Master of Architecture Design Thesis : Medical Rehabilitation Correctional Center

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER

DESIGNING AN INTEGRATION OF CLUSTER-COMMUNITY LIVING FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER DESIGN STUDIO UNIT 01 | BAGS 6205 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS II | SESSION 2019/2020

PREPARED BY : AMALIN HAYATI YAAKUB | BVH170033

SUPERVISED BY : Dr. Muhammad Azzam Ismail, Ar. Dr. Lim Teng Ngiom, Assoc. Prof (I) Ar. Sarly Adre Sarkum DATE SUBMITTED : 09 JULY 2020 ©️ Copyright Universiti Malaya; Author: (Dr. Muhammad Azzam Ismail); MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I, Amalin Hayati Yaakub (BVH 170033), a postgraduate of Master in Architecture from Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya hereby would like to convey my profound gratitude and appreciation toward the several parties that contribute effort and support to make this report a success.

First and foremost, I am taking the opportunity to express my deepest thanks to the coordinator of the subject, Dr. Muhammad Azzam bin Ismail, which gives necessary advice, and guidance in assisting me throughout the study. Acknowledgement is recorded for the work base tutor as well who assists in the study,Ar. Dr. Ngiom and Ar Sarly Adre Sarkum. I would also like to acknowledge the lecturers from the other ateliers, including Dr. Naziaty, Ms. Lisa Foo and Ar. Kevin Mark Low. Furthermore, I hereby record my best regards and deepest appreciation to the prison officers from Pusat Koreksional Puncak Alam (PKPA) for providing me with important information that is related to the case study in the said correctional facility.

I would like to express my sincerest gratitude and appreciation to the teachers, wardens and young inmates of Pusat Koreksional Puncak Alam for their kind cooperation and warm welcome. Their records of the place, written and verbal reminiscences are precious information and references that assisting me throughout the process of completing this design thesis study.

I would like to convey my appreciation toward the respondents and interviewee who aids in the data collection of the study. In the same time, I would like to thank all the sources and personnel who involved directly or indirectly in this study during the report preparation. I would like to express my greatest gratitude to all my peer for their useful advice during the case study of PKPA. Lastly, great appreciation goes to my parents; Pn. Aminah Mahmood and En. Yaakub Salleh, and my sister Noorfakhriah Yaakub who always show their supports and encouragement throughout the 3 year of completing my masters degree studies.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Abstract

Table of Contents

Chapter 01 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 World Incarceration Rate 1.2 World Education Ranking 1.3 World Healthcare Ranking 1.4 Prison Population Explosion 1.5 Punishment or Rehabilitation 1.6 Pudu Prison Seige 1.7 Psychological Effects on Inmate 1.8 Effect of Space to the Psyche 1.9 Decriminalization of Drugs & Drug Addicts (DODAA) 1.10 Portugal Drug Policy

3.18 Security Threshold based on Program 3.19 Basic prison design

Chapter 04 : SITE STUDY 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

4.5

Chapter 02 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Architecture of Incarceration 2.2 History of Penal System 2.3 History of Incarceration - Packing in Concrete - Dutch work House - Cellular Prison - Theory of Panopticon - Prisons in America

- 19th Century Inheritence 2.4 History of Malaysian Prison System - First prison in Malaya - Post World War II - Post Independence of Malaya

2.5 History of Juvenile Correctional Center in Malaysia - Structures, Processes & Practises - Current Review of Juvenile Correctional Center - Collaboration of Prison Institution with Tertiary Education Institution

2.6 Correctional Facilities in Peninsular Malaysia.

2.7 Penal System & History of Incarceration Timeline

Chapter 03 : CASE STUDIES / PRECEDENT/ CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

Type of Penal Typologies Bastoy Prison, Norway Halden Prison, Norway Iwahig Prison, Phillipines CASE STUDY : Pusat Koreksional Puncak Alam (PKPA), Malaysia 3.6 Inference and Personal Observations 3.7 Authority, Daily Cycle, Corridor, Typology 3.8 Daily Cost 3.9 Average Annual Cost 3.10 Incarceration vs High School Education 3.11 School in Prison 3.12 Evolution of Relationship between Incarceration, Healthcare & Education 3.13 Juxtaposition of Incarceration architecture with Healthcare & Education 3.14 Conceptual Framework 3.15 5W-2H Analysis 3.16 Current & Proposed Inmate Procedure 3.17 Inmate Re-entry

4.6 4.7

Key Plan / Location Plan Site Criteria SWOC Analysis Site Background & Analysis 4.4.1 Seri Kembangan 4.4.2 Serdang Macro Context 4.4.3 Serdang Micro Context Built Form 4.5.1 Land Use 4.5.2 Figure Ground 4.5.3 Building Usage Views Environmental Analysis

57

Chapter 05 : PROJECT BRIEF 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

Description and Issues Design Statement Potential Client & Collaborative Parties Target Users Architectural Programming Program / Function / Need Schedule of Accomodation (SOA)

Chapter 06 : DESIGN PROPOSAL 6.1 Ideas and concept 6.2 Key Design Strategies 6.3 Architectural Drawings

- SITE PLAN - FLOOR PLANS - ELEVATIONS - SECTIONS - SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE - THREE DIMENSIONAL PERSPECTIVE

6.4 Building Program Component & Justifications 6.4.1 Incarceration Organization 6.4.2 Proposed Procedure & Personalised Program 6.4.3 Education Block 6.4.4 Medical & Spiritual Block 6.4.5 Administration Block 6.4.6 Living Quarter

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

42 49

Table of Contents Chapter 07 : SPECIAL STUDIES & JUSTIFICATIONS 7.1 Cluster Village as Living Quarter Component 7.1.1 Design Intention & Justifications

7.2 Conceptual Framework 7.3 Architectural Analysis in regards of Cluster Living Village 7.3.1 External Corridor, Internal Corridor 7.3.2 Internal Staircase to Connect 3 Floors 7.3.3 A Cell Unit without a Door and Steel Grills.

7.3.4 Concrete Vent Block as Window Opening 7.3.5 Open Plan Cluster Bathroom 7.3.6 Application of Triple Floor Cell Unit Per Village 7.3.7 Roof Void to Apply Stack Effects 7.3.8 Linearity & Modularity

7.4. Configuration of Architectural Drawing 7.4.1 Cluster Floor Plan 7.4.2 Detail Sections 7.4.3 Axonometric Detail Blow Up

7.5 Technical Construction

7.5.1 Exploded Axonometric of Cell Unit 7.5.2 Description of Materiality 7.5.3 Sequence of Assembly

Chapter 08 : TECHNICAL REPORT & JUSTIFICATIONS 8.1 Building Structure : POST & BEAM SYSTEM 8.1.1 Post & Beam : RC Framed Structure 8.1.1 Foundation 8.1.1.2 Floor 8.1.1.3 Wall 8.1.1.4 Roof

8.1.2 Post & Beam : Steel Framed Structure 8.1.3 Industrialized Building System (IBS) 8.2 Construction Method 8.3 Building Services 8.3.1 Fire Protection System 8.3.1.1 Fire Safety Regulations for Correctional Facility

8.3.2 Water Distribution System 8.3.3 Solid Waste Disposal 8.3.4 Loading & Unloading 8.3.5 Electrical Supply System 8.3.6 Vertical Transportation System

Conclusion References

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

“THE TRUE MEASURE OF ANY SOCIETY CAN BE FOUND IN HOW IT TREATS ITS MOST VULNERABLE MEMBERS.” Mahatma Gandhi

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

in-car-ce-ra-te /ɪnˈkɑː.sər.eɪt/

formal : to put or keep someone in prison or in a place used as a prison. literal : to keep someone in a closed place and prevent them from leaving it.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Abstract As of March 2019, there are 65,222 inmates throughout all 38 correctional facilities in the country. The actual official capacity of prison system is 45, 640. The influx of 20, 000 populations tell that half of prison in the country are overcrowded and in bad condition because it had to cater number of people for more than what it supposed to. About 55% of total population in prisons are drug offenders, people who are dealing with drug addictions and drug trafficking. Drug offenders are mostly young people aged between 19 to 39 year old.

Malaysia is about to embark a game-changer policy on Decriminalisation of Drug Addicts and Addictions; yet this is not to be mistaklen for legalising drug. What is meant with decriminalisation of drug addicts and addictions is the removal of criminal penalties for possesing a small quantitiy of drugs for personal use, as opposed to those who are involved in trafficking drugs. Be that as it may, drug use and addiction is admittedly a complex chronic relapsing a medical condition. In understanding the perspective of a drug offender, there ae many factors that lead to someone to drug use and addictions. It could be a genetic predisposition, surrounding environment, poverty, family breakdown, school, peer pressure - all can make someone to initiate using drugs.

If someone continue to take drugs, biological changes will start happening in their brain, therefore it is not so easy to reverse that biological change. Certainly, putting them in prison is not going to change that. An addict shall be treated as a patient and not as a criminal, whose his addiction is a disease to be cured with amount of medical treatment rather than punishment.

Drug decriminalisation will indeed be a critical next step towards achieving a rational drug policy that put science (education) and public health before punishment and incarceration. Decades of evidence has clearly demonstrated that decriminalisation is a sensible path forward that would reap vast human and fiscal benefits, while protecting families and communities.

It is a problem when the age group that spends the most time behind bars is 20-24 year old, which is the median age for college students. Majority of them are youths, if this problem is not curbed, it would be resulting in the country losing the young workforce because they (youths) should be the ones who are are productive in developing the country, not involving in social problem due to drug addictions. Therefore, this proposal aim to address the outflow of young drug offenders and combat the challenges of recidivism. This is done through the implementation of a new typology of correctional facility that symbiotically merges the programs and spaces for incarceration, education and health. This new system of higher education of incarceation will promote ample rehabilitation, and the creation of a new productive member of the society.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Source : World Prison Brief

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

177 person are incarcerated in

every 100,000 Malaysian.

177

177, based on an estimated national population of 32.45 million as of July 2019.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

World Incarceration Rate per 100,000 people

United States Russia Belarus Turkmenistan Cuba Suriname Ukraine South Africa Singapore Thailand Chile Israel Iran Brazil Malaysia Argentina Spain United Kingdom Australia Canada Saudi Arabia Italy Germany France Denmark Norway Japan India

Source : International Center for Prison Studies

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

World Education Ranking

The rankings are calculated based on various measures such as adult iliteracy levels, school safety levels, primary test scores, high school graduation rates, early childhood enrollment rates, students to teacher ratio and free access to schoold from early childhood to secondary.

1. South Korea

4. Russia

7. Estonia

2. Finland

3. Norway

5. Hong Kong

6. Japan

8. Latvia

9. Israel

10. Sweden

11. Lithuania

12. Denmark

13. Ireland

66. Malaysia

70. United Arab Emirates

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

World Healthcare Ranking

The rankings are calculated based on factors including health infrastructure, basic mental and physical health, and the availability of preventative care. Based on the latest report, the following countries were found to have the best healthcare :

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

65, 222

people are in Malaysia carceral system. This includes probation, parole, jail and prison.

- Malaysia Prisons Department

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Official capacity of prison system is 45, 640 population.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

55% of prison population are drug offenders.

- Malaysia Prisons Department

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Prison Population Explosion

In 2014, Malaysia established the Special Tactical Intelligence Narcotics Group, or STING, as part as the country’s war efforts on drugs. In some countries, this is a war fought with extreme violence and resulting in huge number of deaths, including those caught in the crossfire. “The failed war on drugs has empowered organized crime, destabilized governments, violated human rights and devastated human lives everywhere,” said Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the former president of Brazil.

2013, Home Ministry declares, ‘War on Drug’

Likewise, the number of drug-related arrests (averaging 44,000 cases per year) showed no clear declining or rising trend from 2005 to 2012. The exceptional year was 2013 with 128,412 number of arrests, 3 times higher than that in 2012. Whether this high number of arrests is an indication of the coming trend or merely a blimp remains to be seen.

100% increase in prison population

since the declaration on “War on Drugs”.

45,640 = official capacity of prison system (cumulative)

Source : Ministry of Home Affairs National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA)

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Punishment or Rehabilitation “ As architects, we can be far better employed providing the spaces needed for social nurturing, healing, and reintegration instead, the money spent on prison construction steals the resources needed for these central social goals.”

Punishment ?

There are several things that need to be considered whilst talking about the punishing or rehabilitative system. First and foremost, it is vital a system acknowledges human freedom, it also recognizes significant limitations on punishment scope and intensity. Moreover, it recognizes the limited power of hard treatment. Otherwise, it abandons communication, and expects no response from offenders.

Excessive cruelty may “turn men into puppets who are creatures of their manipulator”. Similarly, punishment cannot automatically reform prisoners because each person responds differently to suffering. Some find meaning in it, while others see it as pointless. State agencies have little knowledge of offenders inner lives and possess scare resources with which to influence them.

They are in limited position to understand how individuals will react to moral change. It may stop some from offending, but cannot by itself compel them to change their motal understanding. It may produce personality changes that disappear when hard treatment ceases.

Punishment is only “one among a number of influences which in combination can work moral change”. It will hopefully bring about change as it addresses the person as a moral being. Change requires that both authorities and offenders act. Offenders must freely engage the moral mesage they receive. They must also recognize the authority of those punishing them. Authorities must refrain from the powerful urge to brutalize others. They must institutionalize policies that recognize the person’s humanity. However, we cannot say how offenders will exercise freedom; they can be dishonest and pretend moral reform. They can make moral progress, only to fall back on previous bad habits. They may recognize the limited authority of the states right to punish them. Engaging in acts or resistance like the hunger strike, they reject the states moral message. Finally it rejects cynicism pervading many contemporary approaches to crime. In its place it retains hope that punishment can

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

“ Comphrehensive rehabilitative programs focus on such areas and allow inmates to see the consequences of their actions more clearly, thereby lessening the CONCLUSION likelihood of reconviction for another offense.”

Rehabilitation ?

To help shift the focus from punishment to rehabilitation, studies have generated a massive literature documenting the importance of child abuse, poverty, early exposure to substance abuse and other risk factors for criminal behaviour. The findings suggest that individual-centered approaches to crime prevention need to be complemented by community-based apporaches. When properly implemented, work programs, education and psychotherapy can ease prisoners’ transitions to the free world. The researchers as well have demonstrated the power of the prison environment to shape behaviour, ofthen to the detriment of both prisoners and prison workers.

Rehabilitation can be inspirational and motivating, co-opting with rehabilitation, educational and substance abuse programs helps positive reinforcement instead of punishing bad behaviour only : eg. extending prison time. Installing fear into inmates might work as prisoners would not desire to come back to prison, but a negative psychological impact gives them no choice, because thay are unable to live in the outside world and cope.

The skeptical public has a tendency to not agree with rehabilitative means for incarceration.

The common belief is that rehabilitation costs more than incarceration which is why the public is skeptical toward the idea of installing these programs. However, rehabilitative programs tend to be more cost efficient as it reduces the recidivism rates saving tax payers monies and giving them a safer environment to live in both financially and morally, providing treatment and education with successful and contributive citizen. However, punishment may also have an effect on inmates as it makes prisons as undesirable place; this is already inflicted throught the loss of freedom and loss of real identity as well as the spatial limitations. Nevertheless, without treatment, prisons serve as breeding grounds for more criminals and future act of crime.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Pudu Prison Seige, 1986

The Pudu Prison siege began on 17 October 1986 and ended six days later on 22 October. The siege began when six prisoners led by Jimmy Chua held a doctor and a laboratory technician hostage at the now demolished Pudu Prison, Kuala Lumpur. On 22 October, the hostage crisis at the prison ended without bloodshed when the Malaysian police counter-terrorism group Special Actions Unit (UTK) of PGK stormed the prison and rescued the two hostages.

And later in the day that Jimmy and gang put forward 4 demands for the hostages’ release.

1.For all their sentences to be reduced.

2.For one policeman that had been involved in the arrest of one of them, to be handed over to them.

3.For the media to be allowed to interview them.

4. For the deputy director of the jail (who was the officer in charge of investigating Jimmy’s case) to be brought to see him.

AFTERMATH On 18 April 1987, six men including Chua were tried in the High Court on charges of kidnapping a doctor and a technician in Pudu Prison. According to Magistrate C.R Lopez, who conducted a preliminary inquiry into the charges, there was sufficient evidence against them to proceed to trial. They were alleged to have held Dr. Radzi Jaafar and Dr. Abd Aziz Abd Majid in the prison clinic and to have demanded to be released unconditionally from prison as their ransom. Jimmy Chua and his gang were charged and convicted under Section 3 (1) of the Kidnapping Act of 1961 which carries a maximum punishment of death upon conviction. They were hanged on 10 October 1989.

The aerial view of KL Pudu Prison before it being demolished in 2010.

Psychological Effects on Inmates cronic anxiety + nervousness headache

insomnia lethargy or chronic tiredness nightmares heart palpitations confused thought processes irrational anger

social withdrawal violent fantasies emotional flatness mood swings difficulty of concentration and memory

chronic depression feeling of overall deterioration

SOLITARY CONFINEMENT In solitary, even after a short amoung of time, an individual is likely to gravitate into something called as “mental fog,” in which alertness, attention, and concentrarion all become impaired. After some time in solitary, an individual is likely to be increasingly incapable of processing external surroundings, and often becomes “hyper responsive” to these environments. A good example would be, that a sudden noise or the brightness of the flashlight can become intensely unpleasant. Over time, with the absence of background noise or different variation of sound, any kind of constant noise from the environment can become noxious and irritating. The sound or smell coming from a neighbouring cell, bodily sensation, structural or mechanical noise and even the flourescent lights could become a trigger to the mind. Tortured by it, such individuals are unable to stop dwelling on it. In solitary confinment, and ordinary environment becomes intensely unpleasant and small irritations become aggravating.

“You get sensitive to noise, the plumbing system. Someone in the tier above me pushes the button on the faucet... It’s too loud, gets on your nerves. I can’t stand it . I start to holler.”

In solitary, there is no sense of time. No windows allowing the person to know the difference between day and night, thus the person become irregular. Even being moved to another cell for an hour still does not give the inmate the experience natural of daylight. Inmates are very unlikely to have any restful sleep due to the constant light, the slamming steel door sound, other noises and flashlights shining their faces.

The prisoners themselves do not realize the deterioration that occurs. Many are extremely defensive about the psychiatric problem; they tended to rationalize away their symptoms, avoided talking about them, or denied or distorted their existence at all.

Psychologists are able to analyze these interviews and their symptoms-even under the prisoner’s denial. For example, one inmate was unable to describe the events of the several days surrounding his wrist-slashing, nor could he describe his thoughts or feelings at the time.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Effects of Space to the Psyche Physical torture

could be manifested from the self harm as well as prisoner to prisoner violence, unofficial violence, sexual assault and/ or guard to prisoner violence.

Emotional torture

can be seen from degrading inmates as well as discomfort inmates experience of time passing, which result in the feeling of meaninglessness.

To add to, the feeling of dislocation, with barelt any chance for outside contact- due to the location of the prisons can also accumulate to this emotion.

Spatial torture

is evaluated to be a number of composites. Partially the loss of change of locations makes architecture have a strong negative affect to the brain. Each detail and the environment becomes you. A negative, powerless space makes you feel psychologically inferior.

Architecture shapes our thoughts and actions positively and negatively. We feel elevated or moved to action by its presence. Obeserving our responses we notice patterns reflecting our self-confidence.

A building may also aid in self-reminiscence, however as much as it may ease the mind, there is a fine line on where it would harm the mind. For example, monasteries have a similar set up as prisons. They are communities that live in a secluded institution. The difference is the quality of spitituality given through thr rehabilitation through the soul, and the infringement with the force of psychological decay in the two institutions.

By observing the features of the architecture, we understand our vague sense that prisons express ideas or values. They are not just structures, but one needs to consider the people operating and occupying these structures. Prison architects design their works to express their or their client’s sense of purpose of imprisonment, this only satisfies part of the architecture.

Solitary confinement as a space The only thing about living in solitary is being kept away to retract violence: hence prisoners are placed in singular cells. However, there is a tendency that the SHU units are located away from the main prison complex, or in the basement of the system cutting them off from the rest of the complex. In some cases, the ventilation of the space is low as the door is completely solid. This then makes the prisoner feel claustrophobis and be consumed in spaces. This were many of the above stated mental affects develop. Although solitary confinmenet should not be used more than 15 days, it is important to notice that the law allowing solitary confinement will not change in their future. To come up with solutions of how solitary confinement could be more spiritually enhances as well as become an inspirational place it is important to allow inmates access to daylight, and views. Ventilation and visual connection as well as sound are also very important to address.

Even if it not you or a loved one who is experiencing the prison system, once still should care about what is happening because not evryone who is incarcerated is guilty. The Standford experiment shouwed that even the most psychological normal people can turn into a power struggle of their position and have sadistic tendency.

The evil environment induces that guards tend to impose their power unjustly to inmates- however, and also has many guards feel discomfort, distress, helplessness and guilt. The torture that is implemented on inmates can be categorized to physical, emotional and spatial.

Overall, we all take the prison systems differently as we may come from the different backgrounds and tend to relate to one party more than another. To the offender punishment symbolizes internal disorder by denouncing his act and administering hard treatment. To the victim, it reaffirms his value as a spiritual being, disavowing the victimizers perverse moral message through the incarceration of the offender. To the community, punishment signals that others should refrain from committing evil acts and the ones experience such deserve what they get. To come to a conclusion that helps both the inmate, the quality of life that surrounds us and the community, it is essential to try as much s one can to help prisoners find a moreal message through incaceration: understanding their mistake and becoming an asset to the community rather than a drawback. In my project I will prove on how this can be achieved through spatial, physical and emotional.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Decriminalization of Drugs and Drug Addicts. +

There are greater calls today for a change in how we approach our fight against drugs, considering even whether we should decriminalize drug use or go as far as legalizing drugs, both of which are controversial issues because they run against our notion that something harmful like drugs must be of course be prohibited.

Malaysia in particular needs to reevaluate its drug policy to one that is more evidence-based. Changes however will be difficult and have to be done in stages. Decriminalizing drug use or providing free drugs clinic require much planning to ensure that drug addicts receive effective treatments for their addiction and that they can function as normal and contribute positively to the society. Money, rather spent to arrest, try, and incarcerate drug addicts, could be used instead for their treatment.

In the 1980s, Portugal had one of the highest drug users in the world, and by 1990, there were one drug addict for every 100 persons in the country. Portugal had tried tough law enforcement but saw little returns. Out of desperation, Portugal chose a radical approach: they decriminalize all drug use, the first country to do so, in 2001. While using and carrying drugs (up to certain limits) were legal, selling and making drugs remained illegal in Portugal. One key benefit decriminalization did was to remove the social stigma of drug users, causing addicts to voluntarily seek treatment.

Source : Ministry of Health

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

“Decriminalisation will be a critical step towards achieving a national drug policy that puts science and public health before punishment and incarceration.”

DZULKEFLY AHMAD, MINISTER OF HEALTH

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

How Portugal Successfully Tackled its Drug Crisis In July 2001, a new law maintained the status of illegality for using or possessing any drug for personal use without authorization. The offense was changed from a criminal one, with prison a possible punishment, to an administrative one if the amount possessed was no more than a ten-day supply of that substance. This was in line with the de facto Portuguese drug policy before the reform. Drug addicts were then to be aggressively targeted with therapy or community service rather than fines or waivers. Even if there are no criminal penalties, these changes did not legalize drug use in Portugal. Possession has remained prohibited by Portuguese law, and criminal penalties are still applied to drug growers, dealers and traffickers. Despite this, the law was still associated with a nearly 50% decrease in convictions and imprisonments of drug traffickers from 2001 to 2015.

Individuals found in possession of small quantities of drugs are issued summons. The drugs are confiscated, and the suspect is interviewed by a “Commission for the Dissuasion of Drug Addiction” (Comissões para a Dissuasão da Toxicodependência – CDT). These commissions are made up of three people: A social worker, a psychiatrist, and an attorney.The dissuasion commission have powers comparable to an arbitration committee, but restricted to cases involving drug use or possession of small amounts of drugs. There is one CDT in each of Portugal’s 18 districts.

Money Spent Fighting Drugs Before 2001 :

90 % enforcement 10 % healthcare Money Spent Fighting Drugs After 2001 :

10 % enforcement 90 % healthcare

It’s good people who have lost their jobs, family, homes, their freedoms to the state not because they hurt anyone but solely because they choose to use drug instead of another. Legally regulating and taxing most of the drugs that are criminalized would radically reduce the crime, violence, corruptions and black markets, and the problem of unadulterated and unregulated drugs, and improve public safety, and allow taxpayers resources to be developed to more useful purposes. In fact, the markets in marijuana, cocaine, heroine, are global commodities markets just like the global market in alcohol, cigarette, coffee, sugar and many other things where there is a demand, there is a supply.

People tend to think of prohibition as the ultimate form of regulation when in fact it represents the abdication of regulation with criminals filling the void. Since Portuguese government transformed the policy on drugs from penalised to decriminalised in 2001, it has dedicated to building an organization and movement of people who believe that everyone in the country need to turn one back on the failed prohibitions of the past and embraced the policies grounded in science, compassion, health and human rights, where people who come from across the political spectrum and every other spectrum as well where people who love drugs, people who hate drugs to believe that the War on Drugs has got to end.

Source : EMCDDA

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

30,000

PORTUGUESE IN REHAB 20,000

10,000 Source : EMCDDA

0

1999

2001

@CHARTREUSEINC

CHARTREUSEINC.COM

Substitution treatment is today widely available in Portugal, through public services such as specialized treatment centers, health centers, hospitals and pharmacies as well as NGOs and non-profit organizations. From 2000 to 2008, the number of people in Portugal receiving substitution treatment increased from 6040 to 25 808 (24 312 in 2007), 75% of whom were in methadone maintenance treatment. The remaining patients received high dosage buprenorphine treatment.

A national treatment monitoring system is being developed but has not yet been implemented in all regions. National routine statistics from outpatient centres on substitution clients are available (for clients in methadone and buprenorphine programmes).

2018

PORTUGUESE 100,000 USING H E R O I N E 75,000 50,000

25,000

Source : EMCDDA 0

1999

2018

@CHARTREUSEINC

CHARTREUSEINC.COM

* EMCDDA refers to European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addictions headquartered in Lisbon, Portugal.

“Some people’ mindset has changed. They accept addiction is a disease. We used to be seen as outcasts or criminals. Now, they see addicts can be intelligent. It is not the drugs that define the person.”

- ex-drug addict

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

P R I S O N H I S T O R Y “ Prisons are all about taking away people’s freedom. That is the real punishment. But they should also help criminals change their behaviour and learn to sepect other people and the law.”

- Amnesty International-

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Prison History Architecture of Incarceration

Prison are operated on the basis of care, custody, and control. Out of these, control is the most important. Prisoners are classified by security level (type of crime) as well as by custody level (flight risk and privilege earned by good behaviour), but prisons are only classified by security level of maximum, medium, and minimum.

The levels of security within a prison system are categorized differently around the world, but tend to follow a distinct pattern.

Most developed countries divide prison into separate security classes depending on the inmate population and the security needed to keep them under control. Accordingly, High Security Medium Security Low Security most developed countries have classes ranging from the most secure, which typically hold violent prisoners and those judged most likely to escape, to the least, which are most often used to house non-violent offenders or those for General Security Under-trial whom more stringent security is deemed unnecessary.

High Security

General Security

Under-trial

[DIAGRAM] Different Types of Classification

History of Penal System Throughout the world a variety of institutions and program exist for different offenders, including remand centers, low, medium, and maximum security institutions and hospital facilities. Architecture has invested an important outlet in providing correctional facilities, as it moves space with the pressure of change in the penal system and also the perception of general public about a prison.

Period

[FIGURE] Most common type of prison

500,000 - 200,000 200,000 - 25,000 25,000 - 3,000 BC 400 BC - 500 AD 500 - 1750 AD 1750 - Present BC BC Development of Development of Medieval and

Appearance of Appearance of First Criminal Roman Laws Homogenous Early Modern Codes Man Natural of Social Relationship

Pre-tribal

Sanctions

-

Form of Punishment

Personal bution

Feudal Justice

Incipent group I n t e r m e d i a t e Advanced group Feudal and in- Advanced and tribal group and tribal and tribal, termediate organized state incipent state organized state I n t e r m e d i a t e Customs and ru- Custom and Customs and customs and dimentary laws common laws rudimentary more laws. Custom and common laws, state retribution, reformation, rehabilitation, reintegration retri- Injury, torture Torture, injury, D e p o r t a t i o n , Fine, superviand death death, banishbanishment, for- sion, incarcerament, forfeiture. feiture, torture, tion, death. injury, death.

Incipent customs

[TABLE] History of Penal System until today.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

History of Incarceration With the change of perception, prisons have drastically changed over the years. Development of prison design from the dungeopn of yore to specialized institutions today has not been very consistent. There have been long stretches of declivity and brief boost of reforms in prison architecture.

[FIGURE] Bridewell Prison & Hospital

[FIGURE] View into corridor (left) and cell (right) in Alcatraz Prison England had always been one step forward in the earliest noticeable of state retributions. In middle age, it was decreed house any convict. At this time, Europe had many castles and dungeons owned by any person who had significant power and politics in the state.

Dutch Work House Brought more control on crime and violence. The basic aim of this was to keep the inmates busy and prvide them with work for their learning. This was more influential in the world : Germany, Belgium and Scandinavia. Most of such institutres were work house having 9 rooms to house 4 to 12 inmates each of about 5.2 x 3.2 sqm area each. Rasp House, the first and the most famous one at Amsterdam which was found in 1595.

In 15th - 16th century, such places had increased enormously and also gave foundations to the famous Seven Tower of Constantinople and Castle of Spielberg.

The Rasphuis drawing back then in 1595. In 1815 it was closed, and in 1892 the building was demolished to make way for a swimming pool.

[FIGURE] Seven Towers of Constantinople

Packing in Concrete Till late 16th century, there being no proper goals for the criminals, city gates were modified a little into captivate the prisoners. In 1557, Bride Wells were started as the special institution to provide employment to beggars, vagrants and criminals. Original Bride well at Petworth, Sussex was in use till 1774, it had two rooms (5.5m x 2.7m approx.), which were too small for the number pf prisoners it had housed. It had no shutters in the windows, no courts, no chimney. The only underlying principle of these is a secure boundary whose penertations are controlled by gates.

First Cellular Prison in the World The prison of St. Micheal in Rome designed by Carlo Fontona in 1703-1704 was the first ever cellular prison. It was conceived as a reformatory. It had twenty cells to each of the three storeys, ten on each side of the workshop. Each cell had a lavatory. This prison influenced the architecture for the next 200 years in prison reform. The thought behinf its design was to do cellular separation so that each prisoner gets space to reflect on his misdeed in solitude.

In 1773, a drastic development took place : this development was mainly brought by the construction o f Cellular Prison at Ghent : It was the first radial prison in the world.

The pioneer idea behind this was to enable the prison staff in corridor to have a clear view of the prisoners. The need of security, adequate light and air were also entertained by the octagonal plan with rectangu-

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

rectangular cells radially aligned from the center.

This also helped to classify the inmates as juvenile, habitual, women and etc.

Later half of 18th century, a new reform of transportation came in ferocity. Deportian as a form of punishment was employed by England and France. England and France had started shipping criminals to Australia, Africa and Devil’s Island. This inhuman practice of shipping got demolished after the World War II. In 1778, Blackstone Act was formed in honor of work of John Howard, Sir William Blackstone and Sir William Eden. Few of the points that it stated were: • Establishment of penitentiary houses.

• Confirmed principles of separate confinements.

• Needs for moral and religious spaces.

• Fixed cell size : max. 3.7 x 2.4 x 3.4 m3 min. 3 x 2.1 x 2.7 m3

Theory of Panopticon Prison In 1787, Jereny Bentham carried the development of a radial layout of prison to a logical conclusion. Panopticon was primarily based on certain principles: cellular separation, safe custody, security, belief that rehabilitation is possible through seclusion.

The principle of the Panopticon was that prisoners could be observed night and day, without realizing that they were being observed. The structure consisted of tiers of prison cells, arranged in a circular design. In the very centre of the circular structure was an observation tower, tall enough for the observer to be able to see the interior of each cell. The windows of the observation tower were masked so that it was not possible for prisoners to know if anyone was in the tower. An arrangement of blinds was suggested to hide the presence of any lights inside, so that prisoners could not guess whether the observation tower was staffed.

[IMAGE] Panopticon floor plan and section (left) and view from inside cell (right).

[IMAGE] Cellular Jail in Andaman,India used by thr British especially to exile political prisoners to the remote archipelago.

The psychology of the Panopticon was thus that prisoners would never be certain whether or not they were being observed. The Panopticon later became the inspiration for a number of different prison designs. It significance for Foucault was that it reflected much of the philosphy of observation that has become a guiding principle of policing in the modern state. The use of video cameras both in cities and on road employs the same principle of observation, so that the citizen is never entirely sure whether or not they are being watched.

