Restology

ADSORPTION OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES THROUGH BIPLASTIC AND ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

Proyecto Multidiciplinario Centro de Estudios Superiores de Diseño de Monterrey, S.C. A 7 de diciembre del 2017 Asesor: Yesica Méndez Sierra Alumnos: Ada Gloria Gonzalez Mireles Ana Graciela Gonzalez Sanchez Ana Maria Vargas Lasserre Andrea Lizette Najera Rodriguez Bárbara Garza Saldaña Carla Ruizvelasco Garza Cristina Adriana Briones Nuñez Dana Mayeli Rangel Torres Estefanía Flores Jiménez Juana Valeria Gonzalez Ortiz Kathia Quintanilla Garcia Maria De Lourdes Hernández Lima Maria Luisa Becerril Garcia Mayra Valeria Moreira Balderas Melissa Chapa Gil Oscar Javier Alvarado Contreras Priscila Luna Ramos Roberto Luis Valenzuela Cortazar Sara Eugenia Gonzalez Mascareñas Veronica Saldaña Garza

Antiguo Camino a la Huasteca No. 360, Col. Mirador de la Huasteca, Santa Catarina, N.L. 66354 México Reconocimiento de Validez Oficial de Estudios otorgado por el Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León, 14-1-85, Periódico Oficial 6-III-85; CDL-VI 005/2008

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restology ADSORPTION OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES THROUGH 7 BIPLASTIC AND ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

restology ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to express our deep appreciation and gratitude to our advisors and mentors for their guidance, thought provoking suggestions and their contributions to our proyect.

TUTOR Yessica Mendez Sierra CEDIM

ACADEMIC DIRECTOR David Durán Sánchez CEDIM

ADVISORS: RESEARCH Benjamín Rodríguez Limón Head of the Department of Environmental Engineering of the UANL Armandina Valdez Secretariat of Sustainable Development of Nuevo Leon

MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT Clara Davis Instituto de Arquitectura Avanzada de Cataluña IAAC Patricio García Pineda Industroniks Frank León Martínez Instituto Politecnico Nacional sede Oaxaca

TEST AND VALIDATION OF THE MATERIAL Edgar Arturo Luna Peralta Output Esteban Galindo CEDIM Mauricio Gonzalez Tecnologico de Monterrey Bernardo Montiel Tecnologico de Monterrey

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN AND DIGITAL FABRICATION Djordje Stanojevic CEDIM

STYLE EDITORS Teresa Flores Jiménez Centro de Estudios Universitarios PART (Periodismo y Arte en Radio y Televisión and English Teacher by Brittania Institute) Santiango Rodríguez Leal Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Carlos Miguel Lopez Flores Universitat Barcelona

GRAPHIC DESIGN Alan Luna Consul creative | CEDIM

MARKETING AND COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT Ing. Juan José Cervantes Learning Partners | CEDIM Bety Martínez Happy Together Ana Venegas Alive MKT | CEDIM Guillermo Ramos Ruiz Alive MKT | CEDIM

VISUAL ARTS Daniel Perez Anverso | CEDIM

restology ACKNOWLEDGMENT

restology ABSTRACT

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ABSTRACT Air is the one thing we all share and its quality shouldn’t be dangerous to any living being. While we are conscious of the huge issue air pollution is, we are also aware of the limitations that come with trying to fix it.

According to the World Health Organization, Monterrey is the city with the most polluted air, not only in Mexico but also in Latin America. There are five main pollutants that generate atmospheric contingencies. The research focuses on three of them: PM10, PM2.5, and Ozone (O3), according to the program of response to atmospheric contingencies in the state. These pollutants are the ones that report a higher number of exceedances to the limit on the regulations in Nuevo Leon.

Although all this information is out there, a common misconception persists: while this issue is affecting our city, it’s not affecting our homes, schools and overall interior spaces. This could not be further from the truth.

As a response to the previous facts, the project proceeded to find a solution to this issue by starting with the search of a biodegradable material that unlike plastic will not take hundreds of years to degrade. This is how the research lead to the use of a bioplastic, a renewable yet biodegradable material that when combined with ancient ingredient –activated charcoal– can reduce air pollution through adsorption.

Through the use of this enriched material and an interdisciplinary approach, the project aims to develop design strategies for two scenarios: indoor and outdoor. For the first one a modular system that covers the upper surfaces with a geometry that increases its area from 21% to 60%, maximizing the adsorption of pollutants, and for outdoor, a modular facade system designed based on the morphology of airflow with the potential to be arranged in response to its incidence in outdoor areas.

The hope for this research is that it will bring awareness not only to the design community but for the general public. By making this project an open source, the intention is for it to be a stepping stone towards a world where we are not afraid to breathe in.

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restology ABSTRACT

01- Comparison between clean and a contaminated day in the city of Monterrey.

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I. Abstract II. Chapters III. About the team

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p.10 p.11 p.138

CHAPTERS

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OPEN RESEARCH THESIS

p.16

1.1 Aim 1.2 Manifesto

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INTRODUCTION

p.22

2.1 General data: Pollution 2.2 Air Pollution 2.3 Pollution in Nuevo Leon 2.3.1 Most Polluted Areas 2.4 Polluting Particles 2.5 Airflow in Nuevo Leon 2.5.1 Thermal Inversion 2.5.2 Foehn Effect

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STATE OF ART 3.1 BioDesign: An overview 3.1.1 Timelime Biodesign 3.2 Bioremediation 3.3 Filtration Methods 3.3.1 Enzymatic Degradation

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p.38

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MATERIAL & METHODS

p.50

4.1 Bioplastic 4.2 Activated Charcoal 4.3 Enriched Biopastic 4.3.1 Bioplastic + Activated Charcoal 4.4 Bioplastic and other materials

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06 07

FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

p.82

5.1 Work Process 5.2 Indoor Approach 5.2.1 Modular Process 5.2.2 Design Variations 5.2.3 Product Application 5.2.4 Fabrication 5.2.5 Life Cycle 5.3 Outdoor Approach 5.3.1 Modular Process 5.3.2 Design Variations 5.3.3 Product Application 5.3.4 Fabrication 5.3.5 Assembling 5.3.6 Maintenance

VALIDATION & RESULTS: MATERIAL 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.2

p.140

Air Quality Sensor Development Tests Performed Tests Tryouts Tests Result

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

p.154

7.1 Innuendos 7.2 Argument 7.3 Branding

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MARKETING STRATEGY

p.168

8.1 Macro Environment Factors 8.1.1 Economic 8.1.2 Demographic 8.1.3 Cultural 8.1.4 Technological 8.1.5 Environmental 8.1.6 Political 8.1.7 Social 8.2 Tendencies 8.2.1 Architecture and Interior Design 8.2.2 Digital Arts 8.2.3 Fashion 8.2.4 Graphic Design 8.2.5 Marketing Studies 8.2.6 Product Design

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BUSINESS MODEL 9.1 SWOT 9.2 Model Canvas 9.2.1 Hypotesis 9.2.2 Key Audience 9.2.3 Background 9.2.4 Method 9.2.5 Results 9.2.6 Discussion 9.2.6 Conclusions 9.3 Industry Analysis Chart

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p.190

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OPEN SOURCE

p.195

10.1 Success Stories

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MEDIA STRATEGY

p.202

11.1 Public Relations plan 11.2 Media Plan 11.3 Campaign 11.4 Users 11.4.1 Change Agents 11.4.2 Green Lovers 11.4.3 Health Air Keepers

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CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION

p.112

BIBLIOGRAPHY

p.116

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GLOSSARY

p.223

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ANNEX

p.138

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01. OPEN RESEARCH THESIS [...] the knowledge we discover gives us the sense of being able to develop something really relevant in our field.[...]

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restology CONTEXT

1.1 AIM

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restology AIM

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restology CONTEXT

1.2 MANIFESTO Design is a problem-solving discipline; at least that’s what we’ve been told.

Considering pollution as one of the major problems in the world, as a designer, one has to be aware of the pollution and waste each project generates and think of ways to apply sustainability or natural alternatives to the processes.

Living in the city with the worst air quality in Latin America we form a multidisciplinary group that approaches the problem by using materials among us by combining them in our processes or generating new ones.

As we approach different disciplines and consult scientific research, the knowledge we discover gives us the sense of being able to develop something really relevant in our field. Even when, at times, we had no clue about what we were doing, we felt something lingering, echoing, repeating itself: This is something.

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restology MANIFESTO

WE ARE PART OF THE BIODESIGNERS PIONEERS.

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02. INTRODUCTION The analysis of air pollution, air pollution in Nuevo Leรณn and its effects in human health.

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restology CONTEXT

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A man wearing a respiratory protection mask walks through the smog after the release of a red alert due to high levels of air pollution in Beijing’s central business district of China.

2.1 GENERAL DATA: POLLUTION Modern life activities are polluting planet earth. According to The World Health Organization, the panorama of today’s world isn’t promising. Since the emerge of the industries, the lack of care has been deteriorating the planet, especially during the last decades 1(World Health Organization). Nowadays the lack of awareness of polluting the environment and its consequences reflect the harmful repercussions contamination can have within our lives.

Some of the most polluting countries in the world are China: where the air pollution has led people to wear a mask during certain hours of the day, and Bangladesh; where garment and textile industries have profoundly harmed the environment in a way that experts describe as a pollution disaster 2(The Guardian).

Our country is not far behind, according to a study by the Clean Air Institute the sum of deaths caused by pollution has been increasing, putting Mexico as the number two on the chart, proving that the air breathe in Mexico is the most polluted in Latin America 3(Ureste).

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restology GENERAL DATA: POLLUTION

This year the World Counts estimates that 238,239,000 tons of waste have been dumped globally 5(“Tons Of Waste Dumped - Globally, This Year.”). This data leads to believe that 14,610 species have gone extinct so far this year 6(“Number of species gone extinct - so far this year.”)

When we refer to polluted water, we are talking about diseases such as amoebiasis, typhoid, and hookworm which develop by drinking this kind of water. Diseases like rashes, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, encephalitis stomach aches and vomiting are likely to appear in someone exposed to impure bodies of water.

Chemicals such as heavy metals, lead, pesticides, and hydrocarbon can affect the whole nervous system and damage organs such as the liver and kidneys.

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restology CONTEXT

2.2 AIR POLLUTION As reported by The World Counts, so far 206 thousand lives have been lost this year because of air pollution in cities and although studies show that the reason for their deaths is pollution, people still can’t grasp the seriousness of this situation7(Deaths from air pollution in cities worldwide).

The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned of an increase of environmental pollution in most cities; published in a news realease that an estimation of 92% of the owrld population lives in places where air qualities exceed the limits set by the WHO, meaning that inhabitants will have a higher rate of respiratory problems and other pathologies 8(“WHO Releases Country Estimates On Air Pollution Exposure And Health Impact”).

Studies by the Environmental Protection Agency found that when exposed to ground ozone for 6 to 7 hours, the human lung function decreased and suffers from respiratory inflammation, and as most pollutants are carcinogens, breathing polluted air increase the risk of developing cancer 9(A Guide to Air Quality and Your Health).

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restology AIR POLLUTION

03- A woman wearing a respiratory

mask walking through smog.

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restology CONTEXT

04- Cerro de la Silla, an icon of the city, cover by a dense layer of pollution.

2.3 POLLUTION IN NUEVO LEON For the past years pollution in Monterrey Area has increased substantially. The massive amount of cars, the concentration of factories throughout the city and the fullness of landfills with just one waste sorting plant are the main reasons for the increase of pollution, which neither the government nor the population has taken action.

According to a study of the World Health Organization, Monterrey was the most polluted city in Mexico 10(Anguiano). Air pollution puts this city with the worst quality of air within the country. The city registered 36 mg of polluting particles, that means 2.5mg for every cubic meter. Once these results were announced, the government created Aire.nl, a web page where habitants can check the air quality in real time 11(AireNL).

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restology POLLUTION IN NUEVO LEON

05- Pollution in Monterrey.

According to the program of response to atmospheric contingencies for the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, by the government of Nuevo Leon, there are five primary pollutants on Monterrey Area.

These pollutants are particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10 um (PM10) and 2.5um (PM2.5), Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur Monoxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Monoxide (NO2). Although there are more pollutants throughout the area, these have a higher concentration. From these pollutants, the ones that report a greater number of exceedances to the maximum permissible limits established by the regulations are the PM10 and the Ozone 12(Programa de Respuesta a Contingencias AtmosfĂŠricas para el Ă rea Metropolitana de Monterrey, 9-11).

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restology CONTEXT

2.3.1

MOST POLLUTED AREAS After analyzing pollutants with a higher presence in the municipalities of the metropolitan area of Monterrey, the research focused on the contaminants responsible for the majority of health-related issues and deaths of the inhabitants 12(Programa de Respuesta a Contingencias Atmosféricas para el Área Metropolitana de Monterrey, 9-11). These pollutants were PM10, ozone, and CO2 and were found with more frequency in Santa Catarina, Garcia, and General Escobedo, accordingly 13 (Valdez).

By combining these data with the air direction and circulation in the first months of the present year (2017), the research lead to the detection of Santa Catarina as the most affected area by pollutants in conglomerations due to the stagnation of cars between 7:00-9: 00, 13: 00-15: 00 and 18: 00-21: 00 hrs.

The Secretariat of Sustainable Development of Nuevo León confirmed the existence of air flow. Exposing that most significant influx takes place in the last hours of the day (18:00 - 21:00). In this period the movement of pollutants are thrown towards the Southwest of the city, affecting the area of Santa Catarina and San Bernabé with elevated levels of PM10 14(“Mapa De La Calidad Del Aire | Nl.Gob.Mx”).

General Escobedo presents an increase in the concentration of ozone. This could be attributed by PEMEX’s facilities releasing contaminants to the environment, which later on react with the rays of the sun and other pollutants generating a higher concentration of ozone.

In García, the CO2 concentration is produced by the factories found in the metropolitan area. This congregation of contaminants then travels through air currents that push towards the east and allow this element to concentrate in the most remote area of the city 15(Windyty).

In the metropolitan area of Nuevo León there are different sources of pollutant emissions, especially in: Guadalupe, San Nicolás, Monterrey, Santa Catarina, Escobedo, Apodaca, Juárez and San Pedro. These cities have consistent time-specific car traffic where carbon dioxide and lead are emitted, produced by the emission of fuel burning by vehicles, industries and businesses of the commercial sector 16(Programa de Respuesta a Contingencias Atmosféricas para el Área Metropolitana de Monterrey).

The Integral Environmental Monitoring System (SIMA) aims to deliver continuous and truthful information on the levels of environmental pollution. It has multiple monitoring stations which perform studies requested by complaints in specific points of the city 17(Programa de Respuesta a Contingencias Atmosféricas para el Área Metropolitana de Monterrey)These stations measure pollutants such as PM10, PM2.5, ozone and sulfur dioxide according to meteorological parameters such as currents, wind speed, temperature, solar radiation, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity 18(Programa de Respuesta a Contingencias Atmosféricas para el Área Metropolitana de Monterrey).

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restology MOST POLLUTED AREAS

06- A view of the dense smog layer covering the buildings of Monterrey.

07- Cerro de la Silla, an ecological reserve located within the metropolitan area of the city of Monterrey.

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restology CONTEXT

2.4 POLLUTING PARTICLES AND HEALTH EFFECTS

Pollutants are composed differently, and their emissions are found in every part of the city, each of them has a different effect in the human body, in the following chart and diagram it is intended to show where and how they’re produced and what region of the body it affects the most.

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POLLUTANT

COMPOSITION

SOURCE EMISSIONS

OZONE O3

A gas composed of three atoms of oxygen (O3) that can be found in earth’s upper atmosphere.

“Bad Ozone” or ground-level ozone is a chemical reaction between two oxides in the presence of sunlight (EPA,2014).

It is more likely that ozone reaches unhealthy levels during cold months.

A gas composed of three atoms of oxygen (O3) that can be found in earth’s upper atmosphere. “Bad Ozone” or ground-level ozone is a chemical reaction between two oxides (nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC)) in the presence of sunlight (EPA,2014). It is more likely that ozone reaches unhealthy levels during cold months.

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

Carbon monoxide is a poisonous, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas (Osha.gov, 2017).

This pollutant is a common hazardous resulting from the incomplete burning of natural gas and any other material as gasoline, kerosene, oil, propane, coal, or wood.

Occurs in the transit sector due to the incomplete combustion of gas, oil, gasoline, coal, and oils.

Household appliances that burn fossil fuels like stoves, stoves, and heaters are also a familiar source.

PARTICLES PM10 AND PM2.5

Small solid particles of dust, ash or pollen, dispersed in the atmosphere and whose diameter is less than 10mm.

They’re mainly of inorganic compounds such as silicates and aluminates, heavy metals among others.

Generally, is originated in the combustion processes (benzene, coal, gas, etc.), and already generated by Fixed Sources (Furnaces, Boilers) or Mobile Sources (Vehicles), by wind-generated dust by the traffic of vehicles, volcanic emissions and biological particles that are incorporated into the atmosphere (pollen, spores).

restology POLLUTED PARTICLES

Magnified 1000x

50 - 70 µm

2.5 µm 10 µm

HUMAN HAIR HEADACHE, DAMAGE TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Indoor: C6H6 Outdoor: CO, SO2

THROAT, EYE AND NOSE IRRITATION Indoor: C7H8 Outdoor: O3 ,NO2

BREATHING PROBLEMS, ASTHMA Indoor: CH20, PM10, PM2.5 Outdoor: O3,NO2

CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS Indoor: PM10, PM2.5 Outdoor: O3

BLOOD, LIVER AND SPLEEN PROBLEMS Indoor: Pb 86, Rn 86 Outdoor: NO2, PM10

DIAGRAM 01Diagram displaying the major health effects of air pollution.

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restology CONTEXT

2.5 AIRFLOW IN NUEVO LEON The research required an approach about pollution behavior in Nuevo Leon; where does it come from, which areas are affected the most and where it’s concentrated. Leading to two airflow phenomenons that are common in the city.

Due to industrial development that the city has experienced over the last years, an urban, ecological and industrial imbalance has arisen because of the accumulation of contaminants of different characteristics that alter the quality of air and surpass the capacity of assimilation in the environment. In Nuevo Leon, industrial activity (fixed sources) and vehicular concentration (mobile sources), determine the living quality of the city regarding air and its composition 19 (Manoj).

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restology AIR FLOW IN NUEVO LEON

08- Panoramic view of a smoggy day in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon.

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restology CONTEXT

2.5.1

THERMAL INVERSION Usually, the air has a constant cycle of movement in which the layers of cold air circulate in the upper part of the atmosphere and the hotter ones at a lower part.

As the sun rises the air heats up and flows upward, this generates a movement of air, cleaning large areas of soil, dust, smoke, and airborne particles. The thermal inversion itself is a natural phenomenon that occurs throughout the year, especially during winter, because of layers of hot air that are trapped between two cold layers, without generating any consequence that threatens life 20 (Briney).

However, when gases are generated by anthropogenic sources, it joins with suspended particles, causing severe effects on human health. Such is the case of Nuevo Leon where this phenomenon causes stagnation of pollutants on the atmosphere. The lack of wind worsens this by blocking the dispersion of pollutants that are emitted on the city and favors its accumulation 21(InversiĂłn TĂŠrmica) During colder days, the effects of the thermal inversion can be observed at a glance from the summit of the hills, or from the Monterrey - Saltillo highway.

Thermal inversion is registered when the cold air is near the floor, which assists contaminants to reach people, making them inhale a higher number of pollutants compared to the rest of the year, even these particles can come from vehicles and industrial activity; when this phenomenon is prolonged enough, the possibilities of an environmental contingency increases.

DIAGRAM 02Diagram of normal flow.

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DIAGRAM 03Diagram of thermal inversion.

restology THERMAL INVERSION ! FOEHN EFFECT

2.5.2

FOEHN EFFECT The Foehn effect occurs in high reliefs, like mountains, when a mass of warm air is forced to ascend to overcome that barrier presenting a gradual cooling of 0.5ºC for every 100m of rising until reaching the peak of the volume that has crossed. At the end of its ascending, it continues by descending where the air presents a heating of 1ºC per 100m of its route, settling down in warm places, dry slopes and with green vegetation, this happens because of the dry and warm air that falls 22(“Föhn Effect - Skybrary Aviation Safety”) When analyzing various mountains that surround the city, it was found that these characteristics occur in the main hills of the Metropolitan Area 23(Reporte de Calidad del Aire y Meteorología del Área Metropolitana de Monterrey) The focus of attention was Mitra’s hill; by observing its airflow behavior, it was able to discover a difference of vegetation almost contrasting on its northwest side and its southeast side.

Added to this phenomenon, the air course generates a concentration of contaminants in the district of Santa Catarina. It was speculated that the air could be pushed to inferior heights because of the circulation of hot air that descends of Mitra’s hill, causing a higher retention of contaminants allowing Thermal Inversion to happen frequently and out of season.

DIAGRAM 04Diagram representing the air flow during the Foehn effect.

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03 . STATE OF ART “We forget that as humans we don’t progress at the same speed as technology.”

