30°+ BERLIN by Ananda Ehret

30Â°+ BERLIN

Ananda Joelle Ehret 170183

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SOCIETAL THEME

4 6-11

Heatwaves in the European context Impacts on human health Heat in urban areas HEAT IN THE CONTEXT OF BERLIN

12-23

SITE ANALYSIS: MOABIT

24-31

PROGRAM

31-32

Project scope Suggested deliverables CV APPENDIX

34 36-51

Catalogue of tools Design references REFERENCES

52-53 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In the forthcoming years urban areas

to periods of extreme heat or cold, the

across the world will be increasingly

effects vary seasonally and geographi-

affected by the impacts of a changing

cally. (Annema, 2015, p. 14) These local

climate.

repercussions of the changing climate

This project will focus on heat-waves in

often create environmental conditions,

the European context and explore how

to which urban infrastructure and

the city of Berlin can adapt to periods of

populace is not adapted to. (Guerreiro et

extreme heat.

al 2018, p.2)

More than half of the global popula-

For centuries the climate has been of

tion already lives in cities, while urban

major influence for architecture and

migration is predicted to continue

planning. Location, orientation, form

around the world. (UN-Habitat) This

and materials used to be logical conse-

agglomeration of people, assets and

quence of local conditions.

economic activity makes cities particu-

In recent decades urbanisation, globali-

larly vulnerable to extreme weathers

sation and technological advances have

and thus priority areas for climate

caused architecture to neglect the role

change impact assessment. (Guerreiro

of local climatological aspects and with

et al 2018, p.2)

today`s cities being ever more confront-

Across the globe climate change will

ed with extreme weathers answers are

have drastic impacts on local environ-

often sought in universal solutions that

mental conditions. From rising temper-

are disconnected from local circum-

atures, increased precipitation, storms

stance. (Krautheim et al 2014, p.6)

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The rising awareness of climatological issues in design processes has the potential to yet again make architecture more site specific and give it back its regional relevancy.â&#x20AC;? (Krautheim et al 2014, p 10)

However, successful climate adaptation

This project will explore alternative ap-

depends on the understanding and as-

proaches for dealing with extreme heat

sessment of local environmental and

in an urban context, by analysing local

urban characteristics, which can define

climatic conditions in relation to the

more specific demands and potentials

urban fabric of Berlin.

for adaptation measurements.

Furthermore, it will investigate how the

(Krautheim et al 2014, p.6)

city can transform over time to become well adapted and less vulnerable to the

Heatwaves are the deadliest extreme

new climatic conditions of extreme heat.

weather event in Europe and predicted

The focus will lie on finding potentials of

to become more severe and frequent in

transformation, that deploy and exploit

the future. The characteristics of urban

particular local climatological aspect to

areas intensify the impacts of extreme

cool down temperatures on a city scale

heat, placing city dwellers at high risk.

and create thermal comfort for citizens

In Berlin summer temperatures are

in public space.

rising steadily and evermore severe heat-waves will create health endangering temperatures for citizens. While the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current strategy of greening the city in order to mitigate the impacts of extreme heat seems partly evident, one must question its thermal capacity on a city scale. 5

Temperature anomaly Europe 2006

I. SOCIETAL THEME

I.I Heatwaves in European Context Heatwaves are defined by a period of

Cities in southern Europe are predicted

prolonged abnormally high surface tem-

to experience the highest increase in

peratures relative to those normally

the number of heat-days.

expected. The World Meteorological Or-

Higher temperature increases during

ganization defines a heat wave as five or

heatwaves, that can reach up to 14Â°

more consecutive days during which the

above average, are expected in cities

daily maximum temperature surpasses

located in central Europe, where both in-

the average maximum temperature by

frastructure and populace are generally

5Â°C (9 Â°F) or more. (P. Rafferty, 2015)

not adapted to extreme heat. (Guerreiro et al 2018, p.5)

The climatic event coincides with

Periods of increased heat cause varying

types of disaster. Heatwaves cause

specific

atmospheric

circulation

pattern that is intensified by ongoing in-

draughts

urban

and

non-urban

creased greenhouse gas emissions. This

are-as, that are related to water scarcity,

indicates that there will be more severe,

wildfires and declining harvests. Fur-

frequent and longer heatwaves in the

thermore, they can create health en-

future, not only in the global south but

dangering temperatures especially for

also in Europe and North America. (A.

people in urban areas where build up

Meehl and Tebaldi, 2004).

material and configuration increase temperatures and reduce air circulation. 7

75+

60-75

50-59

40-49

30-39

25-29

20-29

10-19

0-9 10

9 8

20 10

6 5

4 3.5

3 2.5

Relative Change %

Hot Day Effect (per 100.000 Population)

The absolute effect for mortality rates is relatively flat for most age groups and increases progressively from age 50 onward. The relative increase in percent for each age group fluctuates around 10% for all age groups above 30.