Prisons in America The first effective sign of modern prison architecture in place was the erection of a block of cells in Walnut Street Jail in 1790. Leslie Fairweather says that his was the first time America had attempted to segregate and classify prisoners for the need of rehabilitation and reform. After 1790, America played a major role in the evolution of prison designs. The evolution was a consequence of two separate and different philosophies :

[PLAN] First segregated prison in radial shape plan

1. Pennsylvania System 2. Auburn System

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Pennsylvania System A penal method based on the principle that solitary confinement fosters penitence and encourages reformation. The idea was advocated by the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons.

In 1829, the Eastern State Penitentiary, on Cherry Hill in Philadelphia applied this so-called separate philosophy. Prisoners were kept in solitary confinement in cells 16feet high, nearly 12 feet long, and 7.5 feet wide (4.9x 2.7 x 2.3 m3.

An exercise yard, completely enclosed to prevent cotnact among prisoners, was attached to each cell. Prisoners saw no one except institution officers and an occasional visitor. Solitary penitence, however, was soon modified to include the performance of work such as shoemaking or weaving. The Pennsylvania system spread until it predominated in European prisoners.

Critics in the United States argued that it was too costly and had deterious effects on the minds of the prisoners.

The Pennsylvania system was superseded in the United States by the Auburn system.

[IMAGE] Entrance to Auburn Prison, New York.

[IMAGE] Auburn Prison, New York.

[IMAGE] Perspective view one of Pensylvania prison system.

Auburn System A penal system of the 19th century in which persons worked during the day and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times. The silent system evolved during the 1820s at Auburn Prison in Auburn, NY, as an alternative to and modification of the Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement, which it gradually replaced in the United States. Later innovations at Auburn were the lockstep (marching in single file, placing the right hand on the shoulder of the man ahead, and facing toward the guard), the striped suit, two-foot extensions of the walls between cells, and special seating arrangements at meals- all designed to insure strict silence.

Eventually Pennsylvania system was adopted in Europe and Auburn system prevailed in America. Where Pennsylvanian scheme provided little light of rehabilitation and reform, Auburn system still prevailed in US for a long time probably because of overcrowding and cheaper cost of construction.

The Auburn and Pennsylvania systems were both based on a belief that criminal habits were learned from and reinforced by other criminals. In 1828, Sing-Sing beame the model of all Auburn system institutes. This prison had five tiers of inside cells and long dark cell corridors which became a curse of prison architecture for the coming centuries.

[IMAGE] The old south hall at Auburn Prison, New York.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

The Nineteenth Century Inheritance After centuries of brutality, squalor and corruption in prisons throughout the world, reforms during the 18th and 19th century led to gradual improvement in prison design on the whole. In 1842, the noticeable example pf Pennsylvanian system in England, the Pentonville Prison came into existence. This was an evolved radial prison which followed the design of the eastern Penitentiary, Cherry Hill. This plan ruled the prison architecture for next 50 years.

English construction of radial prisons in late 19th century: 1. External wall : brick, stone or flint, 0.6 m thick 2. Internal wall : brick or stone about 350 x 450 mm thick 3. Ceillings: brick arches in two courses 4. Floorings: asphalt or 75mm York stone 5. Heating and ventilation: cold air was heated by being passed over hot water pipes and then was discharged into large ventilation flues to the cells.

6. Cells: sizes varied around 3.9 x 2.1 x 2.7 m3 and cells were generally equipped with a toilet bucket, a wash and a gas lighting fitting.

7. Windows: 1.1m long and 130mm heavily barred.

History of Malaysian Prison System During the era of British rule and until the arrival of the Japanese in 1942, penal institutions were the responsibility of the individual states’ governments with their respective regulations. In the Straits Settlements, a Superintendent based in Singapore, acted as the supervisor and inspected the institutions under his jurisdiction.

First Prison in Malaya The first prison in Penang was built at Fort Cornwallis in 1790. Prior to the building, this place was a fort. Light had previously placed prisoners in the Cornwallis fortress inside a building made of native sticks. The construction of walls of stone was only built after the arrival of prisoners from India. The building materials made the prison and the city accessible from the surrounding area. The stone used was broken down by prisoners and used not only to make walls, but also to build roads and buildings around Penang.

By 1803, the British had built Cornwallis prison using concrete, brick and iron. The construction of the prison was in line with the construction of the City of Cornwallis.

[IMAGE ] Old picture showing ancilliary buildings in Fort Cornwallis

[PLAN] Pentivolle Prison Plan

[IMAGE] Construction of Pentoville

The Straits Settlements were the earliest to build their own prisons while the Federated Malay States did so only after the British set up a responsible department. The Taiping Prison, better known as the Taiping Gaol, the largest at the time, was built in 1879. Prisons were built with the main purpose of bringing suffering to the inmates in the hope that this would deter people from committing crimes.

[IMAGE ] Current image of Taiping Prison in Perak, open for tourist to visit the gallery.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Post World War II After World War II, the Prison Office was established to administer all prisons in Malaya. The post-war era saw the return of peace, and modern administrative methods were introduced. The 1948 Malayan Emergency resulted in an increase in inmate numbers, which in turn caused overcrowding in the prisons.

This disrupted the development of the prison system and it was only towards the end of 1949 when peace returned that prison development could be carried out smoothly.

The Prisons Ordinance 1952 and the Prisons Regulations 1953, based on the “modern treatment” concept, were introduced to replace old legislation.

In 1953, the Criminal Justice Bill was passed, which abolished use of the cat-o’-nine-tails and replaced the term “penal servitude” with “prison”.

Post Independence of Malaya Following Independence Day in 1957, the first Prisons Commissioner was appointed to take charge of the administration of all prisons in Malaya. In 1963, with the formation of Malaysia, prisons in Sabah and Sarawak came under the jurisdiction of the Prisons Department.

On 2 November 1995, the Prison Act 1995 was introduced to replace the former Prison Act which in turn was superseded on 1 September 2000 by the Prison Regulations 2000. The previous acts and regulations had been in use for a long time, thus changes and reforms were necessary to meet current needs and demands to streamline prison management and administration.

In an era of development and modernisation, the Malaysian Prison Department realises that it should not to be content with is past achievements, but should instead move forward and innovate in order to assist the prison administration in dealing with modern culture through criminology, penology and overall social control.

History of Juvenile Correctional Centre in Malaysia The Henry Gurney School is a correctional institution managed by the Prisons Department to arrest juvenile offenders aged 14 to 21. Back in 1948 in the early establishment of the institute for juvenile, it was established in Muar Prison, Johor under the name of the Advance Approved School. The establishment of the school commenced with the enactment of an ordinance in 1947 which subsequently led to the formation of the Juvenile Court.

The General Policy of the correctional institute at the beginning of its establishment was based on (Borstal Institution - England) 1900; to shape the attitude of personality and the responsible attitude of the inhabitants towards the perfection of a prosperous and productive social life to the nation.

Structures, Processes and Practises Malaysia has 2 Henry Gurney Schools and 6 Juvenile Correctional Centre operated by the Prisons Department. In monitoring of these facilities, Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat (JKM) and Prisons Department offcials as well take undertaken through routine inspection. Board of Visiting Justices and Board of Visitors used to have periodic visits to all the centres.

Aside from these stakeholders, SUHAKAM conducts regular visits to all places in correctional centre throughout the country; however they only visit either in response to a complaint or as a part of their regular routine. Until today, SUHAKAM no longer has the authority to make unannounced visit with inmates in private without the prior consent of Prisons Department.

Current Review of Juvenile Correctional Center Since 2008, six Integrity Schools were set up to provide a second opportunity for juveniles and young prisoners to improve themselves in the academic, co- curricular and personality aspects.

The concept of implementation of this school is to provide a formal education system based on the Malaysian Education Ministry curriculum. The school management and administration are managed by Education Sector, Prisons Department of Malaysia. The classification of students is not based on age but according to the academic achievement level.

Collaboration Prison Institution with Tertiary Education Institution.

University of Malaya has been operating a community outreach program with cooperation by the Prisons Department. University student from the Faculty of Law are participating in the regular students routine, fortnightly visit to the correctional center under the guidance of a professor. Other than that, the students prepare educational sessions for the inmates by using games, music and outdoor activities within the center zone. The main focus of this partnership cooperating with the university is mainly on legal information, basic right of the incarcerated inmates and volunteerism involvement for tertiary program purposes.

Involved stakeholders are generally of the view that the Integrity School is much appreciated by both the students and prison staffs. The increased interaction with outsiders in fact, has resulted in improvements in students’ attitude and behavior. The majority of the respondents among the outsiders are of the view that this additional cooperation is very useful for students’ overall rehabilitation process. The prison officials are hoping that these programs will help to reduce the likelihood of re-offending once they were released.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Pusat Koreksional Puncak Alam, Selangor - first operated in April 2018

Pusat Koreksional Jasin, Melaka - first operated in August 2013

Pusat Koreksional Perlis - first operated in March 2011

Pusat Koreksional Johor Bahru, Johor.

- first operated in June 2016

Penjara Kajang, Selangor - first operated in June 1985

Penjara Sungai Buloh, Selangor - first operated in November 1996

Penjara Sungai Udang, Melaka - first operated in May 2010

Penjara Seberang Prai, P. Pinang - first operated in October 2009

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

RESIDENTIAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

RESIDENTIAL

INDUSTRIAL

Pusat Koreksional Puncak Alam, Selangor - first operated in April 2018

Penjara Kajang, Selangor - first operated in June 1985

RESIDENTIAL

Pusat Koreksional Jasin, Melaka - first operated in August 2013

AGRICULTURAL

Penjara Sungai Buloh, Selangor - first operated in November 1996

RESIDENTIAL

Pusat Koreksional Perlis - first operated in March 2011

Penjara Sungai Udang, Melaka - first operated in May 2010

AGRICULTURAL RESIDENTIAL

Pusat Koreksional Johor Bahru, Johor.

- first operated in June 2016

Penjara Seberang Prai, P. Pinang - first operated in October 2009

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

55% of prison population are drug offenders.

100% increase in prison population

since the declaration on “War on Drugs”.

45,640 = official capacity of prison system (cumulative)

Source : Ministry of Home Affairs National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA)

Prison System Development Studies

Likewise, the number of drug-related arrests (averaging 44,000 cases per year) showed no clear declining or rising trend from 2005 to 2012. The exceptional year was 2013 with 128,412 number of arrests, 3 times higher than that in 2012. Whether this high number of arrests is an indication of the coming trend or merely a blimp remains to be seen.

Customs and rudimentary laws

400 BC - 500 AD Development of Roman Laws

500 - 1750 AD

Medieval and Feudal Justice

1750 - 1800 Advanced organized state

1 Cellular Se Security,

PENAL SYSTEM & HISTORY OF 21st Century Rehabilitative, Humane Approach

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

1800 Century eparation, Safe Custody, Rehabilitation through seclusion.

1840 Century Auburn System

F INCARCERATION TIMELINE

1950 Post World War II

1900-1950 Century English Radial Typology

The Prisons Ordinance 1952 and the Prisons Regulations 1953, based on the “modern treatment”concept, were introduced to replace old legislation.

,

MALAYA PRISON MODEL

BEFORE 1957 MALAYA INDEPENDENCE - bringing suffering to the inmates in the hope that this would deter people from committing crimes.

AFTER 1963 MALAYSIA FEDERATION - building productivity through effective recovery, conducive environment and strategic integration.

on i t : era c t r en inca m h nis sion, u P i of perv rm Fo e, su Fin ath. de

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Precedents The case studies have been analysed based on three basic aspects namely; architectural features, country prison policies and functional aspects. Prisons are a highly classifies subject as far as the authorities are concerned. Drawings and photographs of interiors are not permitted by laws and sketches have been taken at the concerned authorities’ discretion. The study purely relies on secondary sources of data and declassified journals, unless specified.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

PENAL TYPOLOGIES AND PRECEDENTS RECTANGLE The rectangular scheme became known as the “Auburn” or “silent” scheme by limiting inmate contact as much as possible. The cellblocks are stacked vertically and arranfed back to back with no direct windows to the exterior, the cells are accessed through long, adjacent balconies that overlook a corridor parallel to an exterior wall.

RADIAL Designed around a central rotunda, this prison plan consists of “spokes” or wings of cellblocks; additional prison programs can be within the different wings or as separate structures located in between wings or adjacent to the entire complex. This scheme may include a perimeter to allow for free movement from one building to another,

TELEPHONE POLE A plan developed by the circulation of security, which includes a building with a central spine, a long central corridor or “pole”, crossed at regular intervals by structures containing inmates’ functional areas; this fosters continuous surveillance as well as independantly controlled access to each functional area. Similarly to the radial scheme, this plan may include a perimeter to allow for free movement by inmates.

COURTYARD With the intention of creating an optimal 360-degree view of inmates and allowing for the free movement of prisoners, this plan contains the inmates within an exterior courtyard by designing the functional units as all sides of the perimeter. The courtyard becomes a central circulation space as well as an additional functional space.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

URBAN A scheme where the correctional facility becomes a solid mass within the varying open and closed spaces of the urban fabric, mimicking its intention of the containment of prisoners in order to protect the general public.

Despite its containment, an urban site creates more visiting opportunities for inmates.

CAMPUS A design by which the functional units are individually housed and organized according to any desired circulation. The scheme includes a perimeter to allow for the movement from one building to another without a risk of escape.

HYBRID / URBAN + COURTYARD The hybrid combines the containment aspect of an urban prison with the plan of a courtyard scheme. Differently, the courtyard is not used as a circulation space; the circulation solely exists at the vertical cores each pertaining to one side of the program-embedded perimeter. The courtyard acts as a functional space, with 360-degree security.

HYBRID / URBAN + CAMPUS The interjection of a self-contained microcosm within a latgerm expanding city, the insertion of a campus plan within an existing urban fabric. While the two coexist, they each function separately according to their definitions, only are they together as places to travel to with intentions.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Bastoy Prison 1982, Norway

Incarceration Rate : 75/100 000 Education Ranking : 3 Healthcare Ranking : 11

PURPOSE :

To understand the working, functioning and ideology of the prison as it is quite different and distinct from a typical prison in and around Malaysia.

Norway is a country that is widely known as a ‘trendsetter’ and regarded very highly in the way in which it deals with the offenders of the society. Bastoy Island further strengthen this statement.

The prison in Bastoy, Norway is a minimum security prison located on an island 1.5 miles from mainland and has generated much attention due to its progressive thinking and prison system. They base their penal system on rehabilitative and reformaive path to treat prisoners and holds the record of having the lowest rates of reoffending (recidivism) at 16% compared to other European countries (60%) and USA (70%). The prison was built with an aim to instil responsibility within the inmates. Focus is on human rights and respects. The whole idea is that the closer you are to the society that you are about to go back in to, the easier it is to re-integrate.

Inmates are given a chance to live as humans and not animals as in the traditional punitive jail model. The guiding mission of the prison is to treat prisoners humanely to boost their chances of reintegration into society through education and work, making them better people.

Any inmate who is a part of the Bastoy Island has to go through the closed jail typology first before qualifying for this facility. Prisoners in Norway can apply for a transfer to Bastoy when they have up to 5 years left for release. Every type of offender including rape and murder maybe accepted as long as they have a good behaviour record and fit the criteria, the main one being a determination to live crime free on release. As such. Bastoy acts as a halfway home as well for the prisoners. Inmates are screened to make sure they are mentally stable and unlikely to plot escape before entering the Bastoy Island. Almost all inmates at the Bastoy Island have served majority of their punishment in a high security prison.

The relationship between guards and prisoners is strong as they are looked upon as correctional instructors rather than guards and most wear civil clothes like the

prisoners. Guards even regularly eat meals and plat sports with the inmates.

Being and island prison, it does not have any walls or fences, hence escape from the prison is quite easy. The superintendant incharge of the prison, who is a criminal psychologist as well, informs every prisoner on his admission the the island that... “if you should escape and make it across the water to free shore, find a phone and call so I know you are okay and we don’t need to send the coast guard looking for you or your body.”

In totality, the Bastoy Island is a prison and such does follow a few rules. The prisoners are counted about 4 times during the day by guards, they are not allowed to carry or utilise cell phones or any communication devices onto the island nor are televisions or any other electronics allowed other than what are provided by thr prison authorities.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

“every inmate in Norway will be released.

Someday he will be somebody’s neighbour...”

- Bastoy Prison Officer

System

It is important to note that Norway doesn’t have the death penalty and the maximum sentence is 21 years.

As a result, every inmate in Norway will be released, and someday he will be somebody’s neighbour, so Bastoy is preparing and training them to go back into society.

The prisoners found at Bastoy range from rapists, murderers, to drug traffickers. Regardless of what type of criminals they did from the past, Bastoy generalized and de-segregated the sentence as one type of minimum security nature. Everyone has a job, whethher that is gardening, farming, or tending to horses. The prison operates like a small village.

There have been few escapes, but many, however, don’t want to leave.

If they tried and failed, they would be forced to go to a higher-security prison and could have their sentences extended.

FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS 1. WORKING MODEL :

Reformative model, open-prison typology, island.

2. AREA OF ISLAND

2.6mil sqm @ 642acres

3. FACILITY Current Occupancy : 115 inmates.

Prison Staff : 69 prison including guards, instructors, various other staff. Only 5 guards remain on island at night.

ACCOMODATIONS

The inmates reside in singular villa type wooden houses. Each house accomodates about 6-8 inmates; each inmate gets his own bedroom with shared rest rooms. They have a common living and dining space as well as a kitchen within the house. Facilities like television, radio, etc. is all available within the house. One inmate, usually the oldest, is chosen as the house keeper and his duty is to look after the house and the inmates residing in it. The houses have a nice green lawn in front and a backyard with storage areas as well as a verandah. The ideology behind this is to develop a family sysem between inmates while on the island as most inmates are from dark and grim backgrounds and have never been a part of a family

PRISON HOSPITAL

There exists a small hospital on the island that takes care of all the ailments and treatments for the prisoners. The hospital has a psychiatric nurse in full time position and a doctor who is present half a day every week. In addition, a therapist and dentist visit the premises twice a week. The hospital provides the inmates with ample of counselling sessions and other self-help group for drug rehab, alcohol addiction, anger management, etc. The authorities see to it that the inmates take part in regular check -ups and that their mental helath is kept fit.

ADMINISTRATION

The administration building is modelled on the lines of an information centre an office for the staff. It includes a number of offices for the superintendants and also incorporates a number of ‘meeting lawns’. Bastoy Island does not allow the use of guns and does not store any kind of ammunition within the

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

premises. Administration building houses some of the following : - Writing office - Superintendant’s office, jailor’s offices, staff offices - Prisoner meeting rooms - Record rooms - Staff commong rooms - Meeting lawns - Visitors’ centre

KITCHEN CUM RESTAURANT

The kitchen does not just function as a kitchen for the island but also acts as a restaurant where prisoners, staff and visitors can order any dish from the menu that they like and pay for it using money. Here, prisoners who want to learn the art of cooking or want to take it up as a career after release are trained by professionals in the field. They learn to cook, serve, wait and manage restaurants. At the same time, inmates make some money as well working in the kitchen.

[Figure] Ferry services operated by inmates of Bastoy Island.

One meal during the day is provided by the prison kitchen to inmates. Other meals are to be fixed by the inmates at their respective house kitchens using raw material bought from the prison store. The store is run by inmates and operates 3 days a week for 3 hours each day.

PRISON INDUSTRY

[Figure] Aerial view of Bastoy Island.

Prison indsutries on the Bastoy Island are known as work units. There are four main categories of work units on the island namely Agriculture, Technical, Kitchen and Maritime Unit.

Agriculture Unit includes working on the Bastoy farms and greenhouses that produce all the fruits and vegetables to be used; cow barns and sheep sheds for milk, meat and wool; horses for work; firewood production and seed and grass producution.

The Technical Unit is responsbile for many task related to the daily running of the island, from repair and maintenance of buildings to laundry and floor-cleaning. It also runs a saw mill, a carpentry workshop and a bicycle repair shop.

[Figure] Typical house for 6-8 inmates with individual rooms and shared kitchen.

The Maritime Unit includes two boats, a ferry used to transport people, guards and prisoners and even goods and automobiles to and from the island and a fishing boat. This unit is run by a combination of civilians and prisoners.

Inmates get paid 10$ a day plus 125$ a month for grocery shopping and other activities.

EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING

Vocational training exists in the form of the training that the convicts receive while working on the various jobs they get outside. Apart from this there exists a church and a school.

[Figure] View of inmate house with mainland in background

Church provides the inmates with religious education which aids in the process of rehabilitation. A priest is present ful time on the island is always ready to lend an ear to the inmates issues. He advises them on how to deal with their problems. As such, church along with the services of the hospital provide a comforting atmosphere for a prisoner to reform. The church also organises meetings and cultural events. They also helps out those prisoners that want to get in touch with the representative of another faith.

School provides the inmates with a chance to finish their education or ei-

ther take up a specialised course that may help them earn a livelihood upon release. They have a well set up IT lab and provide courses like graphic designing, marketing, engineering and many more at the school.

[Figure] Phone booth yard on the island, used by prisoners to call home.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

RECREATION

Bastoy Island consists of a library building that is open every day all year round. A librarian from Horten library staffs the library twice a week, and inmates cover the rest of the week. The library lends out books, books on CD, movies, music, language courses, a few DVD players and a broad selection and magazines.

Apart from the library, the prison island also include a gym with training equipment, indoor climbing walls, cycling, running, fishing, walking trail around the island, movie rooms and equipment for different games indoors and outdoors. A number of in-prison bands and theatre groups present perform at the community hall around the year.

Lectures and events from people who have finished their prison sentence and have recovered and live a normal life in the society take place often. There are benches and seating spaces present in the lawns within the prison premises.

ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS HISTORY AND AGE OF CONSTRUCTION

Before the current prison, the island was occupied by a juvenile detention centre, Bastoy Boys’ Home. The Norwegian government purchased the island in 1898, and the Bastoy Boys’ Home opened in 1900. If followed a very strict and brutal regime that had resulted in a number of deaths on the island.

In 1915, an uprising took place on the island when about 30-40 boys rallied around four youths who had escaped and been recaptured. The group refused to work, armed themselves with farming tools and stones, cut the telephone lines and then burned down the barn with stolen matches and cigars.

The Norwegian army had to step in to bring the rioters in control. The Boys’ Home was taken over by the government in 1953. It was shut down in 1970.

The Bastoy Prison, as it is known today, opened in 1982. An island that was once known for its brutal correctional techniques and method now incorporates a more progressive outlook towards prisoner corrections and reformation. In 2014, the prison was awarded the 2014 Blanche Major Reconciliation Prize for “promoting human value and tolerance”.

MATERIAL USED

All structures and buildings on the island are majorly constructed using local wood suited for the climate of Norway. To avoid an institutional feel, exteriors are not concrete but made of bricks, galvanized steel and larch; the buildings seem to have grown organically from the woodlands.

PLANNING CONCEPT

[Figure] An inmate at the barn.

The Bastoy Island has been planned and constructed to mimic a basic village in any part of rural Norway. The prison is organized as a small island community with about 80 buildings, roads, beach zones, cultural landscape, football field, agricultural land and forest. The look and feel of the island makes the inmates feel they are back into the society and not a part of a prison or undergoing a sentence. This set up provides the inmated with a controlled environment which they can use as a “punching bag” before stepping into the world outside.

DAILY SCHEDULE OF INMATES

Being an open jail, there is no fixed schedule that the inmates follow but there are fixed timins for meal times and wake up and bed times as the prisoners are counted at least 4 times daily and a recors is maintained. At no time during the day are the prisoners kept behind lockups. Work timings are between 8.30 am and 3.30 pm for five days a week. Lunch is usually at around 12.00 pm. Dinner is prepared by prisoners at their own houses.

[Figure] Carpentry workshop and shed.

[Figure] Inmate working at the bicycle repair shop at the Island.

[Figure] Guards and inmated engage in a number of recreational activities together

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

[Figure] Adiministration and visitor’s centre.

Halden Prison, 2010, Norway.

Incarceration Rate : 75/ 100 000 Education Ranking : 3 Healthcare Ranking : 11

#world’s most humane prison Halden Prison in Østfold, Norway is considered the world’s most humane incarceration centre. Boasting amenities like workshops, game rooms, open kitchens, a sound studio, a library, and a rock-climbing wall, as well as harmonious prisoner-guard relationships, this maximum-security facility is a Utopia in comparison to prisons in the United States and much of the rest of the world.

Planning for a new high security prison in Ostfold began in 1999. Construction began in July 2007, and the prison was completed in April 2010. The reason for the construction project was a lack of prison capacity in Norway, as well the fact that many prisons were old and not fit for purpose, which meant they were due to be phased out.

The intention is that prison should facilitate the two mutually dependant contradictions of a sentence: ‘Hard and Soft’, where the hard represent the sentence and deprivation of freedom, while the soft relates to the concept of rehabilitation. Building a relationship between inmates adn employees is an important part of both the rehabilitation process and ensuring security.

“Nature is actively involved as a social rehabilitative factor in the architecture...the opportunity to follow seasonal changes helps to clarify the passage of time for the inmates...”

- Halden Prison Lead Architect

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

System Humanistic Principles Both in terms of the design of regulations and its practical work, the Norwegian Correctional Service should strive to ensure that these characterise the execution of criminal justice in practice. The Norwegian criminal justice system is based on humanistic principles and on individual arrangements for convicts and inmates. The aim of protecting society from criminal acts must be balanced against the aim of ensuring that the individual inmate has the opportunity to return to society as a future law-abiding citizen.

The Import Model Norwegian prisons are run using the so-called import model. This means that different public bodies deliver service to inmates in prisons, in the same way they also deliver these services to people in the community outside of prison.

Norway’s most modern Halden Prison was Norway’s newest and most modern prison when it opened. It is tailored in terms of design, architecture and content to provide incarceration that complies with the principles that Norwegian criminal justice should be based upon.

Inmates are sentenced to punishment, but they are not deprived of their rights as citizens in relation to education, health, work, religion and social services. The prison has a wide range of activities and services on offer that aim to help inmates to master daily life following their release.

FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS 1. WORKING MODEL :

Reformative model, open plan campus typology, hilly site.

2.SITE AREA :

approx 314,000sqm @ 77.5 acres

3. FACILITY Current Occupancy : 252 inmates Prison Staff : 35 prison including guards, instructors, various other staff.

ACCOMODATIONS

The living quarters are located behind the copse on the hill. This is a short walk from the activity building and administrative building to the west. The sections accomodate four units on each floor, with 10-12 inmates per unit. This means there are 84 spaces in each unit. The layout of the cells and common room ensure good views of the surrounding natural landscape. There are two outdoor spaces, each with an area of approx. 1000sqm. One is designed for sporting activities, while the other is more contemplative with a focus on experiencing nature and movement. The cells are organised around a common room that has dayligh from two sides. This gives the daylight and view some latitude in relation to experiences during the course of the day. The comon room includes a kitchen/eating area and living area. The guard room is active adjoining part of the common room. The cell wings diverge from the common room like arms. The living quarters are identical, but with different views and colours.

THE CULTURAL CENTRE

The cultural centre houses the sports hall/ cultural hall featuring a stage, weights room and a ceremony room, all of which are organised around a foyer with views of the football pitch to the south. Daylight is taken in along the length of the floor through exercise wall bars. The ceremony room has load-bearing brick walls where individual bricks have been replaced with glass bricks to allow daylight to enrich the room. The feature wall to the east has received artistic treatment and the natural landscape on the hill to the east becomes part of the room’s interior through the slits on either side of the wall.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS In term of location, design and interior, Halden Prison has been designed to reflect life outside its wall as an important tool during inmates’ sentences.

Halden Prison is built on the crest of a hill surrounded by woods. Typical of the site are the three elongated hills running north to south. The middle hill divides the site into two main levels with a difference in height of approx. 8-10 meters. The site is characterized by its existing pine woods with smooth rocks and heather forming its base. This was considered a valuable starting point for the development of a prison facility, alongside the requirements and limitations that apply to such a facility.

INTEGRATING THE ORIGINAL ELEMENTS

The goal throughout the process has been to preserve and integrate the original landscape and vegetation into the prison facility. Topography and existing vegetation therefore forms the basis for the location of the buildings and design of outdoor spaces. The landscape natural and processed is incorporated as an important part of daily life in the prison.

The overall objectives were : - To preserve the existing vegetation and terrain -To use local materials - To create a varied facility that stimulates use and physical activity

Free Floor Plan. No predefined model. Depends on the site and briefing.

Each building has its identity (different material and forms). Courtyards opened to the outside space. A modern plan without interference of the reform from the 18th century and the famous Panopticon model

EVERYDAY MOVEMENTS

The architectural response to these goals has been, amongst other things, to divide the building stock so that inmates’ movements during the course of the day reflect - as much as is possible - our everyday movements through the home, school, workplace and leisure activities. Symmetry and axial order are avoided because this often creates associations with subjugation of the individual. The facility is divided into ‘public’ and ‘private’ functions with different modes of expression. It has been the intention that the prison’s employees should feel that they are in a different zone when not mixing with inmates.

SMALL OASES

The administration and welfare buildings are located on the flattest part of the site. The existing terrain and vegetation between the buildings has been retained as mach as is possible. There has been an emphasis on creating good, varied outdoor spaces adjacent to the buildings.

HARD AND SOFT

Cells. Long vertical windows. Privacy. Long vertical windows with views to the outside world. Natural lighting and ventilation. Bright, simple and modern furniture. Safety glass instead of bars.

The project’s intention and main initiative is based on two mutually dependant contradiction : hard and soft. Hard represenents the deprivation of freedom that occurs during a sentence, while the soft represents the goal of rehabilitatio. This is reflected in the main initiative and the position of the buildings.The division of the site in two has provided guidance for the facility’s main focus and architectural differentiation. The bulk of the institution, the administrative functions and the highest-security units are gathered together in one system connected to the main gate and sports park on the lower.

EXTERIOR

The facility’s exterior, situated in the lush wooded area, is clean and precise in its expression. Dark brick wall, galvanised steel and timber are used consciously to create a precise facility with beautiful dimensions and distribution of windows. The complex has the appearance of a modern prison facility. The chosen materials have a nuanced character with textures and colour breaks, which together with the impact of dayligh on the material ensure the buildings have a shifting character throughout the day and year. The goal was to construct the buildings ‘into the natural landscape’. The colour palette of the materials is inspired by the pink granite of Halden, the brown-pink hue of the pine trunks and the

Outdoor Spaces. Located in a forested area. Green spaces, trees and landscape features are everywhere.

moss-clad forest floor. Grey-pink bricks have been used.

INTERIOR

An interior designer has been used for the furnishing of a prison. Functional needs, security and efficiency for employees have been put into focus. Together with architects, the work has compromised understanding the logistics, the main functions of the rooms and their interdependant relationships. The facility’s interior should help to drive a positive attitude amongst inmates.

COLOURS AND VARIATION

The base colour is a neutral grey-white. In addition, 15 impact colours have been selected that are used as contrast colours in various rooms and buildings. The colours in individual rooms have been chosen based on the psychological impact those colours have on inmates. In cells, subdued colours that contribute to a calming atmosphere have been used.

In activity rooms and common rooms, fresher and more energetic colours have been used.

Galleries. Less cells in each gallerie.

Clean and bright materials. Larger gallery width. Friendly environment

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

CORE PROGRAMMES ROS (Relationships and Cohabiting)

ROS is a cognitive-dynamic programme for those convicted of sexual offences and is based on non-confrontational treatment in a group setting where efforts are made to address the partcipants’ risk factors for relapse. The programme works actively on issues such as anxiety, depression, guilt and shame. It also helps to develop skills in building and maintaining good relationships. This includes the way in which we think, being aware of how one’s own feelings and feelings of thers play a role, self-esteem and self-perception, how fantasies affect us, our social relationships and our capacity for intimacy.

NSAP (National Substance Abuse Program) This is a cognitive programme that is based on how we think and how this influences our actions. The programme’s starting point is that substance abuse is learned and van therefore be unlearned in order to learn new behaviours that are more appropriate and provide a better quality of life in the long term.

Target group: Inmates who acknowledge they have a substance abuse program/face challenges

Dad in Prison

Parental Guidance (ICDP)

Parental guidance is a programme based on the sensitisation method. The programme is conducted as a group conversation, with a focus on the child and their needs.

Target group : Inmates who are fathers and have regular contact with their children, including through visits.

Many inmates find it complicated and challenging to take responsibility for their families, and especially their children. Everyday life requires us to be caring, responsbile, supporting and good role models for our children. Experience indicates that dads in prison for any number of reasons feel that they do not have sufficient skills or experience as fathers. At the same time, there are many who have a conflict-filled relationship with their mother of their children.

Coping with Stress

Anger Management

A programme for all inmates who have difficulty mastering their anger. Those who may particularly benefit from such a programme are also welcome to apply. The programme illustrates the causes and consequences of uncontrooled angry behaviour and how it is possible to use alternative patterns of actions in risk situations.