—Liza Mackenzie

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restology STATE OF ART

3.1 BIO DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW Designing about nature is not new, many art movements and artists take direct references from nature to put it into their paintings, incorporate them into their buildings, etc., The beauty of it constantly moves us, but actually, hasn’t applied to day-to-day life. In 1997, Janine Benyus described Biomimicry as “an approach to innovation that seeks sustainable solutions to human challenges by emulating nature’s time-tested patterns and strategies” ¹(Biomimicry Institute).

Biology took a big step in the last two decades of the 20th century: a sheep was cloned, DNA was analyzed almost entirely and significant improvements were made in the medical area; people began to use nature, instead of copying it. Most of the times nature is being emulated but not designed with. Nowadays, design disciplines became interested in teaming up with biology and chemical experts to develop concepts and products that involved living organisms which followed their natural period of life, almost, in the same way; these disciplines seek designers to apply their theories and discoveries in a way 40

restology BIO DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW

that they can approach the real world and it’s actual necessities.

Designers become interested in science processes and how Bio-Design is taking advantage of living materials and how the objects let nature run its course; still, the conflict of this technology entails to only generate speculative designs, concepts and a lack of political priorities towards sustainable approaches.

This collaboration is already expanding, breaking boundaries of each education, developing cleaner technologies by altering methods that benefit the environment.

Artists and designers would have to be more scientists, and scientists would have to become artists and designers.

THE ADAPTABILITY AND INDEPENDENCE OF THESE NEW TECHNOLOGIES ITS COMPLEX, NOT IMPOSSIBLE, AND IT’S BECOMING A NECESSITY.

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restology STATE OF ART

3.1.1

TIMELINE: DESIGN FOR AIR POLLUTION The last decade is where dozens of projects have emerged that collaborate directly with other disciplines, mainly with biology. Although its functioning is not yet dominated to satisfy masses, little by little, it is incorporated into alternatives/upcoming process or material additions which are not environmentally friendly, the following are the ones the research put on a specific interest because of its theme related to the project.

2013 TORRE DE ESPECIALIDADES A hospital building in Mexico City, Torre de las Especialidades, is designed to transform air pollutants into harmless chemicals.

2014 PDCL2 Designed to visualize symptoms of air pollutants we breathe today. Is capable of reacting in the presence of toxic chemicals like carbon emissions.

PURIFYING BILLBOARD University of Engineering and Technology of Peru billboard design can purify 100,000 cubic meters of air every day and substitutes polluted air with fresh air.

2015 ITALY PAVILION EXPO 2015 The design chosen for the Pavilion of Italy was the winning project in international competition awarded by Expo 2015 SpA in May 2013.

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restology BIO DESIGN TIMELINE

2016 BREATH BRICK With a double-layered brick facade and a standard internal layer that offers insulation, this brick functions by cyclonic filtration, an idea taken from modern vacuum cleaners.

AEROCHROMICS A set of black sweaters that you’d find at the local mall.

But wear them out in the city and in a matter of seconds, the black fades revealing patterns.

LIVING BRICKS Construction bricks composed of biofilm that can harness solar energy, wastewater, and air pollution, and turn them into usable resources.

2017 TAGS This air purifier provides custom air cleaning to suit you and where you live. It features unique filters, each dedicated to a specific type of allergen or pollutant.

AIR INK Can capture 95% of particulate matter from tailpipes and other air pollution sources, without inducing back-pressure, which is then refined and detoxified and turned into a high-quality black ink.

09-17- Relevant projects.

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restology STATE OF ART

18- Bacteria, microbial bioremediation.

3.2 BIOREMEDIATION The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines Bioremediation as “the treatment of pollutants or waste (as in an oil spill, contaminated groundwater, or an industrial process) by the use of microorganisms (as bacteria) that break down the undesirable substances� 2(Bioremediation) By this means that the principal use of the Bioremediation process is to degrade, contain or eliminate a kind of pollutant through some species of bacteria, fungi or plants.

Bioremediation is divided into three categories: Phytoremediation, Microbial

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restology BIO REMEDIATION

Remediation, and Enzymatic Degradation, each one generates a different solution for the toxic pollutants.

Phytoremediation uses certain kind plants to eliminate or reduce some of the contaminants as it becomes part of their natural photosynthesis process. Microbial remediation benefit from bacteria, they are only able to modify dangerous chemicals to produce a less toxic one. And Enzymatic Degradation, as its name says, degrades or mineralize pollutants 3(La Biorremediaciรณn).

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restology STATE OF ART

3.3 FILTRATION METHODS Filtration is the process of separation and removal of solid particles from a liquid or gas through porous mediums. The purpose of filtration is to collect solids to be subsequently disintegrated through other means 4(Filtration Methods).

Filtering processes are distributed differently by location, generation of pressure, operating mechanism and application, the last one commonly used to purify water.

They’re various kind of filtration methods such as: CAKE FILTRATION: Most commonly used. The solids are collected on the upper side of the filter as a uniform porous layer with a constant permeability.

BLOCKING FILTRATION: The pressure when some solid particles are blocking pores retaining several components preventing particles to migrate to the septum.

CROSS-FLOW FILTRATION: Flowing at high speed through the filter tangentially preventing the formation of a Cake Filter.

SURFACE FILTRATION: As the name indicates, the solids are only retained on its surface.

SCREENING: The particles that are below a certain size “classifies” smaller ones to let them pass through the filter 5(Filtration Methods).

DEPTH FILTRATION: Solid particles are retained in deeper layers. The effect of it causes the adhesion of solid particles to different layers of the filter, the bigger ones in the preeminent layers and smaller ones entering to the remote ones, making a “bed” of particles.

The filtration method that approaches the most this research and its development is Depth Filtration, which by retaining the contaminants within its layers and with the enriched element used in this research–activated charcoal– will dissolve the material after a certain period of use. Producing an enzymatic degradation, diffusing the solids contaminants through enzymes obtained from microorganisms that are naturally formed.

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restology FILTRATION METHODS

PARTICULAS PARTICLES

MEDIO POROUS POROSO MEDIUM

DIAGRAM 05Air filtration.

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restology STATE OF ART

3.3.1

ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION Enzymes are natural protein substances that catalyze biochemical reactions. These elements act on different substrates converting particles in harmless molecules. One of the benefits of enzymes is that have higher rates of speed when incentives are not found. Enzymes are not consumed by the reactions they catalyze, so as they consume contaminating substrates they can continue to act 6(Biorremediación Enzimática).

Enzymatic degradation doesn’t wash off from the surface, making enzymes producing multiple performances, facilitating the soluble degradation of products based on a cellulolytic organism 7(Beguin). The purpose of this degradation is to modify cellulose to hydrolysis partially decreasing the pollutants that accumulate in the biocomposite.

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restology FILTRATION METHODS: ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION

19- Enzymatic degradation.

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04. MATERIAL AND METHODS The development of bioplastic with activated charcoal and its validation for design purposes.

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restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

4.1 BIOPLASTIC A bioplastic or biopolymer is a piece of plastic in which 20% or more is constituted from natural polymers, such as carbohydrates and proteins 1(Goodall).

These natural raw materials are plentiful, renewable, and biodegradable. They can be made from renewable resources such as animals, plants, or fossils, letting them be destroyed or consumed by CO2, water, energy, and cell mass using the help of germs 2(Lörcks).

The European Bioplastics defines the material as “biobased, biodegradable or both 3(Bioplastic Materials). Regular plastic is composed of a polymer called polyethylene, synthesized from oil by the petrochemical industry, one of the leading polluting industries around the world. Quite the opposite to bioplastic that remains unaffected, and in which it does not biodegrades and keeps its form for over 100 years.

Christian Friedrich Schönbei did the very first plastic in 1845, and it was cellulosebased. Cellulose is in plant’s cell walls, and it’s the most abundant renewable resource and makes almost 40% of all organic matter 4(Sauer). In 1862, he presented a pressure-molded plastic that was a tough, transparent and waterproof cellulose derivative from paper, which he named Parkesine. Currently, (made from cellulose nitrate and camphor) is not used, and this set the pace for new applications in several industries.

The discovery of Celluloid set the course for the biggest and most polluting industry in the world. Throughout the late 19th century up to 1930, casein was the prime raw material for plastics. Its applications vary from buttons to insulation material in electrical connections. This is the protein component found in the milk of bigger mammals and which was not developed in wheat5(Lörcks). Studies with wheat and soy were also made by Henry Ford; in 1915 he presented a starter box for the model T-Ford. He also kept looking for more applications in products made by soy oil, paint, and lacquers to find a substitute for rubber, but these early bio-based plastics were forgotten by the Oil Boom. It wasn’t until the 1980´s that the principal interest of products for being biodegradable is that bioplastics became noticed for the ecofriendly community.

In what Lörcks describes as the Renaissance of Bioplastics, starch and sugar became the top materials. In this new generation, both partially or fully bio-based materials, gives birth to PLA (Polylactic Acid) and PHA (Polyhydroxyalkanoates), and partially bio-based materials such as PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate), which are used commonly and are applied in many ways, from water bottles to filament for 3D printing 6(PET vs PLA vs Oxy-PET). These are mostly used in items that are designed for a single use application which quickly become obsolete, with the intention of being reduced in any air form, soil or water. Those that are more generous with the environment are the ones who stay permanent, and they have a similar constitution like oil-based plastics but remain predominantly recyclable.

This enriched material has numerous advantages, such as the reduction of CO2 emissions, a smaller amount of toxic waste and many other properties, but still, it’s not enough to beat the oil industry. Due to the high cost of production, but also based on losing land for food or increasing deforestation 7(Grancaric, Jerkovic, Tarbuk).

The main difference between a biodegradable polymer from a natural polymer is their chemical structure. As an example, pigskin gelatin and glycerol have

52

restology BIOPLASTIC

20- Detail of a panel of bioplastic without activated charcoal.

chemical structures that allow their degradations by microorganisms. These two elements became a bioplastic through a process called polymerization.

Reducing environmental pollution has led to finding new ways of manufacturing products that are eco-friendly, but some disadvantages keep pushing back bioplastics from commercial use, such as their high cost of production and price, which is not a recent discovery8(Vieira et al).

21- Zoom of pigskin bioplastic.

53

restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

22- Wood Carbon.

4.2 ACTIVATED CHARCOAL Through the filtration research a nature element was found: activated charcoal (also called activated carbon). Activated charcoal is an ancient material that has been used for centuries with plenty uses. It’s black, odorless and flavorless. Comes from a large variety of carbonaceous raw materials derived from cellulosic materials 9(Buy Activated Charcoal) and presents large benefits that have been around since ancient civilizations 10(Atlas Carbon).

Activated charcoal is pure carbon specially processed to make it highly adsorbent of particles and gases by an extended period of heating without oxygen 11(Dillon, Wilon, Barlow, Watson). It is treated –or activated– to increase its ability to adsorb various substances; pollutant molecules are trapped inside the pore structure of the carbon.

These pores are divided into two categories: micropores (.001 to .1 µm) who are in charge of the internal surface area and the primary adsorption mechanism, and macropores (>.1 µm), who carries the pores from the surface to the interior 12(Atlas Carbon). According to Shoba Jhadhav, writer of “Value Added Products from Gasification - Activated Carbon”, just one gram of activated charcoal has a surface area of 3,000 m2 as determined by gas adsorption; not to be confused with absorption (the process where a molecule is dissolved in a liquid or solid).

Adsorption is an adhesion phenomenon; the activation is the technique used to amplify the carbon’s surface to ease the adsorption 13(Atlas Carbon).

54

restology ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

Throughout history, this material found its way to become useful and beneficial for humanity, used by the Egyptians to retrieve bronze from ores, as an odor remover, to write on papyrus, and to keep wood fresh as a preservative, they were the first civilization to make a great use of activated charcoal.

Afterwards, ancient Hindus and Phoenicians (400 B.C.) discovered the antiseptic properties and begun purifying water with it, the result became an overwhelming number of possibilities, until the Dark Ages, when all sciences were shut down.

Between 1700’s-1800’s activated charcoal comes again to practice with plenty of new medical uses: food poisoning, fetid ulcers, heartburn (Acid Reflux), and even nosebleeds. It was during WWI that granular charcoal was used in gas masks, water treatments, solvent recovery, and air filters 14(Buy Activated Charcoal) These properties are very favorable for this research. Commonly found in air and water filters, activated charcoal has proven to be an easy and efficient way of purifying through adhesion, and being a natural material allows it to have an enzymatic biodegradation, erasing the trace of charcoal and contaminants that will adhere to it.

55

restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

4.3 ENRICHED BIOPLASTIC Restology is a gelatin-based bioplastic. With the advice and help from Clara Davis, Textile Designer & Material Researcher, writer of The Secret Life of Bioplastics 15(Davis 6-9), a recipe was made, including activated charcoal in its ingredients.

This easy home-made recipe, prepared with water, vegetable glycerine, and pigskin gelatin, has proven to be more advantageous than it sounds. To fully understand the material one must know the role of each ingredient in the formula described in figure 5: WATER: Used as a solvent. When the mix is heated, the water helps the polymer molecules break through. Later, when dried, the disjointed particles become entangled and gain over their structure.

PIGSKIN GELATIN: The polymer. Contains long molecule chains that give the plastic its strength.

GLYCERINE: The plasticizer. It is a small molecule that gets between the polymer to make it flexible. The more plasticizer its use, the softer and more malleable the plastic will be.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Commonly used to purify water and in air filters to adhere pollutants that are suspended in the air. When merged with the bioplastic it conserves its porosity, creating layers of nano-sized pores to keep the polluted particles 16(Green Plastics).

Despite the common bioplastic disadvantages (almost null heat resistance, being soluble in water, cannot be recycled) this new formula has two properties to offer: conductivity and adhesion properties. Because of the activated charcoal, the bioplastic can carry a limited percentage of electricity, which lead the investigation further to prove the total properties of the formula with a Scanning Electron Microscope.

The use of the SEM is the most common and useful tool in the field, has a high efficiency and quality that allows capturing images by scanning electrons at microscopic scales, such as nanometric scales.

With the results of the Scanning Electron Microscope, it was possible to classify the formulas according to their porosity and adhesion properties.

56

restology ENRICHED BIOPLASTIC

23- Bioplastic + activated charcoal.

24-

Pouring bioplastic + activated

charcoal in liquid form into acrylic mold.

57

restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

25- Porosity of bioplastic + activated charcoal.

58

restology ENRICHED BIOPLASTIC

26- Bioplastic + activated charcoal in granules panel.

59

restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

60

restology ENRICHED BIOPLASTIC

27- Bioplastic + activated charcoal panel with different recipies.

61

restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

28- Formula #4 Electron Microscope Scanning.

From the ten recipes developed, four samples were sent to the laboratory to be tested. These formulas were selected due to their properties.

Formula #8 contained an even amount of all the ingredients. The formula #5 has the less amount of activated charcoal. Number four is the most convenient to the project because of its flexibility; property gained due to its high concentration of glycerin, the final sample selected is a mix of formulas #4 and #5, this to examine the features it would develop.

The SEM test showed different outcomes for each sample. For instance, formula #8 didn’t show any pores, but it did present a sort of bumps or bulges where adhesion could happen. Recipe #5 exhibit the presence of uniform holes with the capability of filtering fragments; although their average size wasn’t the optimal for filtering pollutants.

Formula #4 presented the highest average size pores at 50µm, creating a set of thin porous walls one behind another, creating inside cavities allowing the filtration of pollutants in the air. The last formula, number 5, created holes with not enough depth to filter any contaminant. There exist multiple differences between each one of the ten recipes, this due to their specific percentage of ingredients, making it’s composition the primary factor for their classification.

The first four formulas were variations of the amount of glycerin, #5 and #6 have a change in the quantity of activated charcoal put in them, in formulas #7 and #8 the amount of gelatin change their composition, and finally, #9 and #10 the amount of water changed.

62

restology ENRICHED BIOPLASTIC

The higher the amount of glycerin, the more flexible and malleable the material is, and the less amount, the stiffer it becomes, with low flexibility and breakable; depending on its width.

The less amount of gelatin, the more liquid it becomes and the longer it takes to dry.

When there is a higher amount of gelatin, it leads to a lack of porosity not physically seen.

The less amount of water, the less the area created and the faster it dries, but it may shrink; and by having a higher amount of water, the process of shrinking it would be slower.

For the use and application of Restology, it’s recommended to dispose it after six to seven months.

The best option to dispose it it’s through compost. Home-made compost has the same properties to disintegrate the material, by its enzymatic biodegradation properties, where pollutants get trapped in the porous and will be degraded by microbes and fungi, decomposing it in a month, leaving no trace left behind. Most of the new bio-based plastics in the market cannot be compostable this way, it needs industrial fertilizer rising the temperature and methane in the air 17(Themelis, Ulloa).

This bioplastic has a significant benefit because it has a closed-loop cycle. It can last years remaining on a shelf as long as it’s not tossed into soil or water to decompose.

63

restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

10.7% A. CHARCOAL 17.8% GELATIN 71% WATER

01 12.5% GLYCEROL 9.37% A. CHARCOAL 15.62% GELATIN 62.5% WATER

02 15.15% GLYCEROL 9.09% A. CHARCOAL 15.15% GELATIN 60.60% WATER

03 20% GLYCEROL 8.57% A. CHARCOAL 14.28% GELATIN 57.14% WATER

04 7.14% GLYCEROL 3.57% A. CHARCOAL 17.85% GELATIN

71.42% WATER

05 64

restology ENRICHED BIOPLASTIC

6.68% GLYCEROL 10% A. CHARCOAL 16.66% GELATIN

66.66% WATER

06 7.45% GLYCEROL 11.95% A. CHARCOAL 6.97% GELATIN

74.62% WATER

07 6.62% GLYCEROL 10.60% A. CHARCOAL 16.56% GELATIN

66.22% WATER

08 9.17% GLYCEROL 14.68% A. CHARCOAL 11.93% GELATIN 64.22% WATER

09 5.92% GLYCEROL 9.47% A. CHARCOAL 7.69% GELATIN

76.92% WATER

10

DIAGRAM 06- Formulas of bioplastic enhanced with activated charcoal..

65

restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

RECIPE 01

RECIPE 01

BEFORE

AFTER 7 DAYS

RECIPE 03

RECIPE 03

BEFORE

AFTER

28-36- Electron Microscope Scanning.

66

restology ENRICHED BIOPLASTIC

RECIPE 02

RECIPE 02

BEFORE

AFTER 7 DAYS

RECIPE 04

RECIPE 04

BEFORE

AFTER 7 DAYS

67

restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

4.3.1

BIOPLASTIC + ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FORMULA 01- Mix the pigskin gelatine powder in a pot in room temperature water and wait until it jellies.

02- Heat the mixture and stir slowly to avoid lumps.

03- Once the mixture thickens add glycerol.

Add the activated charcoal and stir until the mixture looks homogeneous.

04- If lumps appear, use a strainer before pouring into a mold.

05- Pour mixture into a non-porous mold (acrylic, glass, silicone).

06- On one’s own results, wait 4 full days before removing from mold.

68

restology BIOPLASTIC + ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FORMULA

37- Recipe #4 of bioplastic + activated charcoal.

69

restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

70

restology BIOPLASTIC + ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FORMULA

38- Detail of a Restology panel made of bioplastic + activated charcoal.

71

restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

4.3.1

BIOPLASTIC + OTHER MATERIALS The life-span of bioplastic depends in the way it’s discarded, and its use would vary as if it is applied to an indoor or outdoor application. By investigating different materials that would extend its life cycle on an outdoor surface, the research showed that the most convenient material is the combination of cement with bioplastic.

Cement is a necessary element between concrete and mortar. It is made most commonly of limestone, clay, shells, silica, and sand 18(The Difference Between Cement, Concrete, and Mortar) These materials are combined with other ingredients and then heated to about 2,700 Fahrenheit becoming a “Clinker,” a fine powder.

Concrete is one of the most common structural material used in the industry; composed of cement, sand and other fine aggregates.

The addition of water activates the cement, which is the element responsible for binding the mix together to form one solid object 19(The Difference Between Cement, Concrete, and Mortar) Some of the properties of concrete are: WORKABILITY: An important feature for many concrete applications it is the ease with which the ingredients are mixed, and the resulting mixture can be handled and placed with little loss of homogeneity 20(Propiedades del Concreto y sus componentes).

DURABILITY: Concrete must be able to withstand the weather, chemical action and wear and tear 21(Propiedades del Concreto y sus componentes).

PERMEABILITY: Depending on the amounts of water that’s added to the mixture. Excess of water leaves voids and cavities after evaporation and, if interconnected, water can penetrate or pass through the concrete.

RESISTANCE: Any structure made of concrete is exposed to erosion so the concrete must have a high resistance to abrasion 22(Anguiano Gómez and Pérez Fletes).

Based on these properties, it was decided to use concrete to obtain a support module for its application with bioplastic.

Different prototypes of molds were realized to produce a modular filtering system that will be rigid, and resistant; two concrete mixtures were done: one with lime and another one with sand.

The purpose is that the material will be resistant and have enough porosity to adhere contaminants functioning as a seal to the bioplastic while maintaining the structural properties of the concrete alone.

