Revista el Caballo Español 2007 n.182 (English)

Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caballos de Pura Raza Española

El Caballo Español Año XXIX Nº 182 Noviembre - Diciembre 2007

Español / English

El Caballo Español

nº 182

Noviembre - Diciembre 2007

PRE Didactico El Doping perjudica la selección si los rendimientos conseguidos se deben al uso de medios artificiales y no a la calidad intrínseca del animal

Enganches En tiempos del Emperador Adriano se podía ir desde Cádiz a la India a través de calzadas romanas

Historia del PRE El ocaso de la monta a la “jineta” fue el final de una moda que no duro mucho tiempo ni fue generalizada

Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caballos de Pura Raza Española

CABALLOS P.R.E. DE CAPA NEGRA Y CASTAÑA

ATILA LVI Medalla de Oro y Mejor funcionalidad sección 10ª en Valdemorillo 2007 Medalla de Oro y Mejor funcionalidad sección 10ª en Pola de Laviana 2007 Subcampeón raza en Pola Laviana 20072006 COBRA DEde A 5,laCAMPEONA DEde ESPAÑA SICAB Medalla de Bronce sección 10ª en Camponaraya 2007

CASCABELA III

Medalla de Plata sección 7ª en Pola de Laviana 2007 Medalla de Bronce sección 7ª en Fecab 2007

FURIA XCV

Medalla de Plata y Mejores movimientos sección 1ª en Pola de Laviana 2007 Medalla de Plata sección 1ª en Valdemorillo 2007

Tfno.: 902 10 10 80 - 646 812 928 Email: info@yeguadavalle.es - www.yeguadavalle.es VALLE DE MENA Villasuso de Mena, Burgos (España)

Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caballos de Pura Raza Española

SUMMARY

El Caballo Español

120 122 129

Año XXIX Nº 182 Noviembre - Diciembre 2007

Español / English

PRE Didactico

El Caballo Español

nº 182

Noviembre - Diciembre 2007

El Doping perjudica la selección si los rendimientos conseguidos se deben al uso de medios artificiales y no a la calidad intrínseca del animal

Enganches En tiempos del Emperador Adriano se podía ir desde Cádiz a la India a través de calzadas romanas

Historia del PRE El ocaso de la monta a la “jineta” fue el final de una moda que no duro mucho tiempo ni fue generalizada

Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caballos de Pura Raza Española

Cover Page: Quiebro

130

Photo by: Olga Tarragona

EL CABALLO ESPAÑOL The Purebred Spanish Horse magazine since 1978 Edited by: Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caballos de Pura Raza Española (ANCCE) Cortijo de Cuarto (Cortijo Viejo) Bellavista, 41014 Sevilla, Spain (España) Telephone: +34 954 68 92 60, Fax: +34 954 69 03 27 Web: http://www.ancce.com E-mail: revista@ancce.com Editor-in-Chief: José Palma Moreno Editorial Committee: ANCCE Communication Taskforce Editor: José A. Fdez Lineros lineros.doma@hotmail.com revista@ancce.com

LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT NEWS LETTERS TO THE EDITOR THE FORUM

Rafael Ortiz Alcalá Zamora Olga Tarragona Carlos Ponferrada José A. Fdez. Lineros

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ASK TO THE EXPERT

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DAILY VETERINARY PRACTICE

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PROFILES

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HIGH SCHOOL

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DRIVING

Ángel de Amores Moreno Mercedes Valera

Growth epiphysitis Jordi Grau

El Más Querido Eva Manethová

Spanish Walk III Alfonso Cuesta

Driving throughout the Centuries II Luis Rivero Merry

PRE LEARNING

Technical Coordinator: Inmaculada Rodríguez Prensa@ancce.com

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Columnist: Jaime Molina, Manuel González and Jacobo Rojo Secretaries: Ana Luque e Inmaculada Segura

Considerations about the control of “doping” In competition horses Rodriguez Castaño, Miguel Rodriguez Castaño, Ana Garcia Coiradas, Leticia Rodríguez Sánchez, Manuel

Design and Set up: Editorial Maritania www.maratania.es maratania@maratania.es

158 162

Translations: Yreba Arobed, S.L. traducciones@yrevaarobed.com

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PRE HISTORY

169 172 178 89 182 94 96 115 116

STUF FARM (Publicity - Report)

Legal Registration Number: SE-186-1980 Publicity: Inmaculada Rodríguez 954689260 - prensa@ancce.com Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caballos de Pura Raza Española (ANCCE) Cortijo de Cuarto (Cortijo Viejo) Bellavista, 41014 Sevilla, Spain Telephone: +34 954 68 92 60, Fax: +34 954 69 03 27 www.ancce.com revista@ancce.com Photo mechanics and Printing: J. de Haro Artes Gráficas, S.L. Telf.: +34 954 180 010, Fax: +34 954 183 444 C/ Brújula, 43, P.I.S.A. 41927 Mairena del Aljarafe, Sevilla, Spain www.jdeharo.com jdeharo@jdeharo.com © All rights reserved. No part of this magazine, including its contents, texts, graphics and photographs, whether in English or Spanish, may be reproduced by any means without specific written permission from the publishers. El Caballo Español is not responsible for the opinions express by its collaborators in the articles published.