Target group: Participants who have been convicted due to anger and aggression isssues, or who may be perceived to face challenges in this respect.

“Programme activities are used to describe initiatives run by the Norwegian Correctional Service directed at inmates and those on remand in the form of teaching, skills training and structured conversations. ”

A brief programme with a cognitive link. The programme is specifically aimed at inmates who experience a lot of stress during their spell in prison and who may receive straightforward tools to help them in situations they may find stressful. The programme is simple and addresses relevant subjects related to stress. Inmates contribute their own experiences with a focus on sreess from both the past and present.

Target group : Inmates (primarily new arrivals) who are experiencing stress in prison or at various stages of serving their sentence.

Breaking Crime

‘Breaking Crime’ is a programme aimmed at inmates who have developed a criminal lifestyle over a longer period of time. The programme is cognitive and focuses on the opportunities for change amongst participants through changing though patterns and attitudes towards criminality.

Target group: Those who are interested in changing their criminal lifestyle and have made a choice/ decision in this regard.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION (TIP) A wide-ranging vocational education pathway on the road to profesional expertise.

Inmates who select TIP programme of education have a whole ocean of opportunities on the road to professional expertise, as well as great options when it comes to exciting jobs after they complete their sentences.

Multiple ways forward There are multiple ways to reach goal depending on what you want to achieve and what skills the inmates have. Either by taking general academic skills or vocational education programmes, in which you can purse your apprenticeship in the prison’s own garage, or you may be entitled to adult education and have your existing skills assessed. The approval of existing skills in a subject is the equivalent of passing that subject.

Different skills The special thing about school in prison is that the inmates bring a wide range of skills and experiences, in addition to the fact that the time they spend here naturally varies greatly. Some also have shorter or longer breaks for various reasons without it being detrimental to their studies.

“We don’t see it as a challenge. We perceive it as a unique opportunity. Here, we arrange it so that everyone can benefit from out provision regardless of what their background is and what level they come in at”.

“We really love helping people to move on in life.”

Teacher Geir Johansen and skilled worker Kim Norander Buckholm at Halden Upper Secondary School’s branch in Halden Prison.

As a minimum, apprentices should undertake a two-year apprenticeship, but can be provided with a customised programme if required.

They arrive in the workshop from their cells everyday at 8.30 am and work until 15.00 following a working day as similar as possible to what will meet them once they finish their sentences.

Motivated students Students are typically very motivated, and that they consider this a sanctuary where their daily lives can be normalised as much as is possible. After a while, the students often open up and tell powerful stories from their own lives. This can be concluded that they get close to the individuals and play a completely different role that they would in a regular school.

Supporting people Both state that being able to support people in a difficult phase of their life is very rewarding. The fact that many choose to serve even the final part of their sentence in the prison rather than in an open prison so that they can complete their education is something they see as a good sign that they have created a professionally positive and inclusive environment.

A teacher at Halden Prison school who is responsible for teaching on automobile course. He boasts of the great interaction between correctional service and the school, which offers great flexibility and a unique opportunity for inmates to develop vocational skills.

“There is an inner driving force to work to help people moving on,” They have experienced many success stories with inmates who have completed their education and passed their qualifying examinations, which has enabled them to secure placements and permanents jobs in their chosen professions.

Opening doors to industry The teachers are often themselves able to open doors into local industry for individuals by making contact and accompanying them to their first meeting. This is about humanity.

“We find most businesses to be positive, but it is important to be honest about the reasons behind the prison sentence if they are to have a chance. Fortunately, there are many business owners and managers who see the person rather than the conviction, which means they have ended up with an extremely dutiful and hardworking employee in return.”

Works officers who both have extensive experience in the auto industry, monitor their apprentices closely. They are also responsible for the car care section which has capacity for three inmates.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

“GARAGE BEHIND BARS” The workshop is approved by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration and carries out all types of services, maintenance and mechanical repairs, as well as EU inspections and car care. The aim is for inmates to be able to complete the full programme of education while in the prison, including their apprenticeship and qualifying exams. “Skilled car mechanics are always in demand. That’s

why the programme here offers great opportunities for a permanent job on the outside. This means people have a better chance of a normal life”.

State of the Art

The workshop has state of the art equipment and space for three apprentices. They are closely monitored in both their practical and theoretical work, in line with the curriculum.

“We are very careful in terms of the execution of the practical work. No cars are returned from here that we cannot guarantee the quality of”.

Some of those who apply to work with vehicles have previously dropped out of upper secondary education. Regardless of how far they have got in their education before stopping, they can resume their studies and complete their education in prison

Motivated Students

The students pursue knowledge that is far beyond the curriculum. “They know that they are being given an opportunity that shouldn’t be wasted. The working conditions here also based on trust, and everyone connected to us has to pass an approval process. The workshop has open doors into the prison’s public spaces, but there are strict rules about where the inmates are allowed to go.”

Close Cooperation

Before the students are given apprenticeships,the teacher who is responsible for teaching must seek to provide students with the best possible vocational skills and motivation. The students have to go through some theory, which they use the prison classroom for. They also try to integrate the theory as much as possbile into their practical work through the use of textbooks to see how it works in practice. This makes learning more pleasent. This experience provides inmates with a unique opportunity for a positive future.

“CARPENTRY” Many come to carptentry to have an interesting meaningful everyday life in prison. They place a major emphasis on creating an inclusive and positive environment. The workshop is well equipped with machinery and tools, and has capacity for 10 participants. Demand is substantial and all places are usually filled.

Different Levels

The level of knowledge and practical experience naturally varies greatly amongst those who apply.

Some have barely ever used a plane before, while others have extensive experience of craft work and are very familiar with the machinery.

Production

Tasks consist of the production of useful and saleable items such as butter knives, ladles, spoons, various boxes and containers, pot stands and much more. The only limitation on what they can produce within the current framework is their imagination. Inmates often bring along their own ideas that they always want to try out stuff.

Bigger Challenges

For the most talented individuals, it is a short path to the full carpentry workshop where they have more advanced machinery and a wider ranger of production- where they also face bigger challenges.

“Here in carpentry, we find suitable task regardelss of the level of skills that inmates already have.”

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

WIDE-RANGING H E A LT H C A R E PROVISION - Doctor - Nurse - Psychologist - Physiotherapist - Dentist The health and care services for inmates in prison should be equal to those provided to the rest of the population.

Inmates have the same statutory entitlement to healthcare as all other citizens. A prerequsite for good and propser health and care services is that inmates have access to qualified personnel who have specific expertise in matters related to their unusual living conditions, situation and health issues - and who are familiar with the correctional service’s tasks in prison.

Complex Challenges

Statistically, mental ilness, as well as drug addiction are all over-represented amongst inmates. These often pose complex challenges. Some of them are already undergoing treatment when they arrrive, which can be overlapped and continued withing the prison walls.

Many who end up in prison for the first time feel like the world outside is falling apart both in family-terms and financially. It can be traumatic and can cause anxiety and depression. This is why the initial period is particularly important with a view to stabilising the inmate and motivating him to look ahead.

“Many inmates struggle with mental issues and often face complex challenges. We examine and treat mental disorders,” - Prison psychiatrist specialist

EXERCISE H E A L

FOR T H

Exercise as Medication

Some inmates spend a long time in living quarter, with just a few hours per day out of their cells. This can quickly lead to isolation and passivity. The early days in prison can be intrusive with a lot of thought, uncertainty and anxiety. We have an important role to play in getting people out of their cells and being active.

The use of the forest is optimizes, where they made a trail that they often follow with the inmates. This can be either in the form of individual sessions, or in small groups.

“Some inmates serving long sentences may not have seen anything but asphalt and concrete for years. In the forest at Halden, they can’t see the walls, and the terrain is rugged. It gives the sense of being on a hike somewhere in the great outdoors, and is good for the balance of mental health.”

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

LIFE WITHOUT A D D I C T I O N Navigator at Halden is considered by inmates to be one of the very best drug rehabilitation units within the Norwegian Correctional Services.

quality of sleep, sensitivity to stress, concentration, anxiety, the immune system and much more. Yoga is also used to good effect.

Studies have shown that more than 60 percent of inmates have significant drug problems, and a large proportion of all crime is in one way or another connected to the use of drugs. But having a drug problem is one thing. Recognising that you have is an entirely different matter.

Many people come to Navigator with very poor self-esteem and little belief in a positive future. The starting point is that everyone is good enough, and that everyone has talents and opportunities if they are willing to get grip on their lives.

“To get a spot in Navigator, you need to have acknowledged your addiction and be motivated to strive for lasting change.”

High Level of Expertise

Responding to a question of what addiction treatment consists of, the Head Milieu Therapist says...

“There is no specific description or recipe for drug treatment.

You can’t have an operation to remove the problem, and no medicines will make you better. First and foremost, we ask the inmates to look themselves in the mirror and focus on their own attitutdes to themselves and the community around them.

How do I want to live?? Do I want change? It’s the inmate who is in focuse and we are here to help.”

Individual Follow-Up

Everyone serving their sentence in Navigator is provided with an individual follow-up plan. Joint meetings, activities and exercise are also a key element of the content and the social training provided. In addition, the drug unit provides auricular therapy for those engaged in abstinence through programmes, which can improve

Positive Psychology

In Halden, they do training to identify the small, positive things in daily life. It might be that a prison officer gives you positive feedback, a fellow inmate offers a cup of coffee or get a pat on the back.

The rehabilitation work for life on the outside and also provides inmates with great motivation to stay drug-free.

Your Own Responsibility

It is important to point out that it is the inmates themselves who are primarily responsible for their own follow-up care and changes in attitude. It is entirely possible get up and move forward with head held high.

“There are many helping hands to aid them on their way, but they themselve have to be willing to take hold of them.”

“ It isn’t enough to just get your blood sober. You also need to be sober in your head which takes far longer.”

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Iwahig Prison Colony (IPC),

Incarceration Rate : 179/100 000 Education Ranking : 107 Healthcare Ranking : 60

Palawan Province, 1910, Phillipines.

“prison without bars.”

Surrounded by a thick coastal mangrove forest, a mountain range and a highway, the 26,000-hectare Iwahig jail is one of the world’s largest open prisons, more than two times the size of Paris. A few hundred hectares of the land is devoted to rice paddies, which sit on either side of a fire-tree-lined dirt road. Ducks, goats, cattle and egrets feed quietly on newly harvested plots.

Fish ponds, coconut plantations, corn fields and vegetable plots are scattered across the prison, although most of the land remains covered by forest and mangroves.

Most other jails in the Philippines continue with brutal conditions, with inmates packed beyond capacity in dingy, airless cells and having to take turns sleeping.

But at Iwahig, and four smaller penal farms in other provincial areas, authorities have sought to take advantage of the open spaces to create conditions that encourage the rehabilitation of inmates.

History of Iwahig Prison and Penal Colony It was founded on November 16, 1904 when sixty-one prisoners arrived at Iwahig, an abandoned Spanish Royal Farm. It was the plan to use prison labor to clear the forested area to induce people from other places to settle in Palawan. The plan was then chaged with the passage of Act 1738 in September 1907, designating the colony as a rehabilitation of reformed criminals. It was called by the Spanish authorities Iguahit (Iwahig), a penal settlement with two groups of prisoners : the disciplinary cases composed of soldiers and civilians convicted of crimes, and deportees who were suspected or charged with offenses against the civil and religious authorities. The place was developed as a sugar-estate or plantation where prison labor was used. Its forest abounds in prized hardwood such as camagong, ipil and other hard wood used for ship building and cabinets.

Today, the place is known as the Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm, located 22km south of Puerto Princesa City, It has gained international recognition as the “prison without bars”.

“This farm work serves as their preparation for getting back into a free society once they are released. It helps them adapt back to life as free men” - IPC Prison Superintendent

Area of the Colony It has an area of approximately 38,600 hectares divided into four sub-colonies : 1) the Central with an area of 12,000 hectares, is the site of the administrative offices 2) Inagawan, 10,600 hectares which was established in 1946 as site of the Davai Penal Colony in exile; 3) St. Lucia, 9,000 hectares, was founded in 1952 as temporary site of the New Ramon Prison and Penal Farm, when the latter was destroyed by disastrous floods and 4) Montible, formerly a logging area of the Central sub-colony with an area of 7,000 was established in 1961.

Administration The colony is managed by a Prison Superitendent and about 105 officers and employees. The annual appropriation from the national government averages Php 1.5mil peso.

The sub-colonies are also under a Prison Superintendent. These units are divided into working stations: farming, animal husbandry, engineering and construction, forestry, fishing, coconut and coffee industry, handicraft, education and cultural arts and institutional services.

Life in the Colony The colonist enjoy much freedom in their movement within their reservation. They live and work like free men in scattered work-stations which closely resemble typical barrios. Some prisoners are allowed to live with their families in groups within the reservation apart from other colonists. Even bachelor colonists are allowed to bring their fiancees or marry the daughter of fellow-colonists.

The colony like a free community is porvided with basic services: school, postal service, chapel, mosque, recreation halls, hospital and movies. In fact, Iwahig Penal Colony is a center of social activities where prominent persons from the neighbouring municipalities and high government officials are invited.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Life at Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm

The notable thing about the Iwahig Penal Colony is that there are no high walls that surround the place. Even with the low security, prisoners rarely escape the area. Surprisingly, they respectively bide their time in prison, waiting patiently for their release.

Offenders who have shown delinquency are stationed at a more secure area where they are strictly watched over. Prisoners are given the opportunity to work around the farm and fisheries in order to provide food and shelter for their families.

Most of the time, the family of the prisoners detained at Iwahig Penal Colony live nearby in order for them to still have a connection with their loved ones. Inmates are given the opportunity to retrain or learn a trade within the colony ranging from farming and fishing to forestry and carpentry.

PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED

Congestion or overcrowding, food provisions are inadequate for normal human daily requirements, absence of adequate conjugal visitation rooms especially for out of town conjugal visitors, opening of personal letters, not allowing them to sell handicrafts to visitors, sanitation especially on toilet facilities/ water supply, absence of sanitary inspectors, inadequate beds/ beddings/mosquito nets, medical facility is inadequately supplied and poorly equipped, inadequacy of funds especially for malarial control projects, absence of continuous health education training program for health attendants/nurses, absence of adequate isolation rooms for communicable diseases, inadequate fumigation for mosquitoes and its breeding grounds, absence of ambulance, violent cause of death is still prevalent and lack of communication equipments.

With regard to human rights abuses committed against them, they have varied answers. Some are often beaten-up by some guards and fellow prisoners who are in-charge of the discipline whenever they violated prison rules and regulations.

They are usually abused by giving them household workloads and ordered them that these workloads should be immediately done. And if they are not accomplished on time, thereยนs a corresponding punishment for them. And the major problem and concern of the living out prisoners is their chance of being released through pardon or parole.

S U G G E S T I O N S A N D R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S With all the problems raised, there were suggestions and recommendations given. These are regionalization of Penal Institutions or improvement of rehabilitatory process; - to adequately improve budgetary allocations to effect: employment of more staff/personnel, improvement of drug/ supplies situation, and improvement of penal facilities, buildings, accommodation, communication facilities etc.; - the CHR shall evaluate the synopsis of prison record of the inmates and recommends the same to the board of Pardons and Parole for possible grant of any form of Executive Clemency; - the CHR shall also follow-up the status of the application for amnesty of the political prisonersยน concern and conveyed the result therein to the concern inmates; and lastly - there should be a concrete government program on the newly released prisoners to help them cope on their life after their term.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

CASE STUDY : Pusat Koreksional Puncak Alam, Selangor.

2018, Malaysia SETTING

Incarceration Rate : 177/100 000 Education Ranking : 66 Healthcare Ranking : 49

The case study setting takes place in Pusat Koreksional Puncak Alam (PKPA), Puncak Alam, Selangor.

Currently it is the most latest correctional centre typology replacing the previous correctional operation in Sekolah Integriti Kajang in Penjara Kajang.

Ever since the correctional operation has started in March 2018, all young inmates from Sekolah Integriti Kajang have been transferred to the new correctional facility in PKPA.

DISCUSSION 01 : Hard Architecture vs Soft Architecture

In designing an incarcerated architecture, the design must reflect back the basic necessity of human needs for young inmates. Then, the design process (hard architecture) will begin with a plan of a community configuration that encourage social interaction in which few aspect of treatments will be inserted by imposing programs (rehabilitation) that require an effective communication between them.

[PLAN] Accomodation layout, entrance points and activity zones with accessible circulation highlighted in yellow colour.

“The need for security will work its way through the spatial arrangement of private and public spaces in order to maintain safety”, said by the expert architect on prison typology. Then, the overall design will produce a high level of containment that remains as the elements of punishment through the loss of personal freedom itself.

Since the new policy on Department of Correctional has been revised and updated, the Centre has overcome the necessity to enforce physical punishment, instead the building itself suggests as a passive contributory for maintaining control. Bars on cell windows, louvers window without the glass, grille gates at all blocks perimeter, high razor wire fencing and steel doors are built to promote discipline and security.

The lack of thought for the humane sense in the accommodation cell design is apparent. Two types of cell are designed for specific purposes. The single cells are meant for solitary confinement punishment in which no windows are designed not allowing for natural lighting to strike through. The second cell, which is the normal accommodation for all young inmates, measure 1.8 meters by 2.4 meters deep and hold two to three inmates at the same time. The interior spaces are shockingly non-claustrophobic. The accommodation block layout design is nothing like suggested as a prison system seen in television; dark, non-painted concrete wall and no windows. Surprisingly, the interior colour uses is white, beige and neutral tones for cell walls and ceiling. According to the architect,

[SKETCH] Accomodation layout, entrance points and activity zones with accessible circulation highlighted in yellow colour.

“The need for security will work its way through the spatial arrangement of private and public spaces in order to maintain safety.”

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

- Penal architect

the choice of paint colour avoids the use of dark and bright colour. “White and beige colour is painted for at almost walls because it absorb the least heat.”

Cells are designed in order to avoid vandalism and escape and any potential for hiding places. There is no space has been allocated for personal belongings storage. This makes the underutilized spaces such as the long circulation corridor to be transformed as informal communal areas such as seating and studying. All cells do not have beds, so the inmates sleep on thin mattresses and timber plywood below it to warm up by avoiding sleeping directly on cold concrete floor. “These cells belong to the mentally unstable.” the anonymous inmate explains. Hard furniture such as steel bunk bed and study table are removed to prevent self-harm.

DISCUSSION 02 :

Public Space vs Private Space Hancock and Jewkes (2011) suggest that incarceration as ‘invisible’ to society, done as a part to calm uneasiness about inmate escapes and an intrusion to the settlement after being released. Puncak Alam Correctional Centre although placed in close proximity to the suburban Kampung Cerakah residential area, it is completely hidden from view.

The center is immersed amongst foliage of big trees with a lengthy curving road inland, suggesting the attempt to counteract with the controversy or NIMBY-ism syndrome (Not in My Back Yard) that arose whenever the proposal was announced by the government. From the main gate, the vista along the road with typical government servant quarters typology suggest that this center is nothing suggested as prison gateway. Vehicles are parked beside the main gate and all visitors are to be reported at the guard house. The boom gate at the main road acts as the division of public and semi-private area once the permission to drive upward is permitted. There is also no separation between staffs and visitors’ car parking bays display that once the person is allowed to pass through this point, there is no ‘them and us’ mentality anymore. The built form of the façade itself display small windows with iron grating grid making it impossible to see in from the outside.

“These cells belong to the

mentally unstable.”

- anonymous inmate

The routes for both visitation and staffs are separated from the front of the administration building, suggesting the division from the semi-public spaces to the private space.

The sprawling layout of buildings are aligned all facing to the north side in which the all the accessibility in private areas such as academic building and accommodations can be controlled by the security at the administration building. The site plan layout suggests the correctional attempts on open-building concept, where all buildings are connected through sidewalk, accommodation acts as the heart of activity thus making the walking distance to all blocks is shortest as possible. Truth be told, the attempt on creating a sprawling environment through the dispersed of layout was quite unsuccessful. Each block is separated with high perimeter electric security fencing, plus the main gate of each block is equipped with walk through metal detector security gate.

[PLAN] Red line indicates the perimeter of security fencing and the blocks are connected through continuity of walking pedestrian (blue line) in between.

[IMAGE] Front facade of the administration building

With the presence of these physical barriers and security equipment, the living environment unconsciously is segregated with various level of security within a correctional centre; public block (Surau), semi-public block (Administration), semi- private blocks (accommodation and academic building), and private space (cell unit)

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

DISCUSSION 03 :

Social Interaction and Isolation

Due to the high security nature of the design, some sacrifices concerning the quality of life for inmates are apparent. The activity service space such as sports field is located at the end of the corner instead of being the center of activity. The sport field perimeter is equipped with high security fencing, and it requires prison staff to escort the Fig 3. Location plan of correctional facility from the entrance of Jalan Bukit Cerakah as the inmate to go there. The purpose of the social interaction itself is inflictedonly accessible road.with the nature of communal space design. A communal space should be located as the center of activity, where a direct supervision from the officers is full vision to avoid any potential of contraband.

A practical movement for encouraging social interaction is suggested from the beginning of design process. Any accessible communal space should be connecting to all blocks where the walking distance for inmates to move is desirable and walkable.

As described by one anonymous inmate, solitary period is…

’real intense of boredom. No outside air… you can’t see out the windows.

They don’t treat you bad but it’s just that everything is so impersonal.

There is no natural light source since the design cell for solitary period is difference to the standard daily cell. No windows and artificial light from fluorescent lamp disallowing the person to differentiate between days and night, thus making them become irregular after 14 days. A psychologist added, restricted calories intake is the key for rehabilitation. The psychological effect on hunger influences the behaviours and stress levels of inmates being in confinement. Once the period of 14 days in confinement ended, young inmate will normally appeared with different attitudes. The implication of starvations during the period made them undesirably to repeat the same mistakes, misbehaved because they have experienced the distress of isolation period before this. Indeed, these experiences during solitary invite impersonal features.

[SKETCH] Exemplary accessible block arrangement in which outdoor space acts as a connecting point to all blocks.

Contrasted to what has been suggested for encouraging social interaction, there is also a certain situation in which these young inmates will be exceptionally forbidden to participate in group activities such as evening football or school class basically for punishment and mental health state purposes.

This situation is called as solitary confinement. In solitary confinement, even after a short of time, an individual is likely to be pulled off into something called as a ‘mental fog’. According to the prison officer, during this process, the attention, alertness of inmate who has been in solitary will become impaired. He added,

[SKETCH] Exemplary prison plan of urban typology.

“We even restricted their menu diet during solitary as a punishment. All access for 3 rice meals per day will be change to bread and water for the next 14 days.”

- PKPA Prison Officer

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

DISCUSSION 04 :

Physical Security and Freedom of Movement

The design of correctional centre is driven by a rationale to keep the young inmates from escaping, encompasses a series of multiplex layers. The main entrance to the first building encounter follows by a long, curvy road to an adjacent of car park space, where a visitor waiting area is visible. The main boom gate at the first guard house is manned by a group of prison guards follows by another one boom gate, assembled to divide each status of young inmate category.

Citing the quotes of the conversation between the researcher and prison officer, he describes the concept of the correctional design as ‘breathing the same air under the same sky’. He added, the modification that has been done from the previous prison system into the new correctional model is in freedom of movement aspect.

“ In here, everyone is free to move from one place to another. Our concept is open, even without supervision from my people (wardens), these boys (inmates) will not be able to escape.”

Contrasted to what has been described by the prison officer, the researcher’s observation is contradicted to what has been said. Looking from the perspective of an architectural view rather than a person who works in the Centre, the concept described does not apply on the whole living environment. The observation suggested is based on the high fencing security at all blocks perimeter including prayer hall (surau), and communal space (sport field). This suggestion implies the idea that every inmate needed to know where he should and should not be at the every own time and places.

[PLAN] Red line indicates the perimeter of security fencing and the blocks are connected through continuity of walking pedestrian (blue line) in between.

At every block security fencing, there is only one security door which acts as an accessible pathway to one another. This security door is equipped with metal detector, as a part of security measure in daily routine.

DISCUSSION 05 :

Safety Control Design vs Authority Regulations The choice of site for an incarceration centre is fully governed by the Ministry of Home Affairs. Especially for a correctional centre, a height site with hill terrain will be the major determination feature for the setting. The soil structure of hill terrain site itself will induce a safety control design aspect in spatial planning and how it will be managed.

For example if any unwanted phenomenon happened such as big floods, a height site setting such as in PKPA will be conserved from them.

The authorities’ regulations are driven by a rationale to keep the young inmates from needing to be transferred to a safer place in case any phenomenon happens. Even though there is no unwanted precedent issues regarding violation, riots and escapism situation has happened in Malaysia until today, but the safety control design aspect to avoid these situations is still kept taken care of, and be the main determinacy for design.

In comparing a correctional policy in our country to another developed country such as Sweden and Denmark, the architect describes that in comparing a prison layout in Malaysia to a prison layout in Sweden, one need to understand how both regulations of these two countries work. A comparison of two different layouts located on two different countries solely based on the architecture itself, is hasty generalization.

[PLAN] Vehicle accessible in yellow line with three series of security guard houses and boom gates in red circle.

A good example would be, the correctional policy in Malaysia allows for Sekolah Integriti modules within the prison, thus the spatial arrangements are needed for spaces such as classroom, library and academic block, but somehow in Sweden, one need to understand how both

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

regulations of these two countries work. A comparison of two different layouts located on two different countries solely based on the architecture itself, is hasty generalization.

Its correctional policy allow for private prison other than the federal prison. For sure, the design for private prison will be different, and up above the standard from those in federal prisons. These differences could be distinguished through the individual space for cell unit rather than sharing, the need for private space such as bathroom, pantry and workstation. These two different aspects in policy will shape how the architecture of the prison through the implementation of specific programs introduced in the correctional centres.

“It is unfair to judge our country prison system and comparing us to rehabilitation centre owned by private sector and NGOs. Firstly, we only have one legal prison system, our country doesn’t provide private prison (forprofit prison) like in Europe countries, and thus our authorities’ regulations are subjected and controlled by both Prison Department and Ministry of Home Affairs.”

- Prison Officer

DISCUSSION 06 :

Rehabilitative and Punitive There are several aspects that need to be considered whilst talking about the punishing or rehabilitative system. First and foremost, it is vital a system acknowledged human freedom aspect because subsequently it will recognise significant limitations on punishment scopes and intensity towards these young inmates.

Rehabilitative program in correctional centre emphasizes on the Sekolah Integriti modules during second phase of inmate’s service development. In this module, the selected inmates are eligible to participate in daily school with access for library, reference books, teachers from Ministry of Education and permission to sit for public examination such as PMR, SPM and A-Level. One young inmate who participated in interview explained that going to school is a part of his daily weekday routine. At the moment, he describes that he still cannot believe that he sits for SPM examination in prison rather than in his school in Pantai Dalam.

“Seven months ago before I entered this place, I have a different idea on what my future would like to be. Now that I’m here, there’s not much I can do. Studying is the only activity that motivates me to wake up every morning.”

He then compares the differences between school experience in the Centre and in daily school.

“Before this I was not into studying. It was hard to concentrate in class, there was so much distraction coming from peers, smartphone and nightlife with friends. But now no more, it is easier now to concentrate in class because I have nothing to do unless going to school.”

To help shifting from punishment system to rehabilitation, it is observed that rehabilitation can be inspirational and motivating with the co-opting of educational modules and substance abuse program that help in reinforcing positive feedbacks rather than punishing bad behaviour only.

As said by the school teacher who involve in prison education system in PKPA, he describes the differences and challenges in teaching young inmates and comparing his experience from previous years teaching in daily school. The difference would be in the willingness to absorb knowledge among them.

“In daily school before they were arrested and confined in correctional centre, these students are probably being forced by parents to go to school, but in here (prison), they are willingly to join the educational class hour with me.”

Not everyone is eligible to sit for daily school routine correctional centre; ones need to sit for interviews to test basic reading and thinking skills first.

He describes that the process on educational in correctional centre started at 9AM and ended at 2PM. During this period, teachers are in charged for the continuance of school schedule with less supervision by prison officers as well as in classroom.

However, despite the positive elements in Sekolah Integriti modules being injected into correctional model, the sceptical public also has a tendency to not agree with rehabilitative that means for incarceration. Having said that, the common belief is the cost to spend in rehabilitation cost more than the incarceration itself. However, for the past a decade since Sekolah Integriti module program started being introduced in Penjara Kajang, it tend to be more cost efficient. In fact, it reduces the delinquency rates which subsequently will save taxpayers monies and giving these young inmates a safer environment to live in both financially and morally.

With no denial, punishment may also have an effect on young inmates, as it makes the Centre as an undesirable place to live and come back, as this is already inflicted through the loss of freedom in spatial limitations. Nevertheless, without the introduction of Sekolah Integriti modules, correctional centre will only serve as breeding grounds for more criminals and future act of crime.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

CONCLUSION

This study found that there is a correlation between the designs of a correctional center with the psychological aspect onto the inmates. Young inmates are still punished mentally and physically through severe environments and strict routines. This situation can lead toward mental disorders and behavioural impaired. Most young inmates are not regularly in contact with their families and they left out from society and often struggle to fit in after release.

Young inmates are stigmatised as deviants and thus influenced to behave as their label suggests. There is also exists a huge gap in transition period between the inside and outside world. Ways to lower the gap should be implemented through prison design such as pre- release centre in order to help the inmates with re- entry; thus it ensuring a lower tendency of re- offence.

Changing public perceptions towards young inmates to positive ones is crucial, and not something that has been highlighted in current Malaysia correctional centre context.

This study revealed that a good design of a space can reduce the delinquency instinct and behaviour among inmates.

SUGGESTION

Practical solutions that will begin to introduce the design recommendations are identified. From the conclusion, it is indeed crucial to address psychological issues. The correctional centre should facilitate an effective program to prepare the young inmate for real world challenges. Major aspects which form the program should include sports, formal education, and a humane accommodation cell. The centre should facilitate a positive environment to promote positive behavioural effects. The image of the building is extremely crucial and should seek to lower the tendency of stigmatisation and solitary confinement through a non-threatening design, thus subsequently will encourage public integration.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

I N F E R E N C E A N D PERSONAL A N A L Y S I S Each facility that has been taken as a case study - namely the Bastoy Prison, Halden Prison, Iwahig Prison Colony and Pusat Koreksional Puncak Alam (PKPA) - are inspired by the philosophies of reformation and rehabilitation but in their own different and unique ways.

The Bastoy Prison and Halden Prison both work to better the life of a convict during the incarceration term and after release. Both have better conditions and an environment compared to the punitive system prevalent in Iwahig Prison Colony (IPC) and PKPA. Although IPC does provide inmates with activities and PKPA as well do provide opportunity for young inmates with second chance secondary education learning through Putra Module - both of these activities and work are purposely to keep themselves busy and to earn a livelihood. In spite of these provision and opportunities, the range of industries and activities present within their premises are far too less in number. Higher education provided by Pusat Koreksional Puncak Alam is also limited, the program focuses on prime education learning to provide young inmate opportunity to sit for public examination such as SPM and STPM only, and specialised courses such as technical vocational courses are unavailable.

Likewise, Bastoy Prison located in an island near to Oslo, Norway does provide more liberty and freedom as the prison occupants moves from a living quarter to sport court, to dining hall freely.

Eventhough there is no high fence of security within the perimeter, the nature of island surrounded by water becomes the natural security for the whole prison compound- making them looks living heavenly but at the same time stuck in the compound just same as in any other prisons.

Even though Iwahig Prison Colony (IPC) and Pusat Koreksional Puncak Alam (PKPA) are a great attempt at helping the inmates keep busying during the incarceration by making them stand on their own and become a more responsible member of the society, for reintegration into the community, they are not the best way that can be adopted.

On the other hand, Bastoy and Halden Prison both located in Norway do stand a better chance at rehabilitation and direct reintegration into the society. Architecturally, the set up at the Bastoy and Halden are different in term of proximity location without the need of community, one in an island and the other is at hilly slopy site, but program wise, they are quite similar.

At first look, from the perspective of a Malaysian point of view, the Bastoy Island and Halden Prison come out to be a very luxurious institution for the reformation of convicts. Likewise, in Bastoy facilities which provide spaces such as sauna, steam, home theatres and etc which are luxury in Malaysia even for the middle working class (M40) citizens. On a serious note, the ideology and programs needs to be looked at in totality from and within the context of Norway Correctional Policy, the country context itself before the judgement. Emphasis need to be laid on the fact that Norway ranks on number 11 in healthcare provision, number 3 in world education ranking and one of the lowest country of incarceration rate with 75 inmates out of 100,000 populations.

In totality, the emphasis should be looked on the fact that Norway ranks number 1 on the Human Development Index (HDI) by the United Nations whilst, Malaysia is far downward on 57 rank. Hence, there is bound to be vast differences between standards of living in Norway compared to that in Malaysia.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Quoting a conversation with a prison officer from PKPA, he suggest that a comparison of two different layouts of prison located on two different countries solely based on the architecture itself, is hasty generalization.