Different results followed by the variations of, quantities on the material and the techniques of development. These are the most effective regarding the combination of bioplastic with concrete, which allowed it to have a resistant structure with pollutant adhesion properties on the surface.

72

restology BIOPLASTIC + ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FORMULA

39- Concrete module with granulated activated charcoal.

40- Concrete module with a cover of bioplastic with activated charcoal on the concrete surface.

73

restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

41- Modules with bioplastic + activated charcoal and other materials.

42- Modules with bioplastic + activated charcoal and other materials.

74

restology BIOPLASTIC + ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FORMULA

43- Concrete modules with bioplastic + activated charcoal and granulated charcoal.

44- First concrete module with bioplastic + activated charcoal.

75

restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

45- Concrete modules with bioplastic + activated charcoal.

76

restology BIOPLASTIC + ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FORMULA

46- Concrete bricks with bioplastic + activated charcoal.

77

restology MATERIAL AND METHODS

47- Clay bricks with bioplastic + activated charcoal and other materials.

78

restology BIOPLASTIC + ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FORMULA

48- Clay bricks with bioplastic + activated charcoal and other materials.

79

05. FIRST APROACH RESULTS The development of design strategies for two scenarios: indoor and outdoor.

For indoor spaces a modular system that covers the upper surfaces and for outdoor spaces, a modular facade system designed based on the morphology of airflow.

80

81

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

FIRST APPROACH RESULTS With the mapping of the most polluted areas in Nuevo Leon, the outcome was to find the focal points of these emissions, seek utility in the infrastructure, the area where citizens are living, the time spent in closed areas and the suitable spaces for the installment of the application that would improve air quality.

82

restology WORK PROCESS

5.1 WORK PROCESS Based on the research, its results and the developed material, two applications were proposed for both indoor and outdoor spaces.

POLLUTION indoor / outdoor

water

types of contaminants

air

air research

air pollution

soil

enzymatic degradatuib

filtration adherence capacity

analysis of particle behavior bioplastic + activated charcoal

outdoor

indoor

relevant material information

design process

product relevant material application information

bioplastic + activated charcoal

opensource

design product process application

bioplastic + activated charcoal + concrete

DIAGRAM 07Restology diagram of project development.

83

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

5.2 INDOOR APPROACH Since the intention is the adsorption of indoor air pollutants, it’s necessary to analyze the airflow of space.

Two basic ventilation systems must be analyzed to define the indoor airflow: natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation.

Natural ventilation happens when there’s no contribution of artificial energy to achieve air renewal. Mechanical ventilation uses artificial energy to generate air renewal. 1(La Importancia De La Climatización Y La Ventilación Natural.)

Within natural ventilation there are two fundamental approaches: cross ventilation that uses the air differential pressure caused by the wind, and the “chimney effect” (figure 59) that uses the greater dynamism of air at the time this heats up.

There are three types of mechanical ventilation; exhaust, supply, and balanced ventilation.

The exhaust ventilation system works by reducing the inside air pressure and below the outdoor air pressure (diagram 08), by depressurizing the building; on the contrary, supply ventilation works by pressurizing the building 3(Types of Ventilation Systems).

The balanced ventilation system works by neither pressurizes nor depressurized a building. This system introduces and drains approximately equal quantities of outside air and inside air 4(Types of Ventilation Systems). The circulation of air inside a place with mechanical ventilation gives the difference of pressures between two areas, moving from greater to lower pressure.

The wind in Nuevo Leon blows from Northeast to Southwest 2(Valdez). Under this premise, and through the software Autodesk Flow Design, it was found that the average window inside a house has the area with more impact of air (diagram 11).

NATURAL VENTILATION

A. Cross Ventilation System Scale 1.100 DIAGRAM 08Natural ventilation indoor.

84

B.

C.

restology INDOOR APROACH

NATURAL VENTILATION

A. Chimney Effect Scale 1.100

B.

C.

DIAGRAM 09Natural ventilation indoor.

85

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Fresh Air Oulet

Central Exhaust Fan

Exhaust Ventilation System Scale 1.100 Fresh Air Inlet

Central Supply Fan

Supply Ventilation System Scale 1.100 Exhaust Air Oulet

Room Air Exhaust Ducts

Supply Fan

DIAGRAM 10Mechanical ventilation indoor.

86

Balanced Ventilation System Scale 1.100

Fresh Air Inlet

restology INDOOR APROACH

STUDY CASE

N

POTENTIAL AREA TO PLACE RESTOLOGY.

Velocity (m/s) [Pressure (Pa)] +

3.205 [4.145 2.775 [1.891] 2.266 [-0.363] 1.602 [-2.616] 0 [-4.870]

Study Case Air Flow Scale 1.200

-

DIAGRAM 11Study Case.

87

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

5.2.1

MODULAR PROCESS The geometry was developed to create a system of panels for their use in interior spaces and have the ability to adhere particles that are polluting the area.

Because of the flexibility of the material, it is possible to adapt it to any surface; having a hexagonal shape to maximize proliferation in any steering wheel and easy handling for assembly and accommodation.

The geometries developed on the forms and growth patterns of some algae and corals capable of purifying oxygen and Alan Turing’s model of reaction-diffusion, which simulates the interaction of two chemical factors that react to each other diffusing in space 5(Cable).

With this references, the geometries created contain texture on the panels that allow it to increase the surface area of each ​​ one. As a secondary utility, the geometry texture generates some acoustic properties, this because of the pattern of it, resulted in different types of self-organized patterns.

This system it’s used in different design areas: the Nervous System company creates design products and objects through computer simulation and digital manufacturing (Image 49). In architecture, the UAE Pavilion of Milan’s exhibition of 2015 by Foster + Partners, evokes the experience of UAE communities and demonstrates the efficiency of forms through their natural patterns (Image 50 and 51); and Descriptive, an office that seeks to generate design through art science and technology (Image 52).

49- Lamps based on reaction diffusion patterns by Nervous System.

88

restology MODULAR PROCESS

50- UAE Pavilion by Foster + Partners.

51- Wanderers by Descriptive by Neri Oxman.

52- Expo Milan 2015 by Foster + Partners.

89

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

5.2.2

DESIGN VARIATIONS The panels were created digitally in Grasshopper by forming a hexagon applying the pattern and controlled through different types of curves, that said, the closer the curve is, the higher its definition, following the direction of the same. A variation of the panels was tested by making a hole in its center to have the possibility of creating lattices which affected the behavior of the pattern, the smaller the gap, the higher the definition.

The design was thought-out by natural form patterns and elaborated from digital algorithms that allow to scale them infinitely, control their shapes and fabrication processes.

90

restology DESIGN VARIATIONS

520

600

PATTERN TO INCREASE ABSORPTION AREA

+ 39 %

DIAGRAM 12- Choosen geometry.

91

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

DESIGN VARIATION 01

520

600

HIGH Diffusion-0.3 Feed Value-0.02 Kill Value-0.05

92

198.50

+33.70%

177.11

+21.54%

116.60

+15.14%

2.00

+36.59%

restology DESIGN VARIATIONS

MEDIUM Diffusion-0.3 Feed Value-0.4 Kill Value-0.05

LOW Diffusion-0.2 Feed Value-0.03 Kill Value-0.05

+5.04%

+14.48%

+7.02%

+10.54%

+14.99%

+17.97%

+22.47%

+27.44%

DIAGRAM 13Design Variation.

93

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

DESIGN VARIATION 02

520

600

HIGH Diffusion-0.3 Feed Value-0.02 Kill Value-0.05

+28.83%

+25.16%

+19.96%

+29.09%

94

restology DESIGN VARIATIONS

MEDIUM Diffusion-0.3 Feed Value-0.4 Kill Value-0.05

LOW Diffusion-0.2 Feed Value-0.03 Kill Value-0.05

+28.19%

+44.47%

+19.92%

+39.48%

+10.77%

+33.26%

+36.43%

+59.10%

DIAGRAM 14Design Variation.

95

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

DESIGN VARIATION 03

520

600

HIGH Diffusion-0.3 Feed Value-0.02 Kill Value-0.05

+19.98%

+38.91%

+39.21%

+31.09%

96

restology DESIGN VARIATIONS

MEDIUM Diffusion-0.3 Feed Value-0.4 Kill Value-0.05

LOW Diffusion-0.2 Feed Value-0.03 Kill Value-0.05

+21.67%

+44.47%

+58.83%

+39.00%

+55.43%

+46.32%

+30.60%

+44.44% DIAGRAM 15Design Variation.

97

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

DESIGN VARIATION 04 HIGH Diffusion-0.3 Feed Value-0.02 Kill Value-0.05

520

600

+24.26%

+26.86%

+18.08%

+16.91%

98

restology DESIGN VARIATIONS

MEDIUM Diffusion-0.3 Feed Value-0.4 Kill Value-0.05

LOW Diffusion-0.2 Feed Value-0.03 Kill Value-0.05

+11.90%

+32.97%

+25.08%

+39.89%

+17.28%

+36.12%

+13.35%

+33.98%

DIAGRAM 16Design Variation.

99

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

DIAGRAM 17Restology panel application.

5.2.3

PRODUCT APPLICATION The panels work as a flexible and modular coating of approximately 50x50cms (diagram 17) allowing the user to place them on any surface. The various reliefs in their patterns and their versatility in their accommodation bring a unique aesthetic to any interior space. They are easy to install and have a low ecological impact since they use a natural glue.

The objective is to adhere the polluting particles of any space, providing a better quality of air to its users and gives the sensation of harmony thanks to the material each module it’s made.

The installment of the panels has to be in a high area, such as the ceiling (figure 56) or the most upper section of the wall. They’re placed with a natural glue, made with the same materials that the panels (diagram 18). Once they’re set up, they have a productive life of five to six months, approximately.

They are easy to install and have a low ecological impact since they use a natural glue composed of the same materials as the bioplastic, occupying: glycerin, pigskin gelatine, white vinegar, and water, this adhesive is entirely natural and has the same durability as the material exposed to the same conditions.

*Source: Profeco

100

restology PRODUCT APPLICATION

GLUE

BIOPLASTIC

BIOPLASTIC

DIAGRAM 18Diagram of how to apply a Restology panel on a typical wall.

53- Placing bioplastic onto the wall.

101

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

54- Close detail of a Restology panel.

102

restology PRODUCT APPLICATION

55- Restology panels wall application.

103

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

104

restology PRODUCT APPLICATION

56- Restology panels indoor application.

105

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

5.2.4

FABRICATION CNC (Computer Numerical Control) it’s a manufacturing process where a pre-programmed software command movements to different tools and machinery. The software can be used to control multiple mechanisms, from grinders and lathes to mills and routers; with CNC machining, three-dimensional cutting tasks can accomplish in a single set of prompts.(Astro Machine Works, 2017) The mold manufacturing was done in a 12mm thick acrylic plate from two parameters codified in RhinoCam: Horizontal Roughing Software, which roughs the mayor portion with an acrylic ¼ Flatmill bit. Afterwards, the parameter Parallel Finishing; which creates the pattern figure with a 1/8’’ Ballmill bit in 90 minutes and had a 40% definition, which means 40% bit diameter of stepover.

01- A Grasshopper definition generates the texture design of the hexagonal panel.

02- Once the texture design is done, a Gcode to cut in the CNC machine.

03- Insert the Gcode in the CNC machine and place the settings required to start cutting the acrylic sheet.

04- Start the cutting process, once completed the casting with the texture design it will be ready to pour the bioplastic on it.

05- Fill the cast with the enriched bioplastic formula, letting it dry for four days.

06- After the four days have passed, detach the hexagon, and the panel will be ready to apply.

106

restology FABRICATION

57- CNC machine cutting an acrylic sheet used for the fabrication.

107

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

58- Bioplastic + activated charcoal panel.

108

restology FABRICATION

59- Bioplastic + activated charcoal panel.

109

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

60- Bioplastic + activated charcoal panel.

110

restology FABRICATION

61- Bioplastic + activated charcoal panel.

111

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

62- Restology Bioplastic Formula.

5.2.5

LIFE CYCLE The product composition makes it a closed loop cycle, meaning the design increases the potential of its ingredients to return to the environment.

Once the life of the product ends, there are three ways in which it can dispose of: water where it would begin to dissolve by three weeks of continuous exposure to it, soil, where will decompose by two months and organic or homemade compost where it will disintegrate in one month leaving no solid waste.

112

restology FABRICATION

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

63-72- Life cycle of Restology.

113

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

5.3 OUTDOOR APPROACH As mentioned in Chapter 2, it was required to learn about pollution behavior in Nuevo Leon and the areas that are more affected because of the higher concentration of contaminants.

The geometries were developed with forms related to air fluids, by analyzing air direction, pressure, and behavior that can acquire in the presence of porous or corrugated structures (Figure 85).

Santa Catarina San Nicolรกs San Pedro Monterrey Santa Catarina Guadalupe Apodaca Escobedo

114

restology OUTDOOR APROACH

N

DIAGRAM 19Metropolitan area of Monterrey airflow and its most polluted areas.

115

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

5.3.1

MODULAR PROCESS A regular multi-sided polygon is a plane figure formed by several segments that intersect two points, creating a shape with vertices, angles and has equal sides; like the hexagon.

A hexagon is a convex polygon of six sides and six vertices; it could be said that a hexagon its assembled by six equilateral triangles. The hexagon is the only regular polygon in which the equality of its sides and the radius of the circumference circumscribed to it are fulfilled, helping its construction; by knowing the value of the side and radius, it can always build the same way 6(PolĂ­gonos Regulares).

The properties of the figure make it possible to join it one to another in different positions, covering a completely flat surface without leaving any gap, allowing to change the lengths of its sides without losing the connection between pieces.

The geometry used its base on a hexagon about 20x20cms; the measures can vary according to the size in which its manufacture. Similarly, four of its sides have the same length making them longer about the other two sides, the difference in length was because it’s sought to create different connections between modules.

As the analysis came through and based on the research, it was decided to design inside of the hexagon, mainly to have the possibility of creating holes in the interior that would allow the airflow through the geometry and increase the contact area.

The internal hexagons are intended to have different lengths; the inner diameter is distinct to allow the airflow through the middle of the geometry. These small variations can control the conduction and the airflow passing through the geometries.

Likewise, the surface has to be significantly elongated since the contact with air, and the impact area increases, the volume of the structures allow it to conduct the air through the shape, in this way, it can optimize the addition of pollutants in the material. When placing several modules together, it is essential to analyze the airflow through them as the final position depends directly on the air.

In the case of these geometries, the effectiveness of air conduction is achieved through a rotation of 35 degrees, in this way it’s possible for the air, according to its natural behavior, to pass better between the pieces achieving an internal route that allows expelling air with fewer contaminants.

Geometries are continually shifting to generate different results; this with the possibility of being able to create more connections that lead the air through the interior of the piece.

116

restology MODULAR PROCESS

73- Modular process used for the application.

117

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

5.3.2

FILTER MODULAR SYSTEM Bernoulli’s principle says that when the diameters of a tube change, the air velocity through the tube changes.

The reduction of the diameters also allows the pressure to increase or decrease by optimizing the flow of air through the geometry. In this way we can control the amount and direction of air flow.

V₁

01. VELOCITY

V₂

02. AIRFLOW DIRECTION

z

y

03. BIOPLASTIC (INTERNAL ADHESION)

DIAGRAM 20Filter Modula System.

118

x

04. ASSEMBLING DIRECTION

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: DIAGRAM

DESIGN VARIATIONS DESIGN VARIATION 01

DESIGN VARIATION 02

PRESSURE VARIATION

PRESSURE VARIATION

INTERNAL ADHESION OF POLLUTANTS

INTERNAL ADHESION OF POLLUTANTS

INTERNAL AIR FLOW

INTERNAL AIR FLOW

CONNECTIONS X, Y, Z

CONNECTIONS X, Z

DESIGN VARIATION 03

DESIGN VARIATION 04

INTERNAL ADHESION OF POLLUTANTS

INTERNAL ADHESION OF POLLUTANTS

INTERNAL AIR FLOW

INTERNAL AIR FLOW

CONNECTIONS X, Z

CONNECTIONS X, Z

DIAGRAM 21Design variations.

119

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

AIRFLOW ANALYSIS DIAGRAM DESIGN VARIATION 01

120

DESIGN VARIATION 02

VELOCITY

VELOCITY

28.9740

3.9736

25.7547

3.5321

22.5353

3.0906

19.3160

2.6491

16.0967

2.2076

12.8773

1.7671

9.6580

1.3245

6.4387

0.8830

3.2193

0.4415

0.0000

0.0000

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: DIAGRAM

DESIGN VARIATION 03

DESIGN VARIATION 04

VELOCITY

VELOCITY

4.1288

5.8083

3.6701

5.1629

3.2113

4.5175

2.7526

3.8722

2.2938

3.2268

1.8350

2.5815

1.3763

1.9361

0.9175

1.2907

0.4588

0.6454

0.0000

0.0000

DIAGRAM 22Airflow analysis.

121

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

DESIGN VARIATION 01 MODULE 2

35 cm

MODULE 1

PERSPECTIVE

35 cm

35 cm

FRONT FRONT AREA 4m

2

54 MODULES

50 cm

75 cm

TOP

122

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: DIAGRAM

PERSPECTIVE

LEFT

DIAGRAM 23Design variations.

123

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

DESIGN VARIATION 02 MODULE 2

45 cm

MODULE 1

PERSPECTIVE

30 cm

50 cm

FRONT

FRONT AREA 4m 128 MODULES

45 cm

135 cm

TOP

124

2

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: DIAGRAM

PERSPECTIVE

LEFT

DIAGRAM 24Design variations.

125

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

DESIGN VARIATION 03 MODULE 2

40 cm

MODULE 1

PERSPECTIVE

25 cm

50 cm

FRONT AREA 4m

FRONT

45 cm

150 cm

TOP

126

2

55 MODULES

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: DIAGRAM

PERSPECTIVE

LEFT

DIAGRAM 25Design variations.

127

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

DESIGN VARIATION 04

35 cm

MODULE 1

PERSPECTIVE

30 cm

30 cm

FRONT AREA 4m

2

66 MODULES

FRONT

35 cm

90 cm

TOP

128

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: DIAGRAM

PERSPECTIVE

LEFT

DIAGRAM 26Design variations.

129

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

2.3.3

PRODUCT APPLICATION To elaborate the molds is necessary to design and generate first the geometry in 3D to visually interpret the design with its established measures. Once the 3D model is ready, an offset of the piece is made to generate the walls of the mold. Then is made an exploded view which consists of placing each face of the piece flat (2D) to cut it with Waterjet in a 2mm flat metal sheet. When the cut had finished, the lashes bent off and the pieces are assembled with screws.

When the cut had finished, the lashes bent off and the pieces are assembled with screws of 6 mm thickness; they will generate the pressure of the mold with tension rollers on each side of the screws.

The modules are design in a way that their geometry allows them to arrange them in various forms and directions along the X, Y, and Z axes, providing a high reach of uses regarding design applications.

The objective was to develop a system which can be used to produce objects or used as a material, from benches to building facades and be able to build them in any shape desired. The properties of the material and its design allows to scale it to almost any desired size depending on the application.

The modules were created using the Fluid Flow Software to maximize airflow and pressure and achieve the highest level of adsorption possible and making full use of the material’s properties.

The combination of the extremely high porosity and chemical properties of the material, together with the geometry of each module allowed it to reach an unexpectedly high level of airborne pollutant removal.

With the preceding facts it can envision a future where, instead of taking away from the environment, the structures developed will aid in the remediation and conservation of our planet 7(Touring).

130

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: PRODUCT APPLICATION

74- Concrete + Bioplastic + Activated charcoal wall application.

75- Restology panels outdoor application.

131

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

132

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: PRODUCT APPLICATION

76- Restology panels outdoor application.

133

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

5.3.4

FABRICATION In this stage the prototyping of colosia bricks for control of airflow pases through a development of a series of moldules....

01- Cut the pieces in laser-cut, after all the pieces are cut, glued them with silicone, this would be the casting mix container.

02- Next, prepare the wood with one layer of vaseline, this makes it easier to disassemble the piece by making not stay stuck in the mold once it dries off.

03- Then, prepare the mixture of the materials: cement, lime, sand, and water.

The portions of the material in the mix may change depending on the size of the geometry. (The drying of the same depends on the size of the geometry; It’s recommended that the mix has to be made on a sunny day. Also, it can be done in an open or closed space).

04- After emptying the molds, wait approximately 12 hours for the mixture to dry; as advice, after demolding the pieces stored them in a safe place to avoid breaking.

05- When the piece is completely dry, add the bioplastic to its walls.

06- With a heat gun melt the bioplastic that it’s on the geometry walls, in this way, it will be able to stick to it, this takes between ten and fifteen minutes It is recommended to do it in a dry and clean surface, so the bioplastic would not break and would adhere better to the geometry 7(Anguiano Gómez and Pérez Fletes, 2013).

134

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: FABRICATION

CONCRET BIOPLASTIC

CONCRET BIOPLASTIC

DIAGRAM 27-

Restology application.

135

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

77- Wood molds used for the fabrication.

136

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: FABRICATION

78- Pouring concret into the mold.

