AMANDA SILVANA COEN UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, MLA 2016
PORTFOLIO IS A REFLECTION OF ONGOING WORK THAT EVOLVES FROM EXPERIENCES, BACKGROUND AND LANDSCAPES ENCOUNTERED THROUGHOUT LIFE. I constantly observe design in the world around me. Whether in a remote setting or in the middle of a bustling city, consciously or unconsciously, I collect, capture and digest what I see. Sometimes my reactions are expressed in writing. Sometimes in images and drawings. And other times, in built objects. I love to create, to tell stories and to connect with others through design. My work has taken on a variety of forms over the years and I have been greatly influenced by my travels. Each place has left its imprint on me, and I also like to think that I have left my own small mark as well.
CONTENTS I. DEW STUDIO | FALL 2014 Navigating slope, highlighting existing resources and re-defining entrance to city.
Spacing: Offset grid with individual trees planted 5m O.C.
Olea europaea (Olive)
II. GROUNDWORKS STUDIO | FALL 2013 Landform as a generative design tool.
X
Alum
Iron
E
R
OBSERVE Dye colors vary depending on fiber, plant part (leaf, root, stem, flower, bark) and presence or absence of mordants. Alum and iron are two common mordants used to help dye bond to fiber.
I
C
Populus alba (White Poplar)
Terrace width: 12.2m
M
E
S
I
C
COLLECT Specimens are collected across site and brought back to the LAB. Experimentation with natural dye processes offers new ways of reading the landscape and reveals new relationships between fibers, plants and soil compounds.
OLIVE BOSQUE Area: 238 m2
Relieve, unveil, surprise.
III. HAMPTON ROADS STUDIO | SPRING 2015 Living with rising waters.
IV. SURVEILLANCE STUDIO | FALL 2015 Surveillance as design process.
V. DRAWING + EXPERIMENTATION Observing and projecting.
VI. THESIS + INDEPENDENT RESEARCH Investigating confluence between cultural relationships to natural resources, design and industrial processes.
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3m
I. DEW STUDIO | INSTRUCTOR: MARGARITA JOVER | MANRESA, SPAIN | FALL 2014 Urban scale studio that challenged students to identify research interest, re-define entrance to city from pilgrimmage route and engage with historical irrigation system fed by La Sequia.
+ LOCAL KNOWLEDGE
+ GEOLOGY
AGRICULTURE
LAB
AXON AutoCAD | Rhino | Illustrator LAB reconfigures the existing landscape to highlight the possibilities inherent in local resources. It accentuates the agricultural, geologic, hydraulic and historic systems that have shaped the landscape over time, revealing relationships between surface, subsurface and dynamic forces that are visualized through natural dyes.
SECTION PERSPECTIVE Rhino | Photoshop Spacing: Offset grid with individual trees planted 5m O.C.
X
E
R
I
C
Populus alba (White Poplar)
Terrace width: 12.2m
Olea europaea (Olive)
Natural dyes become a means to engage visitors, provide a chance for reflection and encourage new relations to vernacular, natural resources.
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S
I
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CONTEXT Existing Textile Networks
SYSTEMS
RESEARCH
Agriculture and Hydrology
UNIVERSITIES AND TRAINING CENTERS A: Escola Canet de Mar School dedicated to the research, development and technology transfer related to the textile industry.
B: UPC Terrassa
The Textile and Paper Engineering Department develops innovative processes and products with high added value, and establishes business strategies that can adapt to technological and economic change.
C: Enginyeria Industrial | ETSEIB
Research focused on natural dyes to create site-specific color palette based on plants that could be grown on site and which are already harvested for agricultural purposes. Plants and minerals collected across site yield dyes and facilitate conversation between the existing agricultural community and network of Catalunyan centers dedicated to textile design and research.
The Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering (CMEM) activities span both higher education as well as research within all the fields of materials science and engineering. The Department has a close relationship with industry and technological institutions in Catalonia and Spain.
ASSOCIATIONS AND GUILDS D: Gremi Fabricants Sabadell
Business association dedicated to the defense of the interests of the regional industrial textile industry and the social and economic development of the surrounding zones.
MANRESA
E: Asociacion Industrial Textil de Proceso Algodonero | AITPA Advocates for the cotton textile industry.
F: Centro de Informacion Textil y de la Confeccion | CITYC
Provides key stakeholders in the textile and clothing industry with data necessary for their development.
G: Agrupacio Textil Fagepi
G
H
D
B
A
Aimed at impelling the competitiveness of textile companies in the Anoia region and create clusters that strengthen bonds between local, economical and political entities, aiming at powering the territory and contributing to its economical and social development.
TECHNOLOGY CENTERS H: Asociación Internacional de Investigación Sobre La Contaminación del Agua | AIICA
I C
J
E F
Technological center focused on environmental processes related to leather tanning, water treatment, paper production and biotechnology.
I: CETEMMSA
Promotes joint projects with companies for innovation and experimental development of smart products - Smart Innovation - that bring new uses and experiences to a wide range of economic sectors.
J: Textile Innovation Center | CETEX
Provides information and textile management consulting for how to incorporate the latest technologies and focuses on education in the textile field.
Site Irrigated
Existing networks offer opportunities for expanded collaboration and exchange.
Dry La Sequia
“Green lungs” are irrigated by La Sequia
HARVEST Rooftop provides views to experimental terrace that is divided between agricultural production and play. where new species are planted and relationships between surface and subsurface are revealed
229
245 225
DYE
EXPERIMENT EXCHANGE
SIT READ
LEARN
240
IDENTIFY
224.2
Sediment Basin
TEST EXHIBIT
OBSERVE
CLASSIFY 840 m2 Format: Books, samples, digital documentation A library of fibers, plants, soils and geology speaks to the specifics of the local landscape.
MEET
236.4
Retention pool
CONTRIBUTE 221.4
232.6
DRY/STORE 670 sq m Plant matter is placed in horreos to dry for experimental and educational use in LAB.
Tank 1
229
225 Brachypodium retusum (Mediterranean False-brome)
219.7
225 m
Plaza width: 35m Workcourt width: 22.5m 205 m
R DRAIN Excess water from dye experiments and other activities taking place in the workcourt is directed by a series of channels to the terraces where it is further treated by plants.
REVEAL A glass facade makes the process transparent. The inside of the tanks are made of reflective materials that amplify the presence of light and water.
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POLISH Water passes to tank 3 where it is disinfected with UV treatment. It is then ready to be used for toilet flushing and workcourt activities.
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FILL + DRAIN Tank 2 (behind tank 3) fills and drains to support diverse, microecosystem. Gravel and roots are host to beneficial biofilms that help filter water. Water must remain at least 6� below surface.
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I
C
SETTLE + FILTRATE Surface runoff enters a sediment basin where large sediment is captured. It then enters tank 1 where small sediment settles.
X RETAIN A retention pool offers the Living Machine system relief during times of heavy rain and stores excess water for agricultural use. The clay-lined base provides a semi-permeable surface that holds water but also allows for ground absorption.
E
R
I
SOLITUDE The Cova provides space for reflection and prayer.
C
CONTRAST Diversity is amplified by controlling water.
SECTIONS Rhino | AutoCAD | Illustrator | Photoshop Series of sections demonstrate how water moves across site and various opportunities for programming.
NODE LAB as threshold between plaza and terraces
WORKCOURT Space for experimentation
AERATION Chute delivers water from La Sequia
LAB
Area: 5,065 m2 (Four buildings+workcourt) Meet, exchange, experiment.
LIVING MACHINE Area: 2,425 m2 Treat, experiment, play.
GATHERING Public plaza as social space
0
.5
1.5
3m
EXCHANGE 2750 m2 (Plaza, 1850 m2 + Rooftop, 900 m2) Rooftop extends surface area of plaza and invites people to enter LAB. ENVISION 900 m2 LAB studio and educational space is open, lightfilled and invites experimentation and exchange.
216.7 Olea europea (Olive)
Phragmites australis (Common Reed)
Carex pendula (Weeping Sedge)
Agrostis stolonifera (Creeping Bentgrass)
Acanthus mollis (Bearsfoot)
Alocasia macrorhizos (Elephant Ear)
Juncus effusus (Common Rush)
Phalaris aquatica (Bulbous Canary Grass)
Tank 3 216.7
225
221.4
0
3
6
15m
TEST/PLAY 1750 m2 Workcourt provides open space for water intensive processes.