ANCCE REPORTS INTERNATIONAL “A la jineta” Riding

Juan Carlos Altamirano

Hermanos Favier

DRESSAGE FROM NEWSPAPER ARCHIVES THE MALL ADVERTISING PRICES MEMBER REGISTRATION FORMS LIST OF BREEDERS WHO ARE MEMBERS OF ANCCE LIST OF ANCCE ASSOCIATED ORGANIZATIONS LIST OF ASSOCIATE MEMBERS

November - December 2007 / El Caballo Español

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LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT

ANCCE, both in its name, and in its statutes, is an association that has various objectives, one of which is to support all breeders who are breeding PRE Horses. Since I took over as president of the association, that objective has been at the forefront of my mind, in my management.

I, and the team that backs me in the management of ANCCE, are receptive to critique. Moreover, I consider that this is necessary for our job. But we fail to understand that we are criticized for clarifying and being demanding when it comes to the rules and regulations that govern the Tribunals for Qualified Breeding Stock.

As all you know, the Legislation that regulates these entrance tests for the Selection Scheme for the aptitudes in conformation and riding, demand specific health condition which hinder access to the category of Qualified of those horses that presented a series of genetic diseases, as is the case of osteochondrosis (OCD), osteoarthritis and exostosis. We need not remind you that ANCCE itself opposed the Royal Ordinance from which this Ministerial Order arose and the Order itself, for this and for many other reasons that now are not the case.

Negotiations by the for ANCCE Board of Directors, under the presidency of Adolfo Sรกnchez de Movellรกn, achieved that the latter two, having not been proven to be hereditary, are not considered, and only the first one is now considered a disqualifier.

Subsequently and while carrying out these tests, it was proven that the guarantees of reliability within the veterinary protocol were practically nil and we were faced with undesirable situations, some of which were denounced by ANCCE, who received only silence in response. These facts harmed the prestige of the Tribunals and as a consequence of that, the credibility of the breed itself, the prestige of Spain as a State, which had endorsed them and the accuracy of the breeding sector. Another negative consequence of legislation being passed behind the backs of the sector was the requirement, in many cases, of indiscriminate pre-purchase veterinary examinations, which have harmed horses and their owners due to the fact that they were not carried out following proper protocols.

To resolve this problem, there was a meeting, a few months ago, with a number of veterinarians who are specialists in radiology; all those who according to our reports, work and are recognized in this field of Veterinary Science, were present; undoubtedly, some were missing, but to hear the opinions about osteochondrosis from sixty some well-known, prestigious professional veterinarians, was something that had taken place for the first time in Spain and ANCCE were very proud to have been the organizers. The conclusions from that meeting were turned into the protocol that governs at the TQBs, and that can be summarized in two specific points:

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- Not all cases of OCD should be considered noxious or negative for the physical and vital evolution of a horse; therefore it was determined, in the opinion of the specialists, that osteochondrosis should be an excluding character for the TQB of the breed, offering a greater objectivity based on the clinical X-ray experience by technicians on this subject.

- A map of the localizations of OCD was produced, seeing which had a greater incidence from parents to children, depending on this, localizations were discarded that, in principle, do not appear to be of a predominantly hereditary.

The

new

protocol

implies

an

extreme

degree

of

confidentiality, since the University of Cordoba Veterinarian Hospital, with professor Dr. Manuel Novales, writes up the X-ray reports, which must always be carried out using digital radiology, with no knowledge of the identity of the horse or owner. The only reference he has is a microchip number.

His reports go to the radiologists and these are then sent to the breeders. Therefore, with this process, nobody knows whether or not there is OCD in a specific horse, something that most of the breeders have always demanded.

We will continue digging deeper into this subject, and we have already prepared, for the end of this season, another meeting with specialists in this subject, and that will be attended by the most outstanding world figures, so that we can learn in more depth aspects such as incidences per localizations, degree of inheritability etc. The only objective of all of this is to propose regulations that are fair and suited to the requirements of the sector and those who sustain it, the breeders.

JosĂŠ Palma Moreno President of ANCCE

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SICAB 2007, dedicated to the Republic of Guatemala

The 2007 SICAB Organizing Taskforce has decided that, from now on, the International Equestrian Event will dedicate the event to one of the countries where Purebred Spanish Horses are bred.

The idea of this initiative is to express gratitude to those countries that have maintained a special link with Spain by breeding this native Spanish breed.

Likewise, it will motivate the efforts carried out over the years in disseminating the PRE throughout the world.

The most difficult decision was to decide the first country to which the event would be dedicated. It was finally decided that in all fairness and to correspond to the events of this year, the choice should go to the Republic of Guatemala. In April, and for the first time, Guatemala had dedicated their trade show to ANCCE, as the founding association of the breed.

In July, a meeting was held with His Excellency, the Ambassador of Guatemala in Spain. He was presented with the formal agreement and an official invitation for the President of Guatemala to inaugurate SICAB 2007.