137

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

DIAGRAM 28Outdoor first approach results mold.

138

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: FABRICATION

DIAGRAM 29Outdoor first approach results mold.

139

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

12

33.1

6

.4

0

12.9

27.6

51.3

13.4

45

.71 .97 34.7

.72

.30

10.3 11.8

.30

15.7

.30 12.

7

20.

12.3

.64

1

32.3

.8 10

.88

11.6

12.8

.54

25.8

.92

.5

14.6

30 .7

.9

10.3

24.6

.66

.73

0 14

3 .5

.30

22.1 28.1

16.9 17.1

.4

28.4

32.6

.71

14.8

.30

21.2

.79 43.9

.8

.30

12.0

10.8 20

.30

15

22.4

28.4

.7

.53

.40

14

.7 1

3 .9

.30

32.5 38.5

DIAGRAM 30Outdoor first approach results mold.

140

.30

10.2

10.4

15.5 49.4

13.2

.4

38.4

20.8

15.2

.7

11.2

12

18.8

.1

restology

12.9

.5

.55

6

11.1

229

.71

30

1

.73 .73

.4

27.7 25.8

11.9

.55

.31

.0

19

12.3

13.4

21.5

.72

32.2

12 .6

10.3 14.3

34.8

.54

.41

17.4 17.9

23.0

28.6

.30

.30

.34

.54

.30 51.3

14.3

.7

14.6

.47

.9

12

10.3

24.6

32.0

.30

OUTDOOR APROACH: FABRICATION

.7

49 1.

1

.30 .73

.30

5 .2

22.2

.30

10.2

.56

14.9

.29

43.8

28.2

19.0

23.9

12

.3 14

1

3 .9

.5 4 .30

20.9

11.7 38.6

.30

.30

11.9

.92

.63

.70

.5

14

.8

14.3

.22

.4

10.8

1

.71

51.7

31- Outdoor first approach results mold.

141

35.6

.54

2

28.8

.7

32.7

18.9

.5 21

17.2

.6

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

79- Outdoor first approach results mold.

142

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: FABRICATION

80- Outdoor first approach results mold.

143

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

5.3.5

ASSEMBLING Each geometry is designed to be able to assemble with each other, so the connections would provide different directions, allowing it to alter the geometries and reach different results.

They were made this way so the pieces could be organic to each other that they’ll do not need substructures that would increase the costs of manufacture and installation.

The manufacture of the geometries has a semi-formal production conditions since they can be done in any space and the distribution of the pieces can be by land, air, ferry, among others.

144

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: ASSEMBLING

81- Tree pieces of concrete + Restology bioplastic.

145

restology FIRST APPROACH RESULTS

5.3.6

MAINTENANCE Once the final pieces get assembled they are connected between them to place it in different directions; this allows the parts to have distinct applications, such as an urban structure that can set them in a park, or also create benches and even cover the facade of a building.

They have three different connections; letting the geometry able to transform the scale of the final product to have a more significant impact.

As an outdoor product doesn’t require a meticulous maintenance since the climatic conditions are the ones that determine the durability of the product, as well as the pollution of the space it’s placed.

However, if the desire is to extend to its limit the life of the module, it is relevant to make more bioplastic plates to pour into the walls again.

146

restology OUTDOOR APROACH: MAINTENANCE

82- Concrete and activated charcoal bioplastic.

83- Concrete and activated charcoal bioplastic.

147

06. VALIDATION & RESULTS (MATERIAL) Verification of the premises given and the fundamentals with which the tests were conducted.

148

149

restology VALIDATION AND RESULTS

VALIDATION AND RESULTS The Scanning Electron Microscope proved that the bioplastic is porous enough to fit pollutant particles; to fully validate the potential of the material as a filter, further experimentation was performed. It was developed a device capable of detecting physical or chemical quantities and transforming them into electrical variables; the electrical variable is interpreted according to the characteristic of the sensor for human reading, it contains two sensors and an Arduino*.

These cards are programmed in a development environment (IDE).

* An Arduino is a logical card that contains microprocessors and digital elements

150

restology VALIDATION AL RESULTS

84- Sensors data compilation for graphics.

151

restology VALIDATION AND RESULTS

85- Testing smoke through sensors to gather pollutants information.

6.1 AIR QUALITY SENSOR DEVELOPMENT

The sensor GP2Y1010AU0F (Dust Sensor) measures microparticles of PM10 and PM 2.5 in a unit of Îźg / m3 that is equal to 1PPM. The MQ135 (Air Quality Sensor) measures gases such as NH3, NOx, Alcohol, Benzene, Smoke, CO2, among others.

These sensors will aid measure the average polluted air that the bioplastic adheres.

According to the results, the sensor will analyze how bad the air inside the chamber is. If the dust sensor measures more than 35.5 micrograms per cubic meter and the gas sensor measures more than 2000 ppm, it is already considered dangerous, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency.

The results are based on two studies of people who have previously worked with this system generating equations, this is the case of Davide Gironi that made a CO2 meter to measure air quality capable of detecting of NH3, Alcohol, Benzene and other gases 3(Gironi), and Chris Nafi’s Air Quality Monitoring that automatically measures and graphs Air Quality with an inexpensive device 4(Nafis), it was able to develop a better sensor and obtain more accurate results.

For the dust sensor it was occupied the following formula:

152

restology AIR QUALITY SENSOR DEVELOPMENT

AIR QUALITY SENSOR 700 PPM THESHHOLD GASES

MQ135 AIR QUALITY SENSOR

LCD ARDUINO

DUST SENSOR 90-100 μG/M3 THESHHOLD PARTICULATE MATTER

GP2Y1010 AU0F DUST SENSOR

PPM= mg/L ATMOSPHERE PARTICLE MASS

μG/ M³ = DUST DENSITY MICROGRAM / CUBIC METER 1 X 106

1 PPM= 1000000 μG/M3

DIAGRAM 33-

Sensor developed to measure polluted particles.

PPM = A*(RS/RO)^B And its representation in the code: calcVoltage = voMeasured * (3.3 / 1024); dustDensity = (0.17 * calcVoltage - 0.1)*1000; It is multiplied by 1000 to convert from mg to ug.

Gas sensor formula: y=0.172*x-0.0999 How the code is represented: ppm=PARA * pow((getCorrectedResistance(t, h)/RZERO), -PARB); float temperature = 19.0;// (Actual temperature was researched fromAccuWeather) float humidity = 42.0;// (Actual humidity was researched from AccuWeather) Parameters for calculating ppm of CO2 from sensor resistance: PARA = 116.6020682; PARB = 2.769034857; Calibration resistance at atmospheric CO2 level: #define RZERO 76.63

153

restology VALIDATION AND RESULTS

SMOKE

IN FAN MQ135 AIR QUALITY SENSOR

FAN

MODULS GP2Y1010A UOF DUST SENSOR

LCD LED

DIAGRAM 34-

Sensor diagram and its components.

CIGARRETE

SMOKE

WATER

DIAGRAM 35-

Diagram showing a container capturing cigar pollutants.

6.2 TESTS PERFORMED The tests consist of two chambers (diagram 43), in chamber #1 is where the polluted air will flow, air pressure will cross to the second chamber going through the bioplastic first. Through the sensor readings and results, it’s able to see if the Restology adheres the contaminants. The air control flow will be directed using pointed fans and with the geometry and texture of the design (diagram 35).

154

restology TEST PERFORMED

86- Tools required for the measurement

of polluted particles.

87-Restology module with a small layer of bioplastic for the polluted particles test.

155

restology VALIDATION AND RESULTS

88- Module with a small layer of bioplastic for the polluted particles test.

STEP -A

STEP -B

STEP -C

STEP -D

(D*100%)/B=X

DAY 01

TEMP.17 HUM.27

1751

21442

1656

13608

37%

DAY O2

TEMP.20 HUM.28

670

20358

448

15405

24%

DAY O3

TEMP.19 HUM.42

1170

21158

1376

20599

3%

100X=Y

DIAGRAM 36Validation system rsults

6.3 TEST TRYOUTS The tests were performed for three days with a 15 minutes duration; this with the intention of observing the reaction of the pollutants with the bioplastic in a controlled period and accelerating the life cycle of the product. The percentages of the tests were based on a linear proportional function, always comparing it with pollutants without bioplastic.

TESTS: 01. Clean air, no filtrating module.

To calibrate the sensors and establish a baseline.

02. Polluted air, bare concrete module.

To establish pollution levels without additional materials.

03. Polluted air, with bioplastic.

To analyze the decline in airborne pollutants due to adsorption by the materials aided by concrete module.

156

restology TEST TRYOUTS

DAY 01 A- Sensor is calibrated for 15 minutes.

The sensor marks 1751; therefore the 100% is 1751.

B- With contaminants, without bioplastic.

The pollutant enters the chamber; results will show in 15 minutes.

The sensor will point a series of numbers that will be averaged.

Average number: 21442, becoming 100% with contaminants.

C- Calibrated for 15 minutes The sensor scores; therefore the 100% is 1656.

D- With contaminants and modules with bioplastic.

The pollutant enters the chamber; results will show in 15 minutes.

The sensor will point a series of numbers that will be averaged.

Average number: 13608, becoming 100% with contaminants.

DAY 02 A- Sensor is calibrated for 15 minutes.

It marks 679. Therefore, 100% is 679.

B- With contaminants, without bioplastic.

The pollutant enters the chamber; results will show in 15 minutes.

The sensor will point a series of numbers that will be averaged.

Average number: 20348, becoming 100% with contaminants.

C- Calibrated for 15 minutes.

The sensor scores 448; therefore the 100% is 448.

D- With contaminants and modules with bioplastic.

The pollutant enters the chamber; results will show in 15 minutes.

The sensor will point a series of numbers that will be averaged.

Average number: 15405, becoming 100% with contaminants.

DAY 03 A-Sensor is calibrated for 15 minutes.

It marks 1170. Therefore the 100% is 1170.

B-With contaminants, without bioplastic.

The pollutant enters the chamber; results will show in 15 minutes.

The sensor will point a series of numbers that will be averaged.

Average number: 21158, becoming 100% with contaminants.

C-Calibrated for 15 minutes.

The sensor scores 1376; therefore the 100% is 1376.

D-With contaminants and modules with bioplastic.

The pollutant enters the chamber; results will show in 15 minutes.

The sensor will point a series of numbers that will be averaged.

Average number: 20599, becoming 100% with contaminants.

157

restology VALIDATION AND RESULTS

3 DAYS TRY OUT RESULTS 4000

3500

3000

2500 DAY 1 GAS- C 2000

DAY 2 GAS- C DAY 3 GAS- C

1500

1000

500

661

639

617

595

573

551

529

507

463

485

441

419

397

375

353

331

309

287

265

243

221

177

199

155

133

89

111

67

45

1

23

0

CONCRETE MODULE WITHOUT POLLUTANTS

100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 DAY 1 GAS- C 50000

DAY 2 GAS- C

40000

DAY 3 GAS- C

30000 20000 10000

CONCRETE MODULE WITH POLLUTANTS

158

673

652

631

610

589

568

547

505

484

463

442

421

400

379

358

337

316

295

274

253

232

190

166

184

127

106

85

64

23

22

1

0

restology GENERAL DATA: POLLUTION

3000

2500

2000

DAY 1 GAS- B

1500

DAY 2 GAS- B DAY 3 GAS- B 1000

500

661

639

617

595

573

551

529

507

463

485

441

419

397

375

353

331

309

287

265

243

221

177

199

155

133

89

111

67

45

1

23

0

BIOPLASTIC GEOMETRY WITHOUT POLLUTANTS

120000

100000

80000 DAY 1 GAS- B 60000

DAY 2 GAS- B DAY 3 GAS- B

40000

20000

661

639

617

595

573

551

529

507

485

463

441

419

397

375

353

331

309

287

265

243

221

199

177

155

133

111

89

67

45

1

23

0

BIOPLASTIC GEOMETRY WITH POLLUTANTS

DIAGRAM 37-40Validation system rsults

159

restology VALIDATION AND RESULTS

89- Module with a small layer of bioplastic for the polluted particles test.

6.4 TEST RESULTS After realizing several tests, it was able to recognize the behavior of the sensor with the contaminants and the material, concluding with a certain quantity of pollutants and its reaction on the matter on a closed system would give more stable data.

Temperature and humidity are essential variables in the sensors code; this test was performed in days where the temperature was stable and airflow was quite low.

If the average is above the percentage of #1 and less #2, the average of #2 will be used to get the results.

As an example, on the first day, 21442 is the 100%, and the average is of 13608, which means that the bioplastic with activated charcoal adheres 63% of polluted particles. A relation is made of a linear proportion (13608p * 100%)/21442p = 63.43%, subtract 100% - 63.43%= 37%, meaning the material adheres 37% of the contaminants of in the air.

160

restology GENERAL DATA: POLLUTION

AIR QUALITY SENSOR- MQ135 WITH POLLUTANTS PPM 120000

01- SATURDAY- CONCRET 01- SATURDAY-BIOPLASTIC TEMP. 17

100000

HUM.27

37 %

02- SUNDAY- CONCRET 02- SUNDAY-BIOPLASTIC TEMP. 20

80000

HUM.28

24 %

03- SUNDAY- CONCRET 03- SUNDAY-BIOPLASTIC TEMP. 19

60000

HUM.42

3 %

40000

20000

1 22 23 64 85 106 127 184 166 190 232 253 274 295 316 337 358 379 400 421 442 463 484 505 547 568 589 610 631 652 673

0 15 MIN.

DIAGRAM 41Graphic showing the difference between a Restology module with and without bioplastic in 3 different days.

Test percentages were based on a linear proportional function, always comparing it with a pollutant test without the bioplastic.

D.01. The percentage of adherence was 37%, temperature of 17° and humidity 27% D.02. The percentage of adherence was 24%, temperature of 20° and humidity 28% D.03. The percentage of adherence was 3%, temperature of 19% and humidity 42% In an ideal scenario: If the average is less than the percentage obtained in step #1: The average of step #1 will be used to get the results.

If the average throws a 400% a relation is made in linear proportion.

(400p*100%) /500p = 80% 100%+20%=120%

100% - 80% = 20%

161

07. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT “We have the foundations of a brilliant contemporary society. The bricks are just cracking... And with guidance, and the right people standing up, it will find itself again.�

- Ben Quilty

162

163

restology CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT From the beginning of times, nature has been observed for the benefit of humanity.

When we look at the future of earth and society, we see the critical state of the situation, with the main problem being environmental pollution. Discovering stories that present dystopian social panoramas: stories without natural elements in which is too late to generate positive change and counteract the damages technological advances have caused. In contrast to this stories, science has lead to believe that the future of the planet must be built looking towards biology visualizing a sustainable future that is respectful to the environment, in which nature and technology are combined to live in harmony.

The driving concept, Restology, is a conceptualization that symbolizes the hope of a new beginning and the change within reach. Using elements such as light diffusion, which is a medium that aids the visualization of airborne particles within a determined space, the harmonious fusion of different materials, textures and gradients that can be found in the environment; the properties and porosity of activated charcoal that allow it to absorb pollutants, and the life cycle of bioplastic.

Currently, some postures deny the problem, but as an interdisciplinary team, there is a strive to make pollution visible and invite the spectator to become aware of the topic and be inspired to make a change in their habits. Looking to encourage and push designers to walk together towards a prosperous future, being responsible for all actions, and deleting humankind’s footprint from the environment.

164

restology CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

90- “Double Blind” Architectural Light Installation by Robert Irwin at the Association of Visual Artists Vienna Secession.

165

restology CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

7.1 INNUENDOS The guiding concept and branding development were designed based on minimalist aesthetics, a visual style that emerged in 1960 after World War II ¹(Wolf), with the intention of breaking down traditional notions of art and provoke intellectual stimulation through minimum elements ²-³(Contemporary Minimalist) (The Case for Minimalism).

The primary influences of the exhibition are installation artists who inquire about the relationship between the body and space ⁴(Playing with space and light), artists who experiment with the sense of space and nature, transforming exhibitions into a form of activism through art ⁵(Gormley).

The analyzed work belongs to artists such as Olafur Eliasson, Anthony Gormley, Christo and JeanneClaude and Robert Irwin.

Pollution, among other problems, has merged with conceptual art, suggesting environmental speeches as presented in Beauty ⁶(Eliasson) and Christo and JeanneClaude’s work. Introducing immersive spaces that guide the spectator through a path of contemplation and consciousness, using natural elements such as light, water, paper, and smoke ⁷(Christo, JeanneClaude). In the case of Gormley and Irwin work, who explore space within and inside the user, questioning consciousness without an object through the variation of the form, the human body, and light respectively ⁸(Irwin, Robert).

166

restology INNUENDOS

“IT IS NOT JUST ABOUT DECORATING THE WORLD… BUT ABOUT TAKING RESPONSIBILITY.” - OLAFUR ELIASSON.

167

restology CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

91- Sea view from high mountain.

7.2 ARGUMENT Based on the value matrix, three scenarios were developed by gathering the characteristics that represent the brand and expressing the idea of change by looking toward an environmentally friendly future.

The first scenario draws inspiration from dystopic sci-fi stories where nature is extinct. In the midst of that catastrophe, one encounters an illuminated oasis which gives a glimpse of hope of preserving life, simultaneously, this beam of light highlights the polluted panorama, keeping the problem present and thus pushing to look for a solution.

The second scenario developed from the interaction between different materials and the science behind an ecosystem. By becoming aware of the need of other disciplines besides design to bring this project to fruition—the same way that elements are required to carry an ecosystem to life 10(Patel).

The third and final scenario is derived from the porosity in activated charcoal and its use in different stages of the creation of Restology bioplastic. The aim was to highlight the properties of the activated charcoal since it’s the main element in our proposal 11(Zamora).

168

restology ARGUMENT

92- Activated charcoal project by Beatriz Zamora.

169

restology CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

170

restology BRANDING

7.3 BRANDING The graphic language designed for the project faithfully represents the brand’s values through the use and quality of the material by enhancing the balance between science and the disrupting, allowing the brand to speak for itself about the properties of the material and the new beginning it represents.

For the development of the brand and the communication of materials, the aim is to express the life cycle of the material using a geometric Sans Serif typography. The color palette is represented in a gray scale to convey a transition from a high level of pollution to cleaner air, while also using photographs with close-ups of this elements.

Restology, the name of the project, effortlessly represents the balance between scientific knowledge and a new beginning. Expressing the desire to provide a rest from the pollution we live in.

The logo and icon were designed to be simple and light, allowing to display the porosity of the material, and how the particles may intercalate in it, giving a sense of breathing clean air.

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restology CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

LOGOTYPE

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restology BRANDING

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restology CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

TYPOGRAPHY Karbon AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHgIiJjKkLlMm NnOoPpQqRrSsTtVvWwXxYyZz AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHgIiJjKkLlMm NnOoPpQqRrSsTtVvWwXxYyZz Decima Mono Pro AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHgIiJjKkLlMm NnOoPpQqRrSsTtVvWwXxYyZz AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHgIiJjKkLlMm NnOoPpQqRrSsTtVvWwXxYyZz

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restology BRANDING

COLORS

100%

80%

50%

30%

00%

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08. MARKETING STRATEGY Theoretical and conceptual basis on which the research project is based.

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restology MARKETING STRATEGY

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restology MACRO ENVIRONMENT FACTORS

8.1 MACRO ENVIROMENT FACTORS The macro-environment is composed of the different factors that can influence the environment of the company, these factors besides being external forces, not controllable with the company.

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restology MARKETING STRATEGY

93- Mexico City.

8.1.1

ECONOMIC Economic factors take into account the different variables that can divide directly in exchanges with the markets.

MEXICAN ECONOMY TO SLOW IN 2017 THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN THE UNITED STATES IS “ALMOST IN RECESSION” 1 (Cota).

As the primary buyer of United States manufacturing goods, Mexico has been affected by the economic changes in this activity, which represents 30% of the Mexican Gross Domestic Product 2(Jacquier).

So far, public spending has shortened 3.2% at an annualized quarterly rate in the first quarter of the year. As for monetary policy, the Banxico movement means higher interest rates that will eventually be reflected in more expensive loans 3(Capistrán).

Relevance with the project: According to the recessions that this country has experienced, a slow in the growth of this activity affects the economy of those involved with it; on the other hand banks within the country will implement higher rates to gain a surplus which as a consequence will affect the economy of Mexicans who invest in mentioned goods.

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restology MACRO ENVIRONMENT FACTORS

94- People hanging out at Reforma.

8.1.2

DEMOGRAPHIC Characteristics of human populations, including factors such as size, distribution, and growth.

“MILLENNIALS, THE MOST IMPORTANT INTERNET MARKET” 4(Vázquez).

For every 10 Internet users in Mexico, seven are under the age of 34 years. Although the internet is not exclusively for young people, this demographic has built new markets within the country; as a result, the Internet in Mexico is considered a territory for the younger audience 5(Statista Inc.).

Making a more in-depth breakdown, Millenials (ages 18 to 34), make up 36% of the total of the internet community, where most of its users are connected through a smartphone, which represents 91% of the devices used to navigate 6(Vázquez).

