FLOWERS - A Guide to Familiar American Wildflowers - (A Golden Nature Guide) by Ana C. Ponticelli

GOLDEN NATURE GUIDES

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FLOWERS

A GOLD E N NAT U R E

GU I D E

;y r

134 PAINTINGS IN FULL COLOR

LOWERS A GUIDE

FAMILIAR AMERICAN

WILDFLOWERS

by HERBERT S. ZIM,

Ph.D.

and ALEXANDER

C. MARTIN, Ph.D.

Senior Biologist, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service

ILLUSTRATED

RUDOLF FREUND

Sponsored by The Wildlife Management Institute

GOL DEN NATURE

GOLDEN PRESS

•

GUIDE

NEW YORK

J FOREWORD T h i s book is a g u ide to the m ost c o m m o n g ro u ps of American w ildfl owers: the Violets, Conefl owers, M i l k weeds, Asters, a n d the l i ke. To hel p the b e g i n n e r identify these fl ower g ro u ps a n d common kinds of wild fl owers, the book i n c l u des

134

paintings i n full color. Som e

200

kinds

of fl owers are shown i n the color p l ates, a n d these a re ty pical of the major g r o u ps of Am erican fl owering p lants. Eve n if the actu a l flower you fin d is not illustrated , the c o l o r p l ates may help you identify it as, for exa m ple, a k i n d of Loosestrife, Orchi d , or Lupine. There are more kinds of wildflowers than there are words i n th is book. Our selection i n c l u des the m ost com m o n a n d widely distr ibuted pla nts. It stresses those with showy fl owers a n � those which the a mate u r is l i kely to see. This diffic ult selection was aided by expert advice and assistan ce. We a re g rateful for the fine co-o peration of Neil Hotc hk iss, Fra ncis Uh ler, and A. L. Ne lson, all of the U.S. Fish and Wi l d l ife Service. P. L. Ricker of the Wild Flower Preservation Society gave sugg estions and made available the exc�llent photog raphs i n his collec tion. The staff of the New York Bota n i c a l Ga rden, espe cially Fra n k C. McKeever, Ca rol H. Woodward, Elizabeth Ha l l, a n d Eliza beth McCo n n e l l, were m ost helpf u l . H . S.Z.

A.C. M.

Copyright 1950 by Golden Press, Inc. All Rights Re1erved, Including the Right of Reproduction in Whole or in Port in Any Form. Designed and Produced by Artists and Writers Preu, Inc. Printed in the U.S.A. by i in e u a 2 �;s�r" ��r�J:1"17>e�"f,5_ '�lf.'l��- r20�0f2f-��vil�� ' {J8, 0�t f. �..�� 31 �7�4'1::· !· :�- ��- r�4s55b:1v/e6�,:�� Pnnting and lithographing Compor�y. Publuhed by Golden Press, Inc., Rockefelfer �enter, New York 20.

HOW TO U SE TH I S BOOK

You can use this book better if you know the u n i q u e features i n i t . I n t h e fi rst place, t h e flowers are arranged in four grou ps, accord i n g to color, a s shown on the color c h a rt below.

pages 55-87 Orange ta yellow Cream to white

pages

89-123

125-151

Many w i l dfl owers, such as the Asters, C o l u m bin es, a n d Morn ing-g lories, occ u r in several colors. These h ave been put with the color that is most common, t h o u g h severa l shades may be i l l ustrated on the sa me pl ate. At the end of each color section are l isted w i l dfl owers which have not been i n c l u ded, even though some are of that color. Th ese will be found u n der their predo m i nating color in a n other section . To h e l p beg i n ners know w i l dflowers, the p l a nts are pre足 se nted m a i n l y in groups (or genera), rather than by kinds (or species). You may thus see a group of Gentia ns, Asters, Violets, or Sunflowers at a g l ance. N ote the sim i l arities within each group a s we l l as the d iversities i n color a n d form. These poi nts e n a b l e y o u t o recog nize fl owers that

8 are n ot i l l ustrated. By sel ecti n g i m porta nt genera this book i s a b l e to present many types of flowers w h ich g row wideÂ ly over o u r cou ntry. However, some species which a re very c o m m o n , very i m portant, or have n o c l ose rel atives have been treated separately. The c o l o r of a flower is your key. But keep i n mind that sha des of color vary a m o n g different species of the same gen us, a n d even a m ong pla nts of t h e s a m e species. A fl ower you have found may be of a d ifferent color from the one i l l ustrated. But the form of the fl ower and the genera l fiel d a ppearance of the plant shou l d he l p you. When you start to identify a n u n k n ow n p l a nt, l ook at the range

m a ps first. They w i l l i n d icateÂˇ whether the

fl owers i l l ustrated on that page occ u r where you have f o u n d yo u r specimen. The deeper the pink, the g reater the n u m ber of plants. Even within the broad l i m its of their k n ow n ranges pla n ts vary. Some are restricted to woodÂ l a n ds, m e a d ows, swa m ps, roadsi des, .or w h ere favora b l e c o n d itions preva i l . Thu m b through this book a t o d d m o m ents a n d you w i l l soon b e fa m i l ia r e n o u g h with fl owers to recognize some at s ight. You may even b e a b l e to identify the pla nts by their g enera l form, habit of g rowth, or s h a p e of the leaves before the fl owers have opened. In your r a m b les you may fin d rare p lants that are not i n the book at a l l . You may then want to use m ore a dva nced books o r per h a ps seek the aid of a n expert. To remember the names of the plants you h a ve found a n d identified, kee p a record of th ose you see. Note the date a n d place where yo u r specimen was found. Yo u r record w i l l be a quick reference for yo u to use a g a i n and again.

9 SEEING FLOWERS

W H E R E TO LOOK Wildflowers grow a l m ost every足 where. You' l l fi n d them i n deserts, swa m ps, a n d fi e l d s, on mountai ns, roadsi des, a n d c ity l ots-in a l l pa rts of our country. From the win dow of a n express trai n tea r i n g t h r o u g h New York suburbs on a J u l y morning, 27 k i n d s were s e e n i n a h a lf- hour. On a short country wa l k you can see twice a s m a ny. And if that wa l k takes you a long a mea dow, past a m a rsh, thro u g h woods, a n d by a bea c h , m o r e kinds o f p l a nts wi l l be s e e n than on any single type of land, no m a tter how pictu resq ue. F l owers a re i n bloom every month of the yea r in some part of this cou ntry. Only a few are found during the winter, when m ost pla nts are resting, but spring is barely under way before fl owers are out. Some push u p through snow. Many b l oom before their leaves are out. A general rush of b l oom i n g comes later i n the spring, fol l owed by a slackening in early s u m mer a n d a fi n a l s p l urge i n late summer and early fa l l . This pattern va ries from place to p l a ce. Mou nta in and desert w i l dflowers have s h orter, more bri l l ia n t seasons. Field a n d wayside p l a nts a re more conspicuous i n the fa l l . In this book the sea son of b l o o m i n g is g iven f o r every p l a nt.

F l owers a re far more i n tri g u i n g than many peo ple suspect. A fl ower is more than a splash of color and a design. Each part of a flower usua l l y h a s a task to perform, a n d the whole fl ower has the essentia l job of reprod u c i n g the p l a nt. S o the deta i l e d fl ora l pa rts may prove fasc i nating once you get to know them. F l owers WHAT TO S E E

TRILLIUM (page 19) A monocot plant. leaves with paral足 lel veins. Flower ports usually in threes or multiples of three.

A dicot plant. leaves with neHed veins. Flower parts usually in fours or fives. FIELD DAISY (page 143)

BUTTER-AND-EGGS (page 120) on irregular flower

THE PARTS OF A FlOWER

11 have but one goa l - producing seed- but they do n ot a l l g o about i t the same way. Some spread their po l len by wind. Others attract a n d even tra p i n sects to perform this essenti a l f u n ction. The spec i a l fl ora l structures deve l o ped in d ifferent p l a n t groups h ave made fl owers a s varied a n d a s d isti nctive ly beautif u l as they are. look c l osely. These str uctures are worth seeing . F l owers h ave m u c h in common despite d ifferences i n a p peara nce. T h e essentia l pa rts o f every flower a re t h e pisti l s (fe m a l e pa rts) a n d t h e sta mens ( m a l e parts). T h e stamens prod uce p o l l e n g ra i n s which, through ferti l iza tion, enable the ovu l es i n the pisti l to deve l o p i nto seeds. Around these basic organs, fl owers usua l l y h ave a r i n g o f showy peta ls, the attractive p a r t o f the fl ower we see fi rst. The sepals are a ring of s m a l ler, genera l ly g reen bra cts below the peta ls. The pattern of these pa rts varies. Sometimes the peta ls are fused i nto a tube; sometimes the sepa ls are c o l ored. Variations in the n u m ber and arrange ment of pisti l s a n d sta mens, p l u s the color a n d s h a pe of the peta l s and sepa ls, help us identify the different fl owers.

F LOWERS AND WEEDS A fl ower is, of cou rse, o n l y one p a r t o f a pla nt. But we a lso u s e the w o r d loosely t o m e a n a fl ower i n g p l a nt. Ma ny fl owering p l a n ts are im por tant to us, providing materia l s for food, c lothing, a n d s h e l ter. Other k i n d s fl o u rish w h e r e we don't want them, com peti ng with c u ltivated p l a nts. We ca l l these "weeds." Most weeds are a ctive, h a rdy fl owering p l a nts that thrive i n poor s o i l a n d u n der adverse conditions. S o m e weeds h ave sma l l , inconspicuous fl owers and may produce m a n y seeds. Weeds are worth knowing. S o m e are g o o d to eat. Even if they a re n ot very attra ctive, they a re l i kely to be im porta n t p l a nts.

12 Wildfl owers are one of our natio n 's irrepl acea ble assets. They have but limited economic va l ue - n o fortunes have been made in them. But attractive, sh owy fl owers offer us a kind of enjoyment afforded by few other things i n natur. e . As with other n a tura l resou rces, we once thought flowers to be u n l i m ited. N ow we know better. I n some a reas, especia l l y n e a r la rge cities, wil dfl owers have been over-picked. Some kinds have com p lete ly disa ppeared from places where they once were common. Tra i l i n g Arbutus, Frin ged Gen足 tians, and a n u m ber of lil ies and Orchids a re seldom seen nowadays. W i l dflowers a re the kind of resource we do not m iss til l they a re gone . And then reg ret does n o good. learn to e n joy flowers where they grow and learn to leave them for others to en joy, too. Do not pick them in parks or other protected a reas. If you do want to pick one for study, be sure that others are g rowing in the vicinity of the one you h ave s potted. I f the pla ces they g row are not d isturbed, wildfl owers w i l l reseed the area, or will conti n u e to spread by u n derground stems or b u l bs. The W i l d F l ower Preservation Society, 3740 O l iver Street, Wa s h i n g to n 1 5, D. C., has l ists of pla nts which s h o u l d be protected i n d ifferent sections of our c o u ntry. I t wi l l co足 operate with individ u a l s or groups who want to take an active part in preserv i n g our n ative wil dfl owers, or restor足 ing them a l o n g roadsides where they no longer g row. As long as you rea lize that the en joyment of fl owers is some足 thing to be shared with others, o u r wildflowers will be safe.

. W I L D F L OW E R C O N S E RVAT I O N

13 AMATEUR ACTIVITIES

The best way to e n joy w i l dfl owers is to observe them a n d study them right where they are g rowi n g . Beg i n n ers can learn m ore from an h o u r with l ive fl owers tha n from a day with dead, dried ones. When you look a t a fl owering pla nt, look for deta i l s o f the fl ower, fru it, stem, a n d leaves. U s e a m a g n ifyi ng g l ass. The more you look, the more you will see, a n d the more interesting fl owers wi l l become. See where the p l a n t is g rowi ng a n d w h a t other plants g row w i t h it. After you know some of the more common wildflowers, turn your a tte ntion to their relatives. F i n d different mem足 bers of the Pea or of the Com posite fa m i l ies and n ote how s i m i l a r is the fl ower pattern with i n a p l a n t group. looking at w i l dfl owers w i l l a lways be e n joya b le, but after a while you may want to do more. P H OTOGRAP H I N G FLOWERS Most fl owers c a n be ea sily photog raphed with a ca mera and a portra it lens atta c h ment. The portra it lens makes it possible to come with in a foot or two of the fl ower and sti l l stay i n focus. Practice fi rst on la rge mea dow or roa dside fl owers, l i ke the Da isy, S u n fl ower, or M i l kweed. After you have h a d s o m e success, t r y s m a l ler fl owers a n d wood l a n d p l a n ts that grow in the shade. For these a tri pod a n d a fl a s h b u l b m a y be necessary. C o l o r fi l m m a kes it possible f o r t h e a mateur to g e t stri king pictures o f fl owers t o en joy a l l winte r.

14 C u ltivated fl owers have been developed from wild species that may a lso grow in gardens. A wildflower g a rden can be most attractive a n d wi l l g ive y o u a chan ce t o study fl owers a t y o u r leisure. Growing wil dflowers does not req u i re much tec h n i c a l ski l l . Every a m ateur who ma kes t h e effort can succeed. Find out, by observation and rea ding, the soi l and l i g h t req uirements o f the fl owers you w i s h t o g r o w or tra ns pla nt. If possi b l e, take some soil with them when trans planting. U n less conditions are kept very m uc h the same, the tra nspla nts may not thrive. Once a wil dfl ower garden is started, one may even atte m pt plant breeding a n d per haps produce new varieties b y crossing or hybridizing, or simply by selecting and pla nting seeds of the best pla nts. Colchicine a n d other chemicals may be tried to produce l a rger or doubled fl owers.

GROWING WILDFLOWERS

USEFUL WILD PLANTS W i l d plants were of consid era b l e i m porta nce to our forefathers, a n d m a n y a re sti l l used medic i n a l l y a n d as foods. D o y o u k n ow that Mi l k weed sh oots, Gro u n d n uts, Arrowheads, a n d Marsh Mari . golds are n utritious a n d tasty? Med icina l pla nts i n c l ude Foxg loves (Dig ita lis), Gentia ns, a n d Wintergreen. Other pla nts worth knowing can be used in teas and tonics. You may wish to fi nd out more about edib le, m e d ic i n a l , a n d other useful plants-it's knowledge t h a t may be o f va l u e i n a n e mergency. COLLEC T I N G FLOWERS Everyone l ikes to c o l l ect, but too many peop l e sta rt flower col lections and too few make c o l l ections they can use. Thi n k twice before you sta rt. I t's easy to press a dozen or more flowers, but what wi l l that tea c h you about pla nts that you c o u l d n't find out by study ing them a l ive? Postpone m a k i n g a col lection ti l l you

15 know the m ost common flowers in your vicin ity a n d a re ready to start a serious study of p l a nts. Rem e m ber that if a col lector fa i l s to observe, his work is of l ittl e va l u e . But if a n observer takes notes, they w i l l add i m measurably to the va l ue of h is c o l l ection. If you p l a n to c o l l ect, rea d one of the more advanced books to get help. locate the materials you need to m a ke a pl a n t press. Don't forget a n otebook to keep a record of your speci m ens. Start with common weeds and practice ti l l you c a n press fl owers without spo i l i ng them . Then go a bout you r c o l l ecting systematica l ly, keeping i n mind that m a k i ng a col lection does not permit a nyone to violate state l aws protecting wildflowers.

If you col lect, your c o l lection will be a specia l ized one right from the sta rt. If n othing e lse, it w i l l be a regiona l c o l l ection-one of local p l a nts. But other speci a l col lections a re possible. You can c o l 足 l e c t p l a nts o f d ifferent hab itats: swamp p l a nts, mounta i n pla nts, or desert p l a nts. B y speci a l izing i n some p l a n t com m u n ity, y o u c a n see how p l a nts fi t into the l ife o f a seashore or a prairie, or a woodlot. You c a n pay specia l attention to p l a n t groups, such as Asters, G o l den rods, or Orchids. Perhaps you may become espec ia l l y interested in spring fl owers or fa l l fl owers. When you c o l lect fl owers, you can a l so c o l l ect fru its, seed pods, or seeds. Many sma l l seeds are c u rious a n d attractive w h e n viewed through a m a g n ifying g lass. They can be stored i n g lass vials or cel l op h a n e envelopes. SPEC IAL COLLECTIONS

16 W hat's more, you can attempt to raise these w i l dfl owers from seed. It may be more diffic u l t than growing Mari golds or Petun ias, but the resu lts a re m uc h more satisfying. There are about 50,000 kinds of flowering p l a nts in the Un ited States. This guide can offer o n l y a brief introduction to a few of them. larger field g uides and reference m a n u a l s often concentrate on one section of the country. Use them as you need m ore deta ils. Bota ny texts may help you u n d ersta n d how p l a nts work a n d h ow they deve loped. Here are a few books that you m ay want to read a s you progress:

MORE I N FORMAT I O N

Guide to Plant Hobbies by Herbert S. Zim (Harcourt, Brace and Co., New York). An introduction to the major plant groups and the families of flowering plants, with a guide to plant col lecting and experimenting. The World of Plant Life by Clarence J. Hylander (The Macmillan Co., New York). A comprehensive book, devoted mostly to flowering· plants, which tells about families of plants, uses, and character· istics. Wild Flowers by Homer D. House (The Macmillan Co., New York). A well-known guide to most of the eastern flowers, illustrated with excellent colored plates. Field Book of Western Wild Flowers by Margaret Armstrong (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York). An aid in making more accurate iden tification of the many varied and difficult kinds of western flowers. American Wildflowers by Harold N. Moldenke (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York). An unusual guide to the herbaceous flowering plants of the entire country with emphasis on the major families. Plants, A

This stri king p l a n t of riCh, moist eastern wood l a nds a n d brooksides is the only red Lobe l i a . Others ore b l u e or wh ite (see p a g e 70). Over- picki n g h a s made the C a r d i n a l F l ower s o r a r e it now n e e d s protection . When t h is p l a n t is grown i n ga rdens, h u m m i ngbirds ofte n visit its tube-like fl owers. Card i n a l F l owers g r o w 2 to 4 feet taiL-Sum足

CA R D I NAL FLOWER

mer and early fall. Lobelia Fam ily.

B E EBALMS These ta l l , coa rse, aromatic m ints a re a lso c a l led W i l d Berga mot, Oswego Tea , Horsem int. They vary i n color from sca r l et red to pale l avender. The bri l l ia n t red-flowered Oswego T e a grows i n m o i s t p l aces, but t h e other Beeba l m s prefer dry waysides a n d fen cerows. Some are native; others, brought from E u rope, have gone w i l d . I n d i a n s a n d early settlers brewed medici n a l tea from the leaves.-Summer and early

fall. Mint Family.

Tri l l i ums are h a n dsome spring p l a nts of moist eastern wood lands and western mountains. As their name i m p l ies, they are constructed on a t h reefo l d p l a n : 3 leafl ets, 3 g reen sepa ls, a n d 3 peta l s w h i c h v a r y i n color from the deep, purple-red of the common Wake-robin through pink to pure wh ite. There are about 1 5 species-m ost g row a foot or so h i g h , usua l l y in rich soi l . The fl owers ripen into reddish or purple berries. -Spring. Lily Fam ily. T RILLIUMS

About 100 of the 120 kinds of G i l i a g row in this country, mainly i n western dese rts a n d mou ntains. Dwa rfed species are typical of both these h a b itats. More commonly, G i l i a s g row on open s l o pes a n d d ry h i l lsides. They are variable and not easily d istin g u ished from one a nother. All have t u b u l a r, f u n n e l - or b e l l -sha ped, 5-pet足 a l ed fl owers. O n some the fl owers c l uster at the to p of the p l a nt; i n others they scatter a long the vertica l ste m . Gilias vary i n color from sca rlet to pink, b l ue, purple, ye l l ow, a n d w h ite.

G I LIAS

G i l ias g r o w f r o m 5 i n c h e s to 2 feet ta l l , with rough or sticky ste ms. The thin leaves genera l l y a lternate a l ong them. The seeds are a l so sticky when wet. Some are eaten by gamebirds and by desert rodents. One of the best足 known G i l i a s is the Scarlet Gilia or Skyrocket, a p l a n t that covers western h i l lsides a nd has a rather d isagreea b l e odor. Other com足 mon G i l ias i n c l ude B l u e Desert G i l i a , Birds Eyes, D o w n y G i l ia , a n d Prickly G i l i a .-Spring to fall. Phlox Family.

These are common in both East a n d West, especia l ly in fi e l ds, o p e n woods, a n d rocky u p l a nds. They range in color from the scar let I n dian Pin k of the Northwest and the crimson Wil d Pin k of the East to the pin k Catchfly a n d the purple to white Moss C a m pion of a l pine regions. Some are l ow, branching pla nts with fi nely divided, prickly leaves. Others have slender, erect stems. S u mm e r and early fall.

WILD P I N KS

Pink Family.

This tropical g r o u p of some 75 species i n c l u des the sweet potato. Some were introduced from South America. Morning-glories thrive i n good soi l u n der a great var iety of cond itions, espec i a l l y i n the South. The bel l-sha ped, p leated fl owers o n twi n i n g and tra i l i n g , ha iry stems, range from scar足 let to p i n k, w h ite, b l ue, and purple . The large seeds a re occasion a l l y eaten b y g a m e- b irds.-Summer and

MORNING-GLOR I E S

fall. Morning-glo ry Family.

C l over grows m ost a b u n dantly i n the East, but 55 of its 75 s pecies are Western. Most of the common 路 kinds have been i ntroduced from E u rope . Our honey and b u m b lebees polli nate the C l overs a n d h e l p account for their widespread distribution. C l overs g row from 8 i nches to 2 feet h i g h in open fi e l ds, meadows, lawns, a n d road颅 sides. Most have the we l l -known g l o b u l a r fl owerhead, made of many tiny, tubular fl orets, ra n g i n g i n color from red to pink, y e l l ow, and creamy wh ite. The leaf has 3 leafl ets with toothed edges a n d is marked i n some s pecies

CLOVERS

with a l i g hter green tria n g l e on the top. A few western species of C l over have as m a n y as 6 o r 7 leaflets. Red, Alsike, a n d W h ite C l over enrich the soil, are ex足 cellent for l ivestock, and provide o u r best honey. The sma l l , hard seeds of western Clovers a re i m porta n t foods for q u a i l and other b irds. Hop a n d Bur-clover ( p a g e 1 09) do n o t belong to this true C l over group. Red C lo足 ver is the Vermont state fl ower.足揃

Late spring to early fall. Pea Family.

On prairies a n d h illsides of the West, a common fl ower is the bri l l ia nt Painted c u p or I ndian Paintbrush. The red or yel low sta i n on the c l u ster of leaf tips near the fl ower is characteristic. Pai ntedcu ps (35 s pecies) usua l l y g row with erect, b u n c hed ste m s 1 2 to 20 inches h i g h . Most are red; some are red and yel l ow o r j ust yel l ow. One s pecies is the state fl ower of Wyo足 ' m ing Spring and summer. Figwort

PAI NTEDC U P S

Family.

A n u m ber of species of Godetias a re found i n meadows, on h i l lsides, a n d on mountai n slopes through out the West. One pin k-fl owered kind is c a l led Farewe l l to-spring. The la rge, 4- peta led fl owers, p i n k to l i lac a n d purple, a n d t h e n a rrow, a ltern ate leaves g row o n smooth, bra n c h i n g stems about 2 feet hig h . Godetias a r e showy fl owers. Most of them c l ose at night Sp ring and

G O DUIAS

early summer. Family.

Evening ·

Primrose

C o l u m bi nes - among the m ost g racef u l a n d attractive wildflowers-are fou n d i n open woods a n d m o u n t a i n meadows. The eastern species is scarlet a n d ye l low. O n e in the Rockies i s b l ue; a n other is red . T h e B l u e C o l u m b i ne-sometimes a very pa l e b l ue-is the C o l orado state fl ower. T h e Northwest has a w h ite-flowered species. C o l u m bine leaves a l l have 3 ·neatly sca l l oped leaflets. The fl owers, each with 5 peta ls ta pering off i n to a long spur, h a n g nodding on slender, rigid sta lks. They are pol l i nated by bees a n d other long-ton g ued insects. The p l a n ts

COLUMBI NES

grow 2 to 3 feel ta l l . A l l a re pere n n i a ls, g rowi n g a new each yea r from the u nderg round rootstock. Many g a rden varieties of C o l u m b i n es have been deve l o ped. The fl ower matures i nto a n e rect, brown capsule conta i n i n g many b lack, shiny seeds. C lose relatives of C o l u m b i n es are Monksh ood, a western plant with deep blue fl owers and a poisonous root, a nd larkspur, which bears its blue, purple, or scarlet fl owers in long, l oose spikes.-Spring and early summer. B uttercup Family.

This large a n d widely d istrib uted grou p of over 30 species ranges in color from sca r l et to purple, pink, ye l l ow, a n d wh ite; in heig ht, from 1 to 6 feet. Some a re natives of our western pra i ries and p l a i ns, where they color wide a reas. Rose Mal low favors sh ores and salt m a rshes. The gay fl owers, l ike minia足 ture Hollyhocks, grow along the s l ightly h a iry stem o r i n ter m i n a l spikes. Spring and summer. Mal足 low Family.

MALLOWS

This low, succ u l e nt-ste m m e d p l a nt, a l s o known a s P i n k M a i d s a n d K isses, is a b u n d a n t i n C a l i 足 fornia a n d c o m m o n i n neighboring western a reas. I t pre足 fers c u ltivated ground, but a lso g rows o n h i l lsides a n d a l ong t h e sea coast. T h e 5- peta led flowers a r e usua l l y magenta to rose a n d occasio n a l l y wh ite. The s m a l l , b l ack, s h i n y seeds are an i m porta nt food for wester n s o n g b i r d s a n d rodents. -Spring . Pur足 R E D MAI DS

slane Family.

SHOOT I N GSTARS The drooping flowers of this p l a nt, with its 5 inverted peta ls, often occ u r in c l u sters of 5, at the top of a bare sta l k 8 to 20 inc hes h i g h . The sm ooth, thickish l eaves all g row from the base of the ste m . Sh oot足 i n gsta rs range in color from red to pink a n d pa l e laven 足 der. They are commonly f o u n d on m oist h i l lsides, i n open woods, a nd on prairies i n the western a nd m id足 dle states. These p l a nts are some足 times c u ltivated . - Spring. Primrose

Family.

As the n a m e i m p l ies, F i reweeds g row a b u n da ntly on b u rnt-over ground, someti mes b l a n keti n g h i l lsides with pink o r l avender b l ossoms. T h e widespread F i reweeds are common i n wooded parts of o u r N o rtheast and Northwest, and throughout the entire N orthern hem足 isphere. Severa l rel ated species a re mostly s m a l l e r a n d lack showy flow足 ers. The seeds, tufted with w h ite hai rs, m a ke the pla nts look shaggy i n the fa l l, before they scatter. F I R E W E E DS

-Summer. Evening Primrose Family.

Some native a nd some European Thistles have become pernicious weeds, crowding fi e lds, pastu res, a nd roadsides. A l l have the wel l-known flowerhead, with spiny bracts, l eaves, a nd stem, 1 to 4 feet high. F l owers range from p i n k to purp le, ye l l ow, a nd wh ite. They are rich i n n ecta r f o r b e e s a nd b utterfl ies. T h e seeds a r e eaten by goldfi n c h es, a nd roots of some species were used a s food by l n d ia n s . S pri n g a n d sum足 T H I STLES

mer. Composite Family.

SPI DERFLOWERS These ta l l, very h a n dsome, some足 what bushy herbs g row i n western waste p l a ces and a l o n g roadsides a n d river b a n ks . The l oose fl ower c l u sters i n pink, l i lac, or ye l l ow a r e borne a t t h e t o p o f smooth ste m s 3 t o 8 feet h i g h . T h e seeds form i n l o n g , fl a t pods, w h iCh a re eaten by w i l d l ife. Spiderflowers are sometimes c a l led Bee plant or S k u n kweed because of the u n p leas足 a n t s m e l l of their crushed foliage.足 Spring to early fa//. Caper Fam ily.

Orc h ids are one of the world's largest a nd m ost i nterest i n g fami l ies of p l a nts. But of over 1 0,000 species o n l y 1 40 grow in North America. Orchids a re h i g h l y spec i a l ized for insect po l l i n ation. O n e of their 3 peta ls is m odified into a conspicuous " l i p, " w h i c h secretes necta r. This is very noticea ble in the lady S l i ppers, those famed p i n k, wh ite, a nd ye l l ow Orch ids of northern woods. The Showy lady S l ipper is Minnesota's state fl ower. The leaves of some Orchids are sma l l ; other Orchids have a pair of b road l eaves c l ose to the ground. Most grow i n rich, moist soi l i n open woods or i n bogs. They r u n i n O RC H I DS

color from pin k to purple, orange, yel low, a n d white. A few, in h u mid pa rts of the South, a n d m any i n the tropics g row on trees, but these ai rpla nts are n ot parasites. Vani l l a fl avoring is made from the pod of an orchid. Wi l d Orchids come u p year after year from thick, fleshy roots. They g row s l owly, are hard to tra n s p l a nt, a n d a r e exceed足 i n g l y diffi c u l t to g row from their very min ute seeds. For th ese reasons Orchids shou l d not be picked.-Late spring and summer. Orchid Family.

KNOTW EEDS About 20 s pecies of Knotweeds thrive a long roadsi des, in wet meadows, a n d in m a rshes. They are sprea d i n g weeds, 1 to 4 feet high, with slender c l usters of sma l l pink to wh ite flowers. C l osely rel ated are such c l i m bing pla nts as C l i m b i n g Buckwheat, Smartweed, and Tea rthumbs. The rather l a rge, dark seeds of K n otweeds are choice foods of waterfowl and gamebirds.-Sum足 mer to fall. B uckwheat Family.

The attractive, 4- peta led Mea足 dow Bea uties a re n atives of wet, grassy fl ats a n d sandy pine barrens i n the South. The showy, d e l icate fl owers ra nge from pink to lavender to purple, with l o n g , arched, bright ye l low sta mens. These p l a nts, sometimes c a l led Deerg rass, grow 1 0 to 20 inc hes high, with sq u a rish stems l ike Mi nts. The seeds are i n a 4-c e l l ed, bur-like

MEADOW BEAUTIES

ca ps u l e . - Summer. Meadow Bea uty Family.

This hardy, widely d istributed Euro足 pea n Pink, 1 to 2 feet high, thrives a long e m b a n k me nts a n d in other wa ste p l aces, where it spreads. by u n der足 ground stems. The b l ooms, with a cha racteristic spicy odor, are i n profuse, flattish c l u sters. The sca l loped peta l s range . from pink to white. When crushed i n water, t h e thick, ova l l eaves f o r m a lather. Hence a n other common n a m e -Soa pwort.-Summer a n d fall. Pink B O U N C I N G BET

Fam ily.

ROSE GENT I ANS These d e licate ly fra grant, pin k to white, g racef u l p l a nts g row i n moist meadows and sava n 足 na hs, a n d a l o n g the s a n d y coast-mai n l y i n the Southeast. Some are found in brackish m a rshes. The Rose Gentia n s branch often a n d usua l l y g row 1 to 3 feet hig h . T h e large b looms with ye l l ow sta r like centers form on slender sta l ks. The s m a l l , sym m etric a l , opposite leaves have n o sta l k s at aiL -Summer to

fa//. Gentian Family.

F i l a rees are most a b u n d a n t in the orchards of C a l iforn i a and i n fields a n d other open p l aces i n the West, where 5 species are known. Only o n e s pecies occurs i n the East, a n d this spari n g l y . Th ese cut-l eaved, spreading a n n u a l s with their Gera n i u m - l ike fl owers a re a n im porta n t food for l ivestock a n d w i l d l ife. T h e n a m e F i laree (Span ish for pin-l ike) refers to the hard, awl足 sh a ped seeds, which are eaten by many kinds of b i rds. - Winter and

FILA R E ES

early spring . Geranium Family.

Of 25 species of W i ld Gera n i ums, about 1 0 a re found i n the East a nd more i n the West. They are more c l osely related to F i l a rees than to potted Gera n i u m s . Some, l i ke the common Wild Gera n i u m , prefer wood l a nds. The C a l ifornia Gera n i u m a nd n u m erous west足 ern species prefer open p l aces. The fl owers are 5-peta l ed; lavender, pink, a nd wh ite. The p l a nts are loose l y branched, with fi ne l y cut l ea v es. Spring and early summer.

WILD G E R ANI UMS

Geranium Family.

BEGGARWEEDS The flat, fuzzy "seeds" re lished by q uail a n d wi l d turkey are fa r more fami liar t h a n the fl ower. They stick tig h t to c l othing duri n g a utu m n walks i n o l d fi e lds; hence the pla nts get such n a mes a s Stick足 tig hts, Tic ktrefoil, and Tickclovers. Of some 1 60 species, 50 are fo und in the U nited States足 mainly in the Southeast. The sma l l , pea- like flowers a re m a genta, violet, a n d sometimes white. The w a n d - l ike stems g row 1 to 4 feet h i g h . - Sum足

m er and early fall. Pea Family.

Tra i l i n g Arbutus o r Mayflower, state flower of Massachusetts, is cherished a s one of the earl iest spring fl owers. There is only one species i n this cou ntry. Formerly common i n rocky eastern wood lands a n d sandy soi ls, Arbutus has become scarce from c a re less picking. This tou g h creeper, with coa rse, h a i ry, evergreen l eaves, has sma l l p i n k o r w h ite tubu l a r flowers with a spicy fragrance. They are pol l i n ated by fl ies and bees.- Late win

T RAILING ARBUTUS

ter to early spring. Heath Family.

PURPLE CONEFLOWER$ These attractive p l a nts grow in the fi e l d s and roa dsides of our mid l a n d states and a re sometimes c u l tivated. The flowerheads are showy, with long, drooping magenta or purple peta ls, each notched at the ti p. The smooth, sometimes s lig htly h airy stems a re 2 to 4 feet ta l l . The basa l leaves are coa rse a n d sharply toothed; those hig her on the stem a re s m a l ler, with shal low teeth. - Early summer to

early fall. Composite Family.

Most Milkworts are tropica l . Ours grow m a i n l y i n the m oist mea dows of the Southeast. These dai nty p l a nts with sma l l and genera l ly n a rrow leaves have their purple, p i n k, orange, or white fl owers at the top of slender stems. The b l ooms may be i n com pact, C l over- l i ke heads, s p ikes, or flat-topped c l us足 ters, or they may g row si n g ly, as in the s m a l l , showy F ringed M i l kwort.

MILKWORTS

-Late spring and sum mer. Milkwort Family.

FLEABANES These p l a nts resemb l e Asters, b u t their fl owerheads usua l l y have 2 or 3 rows of peta l - like rays. Magenta a n d vio let F l eaba nes prov ide vivi d splashes of color in a l pine mea dows of the West. The we l l -known Daisy F l e a b a n e g rows i n eastern fields and roadsides. Some of the l ess showy, p a le-fl ow足 ered s pecies are common weeds of hayfi e l ds a n d fa l low ground 8 inches to over 2 feet hig h S u m m er. Composite Family. -

In masses of thousands on river flood plains or in open woods, the fra i l S pri n g Bea uties, 6 to 12 i n ches high, make a stri king display. The incon足 spicuo us, del icate, pink to wh ite fl owers, veined with deeper p i n k, rema i n open only in the bright l i g ht. These succulent p l a nts have starchy b u l bs, which the Indians a te. In the West there a re several relatives of the Spring Bea uties, a l l sma l l-fl owered too.-Spring . Purslane Family.

SPRI NG BEAUT I ES

The varied s pecies of Gerardias a l l have d a i nty, showy fl owers on wiry, wide l y bra n ched stems, 1 to 2 feet hig h . The f u n n e l - l i ke corol las a re red, pur p le, vio let, or - rarely - wh ite. These eastern a n d m i d l a n d p l a nts prefer moist habitats; o n e s pecies grows in s a l t m arshes. The Foxg l oves are ta l ler relatives of the Gerardias, with yel足 l ow flowers a n d divided leaves. Summ er to fall. Figwort Family. GERARDIAS

JOEPYEWEED T h e tiny, lavender, a n d rarely w h ite flowers of Joepyeweed are borne in fuzzy, fl a t-topped m a sses. The coarsely toothed l eaves enci.rc l e the ta l l 2to 1 2 -foot ste m . Joe pyeweed is widesprea d in the East, in low g r o u n d a l o n g roadsides. Of the 50 or so related species, Bon eset, with wh itish fl owers and paired, r o u g h l eaves, is m ost common . - Late summer a n d fa//.

Composite Family.

loosestrifes are slender, colorful plants typica l of Eastern m a rshes, m oist mea dows, a n d swa m ps. Several related species a re aq uatic. Our ta l lest, most showy loosestr ife has been natura l ized from E u rope. Sever a l native species have sma l ler, pink o r lavender flowers, g rowing i n a l oose spike or a long the 4-sided stems.. The long, toot h less leaves usu a l l y g row oppo足 site one a n other.- Summer to fall.

LOOSESTRI FES

Loosestrife Family.

Stout-ste m m e d Mi l kweeds a re ta l l p l a nts that g row 2 to 5 feet hig h . Their broad fl owe_ r c l u sters are red to pink, l i lac, a n d crea m -white. All pa rts of the p l a nt contain a mi lky j uice, latex, which gives Mi l kweed its name. Mi l kweeds a re abundant i n o l d fi e l ds, mea dows, m a rshes, a n d m oist roadsides. The seeds, with thei r familiar "para足 c h utes," sai l off in the win d.-Sum足 MILKWEEDS

mer and fall. Milkweed Family.

54 The following pla nts are covered in other sections of this book because they are predom ina ntly of some other colors, but they include one or more species that do fit into the RED, P I N K, A N D MAGE NTA color group: Page Adderstongues 1 10 Asters . . .................... 56-7 Blazing-stars ........................... 58 Bluets 77 Eriogonums ............... 1 23 Evening Primroses ......... . . ..... 1 13 H awkweeds 1 00 Penstemons .................... 62-3 P i psissewas ............................ 1 36 Woodsorrels 90 .

. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I RONWEEDS The flowerheads of I ronweeds rese m b l e sma l l, dark p u r p l e Thistles, but the p l a nts are free of spines. The leaves, long a n d c l osely toothed, are differe n t too. I ronweeds (3 to 8 feet) g row i n moist m eadows a n d roadsides i n the eastern a n d m i d d l e states. S o m e 1 0 s pecies occur, a l l purple in color, rarely wh ite. The best known are Ta l l I ronweed a n d New York I ronweed .

-Early fall. Composite Family.

Asters n u m ber some 150 spec ies in the United States. Most occur i n the East where, with Goldenrod, they fi l l spa n g l e d fields in late summer and fa l l . Each starlike, m u ltipeto led fl ower is actu a l l y a compact c l uste r, c a l led a "flowerheo d . " The center (disk) fl owers ore bright yel 足 l ow; the o uter (roy) fl owers, often mista ken for peta ls, vary from b l u e and purple to white. When studyi n g Asters, look at the basa l l eaves as we l l a s those near the top of the p l a nt, since they h e l p i n identification. Asters ore typica l p l a nts of open fields a n d roadsides, but there a re woodland, swa m p, and seaside species too. ASTERS

They g row a n d spread from pere n n i a l rootstocks. Best足 known Asters i n c l ude the N ew E n g l a n d Aster (ta l l , with deep purple fl owers), sometimes c u ltivated; the New York Aster ( b l ue-violet fl owers: thin, smooth l eaves); the Heart-leaved Aster (heart-sha ped leaves at the base of the ste m , and sm a l l l i la c fl owers). The Wh ite Wood l a n d Aster has a zig 足 zag stem , s m a l l white fl owers, a n d smooth, heart-sh a ped leaves.- Late summer Family.

/ate

fall.

Composite

These sle n der, ha ndsome pla nts g row in dry ground a l o n g roadsides and in fi e l ds, especi a l ly in the prairies. The magenta to purple, rarely wh ite, flower足 heads a re arran ged com pactly around the u pper port of the centra l sta l k . The na rrow l eaves ra d iate from the lower port of the stem , which g rows 1 to 4 feet high, presenting a somewhat feathery a ppearance; hence o n e of its common n a m es, Goyfeather . 足 BLAZI NG-STARS

Late summer Family.

fall.

Composite

These sm ooth vi nes, c l i m b i n g by tendr i l s at the t i p of their del icate leaves, favor c u ltivated fi e lds and borders of t h ickets. Some 25 s pecies, n a tive a nd natura l 足 ized, are scattered throughout t h e U n ited States. They m a ke exce l l ent fodder. Seeds a nd foliage are eaten by wildlife. The Common Vetc h , w h ic h origin ated i n E u ro pe, is the most prev a l e nt. T h e pea - l ike fl owers vary from purple t o b l u e to wh ite.-late spring t o fall.

VETCHES

Pea Family.

a re a n n u a ls; some peren nia ls. A few have come over from E u rope. Two principa l types g row here. One is erect, with slender, b ra n c hed spikes of sm a l l fl owers; the other is a low or prostrate p l a n t with more showy, l oose l y c l u stered fl owers. Verva ins vary i n color from purple to blue to wh ite and favor waste places, dry field borders, a n d roa dsides. - Sum足 mer to early fall. Vervain Family.

BRODI EAS These pretty, del icate, g ra ssy-leaved, west足 ern w i l dfl owers prefer meadows a n d s u n n y h i l lsides. Best know n are the W i l d Hyacinth, Firecracker F l ower, a n d Golden Brodiea. T h e i r b e l l -shaped fl owers a re genera l ly pa l e b l u e or violet (rarely ye l l ow or crimson) a n d occ u r i n l oose clusters on twisted, bare stems, 6 to 2 0 i n c h es high. I n d i a n s a t e the s m a l l b u l bs, which t h e y c a l led "grass n uts."-Spring to summer. Lily

Family.

P E NSTEMO NS Most of the 250 species of these showy flowers a re b l ue, lavender, or purp le, but some are red, yel low, and even wh ite. Many a re common i n the West. In Colorado, Uta h, and through the Rocky Mo u n ta i n s the Penstemons are a b u n d a n t a l o n g ra i l road emban kments and in o pen fi e l ds, where they merge i n to masses of bri l 足 l i a n t c o l o r . T h e i r r a n g e extends u p to the rocky s o i l s o f t h e t i m b e r l i n e . O n l y a b o u t a dozen are f o u n d i n the East. Penstemons favor moist soi l, usua l ly in o pen, rocky places. They g row 1 to 3 feet high, with erect stems, often

bra n c h i n g at the base-though the g rowth patter n varies. The leaves are sm ooth and usually o pposite. The flowers are i n loose c l u sters; each is t u b u l a r with a spre a d i n g l i p. One of the common names, Beardtong ue, refers to hairy足 tipped sta m e n s that often protr ude beyond the peta ls. Some a l pi n e species of Penstemons a re popu l a r rock-garden p l a nts. A la rge-flowered, colorf u l hybrid is grown i n western gardens.-Spring and summer . Figwort Family.

The f a m i l iar, fragra nt, del icate Viol ets are common i n m o ist fi e l ds, wood l a n ds, a n d roadsides i n both the East and West. four states ( I l l., N . J., R. 1., Wis.) have a dopted the Violet as their state fl ower. Vio lets a re l ow, leafy p l a nts, rarely g rowi ng more than 1 0 inc hes h i g h . T h e attractive fl owers have 5 dai nty peta ls, which v a r y i n color f r o m d e e p p u r p l e a n d b l ue to ye l l ow a n d wh ite. Odd ly, they are u sua l ly sterile. Sma l ler fl owers that form l ower on the plant develop into sm a l l, 3-sided capsules, conta i n i n g the seeds. N ot a l l Violets have the typic a l hea rt-sha ped leaf.

V I OLETS

Some have deeply i n dented, na rrow leaves. The Common and Western B l u e Violets, Dog Violet, a n d Birdfoot Violet ore b l uish. Of the wh ite species, the Canada Violet is best know n . The Yel low Violets a p pear o n page 1 1 2 . Over 300 species of Violets in the wor l d have been described, a n d nea r l y 1 0 0 of t h e m a r e fou n d i n this cou ntry. The Pansy a n d most c u lti足 vated Vio lets are descenda nts of wild E u ropea n species, not of the eastern F i e l d Pansy. Spring and -

early summer. Violet Fam ily.

HEPATI CAS The inconspicuous, m ost fa m i l ia r Hepaticas are a m o n g the fi rst wood land harbingers of spri ng. They vary from l i lac or b l u ish to wh ite. The th ick, coa rse leaves are 3-lobed and last through the winter, a lthough by spring they are d iscolored. Leaf and fl ower stems are very hairy. Hepaticas prefer the rich, leafmold soils of open woods a n d forest slopes. Two s pecies g row i n t h e East. Early spring. Crowfoot -

Family.

These a romatic pla nts grow in fi e l d s a n d d ry, open p laces. T h e western species have a stronger, less pleasant odor than the common eastern kind. The dense c l u sters of sma l l fl owers, with long, c u r l i n g sta mens, g ive the plant its name. The slender stems, 2 to 5 feet h i g h , are sq u a re, like m ost Mints. T h e leaves are opposite. B l uec urls were once used a s medicine by the I ndians a n d by early Spanish settlers.-Sum足

BLU ECU RLS

mer and fall. Mint Family.

PASQUEFLOWERS Purple, vio let, a n d someti mes wh ite se pa l s g ive the c u p-sha ped Pasq ueflower its color. The fl ower has no peta ls. These low (6 to 1 4 inches h i g h ) prai足 rie pla nts consist mainly of a c l uster of dense, h a i ry, d iv足 ided leaves-in the center of which the fl owersta l k a p足 pears. After the fl ower is gone, s i l ky seeds with long, feathery ta i l s form in c l usters. It is the state fl ower of S o u t h D a k o t a .-S u m m e r t o f a l l. Crowfoot Family.

Selfhea l , a hardy pere n n i a l of E u ropea n origin, is now widely distrib uted in the East i n open woods, fi e l ds, roadsi des, and pastures. This low pla nt, 6 to 1 2 inc hes h ig h , has sma l l spi kes of b l ue or purple fl owers. Both of its common names, Selfhea l and H ea l a l l , i n d icate the plant was once used medici n a l ly -for sore th roats a n d other minor a i l ments. There is o n l y one species i n t h i s c o u n t r y . - S u m m e r.路 M i n t SELFHEAL

Family.

Most Lobelias a re b l u e to purple-flowered. (The scar l et Cardin a l F l ower, a true Lobe lia, page 1 7, is a n excepti on.) All prefer m oist ground a l on g brooks o n wet b a n ks a n d in meadows. A f e w species g row i n m a rsh margins, a n d one occurs o n sa ndy shores, partly i m mersed i n water. The sh owy fl owers are arranged in loose spikes which term i n ate the 1 - to 2 -foot ste m . Each fl ower occurs at the base of a leaf.-Summer and fall. LOBELIAS

Lobelia Family.

V E N U S LOO K I N GGLASS The sma l l , rounded, sca l l o ped

leaves clasping the stem a n d enfo lding the fl ower are fi e l d marks for this very common species. These wide足 spread a n n u a ls of fi e l ds, g a rdens, a n d roadsides have dai n ty purple to b l ue fl owers of two d isti nct types. The lower fl owers a r e sma l l and a re self-po l l i nated. Higher u p, the fl ow足 ers are l a rger and are po l l i nated by bees. P l a nts a re 1 to 2 feet h i g h . Summer t o e a rly fall. B ellflower Family.

BLUE TOADFLAX This slender p l a n t is common on d ry, sa ndy soils,. i n open fields, a n d on dry meadows. I n d ividu足 a l ly, the pla nts a re sma l l and fra i l , b u t i n favorable situa足 tions they b l a n ket large a reas. The lavender or violet fl owers have a d o u b l e l i p and end in a c u rved spur. The m i n ute l eaves are m a i n l y c l u stered at the base of the wand-l ike stem, 5 to 20 inches h i g h . B l ue Toadflax is a c l ose relative of Butter-an d-eggs (page 1 20).-Summer to fall. Figwort

Family.

The d e l icate, b e l l -shaped purplish, b l u 足 ish, o r wh ite fl owers h a n g o n slender, recurved sta l ks. The leaves g row low on the erect stem, 1 to 2 feet high. The common Bellflower is E uropea n, but other less widespread and eq u a l l y a ttractive species are n ative. They grow m ost abundantly in the East, in moist, shady fi e l ds, in m a rshes, a n d on m o u nta i n s l o pes. Some ha rdy species a re c u ltivate d . All have a b itter, m i l ky j u ice S u m m er to fall. B ell足 B E L L F LOWERS

flower Family.

Nemophilas a re l ow, spreading pla nts with sca nty fo l iage a n d com parative ly l a rge, attractive saucer-sha ped fl owers scattered s i n g l y on slender stems. Most are native to the Pac ific Coast, where about a dozen species grow i n meadows a n d on h i l lsides i n l i g h t shade. The pa le-b l ue to purple, 5- peta led fl owers a re wh ite i n the center. Some s pecies g row u n der c u ltivation. Spring. Water/ea f Family. NEM O P H I LAS

A E u ropean pla nt, C h icory is now a b u n dant in the U n ited States, g rowing i n pastu res, roadsides, and waste places. The l i g h t b l ue fl owers (rare l y pinkish or wh ite) g row c l ose a l o n g stiff-bra n c h i n g stems 1 to 5 feet h i g h . The fl owers soon wither in the s u n l i g ht. Mi l l ions of pounds of C h icory root, i m ported or g rown loca l l y, are roasted as a cof足 fee s ubstitute. - Summer and fall.

C H I CORY

Composite Family.

BLUEBELLS B l uebe l l s or Cowsl ips grow in moist, rich botto m l a n ds, sometimes in exte nsive, colorf u l masses. The smooth, erect stem , 1 to 2 feet high, with its large fl oppy l eaves, is topped by a l oose c l uster of c u p-sha ped fl ow足 e rs; these a re pinkish on ope n i n g , l ater becom i n g b l ue or lavender. Bellfl owers (page 73) a re sometimes confus e d with Bluebel ls. Spring. -

B orage Family.

B l u ets-a m o n g the d a i ntiest a n d m ost petite of our wildflowers-grow in dry c learin gs, meadows, a n d open woods. A l s o c a l led Quaker Ladies a n d I n n ocence, they are fou n d i n sma l l colon ies, making attractive patch 足 e s o f c o l o r . The tiny, 4- peta led fl owers vary i n the several species. The m ost common B l uet is pale b l uish, nearly wh ite, while oth ers a re genera l l y more purple. They are p o l l i nated by bees and sma l l b utterfl ies.- Spring and s u m足 BLU ETS

m er. Madder Family.

The Gentians, usua l l y 1 to 2 feet high, vary in a ppearance, col or, a n d habitat. About a dozen species g row in the East, less than h a lf this n u mber in the West. F l ower sha pes vary from a deep f u n n e l to a sha l l ow saucer; color, from violet to g reenish b l ue; a n d habitat, from m o ist woods to ma rshes and wet mea dows. All Gen足 tians have smooth leaves, growing opposite o n the ste m . T h e fl owers a re i n sma l l c l usters or g row i n d ividua l l y a t the ends of branc hes. The t i n y seeds f o r m i n a thin c a p足 s u le, which spl its open when ripe. GENT I A N S

The famed Fringed Gentian produces its vase- l i ke , deeply f r i n g e d , 路 violet- b l u e fl ower i n its s e c o n d y e a r o f g rowth. The Bottle or C l osed Genti a n is m ost common i n the East. The Soa pwort Gentian of t h e West resem b les i t c l osely. G e n t i a n roots are u s e d medici n a l ly as a ton i c . Some a re comparativel y rare with i n their r a n g e a n d s h o u l d b e picked with ca re. They a re difficult to c u lti颅 vate.-late summer and fall. Gentian Family.

The slen der-stemmed Polemoniums (8 inches to 4 feet h i g h ) grow i n cool open woods or o n moist s l o pes, m a i n ly i n t h e West. T h e b e l l -sha ped, funnel足 l i ke fl owers have 5 peta ls, which fuse i n to a sha l l ow tube. They range from blue to l ight violet and g row i n loose, a rched, or nodding c l u sters. The di足 vi ded leaves a lternate o n the stem. The fruit is a d ry c a psule. One of the Polemon i u ms, called J a cob's ladder, is common i n the Northwest.-Spring and summer. Phlox Family.

POLEMO N I UMS

These showy p l a nts, 1 to 2 feet h i g h , with g rasslike leaves, are known as Camas o r Wild Hyacinth. They g row i n rich, d a m p banks a n d moist mea dows, which a re someti mes b l a n keted by these deep b l ue to w h ite fl owers. C a m a s is c l ose l y related to the o n i o n . · l n d i a n s a n d early settlers relished t h e sma l l , onion- l i ke b u l bs. O n e I n d i a n w a r w a s caused by t h e wh ite s �ttlers' trespassin g on the cerem o n i a l Camas fields of the Nez Perce l n dians. CAMAS

Spring. Lily Family.

B L U E - EYED-GRASS These starlike b l ue or violet flow足 e rs, with ye l l ow centers, are borne at the top of slender, fl attened ste ms, a foot or m ore h i g h . The n a rrow, grasslike l eaves, lying c lose to the ste ms, g ive the plant part of its n a me. B l ue-eyed-grass thrives in moist mea dows a n d open places. The similar Golden -eyed-gra ss of the Pacific coast is, of cou rse, yel low.足

Spring and summer. Iris Family.

P I C K E R ELW E E D S Pickere lweeds g row 1 to 3 feet h i g h . for m i n g extensive b e d s i n s h a l l ows of p o n d s a n d sl uggish streams. They are often found with Arrowhead (pag e 1 50), but the Pickere lweed l eaf, sometimes q u ite na rrow, is thick and g l ossy, with a rounded base. The rich b l u e flower spike of Pickerelweed is at足 tractive i n l i l y ponds or outdoor a q u a r i a . I ts seeds are eaten by w i l d d u c ks.-S u m m e r a n d early fall. Pick足

erelweed Family.

Of about 1 50 native America n spec ies, m ost are confined to the West. O n l y one is common i n the Northeast. These bea utif u l , fi nger- leaved pla nts a b o u n d in fi e l ds, a r i d p l a i ns, a n d deserts. S o m e prefer m oist s o i l a l ong strea ms. Most are l t o 2 feet h i g h , b u t some a l pi n e l u p i nes are 6 inc hes or l ess. Five peta ls j o i n to form the typica l , del icate pea-type fl owers, which grow i n b l ue, purp le, pink, wh ite, a n d yellow spikes. Differently col ored lupines ofte n grow within the sa me a rea. The lupine leaf usua l ly has 5 to 7 leafl ets, radiating

L U P I NES

from a common sta l k . The hard, smooth seeds, ripe n i n g i n narrow, fl attened pods, a r e a va l ua b l e food f o r some western g a mebirds. The plants, however, are poisonous to cattle. L u pines a re wide ly cu ltivated as garden fl owers. The Texas state fl ower, t h e· B l uebon net, i s a L u p i n e . Lu pines and Poppies g row together in Ca l ifornia fields and foot h i l ls, cover ing the ground with a mantle of b l ue a n d g o l d . S p rin g and summer. Pea -

Family.

Vi pers Bugloss, a native of Europe, has spread over pastures, roadsi des, a n d waste p l aces in easte rn U n ited States. The loose spi kes of t u b u l a r, showy fl owers range in color from b l u e to purple. The c l osed buds a re pinkish and change color as they o pen. The hairiness of the low, bra n c h i n g stems (1 to 2 feet h i g h ) a n d n a rrow leaves g ives the plant a silvery-greenish a ppea rance. I t is som eti mes c a l led B l ueweed.-Summ er. Borage Family. VI PERS BUGLOSS

DAYFLOWERS About 1 0 very s i m i l a r species of Day足 fl ower are q u ite common i n rich, moist soil a r o u n d dwe l l 足 i n gs, a l ong stream margins a n d field borders. T h e fl ower, l i g h t b l u e to violet, is usua l l y set i n the h o l l ow of a hea rt足 s h a ped leaf. I t opens for o n l y a few h o u rs, on brig ht, warm days. The leaves a re s m ooth, shiny, and bright g ree n . Dayflowers g row 1 to 3 feet h i g h on m u lti足 bra nched, rec l i n i n g stems. Early -

summer and fall. Spiderwort Family.

88 The fo l l owing pla nts are covered in other sections of this book because they are predom inantly of some other colors, b ut they incl ude one or more species that do fit into the PU,RPLE TO B L U E color group: Page . Adderstongues 1 10 Beeba lms 18 C o l u mbi nes 2 8-9 F leaba nes 48 Gerardi as 50 G i l ias 20- 1 Godetias 27 J o e pyeweed 51 loosestrifes 52 Ma l l ows 30 Mari posas 1 25 Mea dow Beauties 39 53 M i l kweeds 47 M i l kworts Morning-g lories 23 Mon keyflowers 89 36-7 Orch ids Purple Conefl owers 46 34 Th istles 43 Wild Geraniums

Mon keyfl owers g row i n moist places throughout the cou ntry. The one common eastern species, p u r p l ish-blue i n co lor, favors wood l a nds. The more n u merous western species (genera l l y golden yel low) g row a l o n g strea m margins a n d i n mountain meadows. Mon keyfl owers are a b u n dant in Yose mite National Park. The leaves, usua l l y sma l l and toothed, g row op足 posite o n the squarish stems, 1 to 2 feet h i g h . S u mm er and fall. Figwort M O N K E YF L O W E R S

Family.

Of about 30 species in the U n ited States o n l y one (Ye l low Woodsorrel) is very common. It is a b u n dant i n ga rdens, fi e l ds, and waste p l a ces. The Violet Woodsorre l -sometimes grown a s a potted p l a nt is a wood l a n d s pecies. The c l over- l ike leaves of a l l Wood sorrels a re d ivided i n to th rees a n d notched at t h e i r t i p . T h e y s h u t a t nig ht. The p l a nts h a v e a pleasa nt, acid taste. Spring and summer.

WOO DSO RRELS

Woodsorrel Family.

BUTTERFLYWEED Butterflyweed, 1 to 3 feet h i g h , is one of the best-known a n d m ost b r i l l iant M i l kweeds (page 53). No other M i l kweed has bright orange to yel l ow fl owers in fl a t-topped erect c l usters at the ends of the branches. Besides, Butterflyweed has a watery sap, w h i l e t h a t of o t h e r M i l kweeds is m i l ky. The stem is usua l ly h a i ry. I t prefers road足 side e m b a n kments and open mead足

ows.-Summer and early fall. Milk足 weed Family.

SUNFLOWERS Of about 60 native species of Sun足 flowers, a bout 40 occur east of the Rockies. The " Russian Sunflower," an i m porta nt crop p l a nt, yielding va l u a b l e oil from its seeds, is a va riety of the Common Su nflower, which may g row up to 12 feet h i g h . The Common Sun足 fl ower i s the Kansas state fl ower . Another, the Je rusa lem Artichoke, is g rown as a crop p l a n t for its tasty, edible tu bers, which a re cooked and eaten l i ke potatoes. Most Sunfl owers, 2 to 6 feet h igh, grow i n open fi e l ds, meadows, roadsides. A few tolerate the shade in wood-

lands. They are a l l ta l l , with rough, stout stems a n d coa rse, toothed leaves. The flowerhead is com posed of m a n y ray a n d disk fl owers. The disk fl owers vary in color a n d size i n d ifferent s pecies, from brawn to yel low o r p u r p l e . The r a y fl owers, � sua l ly from 1 0 to 25, a re ye l l ow . W i l d Sun fl ower seeds a re n utritious a n d a re a n im portant food for songbirds a n d gamebirds.-Summer a n d fall. Com posite Fam ily .

YELLOW CO NEFLOWERS These Daisy- like fl owers are widely d istributed i n fi elds and waste places, i n d ry, sandy soils over centra l a n d eastern Un ited States. Their i nverted, cone- l i ke centers a n d downwa rd-slopi n g rays set them off from the Su nflowers. Most Conefl owers have golden-ye l l ow peta ls. An exception a re the P u r p l e Cone足 fl owers (page 46). The conica l center of Conefl owers is at fi rst g reen and later becomes brown . A n u m ber of cu ltivated garden flowers have been deve loped from them.

The Black-eyed Susan or Ye l l ow Daisy, the state fl ower of Ma ry l a n d , is perhaps the best-known Co neflower. It has l a rge, golden fl owerheads and dark purple centers, borne on ta l l stems, 1 to 3 feet h i g h . The Ta l l Conefl ower, 3 to 1 0 feet h i g h , with seve ra l l a rge fl ower heads o n the bra n c h i n g stems, is a n other we l l 足 known member o f t h i s group. It pre足 fers botto m l a n d s or moist woods from New E n g l a n d south . -Summer. Composite Family.

These a re heavi ly-scented, sticky pla nts of Pacific coast fi e l ds, orcha rds, a n d dry h i l lsides. Most are slender, 1 to 2 feet high, occasiona l l y u p to 3 feet. The lower part of the stem has na rrow leaves. The u p per part is m ore or less branched and bears the ye l l owish or crea m-colored fl owers. The abun足 dant Common Tarweed has large ye l l owish, Da isy- l i ke " peta ls," ringed with red. S u mm e r and fall. Compo足 site Family. TARWEEDS

Sneezeweeds vary in heig ht, form, a n d hab itat, b u t a l l hove ye l l ow fl owerheods, often with a dark d isk. They g row in mea dows a n d fi e l ds. A very common southern species, Bitterweed, is a tro u b l esome weed i n u p l a n d postures. Cows eati n g it d u r i n g a forage scarcity give b itter-tasti n g m i l k . Two of the more attractive Sneezeweeds ore cultivot足 SNEEZEWEEDS

ed.-Summer and ea rly fall. Com足 posite Family.

Two species, a lso known as Touch-me足 n ots, g row i n the East and 3 i n the fa r West. They like moist soi l a n d shady p laces a n d grow l to 5 feet high. The orange- o r yel low-spurred fl owers d roop from slender branchlets. The r i pe seed pods explode when touched, scattering their seeds, which are eaten by severa l kinds of b i rds. The nectar of the fl ower is a favorite of h u m m i ng b i rds, a n d the sa p is re足 puted to be a treatment for poison i v y. Summ e r and early fall. Jewel足 JEWELWEEDS

weed Family.

DAYLILY T h is fa m i l i a r Eu ropea n i m m igrant has spread widely. It propag ates by b u lbous roots and forms l a rg e colon ies i n fi e l d s a n d a l o n g roadsides. The fl ower sta lk, 2 to 5 feet h i g h , is topped by a n u m ber of l a rge b u ds, o n e o p e n i n g d a i l y to b e c o m e a deep orange fl ower. The long, l inear leaves g row at its base. Among the c u l tivated varieties of Day l i ly is an attractive, fra grant, yel low species.

-Summer. Lily Family.

1 00

HAWKWEEDS Some 50 s pecies of Hawkweeds, both native and natural ized from E u ro pe, are widely d istrib足 uted. They prefer dry clearin gs, pastures, and roadsides. The erect u n b ranched, hairy stem (1 to 3 feet high) bears yel l ow, orange, o r reddish flowerheads a t the top. At the base is a rosette of ha iry leaves. The attractive Rattlesna keweed is a Hawkweed of open, eastern wood足 la nds.-Summer to ea rly fall. Com足 posite Family.

1 01

There are about 40 species of Butterc u ps in the U n ited States, d istri b uted widely in l ow m oist pl aces, mea dows, and m a rshes. A few even grow sub merged i n water. Some a r e c ree pers, b ut most a r e erect a n d branch足 i n g . They all have shiny, "va rn ished," butter-ye l l ow peta ls (occasiona l l y w h ite), e n c l osing n u 足 m e r o u s sta mens. The B u l b B uttercup has ada pted itse lf to lawns a n d meadows. -Spring to fall. Crowfoot BUTTERC U P S

Family.

1 02

CAL I F O R N I A POPPY The C a l ifornia Poppy, state fl ower of Ca l ifornia, is one of the best-know n western fl owers. It is a b u ndant i n va l leys and footh i l ls of the Pacific coast and i n pa rts of the Rockies, c over i n g l a rge a reas with orange-golden fl owers, which open d u r i n g the d a y . I t is a lso c u l t ivated i n h o r 足 ticultural f o r m s that v a ry i n color t o p i n k , crea m, or w h ite. Sp r i n g Pop足 -

py Family.

DAN DEL I O N S These common Europea n weeds have spread to nearly every lawn. However, they offer some com pensati o n . Their roots contain a drug used i n treating the l iver. The l eaves, very rich i n vita m i n s, a re prized for spring sa lads, a n d wine is made from the flowers. The native western Dandelions a re a l so " honey" pla nts. Their seeds a re eat足 en extensively by b i rds.-Spring to

fall. Composite Family.

1 04

GOLDENRODS Some 1 25 species of Goldenrods g row i n this cou ntry. A l l of them o re native a n d m ost o re fou n d i n the East. W h i l e Gol denrods o re easy t o recogn ize, species identification is difficult. Note the form of the basa l leaves if you wont to be sure what Goldenrod you have fou n d . Gol.d enrods prefer o pen locations in meadows and fi e l ds and a l o n g roadsides. A few o re a d o pted to ma rshes, sandy beaches, deserts, and m o u ntains. In the East, where they cover acre after acre in the fa l l , Golden足 rods ore very im pressive. As a ca use of hoyfever, they o re n ot as obnoxious as is genera l ly bel ieved. The Ragweeds ca use pollen-sensitive peo ple much more suffering than do Go lden rods. Goldenrods a re genera lly 2 to 4 feet h i g h , though some occasiona l l y grow twice that h ig h . The stem is often sto ut, branching considera b ly near the top. The tiny fl ower c l us足 ters range from deep ye l low i n the Showy and Seaside Golden rods to pa ler ye l l ows and crea m y w h ite i n the Silverrod or W h ite Goldenrod. Many kinds are h a i ry a n d coa rse; others, like the Slender a n d La nce- leaved

1 05

Golden rods, are del icate. Goldenrods usua l l y have a pungent odor, but severa l a re pleasi n g ly fragrant a n d o n e , Sweet Gol denrod, i s a n ise-sce nted. T h e leaves o f this species have been d ried a n d used loca l l y as a tea or tonic. Try it; it is common through足 out the East. Goldenrod is the state fl ower of Alabama, Kentucky, a n d Nebraska .-Summer a n d fall. Com足 posite Family.

1 06

RABBITBRUSHES These resi nous wester n p l a nts, with their masses of sma l l ye l l ow fl owers i n fl attish c l u sters, may be m ista ken for Golden rod, a near relative. The l eaves are n a rrow and elongated. Rabbitbrushes g row i n shrubby c l u m ps, about 3 feet h i g h . Over 70 species make up a large part of the vegeta足 tion of our a rid p l a i ns, f u r n i s h i n g f o o d a n d cover f o r rabb its, d e e r a n d a ntel o pe, a n d other w i l d l ife.-Sum足

m er and fall. Composite Family.

Sticktights are common. Their fa m i l ia r brown, pronged seeds a ttac h themselves t o y o u r c l othing during a wa l k i n fi e l ds or a l ong roadsides. The p l a nts are erect and branc hed, 2 to 3 feet high. The flowerheads consist of many t u b u l a r florets-yel low, brownish-ye l l ow, or green-usua l l y with a series of peta l - l i ke, yel l ow ray fl owers a l o n g the o u t e r m a rg i n . Beggarticks a n d Bur Marigolds b e l o n g here.-Sum足 mer and fall. Composite Family. STICKTIGHTS

1 08

ST. J O H NSWORTS Some of these common plants, with brig ht, varied-sized ye l low fl owers, have come to us from Asia by way of E u rope. They grow 4 inches to 6 feet ta l l a long roadsi des, in m oist, open l a n ds, a n d even above the timber l i ne. The erect stems sometimes branch very much near the to p. The leaves g row opposite, clasping the stem. Some a re spotted with tiny, tra nspa rent dots . Summ e r and early fall. St. -

Johnswort Family.

The y e l l ow-fl owered Hop a n d B u r C l overs are related to the r e d , p i n k , a n d w h ite species (pages 24-25). These low pla nts, only a few i n c h es h i g h , g r o w i n lawns, orcha rds, fi e l ds, a n d roadsides. The two Hop C l overs have tiny, co m pact fl owerheads. B u r C l over YELLOW CLOVERS

has o n ly 2 or 3 fl owers i n a c l uster, which matures i nto coiled, bur-l ike seed pods with tiny c u rved hooks. -Spring and early summ er. Pea Family.

1 10

The delig htf u l Adderstong ues are low p l a nts, 5 to 1 0 inches high, of moist woo d l a n ds and m o u nta i ns. The pair of mottled leaves, with a nodding, 6-pa rted fl ower-ye l l ow, violet, or wh ite-risi n g on a short sta l k between them, is cha racteristic. Adderstong ues grow from sma l l b u l bs, which a r e edible when cook足 ed. Western s pecies are a lso known a s Ava lanche L i l ies.- Spring Lily Family.

AD DERSTONGUES

111

YELLOW O RC H I DS These Yel low Orchids belong with the well-k nown species on pages 36-37. The Yel low Lady足 s l i pper is widespread i n rich, m oist wood l a n ds. The Yel足 low-fringed Orchids bear sma l l c l u sters of feathery, ora nge fl owers on erect sta lks. Though q u ite d ifferent from the Ladys l i p per, they too have a l l the grace and rare bea uty of the Orchid F a m i ly. Fringed Orchids a re a lso wh ite, p i n k a n d purple. Spring and summer. Orchid Family. -

1 12

These incl ude one of the ta l l est of the Violets (Downy Ye l l ow Violet, 6 to 1 8 inches high). A l l Ye l low Violets h a v e heart-sha ped leaves a n d t h e typica l violet fl ower borne on rather short stems. F l owers a re a pa le to light yellow, sometimes streaked with b rown or purple. Hairy stems and leaves mark the Downy Ye l l o w V i o l e t . T h e smooth Yel low Violet h a s m ore leaves than the Downy Yellow.足 Spring. Violet Family.

YELLOW VIOLETS

1 13

EVE N I NG P R I MROSES Some Eve n i n g Prim roses o pen i n the late afternoon (as their name i m p l i es) a n d c l ose the next morning. The路 fl owers vary in size from moderate to l a rge a n d , though genera l l y pure yel low, range to pink or wh ite i n some species. The p l a nts usua l l y have a rosette of toothed l eaves and, in a few spec ies, there is no erect ste m . I n others, t h e stems are 1 t o 4 feet h i g h .

-Summer and early fall. Evening Primrose Family.

About 50 native species of Senecio, known as Groundsel, Ra gwort, and Squaw-weed, usu a l l y g row on t h e o pen p l a i ns. They are herbs, with ye l l ow fl oweJ.s in flat-topped c lusters at the ends of stems, some足 . thing l ike th ose of a Yel l ow Aster. Some have s i m ple, e rect stems. Others branch a t the base or a bove. The leaves a lternate on the stem-some h a i ry, some pointed, some divided i n to n a rrow l obes.足 GRO U N DSELS

Summ er, fa ll, and winter. Composite Family.

1 15

FOXGLOVES These erect, branched pla nts, 2 to 4 feet ta l l , grow in o pen eastern wood l a n ds. The 1 0 species a l l have la rge, sh owy, yel low, tubular, 5- peta led fl owers. The leaves a re o pposite; some are fi nely divided. The seeds o f some species a re winged. Foxg l oves are root parasites. They become attached to roots of trees a n d so g a i n part of their nourish ment. The Gerardias (page 50) with purple fl owers are c l ose relatives. Late summer to -

early fall. Figwort Family.

1 16

The 4-petaled flowers show that these pla nts belong with the many species of European a n d native Musta rds. Other Musta rds a lso have yel l ow fl owers i n sma l l c l usters. Wintercress or Ye l l ow Rocket is c u ltivated abroad as a sa lad plant. The sm ooth ste m, 1 to 2 feet high, bears cut and lobed l eaves. The seed pods a re 4-a n g l ed; 1 to 3 inches l o n g Sp rin g and summer.

WI NTERCRESS

Mustard Family.

1 17

C I N Q UEFO ILS The shiny g o l den C i n q uefo i ls, or Five足 fi ngers, brig hten pastu res, mea dows, h i l ls, and roadsides. Common species are creepers, though a n u m ber g row erect or even s h r u b - l ike, 1 to 3 feet h i g h . The toothed, strawberry- l i ke leaves are 3- or 5 - l obed. There a re over 1 00 s pecies of C i n q uefo i l , mostly in cooler areas. F l owers, besides yel足 l ow, are w h ite, red, and purple.足

S u m m er and ea rly fall. Rose Family.

1 18

Great M u l lein is a very common E u ropea n plant of roa dsi des, fie l ds, a n d dry waste places. The fl ower sta lk is a stout, erect candelabra, 2 to 7 feet ta l l , with a basal rosette o f large soft, hairy l eaves. T h e 5- pet足 a led, l i g h t ye l l ow flowers open a few at a time, in a branched spike. The sma l ler Moth Mul lein is more s l e nder, with sm ooth l eaves and ye l l ow, wh ite, or pink MULLEI NS

- fl owers.-Summer and fall. Figwort Family.

These semitro pical p l a nts have fern 足 like leaves a n d g o l den ye l l ow fl owers. A dozen or so species occur, most of them in the South i n fi e l ds, road足 sides, and waste p l a ces. They are a l so known as Sensitive Pla nts and Bee- b l osso m . The delicate, compound leaves, contro l l e d by a n u n usua l m ec h a n ism, fold s l ow足 ly when touched. The hard seeds are eaten by q u a i L-Summer and fall. PART R I DGE-P EAS

Senna Fam ily.

1 20

Butter-an d-eggs, orig i n a l l y from Euro pe, has spread over northern fi e l ds, pastu res, roa d 足 sides, a n d c ity lots. The erect stems, 6 to 30 i n c hes h i g h , are topped by yel low a n d o r a n g e 2 - l i p ped fl owers, spurred at the base. Were these very bright, attractive flowers rarer, they would a rouse g reater adm iration . The leaves a re narrow, a l ternate, a n d g ray-green i n color. S u mm e r and early fall. BUTTER-AN D-EGGS

Figwort Family.

These gracef u l p l a nts grow from u n der足 ground stems i n rich woods and botto m l a n ds. The nod足 d i n g , straw-colored or lemon-ye l l ow, b e l l - s h a ped fl owers h a n g from the slender stem, which i s 6 to 1 8 inches h i g h . Below the fl owers are l a nce-sha ped leaves, which i n one of the two com足 mon eastern species are pierced by the ste m . The seeds are in a 3-pa rted capsule. -Spring and early summer. BELLWORTS

Lily Family.

1 22

This western fl owe r g rows i n moist fi e l ds, meadows, and h i l lsides. I t i s espec i a l ly a b u n d a n t a l ong the Pacific coast, where it may cover entire fields. As its n a m e i m p l ies, this plant has creamy-ye l l ow, 6-peta led c u p - l i ke flowers, borne on thin, leafless sta l ks. Crea m c u ps are low pla n ts with narrow, h a i ry leaves. The seeds deve lop in n a rrow, poppy- like pods. - Spring . Poppy C R EAMC UPS

Family.

1 23

ER I O G O N U MS Most of this l a rg e western group of about 200 s pecies have widely branched, u m b rďż˝ l l a - l ike c l usters of s ma l l , ye l low, w h ite, p i n k, or orange-red fl owÂ ers. The s m a l l leaves a re usua l ly confi n e d to a basa l rosette a r o u n d the leafless stem, l to 3 feet hi g h . These p l a n ts favor dry p l a i n s and p l atea us. A desert species with a n i nfl ated stem is known a s Desert Trum pet. -Spring

to ea rly s u m m er. B uckwheat Fam ily.

1 24 The fol lowing pl a nts are covered in other sections of thic book because they are predo m i n a ntly of some other colors, but they i n c l ude one or more species that d o fl t into the ORANGE TO YELLOW color group: Page 82 B l u e-eyed-g rass Brodieas 61 C l overs 24-5 C o l u m bines 2 8-9 G i l ias 20- 1 1 41 Gromwe l l s 84-5 l u pines M a l lows 30 1 25 Mariposas 47 M i l kworts 36-7 Orchids Paintedcups 26 151 Pricklypoppies 35 Spiderflowers 1 42 Sweetc lovers Violets 64-5

1 25

These gra cefu l wh ite, ye l l ow, a n d l i l a c fl owers, u p to 1 foot h i g h , g row i n mea dows a n d h i l lsides. They a re common, ofte n b l a n keting desert footh i l ls in t h e spring. The t u l i p- l i ke fl ower, slender stem , a n d grass l i k e leaves a re c h a racteristic, a s are the sma l l e d i b l e b u lbs, used by the I n dians. They are known a lso as Mari posa l i ly, Mari posa T u l i p, or Seg o l i ly. The latter, a wh ite spe足 cies, is the Uta h state fl ower. Sp rin g

MAR I POSAS

and summer. Lily Family.

1 26

DUTCHMANS-BREEC HES This is a fragra nt, attractive p l a n t of rich eastern woods, ofte n found with Spring Beauty a n d Yel low Adde rstongue. The 4 to 8 cream to pink fl owers h a n g on a slender sta l k 6 to 1 2 i n c hes high, their double-spu rred cor o l l a sta i n ed with ye l l ow. The leaves are a l m ost fer n - l ike. Another species, Squ irrel Corn, has a single足 spurred fl ower, similar to that of the wester n Bleed i n g - h eart. -Spring . Fumitory Family.

These to l l ( 1 to 7 feet), state ly p l a nts prefer mea d ows, rich wood l a n d borders, a n d other m oist, open pl aces. There o re several species; those of the West o re s m a l l e r than the eastern ones. In s u m m e r the u p per pdrt of the plant is covered with mosses of sma l l wh ite or greenish-wh ite sta r l ike fl owers. The leaves, d a i ntily divided into sub足 groups of 3 l eafl ets, make the pla nts even more o ttroctive.-Summer to MEADOW R U ES

early fall. Crowfoot Family.

RUE ANEMONE

This is a low (5 to

i n ch es), del icate

wood l a n d plant with attractive, compound leaves. Its fl owers, a rranged i n c l u sters of 2 o r 3 o n a slender sta lk, are usua l l y w h ite, someti m es tinged with p i n k . The small, roun ded, deep g reen leaves a re long-stem med a n d are d ivided i n to groups of 3, rese m b l i n g t h e foliage o f Mea dowrue. Rue Ane足 mone is common i n open woods.足

Spring.

Crowfoot

Family.

B U G BANES These ta l l h erbs, 4 to 6 feet h i g h , of rich, open wood l a n ds g o u n d e r such names a s Cohosh, Black Snakeroot, and Fairy-ca n d les. The tiny, w h ite, feathery b l ooms branch i n spire- l ike c l u sters. Their u n p l easa nt, sta le odor attracts fl ies, which po l l i nate the p l ant. The l a rge, compound l eaves a re divided i nto sharply-toothed leaflets. The fruit i s a m a ny-seeded, purple c a p足 sule.-Summer. Crowfoot Fam ily.

Most Saxifrages have m a ts of toothed, rounded leaves, g rowi n g at the base of bare, erect flower sta l ks, 2 to 1 5 inc hes h i g h . They are often ha iry or sticky. The sma l l wh ite to greenish flowers are 5- peta led, i n flat tish c l usters. Many Saxifrages are northern p l a nts of moist mea dows and m o u nta i n s l o pes. Some are common i n eastern wood l a nds. The roots were used a s medi c i ne. �pr i n g and summer. Saxifrage SAXI FRAGES

Family.

The fl owers of Bunch berry, a l so known a s Dwarf Cornel, rese m b l e those of flowering Dogwood足 a n d with good reason, for the pla nts are c l ose rel atives. The 4 greenish-wh ite " peta ls," set over a whorl of 4 to 6 leaves, are act u a l l y bracts surrounding a c l uster of tiny, green- or yellow- peta led fl owers. The u n us u a l symm etry of the p l a n t sets it off from a l l others. B u n c hberry g rows in coo l northern woods, where it is parti a l to rich, acid soils. I n fa l l the sh ort ste ms, 2 to 8 inches h i g h , a re topped by c l usters of scarlet berries, which g ive this attractive p l a nt its name. Spring B U N C H BERRY

and summer. Dog wood Family.

FOAMFLOWERS Note the s m a l l, h a i ry, ma ple-like l eaves which grow c l ose to the grou n d . The fl ower sta lk, often a foot high, bears a loose spike of fi ne, erect, wh ite ' fl owers with long ora n ge sta mens. These p l a n ts of rich northern woods are very similar to the s m a l ler, more delicate Mitreworts, one of which has a pa i r of sma l l leaves h a lfway u p the fl ower sta l k . Mitreworts a r e a lso woo d l a n d p l a nts. -Spring to early summ er. Saxifrage

Family.

133

WI NTERG R E E N S

W i n te r g r e e n s a r e w o o d l a n d p l a nts,

ofte n g rowi n g i n t h e s h a d e of e v e r g r e e n s . T h e s m a l l , s h i n y , d e e p - g r e e n l e a v e s o rt v e r y l o w ste m s , 2 to 5 i n c h es h i g h , r e m a i n o n t h e p l a n t a l l w in te r . W h e n c r u s h e d , t h e y e x u d e the fa m i l ia r w i ntergreen f r a g r a n c e . T h e s m a l l , w h ite t u b u 颅 l a r fl ow er s m a t u r e i nto a r o m atic red b e r r i e s , w h i c h 路 g a m e b i r d s eat. Sa l o l , a

w e s t e r n s p e c i e s, i s l a r g e r a n d

s h r u b - l i k e . -S u m m e r. Heath Fam ily.

1 34

SOLOMO N-SEALS The greenish bel l -sha ped flowers of Solomon -sea l hang a l ong the s l ender sta l k . But the sma l l , sta rry, wh ite fl owers of Spikenard or False Solo足 m o n -seal form a term i n a l c l uster. Severa l species of Solo足 mon -sea l and Spikenard favor open northern woods. The fl owers of Solomon -sea l ripen into p l u m p, blue berries; the Spi kenard, into smaller bronze or reddish ber足 ries. Spring and ea rly summer. Lily -

Family.

CANADA MAYFLOWER This tiny, common p l a n t that carpets northern fo rests has a c l uster of sma l l wh ite fl owers at its tip. I t is a l so known a s Massachusetts Mayflower a n d Fa lse L i l y-of-the-va l ley. T h e shiny leaves a re broad a n d hea rt-s ha ped at t h e base. O n ly 2 or 3 o f them g row on the short stem, which is 4 to 6 inc hes high. The fl owers ripen i nto spotted, greenish - wh ite berries, turning to d u l l red in the fa i L-Summer. Lily Family.

P I PSI SSEWAS Common in deep, we l l -drained woods, Pi psissewas are widespread across the N orthern states a n d i n mou nta in a reas. The waxy wh ite or pinkish fl owers, 5- peta led and q u ite fragra nt, occ u r i n a group of 3 or 4 at the top of the short, n a ked sta l k . The narrow, leathery leaves, 1 to 3 inches long, are stro ng足 ly toothed. I n one eastern s pecies the leaves are mottled by l ight markings a long the m i d-veins.-Summer. Py足 rola Fam ily.

1 37

C H I C KWEEDS Of about 25 kinds of C h ic kweeds, na足 tive a n d natura l ized, o n l y one, the Co m m o n C h i c kweed, is widesprea d and we l l known. I t is a sm a l l, weedy p l a n t of ga rdens, fi e l ds, a n d m o i s t p l aces. The w e a k , rec l i n i n g 5tems, often a foot l o n g , b e a r pairs o f sm a l l ova l l eaves. The fl owers have deeply notched white peta ls and deve lop into pa足 pery ca psu les, conta i n i n g sma l l seeds that songbirds relish .-Spring. Pink Family.

YARROWS T h e s e a r o m a t i c, l a c y - l e a v e d, g r a y i s h g reen p l a nts a r e topped with a fl a t h e a d o f s m a l l , d u l l wh ite (occasiona l ly purple) fl owers. T h e common Ya rrow or M i lfoi l is a typica l roadside weed, grow i n g 1 to 2 feet h ig h in mea dows a n d fi e l ds. Aro matic Ya rrow was once used for colds and as a ton i c . Severa l western s pecies i n c l ude a sma l ler a l pi n e rel a tive a n d one with a woo l l y stem.

S u m m e r and fall. Composite Family.

QUEEN -ANNES-LACE The fl a t-to pped, l a cy, d u l l 足 wh ite fl ower c l usters ofte n have a s i n g l e d a r k purple flower i n the center. The leaves are fi n e l y divided. This coa rse weed th rives i n c u ltivated fi e l d s a n d exposed g rounds. I t i s partic u l a r l y a b u n d a n t i n the Northeast, where it has spread widely. Queen足 Annes-lace or Wild Ca rrot is one of the worst E u ropean weeds. A sma l l 足 e r , less common species occurs i n t h e West S u mme r a n d ea rly fall. .-

Parsley Family.

1 40

BEDST RAWS Bedstraws are common herbs of open woods and m oist fi e l ds. They vary i n form and h a bit, but all are sma l l a n d rather del icate pla nts, 1 to 2 feet h i g h . T h e i r slender steins are often wea k a n d rec l i n i n g . A few are covered with rasping " hairs. The tiny, 4-pa rted white or ye l low flowers are grou ped either a t the base of the leaf or a t the top of the pla nt. The n a rrow l eaves are i n pairs or whorls of 4 to 6.-Sum足

m er. Madder Family.

1 41

These are rough-ha ired, slender p l a nts, common in most western fi e l ds a n d roadsides. Their s m a l l wh ite, yel l ow, or orange fl owers t o p t h e p l a n t i n c u rved c l u sters. Except for col or, the Gromwe l ls' fl owers a n d h a i ry foliage rese m b l e Forget-me足 nots, rel ated b l ue-fl owered pl a nts. The seeds are w h ite and sto ny. The roots were used by I n dians i n making a purple dye S u mm e r and ea rly GROMWELLS

fa//. Borage Fam ily.

1 42

Despite the name, Sweetc lovers are not true C l overs. These widespread pla nts are of foreign ori g i n . They are genera l l y more abundant i n the West, where they g row a l o n g hig hways a n d in waste places. Sweetc l overs are raised loca l l y as a forage crop a n d prod uce fi n e h o n e y . The bushy plants, 2 to 5 feet high, have sprays of tiny aromatic fl owers, cream 足 wh ite to golden yel l ow. W h ite is commonest. Summer. Pea Family. SWEETCLOVERS

The F i e l d Daisy is bea utif u l a n d a b u nd a n t i n eastern fi e l d s a n d roadsides. The p l a nts, 1 to 2 feet h i g h , g row i n c l u m ps, to pped by wh ite-rayed, y e l l ow足 centered fl owerheads. Most of the toothed leaves c l u ster at the base of the ste m . C u l tivated C h rysa nth e m u m s a n d Da isies are relatives o f the F i e l d Da isy; so is Feverfew, a branching species with s m a l ler fl owers and FIELD DAI SY

leaves.-Summer and Composite Family.

ea rly

fall.

Severa l simi l a r Daisy- l i ke pla nts natu足 r a l ized from E u rope have sprea d through the West, where they a re fou n d i n ba rnyards, fiel ds, waste p l a ces, a n d roadsides. B i r d s occasiona l ly eat t h e i r seeds. Mayweeds are common in the E a st a l so. The common species g rows 6 to 1 8 inches h i g h . Its feathery l eaves have a pun gent, rotting odor. C a m o m i l e tea is made from the fl ow足 ers. - Summer and fall. Composite

MAYWEEDS

Fa mily.

1 45

0 A familiar pla nt, common in a l l o u r northern states a n d i n Canada, i s this slender, ever足 green c reeper, which takes root a long its prostrate stem. The sma l l , shiny, ova l leaves are white-veined a n d g row i n o pposite pairs. T h e creom-wh ite or pa l e p i n k fl owers are 4- peta led. The peta ls are u nited to form a m i n iature tube. The fl owers a re in pairs, too. Each pa i r eventu足 a l ly forms the a romatic, red part足 ridgeberry or twin berry, which is eaten b y b i rds.-Spring to early PARTR I DGEBERRY

summer. Madder Family.

These slender plants th rive in moist woods a n d a l o n g streams. The fl owers, medium sma l l , wh ite o r p i n k ish, g row i n c l usters. Their 4 peta l s a re some足 what cross-shaped. The sm ooth stems, 6 to 1 5 i n c hes high, bear toothed leaves. The edible, peppery root tastes l i ke Watercress. A western species is a lso abundant, and meadows in the coast ranges are wh itened when it b l ooms. TOOTHWORTS

-Spring. Mustard Fam ily.

147

large colon ies of Maya pple g row in moist southeaster n woods. The si n g l e, medium- large wh ite flower is at the j u nction of the pa ir of la rge, u m b re l l a - l ike leaves. The edible lemon-ye l l ow fruit has a strawberry flavor, but the root, stem, and leaves a re poisonous. Dur足 i n g the Middle Ages, Maya pple, a l so known as Mandra ke, was prized be足 cause of its s u p posed magic proper足 ties.-late spring. Ba rberry Family. MAYAPPLE

These ta l l pla nts, 4 to 1 2 feet high, are common i n fa l l ow fields a n d wa ste places. The s ma l l , whitish fl owers, sometimes tinged with purple, g row i n c l usters. T h e d a r k purple berries have earned f o r the pla nts the na mes l n kberry and Pokeweed . Birds eat the berries and may become i n toxicated from the m . The young s hoots are edible when cooked, but the large root is poisonous.-fa/1. Pokeweed Family. POKEBERR I ES

1 49

BLO O D ROOT The Bloodroot-a fi rst s i g n of spring i n the Northeast-has a bea utifu l, fra g i l e fl ower. T h e c lear, w h ite, l o n g peta ls radiate from the golden ye l l ow center. They c l ose i n the eve n i n g . The sing le, i rreg u l a r leaf wraps around the fl ower sta l k . The p l a n t has a mi lky, a c r i d , o r a n g e sap. B loodroot is common a l ong shaded roadsides a n d i n rich woods, g row足 ing to a h e i g ht of 1 0 inc hes. Ear/y -

spring . Poppy Family.

Arrowheads ·are m a rsh a n d a q uatic pla nts that th rive a long ponds a n d margins of s l u ggish streams. Pure wh ite, 3-peta led, lily-l ike fl owers are borne i n a spire 1 to 2 feet above the c l uster of a rrow-s h a ped l eaves. (In a few species the leaves a re n ot a r row-sha ped . ) Algonquin Indians roa sted the un derground tubers, as d i d the early settlers. Ducks a lso find them a pal ata b l e food . Summer and early

ARROWHEADS

fall. Water Plantain Family.

Over a half dozen species of these bushy pla nts g row i n dry places i n the West, where they are a lso known as Mexica n - poppy a n d Th istlepoppy. The sh owy, l a rge wh ite or ye l l ow b l ooms are borne s i n g l y a t the ends of b r a n c h e d sta lks. The l eaves a n d stem s of t h e pla nts, 2 to 3 feet h i g h , a re covered w ith sharp prickles. They have a b it足 ter, yel l ow juice. The seed pod is a n oblong capsule f u l l o f shot l ike, round seeds.-Summer. Poppy Family. PRICKLYP O P P I ES

1 52

The fo l l owing pla nts are covered in other sections of this book beca use they are predo m i n a ntly of some other colors, but they i n c l ude one or more species that do fit into the C R EAM TO WH ITE color group: Page Asters 56-7 73 Bellflowers Bouncing Bet 40 Brodieas 61 Butterc u ps (aq uatic) 101 Camas 81 C l overs 24-5 2 8-9 C o l u m b ines 1 23 Eriogon u m s 1 13 Evening Prim roses F leabanes 48 Gilias 20-1 Goldenrods 1 04-5 Hepaticas 66 J oepyeweed 51 Knotweed s 38 M i l kworts 47 Morning-glories 23 Nemoph i las 74 Orchids 36-7 Penstemons 62-3 Rose Gentians 41 Spring Beauties 49 Tarweeds 96 Tra i l i n g Arbutus 45 Tri l l i u m s 19 Verva ins 60 Vetches 59 Violets 64-5 W i l d Geraniums 43 W i l d Pinks 22

1 53 INDEX

Adde rston g ues, 1 1 0

Amate u r Activities, 1 3- 1 5

B l u ets, 77

Arbutus, Tra i l i n g , 45

B l u eweed, 86

Arrowheads, 83, 1 50

Boneset, 5 1

Asters, 56-57

B o u n c i n g Bet, 40

Hea rt-leaved, 57

Brodieas, 6 1

New E n g l a nd, 57

B l ue-eyed-g rass, 82

Golden, 6 1

New York, 57

B u g b a nes, 1 2 9

W h ite Wood land, 57

B u n c h be rry, 1 3 1

Ava l a n c h e L i l ies, 1 1 0

B u r C lover, 1 09 B u r Marigold, 1 07

Bea rdto n g u e , 62-63

Bu tte r-a nd-eggs, 1 2 0

Bedstraws, 1 40

Buttercu ps, 1 0 1

Beeba l m s, 1 8

B u l b, 1 0 1

Beeb losso m, 1 1 9

Bee p l a n t, 35

Begga rweeds, 44

Be l lflowe rs, 73

Butterflyweed, 9 1

Begga rticks, 1 07

Common, 73 B e l l wo rts, 1 2 1

Berga mot, Wild, 1 8

B i rds Eyes, 2 1 Bitterweed, 97

C_p l ifo rnia Po ppy, 1 02

C a n a d a Mayflowe r, 1 35

- C a rd i n a l F l owe r, 1 7 - Catchfly, 2 2 C h i c kweeds, 1 37 C o m m o n , 1 37

- C h icory, 75 C h rysa nthe m u ms, 1 43

B l a c k-eyed S u s a n , 95

Ca mas, 8 1

C i n q uefo i ls, 1 1 7

B l a c k S n a ke root, 1 29 B l a z i n g -stars, 58

B l ee d i n g-hea rt, 1 26

- C love rs, 24-25 Alsike, 2 5

Blood root, 1 49

C l i m b i n g B u c kwheat, 38

B l u e Toadflax, 72

B l u e b e l ls, 76

Hop, 1 09

B l uebon net, 85

Red, 2 5

B l u e c u rls, 67

W h ite, 25

B u r, 1 09

1 54 Ye l l ow, 1 09 Cohosh, 1 29

Collecting F l owers, 1 4- 1 5 C o l o r Key, 7

- C o l u m b i nes, 28-29 -

F i recracker Flower, 6 1 F i reweeds, 33 Five-fi n g e rs, 1 1 7

- Fleabanes, 48 Daisy, 48 F l o r a l Pa rts, 1 0- 1 1

B l u e , 28 Conefl awers, 46, 94-95

Foa mflawe rs, 1 32

Pu rple, 46

Forget-me-n ets, 1 4 1

Ta l l , 94-95

Foxg loves, 50, 1 1 5

Yel low, 94-95 Conse rvation, 1 2

- Cows l i ps, 76 C rea m c u ps, 1 22 Da isy, Field, 1 43 Ye l low, 95

- Gayfeather, 58 - Gentia ns, 78-79 Bottle, 79 -

Fringed, 79

Soa pwo rt, 79

- Gera n i u ms, Wild, 43

Da n d e l ions, 1 03

Dayflowe rs, 87

- Gera rdias, 50, 1 1 5

Dayl i l y, 99

- Deerg rass, 39

- G i l ias, 20-2 1 -

B l u e Dese rt, 2 1

Desert T r u m pet, 1 23

Downy, 2 1

Dogwood, 1 3 1

Prick ly, 2 1

Dutch m a n s-breeches, 1 26

Sca rlet, 2 1

Dwa rf Cornel, 1 3 1

- Godetias, 2 7 - Golden-eyed-g rass, 82

Eriog o n u ms, 1 2 3

Golden rods, 1 04- 1 05

Eve n i n g Prim roses, 1 1 3

L a n ce-leaved, 1 04

C a l iforn ia, 43

Seaside, 1 04

Fairy-ca nd les, 1 29

Showy, 1 04

Fa lse L i l y-of-the-val ley, 1 35

Sle nder, 1 04

False Solomon-sea l, 1 34

Sweet, 1 05

Fa rewe ll-to-spring, 27

W h ite, 1 04

Feverfew, 1 43 Field Da isy, 1 43

- F i la rees, 42

- G rass-n u ts, 6 1 G reat M u l le i n , 1 1 8 Gromwe l l s, 1 4 1

1 55 G ro u ndsels, 1 1 4

Mandrake, 1 47

G rowing Wildflowe rs, 1 4

Mariposas, 1 25 Li ly, 1 2 5

Hawkweeds, 1 00

- Hea l a l l , 69 - He paticas, 66 Hop C love r, 1 09

- Horse m i n t, 1 8 How To Use T h is Book, 7-8

- Hyacinth, Wild, 6 1 , B 1

T u l i p, 1 2 5 Maya p p l e , 1 47

- Mayflowe r, 45 Canada, 1 35 Massa c h usetts, 1 35 Mayweeds, 1 44

- Meadow Bea u ties, 39 Meadowrues, 1 27

l n kbe rry, 1 48

Mexica n-poppy, 1 5 1

I n n ocence, 77

MilfQil, 1 3 8

I ronweeds, 55

New York, 55

Ta l l , 55

- Mil kweeds, 53, 9 1 - Mil kwo rts, 47 Fringed, 47 Mitrewort, 1 32

- Jacob's Ladder, 80

Mon keyflowe rs, 89

Je rusa l e m Artichoke, 92

- Monkshood, 2 9

Jewelweeds, 98

- Morn i n g - g l o ries, 2 3

- Joepyeweed, 5 1

- Moss Campion, 22 M u l leins, 1 1 8

- Kisses, 3 1

G reat, 1 1 8

- Knotweeds, 3 8

Moth, 1 1 8 Musto rd, 1 1 6

- Lady S l i p p e rs, 36 Showy, 36 Ye llow, 1 1 1

- La rkspu r, 2 9 - Lob e l i a s, 1 7, 70 - Loosestrifes, 52 - Lu pines, 84-85 - M a l l ows, 3 0 -

Rose, 30

- N e m o p h i l a s, 74 - Orch ids, 36-37 Yel low, 1 1 1 Ye l l ow-fringed, 1 1 1

- Osweg o Tea, 1 8 - Paintbrush, I n d i a n , 26

1 56

Pai ntedcu ps, 26

P a n sy, 65

- Selfhea l , 69 Senecio, 1 1 4

Field, 65

Sen sitive P l a nt, 1 1 9

Shoot i n g sta rs, 32

Pa rts of a F lower, 1 0- 1 1

S k u n kweed, 35

Pasqueflowers, 68

Skyrocket, 2 1

Penstemons, 62-63

Sma rtweeds, 38

Soo pwo rt, 40

ďż˝a rtrid gebe rry, 1 45

Si lverrod, 1 04

Pa rtrid ge-peas, 1 1 9

P h otog ra phy, 1 3

Pickere lweed, 83

P i n k Ma ids, 3 1

Pin ks, W i l d , 22

Indian, 22

Solomo n-se a l s, 1 34 F a l se, 1 34

- S p i d e rflowe rs, 35 S p i ke n a rd, 1 34

Pi psissewas, 1 36 Pokebe rries, 1 48

Sneezeweeds, 97

S p r i n g Beauties, 49

P o l e m o n i u ms, 80

S q u a w-weed, 1 1 4

Poppy, C a l iforn ia, 1 02

Sq u irrel C o r n , 1 26

Pricklypoppies, 1 5 1

Stic ktights, 44, 1 07 S u n fl owers, 92-93

C o m m o n , 92

Q u a k e r lad ies, 77

Russia n , 92

Q u e e n -An n es-lace, 1 39

Sweetc love rs, 1 42

Rabbitbru s h es, 1 06 Ragwo rt, 1 1 4

Ta rweeds, 96

Ra n g e Mo ps, 8 Rattlesna keweed, 1 00

Red Maids, 3 1 Refe rences, 1 6

Rose Gentia ns, 4 1 Rue Anemone, 1 2 8

C o m m o n , 96

Tearth u m bs, 38 Th istles, 34 Th ist l ep op py, 1 5 1

Tickc lovers, 44

Ticktrefoil, 44

Toa dflax, B l u e, 72

St. J o h n swo rts, 1 08

Toothwo rts, 1 46

Saxifrages, 1 30

T o u c h -me-nots, 98

Sego l i ly, 1 25

- T ra i l i n g Arbutus, 45 s

- Tr i l l i u ms, 1 9

- Vipers B u g l oss, 86

1 57

Weeds, 1 1 Usefu l Wild Pla nts, 1 4

What to See, 9-1 1 Where to Look, 9 Wild Ca rrot, 1 39

- Va n i l l a , 37 -

- Wild Gera n i u ms, 43

Ve n u s Loo k i n g g lass, 7 1

Wi ldflower

- Verva ins, 60 - Vetches, 5 9 -

Conservation, 1 2 Wi ldflowe r Preservation

C o m m o n , 59

Society, 1 2

- Violets, 64-65

Winte rcress, 1 1 6

B irdfoot, 65

Winte rgreens, 1 33

C a n a d a , 65

Woodsorrels, 90

C o m m o n B l u e , 65

Violet, 90

Dog, 65

Downy, 1 1 2

Weste rn B l u e , 65

Yarrows, 1 38

Yellow, 1 1 2

Ye l low Rocket, 1 1 6

Yel low, 90

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R E COR D S

FLOWERS A G O LD E N NATU R E G U I D E

H ERBERT S. ZIM, P h . D ., outsta n d i n g a uthority on science education a n d formerly Professor of E d u cation, Un iversity of I l l inois, is we l l 足 known in professional c i rc les a n d to a wide rea d i n g public. He is co-author of the Golden Nature Guides: B irds, Flowers, Insects, Stars, Trees, Reptiles and Amphibians, Mammals, Seashores, Fishes, Weather, a n d Rocks and Minerals.

ALEXA N D E R C . MART I N , Ph.D., is senior b i o l 足 ogist of the U . S. Fish a n d W i l d l ife Service a t the Patuxent Research Refuge i n L a u r e l , Mary l a n d . A n a uthority on p l a nts u s e d by w i l d l ife, and on the identification of p l a nts by seeds a n d fruits, h e is the a uthor a l so of the Golden Nature G u ide Trees. R U DOLF F R E U N D is wel l known a s a nature a rtist. He has i l l ustrated American Garden Flowers a n d Am erican B utterflies and Moths,足 as we l l as many m a g a z i ne articles on nature sub jects.

THE GOLDEN

N AT U R E G U I D E S

are an introduction to the world of nature, presenting those things which are most com mon and most easily seen. Each guide has been written by an outstanding authority on science education-Dr. Herbert S. Zim, University of Illinois-in cooperation with a noted specialist. Identific ation is made easy by over 1 00 full-color paintings in each book. These are rendered mostly from life by an outstanding artist and h ave been checked and rechecked by specialists. G o l d e n N a t u re G u i d e s now a v a i l a b l e : BIRDS

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FLOWERS STARS

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I N S E CTS

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TREES

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SEASHORES

R E PT I L ES A N D A M PH I B I A N S

WEATHER

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MAMMALS

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F I S H ES

ROCKS AND M I N ERALS

5PONSOilED

T H E W I LDLI F E M A N AGEMENT I N STITUTE