The Guatemalan flag will appear on all SICAB corporate images and the country and its breeder association will have a 32-square-meter-stand in the breeders’ marquee to offer any type of demonstration to better understand the country, its traditions and culture.

In moments like this we are particularly happy for this well-nurtured group of Guatemalan PRE breeders, who have kept the flame of the Purebred Spanish Horse alive in this beautiful Central American country.

People as learned and jovial as Roberto Moll, Carlos Prieto, Luis Fernando Pivaral, Carlos González (current President of the association), and many others, who will share with us a few days dedicated to the PRE and the country of eternal Spring.

News

7th International Convention on Equine Medicine & Surgery Once again, held in Sevilla on November 22, 23 and 24 This year, the new edition of the International Convention on Equine Medicine and Surgery presents a number of innovations and improvements by which more than 600 specialized veterinarians will learn about and receive feedback on, the latest techniques in the field of “disorders in equine locomotive system.”

Two internationally renowned specialists will share their knowledge with the veterinarians and students of veterinary science attending the congress. Jean Marie Denoix is professor of applied anatomy of the Alfort School of veterinary science in Paris and Director of CIRALE and a specialist in disorders of the locomotive system, with special emphasis on the image diagnosis. René Van Weeren is professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Science of Utrecht in Holland and specialist surgeon in traumatology and orthopedics, focusing on osteochondrosis and locomotive alterations related to back problems.

The greatest innovation this year is the creation of a practical workshop, which will take place at the Gran Hipódromo de Andalucía (race course) with real cases and lead by Jean Marie Denoix. There extremely limited vacancies to guarantee that those attending can actively participate in the sessions. The exhibition area has been enlarged due to the increase in numbers of commercial firms and pharmaceutical companies attending the convention every year.

For yet another year, innovation and another edition are possible thanks to the support and collaboration of ANCCE, the Andalusian Council of Official Veterinarian Colleges and the Honorable Official College of Veterinarians of Seville. The Organization would therefore like to thank these entities for the support and collaboration in this edition as well as in all the previous ones.

The convention will begin on November 22 and run through to November 24, at the Al-Andalus auditorium of the Sevilla Congress and Exhibitions Palace (FIBES), coinciding, as it does each year, with SICAB. Should you wish to have more information about the convention, please go to the official web site where you can register for the event: www. congresoequino.com

Artist’s panoramic view of the new ANCCE building

Construciton on the new ANCCE office will begin in 2008 Having new offices was approved on April 14 at the General Assembly. This means that for the first time in 35 years, the Association own its own property.

The 4000-square meter building will house the Association and PRE Stud Book offices under one roof. This will facilitate the services provided to the breeders who want questions solved personally.

The project was designed by the architects, Ignacio Zalvide, Luisa Alarcón and Mª Luz Galdames and will be located in the technological park that the Dos Hermanas Town Hall is developing in an area adjacent to the race track.

Luis Rivero Merry presented a new book about driving turnouts titled “Carruajes y Guadarneses en Andalucía” (Carriages and Harnesses in Andalusia) " Photo by Manuel Vasco.

Luis Rivero during the presentation of his latest book, with Ignacio Carrasco & Manuel Vasco

On June 21, at the Carriage Museum of Sevilla, Luis Rivero presented his new book, “Carruajes y Guadarneses en Andalucía” (Carriages and Harnesses in Andalusia). This is the second that he has published; the first, simply called “Manual de Enganches” (Driving Manual), is very clear and educational introductory guide on this discipline.

With this second book, he has tried to create a book dedicated exclusively to carriages—something which, up to now, has not existed in the Spanish language. In a very educational way, he show some of the true works of carriage art found in Andalusia, many of which are historic antiques. For Luis Rivero, the second objective was “to fill the empty spaces left by publications that teach about the art of driving and everything that surrounds it, harness, carriages, etc.”

Luis Rivero, satisfied with his work, thanked all those who have collaborated in this project. “I have been able to count on some very good people, among them, the Marquis of Salvatierra, photographer Manolo Vasco, the Duchess of Alba, who opened the doors of her palace to me and an endless number of owners with wonderful collections, which appear in the center fold of the book.”

Note: This book is available to all ANCCE members with a discount.

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Tribute to Antonio Diosdado Galán On August 17, and coinciding with the annual gala of the Sánlucar Horse-racing Society, this Society and ANCCE paid tribute to the life of one of its members, Antonio Diosdado, who has dedicated his life to horses in general and more specifically to the PRE. He is also one of the promoters of equestrian activities in the province of Cadiz.

Antonio, while his father lived, was one of the founding members of ANCCE, a founding rider of the Royal School of Equestrian Art, in the hand of his beloved friend, Álvaro Domecq Romero, and a breeder with a noteworthy career of illustrious horses that have had great influence on PRE herds. From ANIMOSO VII with whom PRE breeding in Australia began, to JUDIO, the most famous horse in the discipline of Long Reins, who has been a regular, for years in the Shows of the School.

Standing before a large number of people, although it must be said that some of the significant breeders of the province were missing, Antonio received his well-deserved reward from the two presidents of the host institutions, Miguel Sánchez Delage and José Palma Moreno.