In concrete terms, this group of approximately 24 million people, use the internet to get informed, communicate and interact not only with each other but with brands, institutions, among others. This segment is the one that has stopped using traditional media, which makes digital platforms the primary source of information 7(Vázquez).

Relevance with the project: When it comes to millennials, their level of engagement through the internet shows the powerful tool it has become. The growth in this way of interaction must serve as tool to broadcast Restology as an open source; not only to millennials but to the general public.

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restology MARKETING STRATEGY

95- Computer with stickers.

8.1.3

CULTURAL Society has many beliefs and values, while some of them can be modified or changed the most influential are the ones that endure. These ideas then shape specific attitudes and behaviors that manifest in everyday life.

“OPEN SOURCE IS A CULTURAL CHANGE” 8(“El ‘Open Source’ Es Un Cambio Cultural”).

Open source has changed the rules of the game in the technological setting and by extension, also in the business environment. It even involves a cultural change and a new work model to which large companies are joining.

Alberto Morgante, BBVA’s Cloud Computing Innovation Engineer, explains the magnitude of this new form of work, analyzes its advantages and potential, after its participation in the OpenExpo ‘Tendencias Open Source 2017’ event 9(“El ‘Open Source’ Es Un Cambio Cultural”).

“To us what the open source tools bring us is the speed with which we can adopt new solutions. In addition, it allows us to adapt to the new trends of the technological world, the most latent risk in this new trend is the part of security. We have to be careful with that part because the most important thing is the data, which basically translates into the trust that the client places in us. “ Morgante commented 10(“El ‘Open Source’ Es Un Cambio Cultural”).

Relevance with the project: The open source movement is leading a new way of thinking and sharing within companies and individuals. By implementing this working method, it’s shown that both sides are open to learn and grow within a community of mind-like individuals.

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restology MACRO ENVIRONMENT FACTORS

96- Biodegradeble flip-flop.

8.1.4

TECHNOLOGICAL Perhaps the most important force shaping the future is technology. The technological environment is formed by forces that influence the new technologies and give rise to new products and market opportunities.

BIODEGRADABLE FLIP-FLOPS MADE OF SEAWEED In one year, three billion flip-flops made from oil are produced worldwide, many of which end up as non-biodegradable waste in landfills, rivers, and oceans around the globe. “Although a flip-flop looks like a smaller product to wear, and tear, it turns out that this is the number one sneaker in the world,” said Stephen Mayfield, a professor at the University of California.

“It is the number one footwear in India, China, and Africa, while it is one of the largest pollutants in the ocean, as it is often dumped into rivers and oceans,” the researchers said. On the other hand, this project develops flip-flops made from polymeric polyols derived from algae instead of polyurethanes based on petroleum, offering the consumers an eco-friendly, biodegradable option of an already used product.

Scientists at the same time are trying to make “biodegradable” flip-flops, in a process that chemically converts algae oil to polyurethane allowing degradation by marine microorganisms. “The idea we are pursuing is to make these flip-flops so they can be released and eaten by microorganisms,” Mayfield concluded 11 (Bigelow).

Relevance with the project: The initiative of a product made from natural and biodegradable materials resonates with the values in Restology. Undoubtedly technology plays a vital role in the development of projects that will take care of the damage done to the environment.

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restology MARKETING STRATEGY

97- Raphics To Help Raise Awareness Of The Scope And Impact Of Air Pollution.

8.1.5

ENVIRONMENTAL The environment must be taken into account since it is necessary to know the inputs and effects the company will produce. In addition to preventing potential side-effects to the surroundings which don’t align with the project values.

BREATHELIFE 2030 CAMPAIGN 12(“About - Breathelife 2030”).

BreatheLife is a campaign led by organizations like WHO and CCAC, with the aim of mobilizing people throughout the world to protect living beings and the environment from air pollution and its dangerous effects.

This organization created a platform with the purpose of connecting cities, increase monitoring, accelerate solutions and empower individuals to take action against the air pollution.

The campaign combines both public health and climate change expertise guiding to implement solutions to air pollution.

Relevance with the project: Every day around the globe new projects emerge with the aim to counteract pollution effects, finally, through this campaign, people can unite and take action against the pollution that affects every one of us. Every one of us has the potential to improve the environment and the our way of living.

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restology MACRO ENVIRONMENT FACTORS ! OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS

98- Seeds, Open Source.

8.1.6

POLITICAL Marketing decisions are strongly influenced by the panorama in the political environment, leading to the need of taking into consideration laws, government agencies among other political constructs that shape individuals and organization to act a given way within the society.

HOW THE “OPEN SOURCE” SEED MOVEMENT IS CHANGING FOOD PRODUCTION GLOBALLY 13(Cernasky).

Frank Morton has worked in the cultivation of lettuce and plant breeding since the 1980s. For almost 20 years, the only limitations Morton’s had to deal with were the different varieties of lettuce that he had access to and his imagination.

But in early 2000, he began to notice that more and more varieties of lettuce were protected by patents, meaning he could not use them for plant breeding.

Patents did not only protect different varieties of lettuce, but specific traits such as disease resistance, a particular color hue, or leaf characteristics.

He continues to work in selective cultivation, and is still able to improve specific characteristics, taking special care to avoid materials protected by intellectual property rights. Morton has also joined a growing movement in the US and around the world: the “open source” cultivation.

Relevance with the project: It is essential for the development of the project to be aware of the broad spectrum of laws and patents within the open source regulations to avoid legal problems and allow the project to reach it’s potential.

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8.2 TENDENCIES 8.2.1

ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIOR DESIGN The construction industry plays a crucial role when it comes to pollution, this due to the negative effects his industry has caused to the environment.

Nowadays ecology is a critical subject within the construction sector, where there exist numerous resources focused on this topic, along with various guidelines that must be followed during the building process. For instance in developed areas such as the US and Europe, regulations establish that federal buildings must follow standards to reduce energy consumption, among other conditions. “Under these conditions, physiology, and geobiology (to cite only a couple of examples of areas related to this work) have served to generate complete treatments on the subject and, obviously, solutions” 15(Universidad de San Andrés).

Still, the topic goes further, in addition to encouraging new proposals of design and interior ecological architecture, the aim is to learn to live with the environment.

“The interesting thing is that the global concept, which emphasizes environmental protection, has already gained a very important place worldwide. Although there is still a lot to do, it is vital to create in the people an ecological awareness related to construction and design” 16(Universidad de San Andrés).

The search for new materials dates back more than thousands of years, and yet day by day the number of people who spend their time researching new ways to build is increasing. On April 27 of 2017, an article was released which discusses the posibility of creating bricks with martian soil. Engineers at the University of California conducted a series of tests that demonstrate Martian soil is feasible for construction since it presents characteristics for the elimination of additives, as well as thermal properties that are currently applied to the materials for the same effect. “Engineers believe that the iron oxide that gives Martian soil its reddish color acts as a bonding agent. They found that this material even without reinforcing bars is stronger than concrete reinforced with steel” 17(Ladrillos de Suelo de Marte).

“Another case that we can currently find in the market are microorganism-based materials that can be used to make new bricks that do not need to be fired. The main function is to reproduce the bacteria to the desired size, this alternative reduces energy costs as well as carbon emissions”. More and more people are becoming interested in reinventing construction methods, but they are equally concerned about the environment and all the challenges that arise.

This being the reason why Restology believes that bringing an enriched bioplastic to the market is currently feasible; because of the evolution and demand that presently exists on society’s part. It is a responsible way to look at the future of construction.

It is important to mention that in architecture, as in other disciplines, the way of building things will change with the pace and the needs of people, that is why one must design for the time and space in question.

Understanding and contextualizing our designs is the fundamental part to make these projects profitable and above all unique.

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restology TENDENCIES

99- Project “Ladrillos de Suelo de Marte”.

100- Biobrick.

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restology MARKETING STRATEGY

8.2.2

DIGITAL ARTS “Art is about morals, about our belief in humanity. Without that, there simply is no art.”18 (Ai Weiwei) As technology evolves, computers became a new form of expression, giving life to Digital Art, a general category for the use of technological media as a tool that usually refers to computer-based works. 19(Digital Art). This category goes from audio and video to mechanical engineering as well as programming, erasing the distinction between disciplines.

There are many forms of digital art, in 2016, a group of programmers and mechanical engineers created a physical installation named “Particle Flow” in which granules are driven by a motorized topography and motion flows are controlled by software, creating a choreographed zen garden.

Digital Art rises above conventional art to sensibilize the spectator beyond a screen and through interaction. This form of art explores the communication with the spectator by turning any space into an immersive event where the spectator becomes the central part of the piece; each experience relies on multiple variables, such as perspective, the location of the installation and even the magnetic field that bodies emanate.

Thanks to computer advances and virtual databases the capacity of interpreting world’s information has been possible. Big Data visualization is an abstract graphic presentation of a significant amount of data that allows us to analyze and understand human behaviors that most of us deny during our daily awareness 21(Jordan).

In the 52 mechanical sculptures of “Positions of the unknown” 22(Götz, Juliane, and Neitsch, Sebastian) Quadrature uses big data to visualize the path of secret satellites on earth’s orbit; each sculpture worked individually to communicate with a satellite through a microcontroller creating a hypnotic mechanical dance.

From to the complexity of large amounts of data, raises the need to simplify elements of a chart to make information to be understandable. As seen in “Positions of the unknown” Big Data is visualized through the motion of mechanical sculptures, making data more human.

Activist art is a term used to describe art that is grounded in the act of ‘doing’ and addresses political or social issues 23(Tate). Ann-Katrin Krenz explores the artificiality of nature by questioning the role of humans in nature and technology in her work “ Parasitic / Symbiotic” where she craves encoded poems on the bark of trees with the use of a microcontroller 24(Krenz, Ann-Katrin) .

If conceptual art seeks to provoke intellectual stimulation, one should ask itself, can Digital Art be used as a tool to inspire people to change?.

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restology TENDENCIES

101- Study of kinetic motion.

102- Arduino based milling machine

103- Installation of custum-made machines tracking satelites in Earth’s orbit.

104- Coordinates of Earth next to a

which moves along a tree to carve encoded text into it.

representative mesh.

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restology MARKETING STRATEGY

8.2.3

FASHION Recent studies place the Textile Industry as the second most-polluting industry in the world, only to be surpassed by the Petrochemical Industries. Biodesign has taken a position in fashion to place a new and essential part of the industry, bringing to life projects, hoping to revolutionize the textile industry, creating a cleaner future.

In pursuit of a higher consumption, the focus shifted to increasing productivity and ease of processing their environmental impact. Materials such as natural polymers, biopolyesters and organic cotton are the subject of numerous studies and have been increasingly present in the world today. Their applications are rapidly growing in all fields of human activities 25(Granaric, Jerkovic, Tarbuk).

Although still in its beginning, naturally sourced textiles could help overcome sustainable challenges; allowing fashion designers to create custom-made materials with a closed-loop cycle that will decrease the waste in the industry and design alternatives not only for them, also to other product categories 26(Grown Material).

As mention in WGSN, AW17-18 Textile trends Report: “Manufacturers are taking new developments from prototype to the consumer market, sustainable, zero-waste and vegetal alternatives are becoming commercially viable. Consumer engagement and brand backing could act as a catalysis for continuing change and pave the way for new materials to become more sophisticated, smart and sustainable” 27 (Material Focus Food Waste).

With this boom, several emerging designers and some luxury brands have turned to see the opportunities that sustainable fashion can generate in long-term for the company and its buyers, with a likely positive change to the environment. Such is the case of Orange Fiber, which along the brand Ferragamo created a textile with orange waste that Ferragamo placed in a printed fabric, strengthening the urge to combine the high quality and sustainability of textiles (image 108).

There is a higher inclination to create textiles with food waste; such is the case of Vegea’s “Wine Leather” project which generates a leather-like textile that has a useful life and leaves no trace of carbon footprint and which its use extends to accessories and the furniture industry (image 105).

Dutch designer Tjeerd Veenhoven created a 100% biodegradable material from a species of plants that under a strict treatment of it generates a texture similar to leather. In 2015 his studio developed a type of yarn made from Algae that earned them the H&M Global Change Award.

The trend is growing and is estimated that from 5 to 8 years all these small projects would be profitable on a larger scale and luxury brands and fast-fashion retailers will use these new textiles and include them in their products. “Not just look good, but do good” 28(Design Matters, Surface Materials).

Among other designers amused by the generation of new textiles is Lia Raquel Marques that generates composites as an “alternative to marble by reusing and transforming materials that usually go in landfills” 29(Lia Raquel Marques) (image 107) and Jade Pearl, where to obtain her bachelor’s degree she combined bioplastic with seaweed in her collection, establishing the textile as sustainable because of its closed-loop cycle (image 106).

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restology TENDENCIES

105- Vegea’s wine leather.

106- Jade Pearl bachelors collection

107- Alternative material to the use of marble conformed by materials that are usually thrown away.

108- Scaf made out of orange fiber fabric. Ilustrated by Mario Trimarch for Salvatore Ferragamo.

with bioplastic + algae.

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8.2.4

GRAPHIC DESIGN In a world full of information the need of simplifying one’s life has increased. In creative fields, Minimalism is found in design—which goes from graphic design and architecture to art and programming—. Seeking to break down a subject to its essential elements, minimalism emerged in 1960s— as a result of the Bauhaus movement— rejecting trends that came before, becoming a way of thinking that questions what really matters.

Minimal design emphasizes the use of basic forms and primary colors to provide the user with a simple idea. As we see in the new identity of Tate Museum, the simplification of the logo consists on representing the name of the museum with points of multiple sizes without the need of outlines 30 (North)(image 110).

As trends change, Minimalist Design is here to stay, designers have simplified their realistic graphic communication into two-dimensional style originating Semi Flat design 31(Anzi) among other variations. This trend has ruled the market in the past few years, where most of the communication language of top brands have implemented Semi Flat design.

Another variation is the use of neutral space and grids, in 2016 irregular layers have been present, overlapping text and images within an area to create disruptive modern compositions 32(Çelik, Mustafa). The many variations of Minimalist design seek to enhance the user experience by being straightforward and using simple typography, which is crucial to guide the user through intuitive interaction.

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restology TENDENCIES

109- Mobile App design.

110- Logo of the National Gallery of British art and modern art in England.

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restology MARKETING STRATEGY

8.2.5

MARKETING STUDIES Due to the increase of pollution in several cities around the world advertising campaigns continue to rise in order to create awareness about the topic.

In the 2016 issue of Merca 2.0 magazine, the health problems caused by contamination were highlighted, issues such as respiratory diseases that can range from moderate to severe 33(Merca 2.0).

The number of organizations that carry out this sort of campaigns has experienced a significant increase, leading to influence users to generate actions that will improve the quality of air in affected cities.

One of the organizations pushing this trend forward is the World Health Organization, which follows up by encouraging with more visual and creative campaigns that will impact the general public.

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restology TENDENCIES

111- A comparison between a clean and

polluted panorama.

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8.2.6

PRODUCT DESIGN As a discipline, Product Design emerged in an age of rapid industrial growth. From the mid 18th century until the 1960s, designing products in a sustainable manner was a somewhat obscure notion. The development of new materials and processes allowed plastics and metals to be predominant components in the creation of millions of products 34(Mokashi Punekar and Hemani).

In the second half of the 20th century, it became evident that it would become strictly necessary to rethink the way of designing products, in order to reduce their impact on the environment. Which meant reducing and recycling material, energy, and making products with a closed life cycle where materials could be separated and reused at the end of the product’s lifespan 35 -36(Bßrdek, Bernhard).

A life cycle model of the same sort was introduced in the 1970s; the Cradle-to-Cradle design, in which materials can either be entirely repurposed after the product’s life cycle or, disposed of in the natural environment, degrading naturally and providing nutrients to small life forms without damaging the environment.

Most materials used today in this industry create different types of pollution, both through their manufacture and their use. The waste produced can nowadays be observed clearly on a large scale. Pollution generated in manufacturing processes presents serious health risks in industrial cities where by products of these processes have a tremendous negative impact on the quality of air, water, and soil.

This is where a new breed of materials comes in. In the 21st century, designers and engineers have turned to the use of biomaterials to solve many sustainabilityrelated issues. Structural materials made from fungi are being used to replace styrofoam in industrial packaging; vegetable-based packing foam has similar properties to oil-based alternatives and can biodegrade easily at the end of their life cycles; bioplastics are slowly starting to replace fossil-based ones for many types of applications.

This new generation of materials is still developing and has its limitations; however, it is guiding designers and engineers to a more sustainable future where the creation of a product does not necessarily imply a negative impact upon the environment.

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restology TENDENCIES

112- Mycellium chair printed in 3D by Eric Klarenbeek.

113- Eatable and biodegradable water

bottle.

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09. BUSINESS MODEL Restology business development model as its approach to an Open Source.

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9.1 SWOT

STRENGTHS

WEAKNESSES

The most evident advantage of Restology being open source project is that it will be free.

Economic support will be needed and is hard to calculate; cost might be elevated.

Users will be able to access the research data, the bioplastic recipe, and all the information within the project to keep developing biofriendly ideas.

Voluntary support alone may be insufficient.

Free courses will be delivered to the users for them to get a better understanding of the material and the overall project.

The manufacturing process is done without strategic control or quality management.

Anyone interested can keep experimenting and develop beneficial products and applications.

OPPORTUNITIES Anyone interested can keep experimenting, improving manufacturing methods and developing applications.

The project will be published in numerous architecture magazines and journals, bio-friendly websites and environmental forums.

Open source projects enable new business possibilities for companies interested in our recipe.

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There is no validation from any environmental organization.

The project may not comply with required industry standards since these are protected and require licensing.

THREATS Other biocomposite methods can be developed.

The legal infrastructure of the open source projects is not understood.

The project gives away part of the control to an external community by making Restology an open source.

Uncertainty about the future of the project and the consequences that might develop if the voluntary work and external support come to an end.

restology SWOT | MODEL CANVAS

9.2 MODEL CANVAS 9.2.1

HYPOTESIS The bioplastic enriched with activated charcoal is a biocomposite with the capacity to adsorb pollutants existing in the air, helping decrease the pollution in the city.

Alongside the creation of an enriched biomaterial, the value of the project resides in the legal use of the information; users will be able to access the research data, the bioplastic recipe, and all the information within the project to keep developing bio-friendly ideas.

9.2.2

KEY AUDIENCE The defined key audiences were Green Lovers, Health-Air Keepers, and Change Agents. The similarities shown by these audiences were: interest in DIY projects, concern about the environment and the pursuit of taking action to prevent and counteract pollution.

For a broader audience reach, the project will publish in numerous architecture magazines and journals, bio-friendly websites and environmental forums.

Additionally, free courses will be delivered to the users for them to get a better understanding of the material and the overall project.

9.2.3

BACKGROUND Around 5 thousand people die every year in our city due to pollution 1 (El Financiero).

Every day, the air becomes more toxic, and the awareness of this problem is not taken seriously yet.

Around the globe, scientists, designers and people within many other areas of expertise have been developing projects with the same goal as this.

Creating different bioplastics and biofuels, controlling the energy consumption or innovating with the daily-use-materials are some of the subjects that lead to the creation of projects like this one. Such is the case of Clara Davis and her book: The Secrets of Bioplastics, which allowed this research to gain its knowledge about bioplastics 2(Davis,Clara).

9.2.4

METHODS During the development of this project, the following research methods were used to obtain the presented information: experimental research, design thinking, qualitative and quantitative research, and literature research.

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9.2.5

RESULTS Based on the Hypothesis, two applications were developed for indoor and outdoor spaces to decrease pollution in both scenarios. Alongside a validation system was created within the project, utilizing algorithms that allow proving the adsorption capacity of the material.

9.2.6

DISCUSSION Why or why not is possible for the project to reach its goals?

As the project was developing, it became clear that the research must come to an end to focus on the plan of the project; so it was decided to make the project an open source, which will allow users to continue experimenting and developing new applications.

The investigation and use of biocomposites is on a rise. With the fossil fuel industry in decadence, new competitors and new materials enter the market every day.

According to a Markets and Markets report, the biocomposite market is projected to reach 36.76 USD billion by 2022, growing on a rate of 14,44.% from 2017 to 2022 3(Market Analysis).

When compared to glass fiber and carbon fiber composites, what stimulates the growth of the biocomposites market is the government regulations regarding the use of environmentally friendly products and the use and degradability of the material.

Despite the increase of biofriendly industries, there still exist certain aspects restraining the biocomposites market. Unlike synthetic fiber, biocomposites have a disadvantaged in the market due to the fluctuating cost, quality, and availability of raw materials.

9.2.7

CONCLUSION It is a real possibility of having a biocomposite product which helps to reduce air pollution, and it’s biodegradable, meaning no residue is left behind after its decomposition through enzymatic degradation. While also being user-friendly.

What other issues might be revealed during our study?

The lifetime of the enriched bioplastic consist of three months, and it can be damaged if exposed to high humidity, this being an area of opportunity in the manufacturing process.

Finally another improvement that can be made in the fabrication process is the addition of a fast drying substance.

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restology MODEL CANVAS | INDUSTRY ANALYSIS CHART

9.3 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS CHART The biocomposite industry is relatively new, so in order to understand the competition and rivalry the Porter’s five forces analysis was used. This analysis allows us to understand our industry in both micro and macro scale, and where our product strengths and weakness rely.