1.5 1

-10

-20

0 -5 75+

65-74

60-64

55-60

50-54

45-49

40-44

25-39

25-29

30-34

18-19

20-24

15-17

10-14

06-9

0-2

3-5

-30

Age Age-specific mortality and hospitalization rates in Germany (Martin et al 2017, p. 37)

MORTALITY

HOSPITALIZATION

absolut effect

relative change

95.560

36.495 Western Europe

Heat

3936

3440

1475

341

Cold

Flood

Storm

Wildfire

Number of people killed due to extreme weather events in Europe in the years 1991-2015 (European Environment Agency 2017, p. 205)

„In western societies, the combined effects of climate warming, proceeding urbanization, and demographic change (e.g. population aging) increase the risk of city populations to be subjected to heat related stress and rising mortality.“ (Dugord et al. 2013, p.1)

“The share of the world’s population exposed to deadly heat for at least 20 days a year will increase from 30% now to 74% by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions are allowed to grow”. (Fleming, 2018)

I.II Impacts on human health The impacts of extreme heat on human

High mortality rates during these pe-

health can range from mild conditions

riods have been reported especially of

of heat-stress to heat strokes and heat

people who are physically vulnerable,

related mortality.

though age or illness, who are socially

Symptoms of exhaustion, headache, the

isolated and/or do not have the chance

inability to concentrate, muscle cramps

to retreat into cool interiors. (Fleming,

and fainting are related to heat-events.

2018)

Furthermore, high mortality rates during times of extreme heat have been docu-

Furthermore, the thermal condition

mented. (Dugord et al., 2013, p. 5)

of ones dwelling and the access to resources, such as air conditioning, venti-

According to the EM-DAT international

lation or other cooling techniques often

disaster database, heatwaves were the

varies with socioeconomic characteris-

deadliest extreme weather event in the

tics – placing certain groups at greater

period 1991-2015 in Europe.

disadvantage. (Hass and Ellis, 2016, p. 3)

(European Environment Agency 2017 p.205)

I.III Heat in Urban Areas Urban Heat Islands

Tropical nights

The phenomenon of Urban-Heat-Is-

Storing the heat during night time is a

lands (UHI) leads to higher tempera-

main characteristic of urban heat is-

tures within the city in comparison with

lands and are related to reduced air cir-

the surrounding landscapes.

culation within the dense urban fabric.

Construction

and

So-called tropical nights in which tem-

retain heat more than natural materials

materials

peratures do not fall under 20Â°C are es-

and buildings in their dense canyon-like

pecially relevant for the impacts on hu-

configuration, collect and trap more of

man health. (Umweltbundesamt, 2018)

the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy.

Humidity

Additionally, to

these

UHI-effect

further

absorb

factors, the

The relative humidity of warm air is lower,

intensified

than the one of cold air. This means that

through human produced heat (traffic,

hot air is capable to store more water

exhausted air etc.), this slows wind

vapour before being saturated. Humid

speeds and increases air pollution.

air conditions lower the bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability

(Gartland, 2008, p. 1)

to shedding heat through evaporative

cooling to maintain a stable core temTherefore, urban heat islands intensify

perature. Therefore, the threat of heat

heat events locally. They exaggerate

related illness becomes amplified when

the impacts of heat on human health,

the cities temperature rises in humid air

and furthermore, increase the need of

conditions.

energy use for cooling down interiors

The relative humidity of air often reduces

and costs for building and infrastruc-

towards the city centre, which goes

ture maintenance. (Gartland, 2008, p. 2)

along with the creation of heat-islands in relation to the dense urban structure. (Coffel et al., 2017, p. 2)

NIGHT absolut effect

NIGHT I DAY

relative change

Surface Temperature Atmospheric Temperature

NIGHT Surface temperature

Athmospheric temperature

Canopy layer Urban heat island

Surface Urban heat island

Surface temperature

Canopy layer Urban heat island

Surface Urban heat island

Temperature

DAY

Rural

Park

Downdown

Urban Residential

Industrial

Pond

Suburban

Rural

WIND

The geography of the Urban Heat Island (Mills 2016)

II. HEAT IN THE CONTEXT OF BERLIN

PRECIPITATION IN BERLIN Summer 2018

110 Liter / m2 420 Liter / m2

Summer 2017 180 Liter / m2

Summer 2016 Statistica.com

The region of Berlin-Brandenbug, is

Therefore, heat events will be more

characterised by cold winters and warm

likely to be accompanied by long periods

summers.

of drought.

During the past century the annual mean

The

absence

temperature in the region has increased

will

furthermore

1°C in average. Furthermore, the amount

concentrations of contaminants and

of heat days with temperatures above

fine dust particles in the air, which will

30°C and tropical nights during summer

accelerate the risks for human health

months has grown and will increase

during heat events.

precipitation

lead

higher

further in frequency, timespan and temperature.

Heatwave Summer 2018

Scientists predict by the year 2100

During June and July 2018, the city

climatic conditions of the region will

Berlin was one of the warmest region of

be similar to the region of Toulouse

the country, that experienced its second

in southern France. While the air

hottest summer since weather records

temperatures within the city can be up

begun in 1881. (Demirci, 2018, p. 1)

to 10°C higher than in surrounding rural

Additionally,

areas. (Zimmer-Amrhein, 2017)

precipitation

high

during

temperatures the

summer

months has been very low, especially The

average

precipitation

annual is

amount

predicted

the months of June and August where

stay

rainfall was respectively 11% and 26%

relatively constant, however rainfall

of the average.

decreases significantly during summer

(Wetterkontor Deutschland, 2018)

months, while it increases during winter. (Bund, 2018) 12

Heatdays and Summerdays at three weather stations in Berlin 100

Heatdays/Summerdays per year

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

2011

2021

2031

BERLIN-TEGEL

2041

2051 Jahre

BERLIN-TEMPELHOF

2061

2071

2081

2091

2081

2091

BERLIN-DAHLEM

heatdays > 30°

summerdays > 25°

tropical nights > 20°

Tropical nights (Tmin >20°C) at three weather stations in Berlin 20 18 16

Tropical nights per year

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

2011

2021

2031

2041

2051 Jahre

2061

2071

Senatsumweltbehörde / CEC Potsdam Daten

In Berlin the urban heat island effect increases towards the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s core. The percentage of high building density and surface sealing increases the urban heat island effect.

HEAT ISLANDS -+ ++ SURFACE SEALING (%) 0-11 11-28 28-40 40-54 54-67 67-80 80-100 CITY CLIMATE INDICATORS airexchange direction GREENSPACE farmland tree nurserie - horticulture fallow area - meadows, trees, bushes fallow area - meadow like vegetation fallow area - no vegetation cemetery water meadow and pasture allotment garden park and greenspaces sport use city square and promenades forest marshland

Wind channels exist in north-west direction, and along the river Spree. Large green-spaces and water bodies, that are able to circulate cold air are situated outside the inner city.

HEAT ISLANDS -+ ++ CITY CLIMATE INDICATORS airexchange direction greenspaces with cool air stream GREENSPACE mixed green water

During daytime, both, dense urban and AVERAGE TEMPERATUR 4AM

open agricultural areas, show high tem-

<16,5

peratures, while forested green spaces

16,5-17,0

and water-bodies are staying cooler.

17,0-17,5 17,4-17,8

(Dugord et al., 2013, p. 4)

17,8-18,1 18,1-18,5 >18,5 AVERAGE TEMPERATUR 2PM <29,1 29,1-29,9 29,9-30,2 30,2-20,4 30,4-30,6 30,6-30,9 >30,9 AVERAGE TEMPERATUR 10PM <21,1 21,1-21,5 21,5-21,8 21,8-22,0 22,0-22,2 22,2-22,4 >22,4

Air temperatures during summer days, 2pm 18

5 km

During night, the open agricultural areas cool down, but the urban fabric and its dense building configuration stores the heat and keeps the air from cooling through circulation. (Dugord et al., 2013, p. 4)

AVERAGE TEMPERATUR 4AM <16,5 16,5-17,0 17,0-17,5 17,4-17,8 17,8-18,1 18,1-18,5 >18,5 AVERAGE TEMPERATUR 2PM <29,1 29,1-29,9 29,9-30,2 30,2-20,4 30,4-30,6 30,6-30,9 >30,9 AVERAGE TEMPERATUR 10PM <21,1 21,1-21,5 21,5-21,8 21,8-22,0 22,0-22,2 22,2-22,4 >22,4

Air temperatures during summer nights, 4am

5 km

Berlin will be increasingly impacted by both, hot days and tropical nights.

HEAT DAYS INCREASE 1981-2010 TO 2011-2040 + ++ +++ HEAT DAYS INCREASE 1981-2010 TO 2041-2070 + ++ +++ TROPICAL NIGHTS INCREASE 1981-2010 TO 2011-2040 + ++ +++ TROPICAL NIGHTS INCREASE 1981-2010 TO 2041-2070 + ++ +++

Number of Heat-days 2041-2070 20

5 km

Number of Heat-nights 2041-2070 21

Sponge city Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current strategy addresses the

highly dependent on various factors.

topic of heat in proximity with the more

It depends on size and shape of the

frequently expected problem of flooding

spaces, the height of the building, the

in the future.

density of the urban structure, as well

The focal point lays on heat and flood

as on soil conditions and size and type

proofing the city with many small green

of plants. (Venhari, 2017, p. 21)

spaces, pocket parks, trees, green roofs/

Large, evenly shaped green-spaces, with

faĂ§ades and wetlands. The strategy

low vegetation, for example are able to

aims to reduce artificial surfaces and

circulate winds and can cool down sur-

enhance the evaporation of water in

rounding areas. Small green-spaces on

order to cool down surfaces and air.

the other hand show less evident tem-

All green spaces must be supplied with

perature reductions.

enough water throughout the year, for

Also the value of trees to mediate heat

which the strategy suggests, absorbing

varies with further factors.

rain water and storing it in green roofs

Trees offer shade, but without wind they

and urban wetlands. (Berlinbaut, p. 4)

prevent warm air from escaping during night. Therefore, the report describes

Greening the city is a trend that can

that in dense urban areas, that show the

be witnessed in planning proposals all

characteristics of a night heat island,

over the world, but critiques arise from

covering the urban spaces with trees

various sides.

will intensify the problem.

Greening the city, the architect Philip

2017, p. 22)

Rahm argues, does not reduce vulner-

A research by the Physics department

ability and even may exaggerate the

of the University of Athens compares

impacts on human health. He instead

cooling effects of green roofs to reflec-

suggests painting buildings white and

tive roofs, which are characterized by

improving insulation standards. (Rham)

their light surface. Both roof types show

The technical capability of greenery to

relatively high cooling potential, while

reduce heat is evident when investigat-

costs of green roofs are 15 times higher

ed on a relatively small scale, however

than for reflective roofs, for the same

at the entire city scale that research is

amount of temperature reduction. (San-

less evident.

tamouris, 2012, p. 10)

A study by the TU Delft, in coopera-

The latent value of green roofs is further-

tion with the University of Architec-

more dependent on local climatic con-

ture and Urbanism in Tehran, unfolds

ditions. The capability to reduce indoor

that the cooling effect of vegetation is

temperature decreases with the height

(Venhari,

oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; mighty green, star architects (Domus 2011)

of the building, while the cooling effect

Status of planning advise

of soils through evaporation depends

The current strategy of Berlin does

on regular precipitation, the relative

not have the status of regulation, but

humidity of the air and air exchange

rather is defined as an advice to de-

rate, by which higher wind speeds and

velopers and planners. New buildings

low relative humidity increase the latent

are recommended to be adapted for

value of green-roofs. (Santamouris,

hotter climates, while old ones need

2012, p. 15)

to be retrofitted. In order to implement

In the context of Berlin, it is to consider

the strategy, the city is advertising

that the relative humidity rises towards

a business model for climate adap-

the city centre while air circula-

tation, that attracts developers and

tion decreases. Precipitation during

private owners. Green roof, terraces and

summer months is expected to ever

facades will â&#x20AC;&#x153;enhance the value of the

more decrease therefore it becomes

property and makes it more attractive to

important to consider that soils of

renters or buyers.â&#x20AC;? (Zimmermann, 2016)

too little water become hot and lose

Thus, one can interpret that this will

their ability of cooling the air through

deepen the problematic of affordability

evaporation. (Santamouris, 2012, p.

and equality within and between neigh-

9) Reduced precipitation will not only

bourhoods and city dwellers.

affect green roofs, but also the water supply of parks, trees and wetlands. 23

III. SITE ANALYSIS

ELDERLY POVERTY % 0-2

Moabit

2-3 3-6 6-9 9-32 Berlin SOCIAL INDEX high medium low very low

Berlin

ROOM / PERSON 0.3 - 1.5 1.5 -1.7 1.7 -1.9 1.9-3.3

Factors of vulnerability Studies

about

increased

Berlin

mortality

BUILDING AGE HOUSING

during heat-waves show that socio-eco-

1901-1920

nomic factors impact the risk for vulner-

1921-1940

able citizens.

1941-1960 1961-1980

Furthermore, the amount of rooms per

1981-2000

person indicates if one can retreat into

2001-2015

cooler spaces within the flat, while the age of the building can point to the

until 1900 mixed building classes Berlin

thermal insulation a building provides. High bioclimatic loads, which are here defined as thermal load during night and day as well as poor access to recreational green-spaces additionally imply higher risks.

BIOCLIMATIC LOAD low medium high Berlin ACCESSIBILITY OF GREENSPACES

Mapping these factors in Berlin defined

good, very good

the district Moabit as relevant area of

medium

inquiry. 24

poor, very poor Berlin

Elderly Poverty %

5 km

Room per Person

5 km

Bioclimatic Load

5 km

Social Index

Building Age Housing

Accessibility of Greenspaces

5 km

Street-spaces

Parks and playgrounds

Housing

Infrastructure and water-bodies 26

Moabit

Berlin

Urban structure and land use Moabit is part of the larger district of Berlin â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Mitteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. The area is surrounded by water bodies and characterised by a dense block structure, which is typical for Berlin and can be found throughout the city. Most of the area is residential, with

LANDUSE BUILT UP AREA housing core area

occasional land use for commercial or

mixed use

public activities.

public, special use

A large industrial area characterises the district in south-west direction. Multiple Metro- and S-Bahn stations connect Moabit with surrounding neighbourhoods via public transport, and the network of street-spaces is used for car traffic and parking. 28

commercial, industrial service, disposal traffic area (not streets) summerhouse / allotment garden construction main roats metro and s-bahn water greenspaces with cool air stream MOABIT

Streets and public transport

500

1000 m

Urban fabric

500

1000 m

Land use

500

1000 m

Climate Indicators 30

main roats metro and s-bahn water greenspaces with cool air stream MOABIT

HEAT ISLANDS -+ ++ LANDUSE GREEN SPACE park and greenspaces tree nurserie - horticulture - fallow area allotment garden sport use city square and promenades CLIMATE INDICATOR water greenspaces with cool air stream windexchange direction MOABIT

Climate Indicators Within Moabit the heat islands concentrate in the west, mostly inside and around the industrial zones. Furthermore, the dense block-structure and the lack of large open spaces indicate high surface sealing and low air circulation. Green-spaces with cool air stream are located in the eastern part of the district as well as in south west direction, where they are accompanied by favourable wind exchange directions. It can be assumed that the build structure facing these spaces keep the air from cooling down the housing areas within Moabit. Along the river spree thin green-spaces of high air circulation exist, but do not appear to affect the district.

IV. PROGRAM

Project Scope This project will explore alternative ap-

In the context of the neighbourhood

proaches towards extreme heat in an

Moabit possible interventions will be

urban context. It will consist of three

tested. Here the analysis will focus

main parameters:

on micro-climatic situations in public

1. The reduction of temperatures during

space (1:500) that improve the thermal

heat events.

comfort for residents locally and in

2. The creation of thermal comfort

combination reduce temperatures on a

in public spaces of improved spatial

larger scale.

quality.

The focus will lie on street-spaces,

3. The strategical implementation of in-

urban squares and parks. The scenarios

terventions over a longer timescale.

will be tested both, virtually and physically. The use of relevant software and

The thermal aspects of the project

wind simulations could be relevant.

will be approached scenarios-based. Possible transformations will be tested

The results will feedback into an urban

and analysed in a feedback-loop of

strategy that defines how the urban

different scales.

fabric of Berlin can be transformed in order to be well adapted for future heat-

A topological analysis on city level

waves.

(1:50.000) will create a foundation for further explorations. Thermal factors

The project will work in the timespan of

of the build and unbuilt environment,

about 80 years. Until 2100, periods of

air circulation patterns and wind char-

extreme heat will have increased sig-

acteristics, will be explored in order to

nificantly, therefore the strategy aims to

define demands and potentials.

implement transformations in relation to climatic changes, by calculating short

- and long timespan goals.

Suggested deliverables This project will explore a varied range of representational tools and techniques, using models, drawing and collages to explore thermal potentials. Urban Strategy Map 1:50.000 Neighbourhood / Context Site plan 1:10.000 Public space design Plans, Elevations, Visuals 1:500 Model 1:100 33

This project stands in relation to the UN Sustainable

Development

Goals number 3 and 13. The

project

aims

mitigate the impacts of extreme heat in urban context and to provide thermal comfort for all city dwellers. 34

CV Ananda Joelle Ehret ananda.ehret@googlemail.com Nationality: German Languages: German, English, Danish Writing: German, English Education 2017 (-19) KADK, Denmark, urbanism and societal change (MA) 2014 - 17 University of Kassel, Germany (BA) Employment 2017 Biehling Architekten, Kassel - student worker 2016 Jaja Architects, Copenhagen - Intern 35

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