Thus, it would be sheer madness to just imitate and replicate the same ideas without understanding the local policy scenario first. What can be done is to lift up good aspects of Norwegian system and adapt it to the Malaysian environment.

Its correctional policy allow for private prison other than the federal prison. For sure, the design for private prison will be different, and up above the standard from those in federal prisons.

These differences could be distinguished through the individual space for cell unit rather than sharing, the need for private space such as bathroom, pantry and workstation. These two different aspects in policy will shape how the architecture of the prison through the implementation of specific programs introduced in the correctional centres.

It can be concluded that there are advantages and disadvantages in every system. Every system tells a different story and is set up and programmed to solve its own unique problems. The former two (PKPA and IPC) stand as prime examples of a rehabilitative program and issue in the Malaysian context while the latter (Halden and Bastoy Prison) are a more progressive example on a global level thank can be looked up at as an ideal, exemplary model in the field of penology.

“It is unfair to judge our country prison system and comparing us to rehabilitation centre owned by private sector and NGOs. Firstly, we only have one legal prison system, our country doesn’t provide private prison (for- profit prison) like in Europe countries, and thus our authorities’ regulations are subjected and controlled by both Prison Department and Ministry of Home Affairs.”

- Prison Officer

Pusat Koreksional Puncak Alam, Malaysia

Iwahig Prison, Palawan Province, Phillipines

“LATEST CORRECTIONAL FACILITY IN THE COUNTRY” “PRISON WITHOUT BARS”

Bastoy Prison, Norway

“PRISON ISLAND”

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Halden Prison, Norway

“MOST-HUMANE PRISON IN THE WORLD”

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

INCARCERATION vs

EDUCATION It is a problem when the age group that spend the most time behind bars is 20-24 year old, which is the median age for university student. Majority of them are youths, if this problem is not curbed it would be resulting in the country losing the young workforce . Thus, the proposal seeks to find disparity and correlations between incarceration and edcuation.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Authority INCARCERATION

EDUCATION

Prison

School

Authority : Correctional Officer, typical inmate line-up

Authority : Teacher, typical classroom environment

Daily Cycle

Both prisons and schools function similarly in the sense that they both require their occupants to be at a certain place at a certain time.

INCARCERATION Prison

EDUCATION School

Daily Cycle: 24 hours.

Daily Cycle: 8 hours.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Corridor

Corridor within prisons and schools share similar traits in that the cellular programs like the prison cell and classrooms are attached to it, providing an internal circulation. The difference lies in the actual articulation of the corridor and the agitation of the corridor walls.

INCARCERATION

- more linear, streamlined and taut.

- has clear sight lines down all corridor for physical supervision purpose.

EDUCATION

- tries to create more nooks for reading and social gatherings.

- tries to promote more of a meandering and wandering path, allowing discoveries along the way.

Typology INCARCERATION

EDUCATION

Typology : heavy structure, minimal glazing, almost no finishing to building, utilitarianism.

Typology : light supervision, maximum glazing for natural daylight and ventilation.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

daily cost for an inmate ranges from RM38 - RM41.

* inclusive of cost for RM7.98 for daily foods, clothing, medical bills, housing, amenities and prison officer wages.

minimum daily cost for 65,222 inmates at least RM2.4mil

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

daily cost for a university student ranges from RM25-RM40.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

MYR 14,600

average cost per inmate in Kajang Prison per year, 2019.

Source : Home Ministry Affairs (2019)

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

MYR 7,800

average University of Malaya undergraduate student tuition fee per year, 2019.

Source : University of Malaya Official Website (2019)

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Incarceration compared to High School Education According to a recent report from America's Promise Alliance, those factors rank among the top reasons why kids take themselves out of school. Survey responses of nearly 2,000 students who took at least a semester off at school revealed that systemic factors like boring classes and family obligations were the guiding reasons kids left.

Research shows dropping out is strongly tied to socioeconomic status. Kids who come from low-income areas are 2.4 times more likely to drop out than middle-income kids. Unlike kids from wealthier families, for whom school is usually the primary focus, poorer students must focus on other responsibilities. School becomes secondary, if it’s a priority at all.

Source : GradNation.org

“Youths who dropped out of school were significantly more likely to use

cigarettes, alcohol and drugs, and binge drink, compared with peers still attending school.”

-Ministry of Education

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

School in the Prison • The establishment of the School of Integrity (SI) and the Henry Gurney School (SHG) is to provide formal education in prison institutions in collaboration with the Ministry of Education Malaysia and the Malaysian Prison Department. Prison education is provided to residents between the ages of 15 and 21. There are two groups of students in the school juveniles at the Henry Gurney School and young prisoners at the School of Integrity. Beginning in 2008, six SIs and two SHGs were established to give juveniles and young prisoners a second chance to improve in academic, co-curriculum and personal aspects. As of 2019, there are eight (8) SI and four (4) SHGs nationwide.

Implementation Concept +

• To provide a formal education system based on the curriculum of the Ministry of Education Malaysia.

• School management and administration under the Education Sector, Department of Prisons Malaysia.

• The cooperation of the Ministry of Education Malaysia with the Malaysian Prison Department in matters of teacher professionalism and educational operations.

• Classification of students is not based on age but on the level of academic achievement.

• Classes offered: • 1. 3M (Reading, Writing and Reading) • 2. Forms 1 and 2 • 3. PraSPM • 4. STPM • 5. SPM

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

“Research has found that access to education is a deterrent to incarceration.”

-Ministry of Education

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

School in the Prison

ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES

+

Malaysian Prisons Department • To carry out orders for detention issued by the courts or authorities against the inmates until their release • • To control the inmates for the duration of their sentence or detention as well as treating them humanely.

• • To implement rehabilitation programmes for the inmates through various approaches.

• • To ensure control and an environment that is secure.

•

Ministry of Education

• Secretariat of SI and SHG Operations Meetings • • Secretariat of Juvenile Technical Committee and Young Prisoner Meeting • • Provides and places teachers as needed in SI and SHG • • The textbook facilities and other student learning needs are subject to the request made by the JPM and are dependent on the existing financial position of the MOE.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

THE EVOLUTION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCARCERATION ARCHITECTURE WITH HEALTHCARE & EDUCATION 1

2

The

original

condition.

Since 1957 (indipendent)

-separated bodies and agencies

The current condition.

2008-now.

-merging of Prison Dept. with MOE, with introduction of Putra Module in Sekolah Integriti ( pusat koreksional)

3

The FUTURE encompassing condition.

2020-future.

-merging of all 4 main agencies to produce a comprehensive LAW ABIDING CITIZEN

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

1

1957 - 2008 In 1957, was the year of independence for the Federation of Malaya The Federal Government at that time introduced the United Nations Minimum Rules for Detention (UNSMR). By adopting this method the Federation of Malaya adopted the United Nations standard in the country’s detention system. The Federation of Malaya is one of the most widely used countries in the Commonwealth. Following the establishment of Malaysia in 1963, the Prisons Department of Malaysia reorganized with the consolidation of prisons in Sabah and Sarawak.

On 2 November 1995 the Prisons Act 1995 was passed to replace the Prisons Act 1952. On 1 September 2000 Prisoners were enacted 2000 to replace the Prisons Regulations 1953. Changes and amendments to prison of these laws and regulations are in line with the changing landscape of landscape services in the country .

3

2

2008- current

Prison Department of Malaysia with collaboration from Ministry of Education have developed and implemented a rehabilitation module that is specially targeted at young prisoners known as the Putra Module and a rehabilitation plan targeted at juveniles in Henry Gurney School and Sekolah Integriti (pusat koreksional) with attitude building, knowledge and skills development as the main objectives. This is to ensure that the juveniles can be rehabilitated to be normal individuals again.

The Putra Module was developed with an integrated approach namely; physical and spiritual rehabilitation. The Prison Department of Malaysia has identified the four main programmes in the module, namely the Discipline Building Programme, the Character Reinforcement Programme, the Skills Programme and the Community Programme. The implementation of the rehabilitation programmes is supported by spiritual activities, counseling, good citizenship and moral/civic education.

2020- future

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

LOCAL CONTEXT IN REGARD TO DRUG OFFENDER

FISCAL FACTORS

ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCES

SYSTEM

Typology : heavy structure, minimal glazing, almost no finishing to building, utilitarianism.

• The establishment of the School of Integrity (SI) and the Henry Gurney School (SHG) is to provide formal education in prison institutions in collaboration with the Ministry of Education Malaysia and the Malaysian Prison Department. Prison education is provided to residents between the ages of 15 and 21. There are two groups of students in the school juveniles at the Henry Gurney School and young prisoners at the School of Integrity. Beginning in 2008, six SIs and two SHGs were established to give juveniles and young prisoners a second chance to improve in academic, co-curriculum and personal aspects. As of 2019, there are eight (8) SI and four (4) SHGs nationwide.

School in the Prison

-minimum daily cost for 65,222 inmates at least RM2.4mil.

- MYR 14,600 average cost per inmate in Kajang Prison per year, 2019.

-Ministry of Education

“Youths who dropped out of school were significantly more likely to use cigarettes, alcohol and drugs, and binge drink, compared with peers still attending school.”

RM 7600 average University of Malaya undergraduate student tuition fee per year, 2019.

Typology : light supervision, maximum glazing for natural daylight and ventilation.

- tries to promote more of a meandering and wandering path, allowing discoveries along the way.

Cure & Care clinics provide voluntary rehabilitation and drug addiction recovery services. This service is open to all target groups, users, drug addicts and co-dependants. The minimum length of treatment for clients at Cure & Care Clinic is from minimum 6 months to maximum 24 months (2 years). This service has provided the opportunity for individuals at work (public / private), schoolchildren, college / university students that involved with drug addiction problems to seek early treatment.

RM778.5 MILLION OF YEARLY COST FOR TOTAL 57 PUSPEN.

daily cost for a drug offender in detention center ranges from RM19.77 - RM35.

RM6000 average cost per drug offender in PUSPEN, with RM18000 of total cost in minimum 3 years.

Typology : light supervision, maximum glazing for natural daylight and ventilation, utilitarianism.

- has clear sight lines down all corridor, wide corridor to ease and shorten the reachtime to specific zones according to patients.

- linear, and streamlined.

Authority : Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994 Hospital director, doctors, patient in typical dormitory ward environment

HOSPITAL

-merging of all 4 main agencies to produce a comprehensive LAW ABIDING CITIZEN

The FUTURE encompassing condition.

2020-future.

- tries to create more nooks for reading and social gatherings.

Teacher, typical classroom environment

Authority : Education Act 1996

SCHOOL

3

daily cost for a university student ranges from RM25-RM40.

-merging of Prison Dept. with MOE, with introduction of Putra Module in Sekolah Integriti ( pusat koreksional)

The current condition.

2008-now.

- has clear sight lines down all corridor for physical supervision purpose.

- more linear, streamlined and taut.

Correctional Officer, typical inmate line-up

Authority : Prison Act 1995

PRISONH

2

- daily cost for an inmate ranges from RM38 - RM41. * inclusive of cost for RM7.98 for daily foods, clothing, medical bills, housing, amenities and prison officer wages.

The original condition. Since 1957 (Malaya indipendence) -separated bodies and agencies

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JUXTAPOSITIONN OF INCARCERATION ARCHITECTURE WITH HEALTHCARE & EDUCATION

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

SOCIAL

PSYCHOLOGICAL

SPATIAL ISSUES

+

DRUG POLICY

ECONOMIC

School vs Prison

drug offender issues in carceral system.

INCARCERATION

HEALTH

EDUCATION

ARCHITECTURE

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

minimal security & sentence

aged 18-24 year old

current drug offender in carceral facility

Male

YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER

DRUG POLICY

Serdang, Selangor

Universiti Putra Malaysia

SITE. 13 acres

PRECEDENT.

“LATEST CORRECTIONAL FACILITY IN THE COUNTRY”

Pusat Koreksional Puncak Alam, Malaysia

“PRISON ISLAND”

Bastoy Prison, Norway

“PRISON WITHOUT BARS”

Iwahig Prison, Palawan Province, Phillipines

“MOST-HUMANE PRISON IN THE WORLD”

Halden Prison, Norway

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

+

-

SPM/STPM/SPMV gives inmate the opportunity to earn high school credential

ADDED SAVINGS

REDUCED EXPENSES

REDUCED WORKER

REDUCED INMATES

consult

teach

to embrace NIMBYS-ism

how ?

why ?

added programs that give back to community in term of various gathering spaces such as cafetaria, futsal court, community garden, barber shop, workshops.

how much?

does it impact on social and financial?

young drug offender?

need a new correctional typology?

5W-2H

2. address on prison population problem in which; prisons are overcrowded and in bad condition due to excessive 20,000 population from official capacity of prison population.

1. to reduce country incarceration rate.

cost of incarceration?

percentage of incarceration per education

future

current

through various of educational programs and reduced inmate expenditure.

RM 38 - RM 41 / DAILY

3. adress the game-changer policy on Decriminalisation of Drugs and Drug Addicts.

2. to tailor the rehabilitation program for a specific type of offence. By doing that, all inmates will house a serving maximum of 5 years - under Section 39A Akta Dadah Berbahaya

1. 55% of prison population are drug offenders.

5W-2H ANALYSIS

what ?

proposed site at Serdang, Selangor.

where ?

Analysis

program?

when ?

education

who ?

TVET

SPMV, Vocational Training

academical

community

stakeholders involved ?

target ?

Spaces: barber shop, car wash, community garden, futsal court, automobile workshop.

Ministry of Education standardise, outline the education system in a new correctional typology.

Ministry of Health overules the health policy for young drug offender

Ministry of Home Affairs Malaysian Prison Department to rule out the new policy of incarceration after depanlize of drug usage.

1. young drug offender aged between 17-24 year old 2. existing young drug offenders in prison facility.

Spaces: workshops, kitchen, computer lab, classroom, cafetaria.

Spaces: classroom, seminar room, cafetaria, computer lab, teachers room, offices, library.

Program : metalwork, culinary, landscaping/grounds maintenance, painting, electrical installation, carpentry, Introduction to Computer,plumbing, welding

Program : SPM, STPM, Long Distance Learning for Tertiary Education.

Program : car wash, sports, automobile course training, barbering, barista course training, khidmat masyarakat.

Spaces: consultatation room, pharmacy, laboratory, meditation yard.

accomodation dorm, visiting room, offices, security checkpoint

Spaces :

Program : medical check-up, methadone dose treatment, anger management, substance abuse education

faith-based initiative @ religious counselling, justice counseling, self-help.

Program :

medical rehabilitation

rehabilitation

incarceration

Inmate Flow Chart in Correctional Center Defendant

not guilty

free to go home!

guilty

current procedure

Arrest

Transportation to correctional facility

Photography

Court of Law

Allow Phone Calls

Prison cell / accomodation gym

allow visitings.

dining

laundry

Complete sentence

Release sentences

Student Flow Chart in School (after DODAA is implemented) Target : 1. Drug Addicts Seeking for Help 2. Existing Drug Offender in Prison

proposed procedure

Intake assessment

Medical & Mental Health Screening

TABE (Test for Adult in Basic Education)

Risk/Need Assessment

* based on latest education background and vocational skills.

Personalised Program Plan

Medical Rehabilitation * includes methadone dose treatment, medical check up routine, anger management.

Employment readiness workshop

Educational Program * includes academical program, examination and TVET.

Discharge Planning

Give back to community program

Community Integration

Talks in school/ awareness

Faith-based initiative

* producing a law-abiding citizen

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Inmate Re-entry work opportunities

healthcare

family ties criminal justice agencies prison and private organisation

personal expectation

1. PREPARE RE-ENTRY

correctiona agencies & communities

2. BUILD BRIDGES

community roles

INMATE RE-ENTRY 5. PROMOTE SUCCESFUL RE-ENTRY

recognize milestone

5 principles for a successful prisoner re-entry. These principles show that it is not only about creating a beautiful principles, in conjunction with a “place/ building”. Once this happens, there is a higher chance of successfully integrating back into society, Strengthening social networks is a large part of the equation and includes such things as meeting with families of the inmates and talking to them and asking for their help in the re-entry process.

3. SEIZE THE MOMENT OF RELEASE

exit orientation

4. STRENGTHEN SUPPORT CIRCLE welcome home

welcome team

family community

self family peer group communit y institution social services agencies criminal justice agencies

One example of the 5 principles is taking advantage of when the inmate is released. Most inmates upon release are left alone in their new freedom, and are given some money to find a way home. This can be a very overwhelming and intimidating moment. As a result, the author proposes to “seize the moment of release,” through the creation of an exit orientation or “welcome home” event, where the inmate’s family, community, and mentors are present at the moment of release. This creates a sense of belonging and acceptance in the community.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

mentors

Security Threshold based on Program

incarceration education health community

Basic of prison design

Prison should aspire to become a place for the promotion of mental health as a positive state; a place lessening the risk of deterioration of mental health through high-quality care and environment for inmates to thrive. The basis of prison design should be a therapeutic community.

In order to design for reform, a basic human need of the inmate. It will begin with a plan of community configuration that promotes social interaction; the aspect of treatment will be inserted, imposing a program that requires effective communication between inmates. Finally, the need for security will work its way through the organization of the private and public spaces in order to maintain safety. The overall design producing a high level of containment remains and exists as the element of punishment through the loss of personal freedoms.

Spaces of solitary confinement and isolation are the most detrimental to the mental health of any patient. In order to influence positve mental health, spaces must promote human interaction with the objective of instilling a sense of community in the inmates. A community is composed of varying architectural elements that create private and public spaces with different types of restrictions at different times.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

CHAPTER 4 S

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4.1 Site Inventory 4.2 Site Criteria 4.3 SWOC Analysis 4.4 Site Background / Analysist 4.5 Built Form 4.6 Views 4.7 Environmental Analysis

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

O

R

Y

CHAPTER 4 : SITE INVENTORY 4.1 Key Plan / Location Plan

Key Plan proposed site

UPM Serdang as chosen site.

Universiti Putra Malaysia was developed on a 22acre piece of land in Serdang and offered two programmes: a three-year diploma programme and a one-year certificate course in Agriculture.

Majlis Perbandaran Subang Jaya

Majlis Perbandaran Kajang Putrajaya

Majlis Perbandaran Sepang

DESIGN GUIDELINE TOTAL SIZE LAND : 10.6 acre (43,200 sqm) LOCATION : UPM Serdang, Selangor.

Land Use : Institusi dan Kemudahan Masyarakat Land Owner : Universiti Putra Malaysia Local Council : Majlis Perbandaran Sepang Setback Facing Road : 12m Common Boundaries : 6m

In 1947, the school was declared the College of Agriculture Malaya by Sir Edward Gent, the then Governor of the Malayan Union. The establishment of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia came about when the College of Agriculture in Serdang merged with the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Malaya. Dr. Mohd. Rashdan bin Haji Baba, the then principal of the College of Agriculture Malaya, was appointed as the first vice-chancellor by virtue of the provisions of Section 18 of the Universities and University Colleges Act, 1971. With the first intake of 1,559 students, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia had its first academic session in July 1973 in the three central faculties and one basic division: the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, and a Division of Foundation Studies.

In the early 80s, UPM extended its area of studies to include the field of Science and Technology (S&T). In 1997, the name Universiti Pertanian Malaysia was changed to Universiti Putra Malaysia by Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad, as a strategic gesture to portray the status of UPM as a centre of higher education capable of providing fields of studies, especially in science and information technology, which facilitate national development in the new millennium.

Location Plan •

PRI_SCHOOL; MEDICAL PRISON + SCHOOL HYBRID FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER

HOSPITAL UPM

KOLEJ KEDIAMAN 17 FAKULTI PERUBATAN UPM

FAKULTI PERUBATAN VETERINAR UPM

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

4.2 SITE CRITERIA PUBLIC

A consistent site constraint in finding services is a site location that can not be accessed by a teenager. A public site proposal shall be access through public transportation to ease the visiting process from family and friends.

ACCESSIBILITY

The accessibility is not necessarily an accessible focusing on site location, however how the physical location is developed and how ones feel about security level at that environment.

SOCIALLY ACCESSIBLE

One institution is not only be accessible physically (either by walking or public transportation), but it must be accessible through socially and emotionally when an non-needed individual suddenly feel needed.

PART OF PRIME COMMUNITY

The collaboration between the incarceration institution and the community will ensure a win-win situation for the community and youth.

However, the successful collaboration might loss due to people perception and stigma from community towards ‘inmate’ and ‘prison’. The acceptance from community is important to ensure and help in integrating outsiders and insiders in term of running programs, as well making them (inmate) feel that they are one of us in primary community.

Public

Accessible

Penjara Perubatan Malaysia

Socially Accessible

Part of prime community

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

4.3 SWOC ANALYSIS

STRENTGH

OPPORTUNITY

- located in a primary community area (site withing UPM Serdang).

• near to local student-patient community suitable for social activities and volunter center focusing for UPM, UNITEN, IUKL students to attract programs, in order to help patient learn values from real-life experiences.

- opportunity to change people perception and stigma toward incarceral institution.

• avoiding NIMBY-ism syndrome (Not-In-My-Backyard) by blending in a government owned institution within a university, however site location is still considered as far from private residential housing.

- site is located within 1 km radius of 2 government hospitals namely; Hospital Serdang and Hospital Pengajar UPM • a reasonable proximity to medical treatment for severe medical emergency care.

• programs and spaces are designed to cater for both medical students so they can make attachment with patients for practical purpose.

- parallelizing site justification of building function with government intention to treat drug addicts as patient rather than criminal.

- site within a tertiary education institution (UPM).

• a concealment for both parties so that occupants in the institutions suit to be regarded as patient or student rather than inmate.

WEAKNESS - the nature of incarceral institution architecture usually does not associate with community and site surrounding, however with suitable program within the compound, the need for community to visit, involve and participate within institution could be encouraged.

CONSTRAINT - design guideline of incarceral building might be subjected to Prison Dept. requirement, hospital guideline and Ministry of Education - making the design exploration will be limited and restricted eventhough the site selection is appropriate.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

4.4 SITE BACKGROUND & ANALYSIS 4.4.1 Seri Kembangan

Seri Kembangan background Seri Kembangan is a town in the district of Petaling , Selangor . It is divided into Old Serdang and New Serdang. It is located south of Kuala Lumpur about 15 km via the Besi Sungai Expressway .

Serdang is located near Balakong to the east and Seri Kembangan (New Serdang) to the north.

It was first incepted in 1952 during the British occupation. Serdang was known for its mining industry and had several rubber plantations. This has changed over time with the advancement of technology as well as the increased in population and the needs of the community.

[IMAGE] The mining activities at Hong Fatt Tin Mine in 1910, which is now known as Mines Resort City.

Seri Kembangan has gone through huge makeover in terms of the economic activities and major development in housing and entrepreneurship which took place for the past ten years. With an increasing number of residents, it is not a surprise to see people from all different backgrounds and religious practice.

[IMAGE] The lake at Mines Resort City is a former mining pond that is famously referred to as the largest open-cast tin mine in the world.

Puncak Jalil

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA 25

nu

tes

inut 5m

mi

KAJANG

es

15

Seri Kembangan 15 minu

tes

Kampung Sungai Ramal

PROPOSED SITE

12 m

IOI Resort Diamond Hill

Precint 13, Putrajaya

inu

tes

Taman Ayer Hitam Permai

15 m s

inute

Precint 11, Putrajaya

CYBERJAYA

tes

nu

mi

Perdana University

7 minutes

s

ute

in 23 m

Country Heights

Precint 12, Putrajaya W.P. Putrajaya

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Bandar Baru Bangi

Kampung Dato Abu Bakar Baginda

4.4 SITE BACKGROUND & ANALYSIS 4.4.1 Serdang Macro Context

To Bandar Tasik Selatan (TBS)

SIT

IA

L L/K

N RA

T

ER

KTM

To KLIA

MRT

To Gemas

ACCESSIBILITY

LINKAGE

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION -TRAIN

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

4.4 SITE BACKGROUND & ANALYSIS 4.4.1 Serdang Macro Context

LK SI

MEX

To KUALA LUMPUR

To Puchong

SILK SKVE

To Kajang PL US

To Putrajaya

E

ELIT

To Shah Alam

OVERALL MAIN HIGHWAY ACCESSIBILITY

LAND USED DEVELOPMENT - INSTITUSI DAN KEMUDAHAN MASYARAKAT

LOCATION OF WATER BODY AND LAKE

LAND USED DEVELOPMENT RESIDENTIAL

To Seremban

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

4.4 SITE BACKGROUND & ANALYSIS 4.4.1 Serdang Macro Context

LAND USED DEVELOPMENT COMMERCIAL 4.4.2 Serdang Micro Context

ntext

HOSPITAL PENGAJAR UPM

KOLEJ KEDIAMAN 17 UPM HOSPITAL SERDANG

FAKULTI VETERINAR UPM

PRIVATE

PRIVATE

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

4.4.2 Serdang Micro Context

PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICULAR CIRCULATION

CLIMATE STUDY AND ANALYSIS

PRIVATE

PRIVATE

SITE FRONTAGE AND POSITIVE VIEW

ZONING STUDY

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

POTENTIAL IN RELATION TO SITE CONTEXT

4.5 BUILT FORM 4.5.1 Land Use

Sepang district is the youngest district of Selangor State Darul Ehsan. It is located in the southern state of Selangor Darul Ehsan, bordering Hulu Langat District, Kuala Langat District and Petaling District. Sepang district is also bordered by Bandar Baru Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Darul Special.

Viewed from the top view, the Sepang District is upstream of a keris, extending southward from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), with the Kuala Lumpur-Seremban highway along the east border to the village of Sg. Fruit / Hill Superior.

To the west, is the Kuala Langat District, while the Petaling District is to the north. To the south, the Sepang District is open to the Straits of Malacca. According to early history, the name of the Sepang District was taken in conjunction with the name of a growing tree in the area, the Sepang tree. Initially, the district was a sub-district of Kuala Langat (Sepang and Labu District) and Hulu Langat (Dengkil district). These areas were then merged into a new district. Sepang District achieved full District status on January 1, 1975.

At the beginning of its establishment, the Sepang District Administrative Center was located in the town of Sepang.

When the Federal Government selected the Sepang District to occupy the Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), the Sepang District Administrative Center was relocated to the New City of Salak Tinggi, also known as Airport City (Airport City). On April 15, 2008, the Sepang Municipal Council moved to a new location, Cyberjaya.

[PLAN] Location Plan of Blok Perancangan 6 in red zone

Rancangan Tempatan Daerah

Rajah 6.39 Pelan Guna Tanah Cadangan BP6, 2005-2015

Proposed Site

The BP6 is divided into 4 Small Planning Blocks consisting of the following areas: i. Blok Perancangan Kecik (BPK) 6.1 University Putra Malaysia (UPM) (1,890.05 Hectares) ii. Blok Perancangan Kecik (BPK) 6.2 Sg. Merab (2,526.11 Hectares) iii. Blok Perancangan Kecik (BPK) 6.3 Jenderam (2,249.51 Hectares) iv. Blok Perancangan Kecik (BPK) 6.4 Bukit Ulu Bukit (1,808.46Hect) Proposed site plan lies on BPK 6.1 University Putra Malaysia (UPM) This BP6 trading area is located at the IOI Resort and at Sg.Merab. IOI Resort has a tourism development character while at Sg.Merab is the BP6 Small Business Center. The development of this area should be based on the plot ratio of IOI Resort - 1: 3 and Sg.Merab - 1: 1.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Secara umumnya, BP6 ini akan lebih menumpukan kepada pembangunan kediaman, enterprise dan perdagangan. Bagi memenuhi hasrat untuk mewujudkan suasana kehidupan yang selesa, kemudahan infrastruktur dan kemudahan masyarakat yang berkualiti akan disediakan. Jadual 6.28 menunjukkan komposisi guna tanah utama di BP6.

4.5 BUILT FORM

4.5.2 Figure Ground

Jadual 6.28: Komposisi Guna Tanah BP6 Guna tanah Kediaman Perdagangan Industri Kemudahan Masyarakat Infrastruktur & Utiliti Pertanian Hutan

Luas (Hektar) 2,848.15

% 33.61

159.4

1.88

8.18

0.10

1,571.58

18.55

61.63

0.73

2,569.16

30.32

0.00

0.00

Tanah Lapang dan Rekreasi

429.20

5.06

Pengangkutan

673.03

7.94

Badan Air

153.8

Jumlah Keseluruhan

8,474.13

1.81 100.00

In general, BP6 (Blok Perancangan 6) is largely the Malay Reservation Area. This planning block also receives very serious development pressures. To the north it receives the pressure of development from the Petaling District which is a rapidly developing area. Meanwhile, to the west of the BP6 is the Federal Government Administrative Center of Putrajaya which also contributes to developmental pressures in terms of area needs to develop residential areas. Pressure was also received by the BP6 from the east, from Bangi, where there are many public and private higher education institutions, of course, to impact BP6 in terms of housing needs.

Sumber: Kajian Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Sepang, 2015

6-101 101

BP6-Sg. Merab

Rancangan Tempatan Daerah

Rajah 6.39 Pelan Guna Tanah Cadangan BP6, 2005-2015

6-103 103

BP6-Sg. Merab

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

4.5 BUILT FORM

4.5.3 Building Usage Land-use activities within each land-use zone will be regulated to ensure that each of these activities does not conflict with mainactivities that could create discomfort for the population. The activity allowed for each small planning block is controlled through the Land Use Class.

This Land Use Class Schedule details the permitted activities and activities permitted by the specific conditions for each land use zone identified in the Proposed Map of 2015.

Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Kolum 1

Kolum 2

Kolum 3

Kolum 4

Kolum 5

BPK

Jenis Guna Tanah Utama

Aktiviti Dibenarkan

Aktiviti Lain Dibenarkan Dengan Syarat Aktiviti Syarat

Catatan

Institusi (UPM), (UNITEN) & (TNB R&D)

• Kelas 19 (a) – IPTA & (b) IPTS • Kelas 2 (a) – Kediaman Pelajar/Pekerja • Kelas 7 (a) – Bank • Kelas 4 (a) – Perniagaan Pelbagai (mini market) • Kelas 18 – Kegunaan Kerajaan

• Kelas 21 (a) Kawasan rekreasi pasif & (b) kawasan rekreasi aktif • Kelas 26 – infrastruktur & utiliti

• Mengikut piawaian • Terletak di dalam perancangan dan kawasan garis panduan tadahan Wetland kawalan Putrajaya pembanguna • Mematuhi kehendak Pelan Pembangunan dan Pengurusan Kawasan Tadahan Tasik Putrajaya.

Kegunaan • Kelas 26 – • Mengikut piawaian • Terletak di dalam Kerajaan (Mardi, infrastruktur & utiliti perancangan dan kawasan Risda dan garis panduan tadahan Wetland Ikram), TNB R&D kawalan Putrajaya pembangunan MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY • Mematuhi kehendak OF MALAYA

4.6 VIEWS

EXISTING WATER RETENTION POND AT THE FRONT SIDE OF THE SITE

CONDITION OF SHADED WALKWAY WITHIN PROPOSED SITE COMPOUND FROM KOLEJ KEDIAMA 17 TO ROADSIDE.

HUMAN EYE LEVEL VIEW OF FAKULTI PERUBATAN UPM AS SEEN FROM HOSPITAL PENGAJAR UPM. ROADSIDE OF JALAN HOSPITAL SERDANG

SITE VIEW AS SEEN FROM PERSIARAN MARDI-UPM

STREET VIEW OF PERSIARAN MARDI-UPM SHOWING SITE COMPOUND.

CONDITION OF SHADED WALKWAY WITHIN PROPOSED SITE COMPOUND FROM KOLEJ KEDIAMA 17 TO ROAD-

CAR PARKED AT THE ROADSIDE OF KOLEJ KEDIAMAN 17 UPM.

SLOOPY LAND BESIDE KOLEJ KEDIAMAN 17

EXISTING TREES IN SITE COMPOUND

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

4.7 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

Seri Kembangan Climate Analysis for the year of 2018.

MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE

DIRECTION OF WIND AND SPEED

AVERAGE PRECIPITATION

AVERAGE RAINFALL AMOUNT + RAINY DAY

AVERAGE WIND SPEED

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

CHAPTER 5 P

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5.1 Project Description and Issues 5.2 Design Statement 5.3 Potential Client and Collaborative Plan 5.4 Target Users/ Summary of Proposed Program 5.5 Architectural Programming 5.6 Program / Function/ Need 5.7 Schedule of Accomodation (SOA)

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

I

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F

There should be deCHAPTER 5 : PROJECT BRIEF criminalisation of 5.1 PROJECTdrugs.”

DESCRIPTION

“Decriminalisation will be a critical step towards achieving a national drug puts science Thoughts onpolicy thesethat include, what isand going to happen to existpublic health before punishment and ing young drug offenders in prison and correctional facilities, incarceration.”

-Kofi Annan and in Issue 1 : Prison population “Decriminalisation will is be overcrowded, a critical towards achieving a national conditions.step drug policy that puts science and

volunteered drug addicts who commitedly want to change DZULKEFLY AHMAD, MINISTER OF HEALTH their lives besides changing people stigma on incarceration, inmate and prison institutions through the decriminalizing.