THREAT OF SUBSTITUTION Fossil-fuels plastics will be, at least for a long time, the most cheap way of production, and it will stay a threat to biocomposites until they become cheaper and more effective.

Biocomposites are not the only ones looking to make this world more sustainable, many other biotechnologies keep emerging and they may be a strong competitor against biobased materials and biofuels.

SUPPLIER POWER

COMPETITIVE RIVALRY

THREAT OF SUBSTITUTION

The main problem with biobased materials is the need of land to grow biomass for its use.

Many think of this as a problem in the food industry.

With the petrochemical industry in decay, the biocomposite market grows stronger each year with more demand coming from new environmental regulations.

Fossil-fuels plastics will be, at least for a long time, the most cheap way of production.

Materials consume ten times more biomass than biofuels, creating a future problem where the biomass needed will create a sustainability problem by 2050.

Biobased materials have proven to be a redituable market with a consistent growth, making it a rentable market, even more than the energy sector.

Biocomposites are not the only ones looking to make this world more sustainable, many other biotechnologies keep emerging and they may be a strong competitor against biobased materials and biofuels.

THREAT OF NEW ENTRY As the fossil-fuel plastics decay due to their high contamination and long period of degradation, biobased materials continue to enter the market every year in search of replace the old materials.

New biocomposites have a long way to go, their research is relatively new so improvements are to be made constantly, introducing new and more complex competition.

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10. OPEN SOURCE “It also allows some people to design parts while others design systems” – David Benjamin

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restology OPEN SOURCE

OPEN SOURCE The Open Source software movement started in 1980 in MIT’s artificial intelligence labs. The aim was to give free access to programmers to modify software under their terms of use and troubleshoot their devices. Thanks to this initiative, whole communities were born, and people had the opportunity to improve their skills as programmers by learning from larger companies.

But Open Source doesn’t mean free—it means giving the user freedom to legally access the method behind a project and modify, add to or correct said procedure; much like the internet, the Open Source movement has grown significantly in recent years. Although these projects are not frequent in Mexico and developing nations, it is the first approach towards a global mindset hoping it will become an integral part of the development of the country.

By analyzing success stories, the use of Open Source as a learning methodology and rising community became clear when encountered with renowned brands. Companies such as MakerBot, makers of 3D printers; or Arduino, a microcontroller that allows students to make functional prototypes, were able to reach the high standards necessary to compete with larger, more experienced companies thanks to collaborators.

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restology OPEN SOURCE

The project that resonated the most with Restology is Precious Plastics, started by Dave Hakkens in 2013—a project dedicated to fighting plastic pollution. In Hakkens’ website, are the blueprints necessaries to build recycling machines as well as instructional videos showing how to make your own recycled objects. The philosophy behind this project is based on spreading the message and generating communities, sharing techniques and procedures to allow anyone to start recycling.

With this background, Restology was decided to be delivered as an Open Source. This way, the project will be able to provide clean air to all human beings, regardless of socioeconomic status or geographic location, instantly allowing global reach and strictly avoiding any monopoly.

Restology will give free access to the enriched bioplastic recipe, and research data to any student, professional or individual interested on the topic, allowing the project to contribute towards the design industry and reaching towards becoming an environmentally-friendly industry.

The air belongs to all of us—we need to hold ourselves accountable and to respect everyone’s right to clean air.

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restology OPEN SOURCE

10.1 SUCCESS STORIES

114- Invisible children propaganda for the experiment campaign Kony.

KONY 2012 Created by the organization Invisible Children, Kony 2012 has been one of the most successful advertising campaigns. With the aim of boosting the capture of Joseph Kony (considered responsible for the kidnapping, torture and exploitation of tens of thousands of Ugandan children) the organization used all the techniques, activities and methods that commercial social media marketing has developed over the past few years. The documentary video became viral on YouTube and attracted more than 100 million hits in six days.

By means of open source this campaign had a shocking scope and motivated the society to make known this campaign for the capture of Kony.

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115- Precius Plastic creation using waste product.

PRECIOUS PLASTICS In recent years, many designers have been committed to the problem of plastic pollution, proposing projects based on the use of recycled plastic or biodegradable materials. The project Precious Plastic makes available to all, free of charge and in open source, various plans and detailed instructional videos to build a small recycling factory.

The necessary materials and tools are basic, economical and easy to find, and the instructions do not require being specialized in “Do It Yourself” technology and manufacturing. The machines can be used both to manufacture finished objects and to obtain material of manufacture. With them, anyone can become a “plastic craftsman” and, contribute to the maintenance of a cleaner and more sustainable world.

209

11. MEDIA STRATEGY Strategy is about shaping the future

210

211

restology MEDIA STRATEGY

212

restology MEDIA STRATEGY

MEDIA STRATEGY Considering the principles, main users and principal tendencies, the project will be broadcast through a strategic campaign to accomplish a significant reach to end users.

Encourage users to carry out the project and continue enriching the investigation of the development of the material and application.

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restology MEDIA STRATEGY

11.1 PUBLIC RELATIONS PLAN Have publications in different points of communication explicitly on the news, with the aim of advertising the project; which will generate impact on society due to the scope of having a new material.

The news is the main engine of the strategy, with this, the project will have more reach. According to studies the target user will read this articles and make the first approach, they will be able to find more information on the website.

DIGITAL PRESS MEDIA

CHANNEL

TARGET

SES

Digital Magazine

Mexican Business Web, AIB Mexico, Forbes Mexico, Enlace, Mexico Design, Ciencia, Fast Company, Arquine, Spring Wise

Men and women between 18 and 55 years old.

A/B, C+

Digital Magazine

Lider, Contralinea, AD Mexico.

Men and women between 18 and 55 years old.

A/B, C+,C

SOCIAL MEDIA CHANNEL

TARGET

SES

SCOOP

PRICE

Facebook Ads / Instagram

Men and women: 18 and 55 y/o.

A/B, C+, C

39,000 to 160,000

$2,000.00

Pinterest

Men and women: 18 and 55 y/o.

A/B, C+, C

300 to 500

$1,000.00

LinkedIn

Men and women: 18 and 55 y/o.

A/B, C+

600 to 1,000

$1,800.00

Google Ads / Youtube

Men and women: 18 and 55 y/o.

A/B, C+, C, D

3,000 a 6,000

$1,500.00

Community Manager

N/A

N/A

N/A

$12,000.00

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restology PUBIC RELATIONS PLAN | MEDIA PLAN

11.2 MEDIA PLAN Regarding the demographic data, different tests were performed to estimate different guidelines and define the opportunity of each social network, during the following projection they’re represented by unit costs of one month. “The Below The Line” media plan has a 6-month projection and has to have continuity for the success of the strategy.

TV MEDIA

CHANNEL

TARGET

SES

Open TV

Multimedios, Canal 44,

Men and women between 20 and 55 years old.

C+, C, D,E

Pay TV

National Geographic, CNN Español

Men and women between 18 and 55 years old.

A/B, C+, C

Pay TV

Foro TV

Men and women between 18 and 55 years old.

A/B, C+, C, D

CHANNEL

TARGET

SES

Channel, Grupo Formula, La Hora Nacional, Imagen

Men and women between 20 and 45 years old.

A/B, C+, C, D

CHANNEL

TARGET

SES

El Norte, El Universal, Reforma, La Prensa

Men and women between 20 and 55 years old.

A/B, C+, C, D

RADIO MEDIA Radio

PRESS MEDIA Newspapper

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restology MEDIA STRATEGY

11.3 CAMPAIGN Appeal the user through a particular kind of “voice� which will communicate the concept of the project and impulse them to replicate or improve the material.

Facebook / Instagram Youtube Linkedin

Strategy

Learn, Do it and Innovate

Special Information

Recognition time

Restology Web

Goals

You know our project, what is it? How did it start?

Information pollution, problems or benefits in health.

Contests, Awards, Honors and News

Attract the user to our website, our social networks.

Target

Green Lovers Health Air Keepers Change Agents Reseachers / Enginners

Green Lovers Health Air Keepers Change Agents

Green Lovers Health Air Keepers Change Agents Reseachers / Enginners

Green Lovers Health Air Keepers Change Agents Reseachers / Enginners

Day

Mo/Tues/Fri

Saturday

Sunday

Wednesday

Time

10:00 A.M 12:00 P.M

3:00 P.M

3:00 P.M

10:00 A.M 12:00 P.M

Post

01 Post

01 Post

01 Post

01 Post

116- Restology instructional video on the formula of bioplastic.

216

restology CAMPAIGN

117- Restology instructional video on the formula of bioplastic.

118- Restology linkedIn page.

119-Restology facebook page.

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restology MEDIA STRATEGY

11.3 USERS 11.3.1

CHANGE AGENTS DEMOGRAPHICS Age: 20- 35 years old NSE: A/B, C+, C Marital Status: Single Education: Bachelor’s & Master’s Degrees.

Lifestyle: Creative and like to make a difference, have a presence.

Values: Active, responsible and committed.

11.3.3

BEHAVIOR:

DESCRIPTION:

MOTIVATIONS:

Experts in social innovation, oriented to the future, users who decide what to consume and why. They always work in the search for solutions. Many interests and activities.

Always finds activities to do, proactive, and welldefined motivations.

They are skeptical about advertising; they are selfdirected consumers.

New and innovative projects Constant challenges Projects with immediate results Technology

GREEN LOVERS DEMOGRAPHICS Age: 20-35 years old NSE: A/B, C+ Marital status: Single / Married Education: Bachelor’s Degree Personality: Thinkers Values: High value of responsibility and empathy.

Lifestyle: Enjoys every moment of their lives and always find a solution to everything.

BEHAVIOR:

DESCRIPTION:

MOTIVATIONS:

Makes activities such as avoid the use of plastic, buy more eco-friendly home products, for his personal use and his family. Likes gardening, always looking for more solutions and likes to investigate the subject.

Enjoys activities, gives entirely to his work.

Likes to experience new things and go to new places that produce peace of mind. Puts a lot of effort into everything he does and is a detailed person.

Search for something that improves the problem See projects that work for change Evidence of the impact Sense of belonging Environmental care

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restology USERS

11.3.1

HEALTH AIR KEEPERS DEMOGRAPHICS Age: 20-45 years old NSE: A/B, C+, C Marital Status: Single / Married Education: Bachelor’s Degree Personality: Survivors

BEHAVIOR:

DESCRIPTION:

MOTIVATIONS:

Experts in social innovation, oriented to the future, users who decide what to consume and why. They always work in the search for solutions. Many interests and activities.

They like their daily activities, likes a lot to spend a lot of time outdoors, because of this they have breathing problems. They work at home and if they need something that is not at hand they try to find it with what is within reach. Like to exercise.

Developing changes in the city Breathe better air Improve your health Environment

219

12. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

220

221

restology CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS Since the conception of Restology, the primary focus of the project was to counteract the damages caused to Earth; damages were done by and for humans.

Agreeing on this, the research team focused on the poor air quality that living beings inhale daily, especially the poor air quality in the state of Nuevo LeĂłn.

With the simple act of living in Monterrey, as well as in any other city that exceeds the established regulations for air quality, one realizes that the world is quite literally becoming grey.

Monterrey is the most polluted city in Latin America and has five main air pollutants, three of them, PM10, PM 2.5 and Ozone are the most harmful to health. Although the lack of awareness might be dangerous, the lack of actions put into this issue could be devastating. By acknowledging it, the center of the investigation was to develop a solution that will improve air quality and spread awareness; exploring biointegrated materials and solutions.

As the first limitation in this project, it became clear that to fix a problem one must not create another. The purpose has always been an approach towards making a product or material that is sustainable and ethical for its use within different fields, as long as it will not take more than what it is returned to nature; leading to the study of natural methods used in design fields to generate these type of alternatives. Bioremediation is one of them. Within its divisions, the use of algae to clean polluted air and water, and the use of some species of bacteria as part of existing products to help them degrade into soil were some of the cases examined for this research. Although there were approaches and attempts with both, the results were not as expected for the intention in which this investigation was performed.

Filtration Method, a category in Bioremediation, was where the subject pointed an adequate opportunity for the project, reaching to the development of a biodegradable material that can adhere air pollutants through modules digitally produced. Based on Fluid dynamics and Alan Turing’s Reaction-Diffusion Model principle enhancing the flow of air into the material favoring its adherence.

Restology developed an enhanced bioplastic that contains activated charcoal which adheres contaminants in the same way that a conventional filter does.

Like in many other fields, the focus at this moment is shifting towards developing an eco-friendly and biodegradable material surfaces, having a closed-loop lifespan, completely degrading itself in the soil, water or compost, dissolving the

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restology CONCLUSIONS

contaminants through the natural process of enzymatic degradation, making pollutants less toxic and cleaning the air from enclosed areas and outdoors.

Meaning it will not only serve its purpose against air pollution, but it will not create any other form of contamination.

The lack of attention and misinformation became an essential key to the development of the project. For instance, the first approach solution presented aims to fight both, and end the misconception that pollution doesn’t affect interior spaces.

Because pollutants are perceived in different ways in indoor and outdoor spaces, and the limitations that the material currently has–due to its natural ingredients–two alternatives were generated for its performance. For indoor spaces, a modular system was created to maximize the covered area and as an effect raise the amount of adsorption. This application according to the geometry can maximize from 21% to 60% its area. As for outdoor spaces, it was focused on providing an alternative facade system designed according to the morphology of airflow which can also be organized according to the incidence in the area.

As Allan Chochinov mentions in his manifesto, the broken bridge between the people who own things and the people who make them must be fixed1, one must believe that is capable enough to create, not just pressing buttons. One has to seek knowledge to solve current problems, generate solutions that will grow, replace, adapt, and implement new, and cleaner materials.

Knowing the expanse that Restology can have, it was decided to share the formula and the very first approaches to an application as an Open Source. As a society, it must be recognized that invaluable resources are running out, the research of new, completely biodegradable materials continues to strengthen and in the future will be the ones that replace other materials.

While the main focus of this project is to design strategies to reduce air pollution, it is hoped that as a consequence of what is written in this book will bring awareness, sharing this information and open a conversation. The wish for it is to be a stepping stone towards a world with a cleaner future.

“PERHAPS WE WILL BE ABLE TO FIX IT.” - PAOLO ANTONELLI Chochinov, Allan. "1000 Words: A Manifesto For Sustainability In Design." Core77. N.p., 2007. Web.

223

13. BIBLIOGRAPHY

224

225

restology BIBLIOGRAPHY

8.3.5

TEXT REFERENCES CHAPTER 02: INTRODUCTION 01. “Air Pollution Levels Rising In Many Of The World’S Poorest Cities.” World Health Organization. N.p., 2016. Web. 02. The Guardian. “Air Pollution In China Is Killing 4,000 People Every Day, A New Study Finds.” 2017. Web. 03. Ureste, Manu. “México, 2º País De AL Con Más Muertes Por Contaminación - Animal Político.” Animal Político. N.p., 2013. Web. 04. “6.76 billion people living with excessive air pollution.” United Nations Sustainable Development. N.p., 2013. Web. 05. “Tons Of Waste Dumped - Globally, This Year.” The World Counts. N.p., 2017.

Web. 06. “Number of species gone extinct - so far this year.” The World Counts.

N.p., 2017. Web . 07. “Deaths from air pollution in cities - worldwide, this year.”

The World Counts. N.p., 2017. Web. 08. “WHO Releases Country Estimates On Air Pollution Exposure And Health Impact.” World Health Organization. N.p., 2016. Web. 09. A Guide to Air Quality and Your Health. Environmental Protection Agency of Air Quality Planning and Standards Outreach and Information Division Research, p.8. 2014. Print. 10. Anguiano, Daniel. “Monterrey, La Ciudad Más Contaminada.” El Financiero 2017. Web. 11. Airenl. SIMA Nuevo León, 2017.

Print. 12. Programa De Respuesta A Contingencias Atmosféricas Para El Área Metropolitana De Monterrey. Nuevo León: Gobierno de Nuevo León, 2014. Print.

13. Valdez, Armandina. Air Pollution In Nuevo León. Secretaria De Desarrollo Sustentable. 2017. Voice. 14. “Mapa De La Calidad Del Aire | Nl.Gob.Mx.” Nl.gob. mx. N.p., 2017. Web. 15.

Windyty, SE. “Windy As Forecasted.” Windy.com.

N.p., 2017. Web. 16. Programa De Respuesta A Contingencias Atmosféricas Para El Área Metropolitana De Monterrey. Nuevo León: Gobierno de Nuevo León, 2014.

Print. Ibid. 17. Programa De Respuesta A Contingencias Atmosféricas Para El Área Metropolitana De Monterrey. Nuevo León: Gobierno de Nuevo León, 2014. Print.

Ibid. 18. Programa De Respuesta A Contingencias Atmosféricas Para El Área Metropolitana De Monterrey. Nuevo León: Gobierno de Nuevo León, 2014. Print.

Ibid. 19. Manoj, Arjun Sree. “Calamitous Pollution In Monterrey.” Arjun Sree’s Blog. N.p., 2014. Web. 20. Briney, Amanda. “Learn About Thermal Inversion.”

ThoughtCo.. N.p., 2017. Web. 21.

Inversión Térmica. Jalisco: Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Territorial, 2014. Print. p.p. 1,2. 22. “Föhn Effect Skybrary Aviation Safety.” Skybrary.aero. Web. 23. Reporte de Calidad del Aire y Meteorología del Área Metropolitana de Monterrey. Nuevo León: SIMA, Secretaria de Desarrollo Sustentable, Gobierno de Nuevo León, 2017. Print.p.14.

CHAPTER 03: STATE OF ART 01. “What Is Biomimicry? – Biomimicry Institute.” Biomimicry Institute. Web. 02. Biorremediation. (2017). In: Merrian-Webster Dictionary. Web. 03. La Biorremediación. (n.d.). [Blog] ArgenBio. Web. 04. Filtration Methods. Wiley Online Library (n.d.) Web. 05. Filtration Methods. Wiley Online Library (n.d.)

Web. Ibid. 06. Biorremediación Enzimática. Hidrotec. (n.d.). p.1. 07. Beguin, Pierre. “The Biological Degradation Of Cellulose.” PhD. Unité de Physiologie Cellulaire, Département des Biotechnologies, 1994. Print.

CHAPTER 04: MATERIALS AND METHODS 01.

Goodall, Chris. “Bioplastics: An Important Component Of Global Sustainability.” Carbon Commentary. N.p., 2011. Web. 02. Lörcks, Jürgen.

Plants, Raw Materials, Products. Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR) Agency for Renewable Resources. Print. 2006.03. Bioplastic Materials. European Bioplastics e.V. Web. 2017. 04.

Sauer, Christiane. Made Of: New Materials Sourcebook For Architecture And Design. 1st ed. Berlin: Gestalten, 2010. Print.

226

restology TEXT REFERENCES

05. Lörcks, Jürgen. Plants, Raw Materials, Products. Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR) Agency for Renewable Resources. Print. 2006. Ibid. 06. PET vs PLA vs Oxy-PET. The Vital Word. Web. 2017. 07. Grangaric Ana Marija, Jerkovic Ivona, and Anita Tarbuk. Bioplastics in Textiles. University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology Department of Textile Chemistry and Ecology, Zagreb. Print.

2013. 08. Vieira, M., da Silva, M., dos Santos, L. and Beppu, M. Natural-based plasticizers and biopolymer films: A review. European Polymer Journal, 2011. Print. pp.254-263. 09. Buy Activated Charcoal. Brief History of Activated Charcoal.

2017. Web. 10. Atlas Carbon. The History of Activated Carbon. 2017. Web. 11.

Edward C. Dillon, John H. Wilton, Jared C. Barlow, William A. Watson. Large surface area activated charcoal and the inhibition of aspirin absorption. 1989. 12. Atlas Carbon. The History of Activated Carbon. 2017. Web. Ibid. 13. Atlas Carbon. The History of Activated Carbon. 2017. Web. Ibid. 14. Buy Activated Charcoal. Brief History of Activated Charcoal. 2017. Web. Ibid. 15. Davis, Clara. The Secrets Of Bioplastic. 1st ed. Barcelona, Spain.: IAAC FabLab., 2017. Print. 16. Why add glycerine, vinegar and gelatin?.Green Plastics. 2017. Web. 17. Themelis, N., Ulloa, P.Methane Generation In Landfills. Earth Engineering Center & Department of Earth & Environmental Engineering. Columbia University. 2006. 18. “The Difference Between Cement, Concrete, And Mortar.” The Spruce. N.p., 2017. Web. 19. “The Difference Between Cement, Concrete, And Mortar.” The Spruce. N.p., 2017. Web. Ibid. 20. “Propiedades del Concreto y sus componentes.” Geofun.

Ingeniería en Geotecnia y Fundaciones. Web. 2016. 21. “Propiedades del Concreto y sus componentes.” Geofun. Ingeniería en Geotecnia y Fundaciones. Web. 2016.

Ibid. 22. Anguiano Gómez, J. and Pérez Fletes, M. Tecnología del Concreto. Tepic, Nayarit.: Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, 2013. Print. p. Chapter “La Importancia del Concreto como material de construcción”.