Foto: Manuel Vasco

The President of ANCCE gives Antonio Diosdado a tribute

Antonio gave a brief, but emotional speech of thanks, in which he glossed over the figure of his father, thanking him that from a small boy, he had directed his love for the Purebred Spanish Horse.

PRE RAZES A TRAIL IN THE FOUR-IN-HAND SECTION The top three places in the Spanish Carriage Driving Championships for the four-in-hand/teams section were all Purebred Spanish Horses Participant in the 2007 Spanish National Driving Championship

The Spanish Carriage Driving Championships was held in Trebujena from the September 27-30, with sections for Singles, Pairs and Four-in-hands / Teams, who had to complete in Dressage, Marathon and Cones tests.

This years Championships broke previous records with regards to participation. There were 56 entries and a total of twelve participants with Purebred Spanish Horses—all of them, in the Four-in-hands/Teams section. In this section, the gold, silver and bronze medals all went to Purebred Spanish Horses.

Antonio Carrillo Baeza with his Team with Realejo 1, Destinado XXXIX, Juncal, Homenaje and Junco-Mac won the gold with a final score of 183.89. Antonio Montes de Oca Díaz took the silver with a score of 220.37. His horses were Pudiente, Tedi, Sequito and Mango Legendario. Lastly (but not least!), the bronze medal went to Juan Robles Marchena with Velero XI, Recluta V, Sanador, Tensor and Jecido, on a total score of 224.95.

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Courses organized by FORMADES for the 2007-2008 Academic Year

TRAINING COURSES FOR UNEMPLOYED WORKERS Farm Manager, specializing in Dressage

1200 hours

270 hours

Farm Manager, specializing in shoeing

1100 hours

270 hours

Dressage & Entertainment

1200 hours

270 hours

Harness& Saddle making

1000 hours

300 hours

OPTIONAL SUBJECTS FOR THE COURSES Carriage Driving

300 hours

Equestrian Sports Technician, Level I

250 hours

Therapeutic Equitation

100 hours

Natural training (Horse Whispering)

30 hours

TRAINING COURSES FOR WORKERS Equestrian Sports Technician, Level I

250 hours

150 hours

For more information, please call: +34-959-44-38-73 www.formades.org

As is the case every year, Formades (Andalusian Center for Environmental Training for Sustainable Development), at its facilities in the borough of El Rocio, offers the training of young people in specialized aspects of the equestrian field.

This year, the course for farm managers provided students with maximum qualifications, although everyone knows that these young men need practical, on-the-farm experience, which will turn them into excellent professionals. The course includes, in addition to presenting horses, basic breaking and training for three-year-olds, teaches them to ride to the level of achieving a good functionality test and competition riding.

In terms of the practical application of the course, students enter some of the competitions organized in the area, where they have the opportunity to show their good preparation in the arena, as well as making themselves known to breeders in the area, and leading to the possibility of job openings.

Proof of this are the good results obtained at the recent competition in Constantina, where seven horses were presented in several sections, and where several awards were achieved. One example was three-year-old “IBICE”—Champion of Movement; in show jumping, the youngsters “NILO” and “BOTIJERO offered the audience an exceptional performance with Botijero jumping 1.40 meters.

1In conclusion, Formades is achieving its objectives, which are none other than to offer young people quality training; thanks to good professionals, together with student motivation and a warm welcome from the business sector which achieves wonderful results.

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SIAT, FIRST INTERNATIONAL DRIVING SHOW The Gran Hipódromjo de Andalucía (Racecourse), Javier Piñar Hafner, played host, for the first time, to the International Driving Show (SIAT), on September 13, 14, 15 and 16. It was conceived to bring together experts, collectors and enthusiasts from the world of carriage driving.

More than 200 drivers, 350 horses, 120 carriages of the 19th and 20th centuries—owned by collectors from Spain, Portugal and Italy—and more than 50 companies linked to the sector, Traditional carriage driving at SIAT Photo by: Manuel Vasco and who have participated at national level were on hand for the event. It was a huge exhibition of the best of the most prestigious private carriage collections. And the show, Atalaje (Harness), must not be forgotten. Directed by Juan Ruesga and Vicente Palacios along with poet Roberto Quintana, it represented a journey through the horsedrawn carriages of Andalusia, from their origins as a transportation, to their current use for recreational activities.

No doubt, the strongest point of SIAT was the auction of carriages that generated a total of 200,000 Euros.

The event closed with the presentation of the prizes for the Exhibition Competition of Fair Carriages (which was won by) “Yeguada Rebujena la Alta”. The prizes for the Pairs Calesea category went to the carriages belonging to Ana María Bohórquez, Fuentevinagre and Ángel González.

Juan Ramón Aparicio, Colin Henderson & the Baron of Langlade sparked the interest of the audience As was expected, SIAT (the Carriage Driving Event) was a wonderful showcase for the carriage driving world.

There was a bit of everything: contests, commercial and association stands, carriages for sale, and everything else you might imagine. There were even training workshops where experts on the subject offered dissertations on a number of topics related to the world in carriage driving.