Thus, the design thesis flow seeks to think of architecbad tural solutions after this drug policy is implemented.

[FIGURE] Headlines in local newspapers relating to issue

“ Drugs have destroyed many lives, but wrongheaded governmental policies have destroyed many more. I think it’s obvious after years of war on drugs, has not co Issue 3 : it reduce Issue 2 : embarks thaton worked. There should be decriminalisation incarceration rate to game-changer policy of drugs.”

100 per 100,000 th Decriminalisation of Drugs &

public health before punishment and

65,222 people are inincarceration.” all carceral system which include probation, parole, jail and prison. However, the official capacity of Issue 1 is: 45,640 Prison population and in bad conditions. prison system population.

Since 2013,is theovercrowded, prison population has an influx of 20,000 inmates living in overcrowded and bad condition because the facilities had to cater for more 65,222 Headlines people areininlocal all carceral system whichtoinclude probation, parole, jail and prison. However, the official capacity of prison [FIGURE] newspapers relating issue people than what is supposed to.

The aim is to design a new system is 45,640 population. Since 2013, the prison population has an influx of 20,000 inmates living in overcrowded and bad correctional typology specifically for male young drug offendcondition because the facilities had to cater for more people than what is supposed to. The aim is to design a new correctional In 2014, Malaysia established the Special Tactical Intelligence Narcotics Group, or STING, ers because 55% of prison population are offenders, in Likewise, the number of drug-related arrests (averaging 44,000 cases per year) showed nodrug clear declining or rising Prison Population part as the country’s war efforts drugs. In some countries, this is a war fought with typology forwas male young drug offenders because 55% of prison population areas drug offenders, inonwhich people who trend from 2005 to specifically 2012. The exceptional year 2013 with 128,412 number of arrests, 3 times higher than that in extreme violence and resulting in huge number of deaths, including those caught in the 2012. Whether this high number of arrests is an indication of the coming trend or merely a blimp remainsand to be seen. which people who are convicted in drug traficking addicts. crossfire. “The failed war on drugs has empowered organized crime, destabilized governare convicted in drug traficking and addicts.

Explosion DZULKEFLY AHMAD, MINISTER OF HEALTH

ercrowded, and in bad conditions.

ments, violated human rights and devastated human lives everywhere,” said Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the former president of Brazil.

-Kofi Annan

100% increase in prison population

Drug Addicts.

medical rehabilitation.

since the declaration on “War on Drugs”.

PROJECT Description

2013, Home Ministry declares, ‘War on Drug’

obation, parole, jail and prison. However, the official capacity of prison ulation has an influx of 20,000 inmates living to in overcrowded bad Malaysia is about embark on and game-changer policy in ple than what is supposed to.

The aim is to design a new correctional In of 2014, Malaysia the Special Tactical Narcotics Group, or STING,for legalis45,640 = official capacity prison systemestablished (cumulative) DODAA. However, this is notIntelligence to be misaken ng Prison Population part as the country’s war efforts onwhich drugs. In some countries, this is a war fought with use 55% of prison population areas drug offenders, in people who in extreme violence and resulting in huge number of deaths, including those caught in the

n.

Explosion

There are 177 people in carceral syst every 100,000 Malaysian. Comparing ceration rate with estimated Malaysi population of 32 million, it is conclude are 0.2% of us living in prison instituti be considered as a small percentage tion, however in quantitative, there a inmates in the prison institution.

ing drugs. crossfire. “The failed war on drugs has empowered organized crime, destabilized governments, violated human rights and devastated human lives everywhere,” said Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the former president of Brazil.

Malaysia in particular needs to reevaluate its drug policy to one that is more evidence-based.

Changes Source : Ministry of Home Affairs National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA) however will be difficult and have to be done in stages.

Decriminalizing drug use or providing free drugs clinic require much planning to ensure that drug addicts receive effective treatments for their addiction and that they can function as normal and contribute positively to the society. Money, rather spent to arrest, try, and inPRI_SCHOOL; MEDICAL PRISON + SCHOOL HYBRID FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER carcerate drug addicts, could be used instead for their treatment.

2013, Home Ministry declares, ‘War on Drug’

“ Drugs have destroyed many lives, but wrongheaded governmental policies 83 have destroyed many more. I think it’s Issue 2 : Embarksobvious on that after game-changer policy years of war on drugs, Decriminalisation of it has not worked.

Drugs & Drug Addicts.

There should be deMalaysia is about to embark on criminalisation of game-changer policy in DODAA. Howdrugs.”

fairs Agency (NADA)

•

United States Russia Belarus Turkmenistan Cuba Suriname Ukraine South Africa Singapore Thailand

YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER

ever, this is not to be misaken for legalising drugs. Malaysia in particular needs to reevaluate its drug policy to one that is more evidence-based.

Chile Israel Iran Brazil

“Decriminalisation Malaysiawill be a critical step towardsArgentina achieving a national drug policy that puts science and Spain public health before punishment and United Kingdom incarceration.”

Australia

DZULKEFLY AHMAD, MINISTER OF HEALTH

Canada

Saudi Arabia

-Kofi Annan

Italy Germany [FIGURE] Headlines Headlines in in local local newspapers relating [FIGURE] newspapers relating to to issue issue France

Denmark

Issue 3 : Reduce country incarceration rate to below 100 Norway per 100,000 through medicalJapan rehabilitation.

Issue 1 : Prison population is overcrowded, and in bad India conditions.

Changes however will be difficult and have to be done in There are 177 people in carceral system in every 100,000 Thoughts drug on these include, what is going to happen to Comparing the incarceration rate with estimated stages. Decriminalizing providing Malaysian.

65,222 people areuse in allor carceral systemfree whichdrugs include probation, parole, jail and prison. However, the official capacity of prison existing young drug offenders in prison and correctionthe depanilizing of drug offend fo clinic require much planning to ensure that drug addicts reMalaysia of 32 million, it is conclude system is 45,640 population. Since 2013, the prison population hasnational an influxpopulation of 20,000 With inmates living in overcrowded andthat bad facilities, volunteered drug who commiteduse, and newa new system of higher ed ceive effectivealtreatments for their addiction that therethan arewhat 0.2% of us living in prison It can be condition because the facilities had and toaddicts cater for they more people is supposed to. The aim is institutions. tothe design correctional In 2014, Malaysia established the Special Tactical Intelligence Narcotics Group, or STING, Likewise, the number of drug-related arrests (averaging 44,000 cases per year) showed no clear declining or rising Prison Population as part as the country’s war efforts on drugs.

In some countries, is a war fought with typology specifically for male young drug offenders because 55% of prison population are drug offenders, in which people this who want to change their lives besides changing can function aslytrend normal and contribute the sofrom 2005 to 2012.

The exceptional year was 2013 positively with 128,412 number of to arrests, 3 times higher than that in people incarceration promotes medical considered as a small percentage of andpopulation, however extreme violence resultingthat in huge number of deaths, includingin those caught in the 2012. Whether this high number of arrests is an indication of the coming trend or merely a blimp remains to be seen. crossfire. “The failed war on drugs has empowered organized crime, destabilized governare convicted in drug traficking and addicts.

Explosion ciety. Money, stigma rather spent to arrest, try, and incarcerate on incarceration, inmate and prison institutions quantitative, there are 65, 222 inmates in the prison ments, violated human rights and devastated human institulives everywhere,” Fernando tion rather than punishment, itssaid obje Henrique Cardoso, the former president of Brazil.

100% increase in prison population drug addicts, through could bethe used instead for since their treatment. decriminalizing. the declaration on “War on tion. lower down the country incarceration Drugs”.

Thus, the design thesis flow seeks to think of architectural solutions after this drug policy is implemented.

45,640 = official capacity of prison system (cumulative)

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

recidivism (re-offend) rate among inm 2013, Home Ministry declares, ‘War on Drug’

The promotion of medical rehabilitatio ceration institution will create a new

inmates in the prison institution.

With the depanilizing of drug offend for personal use, and the new system of higher education of incarceration that promotes medical rehabilitation rather than punishment, its objective is to lower down the country incarceration rate and recidivism (re-offend) rate among inmates.

The promotion of medical rehabilitation in incarceration institution will create a new productive members of the society.

United States Russia Belarus Turkmenistan Cuba Suriname Ukraine South Africa Singapore Thailand

LOCAL ISSUE-DRIVEN

Chile Israel Iran Brazil Malaysia Argentina

DRUG POLICY-DRIVEN

Spain United Kingdom Australia Canada Saudi Arabia

ARCHITECTURE S O L V I N G HUMANITARIAN

Italy Germany France Denmark Norway Japan India

5.2

With the depanilizing of drug offend for personal use, and the new system of higher education of DESIGN incarcerationSTATEMENT that promotes medical rehabilitation rather than punishment, its objective is to It is a problem lower THESIS down the country incarceration ratewhen and the age group that spends the most time behind recidivism (re-offend) rate among bars isinmates.

20-24 year old, which is the median age for college students.

STATEMENT

Majority of them are youths, if this problem is not curbed, it would be reThe promotion of medical rehabilitation in incarsulting in the country losing the young workforce because they (youths) ceration institution will create a new productive members of the society. should be the ones who are are productive in developing the country,

AIM

- To address the outflow of young drug offenders and combat the challenges of recidivism.

- To cure drug addiction among young drug offender in a rehabilitative environment without jeopardizing education background.

- led approach design thesis.

OBJECTIVES

Revising an incarceration architecture by allowing for humane rehabilitative environment with regard to specific subject of young male drug offender. The creation of this new incarcerative typology is a legit answer for current local drug policy that about to be implemented in Malaysia. The whole design thesis proposal is a drug policy-driven

CHOOL; MEDICAL PRISON + SCHOOL HYBRID FOR YOUNG OFFENDER through theDRUG an architect’s point of view.

84

BUILDING TYPOLOGY WHAT

Medical rehabilitational correctional center Type of programs : - incarceration - education - drug related healthcare

HOW

Through the implementation of a new typology of correctional facility that symbiotically merges the programs and spaces for incarceration, education and healthcare.

WHY

1. to reduce country incarceration rate.

2. to address on prison population problem in which; prisons are overcrowded and in bad condition due to excessive 20,000 population from official capacity of prison population.

WHERE WHEN

Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

After the recent drug policy on Decriminalisation of Drugs & Drug Addicts being wholly implemented in country.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

5.3 Potentian Client and Collaborative Parties

The educational opportunity provided is a compulsory-reinforcement for young inmates after being released so that they can have better job opportunities. Providing Corrective Education to the residents is not only to ensure that the education level of each resident is expanded compulsory but this effort is made to enable them to enjoy integrated rehabilitation and more formal education including sitting for public exams such as Certificate of Education Malaysia (SPM). Higher education is also open to interested prisons residents and the program is being implemented in collaboration with public and private universities in the country such as Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) and Universiti Malaya (UM).

Organisation Planning Plan In this study, the client of the project is Jabatan Penjara Malaysia (JPM) under the authorisation of portfolio in Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHE).

Jabatan Penjara Malaysia or the Malaysian Prisons Department has the responsibility in enforcing the sentence and executing the court order on the prisoner until release. In addition, the Prisons Department also plays a role in providing effective rehabilitation programs to all inmates.

OUM and University of Malaya offer a long-distance learning in certain courses in bachelor of degrees for young inmates in Penjara Kajang.

[IMAGES] showing official logos of The Malaysia Prisons Department and Ministry of Home Affairs.

Efforts made by staff at the Malaysian Prison Department in collaboration with Ministry of Health (KPM) from Hospital Serdang and Hospital Pengajar UPM (HPUPM) to ensure medical success in curing drug addiction and overcome in relapse among young inmates.

Mission Building Productivity Through Effective Recovery, Conducive Environment and Strategic Integration Vision Leader of Corrective Services

[IMAGES] Medical staffs from Hospital Serdang and Hospital UPM works directly in giving medical treatment, medical student attachment with correctional institution.

Objective DISCUSSION: Ensure prisoners / occupants / detainees undergo proper detention until release.

Equal opportunity should be given to all people and to young inmanClient and Collaborative Partie tes in correctional center. This effort needs to be further strengthened with the cooperation of all parties so that the repetition of crime for prison inmates can help them to continue living better after their release.

SAFETY: Ensures safe and secure environment and environment.

Organisation Planning Plan

SERVICE: Ensure that each inmate / inmate / prisoner is treated according to the laws and regulations.

GOVERNMENT

Recovery: Ensure appropriate and effective rehabilitation program for all categories of prisoners / inmates / detainees.

incarceration / security

CLIENT

* Ministry of Home Affairs - Malaysia Prisons Dept.

INFORMATION: Ensure that the Social Reintegration Program for prisoners / inmates / prisoners is implemented effectively.

GOVERNMENT

In this regard, the Prisons Department also provides an academic educational opportunity known as Corrective Education for residents interested in continuing their education despite being in prison. The need to acquire knowledge is also a preparation for prisoners to continue their life after being released from prison.

education service * Ministry of Education * Ministry of High Education

Through the cooperation between the Ministry of Education Malaysia (KPM) and the Prison Department of Malaysia, juveniles and juvenile offenders can continue their schooling system in prisons at either the Henry Gurney School or the Integrity School. Education through this school system is an important element for any nation in its quest towards building a better economic, political, and social community. Thus, prison education is provided to young prisoners between the ages of 15 and 21.

PENJARA PERUBATAN MALAYSIA

GOVERNMENT medical treatment * Ministry of Health - Hospital Serdang - Hospital Pengajar UPM

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES rehabilitation/ training / qualification * National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA) * Jabatan Pembangunan Kemahiran

[IMAGES] showing official logos of Ministry of Education (MOE) and Ministry of Higher Education which both involve directly in collaborating with Jabatan Penjara Malaysia.

[CHART] Organization chart showing the interrelation between cross ministries department in suceeding a combined roles under a correctional center.

85

•

PRI_SCHOOL; MEDICAL PRISON + SCHOOL HYBRID FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

5.4 TARGET USERS 1. Male drug offender aged 18 - 24 year old.

2. Drug offender who involve in drug addicts only, (not in traficking and distributing.)

3. Existing drug offender in Malaysia carceral system.

Summary of Proposed Programs

5.5 ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING PROBLEM FACTOR SELF DISCIPLINE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY PEERS ENVIRONMENT

P R O G R A M OBJECTIVE S P A C E Z VOCATIONAL/ ACADEMICAL SELF-DISCIPLINE

OUTDOOR/ INDOOR/ RECREATIONAL

COMMUNITY-BASED PROGRAM

O

N

gallery, craft, PUBLIC Basic, career, library, SEMI-PUBLIC theorotical learning workshop, SEMI-PUBLIC certificate, license storage, classroom experiences. security

checkpoint, SEMI-PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC

d i s c i p l i n e , living quarters, court. self-moral, unity, patriotic, integrity. recreational

yard, SEMI-PUBLIC

psychological re- sport court, outdoor SEMI-PUBLIC habilitation, unity, visiting space.

SEMI-PUBLIC character building. community-based program, preparation for reintegration with society.

individual counMEDICAL selling, medical REHABILITATION treatment.

E COMPONENT STORE, STAFF ROOM, TOILET.

STORE, AMPHITEATER, PAVILION (astaka).

ASSEMBLY POINT, STORE, GYMNASIUM.

multi-purpose hall, PUBLIC cafeteria, grocery, PUBLIC prayer hall, outside of PUBLIC the compound.

STORE, STORAGE, LANDSCAPE, PRAYER SPACE, ABLUTION.

clinical, pharmacy, consultation room, meditation area, medical storage.

MEDICAL STORAGE, LANDSCAPE, TOILET.

Program - Space Relationship table.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

PRIVATE SEMI-PUBLIC PRIVATE PRIVATE

5.5 ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING

BUBBLE DIAGRAM

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Architectural Program

PROGRAM COMPONENT : EDUCATION TVET

PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE

SPACE PUBLIC AND REQUIREMENT PRIVATE ACCESS - exposing on vocational Learning limited to stueducation through practiWorkshop dents and teachcal learning process. ing staff only.

EDUCATIONAL (TVET)

- divided to 2 part. part of cafetarial and learning workshop. Specifically for culinary program .

- Part of kitchen for food preparation for student as well.

Kitchen

- provide cyber information with minimal security during class. No Internet access is provided to avoid communication with outside world.

Computer lab

- class room for theoretical and vocational knowledge.

- room for seminar or course regarding vocational education for community as well it can generate income to the institution.

- provide space for eating during recess time.

- combine space area for both teaching staff and students.

Classroom

- provide reading materials for vocational program with controlled access of Internet for them to search for information.

Mini library

Cafeteria

Multipurpose event space

EQUIPMENT/ BASIC NEEDS

AREA/ SPACE CAPACITY

both natural lighting, with mechanical lighting. Preferebaly double volume height space. students and natural lightteaching staff ing only. only with direct access to loading area and cafetaria.

workshop furniture, 1 teaching staff for every plumbing system, 12 students. cross ventilation and electrical wiring in- 200sqm. stallation.

students and m e c h a n i c a l teaching staff lighting. only with direct access to mini library or within library.

assistant computer 120 sqm. lab room, furniture for computer equipment, server room, flexible electrical installation.

limited to i n v o l v e d students and teaching staffs at certain time only.

dry storage, cold 40 sqm. storage, cooking equipment, electrical installation, kitchen furniture.

both natural classroom furniture, 1 teaching staff for every lighting, with white board, cabinet 12 students. m e c h a n i - storage. cal lighting.

45 sqm.

students and natural light- furniture for seating, 45 sqm. teaching staff ing only. eating such as table, only with direct bench. access to kitchen.

limited to in- m e c h a n i c a l volved stu- lighting at dents at cer- book shelf tain time only. area and natural lighting at seating area.

- space for meeting, sup- Collaborationg limited to port creativity new gen- working area s t u d e n t s eration idea with learnand teaching out of classroom. ing staff only.

- provision space for student showcase with creative projects to be exhibited for public users.

- to publish the effectiveness of vocational program in prison to public.

LIGHTING/ VIEW

shelving unit for 5.4sqm / person. reading materials, table and chairs for groupwork reading and discussion.

natural light- f l e x i b l e , m u l t i p u r - 350 sqm. ing, open pose furniture, area suit- storage cabinet. able for groupwork.

open to pub- natural lightlic visitors at ing, with certain time. m e c h a n i cal lighting at exhibition space.

flexible electrical in- 250 sqm. stallation options, specified furniture units and board panel for exhibition.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Architectural Program

PROGRAM COMPONENT : EDUCATION ACADEMICAL

PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE

EDUCATIONAL (ACADEMICAL)

- class room for theoretical and general knowledge, SPM and STPM candidate.

- room for seminar or course regarding vocational education for community as well it can generate income to the institution.

- room for seminar or course regarding vocational education for students,community as well it can generate income to the institution.

SPACE PUBLIC AND REQUIREMENT PRIVATE ACCESS Classroom limited to i n v o l v e d students and teaching staffs at certain time only.

Seminar room

- provide space for eating during recess time.

- combine space area for both teaching staff and students.

Cafeteria

- provide cyber information space with minimal security during class. No Internet access is provided to avoid communication with outside world.

Computer lab

- provide space for teaching staff to rest and work during gap period in between classes.

Teacher’s room

- provide space for prison staff with office environment.

Management Office

LIGHTING/ VIEW

EQUIPMENT/ BASIC NEEDS

AREA/ SPACE CAPACITY

both natural light- classroom furniture, 30 -45 sqm per ing, with me- white board, cabinet unit. chanical lighting. storage.

limited to both natural lighti n v o l v e d ing, with mestudents and chanical lighting. teaching staffs at certain time only.

classroom furniture, 30 -45 sqm per white board, cabinet unit. storage, access to Internet, computer equipment, projector.

students and natural lighting only. furniture for seating, 45 sqm. teaching staff only eating such as table, with direct acbench. cess to kitchen.

students and teaching staff only with direct access to mini library or within library.

students and teaching staff only with direct access to mini library or within library.

teaching staff both natural lightonly, with permit- ing, with meted access for chanical lighting. s t u d e n t s , only during academic period.

assistant computer 120 sqm. lab room, furniture for computer equipment, server room, flexible electrical installation.

- office furniture, shelving unit for office storage, partition unit panel.

- management staff m e c h a n i c a l - office furniture, only. lighting only. shelving unit for office storage, partition unit panel.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Architectural Program

PROGRAM COMPONENT : MEDICAL & SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE

SPACE REQUIREMENT

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ACCESS provide space for C o n s u l t a t i o n - limited to involved consultation room students and medisession individually cal staff only. with medical doctor or psychiatrist or psychologist.

LIGHTING/ VIEW

EQUIPMENT/ BASIC NEEDS

mechanical lighting clinic furniture only.

AREA/ SPACE CAPACITY 25 sqm.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION

- provide space, corridor, seating while waiting for session with medical doctors.

Waiting area

- limited to involved natural lighting only loose furniture students and with direct access nurses only. to open area and green landscape.

- therapy space for student to do counselling session in a group.

Meditation yard

- limited to involved natural lighting only loose furniture students and coun- with direct access sellor only. to open area and green landscape.

500 sqm.

- provide space for counselling session individually with medical doctor or psychiatrist or psychologist.

Counselling room

- limited to involved mechanical lighting clinic furniture students and medi- only. cal staff only.

25 sqm.

- therapy space for student to do counselling session, faith-based class in a group to encourage self-confidence, integrity and moral value.

- provide space for storing medicine especially methadone dose treatment for student.

Group learning space

- limited to involved natural lighting only hotdesk, reception students and medi- with direct access table. cal staff only. to open area and green landscape.

Pharmacy

- limited to involved mechanical lighting clinic furniture, nurses and phar- only. electrical macies only. installation

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Architectural Program

PROGRAM COMPONENT : ADMINISTRATION & LIVING QUARTER PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE

SPACE REQUIREMENT

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ACCESS introduction to pro- Reception/ open public access. gram within the inoffice stitution to the public and community within the building.

INCARCERATION

- provide space for prison staff with office environment.

Administration office

- provide space for student and visitor to sit and visit with minimal surveillance from security staff.

Visiting area

accomodation living for students.

accomodation living for students.

faith-based initiative.

- provide space for counselling session individually with medical doctor or psychiatrist or psychologist.

LIGHTING/ VIEW

EQUIPMENT/ BASIC NEEDS

mechanical lighting hotdesk table, wait- 200 sqm only with direct ing lounge. access to visitor centre, gallery exhibition space.

limited access to mechanical lighting administration staff only. only with security checkpoint before entrance.

reception, director office, asst. director office, account manager, board room.

limited access.

indoor room and 1000 sqm. outdoor yard to give options for parents to sit with student either in an open air environment or indoor room.

natural lighting only with direct access to open area and green landscape.

Living Quarters/ limited access to natural lighting Hostel security staff and only with maximum students only with 4 storey building. security checkpoint before entrance.

Laundry

Surau/ Mosque

Counselling room

AREA/ SPACE CAPACITY

accomodation - 2 blocks living dormitory, quarter, 720 unit washroom, sleeping quarters. balcony, warden room, laundry, security checkpoint, pantry, common room.

limited access to within accomoda- washing machine. students only with tion building. minimal surveillance from security staff. public access.

natural lighting only carpet, fan. with direct access to accomodation quarters.

limited to involved natural students and medi- only. cal staff only.

lighting clinic furniture, electrical installation

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

5.6 PROGRAM / FUNCTION / NEED

SPACE

SIZE 7 sqm (75sqft)

7.4 sqm (80 sqft)

# OF SPACES OCCUPANCY PER SPACE

24 4 6

1 1 2

OCCUPANCY

INMATE ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF SURVEILLANCE STAFF

FUNCTION(S) BREAKFAST SELF-REFLECTION PERSONAL HYGIENCE SLEEPING FREE TIME

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE SPACE SURVEILLANVE OFFICE SPACE

BOOK STORAGE FREE TIME

1

N/A

18.6 sqm (200 sqft)

2

N/A 6

VISITORS : INMATES

23.2 sqm (250 sqft)

1

24

STAFF

1

24

INMATES

LAUNDRY FACILITIES

34.8 sqm (375 sqft)

2

12 12

INMATES INMATES

VOCATIONAL TRAINING ACADEMIC LEARNING TREATMENT WORKSHOP GROUP REFLECTION FREE TIME

46.4 sqm (500 sqft)

2

24 N/A

INMATES

51.0 sqm (550 sqft)

1

3

INMATES

55.7 sqm (600 sqft)

2

24 2

INMATES STAFF

288.0 sqm (3,100 sqft)

1

24

INMATES

929.0 sqm (10,000 sqft)

1

40

INMATES

4,046 sqm (43,560 sqft)

1

24

VEHICLES

27.9 sqm (300 sqft)

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

ENTRANCE LOBBY SECURITY CHECKPOINT VISITOR & INMATE MEETING SPACE LOCKER STORAGE PERSONAL HYGIENCE

MEETING SPACE CONFERENCE SPACE STORAGE

HEALTH ADMINISTRATION MEDICAL REHABILITATION LUNCH DINNER GROUP VISIT ACTIVITIES FREE TIME FAITH-BASED INITIATIVE FOOD SERVICE

RECREATION GROUP VISIT ACTIVITIES

PARKING

TREATMENT SPACE (INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT OF COMPASSION)

involve directly involve indirectly

INMATE NEEDS

PATIENT NEEDS

STAFF NEEDS staff includes : administrative staff, security staff, prison officers, doctors, nurses, social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, dentists, pharmacies.

In order to foster human interactions, the spaces must meet the needs of the all who spend their time at the medical prison.

Once the spaces are designed according to function, they can be assigned to a specific user or users.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

SOA

5.7 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION (SOA)

20%

Educational (TVET)

20%

Educational (Academic) Medical Rehabilitation

5% 10%

Incarceration

5%

10%

Visitor Centre Outdoor Area

30%

Services + Circulation Division area percentage according to type of program component based on space provision (S0A)

SOA

20%

Educational (TVET)

20%

Educational (Academic) Medical Rehabilitation

5% 10%

Incarceration

5%

10% 30%

Visitor Centre Outdoor Area Services + Circulation

Division area percentage according to type of program component based on program component allocation.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

5.7 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION (SOA) DESIGN GUIDELINE

SITE INFORMATION Land area

43, 209 sqm // 10.6 acre

Building classification

Instutitional - Correctional Facility

Density/ Plot Ratio

1:3

Gross Floor Area

Maximum built up = 43, 209 sqm x 3 = 129, 627 Provided built up area = 72, 180 sqm ( 55% of maximum built up provision) 5 storey

Level Plinth area

TOTAL SIZE LAND : 10.6 acre (43,200 sqm) LOCATION : UPM Serdang, Selangor.

Land Use : Institusi dan Kemudahan Masyarakat Land Owner : Universiti Putra Malaysia Local Council : Majlis Perbandaran Sepang Setback Facing Road : 12m

60% of 10.6 acre = 25, 925 sqm Provided plinth area = 14,436 sqm Percentage of plinth area = 33.4% of 10.6 acre Minimum green area 10% of 10.6 acre = 4, 320.9 sqm Provided green area = 13, 092 sqm Percentage of green area = 30.3 % of land area

Green area

Common Boundaries : 6m

Authority Requirement ( by MPS) Perimeter planting

2.1m all around.

Provided perimeter planting = 8.0 m all around.

Storm Water Management

Provided double layer 12’ anti-climb fencing all around.

On site Water Retention Pond - Tank to be 2.3m from the boundary line.

- Combination of RWH & On site water retention pond using common tank 30% for RWH and 70% for OSD.

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION (soa)

PROGRAM

UNIT

AREA(sqm)

Total area (sqm)

SPACE

FLOOR

Cell Unit

UG

250

15.7

3925.00

Cluster Bathroom

UG

10

36.8

368.00

Drying Cloth

UG

10

22

220.00

Internal Corridor

UG

10

146.6

1466.00

External Corridor

UG

3

399.1

1197.40

Staircase

G & UG

3

22.8

68.40

Common area

G & UG

3

175.3

525.90

Housing Control

G & UG

2

134

268.00

Kitchen

G

2

310

620.00

Dining Hall

G

3

460

1380.00

Sickbay

G

3

20

60.00

Remarks

LIVING QUARTER

Linen storage G 3 FACULTY | UNIVERSITY 37 111.00 MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT OF MALAYA

25 cell per village of total 10 villages.

PROGRAM

SPACE

FLOOR

UNIT

AREA(sqm)

Remarks

(sqm)

LIVING QUARTER

5.7 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION (SOA) SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION (soa) Cell Unit

UG

250

15.7

3925.00

Cluster Bathroom

UG

10

36.8

368.00

PROGRAM

SPACECloth Drying

FLOOR UG

10

AREA(sqm) 22

Total area (sqm) 220.00

LIVING QUARTER

Internal Corridor

UG

10

146.6

1466.00

External Cell Unit Corridor

UG

3 250

399.1 15.7

1197.40 3925.00

Staircase Cluster Bathroom

G UG& UG

3 10

22.8 36.8

68.40 368.00

Common area Drying Cloth

G UG& UG

3 10

175.3 22

525.90 220.00

Housing Control Internal Corridor

G UG& UG

2 10

134 146.6

268.00 1466.00

Kitchen External Corridor

G UG

23

310 399.1

620.00 1197.40

Dining Hall Staircase

G & UG

3

460 22.8

1380.00 68.40

Sickbay Common area

G & UG

3

20 175.3

60.00 525.90

Linen storage Housing Control

G & UG

32

37 134

111.00 268.00

Storage Kitchen

G

32

35.8 310

107.40 620.00

Dining Hall

G

3

460

1380.00

Sickbay

G

3

20

60.00

Classroom Linen storage

LG2,LG1 G

9 3

86.4 37

777.60 111.00

Storage Workshop : Learning AUTOMOTIVE WORKSHOP. CULINARY WORKSHOP, PPU WORKSHOP, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC WORKSHOP.

G

3

35.8

107.40

LG3 , LG2 & LG1

5

-

3243.00

Classroom Library

LG2,LG1 LG3 , LG2

19

86.4 1025.7

777.60 1025.70

Canteen Kitchen : Learning +Workshop AUTOMOTIVE WORKSHOP. Computer CULINARY lab WORKSHOP, PPU WORKSHOP, ELECTRICAL & Toilet ELECTRONIC WORKSHOP.

LG3

1

1261

1261.00

LG3 , LG2 & LG1 LG1 LG3, LG2,LG1

25

151.8-

303.60 3243.00

4

37

148.00

Colearning space Library

LG3 , LG2

1

1648 1025.7

1648.00 1025.70

Landscape: NOOK GARDEN, Canteen + Kitchen STAFF LOUNGE COURTYARD

LG1 LG3

31

70 1261

210.00 1261.00

Services +Circulation Computer lab

LG3,LG2,LG1 LG1

12

2035.2 151.8

2035.20 303.60

PJJ Room Toilet

LG3, LG2 LG2,LG1

14

151.3 37

151.30 148.00

Storages Co- learning space

LG1 LG3

21

66.7 1648

133.40 1648.00

Landscape: NOOK GARDEN, TVET Hall STAFF LOUNGE COURTYARD

LG2 LG1

13

360 70

360.00 210.00

TVET Workshop Services +Circulation

LG1 LG3,LG2,LG1

21

296 2035.2

592.00 2035.20

Tutorial PJJ Roomroom

LG2

41

122 151.3

488.00 151.30

Storages

LG1

2

66.7

133.40

TVET Hall

LG2

1

360

360.00

TVET Workshop

LG1

2

296

592.00

Tutorial room

LG2

4

122

488.00

SCHOOL

SCHOOL

UNIT

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

25 cell per village of total 10 villages.

Remarks

25 cell per village of total 10 villages.