CHAPTER 05: FIRST APPROACH RESULTS 01. “La Importancia De La Climatización Y La Ventilación Natural.” Blog Oficial de Remica. N.p., 2014. Web. 02. Valdez, Armandina. Air Pollution In Nuevo León.

Secretaria De Desarrollo Sustentable. 2017. Radio. Ibid. 03. “Types Of Ventilation Systems..” Home Tips. N.p., 2015. Web. 04. “Types Of Ventilation Systems..”

Home Tips. N.p., 2015. Web. Ibid. 05. Cable, Kele W. “Alan Turing’S ReactionDiffusion Model – Simplification Of The Complex.” Kestrels and Cerevisiae. N.p., 2010. Web. 06. Polígonos Regulares. Guatemala: Departamento de Matemáticas, facultad de Ingeniería, n.d. Print. 2012. p. 47. 07. Touring, A.M. The Chemical Basis of the Morphogenesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.

Series: Biological Sciences. 1952. Issue 641, p. 37-69. 08. Anguiano Gómez, J. and Pérez Fletes, M. Tecnología del Concreto. Tepic, Nayarit.: Instituto Tecnológico de TePic, 2013. Print. p. Chapter “La Importancia del Concreto como material de construcción”. Ibid.

CHAPTER 06: VALIDATION & RESULTS 01. “Ambient (Outdoor) Air Quality And Health.” World Health Organization.

N.p., 2016. Web. 02. “Ambient (Outdoor) Air Quality And Health.” World Health Organization. N.p., 2016. Web. Ibid. 03. Gironi, Davide. “Cheap CO2 Meter Using The MQ135 Sensor With AVR Atmega.” Davide Gironi. N.p., 2014. Web. 04. Nafis, Chris. “Automatically measuring and graphing Air Quality with an inexpensive device (Sharp GP2Y1010AU0F Optical Dust Sensor).” Chris Nafis Projects. N.p., 2012. Web.

227

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CHAPTER 07: CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 01. CEDIM Lab, 2017. 02. “Contemporary Minimalist.” Artsy.net. N.p., 2017.

Web. 03. The Case For Minimalism. Kansas City PBS, 2016. video. 04. Playing With Space And Light. TED Talks, 2009. video. 05. Gormley, Antony. Blind Light. London: Hayward Gallery, 2007. Installation. 06. Eliasson, Olafur. Beauty.

Beauty. San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. 1993. Installation.

07. Christo, Jeanne-Claude. Big Air Package. Germany: Gasometer Oberhausen.

2010. Installation. 08. Sculpted space, within and without. TED Talks. 2012. video. 09. Irwin, Robert. Double blind. Germany: Association of Visual Artists Vienna Secession. 2013. Installation. 10. Patel, Nirav. Black Sands. Iceland. 2015. photography. 11. Zamora, Beatriz. El Negro 2207. 1999. photography.

CHAPTER 08: MARKETING STRATEGY 01. Cota, Isabella. “Mexican Peso Gets Bofa’s Thumbs Down As More Trump Trouble Looms.” Bloomberg Markets 2017. Web. 02. Jacquier, Bruno. “UnitedStates: Are Lending Standards Really Tightening In The USA?.” Edmond De Rothschild 2017. Web. 03.

Capistrán, Carlos. “La Combinación InflaciónCrecimiento Se Deteriorara.” PyM Empresario, 2017. Web. 04. Vázquez, Rubén.

“Millennials, El Mercado Más Importante De Internet”. Forbes México, 2017. Web. 05. Statista Inc. Distribution Of Internet Users In Mexico As Of April 2017, By Age. New York, NY: N.p., 2017. Web. Demographic & Use. 06. Vázquez, Rubén.

“Millennials, El Mercado Más Importante De Internet”. Forbes México, 2017. Web. Ibid. 07. Vázquez, Rubén. “Millennials, El Mercado Más Importante De Internet”.

Forbes México, 2017. Web. Ibid. 08. “El ‘Open Source’ Es Un Cambio Cultural.”

BBVA API_Market. N.p., 2017. Web. 09. “El ‘Open Source’ Es Un Cambio Cultural.”

BBVA API_Market. N.p., 2017. Web. Ibid. 10. “El ‘Open Source’ Es Un Cambio Cultural.” BBVA API_Market. N.p., 2017. Web. Ibid. 11. Bigelow, Bruce. “San Diego Startup Uses Algae Feedstock To Make Renewable Flip-Flops | Xconomy.”

Xconomy. N.p., 2017. Web. 12. “About - Breathelife 2030.” BreatheLife 2030.

N.p., 2017. Web. 13. Cernansky, Rachel. “Cómo El Movimiento De Semillas “Open Source” Está Cambiando La Producción De Alimentos A Nivel Global · Global Voices En Español.” Global Voices en Español. N.p., 2017. Web. 14. Castellanos Terán, David. “México Ecológico 2030.” SDP Noticias 2017. Web. 15. Universidad de San Andrés. La Arquitectura Sustentable. 2011. Web. 16. Universidad de San Andrés. La Arquitectura Sustentable. 2011. Web. Ibid. 17. “Ladrillos De Suelo De Marte”. Enlace Arquitectura, 2017. Web. 18. Weiwei, Ai. Art. 2015. 19. “Digital Art” Artsy.net. N.p., 2017. Web. 20. “Particle Flow”. Neoanalog. 2016. Web. 21.

Jordan, Chris. Turning powerful stats into art. TED talks. 2008. video. 22. Götz, Juliane and Neitsch, Sebastian. Positions of the unknown: Activist Art. Quadrature.

Tate.org.uk. 2017. Web. 23. Krenz, Ann-Katrin. Parasitic / Symbiotic. University of the Arts Berlin, 2016. 24. Grangaric Ana Marija, Jerkovic Ivona, and Anita Tarbuk. Bioplastics in Textiles. University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology Department of Textile Chemistry and Ecology, Zagreb. Print. 2013. Ibid. 25.

Grown Material. WGSN, 2017. Print. p.2. 26. Material Focus Food Waste. WGSN, 2017. Print. 27. Design Matters, Surface Materials. WGSN. 2017. Print. 28. North.

Tate logo. 2015. 29. Anzi. Listener’s Playlist. 2017. 30. Çelik, Mustafa. øhlin b. 2017. 31. “5 Campañas Que Retratan La Contaminación De Forma Creativa.”

Merca20.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 32. Mokashi Punekar, Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar, and Ms. Shruti Hemani. “History Of Sustainability Design.” D’Source. Web. 33.

Bürdek, Bernhard E. “Design: history, theory and practice of product design.

Birkhäuser”. 2015. Print. 34. “Ten Principles of Good Sustainable Design History.”

Ten Principles of Good Sustainable Design History | JHU Press,2017. 35. Socially Responsible Design - History. European Academy of Design, 2006.

CHAPTER 09: BUSINESS MODEL 228

restology TEXT REFERENCES

01. Mendoza, Alejandra. “Advierten Sobre Muertes Por La Contaminación En NL.” El Financiero 2017. Web. 02. Davis, Clara. The Secrets Of Bioplastic. 1st ed.

Barcelona, Spain.: IAAC FabLab., 2017. Print. Ibid. 03. Markets and Markets.

“Biocomposites Market by Fiber, Polymer, Product, End-Use Industry and Region - Global Forecast to 2022.” Market Analysis. 2017. 04. Industry Analisis Chart References 05. Porter, M.E. How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy, Harvard Business Review. 1979. 06. Laura Wood, Senior Manager Research and Markets, Biocomposites Market by Fiber, Polymer, Product, End-use Industry and Region - Global Forecast to 2022. 2017. 07. Ana Marija Grancaric, Ivona Jerkovic, Anita Tarbuk, Bioplasitc in textiles. 2013. 08. Stephan Piotrowski, Michael Carus, Roland Essel, Sustainable biomass supply and demand, a scenario analysis. 2016. 09. Doris de Guzman, Commercialisation updates on biobased building blocks. 2017. 10.

Laura Wood, Senior Manager Research and Markets, Biocomposites Market by Fiber, Polymer, Product, End-use Industry and Region - Global Forecast to 2022. 2017.

Ibid. 11. Raschka, L.D., Michael, C., Kerstin I., Dr. Stephan Piotrowski, Sarmento, L., Chinthapalli, R. Current situation and trends of the bio-based industries in Europe. Pilot Study for BBI JU . 2017.

CHAPTER 10: OPEN SOURCE 01. “Precious Plastic.” Preciousplastic.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 02. “KONY 2012 | Invisible Children.” Invisible Children. N.p., 2012. Web.

229

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IMAGES 01. Panorama of Monterrey. Cedim Lab. 2017. 02. Beijin, China, central buisness district. Lee, J. 2016. Web. 03. China citizen in polluted panorama. Scutti, S. 2017.

CNN. Web. 04. Pollution above Monterrey city. Cedim Lab. 2017. 05. Pollution above Monterrey city. Astrobaldo. 2017. 06. Monterrey skyline. García, R. 2015. 07.

Orozco, C. Contaminación Ambiental. 2015. Web. 08. Cerro de la Silla, Monterrey.

Cedim Lab. 2017. 09. Torre de Especialidades del Hospital Manuel Gea González.

2013. Web. 10. P D C L 2. The Unseen. N.p. Web. 11. Pollution fighting billboard.

UTEC. 2014. 12. Italy Pavilion Expo Milan 2015. Arch Ipendium. 2015. 13. Both!.

Breathe Brick. 2015. Web. 14. Bentel, N. Aerochromics. 2016. Web. 15. Living Bicks. Laylin, T. n.d. Web. 16. Junku Jung. TACS Air purifier. Web. 17. Graviky Labs. Air Ink. 2017. Web. 18. Biorremediación. Bionetix International. 2017. Web. 19. Degradación enzimática. 2013. Web. 20. Bioplastic without activated charcoal.

Cedim Lab. 2017. 21. Bioplastic without activated charcoal.Cedim Lab. 2017.

22. Granulated activated charcoal. Cedim Lab. 2017. 23. Liquid bioplastic with activated charcoal. Cedim Lab. 2017. 24. Liquid bioplastic with activated charcoal.

Cedim Lab. 2017. 25. Porosity of bioplastic with activated charcoal. Cedim Lab. 2017. 26. Bioplastic with granulated activated charcoal. Cedim Lab. 2017. 27.

Series of panels made of bioplastic with activated charcoal. Cedim Lab. 2017. 2836. Electron Microscope Scanning. Cedim Lab. 2017. 37. Mix of activated charcoal and water. Cedim Lab. 2017. 38. Panel made of bioplastic with activated charcoal.

Cedim Lab. 2017. 39. Concrete module with granulated activated charcoal. Cedim Lab. 2017. 40. Concrete module with enhanced bioplastic. Cedim Lab. 2017. 4142. Concrete modules with enhanced bioplastic and other materials.Cedim Lab. 2017. 43. Concrete modules with enhanced bioplastic and granulated activated charcoal. Cedim Lab. 2017. 44-45. Concrete modules with enhanced bioplastic.

Cedim Lab. 2017. 46. Concrete brick with enhanced bioplastic. Cedim Lab. 2017.

47-48. Claybricks with enhanced bioplastic. Cedim Lab. 2017. 49. Reaction Lamp. Nervous system. 2017. Web. 50. Baroni, P. Foster+ Partners UAE Pavilion.

2015. Web. 51. Reshef, Y. Wanderers. Oxman, N. Web. 52. Baroni, P. Foster+ Partners UAE Pavilion. 2015. Web. 53. Indoor product application. Cedim Lab. 2017. 54-56. Indoor product application render. Cedim Lab. 2017. 57. Indoor mold manufacturing in CNC machine. Cedim Lab. 2017. 58. Exhibition acrylic mold for rectangular bioplastic panel. Cedim Lab. 2017. 59. Rectangular bioplastic panel. Cedim Lab. 2017. 60. Acrylic mold for indoor first approach results. Cedim Lab. 2017. 61. Indoor first approach results. Cedim Lab. 2017. 62. Enhanced bioplastic liquid formula. Cedim Lab. 2017. 63. Granulated activated charcoal.

Cedim Lab. 2017. 64. Materials needed for enhanced bioplastic. Cedim Lab. 2017. 65. Enhanced bioplastic ingredients in a pot. Cedim Lab. 2017. 66. Mix of enhanced bioplastic ingredients. Cedim Lab. 2017. 67. Enhanced bioplastic liquid formula. Cedim Lab. 2017. 68. Filling of the mold with liquid enhanced bioplastic.

Cedim Lab. 2017. 69. Drying of enhanced bioplastic. Cedim Lab. 2017. 70. Indoor product application. Cedim Lab. 2017. 71. Assembling of indoor first approach result. Cedim Lab. 2017. 72. Decomposition of indoor first approach in compost.

Cedim Lab. 2017. 73. Render of a modular system. Cedim Lab. 2017. 74. Render of a concrete module with enhanced bioplastic. Cedim Lab. 2017. 75-76. Render of a concrete modular facade with enhanced bioplastic.Cedim Lab. 2017. 77. Wood molds. Cedim Lab. 2017. 78. Wood molds filled with concrete. Cedim Lab. 2017. 79.

Render of outdoor first approach results mold. Cedim Lab. 2017. 81. First approach mold, Cedim Lab. 2017. 81. Concrete modules with enhanced bioplastic. Cedim Lab. 2017. 82-83. Concrete module with enhanced bioplastic. Cedim Lab. 2017.

84-89. Restology validation system. Cedim Lab. 2017. 90. Irwin, R. Double blind.

2013. 91. Patel, Nirav. Black Sands. Iceland. 2015. 92. Zamora, B. El Negro 2207.

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restology IMAGES AND DIAGRAMS REFERENCES

1999. 93. Ginebra, X. 2016. 94. Amador, V. 2017. 95. Nobbot. 2017. 96. Jepsen, E. 2017. 97. World Health Organization, 2017. 98. Helen, K. 2017. 99. Mars bricks. 2017. 100. Bacterium bricks. 2017. 101. Particle Flow. Neoanalog. 2016.

102. Krenz, A. Parasitic / Symbiotic. 2016. 103-104. Voggeneder. F. Positions of the unknown. 2017. 105. Vegea. Wine Leather. 2017. 106. Pearl, J. Foresea. 2017.

107. Marques, L. Material Transformation. 2016. 108. Trimarch, M. for Salvatore Ferragamo. Orange Fiber. 2016. 109. Anzi. Listener’s Playlist. 2017. 110. North.

Tate logo. 2015. 111. Contrapunto Madrid. 2010. 112. Studio Eric Klarenbeek Dezeen. Mycelium Chair. 2013. 113. Jonsson, A . 2016. 114. Heurel, J. 2012. 115.

Augur, H. 2016. 116. Cedim Lab. 2017. 117. Cedim Lab. 2017. 118. Cedim Lab. 2017. 119. Cedim Lab. 2017.

DIAGRAMS 01. Health effects diagram. (PĂĄgina 33) Cedim Lab. 2017. 02. Normal air flow.

Cedim Lab. 2017. 03. Thermal inversion.Cedim Lab. 2017. 04. Foehn effect.Cedim Lab. 2017. 05. Air filtration. Cedim Lab. 2017. 06. Formulas of bioplastic enhanced with activated charcoal. Cedim Lab. 2017. 07. Project development. Cedim Lab. 2017. 08. Natural ventilation. Cedim Lab. 2017. 09. Natural ventilation. Cedim Lab. 2017. 10. Mechanical ventilation. Cedim Lab. 2017. 11. Study case. Cedim Lab. 2017. 12. First approach results for indoor geometry. Cedim Lab. 2017. 1316. Design variations of indoor geometry. Cedim Lab. 2017. 17-18. Product application. Cedim Lab. 2017. 19. Airflow map of the metropolitan area of Monterrey. Cedim Lab. 2017. 20. Filter modular system. Cedim Lab. 2017. 21.

Design variations. Cedim Lab. 2017. 22. Airflow analysis. Cedim Lab. 2017. 2326. Design variations. Cedim Lab. 2017. 27. Outdoor first approach results.

Cedim Lab. 2017. 28-32. Outdoor first approach results mold. Cedim Lab. 2017.

33. Restology validation system. Cedim Lab. 2017. 34. Restology sensor and its components. Cedim Lab. 2017. 35. Container capturing cigarette pollutants.

Cedim Lab 2017. 36. Restology validation system results. Cedim Lab. 2017. 37-40.

Demonstration charts of adhered pollutants. Cedim Lab. 2017. 41. Comparison graphics between outdoor first approach result module with and without enhanced bioplastic. Cedim Lab. 2017.

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14. GLOSSARY

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restology BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABSORPTION: the process of assimilating or the process of carrying a substance into another or in a stable compound.

ADHESION: the process of attachment of a substance to the surface of another substance.

ADSORPTION: to retain elements; as if suctioning or gluing.

ALUMINATES: alumina mixed with metallic compounds.

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES: caused by the influence or as a result of human actions.

ANTISEPTIC: antimicrobial substances that are applied to living things to reduce the possibility of infections.

ARDUINO: an open-source platform used for building electronics projects.

ATMOSPHERIC CONTINGENCY: state of emergency declared due to health threats in the environment.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: force exerted into the atmosphere of Earth by the air above it.

BIO-DESIGN: using living elements in design processes and products.

BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS: the transformation of one molecule to a different molecule inside a cell.1 BIOCOMPOSITE: composite material formed by a matrix and a reinforcement of natural fibers.

BIODEGRADABLE: material property capable of being decomposed by the action of living organisms.

BIOLOGICAL PARTICLES: units composed of living matter such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

BIOMIMICRY: the imitation of nature’s models, elements, and systems to solve a complex human problem.

BIOPLASTIC: plastic composed of natural elements.

BIOPOLYMER: polymers produced by living organisms.

BIOREMEDIATION: the process of cleaning the environment creating microenvironments of microbes and bacteria which eats the contamination.

CASEIN: protein found in all mammals’ milk.

CATALYZE: to speed up a process.

CELLULOID: type of plastic that’s transparent and flammable.

CELLULOSE: a molecule comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and is found in the cellular structure of virtually all plant matter.

CNC MACHINE: electro-mechanical devices that manipulate machine shop tools using computer programming inputs.

COMPOST: organic matter used for fertilizing the soil.

CYCLONIC FILTRATION: filtration process through vortex separation.

ENCEPHALITIS: inflammation located in the brain due to an infection with a virus, bacteria or fungus, or an autoimmune reaction.

ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION: biodegradation of natural components and polymers through bacteria and fungus who eat and decompose.

ENZYMES: according to the Merriam-Webster, a numerous of complex proteins that produced living cells and catalyze specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures.

FILTRATION: the process of filtering.

FIXED SOURCES: established places in which contamination origins.

FOEHN EFFECT: the Foehn Effect is when a warm and dry air flows side of a mountain rage downwind.

GASTROENTERITIS: swelling of the stomach and intestines lining membrane.

Gcode: generic name for a control language for CNC (or RepRap) machines.

Glycerin: a colorless, sweet, viscous organic compound.

HOOKWORM: one or several parasitic worms that attach to the intestinal lining with the help of their buccal hooks.

HYDROLYSIS: reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water.

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS: a mixture of chemical elements usually with the absence

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of carbon.

LIMESTONE: a rock made of the gathering of organic remains, primarily composed of calcium carbonate; commonly used in the construction industry.

MICROBIAL REMEDIATION: the use of microbes and bacteria in the process of air, soil or water purification.

MINERALIZE: the process of converting organic matter into mineral or inorganic material.

MOBILE SOURCES: origin source of pollution in constant movement.

Mucous: containing a layer of secretion produced by the mucous membranes.

NEUTRALIZE: to annul or counteract the results of the activity.

OPEN SOURCE: a free system accessible for alteration, redistribution, and improvement.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: a mixture of atoms in which one or more are covalently link to carbon.

ORGANIC MATTER: anything that contains carbon compounds and was formed by living organisms.

PARTICULATE MATTER (PM): a mixture of multiple particles of extremely miniature size.

PATHOLOGIES: derivations in the structure of a disease.

PHA: polyesters produced in nature by numerous microorganisms.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: the process of plants and other living elements of converting light energy into chemical energy.

PHYTOREMEDIATION: cleaning method using technology and plants, taking advantage of plants ability to metabolize pollutant elements.

Pigskin gelatin: protein obtained by boiling pig skin, tendons, ligaments, and bones with water.

PLA: a bio-based plastic material made from plants.

PLASTICIZER: additives that increase the plasticity or viscosity of the material.

PM10: particulate matter with dimensions smaller than 10 microns.

PM2.5: particulate matter with dimensions smaller than 2.5 microns.

POLYMER: chemical compound where molecules are bonded together in long repeating chains.

POLYMERIZATION: process in which small molecules combine chemically to produce a large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer.

PULMONARY ALVEOLI: sites within the lungs where gases swap between the environment and the blood.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY: percentage of condensation in the air about the highest possible amount in the same conditions.

SILICATES: minerals formed of metal mixed with silicon and oxygen; commonly used in the construction industry.

SOLVENT: a liquid substance in which other materials dissolve to form a solution.