LAB
TUB
CHUTE
LIVING MACHINE
URBAN LAB
NORTH
SECTION KEY
II. GROUNDWORKS STUDIO | INSTRUCTOR: BRIAN OSBORN | CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA | FALL 2013 Each student was assigned a different landform to study closely throughout the semester. I focused on lake typologies to understand their life cycle, how they function and where they occur. This knowledge was then translated into a site design for public baths in Charlottesville, Virginia that would provide a gathering space and also help filter urban runoff before it re-entered the Rivanna watershed.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES
MODEL Rhino | Grasshopper | 3D Router | Concrete Casting Parametric modeling and concrete casting of landform based on rules developed from study of lake typologies. SECTION AutoCAD Evolution of lake over time. AEB Horizon C Horizon Bedrock
Hollow Marsh Eutrophic stage Oligotrophic stage
PLAN, SECTION, MODEL AutoCAD | Laser Cutter Focused study of lake typology to explore essential qualities: depth, water source, ground conditions and surrounding landscape.
PAPER SAMPLES, AD-HOC DEVICE AutoCAD | Woodshop Ad-hoc paper-making device mapped water flow and presence (or absence) of sediment in Rivanna River and Moores Creek, demonstrating ongoing, dynamic aspect of life in the Rivanna watershed.
Retention
Detention
Infiltration
SECTIONS, PLAN AutoCAD | Hand Drawing Establishing hydraulic rules to drive design of public baths and create a gradient of ground conditions across site.
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Spring: 108.8
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Calculating storm runoff based on seasonal rainfall averages to guide site design.
ed
ft/s (104,04
Fall: 115.6
Quantity by season
DIAGRAMMATIC PLAN, MODEL AutoCAD | Illustrator | Laser Cutter
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Quality by Surface Cover
ZONE I Contaminated
ZONE III Intermediate
ZONE II Relatively clean Monthly seasonal rainfall averages Spring: 3.96 in Summer: 3.8 in Fall: 3.4 in Winter: 2.6 in Extreme Flood: 17.96 in (Sept 1987)
0’
50’
(Scale: 1/64”=1’)
100’
150’
III. HAMPTON ROADS STUDIO| INSTRUCTOR: ALEX WALL | RICHMOND, VA | SPRING 2015 Studio challenged students to develop a proposal to address sea level rise in Hampton Roads, a coastal, highly industrial, contaminated area composed of five neighboring cities.
URBAN SECTION PERSPECTIVE Rhino, Illustrator, Photoshop A series of floating islands provide new grounds for habitation. The islands help filter water while also dynamically responding to sea level rise. As plant communities grow and merge, the islands increase in size, conglomerating, fusing and tethering as weather patterns and environmental conditions dictate.
VIRGINIA BEACH
HAMPTON
PLANT PALETTE
Sewells Point Naval Complex Type: Filter, play
SALINE CAFE
Possible recipes for a halophyte-based sea v
SALT TOLERANCE
CRANEY ISLAND
Low
High
Spartina alterniflora Spartina alterniflora
Limonium carolinianum Limonium carolinianum Sea Lavender Sea Lavender
Smooth cordgrass SALT TOLERANCE Smooth cordgrass
Existing reef restoration site
Type: Perennial Type: Perennial
Low Form: Erect in dense stands PLANT PALETTE Form: Erect in dense stands
TH RIVER
ELIZABE
Churchland High School Type: Play, produce
High
Height: 3-10’ depending on on location Height: 3-10’ depending location Rhino , Illustrator
Reproduction: Seeds andand rhizome Reproduction: Seeds rhizome Salinity: 40 40 pptppt (Can tolerate up up to 50-60 ppt)ppt) Salinity: (Can tolerate to 50-60 Blooms July-Oct Salt tolerant Growth rate:plants Slow form the basis for island Grows in unshaded, exposed areas Has special filters on its roots to remove salts from the water it absorbs. Expels excess salt through its leaves.
Lafayette River Neighborhood Type: Filter, produce, play
Publicly owned subsurface
vegetation.
Juncus roemerianus Juncus roemerianus Black Needlerush Black Needlerush
Type: Herbaceous perennial Type: Rush, graminoid, geophyte, helophyte Type: Rhizome Type: Rhizome geophyte Type: Herbaceous perennial Type: Rush, graminoid, geophyte, helophyte geophyte Form: Single Uprightintufts Form: Single crown crown Form: Upright Form: tufts usually pureusually standsin pure stands Form: UprightForm: Upright Height: 1’ (hypersalinity)7’ (low salinity) Height:Height: 1-2’ 1-2’ Height: 1’ (hypersalinity)7’ (low salinity) Height: 5’ tall;Height: 3’ wide5’ tall; 3’ wide Reproduction: Spreads by horizontal rhizomes Seed and rhizome. Rhizomatic Reproduction: Horizontal rhizomes Reproduction: Reproduction: Seeds and rhizome Reproduction:Reproduction: Rhizome to brackish waterppt) (0-30 ppt) Salinity:Tolerates Salinity:Tolerates salinity (10 ppt) Salinity:tolerates Moderately low Salinity: Moderately low tolerates salinity for Salinity:Salinity: Salty toSalty brackish water (0-30 low salinity (10low ppt) Irregularly high salt marsh Growth rate: Slow Dwarfing as adaptation to high salinity Habitat:Habitat: Irregularly floodedflooded high salt marsh brief periods salinity (15-20 for ppt)brief periods (15-20 ppt) Often dominates salt marshes and estuaries Growth rate: Moderate GrowthSalt rate:glands Slow, on longleaves lived permit plant to withstand saline environments Offers nesting habitat for Long-billed Marsh Tripolium pannonicum Wren, Clapper Rail, and Seaside Sparrow
SALINE CAFE
Sea Aster
Possible recipes for a halophyte-based sea vegetable market.
Chelsea Shore Type: Filter, produce, play
Asparagus officinalis Asparagus officinalis Asparagus Asparagus
Pan-fried and served as an accompaniment to fish and shellfish. Pickled leaves.
The Hague Type: Filter, play
Privately owned subsurface
NORFOLK
ELIZABETH RIVER
PORTSMOUTH
Downtown Portsmouth Type: Filter, produce, play
Tripolium pannonicum Sea Aster
Atlantic Wood Industries Type: Filter
Pan-fried and served as an accompaniment to fish and shellfish. Pickled leaves.
N 0’
4000’
URBAN SITE PLAN Rhino, Grasshopper, Illustrator Floating islands populate pockets along the Elizabeth River and are organized according to the specific needs of each locale. As water levels rise, the number of islands increases to occupy areas once above water.
SALINE CAFE MENU Rhino, InDesign Recipes are created for a halophyte-based vegetable market.
Salsola soda Agretti or Barilla Plant Agretti cooked with onions and bacon.
Beta maritima Sea Beet Sea Beet greens raw salad. Steamed greens with olive oil and vinegar. *Also known as wild spinach.
8’
6’
4’
vegetable market.
Tripolium pannonicum Sea Aster Pan-fried and served as an accompaniment to fish and shellfish. Pickled leaves.
Salsola soda Agretti or Barilla Plant Agretti cooked with onions and bacon.
2’
0’
Kosteletzkya virginica Kosteletzkya virginica Virginia Salt Marsh Virginia Salt Marsh MallowMallow Type: Perennial Type: Perennial herb herb Individual Form: Form: Individual shrubsshrubs 4-6’ tall Height:Height: 4-6’ tall Reproduction: Reproduction: SeedsSeeds Salinity: Somewhat salt tolerantup to 10ppt Salinity: Somewhat salt tolerantup to 10ppt taproot GrowthDeep, rate: woody Slow rate of spread (less than 0.2 ft Each shrub lives only 5 years per year) Blooms July-Oct Salsola soda Can be exposed to heavy metals
Agretti or Barilla Plant
Agretti cooked with onions and bacon.
Crithmum maritimum Sea Fennel Fresh sea fennel salad. Stems, leaves and seed pods pickled in hot, salted, spiced vinegar. Pleasant, hot and spicy taste.
Beta maritima Sea Beet Sea Beet greens raw salad. Steamed greens with olive oil and vinegar. *Also known as wild spinach.
Salicornia europaea Glasswort Cooked with butter or olive oil and served as a salty accompaniment to fish or seafood.