5.7 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION (SOA) SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION (soa)

PROGRAM

UNIT

AREA(sqm)

Total area (sqm)

SPACE

FLOOR

Remarks

Inpatient accomodation

LG2

1

204.5

204.50

Fitness training

LG3

1

545

545.00

Outdoor gymnasium

G

1

196

196.00

Methadone clinic

LG1

1

642.2

642.20

Toilet

LG3

Therapy garden

LG3

1

782

782.00

Spiritual rehab

LG2

1

545

545.00

Praying area

LG1

1

852

852.00

Spiritual yard

G

1

340

340.00

Pharmacy

LG1

1

273

273.00

Medicine storage

LG1

1

121

121.00

Cart storage

LG1

1

117

117.00

File shelving room

LG1

1

35

35.00

Landscape

LG1

1

115

115.00

Services +Circulation

LG3,LG2,LG1

-

1369.9

1369.90

Reception

LG3

1

143.6

143.60

Open canteen

LG3

1

178

178.00

Kitchen

LG3

1

94.3

94.30

Visitor waiting room

LG3

1

55.2

55.20

Open visitation area

LG3

1

321.2

321.20

Indoor visitation

LG3,LG2,LG1

1

99

99.00

Inmate waiting room

LG3

1

78.8

78.80

Neutral room

LG3

1

76.5

76.50

File shelving storage

LG3

1

50

50.00

Gallery exhibition

LG3

1

337

337.00

Control room

LG3,LG2,LG1 ,G

2

Officers rooms

LG2

5

18.5

92.50

Operational room

LG2

1

100

100.00

Observation room

LG2

1

100

100.00

Restroom

LG3,LG2

3

30

90.00

MEDICAL & SPIRITUAL REHAB

0.00

ADMINISTRATION BLOCK

0.00

Page 2 of 3

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

5.7 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION (SOA) SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION (soa)

PROGRAM

SPACE

FLOOR

Staff accomodation

LG2

Services +Circulation

UNIT

AREA(sqm)

Total area (sqm)

10

56

560.00

LG3,LG2,LG1 .G

-

967.2

967.20

Landscape

LG3

1

Refuse chamber

LG3

1

Guard house

LG3

1

SERVICES ROOMS

LG3,LG2,LG1

External circulation

LG3

Empty land

LG3

Landscape

LG3

SERVICES + CIRCULATION

WATER RETENTION POND

Page 3 of 3

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Remarks

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

CHAPTER 6

D E S I G N P R O P O S A L

i. Ideas and concept ii. Architecture Drawings - Site Plan - Roof Plan - Floor Plan - Living Quarters configuration plan - Building Elevations and Sections - Sectional Perspective - Section - Perspectives - Detailed Section

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

1

6.1 IDEAS AND CONCEPT

CREATING A MULTIPLE, INTERSECTING CIRCULATIONS AS OPPOSED TO ONE LINEAR, REPETITIVE SEQUENCE

MENTAL MAPPING OF INCARCERATED SPACE

Reformed design must begin by bringing back the basic human needs of the inmates.

It begins with a plan of a community configuration that promotes social interaction.

The aspect of treatment shall be inserted.

INDIRECT HUMAN INTERACTION

THEORETICAL OF SPATIAL & FORM

The need for security will work its way through the organization of the private and public spaces in order to maintain safety. The overall design producing a high level of containment still remains and exists as the element of punishment through the loss of personal freedoms.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

10.6 acre

6.1 IDEAS AND CONCEPT

5. A NARROW PATH BECOMES VOID IN BETWEEN TWO BLOCKS.

1. FOOTPRINT

EXPERIENTAL PATH

- THESE VOIDS PATH ACT AS A GATHERING 5. A NARROW BECOMES VOID SPACE OR A MEDIUM IN BETWEEN 2 IN BETWEEN TWO BLOCKS. DIFFERENT HIERACHY OF SPACE.

1. FOOTPRINT

- THESE VOIDS ACT AS A GATHERING SPACE OR A MEDIUM IN BETWEEN 2 DIFFERENT HIERACHY OF SPACE.

10.6 acre

HORIZONTAL SECURITY MEASURE. A proposal to divide zones into parts by securing people from outside toward inside the site perimeter. With this division and losing sense of freedom and movement, an individual motion shall be having a specific purpose to be anywhere at anytime.

SOLE

1. FOOTPRINT

GATE

ENTRANCE

NO DIRECT ROUTE ON GROUND

2. - SECURING INTERNAL PERIMETER Vehicles and individual screenCIRCULATION. A NARROW PATH BECOMES VOID ing at guard house before per-5.

- SECURING SOLE ENTRANCE. IN BETWEEN TWO BLOCKS. mitted PUBLIC to INTERNAL enterVEHICLES. the PERIMETER institution.

2.- LIMITING - SECURING - THESE VOIDS ACT AS A GATHERING CIRCULATION. BETWEEN 2 route Underground - SECURING SOLE ENTRANCE. SPACE OR A MEDIUM IN DIFFERENT HIERACHY OF SPACE. - LIMITING PUBLIC VEHICLES.

FIRST LAYER SECURITY

- Underground route as a sole pathway for staffs to go through.

- Make use of natural curvature of height terrain as barrier from public to private.

FOURTH LAYER SECURITY 6. THREE COMMUNAL CIRCLES ARE

ADMINISTRATION

IMPLEMENTED ALONG THE LINEAR PROMENADE.

ZONE

6. THREE COMMUNAL CIRCLES ARE -EACH CIRCLE FUNCTIONS IMPLEMENTED ALONG THE LINEAR DIFFERENTLY PROMENADE.AS IN :

12 FEET ANTI-CLIMB FENCE

Semi public zones.

- Allowable for staffs and permitted public with 2. - SECURING INTERNAL PERIMETER CIRCULATION. specific purpose only.

- SECURING SOLE ENTRANCE. - LIMITING PUBLIC VEHICLES. 3. SEPARATE INTO 2 ZONES. -IMPLEMENT NATURAL BARRIER TO SEPARATE ZONES WITH DIFFERENT LEVEL OF HEIGHT. 3. SEPARATE INTO 2 ZONES.

SECOND LAYER SECURITY

FIRST STOP - EDUCATIONAL -EACH CIRCLE FUNCTIONS SECOND - MEDITATION, In between two DIFFERENTLY AS IN : - RELIGIOUS FUNCTION buildings are separated THIRD RECREATIONAL FIRST- STOP - EDUCATIONAL

12 RELIGIOUS feet SECOND - MEDITATION, FUNCTION THIRD - RECREATIONAL

anti-climb

zones, with fence.

FIFTH LAYER SECURITY

-IMPLEMENT NATURAL BARRIER TO 6. THREE COMMUNAL CIRCLES ARE SEPARATE ZONES WITH DIFFERENTIMPLEMENTED ALONG THE LINEAR TREE AS NATURAL BARRIER LEVEL OF HEIGHT. PROMENADE.

- To separate between two -EACH zones.CIRCLE FUNCTIONS DIFFERENTLY AS IN :

FIRSTisSTOP - EDUCATIONAL -From this point, no public accesible to active& living SECOND zone. - MEDITATION, RELIGIOUS FUNCTION THIRD - RECREATIONAL

THIRD LAYER SECURITY 3. SEPARATE INTO 2 ZONES. -IMPLEMENT NATURAL BARRIER TO SEPARATE ZONES WITH DIFFERENT LEVEL OF HEIGHT.

7. A COMPLETE SECURED LIVING.

EXPERIENTAL LIMITATION 4. A SERIES OF LINEAR PROMENADE IS IMPLEMENTED TO SEPARATE ZONES INTO INDIVIDUAL FUNCTION OF 4. BUILDING. A SERIES OF LINEAR PROMENADE

7. A COMPLETE SECURED LIVING.

IS IMPLEMENTED TO SEPARATE ZONES INTO INDIVIDUAL FUNCTION OF BUILDING.

VERTICAL SECURITY MEASURE. 4. A SERIES OF LINEAR PROMENADE IS IMPLEMENTED TO SEPARATE ZONES INTO INDIVIDUAL FUNCTION OF BUILDING.

A propose and purpose to avoid people living inside from going out of the institution. This measure is done through the implementation of vertical physical barrier 7. A COMPLETE SECURED LIVING. inside the site boundary.

FIRST-TIER SECURITY

SECONDTIER SECURITY

THIRDTIER SECURITY

FOURTIER SECURITY

THREE-TIER SECURITY MEASURE

FOUR-TIER SECURITY MEASURE MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

6.1 IDEAS AND CONCEPT

C O N C E P T U A L I D E A T I O N the notion that forms the backbone of a design project is inspired by the emotional behaviour, journey and movement of an inmate in a prison institution.

CI 1

journey : refuge of hope

the contrast of being in a space from dark

interpretation of “refuge of hope” into architectural design the concept aspires to create a journey that is adaptable, interactive and accessible for every residents without jeopardiz-

to bright is interpreted with ambience and

ing the component of security. the princi-

movement of an inmate wake up in the

pal act is to elevate a substantial part of

morning doing an everyday cycle until bed-

the program while lower the other part. by

time. this consideration is counted from the first step of the day they register in the prison, until the day they will be discharged.

creating a public void that is created within and underneath part of the building,it creates an informal cultural plaza within the formal boundary of the building which

CI 2

provides a new sense of dynamic interac-

emotional behaviour :

tion between inmates and staffs. the cre-

second chance

ation of public plaza along does not defy

two most important component programs

the fact that the loss of freedom in a con-

namely the educational and health pro-

fined environment is more than enough.

the intention of an incarceration objective,

grams being injected into the institution is an intention to give second chance to young inmate. regardless being confined in a minimum security facility, options are given either want to get better, not jeopardizing their education timeline because every human being is precious.

CI 3

movement:

from secluded to included

the aspiration of spatial planning is to capture the idea that this kind of medical

prison typolgy is actually the government initiative in transforming drug policy timeline from being institutionalised to being decriminalised.

interpretation “secluded to included” into architectural

of

architectural wise, it will resemble the changes of incarceration typology from being secluded to being included. from this direction, it will decide the changes and innovation of security measure, changes of circulation and hierachy of spaces that will go beyond the requirements set out by the authority but also sits comfortably within the given site such as toning down the monumentary of an institution.

from this direction, the existing prison typology design and guideline will be chalenged, questioned and decided through the paradoxical factors of what is currently happening vs what actually it should be.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

6.2 KEY DESIGN STRATEGIES

DESIGN STRATEGY 1

DESIGN STRATEGY 3

private car with permission to enter circulation at adjacent road main and sole entrance

car

park

Limiting Vehicular Circulation MAIN SOLE ENTRANCE only private car with prior permission from the institution can enter the prison compound. All vehicles will be parked in front of administration zones, in which the authorized staff will be brought to specific building by department vehicle through internal road (private).

DESIGN STRATEGY 2

Interactive Void design strategy aspires to create an institution that is adaptable, interactive and accessible for everybody. The principal act is to elevate a substantial part of the program while lower the other part. by doing so, a public void is created within and underneath part of the building, creating an informal cultural plaza within the formal boundary of the building which provides a new sense of dynamic interaction between inmates and staffs.

DESIGN STRATEGY 4

designated staff drop off service road & logistic loading & unloading

Strategised Inner Circulation department vehicle will bring staffs to specific drop off using internal road and options are given whether staff prefer to get picked up or walk through buildings back to car park. private road and specific drop also function as an escape plan when staff needed to be evacuated; and part of BOMBA circulation requirement as well.

“GROUND FLOOR AS ROOF, GROUND FLOOR AS PLAZA” teaching and learning zone

LG3,LG2,LG1

central communal along plaza

GROUND FLOOR

living quarter

UPPER GROUND

the ground is risen up to 4 floor above it as part of strategy to create an active central promenade in which become the connection floor between school block below and living zone above.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

6.2 KEY DESIGN STRATEGIES

DESIGN STRATEGY 5

VISUAL UNIFICATION OF THE STREET LEVEL facade concept aspires to visualise a unification an activation of the street level along Persiaran MARDI-UPM. Partially as part of strategy to tone down the uniformity of monumental look. from human eye level from street view, activities at ground floor can be see through when car passes by meanwhile 2 floor above and 2 floor below is hidden by facade treatment and site terrain below.

DESIGN STRATEGY 7

DESIGN STRATEGY 6

CALL AND RESPONSE TO NATURAL CURVATURE OF SLOPES each floor adjust external topography to internal daily life and the roof adjust external rain to internal movement of air and light, as well as inmate behaviour. the slopes act tot differentiate and integrate places within a single continuous surface and several calls may overlap. looked at this way, the design do not blindly follow the concrete surrounding environment nor do disregard these and do something completely unrelated but rather optimize the natural curvature of site terrain, making use of the contour to hide, to divide and cut and fill at certain area to fulfill the biggest importance component in prison institution; security measure.

wa te

facade s tru ctu car re par k rb

od

y

ESTABLISH A BALANCED OF FORM AND SPACES WITH AXIS LINE. establishing the water body as the cutting axis in between either side, forms and spaces can be arranged in a symmetrical and balanced manner. from human eye view when entering the site at the entrance, the balanced vista distribution between left and right rationalize the calm inspiration coming from the site. It help to capture the spiritual sense of mental piece, proving that a balanced axis and toning down the monumentality can be achieved at the same time.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING SITE PLAN

Majlis Perbandaran Subang Jaya

Majlis Perbandaran Kajang Putrajaya

Majlis Perbandaran Sepang

Key Plan

•

PRI_SCHOOL; MEDICAL PRISON + SCHOOL HYBRID FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER

FAKULTI PERUBATAN VETERINAR UPM

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

KOLEJ KEDIAMAN 17 UPM

SITE PLAN (roof plan) NO TO SCALE

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING FLOOR PLAN

LOWER GROUND FLOOR 3 (LG3) MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

NO TO SCALE

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING FLOOR PLAN

LOWER GROUND FLOOR 2 (LG2) NO TO SCALE

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR (G) NO TO SCALE

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING FLOOR PLAN

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG 10____

LIVING QUARTER

UPPER GROUND FLOOR (UG) NO TO SCALE

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING ELEVATIONS

RIGHT ELEVATION (as viewed from Kolej Kediaman 17 UPM) NO TO SCALE

LEFT ELEVATION (as viewed from Persiaran MARDI-UPM) NO TO SCALE

REAR ELEVATION (as viewed from Jalan Hospital Serdang) NO TO SCALE

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER

FRONT ELEVATION (as viewed from Jalan Hospital UPM) NO TO SCALE ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

SCALE 1:300

SECTION Y-Y

SCALE 1:300

SECTION X-X

SECTIONS

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

CLUSTER LIVING VILLAGE

Living quarters are incorporated with three floor of cell unit stacked on top of each other to form triple-storey kampung living. Within living quarter itself located on upper ground floor, all inmates are free to roam around, giving them slightly a sense of freedom to be at anywhere at anytime during daytime as long as in the living quarter. The flexibility given to them replicates the sense of humane rehabilitive environment within an incarcerated complex.

CENTRALISED GROUND PLAZA

7

Ground plaza is located on a podium of 4 floors above the entrance road level. From above point of view, ground plaza is seen as a series of long, centralised plaza that connect between school and medical rehabilitation blocks below to living quarter above it. Every activity happening on ground plaza is clearly can be seen by anyone from anywbere as it resemble as open place on top of rooftop of school blocks. In case of emergency situation, ground plaza may acts as an assembly point. During any other situation, ground plaza is a meet up place from one place to another. The purpose of designing the centralised ground plaza in such as way is to make it visible and as viable as possible from supervisors’ eye view, easen the natural surveillance process thus eliminating the needs for video surveillance type of security.

CENTRALISED CONTROL ROOM

The needs of a control room in a correctional facility is crucial, albeit the minimum security facility needs minimum supervision. Located at the center of all space perimeter, it ease and shorten the walking distance of a prison officer to his required building.

VALLEY OF HOPE

Being the connection in the between of administration zone to the living zone, valley of hope gives different impression for a newly-reached inmate who about to be located to specific living village. Triple volume high-ceiling with retractable skylight on the roof incorporate the matters for natural ventilation and lighting into the space volume. The left side view overseeing the teaching and learning in tutorial room, while the right side view overseeing the activity in the library.

OUTDOOR VISITATION SPACE

Inmates are allowed to meet visitors during weekend once in every fortnight.

Outddor visitation space allows flexibility to roam around with family during meeting. They are allowed to have lunch together at open canteen as well.

Double volume high-ceiling space with direct vision towards front facade and water bodies gives dramatic natural lighting impression to people residing within it.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

THREE DIMENSIONAL PERSPECTIVE

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

THREE DIMENSIONAL PERSPECTIVE

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

THREE DIMENSIONAL PERSPECTIVE

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

THREE DIMENSIONAL PERSPECTIVE

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

THREE DIMENSIONAL PERSPECTIVE

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

6.4 BUILDING PROGRAM COMPONENT & JUSTIFICATIONS

6.4.1 INCARCERATION ORGANIZATION

PERSONALISED PROGRAM PLAN

ACADEMIC

YOUNG INMATE/ PATIENT/ STUDENT

MEDICAL REHABILITATION PLAN COMPULSORY

+

TVET SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION PLAN

ALL BUILDING INVOLVED

PRISON OFFICER

WARDEN

ADMINISTRATION OFFICER

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CENTER

MEDICAL DOCTOR

MALE NURSE

PHARMACIST

PSYCHOLOGIST

SCHOOL BLOCKS

TEACHER

TECHNICAL INSTRUCTOR

Environment in living quarter.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Student Flow Chart in School (after DODAA is implemented) 6.4.2 PROPOSED PROCEDURE / PERSONALISED PROGRAM 6.4 BUILDING PROGRAM COMPONENT & JUSTIFICATIONS

Target : 1. Drug Addicts Seeking for Help 2. Existing Drug Offender in Prison

SPM

Intake assessment

Medical & Mental Health Screening

STPM

TABE (Test for Adult in Basic Education)

Risk/Need Assessment

* based on latest education background and vocational skills.

Personalised Program Plan

Medical Rehabilitation

Educational Program

* includes methadone dose treatment, medical check up routine, anger management.

Employment readiness workshop

Community Integration

Talks in school/ awareness

DISTANCE LEARNING PROGRAM

TVET

Faith-based initiative

SPMV

* producing a law-abiding citizen

proposed process •

ACADEMIC

* includes academical program, examination and TVET.

Discharge Planning

Give back to community program

proposed education programs based on qualifications and interest and vacancy.

PRI_SCHOOL; MEDICAL PRISON + SCHOOL HYBRID FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER

78

Summary of Proposed Programs

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

c

P ulin COMPONENT & JUSTIFICATIONS wo PU 6.4 BUILDING PROGRAM ar r y

ksh

op

oad

r k s ive ho p

ser vic

er

“ I am an English teacher. I live in Seri Kembangan. I teach English subject for SPM and STPM level in MRCC, Serdang. Being an educator for the past 20 years, I believe everyone including my students in MRCC deserve a second chance rica's Promise Al- educationclassroom in their lives.”

workshop

ngly tied to sociolow-income areas an middle-income s, for whom school udents must focus mes secondary, if

@LG1

TVET workshop

academic classroom

@LG2, LG1

ion compared to High ucation

top reasons why rvey responses of t a semester off at ike boring classes g reasons kids left.

young inmate in PPM. I was 17 y/o when I was caught in drug addictions. I’ve never get the opportunity to sit for my SPM eversince. But now, I am studying for my SPMV examination in the correctional center at the age of 20 y/o. I am grateful for this second chance opportunity given by the government.

I am rolling in automobile skills in TVET course as well. After I will be released soon, I want to work in a car repair workshop in my hometown.”

control room

fahope valley oEDUCATION uto 6.4.3 BLOCK w o mot

Stud Sch

en ol caisnte honame sc“My Hadi. I am a first group batch of

library/ co- learning

CENTRALISED @LG3CONTROL ROOM

LOW E

RG

Medical & Sc

The needs of a control room in a correctional facility is crucial, albeit the minimum security facility need minimum supervision.

Located at the center of all space perimeter, it ease and shorten ABDUL HADI ALI, 20 , the walking distance of a prison officer to his required building.

ROU

ND

KAJANG.

3

M Reha

onic

SPM

Emplo readiness

ical

electr

QUANTITATIVE JUSTIFICATION

* includes meth treatment, med anger managem

electr

MADAM FAUZIAH ALIAS, 46 , SERI KEMBANGAN.

Source : GradNation.org

public staircases connected to plaza at ground floor.

LOW E

RG

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SHOWING

STPM

INMATE AND STAFF CIRCULATION

*as of July 2019 @ AADK Malaysia

DISTANCE LEARNING PROGRAM

who dropped out of school nificantly more likely to use

30% ACADEMIC es, alcohol and drugs, and ink, compared with peers still 70% T V E T attending school.”

LOW E

at school block

RG

ROU

1 pro

ND

ROU

ND

2

automoti

Total inmates = 750

-Ministry of Education

HOOL HYBRID FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER

225 inmate = Academic program 525 inmate = Vocational program

cul P ina wo PU ry rks ho p

vic

er oad

automotive course = 100 students welding course = 100 students PPU course = 100 students electric & electronic = 100 students culinary course = 50 students

ser

Incarceration compared to High School Education

HEAD OPERATIONAL ROOM

RG

Research shows dropping out is strongly tied to socioeconomic status. Kids who come from low-income areas are 2.4 times more likely to drop out than middle-income kids. Unlike kids from wealthier families, for whom school is usually the primary focus, poorer students must focus on other responsibilities.

School becomes secondary, if PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION it’s a priority at all.

ROU

ND

3

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

AUTOMOTIVE WORKING SPACE

SWITCH ROOM

MATERIAL ROOM

AUTOMOTIVE WORKSHOP EQUIPMENT ROOM

AUTOMOTIVE FITTING SPACE

TUTORIAL ROOM 1

G Y BA

Y

BA

IN

Y BA

D EL G Y

BA

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

CHARGING ROOM

G

G

W

DIN

EL W

ENGINE SPACE

OPERATIONAL WORKSHOP ROOM

IN

D EL

ENGINE SPACE

VAV UNIT WORKSPACE

WORKING AREA 2 FILE ROOM

Source : GradNation.org

DIN EL

SWITCH ROOM

TESTING ROOM

W

RAC CONTROL LAB

EQUIPMENT ROOM

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PPU WORKSHOP

MATERIAL ROOM

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

RAC LAB

AIR-COND MOTOR WORKSPACE

W

ELECTRIC WORKSHOP

QUANTITATIVE JUSTIFICATION FILE ROOM

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

HIGH VOLTAGE LAB

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

LOADING & UNLOADING PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

LOW E

workshop

LAVATORY

JOINTING CABLE AREA

WORKING AREA 1

classroom

According to a recent report from America's Promise Alliance, those factors rank among the top reasons why kids take themselves out of school. Survey responses of nearly 2,000 students who took at least a semester off at school revealed that systemic factors like boring classes and family obligations were the guiding reasons kids left.

non- vocational course : 75 workers 1. linen & laundry operation 2. gardening 3. cleaning service PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

aut o w o moti ve rks ho p

G, UPM SERDANG, SELANGOR ARTMENT, 6.4 BUILDING PROGRAM COMPONENT & JUSTIFICATIONS (MOHE)

6.4.4 MEDICAL & SPIRITUAL BLOCK

AMALIN HAYATI YAAKUB BVH170033 STUDIOMASTERS : • Dr. Muhammad Azzam Ismail • Ar. Dr. Lim Teng Ngiom • Ar. Sarly Adre Sarkum

+

+

MEDICAL REHABILITATION PLAN

MEDICAL REHABILITATION PLAN

SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION

Medical rehabilitation is a compulsory program plan for all young inmates in the correctional medical rehab center. The purpose of medical rehabilitation is to cure the addiction among them by giving a treatment in methadone dose, religious and spiritual training and physical fitness training.

medical rehab

spiritual rehab

spiritual rehab

The objective of medical program plan is to treat those inmates as a patient in curing their addictions by giving specific medical treatments rather than keeping them inside the inpatient observatory deck PROPOSED + SCHOOL FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER accomodation. During the sentence in the correctional center, all inmates are required to fulfill AT JALAN HOSPITAL SERDANG, UPM SERDANG, SELANGOR the FOR needs by medical doctors. The sole purpose of this particular effort is that MALAYSIAN PRISON rehabilitation’s DEPARTMENT, thoseOF inmates are discharged from the institution, they are freed from drug DESIGN addicts NIVERSITY OFwhen MALAYA ARCHITECTURAL THESISand 01 │ UNIT 1 │ SEMESTER 04/2019 MINISTRY HOME AFFAIRS (MOHE) addictions.

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE │ UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION PLAN

SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION PLAN

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS 01 │ UNIT 1 │ SEMESTER 04/2019

MEDICAL PRISON

AMALIN HAYATI YAAKUB BVH170033

STUDIOMASTERS :

• Dr. Muhammad Azzam Ismail • Ar. Dr. Lim Teng Ngiom

in-patient accomodation

• Ar. Sarly Adre Sarkum

+

CAL PRISON

MEDICAL REHABILITATION PLAN

SPACE : MEDICAL & SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION

+ SCHOOL FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER medical rehab

SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION PLAN

spiritual rehab

observatory deck

G, UPM SERDANG, SELANGOR ARTMENT, (MOHE)

in-patient accomodation

BVH170033 STUDIOMASTERS : • Dr. Muhammad Azzam Ismail • Ar. Dr. Lim Teng Ngiom • Ar. Sarly Adre Sarkum

klinik metadon

consultation room consultation room

klinik metadon

klinik metadon

“ I +am a medical officer in Hospital Serdang. I do my locum tenen here after my working shift in hospital.

SPIRITUAL medical rehab The shortREHABILITATION distancePLAN between two of my working places make it easy for me to drive with my car. spiritual rehab I am glad people are starting to view drug offender as a patient rathen than of fitness training inmate.”

klinik metadon

MEDICAL REHABILITATION PLAN

SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION underground route

underground route

AMALIN HAYATI YAAKUB

inpatient accomodation

inpatient accomodation therapy garden

sectional perspective showing through

observatory deck

MEDICAL REHABILITATION floor at lg2 and lg1.

NIVERSITY OF MALAYA

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS 01 │ UNIT 1 │ SEMESTER 04/2019 situation 3 :

CAL PRISON

situation 3 applies for medical staff who pass through centralised control room at ground floor, and from the plaza, he takes the private staircase to go down to medical rehab floor.

fitnessaccomodation training in-patient

spiritual rehab

therapy garden

+

SCHOOL FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER sectional perspective showing through 7000mm x 7000mm standardised grid line structure with 400mm x450mm column and beam construction.

G, UPMMEDICAL SERDANG, SELANGOR REHABILITATION floor at lg2 and lg1.

ARTMENT, (MOHE)

AMALIN HAYATI YAAKUB BVH170033 STUDIOMASTERS : • Dr. Muhammad Azzam Ismail • Ar. Dr. Lim Teng Ngiom drop off

• Ar. Sarly Adre Sarkum

G LOWER

situation 2 :

situation 2 is for medical staff who take ride through private route underneath the building and dropped-off in front of inpatient accomodation. this situation applies for ambulance when inmates needed to be evacuated to nearest hospital as well.

3 applies for medical staff who ugh centralised control room floor, and from the plaza, he private staircase to go down situation 1 : l rehab floor.

1

e m e r g e n c y

situtuation 2 : situation 3 :

underground route

situation 1 :

inpatient accomodation

observatory deck

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS 01 │ UNIT 1 │ SEMESTER 04/2019

t ARCHITECTURAL e DESIGN THESIS 01 │ UNIT 1 │ SEMESTER 04/2019 A T E

drop off

fitness training

in-patient fitnessaccomodation training

L I F T

+ SCHOOL FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER EXPLODED ISOMETRIC

CIRCULATION

from all over places to medical rehab block.

+ MEDICAL REHABILITATION PLAN

medical rehab

STUDIOMASTERS :

INMATE AND STAFF CIRCULATION

• Dr. Muhammad Azzam Ismail • Ar. Dr. Lim Teng Ngiom • Ar. Sarly Adre Sarkum

from ground floor to lower ground 3 (lg3)

SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION PLAN

therapy garden

AMALIN HAYATI YAAKUB

3

spiritual rehab

S H A F T

OUND

perspective showing through G, SPACE UPMsectional SERDANG, SELANGOR : MEDICAL & SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION MEDICAL REHABILITATION ARTMENT, floor at lg2 and lg1.

(MOHE)

AMALIN HAYATI YAAKUB BVH170033

SHOWING

GR LOWER

CAL PRISON

spiritual rehab

7000mm x 7000mm standardised grid line r structure with 400mm o RP x450mm I u column and beam construction.

V

PROPOSED MEDICAL PRISON + SCHOOL FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER MEDICAL STAFF AT JALAN HOSPITAL SERDANG, UPM SERDANG, SELANGOR SITUATION EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SHOWING FOR MALAYSIAN PRISON DEPARTMENT, from and to medical rehab MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (MOHE) INMATE’ SITUATION AND block.

SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION PLAN

2

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE │ UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA NIVERSITY OF MALAYA EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SHOWING

medical rehab

ROUND

this public staircase at lowerground 2 (lg2) is not permissible to access in-patient accomodation . the only permissible one is staff lift and staircase within the area itself. in-patient space is the most private zone, in which required inmate needing the treatment is brought through staff lift, and if necessary, he will discharged from the institution to the nearest hospital through emergency route.

upper ground 1 (observatory deck)

G LOWER

medical staff from lg3 takes private closed-staircase to go to floors above. this staircase has direct access to fitness training and spiritual rehab area.

spiritual rehab

MEDICAL private staircase for staff only REHABILITATION fromPLAN lower ground 3 (lg3) to

public open staircase up to ground floor.

SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION

klinik metadon spiritual rehab

+

ROUND

consultation room

klinik metadon

3:

DR. SHAZRIL SHAHBUDDIN, 33, BANDAR BARU BANGI.

BVH170033 STUDIOMASTERS :

observatory deck

prayer hall consultation room

SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION klinik metadon

klinik metadon

• Ar. Sarly Adre Sarkum

“Saya seorang pemegang tauliah dari Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor+ (JAIS). Saya berkhidmat sebagai MEDICAL guru agama sepenuh PLAN masaREHABILITATION di bahagian pusat rehabilitasi.

Jarak umur saya yang tidak banyak beza SPIRITUAL klinik metadon REHABILITATION PLAN dengan banduan muda ini memudahkan saya untuk public open staircase up to mereka dalam menasihati hal-hal mendekat ground floor. keagamaan dan motivasi diri.:

medical rehab

spiritual rehab

e m observatory deck fitness training e therapy garden r 7000mm x 7000mm standardised grid line g sectional perspective showing through structure with 400mm x450mm e column and beam construction.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION USTAZ ADAM BIN MUKHSIN, 26, n floor at lg2 and lg1.

PUTRAJAYA c y MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

underground route

1:

inpatient accomodation

• Ar. Dr. Lim Teng Ngiom

1

underground route

consultation room

drop off

ROUND

n 2 is for medical staff who take rough private route underneath lding and dropped-off in front of nt accomodation. this situation 3 :for ambulance when inmates medical staff who d3 applies to be for evacuated to nearest ugh centralised control room l as well. floor, and from the plaza, he private staircase to go down l rehab floor.

in-patient accomodation

G LOWER

n2:

• Dr. Muhammad Azzam Ismail

klinik methadon klinik metadon spiritual rehab private staircase for staff only from lower ground 3 (lg3) to upper ground 1 (observatory deck)

inpatient accomodation

inpatient accomodation in-patient accomodation fitness training

6.4 BUILDING PROGRAM COMPONENT SPACE : ADMINISTRATION STATION & JUSTIFICATIONS DETAIL SECTION 1.2

“We are parents of Abdul Hadi. Every fortnight on weekend, we drove to Serdang to visit our son in MRCC. We bring lunch boxes for us to eat together in the open canteen. rvices We think that it is very crucial to have a se MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE │ UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS 01 │ UNIT emotional 1 │ SEMESTER 04/2019contact continuous with him throught out his sentence classroom period.:

6.4.5 ADMINISTRATION BLOCK DETAIL SECTION 1.1

observatory

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE │ UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

centralised control room

deck

MEDICAL PRISON

ervation room PROPOSED MEDICALobsPRISON + SCHOOL FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER PROPOSED

DETAIL SECTION 1.3

+

AT JALAN HOSPITAL SERDANG, UPM SERDANG, SELANGOR o p e r a t i o n a FOR l MALAYSIAN PRISON DEPARTMENT, AT JALAN HOSPITAL SERDANG, UPM SERDANG, SELANGOR MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (MOHE) FOR MALAYSIAN PRISON DEPARTMENT, AMALIN HAYATI YAAKUB BVH170033

STUDIOMASTERS :

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE │ UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

PROPOSED MEDICAL

• Dr. Muhammad Azzam Ismail

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS 01 │ UNIT 1 │ SEMESTER 04/2019

• Ar. Dr. Lim Teng Ngiom

PRISON

control room

+ SCHOOL FOR YOUNG DRUG OFFENDER

MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (MOHE) valley of hope

staff quarters AT JALAN HOSPITAL SERDANG, UPM SERDANG, SELANGOR FOR MALAYSIAN PRISON DEPARTMENT, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (MOHE)

AMALIN HAYATI YAAKUB

SPACE : ADMINISTRATION STATION

OUTDOOR

BVH170033

neutral room

STUDIOMASTERS :

VISITATION

SPACE

VALLEY OF HOPE Double volume high-ceiling

• Ar. Dr. Lim Teng Ngiom • Ar. Sarly Adre Sarkum

DETAIL SECTION 1.2

NEUTRAL ROOM

DETAIL SECTION 1.2

For a newly inmate who just about registering himself in the institution, neutral room is an area for body inspection, medical check-up, test for basic education (TABE) assesment before DETAIL proceeding SECTION 1.3 to personalised program plan.