SPECULATIVE DESIGNS: design area specialized in creating future scenarios for design processes.

SPORES: a unicellular unit of bacteria, fungi, algae or plants capable of reproduction.

SUSPENDED PARTICLES: solid particles that remain suspended in water, often used to know water’s quality.

SUSTAINABILITY: to maintain ecological balance, by not harming the environment or wasting natural resources.

THERMAL INVERSION: when a layer of warm air settles above a cold air layer preventing pollution from rising and scattering.

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION: type of energy produced by the sun and some artificial sources.

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: chemical substances made of carbon found in living elements, they turn easily into gases.

235

III. TEAM DESCRIPTION Multidisciplinary research group focused on the development and exploration of biointegrate materials and solutions through technology applied to design processes that seeks to find an improvement in decreasing air pollution.

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ADA GLORIA GONZÁLEZ MIRELES ARCHITECT

ANA GRACIELA GONZÁLEZ SANCHEZ MARKETING STRATEGIST

ANA MARÍA VARGAS LASSERE ARCHITECT

ANDREA LIZETTE NAJERA ARCHITECT

BARBARA GARZA SALDAÑA INTERIORIST

Ada is a curious architect, eager to learn new techniques, searching and exploring different disciplines and implementing them in her field. She’s able to work autonomously and independently in interactive spaces.

A marketing enthusiast, an art and history beginner with aims of becoming a master and most of all, absolutely passionate about fashion.

Who will always be grateful with the Universe for every success she has.

Perseverance and passion are the main pillars that shape her character and being positive marks her personality. Faithful believer that doing what you truly love in life will eventually lead you to accomplish great achievements. She doesn’t know life without music.

Passionate architect who loves history, books, drawing, and photography. She believes that you cannot make an innovation act if you don’t know who and how others innovate first. As a former athlete, she learned that any goal can be achievable with effort and dedication.

Interiorist who likes to learn, approach and give her best. Who throughout these years has developed different skills of design which made her who she is now: a design lover.

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CARLA RUIZ VELASCO GARZA ARCHITECT

CRISTINA ADRIANA BRIONES NUÑEZ

Architect. Her passion is fashion, interior decor, beauty and parametric architecture. Qualified at solving problems as well for time and activity management.

California girl, passionate about art and nature, only leaving good wishes behind.

DIGITAL AND MULTIMEDIA ARTIST

DANA MAYELI RANGEL TORRES FASHION DESIGNER

ESTEFANÍA FLORES JIMÉNEZ FASHION DESIGNER

KATHIA QUINTANILLA GARCÍA INTERIORIST

22-year-old passionate about everything that makes her heart beat faster. Frustrated by her own tendency to procrastinate. Aims to lose herself as much as she loses her keys, to live a life worth writing about and be the one who makes her happy. Happens to be a Fashion Design Graduate.

Fashion Designer by choice. Concert logistics aficionado. Always challenging herself into learning new things as they come by, faithful believer that life is not so serious. Enjoys eating Chinese food and spending the day walking around the city or visiting a great art exhibition.

Interiorist, professional dreamer, and design lover. Loves good outdoor adventures, traveling, and cooking. A believer that good things happen to good people.

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MARÍA DE LOURDES HERNÁNDEZ LIMA ARCHITECT

MARÍA LUISA BECERRIL GARCÍA FASHION DESIGNER

MAYRA VALERIA MOREIRA BELDERAS MARKETING STRATEGIST

MELISSA CHAPA GIL GRAPHIC DESIGNER

OSCAR JAVIER ALVARADO CONTRERAS ARCHITECT

An Architect that as the time goes by and during her time in college has been discovering her fondness and passion for design. Considers herself a curious person. Her interests for the future are always focused on acquiring knowledge to be able to exceed her limits every day.

A creative and dedicated person, who is currently searching for different perspectives.

Sees herself as curious, determinate and unique.

Enjoys challenges and dedicates herself fully in the search for the tools that will help her get everything she set as a goal.

Marketing specialist. Believes life is to enjoy, feel and love. Likes to meet and chat with new people. Challenges are her hobby. Inspired by people who surround her and the obstacles that come in her way. An outgoing person who is always looking to learn something every day.

Constantly moving, exploring, and absorbing inspiration for the graphics she designs. What inspires Melissa? Oh! food, people, museum exhibits, and music.

He takes a moment on regular basis to watch how people’s essence interact with design. As an architect, he has learned how his decisions has to have a logic on how people will enhance with his ideas; these moments guide him in his passion for photography.

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PRISCILA LUNA RAMOS PRODUCT DESIGNER

ROBERTO LUIS VALENZUELA CORTAZAR PRODUCT DESIGNER

SARA EUGENIA GONZÁLEZ MASCAREÑAS GRAPHIC DESIGNER

JUANA VALERIA GONZALEZ ORTIZ INTERIORIST

VERONICA SALDAÑA GARZA PRODUCT DESIGNER

Creative industrial designer, passionate about functional design, with the goal of creating a better quality of life for people through strategic problem-solving innovative products. Loves photography, and uses it as a way of improving her creative skills.

Product Designer with a passion for innovation, ergonomy, and quality. Passionate about art and the outdoors. His goal as a designer is to create functional products that make a positive impact on the life of their users.

Enthusiastic, creative Graphic Designer with problem-solving skills, from Mazatlan, Sinaloa.

Crazy about art and design, love the minimalist design and to photograph landscapes.

Creative Interiorist, a design lover, gives all her knowledge and skills to new challenges; persistence is what characterizes her when a new one comes up. Learn new techniques and solve puzzling situations fascinated her the most. Positive that she can achieve anything she proposes.

More than an industrial designer she sees herself as an experience designer. Passionate about how to create a product that makes you feel and discover the essence of it. Creating a balance between functionality and straightforward interaction. Also, she likes avocados.

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TUTOR Yessica Mendez Sierra CEDIM

ACADEMIC DIRECTOR David Durán Sánchez CEDIM

ADVISORS: RESEARCH Benjamín Rodríguez Limón Head of the Department of Environmental Engineering of the UANL Armandina Valdez Secretariat of Sustainable Development of Nuevo Leon

MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT Clara Davis Instituto de Arquitectura Avanzada de Cataluña IAAC Patricio García Pineda Industroniks Frank León Martínez Instituto Politecnico Nacional sede Oaxaca

TEST AND VALIDATION OF THE MATERIAL Edgar Arturo Luna Peralta Output Esteban Galindo CEDIM Mauricio Gonzalez Tecnologico de Monterrey Bernardo Montiel Tecnologico de Monterrey

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN AND DIGITAL FABRICATION Djordje Stanojevic CEDIM

STYLE EDITORS Teresa Flores Jiménez Centro de Estudios Universitarios PART (Periodismo y Arte en Radio y Televisión and English Teacher by Brittania Institute) Santiango Rodríguez Leal Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Carlos Miguel Lopez Flores Universitat Barcelona

GRAPHIC DESIGN Alan Luna Consul creative | CEDIM

MARKETING AND COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT Ing. Juan José Cervantes Learning Partners | CEDIM Bety Martínez Happy Together Ana Venegas Alive MKT | CEDIM Guillermo Ramos Ruiz Alive MKT | CEDIM

VISUAL ARTS Daniel Perez Anverso | CEDIM

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15. ANNEX

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restology ANNEX

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS During this stage the different research techniques that were used as well as their objectives and results are shown and explained.

01.INTERVIEW: PEOPLE WHO PERFORM EXTREME ACTIONS FOR THE PLANET. METHODOLOGY: An in-depth questionnaire was applied with questions addressed to people who have a very marked concept of caring for the environment, in order to know the different activities they carry out.

GOALS: Know their level of knowledge and concern about the environment. Discover the activities they carry out to specifically help the environment. Knowing when and what was what motivated them to start worrying about this topic.

RESULTS: They seek mainly solutions that contribute to improve the environment, always looking for ways to put more than others.

PLEASURES: To have contact with the environment and nature. Caring for their families with products that are good for your health. To continue to teach people who are in their social circles to take action and care for the environment.

FRUSTRATIONS: Do not understand why easy solutions like throwing the trash in its place is a problem for society. Companies that continue to leave a high carbon footprint without serious consequences.

IDEAL CHARACTER: Recycle and use the least possible plastic. They are always looking for ways to avoid polluting.

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02.INTERVIEW:PEOPLE WHO SOMETIMES DO ACTIVITIES FOR THE PLANET. METHODOLOGY: A deep questionnaire was applied with questions addressed to people whose level of concern was not so extreme, but if they took into account the problems in their daily lives.

DESCRIPTION OF THE USERS TO WHOM THE INVESTIGATION IS DIRECTED: Men and women from 20 to 55 years.They carry out activities sometimes without realizing that they help the environment.

GOALS: Know what motivates them to carry out activities that take care of the environment.

Know your level of knowledge and concern about the environment.

RESULTS. PLEASURES: Participate in activities from time to time that involve the care of the environment.

What people associate with groups that care for the environment. They like to be role models.

FRUSTRATIONS: That people do not do anything to improve the pollution problem. The government does not take measures to punish the emission sources. The city does not have environmental responsibility.

IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS: I would like to find solutions that are within your reach. Improving air quality through an activity that does not involve effort.

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03.INTERVIEW:PEOPLE WHO DO NOT KNOW THERE IS A POLLUTION PROBLEM. METHODOLOGY: A deep questionnaire was applied with questions addressed to people who never perform activities to help the environment and do not know very well the problem of pollution in the city.

DESCRIPTION OF THE USERS TO WHOM THE INVESTIGATION IS DIRECTED: Men and women from 20 to 35 years. The contamination is not alarming for them and they do not have information about it.

GOALS: Know the reason why they do not carry out activities that take care of the environment.

RESULTS. PLEASURES: They enjoy visiting places where they can do sports activities. You would like to be a model for society. They like to go out and live with their friends.

FRUSTRATIONS: A government without interest. Prepare to have social responsibility.

IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS: Being aware of activities that are not of your interest. Be part of a group that is recognized by society.

04. INTERVIEWS: BUSINESSES THAT TAKE ACTIONS FOR THE PLANET. METHODOLOGY: A deep questionnaire was applied with questions addressed to businesses or small companies that would like to have an activity or product that supports the care of the environment.

DESCRIPTION OF THE USERS TO WHOM THE INVESTIGATION IS DIRECTED: Men and women from 20 to 35 years. They have businesses but still do not perform any activity that benefits the environment.

GOALS: To know if they would like to implement some action in favor of the environment in their businesses.

RESULTS. PLEASURES: Being entrepreneurs. To be able to have the freedom to carry out actions of interest.

Be active and be participatory.

FRUSTRATIONS: Not being able to make a change to improve the pollution of the city. To have social responsibility.

IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS: Profitable business. Commit to your activities.environmental responsibility.

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05.SURVEY OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC. METHODOLOGY: An online survey was distributed with short questions that could determine the stage in which the user is located. Descriptive surveys - 192 Surveys DESCRIPTION OF THE USERS TO WHOM THE INVESTIGATION IS DIRECTED: Men and women from 18 to 60 years. They are related to design and creativity GOALS: Sizing the potential of Open Source projects. Exploration of Open Source platforms.

Understand the level of awareness about the environment. Sizing of user’s motives.

RESULTS. PLEASURES: Area of design and creativity. Volunteering or activities that involve social interaction. Innovation social. Social networks.

FRUSTRATIONS: Lack of action in society. Maximum interest activities related to internet.

IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS: Participation. Visit places where they can contact nature.

06. VALIDATION WITH THE FINAL MATERIAL METHODOLOGY: A focus group was carried out where users could interact with the material and know its properties.

DESCRIPTION OF THE USERS TO WHOM THE INVESTIGATION IS DIRECTED: Men and women from 20 to 35 years. They share interests related to the design.

GOALS: Know your reaction when contacting the material. Understand the reasons why they would get a product that is not easy to find. Know the reaction of users when it comes to having to obtain a material that is not within their reach.

RESULTS. OBTAIN OF MATERIALS: The activity encouraged users to search for different materials that were hidden in school facilities. When the users knew that it would take effort to collect these materials, they undoubtedly got up in search of these materials.

DISCOVERIES: The users looked for the materials because they thought it was a recreational activity, fun and above all different from the ones they usually do. The users only found the material that was within reach of them, the materials that were more hidden or were not visible to the naked eye did not find them because they did not want to apply more effort than already done.

CONCLUSION: Users would be willing to collect and buy the ingredients to make the material, however if it is difficult to find them in hardware stores or supermarkets they would lose interest in carrying out the project.

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PRESENTATION OF BIOPLASTIC: After introducing users a little about what is bioplastic? And pollution in Monterrey, each of them was given a piece of bioplastic so they could interact with it.

DISCOVERIES: The users when touching the texture of the material, smelling and testing its flexibility, asked themselves, how could that be bioplastic and questioned the reason of the black color. The users began by asking their functionality at the time of telling them their properties and seeing that all were resolved, they said they would like to have it in their home in the form of a tapestry or some object that was close to them in order to improve their health.

CONCLUSION: Users want to have the product and would be willing to make the main recipe to choose the design they want and work it their way and according to their discipline.

07. VALIDATION OF THE PRODUCTION OF THE MATERIAL. METHODOLOGY: Validation was carried out through an activity where the user was invited to make the recipe of the material with the ingredients and an instructional video.

DESCRIPTION OF THE USERS TO WHOM THE INVESTIGATION IS DIRECTED: Men and women from 20 to 25 years. Students who share interests related to the design.

GOALS: Know the reaction of the user when interacting with the ingredients of the material.

Observe the level of difficulty that the user faces and help if there is a problem at the time of production.

RESULTS PRODUCTION OF THE MATERIAL: The dynamics helped a lot to be able to observe the user when making the material, their gestures, feelings and frustrations were made known in each step that I made.

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DISCOVERIES: The users did not imagine that it could form the ingredients when mixed, but when they found out that it was bioplastic they were surprised and even more when they knew that it was cleaning the air. The users thought about how to use the bioplastic in their daily life and they ended up in products that they used a lot for example bottles, headphones, containers among others. It was never dangerous for any user, they commented that it was fun and different.

The most mentioned option by the users when we asked them how they could use the material was a PET bottle, but when mentioning that they cleaned the air they associated it more to use it in the home as an object or decoration. They never imagined that they had made a bioplastic, much less one that eliminated environmental contaminants. Users after knowing the properties of the material and the ease of carrying out the recipe mentioned that they would like to do it at home, but they question whether they have free time to experiment.

Each user imagined the material where he detected a need but when he knew specifically that clean contaminated air positioned him near his person. The project would like it to be publicized through social networks to show it to their friends, but they think it is more effective to hold workshops. The people who participated in the activity have in common being creative and commented that their friends would love to carry out the project because they are always carrying out innovative activities that involve design.

The biggest fear of the users and what caused them nervousness was to make a mistake in the recipe but when they saw that the elaboration process was easy they relaxed and it was fun. The users who participated in this activity, commented that the main reason that drives them to carry out the project is to see the pollution in the city and the problems it brings.

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08.VALIDATION OF THE GUIDING CONCEPT

METHODOLOGY: This experiment was carried out to know different reactions when putting the user in a specific situation.

DESCRIPTION OF THE USERS TO WHOM THE INVESTIGATION IS DIRECTED: Men and women, students in university careers, preparatory that attend in different public and private institutions of the city and its metropolitan area.

GOALS: Get inspiration variables for the project proposal. Discover if they associate the textures with the material and this with the color. Know the reaction of the user according to the color palette, sounds and the different fonts that are part of the project RESULTS By touching different porous materials, users found a significant relation of it with the polluted particles that are in the air.

The black color was associated with pollution and white color with the light, similar to the solution created to filtrate polluted particles.

Different sounds were presented and were linked to the movement of the particles that observed against the light.

Looking at the typography used on the project by showing them the catalog and color palette, they described it as the purity and cleanness of the project.

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192 Surveys

During this survey met the user preferences, activities and the knowledge that what is an Open Source. An online survey was distributed with short questions that could determine the stage in which the user is located, these are the statistical results.

Respecto a la contaminación de Monterrey ¿Con cuál de estas afirmaciones te identificas más?

Existe un problema de contaminación importante sin embargo es algo que a mi no me afecta.

20.1%

Existe un problema de contaminación pero no es de importancia.

Existe un problema de contaminación y en días de alta contaminación cambio de alguna forma mi rutina o hábitos

44.4%

Existe un problema de contaminación y ha afectado la salud o generado molestias en mi o alguien cercano a mi

30.0%

No creo que exista un problema de contaminación en la ciudad

Según tu opinión ¿Monterrey y su área metropolitana, es una ciudad con un problema de contaminación?

200 150 100 50 0 5

4

3

2

1

¿Qué has escuchado o leído sobre el tema de contaminación en Monterrey?

No he escuchado ninguna de las anteriores He escuchado algunas de las anteriores, pero no las considero verdaderas La contaminación en Monterrey ocasiona alrededor de 6,400 muertes al año El tipo de contaminación en Monterrey es diferente a CDMX

4 8 14

89

Es la ciudad más contaminada de todo Latinoamérica

149

El aire contaminado afecta directamente a tus pulmones La fuente principal de contaminación es producida por autos y la industria

258

165 204 0

50

100

150

200

restology MARKETING RESEARCH

Según tu opinión ¿El problema de contaminación en Monterrey se puede revertir?

100 91

75

81

50

74

25 0

5

4

19 2

3

14 1

¿Qué acciones de estas realizas con el objetivo principal de cuidar del medio ambiente?

Otros

9

Crear tus propios productos ecológicos en casa; pasta de dientes, detergentes

14 18

Ninguna de las anteriores Diseñar soluciones para el cuidado del medio ambiente

53

Reducir el consumo de agua para su conservación

85

Recolectar plástico, vidrio o papel en casa para reciclaje

113

Reducir el consumo de agua para su conservación Consumo de productos amigables con el medio ambiente

125 141

Reducir el consumo de elecricidad para reducir huella de carbono

145 0

50

100

150

¿Qué te motiva a realizar estas acciones?

Preservación del planeta

23.3%

Salud propia 11.1%

Futuras generaciones Todas las anteriores Otras

61.3%

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En un día con alta contaminación ¿Qué acciones realizas para no verte afectado por la contaminación del aire?

Otros

5

Utilizar un filtro

5

Usar cubrebocas si salgo a la calle Tener plantas dentro del hogar

10 45

Evito salir y me quedo en casa

63

Ninguna de estas opciones, vivo mi día normal

188 0

50

100

150

200

¿Qué plataforma visitas para aprender a hacer cosas nuevas?

9

Otras Plataformas Open Source

12

Ninguna de las anteriores, no me ocupo en aprender Aplicaciones

15 35

Blogs

54

Youtube

137

Redes Sociales

164

Paginas Web

168 0

50

¿Crearias un material que disminuya la 150 contaminación del aire fuera y dentro de 100 tu hogar, siguiendo 50 pasos e instrucciones 0 en Internet?

260

100

150

200

128 64

5

4

53

3

19

15

2

1

restology MARKETING RESEARCH

¿Qué plataformas de Open Source conoces?

13.1% 12.0%

Github Arduino Open Source Google Ninguna

74.2%

¿Qué tan frecuentemente creas por ti mismo algo que aprendiste en internet?

6.5%

14.7%

Muy Frecuentemente (al menos una vez a la semana) Frecuentemente (una vez al mes)

11.8% 19.4%

Ocasionalmente (una vez cada tres meses) Pocas veces (una vez cada 6 meses)

15.1%

Muy pocas veces (una vez al año) Nunca he creado nada

32.6%

¿Creas estas soluciones para...?

Mi mismo, como mejoras

26.3%

42.1%

Mi mismo, como Hobby Trabajo, son parte de mis proyectos

31.6%

¿Qué tan probable es que en tu próximo proyecto se enfoque en diseñar soluciones para el cuidado del medio ambiente?

85 100 75 50

54

25 0

1

2

49 3

47 4

43 5

261

restology ANNEX

¿Considerarías integrar esta solución en tu próximo proyecto sobre eliminación de contaminación en el aire?

95

100

71

75 50 25 0

1

Rango de edad 18 a 26 años

11.9%

27 a 35 años

12.6% 57.6%

2.9%

36 a 43 años 44 a 52 años

15.1%

Más de 53 años

Zona de residencial Santa Catarina Guadalupe

9.8% 5.8%

Monterrey San Pedro

38.0%

39.1%

Escobedo García San Nicolas

262

68

2

3

23

22

4

5

restology MARKETING RESEARCH

¿Ingreso mensual promedio en tu hogar?

Entre $5,000 y $11,000

19.3%% 17.8%

Menos de $4,000 7.8%

Entre $12,000 y $34,000 Entre $35,000 y $84,000

24.1%

Mas de $85,000

31.1%

Género Hombres 29.7%

Mujeres

70.3%

¿En qué ciclo de vida familiar te encuentras?

Soltero Joven (18 a 35) 14.7%

Pareja joven sin hijos Pareja joven con hijos pequeños en casa (0 a 10) Pareja adulta con hijos en casa (entre 10 y 20 años) 61.1% Adulto independiente (36) Pareja adulta sin hijos en casa ya Pareja adulta con hijos en casa (mayores de 21)

263