Two conferences were offered on Thursday and Friday morning respectively, both of which sparked the general interest of the audience. For the average history bugs, both speeches were a must.

Have you ever wondered why carriage drivers wear the clothing they wear? Or why the footmen have so many buttons? Why is there such a variety in the uniforms? Juan Ramón Aparicio, curator at the National Heritage Museum, and Colin Henderson, former head of the Cavalry at Buckingham Palace, reviewed history to answer these questions and many more.

It seems that it all started back in England, in the 14th century, when the nobles fought for their king. They wore headdresses with the colors and symbols of their Lord. It was during the English civil war when it became ever more difficult to recognize who was a comrade in arms and who was the enema.

Therefore, the Parliament decided to dress its soldiers in coarse leather uniforms with colored sashes for easy identification. Each regiment has its own colors.

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As the years went by, each noble decided to have his own colors and symbols, just as the armed forces. As with anything, the original invention evolved to adapt to the needs of the moment. For example, in 1770, it was common place to wear a wide-brimmed hat, but with such a wide brim, it covered the person’s face, and was a bother when working; thus, the brim was pinned up on the sides—the bicorne was born, and later, the tricorne. Another example is the coat; a cape was added to protect the shoulders.

In Spain, you must go back to the 18th century during the reign of King Philip V, to see the beginning of uniforms as we know them today. Being that the king was born in France, he was accustomed to the normal court luxury of the times, but upon his arrival in Spain, he found a country that was frugal and behind, when compared to France. Therefore, he began by dressing his coachmen and palace workers in keeping with the custom in France. This gave way to all types of embroidery—from the simplest to the most elaborated designs with silver and gold thread.

At that point in time, the fact that you wore a uniform indicated that you worked for the king, and of course, put you into a better social position.

As the years went by, both the uniforms and the carriages grew in luxury and detail. One aspect is particularly interesting: buttons. Who would ever imagine that such a humble item could offer so much information? There was a special type of button for

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Photo by: Manuel Vasco

Second conference at SIAT

the Royals: one type for the King, another for the Queen, the Prince, and a long list of etceteras. Even the livery stable has its own buttons for each uniform.

Depending on the type of task to be undertaken, so were the number and location of the buttons.

Let’s go back to the example of the coat—an essential garment for cold winters. However, if you have to work with horses, the length of the coat may very well hinder the job. Thus, the front edges were pulled and pinned to the back with buttons. If the chore was limited, there were only two buttons, but if the footman had to get down from the carriage and help with the horses, then up to six buttons could be necessary. There was also, and it is used even today, an established protocol for the apparel used for each carriage, including the number of horses, and the clothing to be worn.

Both speakers commented on the fact that both Spain and England are two of the few counties that continue to use the pomp of days gone by. When ambassadors present their credentials before the King of Spain, or the Queen of England, they go to the Palace in a horse drawn carriage in which the carriage is decked out with its best harnesses and the driver and footmen are dressed in keeping with all the established norms for the uniforms.

On Friday morning, the Baron of Langlade, President of the French Traditional Carriage Driving Association, linked history with present day driving. He is an expert in traditional carriage driving. He explained how years ago, English nobles, having extra time on their hands, occupied their idle time in betting as to who might reach a designated point first, to then enjoy a country picnic. As might be expected, one thing led to another, and they ended up with a carriage full of

guests, all dressed for the occasion. How should you actually dress for a carriage ride? How is the carriage prepared? With how many horses?

With the French Revolution, many sought refuge in the United Kingdom. It seems that the idea of a carriage race and a day in the country became popular, so that upon returning to France, it became a popular practice. However, the automobile and train suddenly appeared, and horses and carriages lost their market share. WWII not only claimed the lives of many people, but also horses and carriages.

Even so, the few carriage enthusiasts created interest and in the fifties, a 42-kilometer marathon was designed, with two veterinarian halts. There were twenty carriages for the first race, but only five reached the finish line.

Modern times were here and it was Prince Philip (of England) who backed traditional carriage driving by establishing dressage, marathon and driving competitions. Specific rules and regulations were written up and the sport became more professional.

It is interesting to see how speed is not important. The most important aspect is the pleasure of enjoying a horse drawn carriage ride. Whether a single-horse carriage, a pair, or 4-in-hand, the emphasis is on the traditional drive and enjoyment.

Today, there is growing interesting in traditional carriage driving. In Belgium, there is a route—La Ruta Lorena—where you can drive your carriage. In France there are several other routes. In Spain, one of the places where you see a great number of traditional carriages is during the April Fair in Sevilla.

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OBITUARIES

MR. MARIANO FERNANDEZ-DAZA Y FERNANDEZ DE CORDOBA HAS PASSED AWAY

Theodorscu & his daughter Monica

George Theodorescu

It was only a copy, one that had already been copied several times. At that time in Spain, very few professional videos were available, therefore, anyone with a copy would copy it time and again to appease the demand from friends, and who in turn, copied it again and again.