Inmates are allowed to meet visitors during DETAIL weekend once in every fortnight. Outdoor visSECTION 1.1 itation space allows flexibility to roam with DETAIL family during visitation. They are allowedSECTION to 1.1 have lunch together at open canteen as well. observation room space with di-

OUTDOOR VISITATION SPACE SPACE : ADMINISTRATION STATION VALLEY OF HOPE

Inmates allowed to meet visitors during zone weekend once in every rkshop Being theare connection inTVE the of administration to T Wobetween the living zone, valleyvisitation of hope gives different impression for a to roam around fortnight.

Outddor space allows flexibility newly-reached inmate who aboutl to be located to specific DETAIL services TVET Hal They are allowed to have lunch togethwith family living quarter.during meeting.

SECTION er at open canteen as well. Double volume high-ceiling space with Triple volume high-ceiling with retractable flat skylight on the roof direct visionthetowards front facade andand water bodies gives dramatic incorporate matters for natural ventilation lighting into classroom the space. natural lighting impression to people residing within it. ool canteen

services classroom

rect the vision towards front facade and waBeing connection in the between of administration zone to the Inmates living zone, of hope gives are valley given their basic room tion observa ter bodies gives dramatic natural lightsuch as new clothes, ing impression to people residing within. inmate who about to be neccessity different impression for a newly-reached located to specific living room village. trol con bed linen, and they need to hope over their of hand valley Triple with retractable skylight on the roof incorporate the belonging matters for natural as well.

Beingvolume the onlyhigh-ceiling space in administration zone neutral room that is accessible by both visitors and inm roo on ventilation and lighting into overseeing thetoteaching and r visitatithe space volume. The left side view outdoo Neutral room meant ‘neutralize’ mates, outdoor visitation space inevitably bethe flow in of the a new resident from an learning in tutorial room, while thespace. right side view overseeing the activity library. come the focal point of semi-public OUTDOOR

VISITATION

SPACE

Inmates are allowed to meet visitors during weekend once in every fortnight. Outdoor visitation space allows flexibility to roam with family during visitation. They are allowed to have lunch together at open canteen as well.

Double volume high-ceiling space with direct vision towards front facade and water bodies gives dramatic natural lighting impression to people residing within.

Neutral room meant the flow of a new resident from an outside offender to being an inmate.

neutral room

OUTDOOR STAIRCASE CONNECTED TO LEVEL GROUND (PLAZA)

VISITATION

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SHOWING

INMATE CIRCULATION

SPACE

from all over places toallowed administrationtozone meet

centralised control room

STAIRCASE CONNECTED TO LEVEL GROUND (PLAZA)

Inmates are visitors during weekend once in every fortnight. Outdoor visitation space allows flexibility to roam with family during visitation. They are allowed to have lunch together at open canteen as well.

staff quarters exhibition gallery

Double volume high-ceiling space with direct vision towards front facade and water bodies gives dramatic natural lighting impression to people residing within.

NEUTRAL ROOM observatory deck

Triple volume high-ceiling with retractable flat skylight on the roof incorporate the matters for natural ventilation and lighting into the space.

PROGRAM DIAGRAMThe left side view overseeing theoteaching m learning in tuton rooand ti overseeing sitaview r viside tdotheoright uadministration need to rial room,o while the activity in the showing main component of blocks. as well. library. The spatial planning incorporates with human activity, the

obse

OUTDOOR

VISITATION

rving

neutral room

needs of natural element within the building and emotional feeling STAIRCASE CONNECTED TO GROUND (PLAZA) of a person POV at valley of hope perceive LEVEL a first impression in which defy the current gloomy , dark corridor of prison typology.

NEUTRAL ROOM

SPACE

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SHOWING

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SHOWING

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SHOWING

operat

ional

VISITOR AND STAFF CIRCULATION

For a newly inma Inmates are allowed to meet visitors during observatory deck centralised control room registering himself INMATE CIRCULATION weekend once in every fortnight. Outdoor visfrom all over places to neutral room is an a administration zone.all over places from itation space allows flexibility to roam with tion, medical chec direc to administration zone family during visitation. They are allowed to t obs ervin education g o p ecanteen r a t i o n a as l well. have lunch together at open opera assesment bef EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SHOWING tiona l to personalised Double volume high-ceiling space with dioffice staff quarters VISITOR AND STAFF s SITUATION 1 : new inmate pathway for registeration rect vision towards front facade and waInmates are gi ter bodies gives dramatic natural lightSITUATION 2 : inmate from ground floor who has visitor waiting CIRCULATION neccessity such exhibition gallery visitation area ing impression to people residing within. from all over places to bed linen, and car park hand over their b Being the onlyadministration space in zone. administration zone SCHOOL that is accessible by both visitors and inDROP-OFF POINT Neutral room me mates, outdoor visitation space inevitably bePROGRAM DIAGRAM VISITOR CIRCULATION the flow of a ne come the focal point of semi-public space.

STAFF CIRCULATION showing main component of administration blocks. outside offender to

SITUATION 1 : new inmate pathway for registeration

STAFF CIRCULATION

SITUATION 2 : inmate from ground floor who has visitor waiting

from all over places to administration zone

Being the connection in the between of administration zone to the living zone, valley of hope gives different impression for a newly-reached inmate who about to be located to specific visitation area living quarter.

Neutral room meant to ‘neutralize’ the flow of a new resident from an outside offender to being an inmate. direct

OPTION 1 : park car, walk and climb staircase to admin station

VALLEY OF HOPE

bed linen, and they hand over their belonging STAIRCASE CONNECTED TO LEVEL GROUND (PLAZA)

observation room

deck

staff quarters

PROGRAM DIAGRAM Inmates are given their basic showing main component of administration blocks. neccessity such as new clothes,

Being the only space in administration zone that is accessible by both visitors and inmates, outdoor visitation space inevitably become the focal point of semi-public space.

observatory

operational

For a newly inmate who just about registering himself in the institution, neutral room is an area for body inspecexhibition gallery tion, medical check-up, test for basic education (TABE) visitation area assesment before proceeding to personalised program plan.

operational

control room

centralised control room

STAIRCASE CONNECTED TO LEVEL GROUND (PLAZA)

which defy the current gloomy , dark corridor of prison typology.

DETAIL

valley of hope

Triple volume high-ceiling with retractable flat skylight on the roof incorporate the matters for natural ventilation and lighting into the space.

left side view overseeing the teaching and learning in tutofrom all over placesThenroom, while the right side view overseeing the activity in the room library. The spatial planning incorporates with human activity, the oor visitatiorial td ou needs of natural element within the building and emotional feeling administration zone toto ‘neutralize’ of a person POV at valley of hope perceive a first impression in

staff quarters

staff quarters

to being an inmate.

STAIRCASE bed CONNECTED linen, and TOthey need to hand over their belonging as well.

LEVEL GROUND (PLAZA)

come the focal point of semi-public space.

from all over places to administration zone

Being the connection in the between of administration zone to the living zone, valley of hope gives different impression for a newly-reached inmate who about to be located to specific living quarter.

Inmates are given their basic neccessity such as new clothes,

from all over places Being the only space in administration zone is accessible by bothzone visitors and intothat administration mates, outdoor visitation space inevitably beSTAFF CIRCULATION

outside offender VALLEY OF HOPE

For a newly inmate who just about registering himself in the institution, neutral room is an area for body inspection, medical check-up, test for basic education (TABE) assesment before proceeding to personalised program plan.

INMATE CIRCULATION

STAFF CIRCULATION EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SHOWING

NEUTRAL ROOM

sch

The left side view overseeing the teaching and learning in1.3tutoSECTION rial room, while the right side view overseeing the activity in the library. The spatial planning incorporates with human activity, the DETAIL needs of natural element within the building and emotional feeling SECTION 1.1 of a person POV at valley of hope perceive a first impression in which defy the current gloomy , dark corridor of prison typology.

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SHOWING

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SHOWING

OPTION2 : park car and

ALI BIN MAJID, 49 and WAN MARKONAH AZIZI, 45, KAJANG

• Dr. Muhammad Azzam Ismail

visitation room SPACE : rADMINISTRATION STATION visitation area outdoo

exhibition gallery

• Ar. Sarly Adre Sarkum

take ride with department van via private road

offices

STAIRCASE CONNECTED TO LEVEL GROUND (PLAZA)

STAIRCASE CONNECTED TO LEVEL GROUND (PLAZA)

ER

OA

D

OPTION 3 : walk andgo down 1 level via staircase from staff quarters

RV IC

staff quarters

SE

2

4m

me

ee

etin

tin

g

3

wa

g

din

itin

g

ing

reg

OPTION 1 : park car, walk and climb staircase to admin station FRONT FACADE

2

CONCEPTUAL DETAIL SECTION 1.1

ist

5

rat

ion

1

OPTION2 : park car and take ride with department van via private road OPTION 3 : walk andgo down 1 level via staircase from staff quarters

MOTORIZED RETRACTABLE DETAIL SKYLIGHT ROOF CONCEPTUAL SECTION 1.2

SE RV ICE R

OA

D

1

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SHOWING

Scanned with CamScanner

4m

STAFF CIRCULATION telephone room

FRONT FACADE

staff quarters

plant room

SITUATION 2 : inmate from ground floor who has visitor waiting

g 3

wa

it

INMATE CIRCULATION ng

din from ingall over places reg ist to administration zone ra dir

STAIRCASE CONNECTED TOing LEVEL GROUND (PLAZA)

5

2

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC car SHOWING park

tiona

l office

s

OA D

VISITOR CIRCULATION STAFF CIRCULATION RV IC

ER

centralised canteen

2

SE

SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE THROUGH

4m

4 LEVELS OF CENTRALISED CONTROL ROOM

me

ee

as the only pathway and barrier from public zone to private zone

CENTRALISED CONTROL ROOM

on bsetirv ing opera

ect o

1

from DROP-OFF all over places to POINT administration zone.

centralised control room

OPTION 3 : walk andgo down 1 level via staircase from staff quarters

An interior of the most important place in the whole structure - control room that supervises all students, have a surveillance control under all cameras and

tin

1

OPTION2 : park car and take ride with department van via private road

MOTORIZED RETRACTABLE DETAIL SKYLIGHT ROOF CONCEPTUAL SECTION 1.2

eti

VISITOR AND STAFF SCHOOL CIRCULATION

SITUATION 1 : new inmate pathway for registeration OPTION 1 : park car, walk and climb staircase to admin station

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SHOWIN

me

ee

from all over places to administration zone

CONCEPTUAL DETAIL SECTION 1.1

STAIRCASE CONNECTED TO LEVEL GROUND (PLAZA)

2

g 3

Scanned with CamScanner

The needs of a control room in a correctional facility is crucial, albeit the minimum security facility FRONT FACADE CONCEPTUAL DETAIL needs minimum supervision. Located at the center of all space perimeter, it ease and shorten the SECTION 1.1 walking distance of a prison officer to his required building.

eti

tin

wa

itin

ng

g

din

ing

reg 2 1

car telephone room

park 1

SCHOOL DROP-OFF POINT

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

VISITOR CIRCULATION

ist

5

rat

ion

6.4 BUILDING PROGRAM COMPONENT & JUSTIFICATIONS

6.4.6 LIVING QUARTERS

TVET student block

academic student

pre-release block U P P E R GROUND (UG)

TYPE OF LIVING ACCORDING TO BLOCK : 1 BLOCK FOR PRE-RELEASE STUDENT 1 BLOCK FOR ACADEMIC-BASED STUDENT

GROUND FLOOR

1 BLOCK FOR TVET- BASED STUDENT

QUANTITATIVE JUSTIFICATION TOTAL DRUG CONVICTS INCLUDING INCLUDING DRUG ADDICTS AND TRAFICKING =

PROGRAM DIAGRAM SHOWING 3 COMPONENTS OF LIVING

36,313

QUARTER BY TYPE

DRUG CONVICTS BASED ON MALE DRUG ADDICT BETWEEN AGED OF 18-24 YEAR OLD

= 24,000

POPULATION =

2.3%

OF TOTAL DRUG ADDICTS

500 YOUNG INMATES

cluster

=

7000mm x 7000mm standardised grid line structure with 400mm x450mm column and beam construction.

floor 3 cluster

200 person

BLOCK 1

150 person

floor 2

150 person

BLOCK 3

S

floor

L I F T

S H A F T

ground

L I F T

cluster

BLOCK 2

S

“ I am a prison officer. I had just been transferred from Penjara Seremban. I am staying in staff hostel at administration building.

The environment in my new workplace is very different from the previous one. Being working with all young inmates is much more relaxing and less troublesome. We even enjoy our meals together every afternoon.”

D FLOO

GROUN

S H A F T

R

S

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC L I F T

S SECURITY

TN. ABDUL MAJID AZIZ, 38, BUKIT MAHKOTA.

SCREENING

equipped with double door and metal detector screening, each inmate passes through security screening everytime leaving or entering the quarter premise.It is directly attached to housing control in which all inmates’ movement are observed by officer in housing control

S H A F T

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

SHOWING

INMATE CIRCULATION from living quarter to ground floor.

connected to centralised control room from LG3 floor to G floor.

CHAPTER 7 S P E C I A L J U S T I F

I

S T U D I E S & C A T I O N S

i. Ideas and concept ii. Architecture Drawings - Site Plan - Roof Plan - Floor Plan - Living Quarters configuration plan - Building Elevations and Sections - Sectional Perspective - Section - Perspectives - Detailed Section

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

SPACE : LIVING QUARTER

7.1 Cluster Village as Living Quarter Component

immitating a day in the life of an inmate...

T I M E

PROGRAM

SPIRITUAL REHAB :

PLACE

LIVING QUARTER, SURAU

Prayer

Breakfast

Time allocation for visitation, medical and spiritual rehab.

Teaching and learning hour

Leisure

Lunch break, Prayer

Fitness and leisure

Dinner

- Study/ revision/ me -time - Group discussion with warden

Headcount, bedtime

Sport court, Ground floor.

Dining hall, Living Quarter

Living Quarter

Living Unit

(non-recurring)

Dinner Hall,

LIVING QUARTER

Medical Rehab Block, Visitation room

Education Block

T I Education M E block

Living Quarter

cafetaria, prayer hall.

P E R S O N I N V O LV M E N T WITH INMATES

PROGRAM

CLUSTER

SPIRITUAL REHAB :

Prayer

Breakfast

Time allocation for visitation, medical and spiritual rehab.

Teaching and learning hour

Lunch break, Prayer

(non-recurring)

PLACE

Dinner Hall, Housing Unitinamong young

Cluster Housing schemes reflect the sense of community in a village mates. This conceptual special study seek to carry on the possibility to challenge tradiP E R S O N I N V O L context.

V M E N T Cluster housing schemes tion of dormitory incarceration typlogy in the modern WITH INMATES in villages should be developed in a sustainable way respecting the unique aspects of the village and the site itself, whilst also responding to current economic and needs.

academic student block

VILLAGE

Medical Rehab Block, Visitation room

A

Education Block

B

C

Education block cafetaria, prayer hall.

3 blocks of living quarters represent spaces by different functions from education choices.

TVET student block

pre-release block

UPPER GROUND 2 (UG2) UPPER GROUND 1 (UG1)

The first step in analysing what makes an incarcerated humane environment works when in fact the most important aspect of humane which is ‘FREEDOM’ is already eliminated; contradicted when the inmates step into this building.

GROUND FLOOR

in

*as

Ta

3

PROGRAM DIAGRAM showing 3 component of living quarter by type.

7.1 Cluster Village as Living Quarter Component 7.1.1 Design Intention & Justifications

P R O M O T E S S O C I A L INTERACTION

DEVELOP A SENSE OF BELONGING AND RESPONSIBILITY BY C R E A T I N G SHARING FACILITIES.

To

Dr 18

It must begin by bringing back the basic human needs of the inmates. It started with a plan of community configuration that promotes social interaction through the idea of village living concept. Then, the aspect of architectural elements shall be inserted to assist a complete rehabilitative environment living.

N U R T U R E S INNER COMMUNITY C O N F I G U R AT I O N

Q J

R E P L I C A T E S A NEIGHBOURHOOD C O - L I V I N G KAMPUNG HOUSING

RE-ADAPTING PAST INCARCERATION TYPOLOGIES INTO A NEW ONE

EASE RECT AND

INSTILLING AN ENVIRONMENT WITH CONSIDERATIONS ON MENTAL WELL-BEING AND HEALTH STATE OF MIND

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

AND ASSIST DISURVEILLANCE SUPERVISION

7.2 Conceptual Framework

KAMPUNG CLUSTER CONCEPTUAL & THEORIES OF INCORPORATION OFCLUSTER VILLAGE IN LIVING QUARTERS. •CONCEPTUAL IDEAS •PRECEDENT STUDIES •NECESSARY DRAWINGS

CONCEPTUAL & THEORIES

TECHNICALITY ASPECT

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT

•PREFABRICATED CELL UNIT SYSTEM •INCORPORATION OF STEEL FRAMING STRUCTURE •DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALITY •SEQUENCE OF ASSEMBLY •INCORPORATION OF PRIVACY AND SECURITY ASPECT THROUGH TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION

INCORPORATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT AND ITS INFLUENCE OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TOWARD INMATES.

conceptual framework of special study

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.3 Architectural Analysis in regards of Cluster Living Village The proposal for special study is to acquire the living quarter to be analysed and designed according to Cluster Living Village.

The purpose of the said concept is to create a humane rehabilitative environment living cells, challenging the traditional inhumane prison environment.

It started out with a plan of community configuration that promotes social interaction through the idea of cluter living concept.

Then, the aspect of architectural elements shall be inserted to assist a complete rehabilitative environment living. A few architectural elements are incorporated with the considerations on : - the practicality of construction system - the practicality of security and privacy purposes, in order to ease and assist a direct supervision and natural surveillance in an incarcerated space.

The consideration on psychological aspects is looked up as well in looking at the possibility of natural lighting that can affect towards inmates’ mental well being, and the formation of triple floor of cell unit to produce one complete village.

The flexibility is given to these young inmates for them to roam around their own cluster as it is also might influence their psychological well being.

7

Roof void to apply stack effects.

8

Internal courtyard - open sky concept.

9

Linearity & Modularity

6

3

Application of triple floor cells per village.

A cell unit without a door and steel grills.

2

Internal staircase to connect 3 floors of village.

5

4

Open plan cluster bathroom

1

“external corridor, internal corridor.”

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

Concrete vent block as window opening

7.3 Architectural Analysis in regards of Cluster Living Village 7.3.1 EXTERNAL CORRIDOR, INTERNAL CORRIDOR

1 “external corridor, internal corridor.”

CLUSTER VILLAGE AS LIVING QUARTER COMPONENT

Title : EXTERNAL CORRIDOR, INTERNAL CORRIDOR Analysis :

External corridor happens on living quarter ground floor in which external corridor

internal corridor

it connect from a few villages to main staircase and common area. Internal staircase happen in the village quarter itself, in which 3 level of internal corridor acts

as

nected

a to

passageway internal

con-

staircase.

Psychologically, the creation of these separations intended so internal corridor

that inmates might be perceived the sense of belonging by recognising smaller group of people and faces passing through the internal corridor in village.

Conclusion : The separation between external corridor and internal corridor resembles the division from public area to semi-private area.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.3 Architectural Analysis in regards of Cluster Living Village 7.3.2 INTERNAL STAIRCASE TO CONNECT 3 FLOORS OF CLUSTER

2 INTERNAL STAIRCASE

CLUSTER VILLAGE AS LIVING QUARTER COMPONENT

Title : INTERNAL STAIRCASE TO CONNECT 3 FLOORS OF CLUSTER Analysis :

Each village has one internal staircase to connect between 3 floor of clusters. This staircase is separated with main staircase that connected to security screening located at ground floor. Internal staircases are naturally well-lit from sunlight allowance by roof void design above the staircases.

Psychologically, the creation of these separations intended so that inmates able to perceive the sense of belonging by recognising inner circle of their neighbours and faces passing through the internal staircase in village.

Conclusion : The separation between main staircase and internal staircase purposely to increase a dual-layer security from private zone to semi-private zone.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.3 Architectural Analysis in regards of Cluster Living Village 7.3.3 A CELL UNIT WITHOUT A DOOR AND STEEL GRILLS

3 DOORLESS CELL UNIT

CLUSTER VILLAGE AS LIVING QUARTER COMPONENT

Title : A CELL UNIT WITHOUT A DOOR AND STEEL GRILLS Analysis : Each of cell unit is designed without an allotment for door or steel grills. All inmate are free to roam around the living quarter (upper ground floor) without any specific time given. The purpose of this strategy is to not keep them inside (the living cell) but rather giving them flexibility to roam around. It will also affect their mental well-being by giving them slightly a freedom to move and walk outside of cell unit. This strategy only can be achieved because security screening at main staircase is still secured, meaning that they are flexible to roam around but only at upper ground floors only.

Conclusion :

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.3 Architectural Analysis in regards of Cluster Living Village 7.3.4 CONCRETE VENT BLOCK AS WINDOW OPENING

4 CONCRETE VENT BLOCK

CLUSTER VILLAGE AS LIVING QUARTER COMPONENT

Title : CONCRETE VENT BLOCK AS WINDOW OPENING Analysis :

In each of living cell unit, concrete vent block is used as a wall opening instead of window steel grills. Concrete ventilation blocks are used to create beautiful decorative railing at drying cloth area as well. The design of the vent blocks allows for natural light and air circulation to enter the living cluster while maintaining a beautiful outlook. It can function as a feature wall, partition wall for external façade and stairwells of various properties.

Psychologically, the creation of these separations intended so that inmates able to perceive the sense of belonging by recognising inner circle of their neighbours and faces passing through the internal staircase in village.

Conclusion :

A sense of belonging is a human need, just like the need for food and shelter. A

sense of belonging in a greater cluster community improves inmates’ motivations, and health during the rehabilitative processes. When they see their connection to others, they know that all people struggle and have difficult times.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.3 Architectural Analysis in regards of Cluster Living Village 7.3.5 OPEN PLAN CLUSTER BATHROOM

5 CLUSTER BATHROOM

CLUSTER VILLAGE AS LIVING QUARTER COMPONENT

Title : OPEN PLAN CLUSTER BATHROOM Analysis :

In a cluster living village, every inmates in one village are considered as neighbours. 50 inmates per village will live as neighbours in a co-housing environment by sharing amenities and facilities availabled within their village. They will share cluster bathroom, washing clothes area, drying clothers area connected by internal staircase.

A well-lit naturally ventilated open plan bathroom is shared among 50 inmates.

Psychologically, a sharing amenities among them will develop a sense of belonging and responsibility to being taken care of. .

Conclusion : A sense of belonging is a human need, just like the need for food and shelter. A sense of belonging in a greater cluster community improves inmates’ motivations, and health during the rehabilitative processes. When they see their connection to others, they know that all people struggle and have difficult times

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.3 Architectural Analysis in regards of Cluster Living Village 7.3.6 APPLICATION OF TRIPLE FLOOR CELL UNIT PER VILLAGE

6 TRIPE FLOOR CELL UNIT PER FLOOR

CLUSTER VILLAGE AS LIVING QUARTER COMPONENT

Title : APPLICATION OF TRIPLE FLOOR CELL UNIT PER VILLAGE Analysis : The formation of triple floor cells stacked on top of each other only can be achieved with the use of prefabricated modular cell units that are assembled on site in sequence.

The application of triple floor of cell unit that share internal corridor increases the layer of security by designing only two access entrance door at ground floor of cluster living rather than security screening at every level.

The design of 3 level of living quarters are driven by a rationale to keep the young inmates from escaping by encompassing a series of multiple layers but at the same time giving them the flexibility to roam around at the upper ground floor only at specific time.

Conclusion :

The freedoms given are specifically dedicated, with the thoughts to eliminate the needs to design an institutionalised, impersonal living environment but rather choosing the alternative decision with the newest construction technology, inovating new incarceration typology and compose it in a such way that security layer is not as crucial as current correctional typology in the country.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.3 Architectural Analysis in regards of Cluster Living Village 7.3.7 ROOF VOID TO APPLY STACK EFFECTS

7 ROOF VOID

8 INTERNAL COURTYARD

CLUSTER VILLAGE AS LIVING QUARTER COMPONENT

Title : ROOF VOID TO APPLY STACK EFFECTS Analysis :

Each of the roof village is designed with void hole at the center of pitched roof. The rectangular roof void is purposely designed without any shade protection or glass panels as a replacement but rather leaving it empty to allow natural elements such as rainwater, dried leaves, sunlight, and air circulation going beneath to the ground floor.

The needs and unnecessary prohibited design elements in an incarcerated space such as ceiling fan, mechanical lighting are already tackled through the design of roof void. Internal corridor and cluster bathroom are well-lit with natural lighting only at daytime,

Conclusion : Living quarters is the most time- spent allocated building for every inmates. Replicating the daily lives of a normal person within a traditional village environment will help the process of rehabilitating.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.3 Architectural Analysis in regards of Cluster Living Village 7.3.8 LINEARITY & MODULARITY

9 LINEARITY & MODULARITY

CLUSTER VILLAGE AS LIVING QUARTER COMPONENT

Title : LINEARITY & MODULARITY Analysis : Construction of prefabricated cell units are laid on site in which 3 horizontally attached cell unit of 3 floors are assembled in one sequence.

The complete modular cell unit is incorporated with rectangular linear steel post and beam. This is purposely designed to ease and assist a direct supervision and surveillance by wardens and prison officers.

Conclusion :

A good design of incarcerated space should be able to ease and assist a surveillance from human eye view of supervisors. Re-adapting the traditional incarceration architecture with telephone lines typology, radial and linear typolgy, and adapting into incorporation of prefab cell unit in cluster living typology.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.4 CONFIGURATION OF ARHITECTURAL DRAWING 7.4.1 CLUSTER FLOOR PLAN

CLUSTER LIVING FLOOR 1

CLUSTER LIVING FLOOR 2 NO TO SCALE

NO TO SCALE

CLUSTER LIVING FLOOR 3 NO TO SCALE

CLUSTER LIVING ROOF PLAN DETAIL 1 NO TO SCALE

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.4 CONFIGURATION OF ARHITECTURAL DRAWING 7.4.2 DETAIL SECTIONS

HORIZONTAL SECTION OF CELL UNIT NO TO SCALE

VERTICAL SECTION OF CELL UNIT NO TO SCALE

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.4 CONFIGURATION OF ARHITECTURAL DRAWING 7.4.3 AXONOMETRIC DETAIL BLOW UP

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.5 TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION

7.5.1 EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC OF CELL UNIT

C

A

D B

E

F

G

H

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.5 TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION

7.5.2 DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALITY

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

7.5 TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION 7.5.3 SEQUENCE OF ASSEMBLY

1 Concrete footings 3.5m x 3.5 m construction grid are laid out on site on top of upper ground floor level.

2 Columns and beams Columns are placed on top of the footings and are secured. The beams are then bolted by floor with L-bracket.

5 Exterior wall Installation

3.5m x 3.5 m construction grid are laid out on site on top of upper ground floor level.

Con unit structio n of 3 floo of pref rs o a f are bricate ass d ce emb ll un it led in o are lai ne s d equ on site enc e. in whic h

3.5m x 3.5 m construction grid are laid out on site on top of upper ground floor level.

3.5m x 3.5 m construction grid are laid out on site on top of upper ground floor level.

rizo

ntal

ly a

ttac

hed

cell

4 Steel frame wall system 3.5m x 3.5 m construction grid are laid out on site on top of upper ground floor level.

3 Flooring system

6 Interior wall Installation

3 ho

7

Vent block Installation

3.5m x 3.5 m construction grid are laid out on site on top of upper ground floor level.

8 Compete 9 block of cell units

3.5m x 3.5 m construction grid are laid out on site on top of upper ground floor level.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

CHAPTER

T E C H N I C A L plaster wall finishes

8

cavity insulation

R E P O R T brickwork

plastic L-bracket for insect/ rodent protection of rigid insulation

sealant, adhesive or gasket

concrete slab cast in-situ for insect inspection provide mulch and drough-resistant plants

ground slopes away from wall at 5%

granular capillary break and drainage pad rigid foundation as bond break material concrete foundation wall

pad concrete footing below frost depth MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

sill gasket

8.1 BUILDING STRUCTURE : POST & BEAM SYSTEM 8.1.1 POST & BEAM : RC FRAMED STRUCTURE

This chapter deals with the technicalities of the project that ensures it being practical and technically competent for construction and safe and deemed for its purpose.

[IMAGE] Typical RC Framed structure.

A concrete frame is a common form of structure, comprising a network of columns and connecting beams that forms the structural ‘skeleton’ of a building. This grid of beams and columns is typically constructed on a concrete foundation and is used to support the building’s floors, roof, walls, cladding and so on.

Beams are the horizontal load-bearing members of the frame. They are classified as either: Main beams: Transmitting floor and secondary beam loads to the columns; or secondary beams: Transmitting floor loads to the main beams.

Columns are the vertical members of the frame, and are the building’s primary load-bearing element. They transmit the beam loads down to the foundations.

The materials that can be used as walls for concrete frame structures are numerous, including heavyweight masonry options (e.g. brick, blockwork, stone), and lightweight options (e.g. drywall, timber). Similarly, any kind of cladding materials can be used to clad concrete frame structures.

Since concrete has little tensile strength, it generally needs to be reinforced. Rebar, also known as reinforcement steel (or reinforcing steel), is a steel bar or mesh of steelwires used to strengthen and hold the concrete in tension. To improve the quality of the bond with the concrete, the surface of rebar is often patterned.

[IMAGE] Reinforced concrete structure being applied at all blocks except at upper ground floor of living quarter compound.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.1 BUILDING STRUCTURE : POST & BEAM SYSTEM 8.1.1 POST & BEAM : RC FRAMED STRUCTURE 8.1.1.1 FOUNDATION According to D.K. Ching, foundation is the lowest division of a building or other construction, partly or wholly below the surface of the ground designed to support and anchor the superstructure and transmit its load directly to earth.

Foundation can be defined as the element of an architectural structure which connect the building structure to the ground and transfer the load from the structure to the footing and soil. In this design project, pad foundation are chosen. Isolated columns are casted from the foundation to carry a slab at the top of the ground this is mostly used when a basement construction is require.

Pad Foundations

Pad foundations generally consist of a concrete square pad which supports ground beams onto which the structural walls can be built.

Pad foundations differ from pile foundations as they do not extend to such depths as piles, and the width of the pad varies in order to distribute the loads to a greater area. Pits are excavated to the required depth, where the concrete is then cast. Brick or concrete piers are then built or cast on the pad foundations up to the underside of the concrete beams that support the walls.

DETAIL 8.1.1.1

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

cavity insulation

[IMAGE] Actual pad foundation being assembled on site.

Source : Author, 2020

plaster wall finishes brickwork plastic L-bracket for insect/ rodent protection of rigid insulation

sealant, adhesive or gasket

8.1.1.2 FLOOR

The floor slab in the design proposal is the concrete cast in situ floor slab. Also known as poured-in-place, is a concreting technique which is undertaken in situ or in the concrete component’s finished position. Cast-in-place concrete is the preferred choice for concrete slabs and foundations, as well as components such as beams, columns, walls, roofs, and so on.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

CONCRETE CAST IN SITU

sill gasket concrete slab cast in-situ for insect inspection provide mulch and drough-resistant plants

granular capillary break and drainage pad

ground slopes away from wall at 5%

rigid foundation as bond break material concrete foundation wall

The concrete is typically transported to site in an unhardened state, often using a ready mixed concrete truck. A chute extends from the back of the truck to place the concrete either in the required location

pad concrete footing below frost depth

or into a dumper or pump.

[DRAWING] Detail 8.1.1.1 of pad foundation drawing.

Source : Author, 2020 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

The floor are the horizontal planes that support both live and dead load by transferring the loads horizontally across the spaces to the beam and column, and lastly toward the foundation.

8.1 BUILDING STRUCTURE : POST & BEAM SYSTEM 8.1.1 POST & BEAM : RC FRAMED STRUCTURE

3

GFRC WALL PANEL

8.1.1.3 WALL

Wall is the vertical element that encloses, separates and protects its interior spaces and its occupant. Through the study, it is understand that the external skin of the wall should be durable to weathering effects as it face the sun rain and wind. On the other hands, the interior wall are more explorative in terms of the desired finish materials.

There are a combination of several wall system such as the concrete wall,brick wall, shear facade wall, and full height glass, GFRC wall panel and precast vent block. Brick wall of 110mm thick and plastered both sides is used as the majority internal partition wall.