Crithmum maritimum Sea Fennel Fresh sea fennel salad. Stems, leaves and seed pods pickled in hot, salted, spiced vinegar. Pleasant, hot and spicy taste.
Crambe maritima Sea Kale Steamed shoots served with either a béchamel sauce or melted butter, salt and pepper.
8” Recycled polymer matrix (made from recycled PET bottles) bonded with marine foam wraps around steel frame and provides buoyancy. Specific bacteria can be injected into floating islands to aid biofiltration process.
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam EPS consists of a variety of “pearls” or a closed cell structure, which consist of approximately 98% air, accounting for buoyancy.
Concrete and polyurea cover foam and protect it from water and chemicals.
Steel poles run through central spine and provide structural support.
500 sq ft island can hold up to 1000 lbs.
Mummichog and Striped Killifish are common species.
AqUApARk peRSpectiVe | AmAndA SiLVAnA coen
SECTION PERSPECTIVE Rhino, Illustrator, Photoshop Proposed network of floating islands helps with water remediation while also creating new opportunities for programming.
UVA LAR 7020 | StUdio S15 | 15.05.08
PERSPECTIVE Rhino, Illustrator, Photoshop View of island network from below showing root-island substrate interface.
enriching the soil and offering new zones of fertility on previously barren ground. Gravel Deciduous
IV. SURVEILLANCE STUDIO| INSTRUCTOR: BRIAN OSBORN | CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA | FALL 2015
Coniferous Herbaceous
Studio focused on developing a design process informed by emerging methods of data collection and constant surveillance of site.
I
II
III
I
Grass on moss
Pine in hole
Leaves on moss
Pine on grass
Gravel and herbaceous
DIAGRAM Rhino, Grasshopper, Illustrator Ground patterning recipes add, subtract and morph local surface materials to create distinct moisture and temperature conditions that invite anomalies, increase resiliency and draw new attention to the ground.
Action lines
II
III
Herbaceous to coniferous forest
Coniferous to depression in field
Deciduous to coniferous forest
Herbaceous + deciduous to water’s edge
Coniferous to field
RECIPES | Mat
Herbaceous to gravel
Materials are determine whe and lines of a established. C points (red an spaced differe depending on varied resourc that play a ro dispersion pat
100'
100'
In general, re further than material is sh stage II, the m a red circle is circle. In stag green circle is green circle. A zones overlap being moved w and in new dir material move on seasonality exposed zones the sequence from the stre replace them. herbaceous to dramatic chan as biomass ac enriching the zones of fert barren ground
Grave
Decid
Conife
Herba
Actio
PLAN ZOOMS Rhino, Grasshopper, Illustrator Materials are choreographed to create a variety of resource distribution tactics that play a role in long-term plant dispersion patterns.
I Grass on moss
II
III
I
II
Structural Fibers Accumulation Patterns
Time Growth Processes
Anomalies + Novel ecologies
Contingency
Decomposition Rates Biota
Material Cycles
DIAGRAM Rhino, Illustrator, Hand Drawing Material cycles are impacted by the structural fibers, growth processes and decomposition rates that make up a system.
PLANT RESOURCE ALLOCATION
Carbon produced in leaves via photosynthesis
Carbon distributed downwards to other non-photosynthetic tissues via phloem
H20 and ions transported to rest of plant via xylem
H20 and ions (N + P) taken up by roots from soil
CO2 N P Enzymes Microbes and fungi
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen make up walls of plant cells. Together they create: Hemicellulose- Softest Cellulose- Sturdier Lignin- Toughest
Root growth favored over shoot growth when nutrient supply (N + P) is low.
DIAGRAM Rhino, Illustrator, Hand Drawing Plants allocate resources in ways that make most sense to their physical structure and the availability of nutrients and sunlight. Resource allocation also determines the palatability of their biomass to decomposers which affects the rate of material breakdown.
Shoot growth favored over root growth when carbon supply is low.
Cellulose is composed of glucose rings attached to one another. Lignen is the glue that attaches cellulose and hemicellulose.
Microbes and fungi release enzymes to break down plant material and release nutrients in process.
N + P are released back into the soil as plant matter decomposes. Detached glucose ring can be taken up as food. Decomposer uses sugar for growth and releases CO2 as waste.
High N content in foliage increases the rate of photosynthesis leading to a faster growth rate, shorter leaf life span and more rapid rate of decomposition in litter.
Site: Milton Airfield Milton, Virginia
ana
Riv
V
er
Riv
s site, stem occur s) where
Site: Milton Airfield Milton, Virginia
VI
Herbaceous
IV
Shrubs Deciduous IDeciduous trees
Herbaceous
Conifers
Shrubs
Floodplain 100-Year Flood
Deciduous
Action lines
IDeciduous trees
Material interruptions
Conifers Floodplain
Zooms
100-Year Flood
1. Herbaceous to coniferous forest
Action lines
II. Coniferous to depression in field
Material interruptions
II
III. Deciduous to coniferous forest IV. Herbaceous + deciduous to water’s edge
III I
V.Coniferous to field
Zooms 1. Herbaceous to coniferous forest II. Coniferous to depression in field
VI. Herbaceous to gravel
III. Deciduous to coniferous forest IV. Herbaceous + deciduous to water’s edge V.Coniferous to field 0’
100’
200’
250’
VI. Herbaceous to gravel
| Anomalous Cocktails SITEROTOLOGY PLAN Materials are mapped to create a site inventory and begin to imagine possible alchemies. Lines of action are drawn across site, Rhino , Grasshopper , Illustrator
SPECIMENS Photography
running perpendicular to contour lines. The start point is determined by proximity of desired ingredients. Breaks in the system occur
Materials to create a material site inventory and begin to imagine possible Linesofof action. action areZooms drawn across running at perpendicular to contour lines. Thewhere start point is determined by proximity of basedareonmapped topography, change, and proximity to alchemies. other lines are site, provided potent points (circles) 0’ 200’ desired ingredients. Breaks in the system occur based on topography, material change, and proximity to other lines of action. Zooms are provided at potent points (circles) where specific recipes are100’elaborated. specific recipes are elaborated.
Materials found on site. 250’
LIFE CYCLE WHEEL Rhino, Illustrator, Hand Drawing Growth cycles of each dominant species are assessed to determine annual vegetative, bloom and dormancy cycles to imagine how interruptions to material accumulation patterns might shift these.
TACTICS
Distribute
Sow
TOOLS
MATERIALS
Collect
Fallen Pine Needles DESIGN EXPERIMENT Site materials, Rake A field experiment is designed to test various mulch material combinations and measure changes in ground temperature, moisture and growth.
Grass Clippings
Buckwheat Seeds
Control
Herbaceous
Coniferous
DIRECT MEASUREMENT Cotton Cloth, Nails, Steel Wool Steel wool and nails are wrapped in a vinegar-soaked cotton cloth swatches and sandwiched between the mulch and ground layer. The amount of rust serves as a relative measurement of oxygen and moisture content.
Herbaceous on coniferous
Coniferous on herbaceous
Herbaceous under clear polyethylene
ANIMATION Rhino, Grasshopper Animation draws on results from design experiment to demonstrate how mulch thickness impacts soil moisture, temperature and aeration. New ground patterns evolve as plant dispersion and distribution are altered by resource availability.
Control Control
Deciduous Deciduous
January January
Herbaceous Herbaceous
Coniferous Coniferous
Moss Moss
Coniferous on Herbaceous Coniferous on Herbaceous
Herbaceous on Coniferous Herbaceous on Coniferous
Conditions: Clear and Sunny Air Temp (F): 38.0 Conditions: Clear and Sunny Air Temp (F): 38.0
Avg temp: 37.5F Avg Avg precipitation: temp: 37.5F 3.03” Avg precipitation: 3.03”
4" 4" 0" 0"
-30' -30'
Ground with no blanket is highly susceptible to atmospheric shifts, often suffering from Ground with no blanket erosion, is highlynutrient susceptible to temperature extremes, atmospheric and shifts, ofteninvasions. suffering from deficiencies harmful temperature extremes, erosion, nutrient deficiencies and harmful invasions.
April April
Deciduous plant matter tends to have slightly less lignin than conifers but more than Deciduous plant mattergiving tendsthem to have slightly herbaceous materials, a middle rate lessdecomposition. lignin than conifers but more they than tend to of If not shredded, herbaceous materials, giving them free a middle rate form a dense mat, often blocking water and of decomposition. If not O2 movement in the soil.shredded, they tend to form a dense mat, often blocking free water and O2 movement in the soil.
The size and mass of the leaves determines the blanket's insulative quality. Larger, denser The sizecreate and mass the leaves determines the leaves more of insulation. Ground moisture blanket's quality. Larger, is greaterinsulative due to additional moisturedenser that leaves create more insulation. evaporates from leaves and/orGround blades,moisture but is greatersupplies due to can additional moisture that nitrogen be lower. The blanket evaporates from leaves blades, but helps protect roots fromand/or cold temperatures. nitrogen supplies can be lower. The blanket helps protect roots from cold temperatures.
Needles provide slightly less insulation as they have a smaller surface area. Ground moisture is Needles provide slightly less insulation they not as high as with herbaceous blanketsasdue to have evaporation a smaller surface area. Ground moisture less from needles. The needles canis not as high as with herbaceous blankets due to also create slightly acidic conditions. less evaporation from needles. The needles can also create slightly acidic conditions.
Herbaceous matter decomposes as it is exposed to air, making way for the next growth cycle to Herbaceous matter decomposes as itbyiswind. exposed begin. It is also easily transported to air, making way for the next growth cycle to begin. It is also easily transported by wind.
Moss thrives in acidic, low-light, moist conditions. It can survive on compacted, low Moss thrives in acidic, low-light, moist rates. fertile soils and expedites decomposition conditions. It can survive on compacted, low fertile soils and expedites decomposition rates.
Having the herbaceous blanket closer to the ground provides additional ground moisture Having thebyherbaceous blanket closer to produced evaporation. The needles addthe an ground provides additional ground moisture additional layer of insulation on top, sealing in produced by evaporation. The needles add an the effects. additional layer of insulation on top, sealing in the effects.
When layered, the effects of each material are not simply added together. Oftentimes, the When layered, the take effects of each material are layered mass will on characteristics more not simply added Oftentimes, the closely aligned to together. the material which decomposes layered massrate. will take on characteristics more at a slower closely aligned to the material which decomposes at a slower rate.
Needles are dropped throughout the year providing a steady state of ground cover and Needles are dropped throughout the year resisting compaction. providing a steady state of ground cover and resisting compaction.
The constant supply of needles creates a protective shell around the herbaceous material The constant supply needlesrate creates a due which decomposes at of a faster largely protective around the herbaceous material to its lowershell lignin content. which decomposes at a faster rate largely due to its lower lignin content.
The recipe is dependent on as needles are replenished The recipe is dependent on as needles are replenished
Routine mowing practices replenish the herbaceous layer. Routine mowing practices replenish the herbaceous layer.
The layer closest to the ground decomposes as fresh needles are added to the top. The layer closest to the ground decomposes as fresh needles are added to the top.
This recipe herbaceous This recipe months. herbaceous months.
Mowing regimes provide refreshments to the herbaceous layer. Mowing regimes provide refreshments to the herbaceous layer.
Herbaceous perennials go dormant for the winter, leaving an accumulation of biomass as a Herbaceous go dormant for the trace of theperennials previous summer's growth. winter, leaving an accumulation of biomass as a trace of the previous summer's growth.
Because of their relatively high lignin content, needles decompose slowly. Because of their relatively high lignin content, needles decompose slowly.
Conditions: Clear and Sunny Air Temp (F): 58.0 Conditions: Clear and Sunny Air Temp (F): 58.0
Avg temp: 58F Avg 3.23” Avg precipitation: temp: 58F Avg precipitation: 3.23”
4" 4" 0" 0"
-30"
Deciduous matter continues to decompose as snow melts and temperatures rise. A mat forms if Deciduous continuesblocking to decompose as snow leaves arematter not shredded, free water and melts and temperatures oxygen movement in soil. rise. A mat forms if leaves are not shredded, blocking free water and oxygen movement in soil.
-30"
July July
the herbaceous layer throughout the year. the herbaceous layer throughout the year.
Conditions: Clear and Sunny Air Temp (F): 90.0 Conditions: Clear and Sunny Air Temp (F): 90.0
Avg temp: 79.5F Avg Avg precipitation: temp: 79.5F 4.49” Avg precipitation: 4.49”
4" 4" 0" 0"
-30"
Higher temperatures speed decomposition, clearing the ground of the previous year's litter. Higher temperatures speed decomposition, clearing the ground of the previous year's litter.
-30"
October October
is the most potent as the layer decomposes rapidly in summer is the most potent as the layer decomposes rapidly in summer
Conditions: Clear and Sunny Air Temp (F): 65.0 Conditions: Clear and Sunny Air Temp (F): 65.0
Avg temp: 59.5F Avg Avg precipitation: temp: 59.5F 2.95” Avg precipitation: 2.95”
4" 4" 0" 0"
DIAGRAM Rhino, Grasshopper, Illustrator
-30" -30"
Biomass accumulation cycles Biomass accumulation cycles
A in A in
new layer is added as trees loose their leaves preparation for winter. new layer is added as trees loose their leaves preparation for winter.
APR
APR
OCT
JULY
OCT
JULY
OCT
JULY
OCT
JULY
OCT
JULY
Herbaceous on Coniferous
The recipe reaches its strength in fall as the above ground biomass of herbaceous species The recipetoreaches strength in fall as the succumbs colder its months. above ground biomass of herbaceous species succumbs to colder months. APR APR
JAN
JULY
JULY
JULY OCT
Herbaceous on Coniferous
JAN
JAN
JULY OCT
APR
JAN
JAN
JULY OCT
layer is fully thick blanket for the layer is fully thick blanket for the
APR
APR
JAN
JAN
JULY OCT
By fall, the herbaceous replenished, providing a By fall,months the herbaceous colder ahead. replenished, providing a colder months ahead.
APR
APR
JAN
JAN
JULY OCT
Decomposition rate
APR
JAN
JAN
JAN
APR
APR
APR
JAN
APR
JAN
Shaded, moist conditions lead to slightly cooler temperatures year round. Shaded, moist conditions lead to slightly cooler temperatures year round.
OCT
JULY
OCT
JULY
OCT
OCT
Decomposition rate
Aeration (Circle size) Aeration (Circle size)
Temperature (Hue) Temperature (Hue)
Ground Moisture (% fill) Moisture Ground (% fill)
Soil pH Soil pH
100F
32F
0
14
100F
32F
0
14
Material layers provide the ingredients that drive ROTOLOGY, creating blankets that insulate the ground. In cooler months, the layers help retain heat captured throughout the summer. In warmer months, they help cool the ground beneath. Their impact depends on materiality and timing- when the blanket is laid, its wear and tear and when it is removed- affecting growth cycles which constantly replenish the ingredients necessary for a choreographed weaving of site.
Sensors provide constant feedback of ground conditions that inform management decisions and measure change.
Moss expedites decomposition process, helping to break down herbaceous material and adding additional nutrients to A horizon.
Herbaceous material is moved from field to coniferous forest and from forest to field. 50’
50’
Lignin’s light-absorbing compounds make it highly photodegradable, causing needles to break down more quickly in field.
Herbaceous layer is doubled, adding additional insulation and increasing moisture added via evapotranspiration.
pH 2 0’
8 3’
6’
SECTION Rhino, Grasshopper, Illustrator Materials are moved from one condition to another, resulting in new nutrient sources and microbe communities that develop potent pockets across site. Sensors provide live feedback that helps inform tactics which become part of a larger management strategy.
SECTION AXONS Rhino, Grasshopper, Illustrator Scenarios provide the opportunity for testing ideas. In this case, a herbaceous field is dominated by a few species, providing a monotonous surface with little variation in resource consumption methods. Needles gathered from surrounding coniferous forest are added to the field to introduce new nutrients and microbes to the ground, allowing species with different resource uptake mechanisms to become established. Over time, new plant growth will shade the ground, slowing lignin breakdown in needles immediately surrounding plants and changing the ecological system once again.
V. DRAWINGS + EXPERIMENTATION Drawing as a means to observe, process, and propose new forms.
RICHMOND
Navigating Descent Amanda Silvana Coen
E Broad Street
E Grace Street E Broad Street
E Grace Street
E Franklin Street
E Franklin Street
E Main Street
E Main Street
Cary Street
Chapel Island
Cary Street Dock Street
Dock Street
SITE OBSERVATIONS Hand Drawing Initial impressions from site visit to Richmond, Virginia focusing on descent from city to river.
Kanawha Canal
Kanawha Canal
Chapel Island
Trigg Cove
Trigg Cove
URBAN FIELD NOTES Hand Drawing Observations of urban promenade in Benidorm, Spain and vegetation in the Veneto region of Italy.
Amanda Silvana Coen | 37
HAND-BOUND BOOK Hand Drawing | Book Making Experiments with hand drawing techniques for observing and translating landscapes during the Vicenza 2014 Summer Drawing program. Book was constructed from edited selection of drawings with attention given to finishing details- binding techniques and materials that reflect to sense of place.
MODEL Rhino | Grasshopper | Laser Cutter | Sewing Machine Landform cushions offer reinterpretation of landforms identified from select built, landscape projects. 3D model was simplified to create triangulated facets that were prototyped using chipboard before constructing final cushion from cotton jersey, interfacing, leather and stuffing.
MAXIMIZING EDGES AND GAPS
Rotation: 0 degrees Spray heads: 5
Rotation: 180 degrees Spray heads: 5
Rotation: 360 degrees Spray heads: 5
PARAMETER | Angle between arms
LAR7415_F14_COEN.Amanda_ASSIGNMENT-02_SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES #2: DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY CONFIGURATIONS
Parameter | Degrees of rotation PARAMETER | Number of spray heads
Rotation: 0 degrees Spray heads: 5
Rotation: 180 degrees Spray heads: 5
Rotation: 360 degrees Spray heads: 5
LAR7415_F14_COEN.Amanda_ASSIGNMENT-02_SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES #2: DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY CONFIGURATIONS
Parameter | Number of spray heads Rotation: 180 degrees Spray heads: 2
Rotation: 180 degrees Spray heads: 3
Rotation: 180 degrees Spray heads: 5
DIAGRAMS, 3D MODEL Rhino | Grasshopper Renegade Vegetation Renegate vegetation
Spray heads rotating around off-centered axis create varying conditions to maximize edges and gaps.
Parametric modeling allowed for experimentation with rotation and spray head patterns to produce irregular ground conditions. LAR7415_F14_COEN.Amanda_ASSIGNMENT-02_SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES #1: DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY CONFIGURATIONS
ES AND GAPS ROTATING IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Height indicates amount of water reaching ground, dictating planted form
Axis of rotation
2 spray heads
Spray head water distribution 3 spray heads
Axis of rotation
2 spray heads
10 spray heads
RULE CONDITIONAL PARAMETERS
An irrigation system is established where the number and arrangement of spray heads creates overlaps in moisture regimes that result in varying conditions. By selecting a plant palette with species that present a height gradient that directly relates to hydric conditions, a systems of vegetative “walls� can be created. If there are more evenly spaced spray heads, there will be a more universal distribution of water. By spacing spray heads unevenly and establishing a non-central axis of rotation, ground conditions become more varied, allowing for increased ecological diversity. Number of spray heads, distance between spray heads, composition of spray heads, axis of rotation
3 spray heads
LAR7415_F14_COEN.Amanda_ASSIGNMENT-02_SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES NARRATIVE: DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY
Renegate vegetation
10 spray heads
of spray heads creates overlaps in moisture regimes that result in varying conditions. By selecting a plant palette with species that present a height gradient that directly relates to hydric
sal distribution of water. By spacing spray heads unevenly and establishing a non-central axis of rotation, ground conditions become more varied, allowing for increased ecological
rrigation system that rotates around an off-centered axis within a grid, edges and gaps can be maximized based on the number of spray heads, the distance between spray heads and the angle of rotation. In doing so, opportunities arise for diverse ecosystems s to take form.
spray heads, axis of rotation
VI. THESIS + INDEPENDENT RESEARCH
Research expands upon background as a writer and photographer and ongoing interest in cultural landscapes, land use, relationships to natural resources, and design.
CICATRICES | Spain | 2010 Documenting scars of industrial processes.
TEXTILE CULTURES | Peru | May-September 2012 Exploring cultural relationships to natural resources.
LANDSCAPES OF PAPERMAKING | Ghana | Summer 2014 Articulating connections between global health, landscape, ecology and creative drive.
THESIS: DISRUPTIVE STIMULI | Virginia |Spring 2016 Proposing an alternative strategy for managing invasive species that shifts cultural perceptions surrounding waste, to instead take advantage of “gifts from the land.”
INDUSTRIAL ANATOMY: COTTON PRODUCTION | Virginia | Spring 2015 Critically examining production of raw inputs of textile industry.
CICATRICES
Photography | Filmmaking | Site interpretation Short documentary film made as part interdisciplinary team for film course taken in Madrid, Spain in 2010. Narrative was driven by research undertaken by Maria Feria Aguaded, a geologist, to examine restoration efforts directed by the municipality of Espirito on a previously mined landscape on the edge of the small town. Team included Maria Feria Aguaded, Amanda Silvana Coen and Victor Homobono Armenteros. Four minute film can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4KB40qqATGw&feature=gupl&context=G2ee5837AUAAAAAAAAAA
Andean Sweater collection created in collaboration with local women in Ollantaytambo, Peru using yarn dyed in natural dye workshop.
TEXTILE CULTURES Photography | Collective Design
Project carried out in 2012 over four month period in collaboration with Awamaki, a textile cooperative in Ollantaytambo, Peru. Research forms part of long-term interest in cultural relationships to natural resources and the confluence with localized design.
BACKGROUND In 1969, Ghana received 14 Paper Mulberry plants from China to evaluate the potential for developing a paper industry. The project was abandoned and the plants were left unattended. Because both male and female species were introduced, it quickly became invasive and posed a new challenge to farmers who constantly battled to keep it at bay. More than 40 years later, the species now covers around 80,000 sq km of land and spreads rampantly in roadside gaps, abandoned fields and large forest gaps.
LANDSCAPES OF PAPERMAKING Site Interpretation | Mapping | Cultural Communications
Project initiated in summer 2014 through a grant from the UVA Center for Global Health to investigate the confluence of artisan cultures, natural resource use and global migration. It follows the history of the spread of the invasive Broussonetia papyrifera (Paper Mulberry) and examines how an environmental challenge was turned into an opportunity through an ongoing papermaking project in Kumasi, Ghana. Project emphasizes the importance of balancing human and ecological concerns when approaching global health.
Large forest gaps
Abandoned farmland
Roadside gaps
1947
1957
1970
Mechanization of US Cotton Harvesting (White represents % handpicked)
1949
1982
Number of farms and acreage per farm 24 acres 256 acres
World Cotton Production (2010-2011) (1000, 480 lb bales)
20,001-50,000
The US is the world's third largest producer and the largest exporter of cotton.
10,001-20,000 1,001-10,000 501-1,000 0-500 Source: Foreign Agricultural Service, USDA
1795 1800 1807
1820
1866
1926
Cotton Production (1 rectangle=10,000 lbs)
INDUSTRIAL ANATOMY: COTTON INDUSTRY GIS | Adobe Creative Suite
1926
Cotton Yield (lbs/acre)
1950
1965
1986
2014
Ongoing research initiated during Regenerative Technologies class with Instructor Julie Bargmann in spring 2015. Research focuses on cotton production in the US with ultimate goal of proposing strategies for industrial intervention. A cotton farm in Suffolk, Virginia serves as case study and point of contact. Transect (above) illustrates evolution of American agricultural practices over time, with a focus on tobacco and cotton growth in the southeast. Particular attention is drawn to soil quality due to changes in technologies and policy.
Leaf litter supplies nutrients to soil and supports diverse biota.
Topsoil regenerates at a rate of 1� every 300 years.
1600
Tobacco growth exhausts soil within 5 years.
Sea Island Cotton is first introduced from the Bahamas and later Upland Cotton, greatly expanding its geographic range.
1800
Between 1940 and1944, fertilizer and pesticide use increases by 50%. DDT is widely used until it is banned in 1973.
1900
1940
TRANSECT Rhino | Grasshopper | Illustrator | Hand Drawing Drawing illustrates evolution of American agricultural practices over time, with a focus on tobacco and cotton growth in the southeast. Particular attention is drawn to soil quality due to changes in technologies and policy.
1949 1982 Farm sizes have increased drastically while the number of farms has decreased, creating a more centralized system.
Bt cotton is introduced, offering greater yields and decreasing water consumption and pesticide use.
1990
It is estimated that after two centuries of independence, erosion has stripped away 1/3 of the nation’s topsoil.
2010
THESIS: DISRUPTIVE STIMULI | CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA | SPRING 2016 Thesis forms capstone to education at UVA and translates long-standing interests into landscape propositions. Design research was carried out in fall 2015 and site design is now in progress.
Forestry Parks Management Natural Resource Management
Municipal Bodies Land Owners
Accumulate Harvest Re-Invest
Profit
$$$
Transform Sell Sort, beat, spin
Consumers
Material Scientists Research Institutions Designers Fashion labels Artists DIAGRAM Rhino | Illustrator Thesis strives to design harvesting strategies that make use of what is currently considered landscape waste to enable mobile sourcing practices that can be used by industry and shift humans’ relationships to resources.
SITUATION: INVASIVE SPECIES are estimated to cause ataboover l .rav a$1.4 natnom airareuP TRILLION in uzduK damages globally per year, representing nearly 5% of the global economy.
VI
Estimated Damage from Invasive Species
Global Health Expenditure $6.5 trillion
World Military Expenditure $1.8 trillion
$1.4 trillion
U.S. Military Expenditure $618 billion
Estimates for invasive species from Pimentel et. al, “Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions.” World and U.S. military expenditure for 2012 and 2013, respectively, from SIPRI Yearbook. Global health expenditure for 2010 from WHO.
V
Yet only 10% of INTRODUCED SPECIES are likely to become successful invaders. In fact, introduced species now provide more than 98% OF THE US FOOD SYSTEM at a value of approximately $800 BILLION PER YEAR. (Pimentel et. al, “Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States,” and Marbuah et al, “Economics of Harmful Invasive Species: A Review.”)
CHALLENGE: How can a management strategy for INVASIVE SPECIES transform biomass that is currently considered WASTE into a VALUED RESOURCE that supports future MANAGEMENT efforts?
Senecio vulgaris Rumex acetosella Groundsel Trifolium repens Field SorrelCerastium fontanum Dutch Clover Big Chickweed Agrostis gigantea Redtop
Agrostis capillaris Browntop
Sydney Green Wattle
Cheatgrass
Bittersweet
Caulerpa taxifolia
Albizia julibrissin Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard Elaeagnus Mimosa Eichhornia umbellata Elaeagnus crassipes Autumn Olive Water Hyacinth angustifolia Bromus tectorum Oleaster Euonymus fortunei European cheatgrass Ligustrum japonicum Ailanthus altissima Winter Creeper Polygonum cuspidatum Chinese Privet Tree-of-Heaven Japanese Knotweed Lonicera sp. Centaurea solstitalis Rosa multiflora Honeysuckle Yellow Star Thistle Multiflora Rose Phyllostachys sp. Bamboo Lythrum saliscaria Pueraria montana Purple Loosestrife
Algae
Kudzu
Australian Melaleuca
Polygonum cuspidatum Japanese Knotweed
Paulownia Tomentosa
Princesstree
Dioscorea bulbifera Air Potato
Camphor Tree
White Lead Tree
Cyperus rotundus Setaria Nut Grass verticillata Agave
americana
Solanum viarum American
Ulex europaeus Gorse
Kahili Ginger Lily Giant Cane
Tradescantia fluminensis
Cogon Grass
Ambrosia artemisiifolia Annual Ragweed Bromus tectorum Cheat Grass
Spiderwort
Eupatorium cannabinum Hemp Agrimony Elodea canadensis Crassula helmsii Pondweed
Australian Blackwood
Kariba Weed
Eichhornia crassipes
Castor Oil Bermuda Grass Plant Acacia longifolia Melia azedarach Golden Wattle Chinaberry helix Arundo donax Hedera Common Ivy Arundo Grass
Tropical Soda Apple
Hedychium Silver Poplar gardnerianum Arundo donax
Leucaena leucocephala Salvinia molesta
Arundo donax Giant Cane Ricinus Cynodon communis dactylon
Bristly Foxtail
Populus alba
Impatiens glandulifera Rhododendron ponticum Swamp Stonecrop Rhododendron Medicago sativa Himalayan Balsam Heracleum mantegazzianum Alfalfa Elaeagnus angustifolia Acacia retinodes Cyperus rotundus Giant Hogweed Water Wattle Nut Grass Fallopia japonica Eichhornia crassipes Vinca major Oleaster Agave americana Sorghum halepense Robinia Japanese Knotweed Water Hyacinth Periwinkle Ricinus communis American Agave Johnson Grass Robinia pseudoacacia pseudoacacia Ambrosia artemisiifolia Castor Oil Plant Black Locust Acacia farnesiana Lonicera japonica Black Locust Clematis Ragweed Imperata cylindrica Needle Bush Honeysuckle Ricinus communis vitalba Carpobrotus Cogon Grass Ambrosia artemisiifolia Castor Oil Plant Old Man’s Beard Eichhornia Solanum viarum edulis Annual Ragweed Tropical Soda Apple Ice Plant crassipes Ricinus Cinnamomum Setaria Water HyacinthLeucaena leucocephala communis camphora Cyperus verticillata Setaria Spartina densiflora Camphor Tree rotundus Ricinus Bristly Foxtail Dense-Flowered Cordgrass verticillata White Lead Tree Alternanthera philoxeroides Nut Grass Sorghum Bristly Foxtail Lythrum salicaria Trapa natans Alligator Weed Eichhornia crassipes halepense Purple Loosestrife Water Caltrop Water Hyacinth Johnson Grass Chromolaena odorata Phragmites australis Cynodon Cirsium Siam Weed Common Reed Cyperus rotundus dactylon arvense Nut Grass Cinnamomum Bermuda Grass Creeping Pistia stratiotes Acacia melanoxylon Thistle camphora Water Cabbage
Hedera helix Melaleuca quenquenervia English Ivy
Imperata cylindrica
Acacia decurrens
Bromus tectorum
Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla Celastrus orbiculatus
Agave
Water Hyacinth
Agave americana American Agave
Lantana camara Wild Sage
Alternanthera philoxeroides
Chick Weed
Imperata cylindrica Cogon Grass
Ageratum conyzoides
Ligustrum lucidum
Alligator Weed
Chinese Privet
Poa annua
Annual Meadowgrass
Poa pratensis
Kentucky Bluegrass
Ligustrum lucidum
Chinese Privet
Lantana camara Wild Sage
Andropogon gayanus Gamba Grass
Alternanthera philoxeroides Mimosa pigra Alligator Weed Asparagus africanusGiant Mimosa Climbing Asparagus Opuntia spp.
Melia azedarach China Berry
Verbascum thapsus Common Mullein
How can discourse be shifted so that invasive species are understood in terms of FUNCTIONAL TRAITS regardless of geographic origin?
Prickly Pear
DIAGRAMS Rhino | Illustrator Invasive species offer an abundant source of constantly replenished biomass due to their rapid growth rate. To be considered invasive, a plant must arrive to a new environment, survive and thrive to the point that it offsets existing ecological dynamics (right). Functional traits provide a useful platform for shifting the conversation surrounding plants from one of geographic origin to one that focuses on the morphological, physiological and phenological characteristics that indirectly impact individual fitness through their effects on growth, reproduction and survival of the plant (below).
A
B
ARRIVE
PLANT FUNCTIONAL PLANT FUNCTIONAL TRAITS TRAITS PLANT FUNCTIONAL Morphological, physiological andTRAITS phenological traits that indirectly impactfitness individual fitness their effectsreproduction on growth, reproduction survival the plant. Morphological, physiological and phenological traits that indirectly impact individual through theirthrough effects on growth, and survival and of the plant. of (Violle et al, (Violle 2007) et al, 2007)
Morphological, physiological and phenological traits that indirectly impact individual fitness through their effects on growth, reproduction and survival of the plant. (Violle et al, 2007)
Leaf Type
Root DensityRoot Density
Leaf Type
Root Density
Leaf Type Scaled
Scaled
Broad Needle
Scaled
Leaf DensityLeaf Density Thin
Leaf
Broad
Higher root mass Higher increases root nutrient mass increases and water nutrient capture andand water thus capture may enable and thus resource may enable resource preemption by preemption a fast-growing by species. a fast-growing species.
Broad Thick
Thin
Needle
Needle
Higher root mass increases nutrient and water capture and thus may enable resource preemption by a fast-growing species.
Root Depth Root Depth
SURVIVE
Thick
Poorly protected Poorly protected Well protected Well protected More lignin More lignin Less lignin Less lignin Reduced plant Reduced growth plant growth Rapid growth Rapid growth Density Reduced resource Reduced captureresource rates- plants capture rates- plants Rapid resource Rapid captureresource capture conserve the resources conservethey the capture resources they capture
Thick
Thin
Specific LeafSpecific Area (SLA) Leaf Area (SLA)
Specific
Well protected Seed Size + Mass Seed Size + Mass More lignin Reduced plant growth Reduced resource capture rates- plants conserve the resources they capture
Poorly protected Less lignin Rapid growth Rapid resource capture
High SLA High SLA
Low SLA
Larger, heavier Larger, seedsheavier seeds
Low SLA
Leaf Distribution Leaf Distribution
Leaf Distribution
Usually more productive Capture more Carbon Short-lived Susceptible to herbivores
Smaller, lighter Smaller, seeds lighter seeds
Relatively less abundant Relatively less abundant Disperse easily Disperse easily Produce seedlings Produce with greater seedlings with greaterMore widely distributed More widely distributed competitive ability competitive ability
Usually more productive Usually more productive Less productiveLess productive Capture more Carbon Capture more Carbon Longer-lived Longer-lived Short-lived LeafShort-lived Area (SLA) Susceptible to herbivores Susceptible to herbivores
High SLA
Root Depth
Seed Size + Mass
Larger, heavier seeds
Low SLA
Relatively less abundant Produce seedlings with greater competitive ability
Less productive Longer-lived Growth RateGrowth Rate
Smaller, lighter seeds Disperse easily
More widely distributed THRIVE
Broussonetia Pueraria mo Elaeagnus um Albizia julib Ailanthus alt Growth Rate
*Data collected fro
CANADA
UNITED STATES
CANADA
UNITED STATES
MEXICO
MEXICO
Invasive Species Common to Eastern U.S. Broussonetia Papyrifera Pueraria montana var. lobata Elaeagnus umbellata Albizia julibriss Ailanthus altissima *Data collected from Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System (https://www.eddmaps.org)
a Papyrifera ontana var.MAP lobata GIS | Illustrator mbellata briss Though there are a multitude of species which are considered invasive to the eastern United States, Kudzu provides a pertinent tissima case study because of it’s extremely fast growth rate and subsequent listing as a priority for land managers.
om Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System (https://www.eddmaps.org)
Global Network of Naturalized Plant Invasion
Arrows indicate migration of plant species between continents. Loops represent plant invasions between countries of the same continent. *Map created with data from Sebeens et al, „Global trade will accelerate plant invasions in emerging economies under climate change.” Data not included for Arctic.
Naturalized Plant Numbers 2500-3000 2000-2500 1500-2000 1000-1500 500-1000 0-500
Vine primarily spreads vegetatively via underground rhizomes and above-ground vines that grow roots when they contact soil. Seeds are dispersed b water , mammals and bird but have low germination rate due to hard outer shell.
Chemical spray
Pueraria montana var. lobata II Kudzu
Current Management
Large leaves and tangled vines smother and shade out most other plants. Dead vines from previous years form support structures on which new vines can grow.
III
Cut I
Pueraria montana var. lobata Kudzu
Mow
IV
Prescribed burn V
Graze
Roots can be 6-12’ deep and weigh 200-300 lbs Vine primarily spreads vegetatively via underground rhizomes and above-ground vines that grow roots when they contact soil. Seeds are dispersed b water , mammals and bird but have low germination rate due to hard outer shell.
Single root crown can generate up to 30 vines.
Vine doesn’t usually fruit or flower until its third year.
DIAGRAM Rhino | Illustrator Consideration is given to seasonal growth cycles and existing management tools and techniques as applied to each species.
0’ 1’ 0’ 1’
5’
10’
5’
10’
Chemical spray
Broussonetia papyrifera Paper Mulberry
SHALLOW ROOT SYSTEM makes trees susceptible to wind damage. Growth form varies. Some appear as LARGE SHRUBS, forming thickets from root sprouts.
Others grow as TREES, with a broad, rounded crown and wide-spreading branches.
New plants GROW RAPIDLY from ROOT SPROUTING and SUCKERING
WILDLIFE feed on the fruit and spread SEEDS over large distances.
Gossypium hirsutum
Flowering
Upland Cotton
Planting Density: 35,000-65,000 plants/acre Water needed: 508-1270 mm depending on climate (In places that receive 1000mm rainfall/year, no irrigation is necessary. In places with 400-1000mm rainfall/year, cotton is sometimes irrigated- yield is less if not irrigated. If less than 40mm rainfall, irrigation is necessary.) Shoot Yield: 300-1000 lbs/acre Soil pH: 5.8-8 Temp: Min summer avg temp of 77F Germination Frost free days: 200 Latitude: 45N to 25N; 25S to 35S Monopodial, vegetative Sow branches grow in an upright position. -1.5” Max planting depth
Project develops plant palette based on status as “invasive” in regional context. Additionally, plants are selected based on the potential to transform their biomass into useable fibers, focusing specifically on applications for paper, textiles and geotextiles. Conventional fiber producing plants provide insight into the factors that impact fiber development and serve as a point of comparison.
Sympodial branches exhibit fruit and grow at an acute angle to the main stem.
38 mm
Mako Bengal East Asia Benin Egypt Lima, Peru Zambia Sealand, USA Upland, USA
Upland cotton reaches a height of about 3’.
development
Cotton Fiber Length by Growing Region
29 mm 25 mm
Defoliation + Harvest
Reproductive development
Rows should be 3' to 4' wide
DIAGRAMS Rhino | Illustrator
Boll opens
New nodes are slower to appear when plant is water stressed.
Fiber is derived from separating lint and seeds. Boll contains 66% seed and 33% fiber.
Leaves have fallen.
Approximately three days elapse between fruit on a given fruiting branch and the same relative position on the next higher branch. The time interval for the development of two successive fruiting forms on the same sympodial branch is approximately six days
5-7 days
30-50 days
35-50 days
60-70 days
100-120 days
140-160 days
Roots can reach a depth of up to 10", developing at a rate of .5-2"/day.
Extensive energy is directed towards root development and development of first true leaves is relatively slow.
Squares (floral buds) form on the terminal of the plant with predictable fruiting pattern. The first fruiting branch is often produced at the sixth or seventh node on the main stem.
First white bloom appears and turns pink within 12 hours. Vegetative growth continues.
First boll opens. Bolls maturing late in the season, when temperatures are lower, require a longer period for fiber growth and development and usually produce less lint of lower quality.
Leaves have fallen and plant is dormant. The boll and seeds are harvested and then separated to collect the fibers.
Charlottesville Parks Invasive Species Management Costs
CHARLOTTESVILLE PARKS INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT COSTS
54.32 acres
$148,483
Rte 250 Bypass
Meadow Creek Natural Area
Pen Park Greenleaf Park
Charlottesville City Limit
36.37 acres
McIntire Park
$85,193
Railroad
Rte 250 Bypass 15.26 acres
$49,266
13.6 acres
$56,237
Charlottesville City Limit
West Main Street
Rivanna River 10.02 acres
$49,705
Railroad
Charlottesville Parks Invasive Species Management Costs 6.83 acres
$12,793
3.44 acres
$24,533
Johnson Elementary School
Jordan Park Route 64 Quarry Park
1.62 acres 0’
1000’
$5,934
Zones of extensive Kudzu growth
54.32 acres
$148,483 0’ 250’ 500’
1000’
Kudzu zones as identified by City Parks department
MAP GIS | Illustrator Existing management costs are assessed to understand the amount of revenue that would need to be generated from harvesting invasive biomass.
36.37 acres
$85,193
AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
Intensive
Extensive
Large input of labor and capital in relation to land area. Often located close to market- lowers transportation costs. Reliant on chemicals, pesticides and irrigation to drive high yields.
Small amount of labor and capital in relation to land being farmed. Practiced where population densities are low and often far from primary markets. Yields, often lower, depend on natural fertility of soil, terrain, climate and water availability. Commonly found in hilly or mountainous regions.
Monitored, Targeted Small amount of labor and chemical inputs in relation to land area. Practiced where ever misplaced gifts are found. Yield depends on growth rate, climate specificities and surveillance techniques.
DIAGRAMS Rhino | Illustrator An analysis of existing agricultural systems (top) provides a basis for critique and the development of an alternative harvesting system (bottom).
Ball Field
Tree lined slope
Drainage Brush Railroad edge
Kudzu hillside
Trail
Stream
Tree-lined hillside
Brush edge
Former Golf Course
Roadside brush
Road
Roadside brush
Walking trail
Brush edge
Fores
0’
0’
Tetotum Fine Sandy Loam
Field
Turn Around Worn Edge Zone
Lawn
Machine Storage
Gravel Road
225‘
450’
900’
Nansemond Loamy Fine Sand
Lawn
Gravel Road
Storage Sheds
Lawn
Trees
Residence
Bohicket Silty Clay Loam
Lawn
Buffer zone
Chuckatuck Creek
0’
PLAN, SECTION AutoCAD | Illustrator Existing agricultural practices often rely on relatively flat, monotonous topographies in rural settings. Boundaries are clearly delineated and large expanses of land are dedicated to a single crop.
32‘
64’
128’
32‘
0’
Ball Field
225‘
450’
900’
0’
Tree lined slope
Drainage Brush Railroad edge
Kudzu hillside
Trail
Stream
Tree-lined hillside
Brush edge
Former Golf Course
225‘
450’
900’
Roadside brush
Road
Roadside brush
Walking trail
Brush edge
PLAN, SECTION AutoCAD | Illustrator Proposed harvesting method relies on varied landscapes often with steep slopes and diverse vegetation and can be applied in both rural and urban settings. Edges are blurred and abundant vegetation is edited from landscape as it offers its “gifts” to be put to new use.
Forest
0’
32‘
64’
128’
AMANDA SILVANA COEN amandascoen@gmail.com | www.amandacoen.com | 607 745 8308
Objective: Expand upon my previous experiences and knowledge from graduate school to address challenges on a local and global scale.
EDUCATION University of Virginia | Charlottesville, VA Summer Design Institute, 2013; Master of Landscape Architecture, 2016 Escuela de Fotografía Centro de Imagen (EFTI) | Madrid, Spain Post-graduate coursework: Professional Photography Macalester College | St. Paul, MN B.A. in International Studies (Minor: Anthropology, Studio Art), Magna Cum Laude Study abroad: University of Coimbra, Portugal, fall 2006
LEADERSHIP June 2013 - Present Nov 2009 - June 2010 Sept 2004 - May 2008
EXPERIENCE Teaching Assistant, Lecturer Leena Cho, Univ of Virginia | Charlottesville, VA August 2015-Present Develop Visual Studies curriculum and teach workshops to graduate landscape architecture students to strengthen competency with digital tools (AutoCAD, Rhino, Grasshopper, Adobe Creative Suite), model making and workflows. Research Assistant, Prof Margarita Jover, Univ of Virginia | Charlottesville, VA September 2013 - Present Compiled and designed book documenting research from Barcelona architecture studios. Co-editor of Rivers + Cities monograph for aldayjover architecture and landscape. Extern, Snohetta| New York, NY January 2016 Created diagrams and organized digital presentation to cultural stakeholders for design of public plaza in San Francisco. Exhibitions Project Manager, Univ of Virginia | Charlottesville, VA August 2015- Dec 2015 Design and coordinate exhibitions by outside scholars and professionals at the School of Architecture. Intern, Agence Ter | Paris, France May 2015- August 2015 Worked with diverse teams on all stages of international, urban scale design projects to produce conceptual diagrams, sections, perspectives, detailed plant palettes and plans, and construction drawings on strict deadlines. Teaching Assistant, Prof Michael Lee, Univ of Virginia | Charlottesville, VA September 2014 - May 2015 Prepared handouts and graded papers for History of Landscape Architecture I + II classes. Research Assistant, Prof Nancy Takahashi, Univ of Virginia | Winneba, Ghana Summer 2014 Identified and mapped exisiting trees to suggest sites for future planting to improve urban conditions. Research was first phase in ongoing international research initiative focused on resilient, coastal cities. Extern, NIP Paysage | Montreal, QC January 2014 Formulated diagrams and paving details for Smith Street Downtown Development project. Youth Education Coordinator, Textile Arts Center | Brooklyn, NY Jan 2013 - May 2013 Created youth curriculum incorporating weaving, printing+dyeing, felting, and sewing+fashion. Contributing Writer+Photographer, The Genteel | InHabitat | New York, NY June 2011-2013 Pitched original content appropriate to readership interested in design, fashion, culture and global perspectives, conducted interviews and adhered to strict deadlines. Cross Sector Partnerships (Creative Department), American Apparel | Los Angeles, CA Oct-Nov 2012 Conducted background research for company’s first CSR report, created organized data system to analyze utility usage and drew on personal knowledge of industry to frame report. Communications Officer/Product Designer, Awamaki | Ollantaytambo, Peru May 2012-Aug 2012 Supported organization’s mission to promote Andean textile culture and facilitate access to markets. Studio Manager/Photo Editor, Steve McCurry Studios | New York, NY Aug 2010 - Nov 2010 Interacted with a range of clients to confirm shoots, manage photo orders and organize meetings. English Language+Culture Assistant, C.E.I.P. Clara Campoamor | Madrid, Spain Oct 2008 - June 2010 Engaged public school students in interactive learning environment to teach English, Science and Art. Editor and Writer, InMadrid | Madrid, Spain Nov 2008 - Sept 2010 Curated content and complied with deadlines for cultural sections of monthly print publication. Production Assistant, The Epidavros Project | New York, NY June 2008-Sept 2008 Identified and researched topics relevant to documentary addressing immigration law. Collaborated with editors to construct narrative and prioritize needs for film project.
Editor, LUNCH | Charlottesville, VA Wrote annual call, edited submissions and will oversee journal from production to distribution. Co-President, Student Association of Landscape Architects | Charlottesville, VA Organized social and professional events for landscape architecture students. Officer, GALA | Charlottesville, VA Organized social gatherings for the Architecture School.
August 2014 - Present March 2014- Present Sept 2013- Present
AWARDS Global Internship Scholarship | Center for Global Internships, UVA 2016 Grant Recipient, “Invasive Potentials”| Center for Global Inquiry and Innovation, UVA 2015 Raven Society Member | University of Virginia 2015 - Present Graduate Fellowship | UVA Department of Landscape Architecture September 2013 - Present Center for Global Health Student Scholar, “Landscapes of Papermaking,” Kumasi, Ghana | UVA Summer 2014 Guest Lecturer on “Ethical Fashion” | Pratt Institute 2012 Watson Fellowship Finalist | Textile Arts: Diversity, Creativity and Culture 2008 Excellence in Printmaking Award | Macalester College Art Department 2008 Action Fund Grant Recipient | Macalester College 2006 Scholarship | “Gathering for No War” Student Conference | Kyoto, Japan 2005
INDEPENDENT COURSES + PROJECTS Industrial Design: Modelmaking/3D | Pratt Institute | New York, NY Photographer, Cornell Univ. Rice Research to Production Course | Los Baños, Philippines Editor, World Photography Organization NY Festival | New York, NY Documentary Film Course, Casa Encendida | Madrid, Spain
Jan 2012-April 2012 May 2011 Oct 2011 Sept 2009 - Nov 2009
SKILLS Proficient: Rhino, AutoCAD, Adobe Creative Suite, model making, drawing, photography, fiber arts Intermediate: Grasshopper, Adobe After Effects
LANGUAGES English (Native), Spanish (Fluent), Portuguese (Intermediate)
INTERESTS Extensive time spent living internationally in the Philippines (1.5 years), Australia (6 months), Brazil (1 year), Portugal (6 months), Spain (2 years) and Peru (4 months). Enjoy writing, cooking, running, dancing, practicing yoga, being outdoors and working in interdisciplinary manner.
EXHIBITIONS + PUBLISHED WORK “Disruptive Stimuli” article| LUNCH Journal | UVA “Rotology: Anomalous Concoctions” studio project| School of Architecture Publication | UVA “The Other New York” | El Azul de Fúcar | Madrid, Spain “Somewhere in Saint Paul” | State Capitol | St. Paul, MN “Immigration” | Macalester College | St. Paul, MN “Globalization” | The Tea Garden | St. Paul, MN “Brazil” | The Art Major Gallery | Minneapolis, MN
To be published in May 2016 To be published in 2016 March - Apr 2010 Feb 2007 Feb 2007 - May 2007 June 2006 Aug 2005 - May 2006