Through the incredible “graininess” of the film, I saw George Theodorescu riding, for the first time. This was in the 1986 European Championships and I was impressed. I was impressed by the passage and the piaffe. I was impressed by the transitions between both and I was impressed by the lightness with which the horse moved, being such a heavy horse (as they generally were at that time) and in the background one could hear Spanish music—“la Tani”. His figure was also different to that of the other riders, a very high top hat and very long stirrups, as were the reins, with a very light contact. Later, as a grown-up, I saw him training, at international competitions, especially Alexandra Korelova with his Russian horse, Balagur, who took 6th place in the last European Championships, held in Turin. His daughter Monica, his most direct pupil, has a record that very few riders in the world can equal: Team Gold with Germany in Seoul, Barcelona and Atlanta, as well as European and World Championships and, not many years ago, she had a direct professional relationship with ANCCE and riding Purebred Spanish Horses.

Mr. Mariano Fernández – Daza, the historian and academic, native to Almendralejo (Badajoz), where he was born in 1925, died in Merida (Badajoz) on August 19 at the age of 82.

On behalf of the entire Association, we would like to offer his family our love and sympathy.

THE WIFE OF MEMBER AND FRIEND, MR. RAMÓN FOLGAROLAS, HAS DIED On behalf of ANCCE, we would like to send our most heartfelt condolences to Mr. Ramón Folgarolas and his family. Mr. Folgarolas has been a breeder of Purebred Spanish Horses since 1972.

MRS. MAGDALENA JORDÁ VOLTES, MOTHER OF OUR MEMBER AND BOARD MEMBER MR. RAFAEL DOMENECH, HAS PASSED AWAY Mrs. Magdalena Jordá, mother of breeder Rafael Domenech, has died in Falset (Tarragona).

All the members of the Association would like to send their most sincere and heartfelt condolences to her family.

George Theodorescu was born in Bucharest Rumania in October 1925. He immigrated to Germany at the age of 31, where he became one of the Grand Masters of 20th century equitation.

He died in August 2007.

José A. Fdez. Lineros

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Letters to the editor TV Program “Toros para todos” Dear Editor: Just a while back, I saw a program called “Toros para Todos” (Bullfighting for Everyone), which was broadcast by Canal Sur TV (regional TV channel in southern Spain).

It is an interesting program, and I know as a fact that it has raised interest in the world of bullfighting, whether they are enthusiasts or not, thanks to a good job preparing and directing the program.

Nevertheless, when it comes to the topic of horses, perhaps the program should get better advice when it comes to broadcasting the footage such as that which I saw the other day.

This was the situation: the reporter announced that we were going to see something extraordinary, truly praiseworthy, some Walter (I’m not sure if that is spelled right), who is going to ride a colt for the first time. The footage shows the indoor school at the Fermin Bohorques stud farm, and several other people who were there. Suddenly, a horse appears, held by two people, that was fighting, and defending himself, and even fell to the ground during the fight.

The next shot showed a horse saddled and secured by several men; another man, I guess it was Walter, got on the horse, and

the show begins. The colt bucks and Walter falls off, the saddle slides down around the belly of the horse, which panics and runs away, bucking all around the arena. They catch the horse and repeat the operation. The next scene is Walter beating the horse left, right and center with some type of Argentinean whipcord, and the poor horse failing to know what to do, nor where to run then, in the middle of nowhere.

According to the reporter, the horse was broken, and we had seen something wonderful.

Depressing would be the best description; honestly incomprehensible that in the 21st century, a public television would broadcast such footage and even praise it.

First of all, there are techniques, known for many, many centuries, which, without mistreating the horse, achieve collaboration: traditional breaking or natural training, and the logical tendency is to eliminate the violence against animals, and if this sight is broadcast, it must be to teach what NOT to do rather than the contrary.

Secondly, there are laws that protect animals from being abused by humans, and this situation surpasses the limits established by the law.

Be careful!!!

Félix Romero

El Caballo Español for sale at the new stand?

Dear Editor: First of all, I would like to congratulate you for the good magazine you are publishing. I find it very interesting, with no content being useless. All the sections have high quality technical content, but even so, they continue to be entertaining and enjoyable reading, with readers clearly understanding it all.

The actual presentation of the magazine is unbeatable, including the format, the paper, the structure, the pictures, and of course, the front cover. It seems to me that the people writing the articles are great professionals.

It is not a situation in which I know much about the magazine; by chance, I happened to get copies of the last two issues, and when I wanted to purchase it, I found out that it wasn’t for sale.

So, that is why I am writing; why don’t you sell the magazine? I would imagine this is not the first time for such a proposal, and surely you have considered it before, but I think you should study the possibility seriously. The magazine is good (both content and format) and it is a pity it doesn’t reach more people.

I am sure that it would be of interest to horse enthusiasts in general, not just those who love Purebred Spanish Horses.

Such a good job deserves greater distribution.

Thank you for allowing me to send in this letter and I hope to see it published and hear what you think of this Nieves Bethancort

Dialogue brings us closer to one another and enriches us. Experiences, stories, consultations, and opinions from all who support the Purebred Spanish Horse are good for us and are interesting to everyone.

The magazine “El Caballo Español” trusts that this section, “Letters to the Editor”, will be an interesting and useful means of communication with its readers. The letters to this section must be signed, with name, surname(s), ID and telephone number, and must not exceed 350 words. Send your letters for publication to: • Postal address: Revista “El Caballo Español”, ANCCE-Cortijo de Cuarto (Viejo), Bellavista 41014 – Sevilla, Spain (España) • Or by e- mail to: revista@ancce.com

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THE FORUM

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The Forum

Rafael Ortiz Alcalá Zamora

THE FUNCTIONALITY TEST In the last issue of this magazine, I alluded to the focus that the functionality test ought to have, from the udging point of view.

From my position, the idea is to evaluate the natural paces of the horse (walk, trot and canter), and not so much the correctness of how the figures of which the test or route followed in the functionality test are performed by the rider.

To ridden test.

evaluate each one of these natural paces, the judge has a series of technical concepts available that enable him to rule on the horse’s movement during a

In this test, I believe that its evaluation will be more objective if we bear the following aspects in mind, in each one of the paces: ¤ Quality of the pace ¤ Length of stride ¤ Regularity ¤ Use of the top-line ¤ Cadence ¤ Calmness / Straightness / Impulsion ¤ Elevation ¤ Differentiation between the collected and extended pace ¤ Transitions / Balance / Coordination We will begin by discussing the TROT, as this is the pace in which the horse enters the arena and is used during the first part of the test. The first thing to be evaluated will be the quality of the pace, in this case the quality of the trot. This must comply with the requisite that it is a natural, two-time pace, each separated by a moment of suspension. The support on the ground, by the front right limb and the back left limb (right diagonal pair) will constitute one period (time), the support on the ground, by the front left limb and the back right limb (left diagonal pair) will constitute the second period (time) of trot and the moment of suspension corresponds to the phase of the movement in which the four limbs are in the air.

The quality of the trot will be measured by for the overall impression, by the regularity and elasticity of the strides, the consequence of the flexibility of the back and the degree to which the hindquarters are under the body, as well as by the capacity to maintain the same rhythm and a natural balance.

We will evaluate the impression we are given by the horse in this pace, if it is useful to us and therefore beautiful.

When it comes to the length of stride, you must observe whether the hind hoof falls into the print that has been

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made by the fore hoof or is as close as possible to this during the working trot and whether it overstrides in extended trot.

Attention must be paid to the lightness of the forehand, and to the movement of the shoulders. The movement of the horse always must be generated by the hindquarters; if it were generated in the forehand or had excessive help to move forwards, it would be more characteristic of a driving horse.

Maximum flexion of the hock must take place under the body of the horse (use of the hindquarters) in the working trot and also in the extended trot.

When talking about regularity, it is in this pace that you are best able to observe whether or not the horse has a lack of regularity in its footfalls due to lameness in any of its limbs, which becomes more evident in the use made of the head and neck. The horse may raise its head to alleviate the weight, when the affected front limb is on the ground; or lower it when the affected hind limb is on the ground.

It is not unusual to observe irregularities as a consequence of the rider’s hands; in this case, it is not due to lameness, as it is not in response to body pain during movement. It will always be more precise to use the term irregularity, rather than lameness.

The use of the top line (head, neck, back, loin and croup) enables the trot pace to be a flexible, fluid and springy movement. It is common to see horses that block their back during the extended trot, they extend their front limbs “very well”, but the movement is somewhat blocked and, therefore, fails to flow.

There are international trainers who say that the PRE horse uses its top line insufficiently during movement and that for competition it is necessary to look for horses with a conformationally correct top line and that uses it well.

I would dare to define cadence as the sum of two concepts: Rhythm + Elasticity. A horse’s movement could be constant but with a rapid rhythm and lacking elasticity, this is usual seen in a horse that rushes and, therefore, lacks cadence.

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1st period of trot.

Moment of suspension.

2nd period of trot.

On the contrary, a horse could have great elasticity but lack rhythm. This sort of horse will perform a magnificent trot during some parts of the test, but very often, when going into the corners and on the circles, the elasticity of the movement disappears, the rhythm accelerates and therefore, the horse gets ahead of itself.

The transitions, balance and coordination are concepts to bear in mind during the functionality evaluation. The transitions or going from one pace to another or the variation of the length of stride within the same pace, must flow and be precise, ever more so when it is the functionality of mature stallion that is being evaluated.

In riding, there is a basic principle for this to develop: Calmness/ Straightness/ Impulsion. That was what my Master, Mr. Alfonso Cuesta, taught me when I was learning to ride and something that, as his student, I learned. With a hysterical horse, it is impossible to carry out any type of equitation. With a calm, tranquil horse, but without straightness, you are unable to perform correct transitions. With a calm horse, whose movement is straight, but without impulsion, you cannot aspire to Top Level Equitation. Impulsion must be understood as the controlled desire to go forwards. Impulsion must be present at halt.

