Design Realisation Report (ARCT 1063) by Sharifah Amirah

CONTENTS

SECTION 1: PART A SITE CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES

SECTION 1: PART B PROCUREMENT ROUTE

SECTION 2 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING PERFORMANCE

Wider Context

Client Profile

2 9 -3 0

Construction Sequence: Building

53-57

Alley and Courts

Client: Funding

3 1 -3 2

Material Choices

58-60

Warwick Passage

Client: Financial Strategy

Material Test Render

Existing Building

Design Team Profile

Part of a Room

Building History

Project Timeline: Process

Detail: Dining Room

Site Pictures

10- 11

Project Timeline: Relationship

Detail: New Great Hall

Building Circulation

Procurement Route

Resin Bench Components

Listed Building

Relationship Diagram: D&B I

Detail: Mock Courtroom

Conservation Area

Relationship Diagram: D&B II

Construction Sequence: Floor

67-68

Demographic Study: Courts

Relationship Diagram: Traditional

Types of Roof

Demographic Study: Users

Construction Phase

Key Aspect of Site

Managing Risks

Site Constraints

Ventilation

Site Opportunities

Sunlight and Shading

Sun Path

Rainwater Drainage

Protected Views

Source of Electricity & Heating

Hydrological Study

Protected Trees

Transport Link to Site

Floor Plans

Transport on Site

First Floor

Supporting on Listed Building

Second Floor

Right of Light

Third Floor

Roof

SECTION 2 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING PERFORMANCE

Sections Long Section A

Long Section: North

Long Section South

Short Section B

Short Section C

Building Performance

PROJECT ABSTRACT

The court system has a problem of being very secretive and hidden to the public eye which might allow them to get away with unfair decisions without critical criticism from the people. London has one of the biggest and organized court system and is home to the Crown Court which usually deals with civil or criminal charges. The Central Criminal Court, or better known as the Old Bailey, his the primary crime court in London and was chosen as the site for the project. The project is an extension to the front facade of the building on the Old Bailey Street which provides additional court rooms and discussion rooms with the aim to let the general public experience the private system first-hand. The spaces are carved by the 11am shadow of the court to highlight the Judge’s Lunch Time in the Judges Dining Room. The location of the additional rooms will be mirrored from the programs in the building and will be more accessible to the public. The project will keep the segregation of four user groups currretly applied in the existing building but will challenge the complicated circulation system since the site is completely on a public space. The extension will be an indoor/outdoor area where the outdoor area will mainly be for the public and will have an alternative use when the court is closed. During the day when the court is in used, the public area will act as an ‘open museum’ for the public to experience the discreet court activities, while during the night, the area will open up for temporary markets and events.

SECTION 1 - PART A SITE CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES 5

The site for the project is located in the City of London, one of the two biggest cities London, the other one being the City of Westminster. City of London (the City) is known as the central business district where Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s trading and financial services industries are heavily based. It is also known for its historical element as it was the place for the Roman settlement in the first century. Since it is a business area, the Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population is quite small, just over 9,000, but during the day, around 300,000 people commute and work there. Apart from the being a trading district, the legal profession also forms a major component on the western sides of the City, mostly in the Temple and around Chancery Lane. The biggest court known in the area is the Royal Court of Justice and the primary crime court is the Central Criminal Court on the Old Bailey Street, which was chosen as the proposed site. A distinct landmark of the City is the St. Paul Cathedral which is in close approximity to the site.

SECTION 1 - Part A

The design concept for the project is based on the discreet and private courtyards and alleys around London. In the area, there are a few alleys and courts rich with stories and intimate architecture hidden around the site. One specific alley and court that was an interest for the project is the Warwick passage that runs underneath the Central Criminal Court connecting through to Warwick Court located on Warwick Lane. It is currently the entrance to the public gallery for the court. It has taken its name from the Earls of Warwick, who had a mansion in Warwick Lane in 1351. However, the passage was created only recently, probably in the 1900s. These alleys are considered the hidden gems of London. Eventhough some of these places are accesible to public, they remain the secret of the city and continue to surprise the visitors.

SECTION 1 - Part A

The Central Criminal Court, better known as the Old Bailey, is one of the main crime court in London, hosting some of the biggest trials in history. The building consist of two parts; the old building and the new extension which are connected internally. The old building was built in 1907 and the new building was added later on in the late 20th century. There are a total of 18 courtrooms ; 6 in the old building and 12 in the new building. The old building contains the two most important courtrooms, Court 1 and Court 2. Every courtroom is a double height, with the public galleries on a mezzanine level overlooking the courtrooms. The Old Bailey Court sits at the corner of Newgate Street and Old Bailey Street surrounded by other significant buildings such as the St Sepulchreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Church, 15 Old Bailey and the Brittania House, and is in close approximity with St Paul Cathedral. Giltspur Road starts from the junction of the Old Bailey Street to the North and continued towards Smithfield Market, a market with a long history and is very prominent in the area.

The area in front of the Old Bailey Court will be the proposed site for project. The buildings facing the old bailey are set back a little compared to the other buildings on the street, providing a nice public space for the offices in the area. A fountain and a few stone blocks are provided as benches and are usually occupied during the weekdays. The project will take over the public space and will provide a better and proper areas, not just for the court, but for the neighbouring offices as well as the general public passing through the Old Bailey Street. Since the proposed site also includes the street, it will not block the route currently used by bikes, cars, buses an lorries.

SECTION 1 - Part A

Previously, the site of the Old Bailey Court was occupied by the infamous Newgate Prison way back since the 16th century. It was rebuilt numerous times until it was demolished in 1902. The prison was one of the biggest prisons in the area originally built into a west gate of the Roman Wall, the New Gate. It was known for its awful condition and its cruel punishments. The latest building of the Newgate Prison was designed by George Dance the Younger and the stones from the prison wall was mostly recycled and re-use in the reconstruction of the new Old Bailey court. The court, originally called the Session House, was built in 1673 and was attached to the south side of the prison. It had one courtrom and it was opened on one side to allow fresh air during which was an outbreak of the Gaol fever . The open courtroom attracted the public and the crowd presence could influence or intimidate the jurors. In 1737, the court was remodelled and enclosed completely. The City authorities wanted to limit the influence of the crowd. A direct passageway was connected from the prison to the Session House to transfer the prisoners between the two. The building was still open for public viewing but at a charge. The court house was rebuilt by George Dance in 1774, together with the Newgate Prison, and further controlled the public access by erecting a semicircular brick wall infront of the main court to cut off communications between the prisoners and the public, and at the same time limiting public access into the building. The prison and the Session House was then completely demolished and the new construction of the Old Bailey took up the site of both of the buildings.

The project will take over the public space and will provide a better and proper areas, not just for the court, but for the neighbouring offices as well as the general public passing through the Old Bailey Street. Since the proposed site also includes the street, it will not block the route currently used by bikes, cars, buses an lorries.

SECTION 1 - Part A

The circulation of the Old Bailey court is a carefully designed system to separate 4 different users; the judges, the lawyers and witnesses, the defendant, and the public. The users are using the same floors and spaces in the building but will never meet and will have no knowledge of the other user group, until they all eventually gather in the courtroom.

Learning from the circulation system, the project will incorporate the separation of the 4 user groups. As well as acknowledging the rights of way of the four user groups, the project will also make sure the right of way of the public on the Old Bailey Street will be protected during the construction and after the project is done.

SECTION 1 - Part A

The site are surrounded with a few listed buildings, including the existing building it self. The Old Bailey court is a grade II* listed building while St Sepulchreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s church is a grade I and the others are grade II. For any work on a listed II* building such as the change of material or a renovation or an extension, the project must apply for a Listed Building Consent to the local authority. Based on Part L I B of the 2010 Building Regulation, â&#x20AC;&#x153;The work should not prejudice the character of the host building or increase the risk of long-term deterioration of the building fabric or fittingsâ&#x20AC;?.

Since the project will support on the facade of the Old Bailey, it will definitely affect the amount of load that was originally designed for the building and will need a structural survey and also a conservation officer to assist with the planning application for the listed building. There will also be a change in material since the supporting structure is of steel and this might damage the listed building. The project will not touch the listed neighbouring buildings but the construction might effect them, therefore, careful consideration and preparation need to be done during the planning stage.

SECTION 1 - Part A

The building and the proposed site is part of the Newgate Street conservation area and are surrounded by a number of listed buildings. The most impressive street view of the Old Bailey is from the north at the junction of Newgate St. and Old Bailey St. The Viaduct Tavern, 15 Old Bailey, Britannia House and the St Sepulchre’s Church that sits around the junction contributes to the importance of the north view as well as views from the east, west and south. The conservation area also lies within the area covered by St Paul’s View Protection and included within the foreground of the strategic views of the Cathedral from a higher point such as Primrose Hill, Parliament Hill. The architectural style of major buildings in the area are of resemblance to Classical architecture. There is considerable attention to double height ground floor that can be seen for the Old Bailey Court, Britannia House and 15 Old Bailey, as well as celebration of roofline creating different character design at roof level. The primary use of the buildings in the area concentrates on office, judical and church use while the range of activities on street level for Newgate Street are dominantly shopping and catering activity.

Embracing the critical junction in the area, the proposed project opened up its Newgate Street corner with arches and light wells, taking the opportunities to frame the views to these significant buildings. The project will lay low and will not be higher than the Old Bailey court to respect the protected view while still giving a new interesting character to the area. In response to the architectural style of the area, the proposed project will open up its ground floor for public use and rise up to three to four levels to keep the image of being a major building, which will be directly connected to a prominent building in the area, the Old Bailey. The ground level of the project are programmed for temporary pop-up ‘market’ and cafes while the rest of the floors are to be used for mixed programme of private and public. Courtrooms, offices and private discussion rooms are intertwined with the circulation of open museum for the public.

SECTION 1 - Part A

The Square Mile, especially on the west side is an area concentrated with legal professions. The other major courts that is run by the same agency as the Old Bailey and is in close approximity to the site is the Royal Court of Justice. Unlike the Old Bailey that houses the Crown Court, the Royal Court of Justice and the other court in the west houses the High Court and Court of Appeal. They have no direct connection to the Crown Court. The cases often heard in the High Court are civil cases. However, the hearings in these courts are similar to the criminal cases where the public may attend and it is resolved in physical courtrooms.

Although there is another major court and many other courts that are very close to the site, the Old Bailey court is still the principal crime court in London and its status and image as a famous criminal court need to be maintained.

SECTION 1 - Part A

Apart from courts in London, the other sectors that will benefit from the project are the lawyers, law schools, and also the tour agencies. Before or during a period of a trial, some lawyers and their clients are forced to go to nearest cafes and bars to discuss as the Old Bailey is very limited and there are no other suitable spaces. Other than the lawyers, a few crime tours in London are including the Old Bailey as one of the stops since many of the famous criminals were sentenced there. However, they would usually just pass through to look at the building from the outside and will continue on to their journey as there is no proper way to bring in people in groups to experience the court hearings. Same goes to any school or educational trips to the court.

In response to the current problem, the project will provide addtional discussion rooms for casual conversation as well as private and formal ones. As well as providing proper discussion spaces, there will still be a connection to the historical Viaduct Tavern bar that is regularly used as a discussion place. The extension will also be more public-friendly but still maintaining the courtâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s privacy and security. The spaces will be designed to welcome bigger groups to experience the court system.

SECTION 1 - Part A

1 - The public space in front of the Old Bailey is currently decorated with a fountain, a few bushes and stone blocks for sitting areas 2 - The west facade of a grade II* listed building that the project will be supporting on. It is currently the main facade for the Old Bailey although the entrance there is rarely used 3 - The foot traffic into Old Bailey Street are mostly from Newgate Street with people coming from the east from St Paulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s station and padestrians from Farringdon Street on the west. The traffic from the south are mostly the pedestrians from St Paulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cathedral walking along Ludgate Hill 4 - Another possible entrance to the site with people coming in from Fleet Place, where the North Entrance to the City Thameslink is 5 - Entrance to Warwick Psg. Also currently the entrance to the public gallery 6 - The Warwick Passage are regularly used as a shortcut during the weekdays. The passage connects Old Bailey St. to Warwick Court which is located behind the court and continues to Warwick Lane. 7 - The Old Bailey Street is a two way road with high foot traffic during the day and low vehicle traffic most of the days. People from the court and offices regularly cross the road anywhere along the Old Bailey St. to get to the other side.

SECTION 1 - Part A

The sunpath and shadow study is important to the project as it needs the 11am shadow to carve the spaces as a symbolic gesture for the Lunch Time of the judges in the Judges Dining Room. The site will be used mostly in the day time as it will be part of the office hour but some spaces will have an alternative use during the night. In the morning and late afternoon the site is overshadowed by the high buildings around it but in the afternoon around 11am-1pm, the time most celebrated by the offices, are well lit by the south sun going directly through Old Bailey Street.

SECTION 1 - Part A

The London View Management Framework (LVMF) protects important views across London while the St Paul Height Policy creates a ‘ceiling boundary’ where no development are allowed to rise above a specific height limit to preserve the view towards St. Paul. Tall buildings would be prevented in this areas. On a different note, the dome of the Old Bailey is considered a landmark and part of tall buildings as it rise up to 61m.

The site is within the London View Management Framework but sits on the boudary of the St. Paul Height Policy. The height policy stated that any development on the boundary where the site is should not be above 45.6m. Old Bailey’s height up to the roof (excluding the dome) is around 21m . The proposed project will not rise any higher than Old Baiey therfore it should not be a problem for the protected vistas and the height policy.

SECTION 1 - Part A

Some areas in London are prone to flood risk from the Thames and flood from the water surface runoff which is mainly from heavy rain. The flood risk area from the river are mainly along Farringdon Street from Blackfriars. The site is further up to the east and is outside the flood risk area. However, the site might be affected from the surface runoff. The site is sloping up to the north with a 3.6m height difference and can reduce the risk of flooding.

SECTION 1 - Part A

Trees in the conservation area are legally protected by the Tree Preservation Orders. Only a certain amount of trees with significant history and impact to the site are protected with TPO. But if a tree in a conservation area is not covered by an order, it is required to give written notice of the proposed work to the local planning authority at least six weeks before construction. This gives the authority an opportunity to consider protecting the tree with a tree preservation order. However, if a tree in a conservation area are less than 7.5cm in diameter, measured 1.5m above the ground, there is no need for a written notice. Trees under the conservation areas does not include bushes.

There are currently 3 trees on the site. They are not covered by the TPO but they are protected by the conservation area. Since they are quite big (bigger than 7.5cm in diameter, up to 20m in height), the architect will need give a written notice to the local planning authority at least 6 weeks prior to the construction of the project. They might approve with the condition that the trees need to be replanted somewhere else.

SECTION 1 - Part A

The nearest tube station to the site is St Paulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, which is on the Central Line. The route from the station to the court is well signposted. The nearest mainline station to the court is City Thameslink which is two minutes walk from the North Entrance. A few buses operate frequently to the court from the mainline stations including Liverpool Street, London Bridge, Waterloo and a few others. The other nearest tube stations and mainline is Blacfriars which is to the south of the site.

SECTION 1 - Part A

1 - The project will block the entrance to the service road for the neighbouring buidings. Services for these buildings will need to move to another entrance, possibly from Fleet Place 2 - The project will not close the Old Bailey Street and will still allow for vehicle use including double decker buses and lorries 3 - Vehicle traffic mostly enter Old Bailey Street from Newgate Street 4 - The areas around the site are covered with loading restrictions and might complicate the delivery of materials to the site 5 - Limeburner Lane is a one-way lane, often use by cars to turn around back to Ludgate Hill 6 - The entrance for prisoners transportation into and out of the court is on Old Bailey Street, next to the entrance to Warwick Passage 7 - Heavy foot traffic during the day for Warwick Passage as people regularly use it as a short cut from Warwick Lane

SECTION 1 - Part A

The proposed extension aims to have as little footprint area as possible while supporting on to the existing building. Since it is a listed building, careful considerations need to be taken. The initial idea was to re-use its beam and to continued it out for the flooring of the extension. However, the picture from the Old Bailey bombing exposes that the existing building uses load bearing walls, just like most of the other old buildings. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll be a risky step to support on a load bearing wall already designed to support only the load of the existing builidng. Holding on to the facade might overlimit the intended load and can damage the building.

The easy solution at the moment is to lightly touch the surface of the facade, leaving a small gap for fillers. The building will be supported as normal using beams and columns. The disadvantage would be that more columns are needed to support the building therefore limiting the openness of the ground floor. The developed design will have more structures supporitng on to the existing building, therefore a new solution need to be discussed.

SECTION 1 - Part A

The extension will take up the public space in front of the Old Bailey court and will be really close to the neighbouring buildings. The closest point of the building is 2.6m to the office building next door, and the proposed building will be 3-4 storey high. This will raise the issue of the neoghbourâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s right of sunlight and daylight and also the issue of privacy.

As per the sun path diagram before, during the morning and the late afternoon the site and the neoghbouring buildings are already overshadowed. The afternoon is the best opportunity for sunlight as it is straight along Od Bailey from the south and will lit the space. Specific openings in the enclosed walls of the building are designed to allow daylight to the neighbours in the afternoon. When the design are being further developed, it proposed design might starts to be closer to the existing, and sloping down towards the neighbouring buildings to allow direct sunlight and daylight.

SECTION 1 - Part A

SECTION 1 - PART B PROCUREMENT ROUTE 29

The City of London is the governing body of the Square Mile, the financial and commercial heart of UK. Beyond their local authority and police duties for the City, they are also responsible for a wide portfolio of work and institutions inside the Square Mile. They take care of cultural attractions such as the Barbican and Guildhall, markets like the Smithfield and Leadenhall Market, bridges and also the Old Bailey Court. The later being the principal criminal court in the City for centuries, they need a future plan to keep the building in constant use and to service the court for hundred more years.

SECTION 1 - Part B

HM Courts & Tribunal Service is an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice that is responsible for the administration of criminal, civil and family courts and tribunals in England and Wales. Their aim is â&#x20AC;&#x153;to run an efficient and effective courts and tribunals system that which enables the rule of law to be upheld and provides access to justice for allâ&#x20AC;?. To improve the accessibilty to their primary criminal court, HMCTS wanted to introduce a new experience to the court system in the Old Bailey while at the same time maintaining the status and image of the court for the years to come. Collaborating with the senior judiciary and the Ministry of Justice, they are investing 1bn to reform the courts and tribunals system.

Ministry of Justice is a ministrial department that is responsible for the courts, prisons, probation services and attendance centres in England. They work together with other agencies like the HM Courts and Tribunals Service to make sure the principle of justice are accessible for everyone in the society. They have a sole objective of modernising the courts and tribunals system by investing 1bn to a reform programme that will digitilise the court system completely. Eventhough the HMCTS is collaborating for the improvement of the court system, they are againts the idea of digitilising the system that is now showings its flaws and failing slowly.

The court is run by Her Majesty’s Court and Tribunal Service, who administers all the court services in London. HMCTS is an executive agency sponsored by Ministry of Justice. Their task is to assign cases to courts, ensuring that there are always cases ready and waiting to be heard, with witnesses defendants and counsel available, and most importantly, know the needs of the staff and the court users. This is based on research into waht users want and need, and in consultation with judges, magistrates and legal professionals, as well as agencies that represent the public and support people with cases going through the justice system. However, the Old Bailey building is owned by City of London Corporation. This means that apart being one of their investment, they are responsible for the security and maintanence of the building. They will partly fund the project and will have a right to say their need for the buiding. During the design process, HMCTS will consult with City of London for their ambitions of the new extension to the court. Since HMCTS is sponsored by the Ministry of Justice, they’ll have their own vision for the court and tribunal services and will also greatly affect HMCTS’s decisions.

During the design process, only Her Mejesty’s Court and Tribunal Service will act as the head client to discuss the project brief and having design discussions with the Design Team. Although City of London and Ministry of Justice have their say for the project, HMCTS will consult with them beforehand separately when making their decisions for the project brief.

SECTION 1 - Part B

It is made up of business rates, council tax, various government grants and income from investments. Apart from the spending on the police force and the Barbican Center, 12.2% was spent on Cultural and Heritage buildings and that includes the Old Bailey Court.

Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cash is revenues derived from the City Corporationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s estates and used to provide services that are of importance nationally and internationally as well as to the City and Greater London. It is spend mostly on education, open spaces, markets, and management & administration of buildings. The Old Bailey Court would benefit from the funds allocated for the management of the assets.

It was as originally set up through bridge taxes, rent and private bequests, to deal with the upkeep of London Bridge. Other than funding the maintenance of Tower, London, Southwark, Millennium and Blackfriars Bridges, the fund also help charitable causes across London. Since the proposed project is not part of any charity causes, it will not benefit from this fund.

SECTION 1 - Part B

via CBRGovernment.com

via PublicTechnology.net

Allocated by Ministry of Justice for a reform programme to improve courts and tribunals service. The programme aim to modernise the law system by managing most cases online when possible. There will be process of online pleading and â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;virtual hearingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; through telephone or video conference. This means that there will be fewer needs for physical courtrooms and court buildings. They insist that there are currently over 400 court and tribunal buildings but only half of them were used for less than half of the time. In the future, they are aiming for fewer court buildings in London. Source: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-hmcts-reform-programme

The project does not agree to part of the reform programme. Going online has definitely backfires the system when there was a major IT network issues that disrupt courts across UK for a week in January 2019. Althought they need less courtrooms and buildings, there is still a great importance to have physical courtrooms for trials. The project will proposed to provide extra courtrooms and other necessary spaces and act as the principal court as more court buildings are shut down. Most court buildings that are not in used regularly might be because of inaccessibilty for the users and staff. With the Old Bailey being the main primary court, the project aims to bring a whole new experience for the public and the court staff as it becomes more accessible and transparent. The project will also help to keep the status and important image of the Old Bailey court as more and more physical court are being reduced and forgotten.

SECTION 1 - Part B

POSSIBLE RISK

IMPACT ON PROJECT

SOLUTION

1. Difficulties in obtaining the permission for the listed building (Old Bailey).

1. The construction will be delayed until permission is granted.

1. Build on a good argument and assurance for not damaging the listed building, and the architect is prepared to bear the risk.

2. Damage to the Old Bailey or the neighbouring buildings during construction.

2. High probability of damage to structure or facade will impact on the construction time, and cost.

2. Careful planning and safety measures should be taken during the construction. In this case, the contractor bears the risk.

3. Security issues; intrusion into the court during the construction.

3. Highly unlikely, but if happens, will delay the construction for investigation, thus cost time and money.

3. Client have to make sure the assigned security specialist are doing their job, and that the risk is on the client.

SECTION 1 - Part B

SECTION 2 CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING PERFORMANCE 44

Visitors enter the new extension by passing through the hallway of the first floor public gallery. The public waiting area is located just outside for the use during trials. The room is fully enclosed. The public is not allowed to discuss about the cases in this waiting room, and noise is kept at the minimum. Going out of the waiting room, visitors walk through a a long corridor leading towards the New Great Hall. The hall is a double floor open outdoor area, with a domelike structure in the centre. The space will mostly be used for public leisure, but will transform to a protest ground or a press conference backdrop when there is an event. Some parts of the floor are translucent to allow visitors to view the ground below as well as allowing light to pass through. Some areas of the inner resin walls build up to form benches or small tables for public use.

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Current public entrance through Warwick Passage Existing public gallery Public waiting area Bridge/long corridor The New Great Hall (outdoor) Exisiting Judgesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; dining room

SECTION 2

The circulation from the New Great Hall continues on the upper level with a smaller hall area. Visitors will be able to overlook down to the lower level. The upper level is also an ‘open-air’ area with resin benches along the walls. The corridor from the hall leads back to the south side of the building, where the mock courtrooms are. In between the hall and the courtoom are three disccussion pods for the use of the lawyers and their client, and can only be accessed from the inside of the building. With the translucent walls, the public are able to see sillhouettes of the people inside but will not be able to access the area. The discussion pods as well as the mock courtrooms are fully enclosed. The courtoom will sometimes be used by students or lawyers for practice but when it is empty, the public will be able to enter and explore. The courtrooms are double-height with public galleries on the upper floor.

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SECTION 2

Upper floor of New Great Hall Current Great Hall Discussion pods Lawyer’s corridor Mock courtroom Existing courtroom (new building) Judges’ offices

On the upper level, public gallery sits half way on top of the courtroom. The roof of the courtrooms have skylights with clear resin to allow direct sunlight in. The visitors in the public gallery will be able to view the mock trial from the upper level. The public gallery for the existing courtroom inside is on the same level. The corridor then leads to the cafe. The cafe then connects to the dining area that are furnished with long tables to immitate the Judgesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; dining room. Unlike the waiting area, the public are forced to interact and engagged in discussions. The dining room is lit up by resin light points that allow diffused light in rather than direct sunlight. The visitors exit by going back in through the old building, passing through the exisitng public gallery there, and down the stairs out to Newgate Street.

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Entrance through Warwick Passage public entrance Existing public gallery viewing area Public waiting area The new Great Hall (outdoor) Exisiting Judgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dining room

SECTION 2

The new extension is located on Old Bailey St. and is sandwiched in between the Old Bailey and the neighbouring buildings. The smallest width in berween it is around 12m. The spaces are bundled up in three cores and is quite obvious in plan.

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SECTION 2

16 Old Bailey Street 20 Old Bailey Street Mizuho House

The proposed project is a three-storey extension sited on the front facade of the existing building. The project sits on the Old Bailey St, with a double-height ground floor to allow vehicles as tall as the double decker bus to pass through. The proposed extension will not go higher than the existing building.

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Warwick Passage entrance Entrance to the new extension from the first floor of existing building 3 - Public waiting area 4 - Mock courtroom 1 5 - Public gallery for mock courtroom 2 6 - Double-height ground floor 7 - Entrance to the old Old Bailey (rarely used) 8 - New Great Hall 9 - Upper floor of New Great Hall 10 - Dining room 11 - Entrance to old building via new extension

SECTION 2

The center of the New Great Hall is an outdoor area,. By standing in the middle, visitors can view all three floors including the dining room on the top floor. It is a place for gathering and leisure. It can also become the site and backdrop for protests and press conferences.

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SECTION 2

Dining room Resin bench Center of New Great Hall Double-height ground floor Entrance to old building

The south section of the extension is focused for the mock courtrooms. The top waiting area is right under the mock courtroom, although the waiting area is mainly used for the courts in the exisiting building. The third floor is the public gallery, separated from the mock courtroom to avoid disturbance during a mock trial.

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Public gallery for courtroom 2 Mock courtroom 1 Public waiting area Entrance to the new extension Entrance to Warwick Passage

SECTION 2

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SECTION 2

Dining room Upper floor of New Great Hall New Great Hall Traffic

GA DRAWINGS SHORT SECTION B 123-

Public gallery Courtroom 1 Public waiting area

SECTION 2

The construction of whole building will happen from ground up across the whole site. Alternative entrance to the exisitng building will be provided and prior notice will be given for the closure of the Old Bailey Street. The waffle modules for the ceiling, the precast transparent concrete cladding and the resin with mesh panels are constructed off-site and will be brought in. Since the site is an office area, it will only be busy and highly populated during the day. Therefore, the construction will start after 8pm on weekdays and 10am-6pm on weekends.

1. PILING SET UP

The construction will use bored piling technique as there is minimal vibration. Locations for the columns are marked and spoil will be removed to form holes for the pile which is then poured in situ. 4-9 piles will be needed for each column.

SECTION 2

2. PILING SET UP

3. COLUMN SET UP

Soil will be excavated around the pile and concrete are poured for the formation of pile cap.

The first columns are set up on top of the pile caps.

SECTION 2

4. FIRST FLOOR

5. FIRST FLOOR COLUMNS

Floor slabs are made of waffle modules, where they will be arranged on the ground, reinforced and tied with reinforcement bars. It is raised and fit onto the columns. The skylight will be fitted and the screed+resin and resin flooring are then poured after.

SECTION 2

First floor columns are erected, while at the same time, the walls consisting of the resin mesh panels, and precast concrete cladding, is set up.

6. SECOND FLOOR

7. SECOND FLOOR COLUMNS AND THIRD FLOOR

Second floor waffle slabs and walls are erected. Stairs connecting to the lower floor is set up.

SECTION 2

8. THIRD FLOOR WALLS

SECTION 2

9. ROOF AND DOME

The project aims to be a court that is transparent of its system and programs within. Therefore, transparent/ translucent materials are chosen to purposely shows the visitors the activities behind the doors and walls but at the same time, giving the users space and privacy. The project also celebrates the movement of time during the day, as time affects the activities inside. Shadows and light leeks are carved onto the walls as a way of tracking time.

Based on the design concept and the requirements, resin was chosen as one of the materials. Resin can easily be re-design as it can be easily casted and made with various transparency, as a way to control privacy or light. Resin also comes in different colours and the light casted onto the materials reflects the beautiful colours of the resin. Resin is also lighter than glass or concrete. However, these kind of resin is normally used for sculptures and not many buildings have ever used resin as the choice of material for their building, You canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t really find a similar mateial to this for buildings. Glass is the nearest. The construction of this project assumes the use of resin as a building material in the future where additional materials are mixed to give it strength as well as being the best for the building performance. It will be used indoors as wall finish, floor finish and furnitures (benches).

Resin sculptures by Rachel Whiteread

SECTION 2

As for external cladding, transparent concrete will be used. Translucent concrete, or light transmitting concrete, is embedded with light optical fibers that will go through the whole object from one end to another. Since concrete is generally reinforced with steel rods, it might be possible to substitute with plastic rods for a similar purpose. Since it is concrete based, it can be easily casted. It will come as precast panels and is much lighter than normal concrete.

Source: http://www.concrete.org.uk/fingertips-nuggets.asp?cmd=display&id=758

SECTION 2

In order to work with the two previous translucent materials, the insulation also need to be translucent. As most insulation are foam and opaque, an alternative is needed. Aerogel would be best choice as it is translucent and able to transmit visible light. It has similar performance to opaque insulation but they have the ability to transmit daylight and solar energy, reducing the need for artificial light or heating. With the use of the three materials as the basic components of a wall, the transparency of the programs can be achieved.

Source: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Transparent_insulation

SECTION 2

Since the layers of the wall are translucent, the structure holding the wall will be prominent and obvious. The render compares two types of wall structures.

Using RHS that span across the wall will give out a ‘skeleton’ look. Since the focus is to the activities and programs of a room, this ‘skeleton’ is too obvious and will unnecessarily distract the visitors to the structures instead.

RENDER OF WALL - 2 types

An alternative is using steel mesh that is casted inside the resin, making each of the resin panel a structural wall. Although the mesh is more dense and obvious when looked closely, the overall look is undisturb and the sillhouette inside a space is clearer. Thus, this alternative was chosen for the project.

Precedent: OMA’s Fondazione Prada The toilet floor and walls are covered with dense steel mesh. The mesh on the floor is layered with resin flooring on top.

SECTION 2

The resin wall will be casted in between the mesh and comes in a 3m x 1.5m panels. The translucent concrete cladding will also be a 3m x 1.5m panels. Sttuctures like the square hollow section and the C channel only runs at the top and the bottom of the wall. The resin panels and the precast concrete will be bolted to the structures. Resin units with a level of transparency and colour are used for windows to replace glass.

EXPLODED AXO OF PART OF ROOM - to show materials

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Resin windows Rubber spacer Translucent precast concrete panels Vapour barrier Square hollow section Aerogel insulation Steel mesh Resin wall C channel Foam insulation Screed + resin (milky) Resin finish (clear) Resin unit Steel column Servicing Waffle concrete module Screed Vapour barrier Insulation Water resistance barrier Flagstone tiles Gutter

SECTION 2

As it is required to show the sillhouttes in the dining room, the walls are translucent, consisting of resin mesh panels on the inside and and translucent concrete panels on the outside. The area is fully enclosed thus the need for insulation around the space. Vacuumed cavity is used in between the resin units and aerogel is used when transparency is needed.

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DETAIL 1:20 DINING ROOM

1 : 20 @ A3

SECTION 2

3m x 1.5m translucent precast concrete panel Cavity Transparent vapour barrier 50mm aerogel insulation Rubber spacer Bolt for resin unit Resin unit Vacuumed cavity Resin wall Steel mesh 100mm x 50mm RHS 100mm x 100mm SHS Anchor Weep hole Waffle concrete slab 20mm clear resin finish 50mm resin mixed with screed 150mm insulation Vacuumed cavity Resin unit Steel column Gutter Sealant 1m x 1m flagstone tiles Water resistant layer 100mm insulation Scupper drain Servicing hole Spacer Resin unit Vacuumed cavity Steel rebar

The hall is an open area that is also made up of resin mesh panels and translucent precast concrete panels. In some areas, the resin wall extends outwards to become benches and tables. The bencehs are hollow inside for the set up of artificial lighting. Some areas on the floor are also translucent.

DETAIL 1:20 GREAT HALL

1 : 20 @ A3

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3m x 1.5m translucent precast concrete panel Cavity Transparent vapour barrier 50mm aerogel insulation Resin wall Steel mesh 100mm x 50mm RHS C channel 100mm x 100mm SHS Anchor Weep hole Waffle concrete slab Resin bench Cavity LED light 20mm clear resin finish 50mm resin mixed with screed 150mm insulation Spacer Vacuumed cavity Resin unit Servicing hole Steel rebar

SECTION 2

The benches and table will be precast off site and brought as a unit. Since the benches are hollow inside for artifical lighting, the ends are plugged with resin cover of the same material for future maintainance of the LED strips.

EXPLODED AXO BENCHING AREA

SECTION 2

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Resin and mesh panel Translucent precast concrete panels Bench cover Aerogel insulation Vapour barrier SHS Insulation Resin mixed with screed Resin finish Servicing Waffle concrete slab Resin bench Bench cover LED strip lighting Resin table

The mock courtroom sits above the waiting area. Both spaces are fully enclosed. The detail shows the joint between the wall, floor and roof. The floor inside is not insulated as the upper floor and the lower floor are both inside.

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DETAIL 1:20 COURTROOM

Anchor 100mm x 100mm SHS 100mm x 50mm RHS 3m x 1.5m translucent precast concrete panel Cavity Transparent vapour barrier 50mm aerogel insulation Resin wall Steel mesh 20mm clear resin finish 50mm resin mixed with screed Steel rebar Waffle concrete slab Scupper drain Servicing hole Screed Insulation Water resistant barrier Flagstone tiles Sealant Gutter

1 : 20 @ A3

SECTION 2

Some floors have translucent openings to allow visitors to view the floor below as well as allowing light to pass through. The opening is filled placed with precast resin unit with resin layer poured on top as the floor finish.

SECTION 2

Columns are first erected.

Waffle modules are tied with reinforcement bars and bolted onto the column.

Resin unit that replaces glass is placed with steel framing.

Spacers are put to provide a cavity in between two resin unit and servicing are set.

Foam insulation is placed on top, where it covers the servicing. A hole is cut in the insulation where the opening is.

Resin that is mixed with screed is poured, and it resulted in a milky translucent layer.

The final resin layer is poured as a finish. The opening can still be seen.

SECTION 2

ROOF FOR DIRECT SUNLIGHT

TYPE OF ROOF 2 LIGHT CONDITIONS

The roof is made up of three types of waffle modules, used according to the design. There are two types of skylight roof to create different light conditions. The mock courtrooms requires direct skylight, similar to the current exisiting courtroom in the Old Bailey. Bigger apertures covered with the clear resin units are used to achieve this. For the dining room, the ambience is more romantic but well lit. Smaller apertures with resin ‘stalactites’ are used where it will allow diffuse light in. When the sun hits the roof, the ‘stalactites’ will lit up and imitates artificial lighting.

ROOF FOR DIFFUSE SUNLIGHT

SECTION 2

BUILDING STRATEGY VENTILATION

The prevailing wind on the site mostly comes from the SouthWest. The design make use of the prevailing wind for natural ventilation with the use of wind catchers. A few windcatchers are located where the enclosed spaces area and they rose to as high as 2 meters. They are bi-directional windcatcher that serves two functions; to blow and suck air into the enclosed spaces. The space inside is divided by a resin slab for the in and out air. Wind catcher uses the concept of stack ventiation to blow cold air in and push hot air out. They are made up of a smaller scale of the steel columns and made enclosed for a wind catcher.

Source: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/london_united-kingdom_2643743

SECTION 2

BUILDING STRATEGY SUNLIGHT/SHADING

The sun shine mostly on the south, higher during the summer and lower in winter. The area in the great hall will mostly have direct afternoon sunlight after 12pm, since the existing building overshadow the morning sun. With the translucent walls and some openings on the floor, the interior space and the lower level spaces will be light up with diffuse light.

Source: https://www.gaisma.com/en/location/london.html

SECTION 2

BUILDING STRATEGY WATER DRAINAGE The water is directed using the gutter on the roof, build in with the precast concrete panels. The chamfer edges of the flagstone tiles act as the scupper drain. Waterproofing layer is placed under the flagstone to avoid leakage. The scupper will leads to the gutters and the gutters will channel the water downwards through the piping that is alligned with the columns.

SECTION 2

BUILDING STRATEGY ELECTRICITY

SECTION 2

The source of electricity and heating is extended from the existing building to avoid adding a plant room to the new extension as the site is limited. The wiring runs through the big column that is attached to the existing builiding, as that is the only point where the new extension touches the Old Bailey. The wiring and servicing will run in between chamfered edges of the waffle slabs.

END