1

2

FACADE SHEAR WALL

CONCRETE WALL

BRICK WALL

5

FULL HEIGHT GLASS

6

PRECAST VENT BLOCK

3

1 5

4

4

7

6

2

7 [DRAWING] Sectional perspective with annotated legend on list of wall materials used in the construction. source : author, 2020

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.1 BUILDING STRUCTURE : POST & BEAM SYSTEM

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

8.1.1 POST & BEAM : RC FRAMED STRUCTURE 8.1.1.3 WALL 6 PRECAST VENT BLOCK

4 BRICKWORK WALL

cavity insulation plaster wall finishes brickwork plastic L-bracket for insect/ rodent protection of rigid insulation

sealant, adhesive or gasket

concrete slab cast in-situ for insect inspection provide mulch and drough-resistant plants

granular capillary break and drainage pad

ground slopes away from wall at 5%

foundation as bond [DRAWING] Drawing 8.1.1.3.2 rigid of brickwork wall being used in most part of break interior wall. material source : author

[DRAWING] Drawing 8.1.1.3.1 of precast vent block wall detail for typical cell unit wall. source : author

3

GFRC WALL PANEL

concrete foundation wall

pad concrete footing below frost depth

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION [DRAWING] Drawing 8.1.1.3.3 of precast glass fibre reinforced concrete (GFRC wall panel) being used as typical cell unit panel for both exterior and interior wall. source : author, 2020.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

sill gasket

8.1 BUILDING STRUCTURE : POST & BEAM SYSTEM 8.1.1 POST & BEAM : RC FRAMED STRUCTURE 8.1.1.4 ROOF FLAT ROOF SYSTEM The flat roof system is used in this proposal where the concrete slab flat roof that is made up of a structural layer of concrete finished with a smooth screed onto which a water proof layer such as a membrane is laid. The roof should incorporate insulation and usually a vapour control layer to protect from interstitial condensation.

The correct choice of insulation is important when adhering the waterproofing, particularly where solvent-based adhesives are used. The ceiling system in the proposal is left exposed ceiling, in order to create a raw and rustic atmosphere by exposing the original texture of the materials.

DETAIL 8.1.1.4.1

DETAIL 8.1.1.4.1

[DRAWING] Drawing 8.1.1.4.1 of flat roof at ground floor plaza. source : author

8.1.2 POST & BEAM : STEEL FRAMED STRUCTURE LIVING QUARTER STEEL FRAMING SYSTEM @ UPPER GROUND FLOOR (UG2 FLOOR) Steel Framing System is a fast structural system designated for the construction of panel and continuous walls, low-rise individually standing buildings and high separating walls.

Steel Framing System has all the advantages of cold-rolled sections such as extreme versatility, easy execution, high speed of construction and low weight of the final frame. It is an ideal bearing system for lowrise buildings and where construction speed is emphasized.

Precisely designed light components make the manipulation at the construction site easier and reduce the waste of building materials. Individual components are delivered to the site and assembled on site. The components can be custom-made according to the production documents or supplied in standard lengths and cut on site.

Steel Framing System is a very versatile product and it has a lot of advantages when compared to traditional frames: •system designed for a fast construction •light frame decreases the costs of primary frame •possibility of cutting the components on site enables to factor in the inaccuracy of primary frame •assembly of the frame on site from individual light components is advantageous at sites with limited access •high precision

[DRAWING] Drawing 8.1.2 Steel framing system for modular cell unit incorporated with light gauge galvanised steel. source : author, 2020.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.1 BUILDING STRUCTURE

8.1.3 INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS) An Industrialized Building System (IBS) refers to a technique of construction whereby components are manufactured in a controlled environment – either onsite or offsite – placed and assembled into construction works.

IBS is also defined as an integrated manufacturing and construction process, carefully planned organization, and efficient management, preparation and control of resources, activities and results from the highly developed components. The manufacturing of the components are done with machines, templates, and other forms of machinery and equipment.

Components manufactured off-site, once completed, will be delivered to the General Assembly and erection of the construction site.

The five main IBS groups present in Malaysia: • Precast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems – pre-cast columns, beams, slabs, 3-D components (balconies, staircases, toilets).

• Formwork Systems – tunnel forms, EPS-based forms, beams and columns moulding forms, permanent steel formwork.

• Steel Framing Systems – steel beams and columns, portal frames, roof trusses.

• Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems – timber frames, roof trusses.

• Block Work Systems – interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU), lightweight concrete blocks.

In the design proposal, precast panel systems for GFRC wall panel, precast slab system and steel framing systems are used for the construction method of living quarter components i.e cell unit, corridor, columns and beams.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.1 BUILDING STRUCTURE

8.1.3 INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)

C

A

D B

E

F

G

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.2 CONSTRUCTION METHOD

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

8.3.1 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM The design thesis detail is as such, shown below. Some of the firefighting equipment require this information, and the rest requires some calculation from the design such as running distance, radius and height of floors.

ITEM

DESCRIPTION

PROJECT TITLE

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CENTER

PROJECT CATEGORY

CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

COMPONENTS SITE LOCATION

INSTITUTION, HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL UPM SERDANG, SELANGOR.

SITE AREA

13.1 ACRE

Passive fire protection system Passive fire protection system includes • Purpose Group • Fire Appliance Access • Wall and Floor • Means of Escape • Dead End Limits and Travel Distance • Fire Staircase • Place of Assembly Purpose groups Categories building or compartment within a building in accordance to their uses/ intended usage or dominant use with the fifth schedule. According to Fifth Schedule, this project lies under Number of Purpose Groups (II) institutional.

Fire Hydrant Stated in UBBL By-Law 225 (2), every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant within 91.5 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access. According to Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia, all hydrants should be located away from obstructions, not less than 2 meters from adjacent buildings and overhangs, between 0.61m to 2.4m from Fire Appliance Access, and not more than 90m apart from each other Hydrants are in various places in the site to ensure every building is covered as illustrated in Figure below

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

8.3.1 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 8.3.3.1 Fire Appliance Access

Table above showed this design recommended appliance access is island site because the building volume is more than 112000 cubic metre.

ISLAND SITE FIRE ACCESS According to UBBL 140, any building above 112,000 m3 needs to provide a fire fighting access road of ‘island site’.

Therefore, the administration block in this proposal needs to have an access road (6000 m3).

Volume = 300, 000 m3 (>112,000m3) Main road = 12m (min. 12m) Fire access = 7.2m (min. 6m)

2 [DRAWING] Firefighting access in this thesis project.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

8.3.1. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

C. OCCUPANCY LOAD CALCULATION

B. MEANS OF ESCAPE & TRAVEL DISTANCE According to UBBL 1984 By-Law 165, the maximum travel distances to exits and dead-end limits shall be as specified in the Seventh Schedule of these By-Laws.

Referring to the Seventh Schedule, the Dead-End limits and Maximum Travel Distances are according to the Building Purpose Group under sprinkled, within 45m radius. Dead end limit, travel distance, fire staircase, assembly point as shown in below

OCCUPANCY LOAD CALCULATION BY BLOCK : EDUCATION BLOCK : • Floor area/occupancy load factor 1,962 sqmt/ 24 = 81.75 • Occupancy load stairs/ capacity exit factor 81.75/ 45 = 1.81 / 2 unit • 1 unit staircase X 0.55m (under 7th schedule) 2 x 0.55 m = 1.1meter • Length of staircase in meter /no of staircase -1 1.1 m/ (2-1) = 1.1m Thus One block need 2 staircase width total width of 2.2m

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

According to the seventh schedule in UBBL, the total running distance of a school should be not greater than 45 meters with sprinklers with two alternative exists and the minimum dead-end distance is 9 meters CONTROL ROOM when there are no alternative exits. Based on the Fire Escape drawing on the left, it is shown that the running distance from each deadend meets the under 45 LIBRARY meters requirement with two alternative exits.

CLASSROOM

STO E

RAG

T DEN STU OOM TR RES

CLASSROOM

NOOK GARDEN

30m VOID

NOOK GARDEN

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

VOID

ROOM

BOOK DEPOSITORY

INDOOR DISCUSSION

CYBER LAB 1

CONTROL ROOM 1 HEAD OPERATIONAL ROOM

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

SERVER ROOM

30m radius school block perimeter fire staircase

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

VOID CYBER LAB 2

PHARMACY

TEMPORARY STORAGE

CAFETARIA

C0-LEARNING SPACE

WATER FEATURE

FILE SHELVING ROOM

RESTROOM

CART STORAGE

CONSULTATION ROOM CONSULTATION ROOM

RECEPTION

METHADONE CLINIC

MEDICINE STORAGE

STAFF LOUNGE RECEPTION

[DRAWING] Located at Lower Ground Floor 3 (lg3), an open-space of co-learning area is designated to be assembly area during school hour period emergency.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

DENTIST ROOM DENTIST ROOM

STAF

F HA

PSYCHOLOGIST ROOM

DROP-OFF

LLW

AY

STAFF LOUNGE

RAM

P DO

WN

TO L

G2

DROP-OFF

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

[DRAWING] Fire staircase and Travel distance diagram for typical school block plan.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

8.3.1. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

LIVING QUARTERS BLOCK : • Floor area/occupancy load factor 1,962 sqmt/ 24 = 81.75 • Occupancy load stairs/ capacity exit factor 81.75/ 45 = 1.81 / 2 unit • 1 unit staircase X 0.55m (under 7th schedule) 2 x 0.55 m = 1.1meter • Length of staircase in meter /no of staircase -1 1.1 m/ (2-1) = 1.1m Thus One block need 2 staircase width total width of 2.2m

DINING HALL (220pax)

/S EP PR

STORAGE

NG

VI

ER COMMON SPACE

SICKBAY

KITCHEN

HOUSING CTRL BASKETBALL COURT

cu

rity

Se

ing

en

re

Sc

ASSEMBLY POINT R

OO FL AB SL

According to the seventh schedule in UBBL, the total running distance of an incarcerated institution should be not greater than 45 meters with unsprinklers with two alternative exists and the minimum dead-end distance is 9 meters when there are no alternative exits.

Based on the Fire Escape drawing on the left, it is shown that the running distance from each deadend meets the under 45 meters requirement with two alternative exits.

AB OV E

During an emergency at blocks other than living quarter, the passive fire protection strategy in an incarcerated is to adhere the concept of ‘protect-in-place’ whereas inmates in each villages are to be kept inside living quarters at upper ground floor respectively and not be able to emerge to assembly point beneath it.

VOID

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

COMMON SPACE

The strategy for fire occurs in living quarter itself is to let them out outside from cell unit, and to emerge to assembly point beneath it located at ground floor assembly point in front of each living quarter block respectively.

TV ROOM

SICKBAY

STORAGE

RESTROOM

LINEN STORAGE

ASSEMBLY POINT

ity

r ecu

S

g

nin

ree

Sc

DINING HALL RVIC D SE

PRE

VOID

FOO

P/SE

RVIN G

E CO UNT

ER

(200pax)

DROP OFF

LOADING & UNLOADING

BIG KITCHEN

OPEN GYM

COOL STORAGE KITCHEN STAFF RESTROOM

STAFF RESTROOM UNTE R

DRY STOCKS

D SE RVIC

CONTROL

OPEN ABLUTION

FOO

HOUSING SCREENING

E CO

PREP/SERVING

VOID

DINING HALL

ASSEMBLY POINT

(200pax)

LIVING QUARTER PERIMETER

ASSEMBLY POINT

Secur

ity Scr

eening

SICKBAY

HOUSING CTRL

STORAGE

[DRAWING] Located at ground floor, an open-space in front of respective living quarter blocks are designated as emergency assembly point for inmates in upper ground floor (villages).

12' ANTI-CLIMB FENCING

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

TERRACE

US CL R TE BA R TH M OO

INTERNAL ASSEMBLY POINT AT BLOCK 1 H OR MO

B TA

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

C UL TS RE

R TE US CL

O RO TH BA

M

R TE US CL

8.3.1. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

BA O RO TH M

VOID PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

VOID SPACE COMMON

30m radius

COMMON SPACE US CL BA

B

A HT C

UL

A HT OR MO

TS RE

M OO

R TH

OR MO

R TE

B C UL TS RE

ER

ST

CLU BA RO

TH OM

R TE US CL BA M

O RO TH MO OR HT AB TS

RE UL

VOID

C

COMMON SPACE

VOID

ER ST

CLU

VOID

BA M OO

R TH

AB

C UL TS RE

HT

OR

AB HT OR

MO

MO

VOID

C

UL

TS

RE

VOID VOID OR

MO A HT B TS RE

ER

ST BA

HT

TH

OR C

UL

OM

TS

RE

RO

AB

CLU ER

ST

STE

CLU

OM

RO

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

TH

BA

RB OM

RO

ATH

ER

ST

CLU OM

RO

TH

BA

COMMON SPACE

RHT

MOO

ER

ST

CLU

ULC

ETS

AB R

COMMON SPACE

OM

RO

TH

BA

ULC

ETS

AB R

RHT

MOO

ULC

ETS

AB R

RHT

MOO

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

OM

RO

ATH

RB

STE

COMMON SPACE

CLU

OM

RO

TH

R BA

TE

US

CL

30m radius

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

OM

RO

TH R BA TE US

CL

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

C UL

CLU

MO

INTERNAL ASSEMBLY POINT AT BLOCK 2

INTERNAL ASSEMBLY POINT AT BLOCK 3 COMMON SPACE

COMMON SPACE

COMMON SPACE

TER

CLUS BATH

TER

ROOM

CLUS BATH ROOM

TER

CLUS

30m radius

BATH ROOM

C

VOID

VOID VOID CLU

R BA

THRO

OM

LC

TSU

B RE

RHT A

MOO

STE

CLUS

BATH

ROOM

ULC

ETS

AB R

RHT

MOO

TER

CLUS

TER

30m radius

HOUSING CTRL

HOUSING CTRL

VOID

[DRAWING] Fire staircase and Travel distance diagram for living quarter configuration plan located at upper ground floor (UG).

PRODUCED

BY AN AUTODESK PRODUCED

BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT STUDENT VERSION VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

TRAVEL DISTANCE

ULC

FIRE STAIRCASE

ROOM

ETS

HOUSING CONTROL (STAFF ESCAPE ROUTE)

BATH

AB R

MOO RHT

HOUSING CTRL

AB R

RHT

MOO

LC

ETS U

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

8.3.1. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

MEDICAL & SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION BLOCK : • Floor area/occupancy load factor 1,962 sqmt/ 24 = 81.75 • Occupancy load stairs/ capacity exit factor 81.75/ 45 = 1.81 / 2 unit • 1 unit staircase X 0.55m (under 7th schedule) 2 x 0.55 m = 1.1meter • Length of staircase in meter /no of staircase -1 1.1 m/ (2-1) = 1.1m Thus One block need 2 staircase width total width of 2.2m VOID

VOID

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION CYBER LAB 1

According to the seventh schedule in UBBL, the total running distance of a school should be not greater than 45 meters with sprinklers with two alternative exists and the minimum deadend distance is 9 meters when there are no alternative exits. Based on the Fire Escape drawing on the left, it is shown that the running distance from each deadend meets the under 45 meters requirement with two alternative exits.

EQUIPMENT STORAGE

SERVER ROOM EQUIPMENT STORAGE

VOID CYBER LAB 2

TVET WORKSHOP

PHARMACY

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

FILE SHELVING ROOM

CART STORAGE RECEPTION

CONSULTATION ROOM

RECEPTION

CONSULTATION ROOM

MEDICINE STORAGE

MEDICAL & SPIRITUAL REHABILITATION BLOCK PERIMETER

METHADONE CLINIC

DENTIST ROOM DENTIST ROOM

STAF

PSYCHOLOGIST ROOM

F HA

DROP-OFF

LLW

AY

RAM

P DO

STAFF LOUNGE

WN

FIRE STAIRCASE

TO L

G2

DROP-OFF

COMPARTMENTALIZE OF VERTICAL ESCAPE PLAN FOR STAFFS.

STAFF LOUNGE

VOID

ELECTRONIC WORKSHOP

MAIN SWITCH ROOM

TRAVEL DISTANCE

PRAYING HALL COMPRESSOR ROOM

STORAGE PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

STAFF LOUNGE

WATER FEATURE

C0-LEARNING SPACE INDOOR DISCUSSION

BOOK DEPOSITORY

t = 30 0 r = 18 0

RECEPTION

CAFETARIA

TEMPORARY STORAGE

CONTROL ROOM 1

ROOM

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

LIBRARY

JOINTING CABLE AREA

[DRAWING] Fire staircase and Travel distance diagram for medical & spiritual rehabilitation block floor plan located at lower ground 1 (lg1).

RESTROOM

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

HEAD OPERATIONAL ROOM

ABL

UTIO N

STORAGE

[DRAWING] Located at Lower Ground Floor 3 (lg3), an open-space of co-learning area is designated to be assembly area for occupants in rehabilitation blocks during fire emergency.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

8.3.1. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION Besides of providing all the tools for the fire protection and fire detection, a good passive fire precautions has been taken into consideration into the building planning at the first place, while material selection also will ensure that a good design have been achieved.

Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a group of systems that compartmentalize a building through the use of fire-resistance rated walls/floors. Compartmentalizing your building into smaller sections helps to slow or prevent the spread of fire/smoke from one room to the next.

In this design proposal, passive fire protections are designed according to separation of correctional compound into 4 smaller blocks or zones, namely, school block, living quarter block, medical rehab block. To ease the understanding of group of systems of compartmentalizing blocks, diagram showing different blocks are shown below.

[DRAWING] Compartmentalizing of Passive Fire Protection through separation by blocks.

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM7 DIAGRAM

[DRAWING] Overall Fire protection system diagram Source: author, 2019

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

8.3.1. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

8.3.1.1 FIRE SAFETY REGULATIONS FOR CORRECTIONAL FACILITY (OSHA) The art and science of fire protection has evolved over the years as catastrophic fires have claimed the lives of those trapped and unable to escape, effectively mandating that new and improved prevention, detection, and fire extinguishment policies, protocols and equipment be implemented. A fire that occurs in a prison or other correctional facility has inherent challenges as the purpose of a prison is to keep the occupants inside, and the typical goal of the immediate evacuation of all occupants from a facility does not apply to prisoners. Because of these inherent uniqueness’s, prisons have some regulations that differ from the standards set for other structures and settings.

Three main regulatory differences (or exceptions to normal rules) which include “of-a-necessity” variances due to the unique challenges of a prison setting and the need for security. They are; -doors can be locked from the inside, -normal escape route may be obstructed, and -specific placement of heat and smoke detectors.

[IMAGE] First layer security at living quarter block by adhering keepin-place inside the village cluster itself.

1.Doors locked from the inside.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that building exit routes be unobstructed and includes that no door be locked from any inside. However, with correctional facilities doors may be locked along the exit route or routes. Consequently, also required is that guards or supervisory personnel be continually positioned along the path of escape and properly trained to efficiently execute emergency evacuation procedures, including the opening of locked doors, to allow prisoners or patients a fast and unobstructed exit.

To resolve this conflict, correctional facilities adhere to a “protect-inplace” strategy, opting to relocate inmates from the area of fire origin to a secure area within the facility.

[DRAWING] Position of steel grills door locked from inside of each village as to adhere a concept of “protect-in-place”.

[DRAWING] Position of steel grills door locked from inside of each village as to adhere a concept of “protect-in-place”.

[DRAWING] Second layer security at housing control before security screening located at ground floor of living quarter

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

8.3.1. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

8.3.1.1 FIRE SAFETY REGULATIONS FOR CORRECTIONAL FACILITY (OSHA) 2. Obstructed escape route.

OSHA requires that all public places (community, workplace, entertainment, etc.) have a clearly marked, easily accessible and navigable emergency escape route from the building to the outside. However, correctional facilities are allowed to have, in addition to locked doors, guards placed along the path and other deterrence devices or strategies in place. Consequently, because of the need for heightened security and to resolve this apparent conflict, correctional facilities adhere to a “protect-in-place” strategy where all exit routes direct the inmates to an area away from the origin of the fire to a secure area that is still within the prison facility, and not to the outside of the institution.

DESIGN SOLUTION IN REGARDS TO FIRE SAFETY FEATURES IN THE INCARCERATED SETTING.

SECURITY SCREENING HOUSING CONTROL

CLUSTER VILLAGE

HOUSING CONTROL SECURITY SCREENING [FIGURE] Multiple layer of Security Threshold through Passive Fire Protection (PFP) in living quarter block.

3. Heat and smoke detector and sprinkler positioning.

The regular inspection and testing of heat and smoke alarms and sprinkler systems required by OSHA guidelines are still applicable in a prison setting, with state and local regulations mandating the number and type of detectors, sprinklers, and fire extinguishers that must be onsite.

However, a correctional facility has inherent challenges due to the nature of its occupants as it related to fire and smoke detector and sprinkler system safety and vandalism.

[DRAWING] Position of 3 security screenings at ground level of each living quarters as a screening and adhere a concept to keep them inside when needed and obstruct the normal escape route.

Unique challenges with fire and smoke alarms and sprinklers in the incarcerated setting 1. Vandalism and tampering 2. Weaponry 3. Suicide 4. Riots

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

8.3.1. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM Basic trigger factors contributing to fire incident in the incarcerated setting 1.to intimidate other inmates or staff; 2. as a distraction to assist others attempting to escape; 3. as a means of revenge; 4. to draw attention; 5. as a means of suicide; 6. to protest living conditions; 7. to relieve the boredom of incarceration; 8. as a show of force during a prison riot; and 9. when inmates with severe mental problems “act out.”

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION (AFP) FIRE HYDRANT The fire hydrant are installed around the site according to the requirement in spacing, distance to the road, and distance to the building in accordance to UBBL. Four fire hydrants are placed within the left, right and middle of site. The maximum distance between the fire hydrants are 78m.

The installation of hydrants should be located: • Away from obstructions such as street furniture (benches), phone booths, etc.

• Not less than 2m from adjacent buildings and overhangs.

• Between 0.61m to 2.4m from Fire ApplianceAccess.

• Away from risks of vehicular damage.

• Not more than 90m apart from each other (in new buildings adjacent to existing developments, a new hydrant or hydrants will have to be provided if there is no hydrant within 45m radius of the new building.

AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTION & ALARM A fire and smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. In the proposal, the fire and smoke detector is placed in the kitchen as safety precaution in case there is any fire.

This system is designed to examine all the fire detection and warning devices and to control all the fire mode conditions as required from the Fire Department. The fire alarm system was readily obtainable at all times and also capable of being operated without exposing any person to undue risk.

The detecting devices such as smoke detector and heat detector breakglass call point were electrically operated and the alarm will be generated from the detecting devices. Alarm bells on the affected floors and ring continuously. The system is located at a strategic location, such as next to the exit door from the both side.

The hose is connected to the firefighting tank, where the water supplied from the main water supply, and can be extended up to about 30 feet.

The pump set located on the ground level of the building with a pump controller, while the water tank located at the roof level. Both of these pumps put together in one room and totally protected and locked with a door.

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER The portable fire extinguisher was the first aid fire fighting appliances which can be carried out by hand and from which the extinguishing agent can be expelled. All the exits at each floor will be provided with one fire extinguisher.

There are two types of fire extinguishers located in this correctional center which are: • Dry powder portable extinguisher • Carbon dioxide portable extinguisher Dry powder type is appropriate for all the classes of fire risk such as non-conducting, non-toxic, water-repellent material cools the flame, separates them from the burning material and includes oxygen. This type of extinguisher is provided next to the exit doors and exit routes.

The CO2 type is used mostly in plant room, genset room and voltage room. This extinguisher types also non-toxic material, and an inert gas that does not damage materials or leaves a contaminating agent.

SPRINKLER SYSTEM A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. In buildings completely protected by fire sprinkler systems, over 99% of fires were controlled by fire sprinklers alone.

Sprinkler head are conventional pendant or upright type. The maximum spacing and coverage to be protected by one sprinkler head shall be as • 21sqm for light hazard installation at not more than 4.6m apart.

• 12sqm for ordinary hazard installation at more than 4m apart.

• 9 sqm for high installation at not more than 3.7m apart EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEM An emergency power system shall be provided to supply electrical power automatically in the event of normal supply failure to equipment essential for safety to life

The fire alarm located at the end of corridor adjacent to staircase on every floor. The alarm system will be activated to alert the occupant for evacuation when there are fire or emergency. Thus, it is an essential component that must be audible throughout the building in the event of fire. The type of fire alarm system used in the proposal is both automatically and manually actuated.

HOSE REEL SYSTEM A hose reel system is a high pressure hose use to carry water or other fire retardant toward fire for fire extinguishment.

Hose reel is a first aid for fire fighting equipment and it is often possible to be extinguished by occupants in its initial stage.

It is a firefighting equipment to be use by the fireman in the event of fire. In this building, the hose reel equipment is applied at the fire exits and they are located at accessible area. The hose reel pipe risers with 50mm diameter are located at a small room at the fire staircase to serve water to the floors above. Thus, hose reels should be located where users are least likely to be endangered by the fire.

[IMAGE] Active fire protection equipment & safety items.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

8.3.2 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Method of water supply system is using the direct pipes through common trenching to guarantee non-polluted water use. Source of water supply is directly from the main pipe of Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn. Bhd. (SYABAS) and distributed to every build- ings. On the other hand, indirect System is use to supply water for non-drinking purpose such as toilet, sink, cleaning, and so on. The function of water supply is necessarily needed for cold and drinking water supply, and fire protection system.

The SYABAS water pressure is sufficient to serve water tank on lower ground floor 2 (lg2). Water from main water supply coming from MARDI tank is supplied to the suction tank that is located at lower ground floor 2. There is main water pipe found at the site which can directly supply to the correctional center. The cold-water supply system is in indirect supply which the water flows to the water meter then to the header tank.

The water storage system used here is the pumping with storage. It is the most common form of water system that ensures water supplied at approximately uniform rate and flow in excess of consumption stored in elevated tanks. The tank capacity includes for fire-fighting, high-use hours and flow during power failure.

The water storage requirements for correctional center are incorporated with the rainwater harvesting system and also together with the water basin. All water supplies are to meet SYABAS requirements and guidelines also include provision for fire fighting purposes. The water is then pumped into domestic storage tank at second floor of living quarters to be supplied for usage in cluster village. The water is pumped into the main tank on the LG2 from the suction tank where the piping risers from the main distribution lines are located at the staircase core of the elevators.

The rainwater harvesting system are being proposed where the rainwater collected will be used for plant irrigation, toilet flushes and uses other than for drinking and cooking. The rainwater collected from roof of living quarters and ground plaza and surface runoff are chanelled and is filtered and supplied to washroom as discussed in following chapter.

Various diameters of pipes (50mm, 25mm, 19mm, and 13mm) are used for water supplying to every floor according to its own usage. The location of the water tank at the roof top of cluster village gives an efficient distribution of water via gravity to the appliance below. It is the most common form of water system that ensures water supplied at approximately uniform rate and flow in excess of consumption stored in elevated tanks.

[IMAGE] Location of domestic water tank in each cluster village.

[DIAGRAM] Vertical water distribution & supply diagram.

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

WASH AREA KITCHEN

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

LIVING QUARTER

CLUSTER BATHROOM

CLUSTER BATHROOM

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

8.3.2 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

WATER SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

In this design project, there are several rubbish bins placed on each floor. However, for transporting purpose, there is a recycling room beside the refuse chamber at lower ground floor 3 (lg3) where waste is sorted and brought to other treatment and recycling centre within Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) which meet the green building design requirement. Furthermore, The location of the bin centre is easily accessible by the garbage trucks to be collected.

There are six main loading bays for different purpose. Annotated in the diagram below, the first and second front building drop-offs are designated for public drop-off. Inmates’ visitors or staffs are to parked their own private vehicles at parking lots.

8.3.3 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

8.3.4 LOADING & UNLOADING

The third drop-off is designated for logistics purposes point. Garbage lorry truck, food supplies trucks, and staffs with prior permissions are assigned to use this drop-off. This drop-off connects directly toward centralized control room that connect vertically to all floors except living quarter floor.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

ES IC RV

SE

At fourth drop-off, located at upper ground 2 (ug2) is designated for ambulance underground route during emergency needed by medical block.

E UT RO

TNB SUBSTATION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

REFUSE CHAMBER

Ambulance drop-off is connected directly to in-patient accomodation via compartmentalize elevator and staircases.

RECYCLE POINT

6

AHU ROOM

At fifth drop-off is assigned for logistic related to TVET block and medical supplies located at upper ground floor (ug1) purposes. At left sidepark, this drop-off connected to electrical workshops in which supplies needed by the workshop are unloaded at this point. At the right side of carpark is for drop-off for medical supplies load & unload purposes.

COMPRESSOR ROOM

SWITCH GEAR ROOM

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

SERVICES CORRIDOR REFUSE CHAMBER RECYCLE CHAMBER

[DRAWING] Location of refuse chamber adjacent to vehicular services route located at lower ground 3 floor (lg3).

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

SERVICES ROUTE LANE

CART STORAGE

MEDICINE STORAGE

DROP-OFF RAM

P DO

WN

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

5

TO L

G2

DROP-OFF STAFF LOUNGE

[IMAGE] The commercialized recycle bins as for waste separations.

In the proposal, the refuse chamber of the correctional centre are mainly serves for the administration office uses, kitchen and living quarters.

The refuse disposal is important to be considered carefully in the aspect of the environmental and hygiene factors especially when the site is near to the riverfront.

The refuse chamber is attached to the administration block, acess to service corridor is only permitted to authorise staff only, located along the service lane, at the right side of the floor plan and the loading and unloading area to ease disposal from the cultural hub. The refuse chamber is not fully enclosed with only 1.5m height, containing recycle bins inside. The floor slab is designed laid to fall to a side for the drainage due to health and hygiene purpose.

ELECTRONIC WORKSHOP

[IMAGE] Fifth drop-off for both school and medical block logistic purposes.

4

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

LY ON

LINEN STORAGE

The sixth drop-off is designated for food & waste logistic truck for kitchen uses.

This point is assigned for logistic truck and purposes needed by living quarter block.

2

[DIAGRAM] Summary of verticular vehicle loading & unloading planning.

1

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

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8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

8.3.5 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM Through the national grid facility provided by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), the main electrical power supply is channeled into the building. From the mention point, the line is connected to the building’s sub-station and distributed to all blocks.

The high voltage electricity (100500kVa-LV 400V) is supplied to the substation and amplified by transformer through high voltage room to low voltage main switch board.The building’s sub- station line is controlled and stepping down to 415 / 240 volt and distributed through the use of Ring Main System. If one of the blocks facing failures in power supply, the Ring Main System will controlled and maintained the electrical provision.

1 2 3 4

1

GENSET TNB Substation Switch gear room Transformer room

2

4

3

[IMAGE] Blow-up of TNB substation/ genset rooms located adjacently to service lane at lower ground floor 3 (lg3).

Due to the size of the development, a double chamber generator transformer is being used. It will then supply electricity to a high voltage switch room. This room is accessible by both the TNB and the administrator of the building. From the switch room the supply will be then transferred to the distribution panel which distributes the electric to the electrical appliances through ducting and wiring system.

The genset is an additional backup power supply that supply electricity which is located next to the TNB Substation. The main switch room would then regulate and control the electrical supply from TNB and genset room to the vertical electrical riser. The electrical riser is located in the core next to the fire staircase along the connecting arm in the standard room block and the main administration block. A main switch box is located on every floor connected to the risers. The electricity is then supply to each occupants via the riser.

TNB main (from UPM powerhouse)

TNB substation (At LG3)

Main switch box (At LG3)

Sub switch box (control room)

[DIAGRAM] Electrical supply schematic diagram

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

fitting fitting fitting fitting fitting

8.3.6 VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM The type of lift in the proposal is motor less hydraulic lift. Hydraulic lift uses hydraulic pressure from piston to carry the car up and down, and it is more efficient, safer and friendly to the environment. Motor less type of lift can also save space but having the motor in between the car and wall, without having a motor room.

The vertical transportation is provided on centralized control PRODUCED BYroom, AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION housing control of living quarter and at medical rehabilitation block.

Other than said blocks, vertical transportation only uses the mean of staircases. A service lift is provided in an enclosed space near to the loading and unloading area for ease of transportation for the waste.

LIFT CONFIGURATION VERTICAL DIAGRAM

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CENTRALISED CONTROL ROOM

UPPER GROUND FLOOR 1 (UG1)

+ 17.50

GROUND FLOOR (GF)

+ 14.00

LOWER GROUND 1 FLOOR (LG1)

+ 10.50

LOWER GROUND 2 FLOOR (LG2)

+ 7.00

LOWER GROUND 3 FLOOR (LG3)

+ 0.00

[DIAGRAM] Lift configuration schematic diagram PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

8.3 BUILDING SERVICES

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

HOUSING CONTROL (LIVING QUARTER)

CONCLUSION In conclusion, we can look at the conceptual framework that had provide a specifc direction to make a conceptual distinction and organize the idea for project brief. The design thesis paradigm focus on four (4) main aspect namely, INCARCERATION, HEALTH, EDUCATION AND ARCHITECTURE.

CONCLUSION

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

DESIGN THESIS SUMMARY & INTERPRETATION

Interpreting the conceptual framework towards perceptual systems revolved around the interrelation between a complete sets of ORGANISSASI KEPENJARAAN, and component of architectural programmes that would lastly produce a complete set of rehabilitative-humane environment incarceration settings.

CONCLUSION

ORGANISASI KEPENJARAAN

ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM

REHABILITATION ENVIRONMENT

CONCEPTUAL

PERCEPTUAL

MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

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MEDICAL REHABILITATION CORRECTIONAL CENTER ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT | BUILT ENVIRONMENT FACULTY | UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA