies.

Buildings behaving as element within the landscape, and not segrating spaces within the landscape. Another wish is to imitate the buildings to the surrounding buildings, and highlight the history of the place through material and shape.

These strategies introduce the idea of an park-cityquarter at Ă&#x2DC;stre GasvĂŚrk.

CREATING MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACES Intergrating existing and future users through flexible spaces, outdoor as well as indoor, exploiting posibilities in vertical and horisontal spaces.

ORTHOVIEW The proposal suggests a transformation into a park-city-quarter which is a park integrated with housing and several urban functions, both indoor and outdoor. It will be named Østre Gasværk Park-Quarter (Østre Gasværk Bypark). The space will be active, lively and offer possibilities 78

øl

B93 club house ‘Slottet’

Recycling station

Svanemølleværket Tennis court

Basen school

Tennis hall

Stormwater drainage wells B

MASTERPLAN

Lille Bjørn - youth centre

Aquarius Diving club

ACTIVITY LOOP

Tribune

Kalkbrænderihavnen

PEDESTRIAN/ BIKE PATH Meadow

eri

ænd nsg

hav

Football access

Football Playground Strandvejsskolen - school

Bike parking

Multifunctional field

V1 Residential building

Insect hotel

ade

Climbing area

Urban garden

Bouldering wall

Construction playground

Sionsgade Culture house Østerbro Lilleskole - school

Cafe

Residential building

Basket court

A Forest V3

V3 sqaure

Ice rink

Urban rooftop garden Scene/ basket court

Vertical playground A´

Trampoline Recycling station

P-house Roof topurban garden

Staircase Parking lot

Understationen

Østre Gasværk Theater

Bike parking

ACTIVITY LOOP

B´

Nyborggade

havn Nord

New paths connect the area with the surroundings, and invite people on foot or bike to access the waterfront easier from Østerbro and the rest of Copenhagen.

Skate

Water playground

kbr

At the ground floor the buildings contain an ice rink, a culture house, shops, a kindergarden and more. On the floors above, there is varied housing, from student apartments, a nursing home, public housing and private housing. The form of the buildings is inspired by the silos that previously dominated the industrial site. Futhermore the rounded shapes of the buildings form soft edges that allow the park to appear fluent and coherent.

Eventyrøen - kidnergarden

Multifunctional lawn

Kal

The park-quater consist of several green spaces with activities that vary depending on the users and the climate. During more wet periods, water will be visible on the surface allowing children to play and learn.

1 : 2000

Strandboulevarden 80

CROSS-SECTION

The section shown below and on the following page gives an idea of the volume of the buildings, and the various spaces created in between.

inspired by the silos that used to dominate the industrial site. Futhermore the rounded shapes of the buildings forms soft edges that allows the park to appear fluent and coherent.

The park consist of several green spaces with activities that vary depending on the users and the climate. During more wet periods water will be visible on the surface allowing children to play and learn.

New paths connect the area with the surroundings, and invite people on foot or bike to access the water front easier from Østerbro and the rest of Copenhagen. The forest is a public park where you find dense vegetation, existing trees together with added trees.

The buildings host housing, an ice rink, a culture house, shops, a kindergarden and a workshop. The form of the buildings is

SECTION A-A´ playground

elevator urban garden

basketball court

bouldering wall

recycling station

BUILDING

16 m

BUILDING 20 m

15 m

13 m

ICE RINK

MULTI-STOREY CAR PARKING

clean soil contaminated soil

membrane

drain

pibe trampoline

basket -ball court

10 m 2 m

50 m

bench road rain bed

gardens

bike parking

café/ library

PUBLIC SQAURE

THE FOREST

FOOTBALL FIELD

1 : 1000

SECTION B-B´

BUILDING ØSTRE GASVÆERK THEATER

BUILDING WITH YARD

rain bed recycling station

rain bed

recycling station

trampocafé/library line

garden

stormwater pibe

road

10 m 2 m

50 m

road

MEADOW

1 : 1500 84

THE SQUARE The square will be a lively meeting point functioning as the center of the park. It is located in-between the ice rink, the football fields, the multistorey car park and the common rotunda functioning primarily as a culture house. The square is expanding on both sides of Svendborggde, and the location of the square makes it easy to access by foot, bike or vehicle.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Slottetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Water channel Ice rink

Bridge

THE ICE RINK Pedestrain path

Bikelane

Svendborggade

Some elements in the square are inspired by features in a baroc garden, to frame and highlight the importance of the place, and to welcome the users of the ice rink. The baroc gardensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; classic strict structure appears in the grid structure of the trees in front of the entrance to the ice rink.

Bench

Like the wood trunks in the Forest area, the benches around the square are formed in a simple rectangular shape, although these are made from concrete fitting into the urban context.

Football field/ multifunctional space

Detention bassin

The often used fountains in classic baroc gardens are reimagined through the water play elements appearing in the surface of the square in front of the ice rink. The water is saved during heavy rain events and can be used as installation and a playful refreshing element during warmer days. The white stepping stones in the square allow you to pass the square even though the place flows with water. People with disabilities can cross the square by walking on the path at the edge of the sunken square.

Gardens Residential building

Water stream

Sionsgade

Access to football fields

Water bassin

During days with no rain, the square in front of the ice rink offers people to stay on the circle shaped benches surrounding the trees, or on the round shaped plateaus, all made in wood. Benches surrounding the trees also offer bike parking. The tree grates are open allowing water to run into the soil of the tree. In places with traffic running by, the grates will be sealed with metal grids, allowing water to flow into the soil without by-passers damaging the roots. GREEN AND BLUE SPACES The water canal running along the football fields, functions as a soft edge border between the road with the path and the active football area. Children can interact with the water in the canal since the contaminated soil is sealed off with a membrane. The fence prevents footballs escaping the field, and is made of poles. These can be interacted with, by, for example, tying slacklines. This type of fence makes it easy to watch people playing football.

Elevator

Urban rooftop garden Culture house

Water grate

The water in the canal will often be visible, but in dry periods it will simply seem like a slope with vegetation. The same happens in the detention bassin located opposite of Svendborggade.

Bike-P

Tree Grate, Steel Entrance

Bench

Outdoor starircase

Window

1 : 200

Cafe 88

Ice rink

THE SQUARE expands on both sides of the road between the ice rink and the common rotunda.

Using the outdoor staircase following the building upwards to the roof, you find a library and conference room, student apartments, both small single ones, and some with bigger shared flats. On the roof you find a public urban garden, that can be rented for private events.

The section shows how the terrain appears at the square. In case of rain events, the water runs to the square. The stepping stones make it possible to move around on the sunken square. The water is stored and can be used for watering the trees, and for playful water installation formed as small water fountains. When these storing functions are filled up, the water will be led into a water pipe and afterwards into an open water stream.

The urban gardens will be publicly accessible, and maintained in a relation between restaurants and schools. This process will benefit both actors by creating learning for the children, and help the restaurants maintaining the gardens. In very extreme rain cases, the roads can overflow, leading water away from the buildings and football fields.

THE COMMON ROTUNDA is primarily a culture house, containing a café on the groundfloor. The groundfloor will be designed with a glass structure that results in a soft edge between indoor and outside.

The road is measuring 7,5 m, the bikelane 2 m and the footpath 2 m.

Urban roof top garden

Elevator Public roof top

Student flats

Common rotunda Student flats

Stairs

Ice rink Student housing

Conference room

Tree allé of Tilia

Tree grid of Gleditsia triacanthos

Library

Library Recycling station

Trampoline

Café

Basekt court

Basket court

Café Bike path

Footpath

Entrance

Staris

1 : 200

THE FOREST

Sionsgade Water basin

Residential building

Sionsgade

Bikelane

Movable chairs

Østerbro Lilleskole - school

Hill Common staircase

Slide

ance Entr

Nature playground

FOREST PLAN Residential building

The publicly accessible forest is a space located in the south-west corner of the site. Preserved existing trees together with newly planted ones, in a reshaped terrain, covers this space, making it closed and wild – associating to a forest.

Gardens

Bike-P

Recycling station Gravel

Detention bassin

Entrance

You are offered to use the bonfire found in the south west corner, making the area fit for small school excursions. In case of stormwater, the water flows into the detention bassins, which are dry in other periods.

Concrete

Bonfire

A tree allé creates cover and privacy towards the small rotunda which contains residential housing. Despite limited space, the area invites many kinds of users by zoning the area with terrain levels and vegetation. Attached to the apartments you find gardens or balconies.

Path for bikes and pedestrians Detention bassin

1:200 94

Accessing the area from Sionsgade, you are met by a hill with a slide. Different playful elements such as movable chairs, rectangular shaped movable wood trunks and stepping stones are placed throughout the area. These elements are to be found all over Østre Gasværk Park-Quarter.

SCHOOL

PARK

RESIDENTIAL AREA

FOREST SECTION The terrain underneath the building is higher than the surroundings. This allows a bike parking system where the front wheel leans into the building facade.

The residential buildings next to the forest have gardens and balconies making it possible for residents to enjoy indoor as well as outside in a semi-private surroundings. According to Jan Gehl a building up to 5 floors makes it possible for people to interact across the different levels (please see appendix 5). The Small Rotunda is 5 floors suiting conditions for a well proportioned city.

The section shows how the forest area is filled with different possible activities. In the area next to Ă&#x2DC;sterbro Lillesskole you find different playful elements making it attractive for children to use the area as an extension of the school yard, to be used during school time and after.

The allĂŠ next to the residential building provides a visual border making it comfortable for visitors and residents to stay close to each other in the same place.

The terrain elevates from contour 2,5 m to 5,0 m making the area interesting to explore. The lowest point will be filled with water during rain events, making it interesting for children. The potential filled water bassin is sealed off by a membrane from the contaminated soil making it safe for children to be exposed to soil and water.

1:200 96

ELABORATION

PA R

PARK-CITY

SOCIAL CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

100

Describing the proposal in a social cultural environment is structured through the park-city diagram.

101

EXISTING USERS

BIKE

VEHICLE

PEDESTRIAN

DOG WALKER AND RUNNER

SKATER

> >

S ve n d b

P-lot, existing

P-lot

orggad e

CONNECTION - USERS OF THE PARK-CITY-QUARTER

DOGWALKER AND RUNNER

It is relevant to consider how the spaces close to the existing user groups function when designing the new quarter.

There will be 300 new parking spaces in Østre Gasværk park-city-quarter, 30 are found on the street, and the rest (270) will be in the multistorey parking lot built in combination with the ice rink. The street parking is mainly for residents, especially nursing home residents. There will also be possibilities for short-term parking and for goods delivery.

In the proposal the areas close to the borders of the surroundings, are green public spaces, inviting in existing users to Østre Gasværk. The diagrams show the differernt user groups primary routes.

Existing grass enforcement is to be found here, and the proposal suggest to continue this pavement onto the other side of Svendborggade (b).

EXISITING USERS BIKE AND PEDESTRIAN Underlining the border of Østre Gasværk, a steel edge will surround to show where the park-city-quarter begins and ends. The border will function as a visible border rather than a physical, meaning most places you are able to cross the edge. The edge will work as a band that varies from being a steel edge in different forms, and poles in different heights, and distance.

This group have improved access across the park-city quarter connecting Østerbrogade and Kalkbrænderihavnen. In the south west corner, a narrow path allows pedestrians to pass. Bikes will need to be pushed.

VEHICLES

The surface of the square is covered with cobble stones, and these stones are used for edges near the water canals (d). Slightly sloped water channels run along the paths leading water into detention bassins (g).

The roads will primarily be surfaced with asphalt (a). The common multistorey parking lot is found behind the ice rink, close to the main road of the site, Svendborggade, resulting in little traffic in the area. It will cover the need for parking by residents of the nursery home and other residents, as well as the users of the ice rink.

The bike paths near the round buildings are all blue likewise the standard surface in lightcrosses, creating an urban feeling (h).

On the facades of the multistorey parking lot you find activity walls. Bouldering walls cover the facades towards the football area.

If you need to work or study there are indoor public facilities. You can utilise the library, cafe and conference room in Østre Gasværk park-city-quarter.

A path measuring 700 m is suitable for dogwalkers. Dog owners, as well as disabled and old people at the nursing home, have easy access for a walk around the park. The edge path of the park-city is 1.4 km long and suits for running.

SUMMERY The park functions as a public area offering both quiet spaces to relax, and active spaces for play and movement for children as well as adults.

SKATER Young people can journey to the east side of the park where you find the skate area, isolated from the urban gaze, or young people can hang out near the square, using, for example, the basket area (i).

RESIDENTS Residents have private green space in terms of balconies and small gardens, and easy access to the public park. The ground floor in the three silo shaped buildings house a community house, workshop, laundromat, kindergarten and supermarket, making it convenient for the residents. That residents are living in the park is making the place active all hours a day, and creating a sense of safety and excitement. Selling apartments at Østre Gasværk support the cost of establishing the park, while maintenance cost are low because residents and other actors are responsible for maintaining some of the outdoor spaces.

a. Asphalt

b. Grass reinforcement

c. Aggregate concrete

d. Gravel

e. Cobble stone

f. Surface that resembles coal

h. Blue bike path

g. Water channel

i. Concrete

VISITORS Residents and visitors have many possibilities for meeting places, including a café, a library, a conference room, a common house and workshops, as well as the outdoor spaces in the park which work well for a stroll.

Please see photo copyright in reference

102

103

GREEN AREAS - THE PARK

i e

a1.1

a2.1

a2.2

a2.3

Please see photo copyright in reference

f c a

Good conditions are provided to support biodiversity has good conitions, and the atmosphere has a wild, natural appearance.

d c

g c a1 d h c

f. THE PLAIN a2

Even though the design attemps to make the users able to impact the spaces, and the area to flourish, it is important to make room for bigger activities to happen. Therefore, the plain is uninterupted by the water events, and flexible for different events and uses by childcare institutions.

During dry periods, the space can be used for, for example, picnics and dog walking. In the case of a rain event, it fills up with water. The place can be used for educational purpose where children can experience wildlife that settles here. SUMMARY

g. THE PRIVATE GARDENS

The park offers places for play, sport, yoga, bigger events, or smaller gatherings.

c. THE RAINGARDENS The raingardens appereance change according to weather. In dry periods these spaces can be used for play and rest. In wet periods the raingardens can invite for play, and the change in the garden appereance is exciting for people.

a. THE URBAN GARDENS These gardens will be maintained by private organizations, for example people connected to the restaurants or schools, thereby providing fresh grown food for the restaurants and places for children to learn about ecological growth. The plant boxes will measure 1x1 m for easy access.

d. THE GREEN ROOFS The rainwater is evaporated. In case of larger rain events the water will be catched in reservoirs and used for watering the urban gardens.

b. THE FOREST In this part many of the trees will be retained, and the forest area will have its local identity preserved. However, new paths and changes in the terrain will make it more adaptable for detaining water, and invite people for more activites.

e. THE SKATE AREA An active space for people to skate, rollerskate, use stunt scooters or simply to hang out. The place is distant located from the rest of the park, and feels like a retreat from the city’s gaze.

104

As the inhabitants move into Østre Gasværk park-city quarter, they will get the feeling of living in a park. They are able to use the open public park, but it will be possible to choose between private, semi private, semi public and public space.

The residents have access to private outdoor space via balconies or small front gardens. It creates safety and a constant lively environment in the park-city.

h. THE SQUARE

The park will be open for everyone, and will likely be used especially by the institutions around Østre Gasvark.

This area will be often visited, and be a meeting point between user groups.

i. THE GREEN COMMON The green common attempts to imitate the existing landscape, and is influenced by the water detention bassins that are seen at different places in the landscape. During rain events the place becomes flooded to form a lake that can be enjoyed during leisure walks. The place transforms according to the season and rain frequency. The space has high grasses, and lower ones near the paths.

105

THE GASVÆRKS ROTUNDIES (Gasværks-Rotunderne)

ARCHITECTURE - THE CITY

The local plan requires that approximately 48.000 m2 residential space is built. This proposal only suggests 19.894 m2, to maintain good light in the street level. There will be approx. 284 apartments if they measure 70 m2 in average. All buildings have green roofs.

The architecture is inspired by the previous silos that used to dominate the site. The three buildings will be named the Gasværk Rotundies(Gasværk-rotunderne). The buildings are mixed-use, where public facilities are mainly organized on the ground floor. The ice rink is currently being built and therefore not worked with further. There will be 4 to 6 floors.

GRAND ROTUNDA

SMALL ROTUNDA

COMMON ROTUNDA

(Store Rotunde)

(Lille Rotunde)

(Menig Rotunde)

Primary mixed residential

Primary nursing home with

Public building with 6 floors

building with 4. floors and

5 floors and a shared indoor

and an entrance via elevator

a shared inner yard with

staircase. The building

and outer staircase. The

public access. The building

measures 5,397 m2, and the

building measures 3,619

measures 10,878 m2, and the

floors contain following:

m2, and the floors contain following:

floors contain following:

3. floor

4. floor

Public urban rooftoop

student flats

garden

1./2./3. floor

3./ 4./ 5. floor

1./2. floor

residential - family floor/

student flats

residential - family floor/

nursing home

1554 m2

1./2. floor

nursing home 3108 m2 pr floor

library

Ground floor shop/ workshop/

g2 Ground floor

kindergarden/ laundromat/

Ground floor

shop/ workshop/ office space

office space

café

1079 m2 pr floor

603 m2 pr floor

kindergarden/ laundromat/

a. Materials that makes associations to Østre Gasværk Theater shall dominate the facades of the Gasværks Rotundies.

e. The 6 floor house is inspired by the black diamond and their café Øjeblikket. There are plenty of big windows, light and great contact between indoor and outdoor spaces.

semi private space

g. The bike racks will be different according to the location.

d. Common Rotunda is inspired by Gemini Residence that has an open common staircase space in the center.

public space

18 m distance between the buildings

20 m

c. At Østre Gasværk you will have a similar volume experience as Axel Towers because of the different towers and round shapes, that makes the urban space accessable.

12 m

f. The photos shows how the recycling station will be covered in vegetation and blend into the surroundings.

private space

15 m

b. Tietgen Student Hall is an inspiration for the Grand Rotunda. The inner yard will have public access and become a semiprivate space.

3108 m2

16,5 m distance between the buildings

First photo shows bike racks located up against the small gardens of the rotundas at ground level.

The second photo shows how the racks are combined with benches located at the square.

The round shape of the buildings makes the urban space connected, and each building has a special appeareance due to differences in size and height. The park-city-quarter will seem lively due to the residents, and the buildings will be experienced as part of the park.

SUMMARY

Please see photo copyright in reference

Sections 1:1000

106

107

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Visualization - V3 - shows how it is possible to cross the green inner yard of one of the buildings. You are able to experience green spaces whenever you move around at Østre Gasværk Park-quarter. During rain events the water lands on the green roofs. A container on the roofs collect the water to store until the vegetation needs water. In this way it is possible to water the green roofs, the gardens, the trees and other vegetation in the park. In case of extreme rain events, the water is led away from the buildings into water bassins. In this inner yard a water bassin in the center collects the water. The water is led on through the water flow system into the cloudburst tunnel, and then into Kalkbrænderihavnen.

Benches and barbeques are placed in-between the green setting. People can stay here without feeling stared at, and the vegetation absorbs sound making the place more peaceful. The round shaped buildings are built with yellow brick stones to cherish Østre Gasværk Theater and its architect, since it has been built in similar materials.

The vegetation in the inner yard provides pleasant shade inside the building, and creates privacy to the apartments caused by obstacles in looking directly through the yard into private homes.

Interaction with neighboors can be experienced in many ways through the common spaces in the ground floors and outdoor if wished. In this way the resident can change the balance between private and common according to the resident’s wishes.

Facade-shifts in the building reveals where indoor rooms start and stops. The structure will unfold a play in light and shadow changing throughout the day. Moreover the structure creates privacy for the residents, since you feel slightly more distant from your neighbour’s glance in the private sphere.

The yard changes appearance according to the weather and season, where visual water creating a pond sometimes can be experinced.

108

109

TERRAIN AND SOIL

LEADING WATER

Currently the ice rink is being built. According to the local plan the terrain in this part will be raised. Before the construction starts at the west side of the area, it is in this thesis project suggested to plant vegetation that cleans the contaminated soil. When the construction phase starts at the west side of the site, the terrain will be transformed as shown on the map above.

The western part of Østre Gasværk is not as contaminated as the eastern part. Therefore it is not neccessary to install a membrane everywhere, but only at raingarden detention basins. In case of rain events, the water will infiltrate into the clean soil. The water will not be led into the contaminated soil due to the membrane.

In the modelling process of the terrain, the 0,5 m top layer of contaminated soil will be exchanged with clean soil thereby preventing exposure of pollution to people and animals.

The future vegetation in Østre Gasværk will determine if 0,5 m clean soil is needed as the top layer, or if more is needed due to big trees, or less is needed in areas with, for example grasses.

Rain gardens, working as detention basins, will be installed using a membrane between the added clean top layer soil and the existing contaminated soil. At the eastern side of Østre Gasværk a membrane working as explained above was installed in the 90’s.

110

The diagram shows how the water is led from the surface to the cloudburst tunnel. Because of the contaminated soil, the site will be covered with 0,5 m of clean soil. The places where the water is to be detained before being led to the tunnel, will be sealed with a membrane layer on top of the contaminated soil and underneath the clean soil.

Most water will be detained in green areas and for the longest time. Skate, sport and other facilities with hard surfaces will detend water in extreme cloudburst cases, and car roads will detend water in even more extreme cases. The water in the cloudburst tunnel runs into the harbour.

The membrane will be installed in a way that the existing trees are preserved. The roots from new trees are able to penetrate the membrane.

Since Previous Øresundshospitalet is situated rather low and easily flooded, there will be built a little embankment to prevent the water from Østre Gasværk flowing into Previous Øresundshospitalet.

Places with hard surfaces will not need a membrane. The primary areas for detention are larger spaces used for recreational purposes.

111

harbour

WATER FLOW

The new design of Østre Gasværk results in a different water flow. The new flow means that the water is transformed from being an issue, that stays on the surface, into being a quality for the users of the area. The water adds an aesthetic and playfull element, and can be saved and used for dry periods.

Common sweer system

Detention bassins

Roads

Added drain

Road rainwater flow direction

Rainwater pipe

Stormwater from polluted surfaces is led to the common sewer system. Because rainwater falling on roads are polluted, the existing common sewer system will serve the stormwater falling on roads. In this way the clean stormwater falling on unpolluted surfaces will stay clean, and can be led to the harbour. The existing common sewer system is located close to the new roads in Østre Gasværk, only requiring a few changes when constructing this part of Østre Gasværk.

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Water flow direction Cloudburst well Cloudburst pipe

Østre Gasværk functions as one coherent cloudburst system, where stormwater from clean surfaces is led to the harbour via the cloudburst tunnel. The diagram shows the new water functions in Østre Gasværk. The stormwater flows in the direction to the detention bassins. The detention bassins will catch stormwater from buildings, green areas, paved squares and pedestrian/bike paths. The detention bassins are connected through underground rainpipes. In this way the volume in the basins can be regulated. The water will stay in the basins before being led into the cloudburst wells, and then led into the harbour.

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WEST

EAST

West well

19 m2

C.f.

C.a.b. The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 24 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area.

East well

g. e. 81 130 m2

330 m2

1666 m2

4,0

The actual volume of the detention basin is 410 m3 when calculating via classic formulars. m.

C.d.e.

C.c. The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 2 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area.

g. C.h. h.248

The actual volume of the detention basin is 811,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

C.m.

m2 120 m2 c.

C.d.e. The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 28 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area.

C.g.

C.c.

j. 276

C.a.b. 330 m2

C.i. 112 i.

963 m²

C.j. k. 549

The actual volume of the detention basin is 35,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

C.l.

80 a. m2

C.f. The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 0 m3, meaning no need for a basin, since the permeable soil can infiltrate the water in the local subcatchment area. The actual volume of the detention basin is 3 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

C.k.

DETENTION

Calculations has been made to determine whether the detention basins accomodate the requirements from the municipality (please see page 61) in case of a 100 year event. Østre Gasværk is divided in two main subcatchment areas: east and west, where east consists of one local subcatchment area, and west is divided further into 10 local subcatchment areas. There are 13 detention basins named from a. - m. in total at Østre Gasværk. There are 11 local subcatchment

areas named C.(c for catchment) followed by a letter(basin name as shown in the map). In east there is 1 local subcatchment area named C.m. In west there is 10 local subcatchment areas. All the basins covers an area of 5917 m2, and has a total volume of 4.905,5 m3. The total volume is calculated by using the classic volume formulas for a cube, sphere etc. The results of the classic calculated detention volume therefore is misleading not taking account of drain capacity, repetition period etc.

To investigate whether the volume of the water basins in the proposal are meeting the municipality’s requirements, I have used an excel model that calculates the minimum needed volume of each detention basin. The excel model is created ‘byspildevandskomiteen’ (Website 8 www.laridanmark.dk). Knowing the size of the detention basin area, the catchment area and the drain capacity, the model calculates what is the minimum water volume a detention basin can contain in case of a 100 year event.

C.g. The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 75 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area. The actual volume of the detention basin is 110 m3 when calculating via classic formulars. C.h. The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 21 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area.

The actual volume of the detention basin is 1458,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars. C.i. The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 5 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area. The actual volume of the detention basin is 69,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars. C.j. The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 29 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area. The actual volume of the detention basin is 94,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

C.k. The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 85 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area. The actual volume of the detention basin is 274,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

EAST C.m. The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 270 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area. The actual volume of the detention basin is 4.905,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

TOTAL CAPACITY IN ØSTRE GASVÆRK In all the area can detend 2.825,5 m3. My proposal succeeds in staying within the requirements of the municipality’s wish to detain 850 m3, making it even more robust than for a 100 year cloudburst event, and with a drain capacity within the limits required by the municipality. The results of the classic calculated detention volume is misleading, but only verifies that even more water can actually detend at Østre Gasværk. To get an exact result, engineers would need to be involved.

C.l. The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 286 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area. The actual volume of the detention basin is 410 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

Another 2200 m3 stormwater is flowing from Sionsgade, and will be detained in basin c. and h, that are connected by pipe, and have plenty of space to detain the Sionsgade stormwater. Basin c. and h., that are connected through pipes have plenty of space left to detain stormwater from Sionsgade. Detaining the 2200 m3 from Sionsgade and the stormwater from their own local subcatchment areas, the two basins leave another 51 m3 in spare capacity.

(Please look at appendix 6 to see detailed calculations) 114

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IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

116

117

1. PHASE

100 m

These places are the first to be realised at GasvĂŚrksgrunden.

FOOTBALL FIELDS

VEGETATION

The football fields will be one of the first projects to be implemented. The two small football fields in the north west corner are in a a lower terrain. In the case of rain events, these will be flooded and detain water. The football field parallel with the ice rink will be able to host different events, for example, markets.

By using the method phytoremediation, the suggested plants are sown on the contaminated ground at GasvĂŚrksgrunden, and absorb the contaminants into their tissues, gradually reducing the amount in the soil until it is safe for humans.

The football area will have different access areas without a port, but with an opening as shown in the diagram. The football matches can be watched from a grandstand in the north, along the sides of the fields or from the rooftop of the P-house.

ICE RINK, THE SQUARE AND SVENDBORGGADE The local plan indicates that the ice rink, will be built with a maximum of 3 floors, with a maximum height of 13 m. Administration and service functions will be on the top floor. The hall with the ice rink and the P-house will have a maximum height of 16 m excluding the fence around the basketball court this is placed on the roof.

The plants mentioned here can absorb metals like: arsenic, nickel, thallium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, zinc, lead, mercury and chromium. Eventually the soil on the site will be gently cleaned until the place is clean enough to be built on.

Hydrilla

Pistia

Thlaspi caerulescents

Iberris intermedia

Pteris vittata

Rinorea niccolifera

Bacopa

Please see photo copyright in reference

118

119

2. PHASE

100 m

These projects are proposed to be added in the future.

COHESION

PARK

BUILDINGS

The new infrastructure accommodates both visitors and residents of the park. You can access the park by foot, bike or vehicle.

Østre Gasværk Park will be realised in the future, edged with a steel band that is reminiscent of the train tracks that used to exist on the site, and the marine bollards that used to run along the old coast line in the east side of Gasværksgrunden. The band will vary from being a steel edge in different forms, and poles of different heights, and distance. The edge will show where the park begins and ends.

The ice rink is currently being built. However, the other buildings will be implemented together with the rest of Phase 2.

Please see photo copyright in reference

120

121

3. PHASE These project areas are proposed to be added after Phase 1 and 2 are complete.

100 m

SKATE AREA

ACTIVITY PATH

BRIDGE

There is broken glass and graffiti, and it seems like some people use Østre Gasværk to get away from the crowded and busy city. This group of people and the youth culture can persist, being free to unfold at the skate area.

The activity path is a path following the edge of Østre Gasværk. It is route well made for runners, dog walkers or as a warm up route for athletes.

Plans suggest that Svanemølleværket may be tranformed into a recreational area.

The location of the skate landscape is close to the train, but otherwise quite isolated, which gives oportunitues to unfold without the city’s gaze. New trees will be planted, and the surface will be made pleasant for skaters to use. In the north a larger area is an actual skate park, that can collect rain water in case of bigger rain events. High grasses will follow the path which resembles the old natural coastline that used to border where the path runs today.

122

Circumference 1.400 m

In the north of Østre Gasværk the activity path has a little slope running besides it. During rain events, the slope will contain water leading into the stormwater wells.

The grasses will be resistant to drought and the area can lead the surface water to the skate bowl for retention before being lead to the stormwater tunnel. The grasses will have associations to the beach vegetation and highlight the history of the coastline that was located here.

123

A new route connecting Østre Gasværk to Svanemølleværket via a bridge will be suggested making bikes and pedestrians able to access Svanemøllestranden, Svanemølleværket and other water front areas easier and more pleasantly than the existing routes.

DISCUSSION

BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT

The possible plans of transforming Svanemølleværket and the surroundings into a recreational site with a beach, can make reference to the past time when a bath house was located where the yacht area is today. The bath house existence can be documented by the map in the timeline from page 34-35.

The municipality can benefit from the thesis, by getting new design solutions that can inspire and challenge the existing local plan. The original local plan for Østre Gasværk made it possible to implement an ice rink, residential area and a public park. The plan includes many good ideas. My proposal differs from the original plan, by attempting to highlight and emphasize the history of the site in a different way than presented in the local plan.

MATERIALS

that a ‘’ third way’ Is emerging in real world practice that is not limited by the strictures of academic discourse. This ‘’ unbounded’’ way is propelled by environmental imperatives, the demands of communities for real participation in city-building decision-making which has spawned more creative participation approaches, and a better understanding of how cities envolve and adapt over time. (Publication 8, The Urban Design Reader. Larice, M., 2013, p 635)

The materials in the park-city-quarter associate with the industrial era, repeating elements of steel, yellow bricks and imitating the coal, presented as the black surface in the Square. WATER

BUILDINGS The thesis proposal meets all the requirements of the local plan except for the number of residential units. The consequese of more residential space in my design would result in taller rotundies when adding more floors, reaching the requirement of 48.000 m2 residential space. An example is the Small Rotunda that approx. would be 11 storey rather than 5 etc.

Since almost all traces have been deleted, I searched for inspiration in old maps. The beauty of the silos inspired me to use the shape in the new proposal of Østre Gasværk. Furthermore the round form made it possible for the park to have a good flow connecting the different areas on the site.

The buildings presented in the local plan referes to a form language connected to the fourbaurg of Østerbro. There is a clear distinguish in the outdoor spaces created by the squared structure of the buildings. Because of the location, shadow is falling onto the playground in the north. Meanwhile the playground is located in a way that it can be used as a detention bassin. Looking at this area, I struggled to find a solution to the condition of the children’s playground. The shadow of the building meant that I moved the building further to the south. The playground shifted character into a nature playground rather than an urban one. The playground concept got spread out on the site creating a long playground route rather than a specific area.

Why did I not choose to simply plan a park? In the past, the site used to contain both (industrial) landscape and buildings, and this proposal produces a similar arangement. The buildings will contain new functions, meeting the wishes of what a modern sustainable city is. During the industrial era, the train tracks that now run along Østre Gasværk used to continue into the site, connecting to the infrastructure, but were removed when the industry ended. In the same manner, you can understand the new bridge crossing the tracks as a renewed thought of today’s important infrastructure in the city, now with pedestrian and bikes in focus.

There is a vision for a new way of managing rainwater. Instead of viewing rain as a problem we have to eliminate, we chose to view the rainwater as a resource.

These thoughts are used an a vision to strive towards when transforming the project.

Creating landscaped channels in the green areas and the streets, and later discharging the water to the harbour, means that the water stays on the surface, where it cannot cause any damage.

The design proposal suggests the main structures and connections, but leaves room for people to take intiative in forming the park, both by being able to manage the private balconies and gardens, or by the urban non-residential gardeners.

SOCIAL The elements placed in the park are movable and you are able to interact with the objects and landscape that transforms over time and according to weather conditions.

The focus is regarding people, and the process and work method is adapted to answer the human needs. As the inhabitants move into Ostre Gasvark park-city quarter, they will get the feeling of living in a park. They are able to use the open public park, but it is also possible to choose between private, semi-private, semi-public and public space.

‘‘Flexibility in the play environment leads to increased flexibility in the child. The child is then better able to make use of the flexible environment... and moves closer to their developmental potential than would otherwise have been the case’’. (Litterature 2, Broadhead and Burt, 2012, p 31).

The park will be open for everyone, and will likely be used especially by the institutions around Ostre Gasvark.

This flexibility talks into a language of what stimulates children, and can be a way of creating more interesting playgrounds for children.

FLEXIBILITY ‘’ A Third way for Urban Design, ‘’ in practice ‘’ a great deal is happening ‘’ that lies between the extremes of theory. Addressing particularly the seemingly polar opposite positions taken by New Urbanism and Post Urbanism, he argues

124

125

CONCLUSION

The thesis suggest a transformation of Østre Gasværk into a sustainable social, park-cityquarter. The thesis proposal meets the requirements of the local plan, establishing an ice rink, green spaces, combined with a catchment area for stormwater detention and housing, despite the number of residential units, which could be met by adding more floors if highy necessary.

The sightline to ‘Slottet’ Club house is continued with an allé of trees and a path, highlighting this view and attaching the two areas. To point to the harbour area and Svanemølleværket a bridge is suggested, making travel on foor or bike pleasant and easy across parts of the city.

SPIRIT OF THE PLACE

SUMMARY

To reveal traces of the spirit of the place, the buildings imitate the old silos. Around Østre Gasværk Park-Quarter there is a steel edge showing the border. The steel is a reference to the railway that used to run in the area.

The thesis proposal ensures that future residents and users, together with existing users, landscape and architecture are communicating positively and harmoniously, all actors benefitting from the transformation.

CLIMATE

Many of the trees will be preserved, for example some of the trees within the yard of the Grand Rotunda and some trees located in the Forest.

Østre Gasværk will be a counter to the surrounding Faubourg city quarter, and work as the frames for recreational life.

FLEXIBILITY

Residential housing and other urban functions will be incorporated to accomodate the wishes of the municipality and the existing users, creating a vibrant and safe environment all hours of the day.

The proposal suggest turning the water from an issue on the site into a resource for the people.

Meanwhile the proposal meets some of the wishes of the existing users proposed by the present plan of Østerbro Lokaludvalg (Appendix 1).

The formation of the terrain tries to imitate the existing terrain, raising the terrain places with buildings. The terrain proposal looks similar to the proposal in the local plan. The intention is to seal off contaminated soil and implement membranes in places where the terrain is low.

SOCIAL - A MEETING POINT The proposal consists of a park where you within find three buildings as well as the ice rink. The three buildings contain a mix between residential living and public facilities. The park is public, but vegetation still offers privacy for the residents. In this way the area will stay lively during all hours of the day.

In case of extreme rain events, the water will be led to the low areas, overflowing roads in a last resort scenario, ensuring that water can be detended in Østre Gasværk, both for rain falling on the site and the rain in Sionsgade.

The design is flexible to future requirements. The spaces in-between the buildings and roads are designed such that the functions of the spaces can change over time according to what is needed.

A focus in the proposal is establishing a park where displayed water and stored water adds aestetics, contributes to learning and reduces the cost of the water supply for the vegetation in the park.

The uses are contemporary, and guiding, but not static. The elements placed in the spaces can easily be changed or removed. In this way the area functions like a masterframe in the landscape rather than a master plan.

Managing the stormwater has been higly prioritised, and even more water than requsted by the municipality can detend on the site. The detention basins and the park offers green spaces for the institutions and residents in and around Østre Gasværk Park-Quarter.

CONNECTION The water detends on surface, later leading water to the stormwater tunnel, resulting in exposed water for people, making them aware of nature, and stimulating senses, together with functioning as a recreational space.

New bike- and pedestrian connections open up the area to the surroundings, inviting people in and making a more effiecient city structure.

126

The place will be lively, active, and support integration and social cohesion.

127

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 Østre Gasværk Kvarteret, Lokalplan nr 545. 10. april 2017

Illustration 1 www.strandvejskvarteret.dk https://www.strandvejskvarteret.dk/102/ article/1176/300/ Found on 21-11-2019

Figure 2 and 3 Hansen, K.B, Nielsen, T.S, Tilde, T., (2005): Natur og grønne områder forebygger stress, Københavns Universitet.

PUBLICATIONS

Publication 1 Østre Gasværk Kvarteret, Lokalplan nr 545. 10. april 2017 Publication 2 Hansen, K.B, Nielsen, T.S, Tilde, T., (2005): Natur og grønne områder forebygger stress, Københavns Universitet. Publication 3 gehlinstitute.org. The Twelve Quality Criteria, 2017. https://gehlinstitute.org/wp-content/ uploads/2017/08/QUALITY-CRITERIA-FINAL. pdf Publication 4 gehlinstitute.org, 2017. https://gehlinstitute.org/wp-content/ uploads/2017/11/2017_WHO_Report_FINAL_ WEB.pdf Publication 5 Marianne Levinsen Landskab Aps, Østerbro Lokaludvalg. 2014. Skitseforslag. Gasværksgrunden Østerbro, Et parklandskab for idræt og rekreative aktiviteter, Skitseforslag for disponering af Gasværksgrunden udarbejdet af Marianne Levinsen Landskab Aps for Østerbro Lokaludvalg. https://oesterbrolokaludvalg.kk.dk/sites/ oesterbrolokaludvalg.kk.dk/files/uploadedfiles/gasvrksgrunden_pjece_net.pdf

REFERENCE

Risiko for oversvømmelse ved skybrud https://www.dingeo.dk/data/skybrud/ Found on 21-11-2019

FIGURES

Publication 6 Københavns Kommune. 2015 Klimatilpasnings- og inversteringsredegørelsen. Publication 7 Københavns Kommune, NIRAS A/S, Marianne Levinsen ApS, HOFOR. 2013 Skybrudssikring af København, Skybrudsopland Østerbro, Projektskitser. konkretisering-af-skybrudsplansterbropdf-_1189 Publication 8 Larice, M. and Mcdonald, E The Urban Design Reader. Second edition. 2013 Publication 9 Københavns Kommune. 2012 The City of Copenhagen Cloudburst Management Plan 2012 https://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/665626/ cph_-_cloudburst_management_plan.pdf

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Website 8 www.laridanmark.dk http://www.laridanmark.dk/dimensioneringaf-lar-anlaeg/31582 Found on 07-01-2020

MAP MATERIAL

ARTICLES FROM THE INTERNET

Map 1 www.historiskatlas.dk Højkantkort, 1840-1899 https://historiskatlas. dk/@55.7076551,12.5793213,15z Found on 21-11-2019

Article 1 tv2lorry https://www.tv2lorry.dk/artikel/her-erfremtiden-den-slidte-papiroe Found on 21-11-2019

Map 2 www.dingeo.dk https://www.dingeo.dk/kort/jord/ ?postnr=2100&vejnavn =nyborggade&husnr=15&lat= 55.70989603&lon=12.58073961 Found on 21-11-2019

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LITERATURE Map 3 www.miljoegis.mim.dk Bluespot, 2016 http://miljoegis.mim.dk/ spatialmap?profile=miljoegisklimatilpasningsplaner Found on 21-11-2019

WEBSITE

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Literature 1 Grant, Jill L. New Urbanism. 2015 Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/ B9780080970868740219?token= 058620BF36022D4E1C432A236889C40439 8A68B5F2563F384BADC6071930C887 73B225ADEC376A36BE25A61D9A37AB5A Literature 2 Broadhead, P. and Burt, A. (2012) Understanding Young Children’s Learning through Play Building playful pedagogies. London: Routledge.

INSPIRATION

Holmegårdsparken Plejehjem

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129

Book 1 Howard, E. Garden Cities of Tomorrow. Forgotten Books, 1960 Book 2 Haas, Tigran. New Urbanism and Beyond: Designing Cities for the Future, 2008 Book 3 Gehl, J., Cities for People. Island Press. 2010 Book 4 Jacobs, J. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House, New York. 1961

Book 5 Lynch, K., The Image of the City. Mit Press Ltd. 1960

PHOTOS

Photo 1 Aerial photo, By & Havn, Skyfish, 2018 Found on 21-11-2019 Photo 2 Aerial photo, By & Havn, Skyfish, 2018 Found on 21-11-2019

By Amalie E. Okkels

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By Amalie E. Okkels Screenshot googlemaps.com. Found on 2111-2019 Screenshot googlemaps.com. Found on 2111-2019

P. 36-37

Photo 3 Aerial photo, By & Havn, Skyfish, 2018 Found on 21-11-2019

Photo from left to right:

Photo 4 By & Havn, Skyfish, 2019 Found on 21-11-2019

Københavns Stadsarkiv, 2019

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b93.dk/historie http://b93.dk/historie/ Found on 21-11-2019

Photo 6 www.visitdenmark.dk https://www.visitcopenhagen.com/ copenhagen/planning/faelledparkengdk965111 Found on 21-11-2019

Københavns Stadsarkiv, 2019

Photo taken by Amalie E. Okkels

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Photo x www.hplus.dk https://www.google.com/search?q=b93+tenn ishal&client=firefox-b-d&source=lnms&tbm=is ch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBz6SC2dDlAhXwsos KHYiBCuIQ_ Found on 21-11-2019

P. 30 Photo from left to right: Screenshot googlemaps.com. Found on 2111-2019 By Amalie E. Okkels

f mapio.net https://mapio.net/pic/p-4878880/ Found on 21-11-2019 h, k By Amalie E. Okkels

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By Amalie E. Okkels Screenshot googlemaps.com. Found on 2111-2019 By Amalie E. Okkels

b Soil Retention: plantable concrete pinterest https://www.pinterest.dk/ pin/271553052505848554/ Found on 21-11-2019 c By Mahlebashieva https://www.istockphoto.com/dk/photo/closeup-of-an-exposed-aggregate-concrete-finishgm682680362-125202205 Found on 21-11-2019 d https://www.thenewforest.co.uk/ideas-andinspiration/blog/read/2018/05/new-forestcycling-where-two-wheels-are-better-thanfour-b78 Found on 21-11-2019

P. 46

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a perrinconstructionredding https://www.perrinconstructionredding.com/ blog/tag/concrete Found on 21-11-2019

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e landezine.com Grounds of Hargreaves Mall by Rush Wright Landscape Architecture Landezine, Landscape Architecture Works pinterest Found on 21-11-2019 https://www.pinterest.dk/ pin/167336942376247597/ f By Malte Kristiansen https://www.berlingske.dk/kultur/nykoebenhavnsk-superpark-med-skrammer Found on 21-11-2019 g vk.com pinterest https://www.pinterest.dk/ pin/339107046944465936/ Found on 21-11-2019

a.2.1 forum.skyscraperpage.com Rooftop basketball field and windmills https://www.pinterest.dk/ pin/516295544752920937/ Found on 21-11-2019 a.2.2 Sunset Rooftop Yoga Nyc Kayaworkout.co http://kayaworkout.co/sunset-rooftop-yoganyc/ Found on 21-11-2019 a2.3 Jamie xx Boiler Room London x Young Turks DJ Set https://www.pinterest.dk/ pin/544302304941075102/?lp=true Found on 21-11-2019 b Screenshot googlemaps.com. Found on 21-11-2019 c Tietgenkollegiet 2019 Skønhed skal gøre fremtidens bygninger bæredygtige https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/ skoenhed-skal-goere-fremtidens-bygningerbaeredygtige Found on 21-11-2019

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h By Stig Nørhald https://www.berlingske.dk/samfund/cyklenoverhaler-bilen-indenom Found on 21-11-2019 i By Joram G. Menzer 11 december 2019 https://sn.dk/galleri/658572 Found on 21-11-2019

c atp-ejendomme https://www.atp-ejendomme.dk/Om-os/ Ejendomme/Koebenhavn/Axel-Torv---kontor/ Found on 21-11-2019

a.1 By Jessica Jungbauer Stedsans Rooftop Farm, Restaurant · Copenhagen https://www.ignant.com/2015/10/01/ stedsans-rooftop-farm-restaurantcopenhagen/ Found on 21-11-2019

f2 diygardendecoration.club 2019 DIY Garden Decoration Pinterest Found on 21-11-2019 https://www.pinterest.dk/ pin/847521223611162288/ g1 designlisticle.com 2019 Tips to maintain bike in good condition Pinterest Found on 21-11-2019 https://www.pinterest.dk/ pin/339107046942329444/ g2 designlisticle.com 2019 Cowboy: the electric bikes for urban riders Pinterest Found on 21-11-2019 https://www.pinterest.dk/ pin/560838959845872870/

P. 125 d https://zinco-greenroof.co.uk/systems/ pitched_green_roof Found on 21-11-2019

b2 Tietgenkollegiet 2019 Skønhed skal gøre fremtidens bygninger bæredygtige https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/ skoenhed-skal-goere-fremtidens-bygningerbaeredygtige Found on 21-11-2019

P. 111

2019 Pinterest Found on 21-11-2019 https://www.pinterest.dk/ pin/166351779967695203/

d Kaas & Marksø http://www.k-m.dk/emner/298-IslandsBrygge-32A-1-102-2300-K%C3%B8benhavn-S/ Found on 21-11-2019 e Screenshot googlemaps.com. Found on 2111-2019 f1 gourdiefraser.blogspot.com

eurekalert.org 2019 New species of metal-eating plant discovered in the Philippines Public Release: 9-May-2014 Found on 21-11-2019 https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_ releases/2014-05/pp-nso050914.php healthline.com 2019 7 Emerging Benefits of Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) Found on 21-11-2019 https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/bacopamonnieri-benefits#1

P. 127 Photo from left to right: minimal-bianco-nero.tumblr.com poetryconcrete: “Traditional Repair, Immaterial Injury, by Kader Attia, 2015, sculpture in situ. ” Pinterest Found on 21-11-2019 https://www.pinterest.dk/ pin/339107046943226020/ guia arquitectura photo remash.tumblr.com Pinterest Found on 21-11-2019 https://www.pinterest.dk/ pin/339107046944466003/

Photo from left to right: ccetompkins.org 2019 Hydrilla: An Invasive Water Weed Cornell Cooperative Extension, Tompkins County Found on 21-11-2019 http://ccetompkins.org/environment/invasivenuisance-species/aquatic-invasives/hydrilla pondsuperstores.co 2019 Pistia stratiotes - Water Lettuce Floating Pond Plant Found on 21-11-2019 https://pondsuperstores.com/pistia-stratioteswater-lettuce-floating-pond-plant/ biopix.dk 2019 Alpe-Pengeurt (Thlaspi caerulescens ssp. caerulescens) Found on 21-11-2019 http://www.biopix.dk/alpe-pengeurt-thlaspicaerulescens-ssp-caerulescens_photo-40918. aspx By Marc Douchin fleursauvageyonne.github.io 2019 Ibéris intermédiaire Iberis intermedia Guers., 1803 Found on 21-11-2019 https://fleursauvageyonne.github.io/flsv/ mauve/iberis.htm flora.org 2019 Flora of Israel Online Pteris vittata L. Found on 21-11-2019 https://flora.org.il/en/plants/ptevit/

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Miguel Castro 2019 Pinterest Found on 21-11-2019 https://www.pinterest.dk/ pin/339107046943226007/ By Keith Dobie Festoon Poles April 3, 2017 bsccustom Found on 21-11-2019 https://bsccustom.com/portfolio-posts/ littleton-village-sculpture/bsc-lv-poles/ By Sandra RUSTY MOORING BOLLARD Old ships mooring bollard at busselton jetty, West Australia Taken on February 26, 2009 flickr Found on 21-11-2019 https://www.flickr.com/photos/oz_ walkers/3312881439/

Appendix 1

APPENDIX

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Appendix 2

Appendix 5

Appendix 3

DEFINITIONS (big scale- to small scale solution) Catchment area: vandopland Cloudburst branch: Skybrudsgren Cloudburst project: Skybrudsprojekt Cloudburst tunnel: Skybrudstunnel Cloudburst pipe: Skybrudsledning Cloudburst road: Skybrudsvej Green retention roads: Forsinkelsesvej Vegetation road: grĂ¸n vej Appendix 4 Rainwater pipe: regnvandsledning Detention area: forsinkelsesplads First flush: daglig regn

P. 40, Cities for people, Gehl J., 2010

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Appendix 6

DETENTION CAPACITY

MEASUREMENTS

Permaeable:

The aim is to calculate whether the detention basins accomodate the requirements from the municipality in case of a 100 year event.

Østre Gasværk: 102,750 m2 (10.275 ha)

a. (160,5 m2 x 0,5 m) + (59 m2 x 0,5 m) = 110 m3

Østre Gasværk new buildings, roofs:

b. (242 m2 x 0,5 m) + (84 m2 x 0,5 m) = 163 m3

Østre Gasværk is divided in two main subcatchment areas: east and west, where east consists of one local subcatchment area, and west is divided further into 10 local subcatchment areas.

Ice rink: 4183 m2 (0.4 ha) P house: 2090 m2 (0.2 ha) Common rotunda: 596 m2 (0.06 ha)

c. (109,5 m2 x 0,5 m) + (232 m2 x 0,5 m) = 171 m3 d. 1/3 x h x g = 130 m2 x 0,5 m x 1/3 = 22 m3

Small rotunda: 1070 m2 (0.1 ha)

WEST

EAST

West well

19 m2

C.f.

In east the drain capacity is 100 l/s to the cloudburst well in the east. In west the drain capacity is 600 l/s to the cloudburst well in the west.

East well

g. e. 81 130 m2

330 m2

1666 m2

4,0

C.d.e.

d. g. C.h. h.248

C.m.

m2 120 m2 c.

j. 276

C.a.b. 330 m2

C.j. k. 549 m2

In east there is 1 local subcatchment area named C.m. In west there is 10 local subcatchment areas. Dividing the drain capacity on the 10 local subcatchment areas, makes each of these areas able to lead 60 l/s water to the cloudburst well west. Permeable areas will be timed with 0,1 because of infiltration in the soil before flowing to the detention basins.

C.i. 112 i. C.g.

C.c.

There are 13 detention basins named from a. - m. in total at Østre Gasværk. There are 11 local subcatchment areas named C.(basin name).

Grand rotunda: 3036 m2 (0.3 ha) Recycle stations: 303 m2 (0.03 ha)

e. 1/3 x h x g = 81 m2 x 0,5 m x 1/3 = 13,5 m3 f. 1/3 x h x g = 19 m2 x 0,5 m x 1/3 = 3 m3

4183 m2 + 2090 m2 + 596 m2 + 1070 m2 + 3036 m2 + 303 = 11,278

g. (937 m2 x 0,5 m) + (686 m2 x 0,5 m) = 811,5 m3

Østre Gasværk - Østre Gasværk roofs = 91,472 m2 (9 ha)

h. (430 m2 x 0,5 m) + (252 m2 x 0,5 m) + (85 m2 x 0,5 m) = 1458,5 m3

Sionsgade: 4,840 m2 (0.5 ha)

i. (112 m2 x 0,5 m) + (27 m2 x 0,5 m) = 69,5 m3

Sionsgade roofs: 288 m2 + 212 m2 + 22 m2 + 130 m2 + 118 m2 + 780 m2 + 422 m2 + 700 m2 + 31 m2 + 647 m2 + 219 m2 + 55 m2 + 740 m2 = 4,364 m2 (4 ha) Sionsgade + Sionsgade roofs= 9,204 m2 (0.9 ha)

j. (38 m2 x 0,5 m) + (151 m2 x 0,5 m) = 94,5 m3 In all permeable 2,916.5 m3 (0.3 ha) Paved: k. 274,5 m3

Catchment area in total: 100,676 m2(10 ha)

l. (338 m3 + 482 m3) / 2 = 410 m3

963 m²

l. C.l.

80 a. m2

All rain gardens have a membrane underneath. Therefore they act as a detention basin as well as a paved surface. Volumes for each detention basin are found via areas (m2) in the sketch up drawing, and calculated with the formular for each shape: box, sphere etc. The following pages shows the calculations.

C.k.

Paved squares: 478 m2 (0.05 ha) The car roads: 3980 m2 (0.4 ha)

m. 304 m3(skate square) + 4.601.5m3 (half sphere) = 4.905,5 m3

The other pedestrian paths:

5590 m3 in all paved (0.6 ha)

5783 m2 + 177 m2 + (915-718) = 6157 m2 (0.6 ha)

Detention basins 8506,5 m3 in all (0.9 ha)

Gravel path: 1217 m2 (0.1 ha)

The rest areas without detention basins:

The rest areas with vegetation and detention basins 91,472 m2 - 478 m2 - 3980 m2 6157 m2 - 1217 m2 = 79640 m2 Detention basin in all: 5917 m2 (0.6 ha)

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137

79640 m2 - 5917 m2 = 73723 m2 (7.4 ha) PAVED pedestrian paths + car roads + paved squares = 10615 m2 (1 ha) PERMEABLE basins + green areas = 79640 m2 (8 ha)

EAST

C.f.

Paved: 656 m2 (including raingarden)

Permeable: 193 m2 x 0,1 = 19,3 m2 (permeable has to be timed with 0,1 because of the infiltration into green surface. The raingarden is not measured into this calculation since the ecxel is measuring the infiltration for the raingarden)

C = 19,3 m2 +656 m2 = 675 m2

The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 0 m3, meaning no need for a basin, since the permeable soil can infiltrate the water in the local subcatchment area.

C = 6000+4500 m2 = 10500 m2 C.m. m = 330 m2 Permeable: 45000 m2 x 0,1 = 4500m2 (permeable has to be timed with 0,1 because of the infiltration into green surface)

m = the big skate surface + half sphere = 304 m3 + 4.601.5m3 = 4.905,5 m3

f = 19 m2 f = half sphere = 1/3 x h x g = 19 m2 x 0,5 m x 1/3 = 3 m3

Paved: 6000 m2

The actual volume of the detention basin is 3 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 270 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area.

The actual volume of the detention basin is 4.905,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

WEST

Paved: 8837 m2

C.l.

C = 125 +8837 m2 = 8962 m2

Permeable: 1253 m2 x 0,1 = 125 m2 (permeable has to be timed with 0,1 because of the infiltration into green surface)

l = 963 m2

The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 286 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area.

C.i.

C = 1425 m2

Permeable: 0 m2

i = 112 m2

Paved: 1425 m2

i = (112 m2 x 0,5 m) + (27 m2 x 0,5 m) = 69,5 m3

The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 5 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area.

l = (338 m3 + 482 m3) / 2 = 410 m3

The actual volume of the detention basin is 410 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

The actual volume of the detention basin is 69,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars. 138

139

C.k.

C.g. C = 91,7 +4.272 m2 =4.363,7 m2

Permeable: 917 m2 x 0,1 = 91,7 m2 (permeable has to be timed with 0,1 because of the infiltration into green surface)

k = 549 m2

C = 209,4 + 3880 m2 = 4.089,4 m2 Permeable: 2094 m2 x 0,1 = 209,4 m2 (permeable has to be timed with 0,1 because of the infiltration into green surface)

g = 1666 m2

k = 274,5 m3 Paved: 4.272 m2

g = box = (160,5 m2 x 0,5 m) + (59 m2 x 0,5 m) = 110 m3

Paved: 3880 m2 (including raingarden)

The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 85 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area. The actual volume of the detention basin is 274,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 75 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area.

The actual volume of the detention basin is 110 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

C.d.e. C.j. j = 276 m2 Permeable: 0 m j = (38 m2 x 0,5 m) + (151 m2 x 0,5 m) = 94,5 m3

d = pyramide = 1/3 x h x g = 130 m2 x 0,5 m x 1/3 = 22 m3

Permeable: 2630 m2 x 0,1 = 263 m2 (permeable has to be timed with 0,1 because of the infiltration into green surface)

Paved: 2.566 m2

Paved: 2267 m2 (including raingarden)

C =2.566

C = 263 + 2267 m2 = 2.530 m2

e = 81 m2 e = pyramide = 1/3 x h x g = 81 m2 x 0,5 m x 1/3 = 13,5 m3

d = 130 m2

The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 29 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area. The actual volume of the detention basin is 94,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 28 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area.

The actual volume of the detention basin is 35,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars. 140

141

C.a.b.

a = 80 m2

C.c.

Permeable: 3008 m2 x 0,1 = x 300,8 m2 (permeable has to be timed with 0,1 because of the infiltration into green surface)

a = pyramide = (160,5 m2 x 0,5 m) + (59 m2 x 0,5 m) = 110 m3

Permeable: 0 m2

g = 120 m2 g = box = (937 m2 x 0,5 m) + (686 m2 x 0,5 m) = 811,5 m3

Paved: 1150 m2 (including raingarden) b = 330 m2

Paved: 2073 m2 (including raingardens)

C = 1150 m2 b = pyramide = (242 m2 x 0,5 m) + (84 m2 x 0,5 m) = 163 m3

C = 300,8 m2 + 2073 m2 = 2.373,8 m2

The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 2 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area. The actual volume of the detention basin is 811,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars. The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 24 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area.

The actual volume of the detention basin is 410 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

My proposal succeeds in staying within the requirements of the municipality, making it even more robust than for a 100 year cloudburst event, and with a drain capacity within the limits required by the municipality. Another 2200 m3 stormwater is flowing from Sionsgade. Some can be stored in detention basin C.c, and other will be led to another basin. Sionsgade stormwater volume - Detention basin c excel volume - Detention basin c proposal volume = 2200 m3 - 2 m3 - 811,5 m3 = 1386,5 m3 1386,5 m3 stormwater needs to be detented in another basin to prevent flooding.

C.h.

C = 71,8 + 2.146 m2 = 2.217,8 m2

Permeable: 718 m2 x 0,1 = 71,8 m2 (permeable has to be timed with 0,1 because of the infiltration into green surface)

h = 248 m2 h = (430 m2 x 0,5 m) + (252 m2 x 0,5 m) + (85 m2 x 0,5 m) = 1458,5 m3

Paved: 2.146 m2 (including raingarden)

Dentention basin h. can contain up to 1458,5 m3. The excel recommends to detain 21 m3 when catching stormwater in the local subcatchment area(C.h.). 1458,5 m3 - 21 m3 = 1437,5 m3 That means that plenty of volume is left to detain more stormwater in basin h. Pipes are connecting the water basins across Ă&#x2DC;stre GasvĂŚrk, and the water is detented before being led to the cloudburst tunnel. A pipe between detention basin h. and c. will be constructed in a way that the stormwater from Sionsgade is managed by both basins. 1437,5 m3 - 1386,5 m3 = 51 m3 When the stormwater from Sionsgade is detained by basin c. and h., another 51 m3 is in spare.

The excel calculates a basin with a minimum volume of 21 m3 to be able to detend the cloudburst water in the local subcatchment area.

The actual volume of the detention basin is 1458,5 m3 when calculating via classic formulars.

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143

Appendix 7

144

145