The horse must move on its own, balanced, without a constant weight in the rider’s hands and with a center of gravity displaced toward the hindquarters, that is to say, not thrown onto the shoulders. In the test for young stallions, it is normal to see the presentation with a more horizontal balance, without being thrown onto the shoulders, but also, without having their center of gravity as far back as it is desirable in older horses.

During the entire functionality test, the hind limbs must follow the same line that is described by the forelimbs, including in the circles, where the horse must be curved equally from the poll to the base of the tail.

Furthermore, the fore limbs must also advance without any sign of dishing, since the fraction of time that the animal loses in dishing, it loses in going forwards, which translates into a smaller length of stride and on many occasions a lack of coordination.

With regards to elevation, you must not forget that the Purebred Spanish Horse is known for its lightness of its forehand and by the flexion of its knees. These are PRE breed characteristics. This elevation is sought for in more and more horses bred for Top Competition in Europe.

The limbs, both fore and hind, must be clearly raised from the ground. There must be a clear flexion of the knee and the hock. The hind limbs must be raised the same amount as the forelimbs; they must describe the same shape as the forelimbs.

There are horses that present constantly hold their noses behind the vertical, with an extremely closed head-neck angle. This type of horse will weigh more in the hand and the hind limbs will not be sufficiently under the body during movement. The extended trot, although extending the front limbs well, will not be a quality movement.

You can observe horses that present a lack of coordination when in the trot, giving rise to the limbs forging and even over-reaching. This lack of coordination is usually present in horses with a rushed movement and/or when the center of gravity is displaced towards the front. The horse is slow in picking up its fore limbs from the ground, and the hind limb that moves forwards collides with the fore limb.

If is only a slight delay in lifting, the hind limb will hit the shoe of the forelimb with the tip of the hoof and it is termed as forging. If the fore limb is delayed for a longer time before it is lifted, the hind limb will hit the fore limb in the heel or higher; this is termed as overreaching.

In the next issue of “El Caballo Español,” the walk and the canter will be analyzed, from the point of view of the functional test.

The difference between the working trot and the extended trot must be apparent, because both types of trot are required of the horse in the functionality test.

During the extended trot, the rhythm of the trot must not vary; what must vary is the length of the stride. It is common to see horses in the extended trot which do not lengthen their strides, but rather, trot faster.

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The Forum

Olga Tarragona

TO TALK OR NOT TO TALK…. THAT IT THE QUESTION

It

Bulería

is incredible that in the 21st century and in a country such as Spain, which has come out of a historical evolution based, in some cases, on oppression that I have to sit down and write about the necessity for TALKING. There have been many times and periods in world history when humanity has fought against diverse political régimes to defend the fundamental right to freedom of speech, and no doubt, all those battles, all those demands that have cost such a variety of groups and nations so much blood, sweat and tears in the past, that right to EXPRESS ONESELF, would not be possible in a sector that defends something as noble and beautiful as is the Purebred Spanish Horse.

There many reasons for silence, and respectable, but what is neither logical, constructive, viable, nor intelligent, is to STATE YOUR OPINION only to destroy.

DIALOGUE must be the foundation for building even more, and this is something that we currently need in the PRE sector. This sector must not be based on unilateral decisions taken by a small group and criticized by the rest.

This sector must be based on constructive conversations from diverse points of view, which will help in the realization of a common project that affects all those who breed Purebred Spanish Horses.

ANCCE, MAPA and the Associations are not fiefdoms of a few. They are all of us. And as such, we have the moral obligation to talk, to express our opinions, to contribute with our ideas about the evolution of the sector and the well-being of the Purebred Spanish Horse.

There are means for this; there are magazines, opinion forums, Internet sites, Assemblies, and meetings. Those breeders who fail to TALK are no longer defenders of the horse, as they fail to look out for its well-being. A breeder must try to grow in all aspects (the same as in any other profession) and to do this, training and relating to other people in the sector with whom ideas and points of view can be shared is essential. More than a right, this is an obligation of us who care for and promote the Purebred Spanish Horse.

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What good are initiatives? What good is it to work towards build new things? What good is it to try to be honest?

What good is it to take the bother to make reports? What good is it if some of us TALK, if the answer received is SILENCE? And in the worst of cases CRITICISM and little recognition?

Dear breeders, this is the 21st century, the age of information. We must fight so that the information is within reach of us all. Information creates doubts; it creates controversy, it creates debate, it creates dialogue. And controversy, debate, and criticism are all positive when channeled appropriately. However, what must never happen is that everything being done from within certain areas of the sector creates INDIFFERENCE and SILENCE, because this will be, in the long run, what will generate apathy and resignation.

I could talk of many things in this opinion column, of the many decisions to be taken, of the many changes the sector is undergoing, of many controversial topics, of many actions carried out …. but I believe that all these will be debated, at the right time, if the will of the breeders is to stride forward, and to do this, dialogue is FUNDAMENTAL. However, a dialogue takes two. Nothing will be gained by ANCCE informing, by the FORUM DE GRUPOPRE (PRE Forum Group) debating topics, by the magazines of the sector PUBLISHING articles, if the breeders are not involved; if they do not talk, if they do not voice their opinions, if they do not share and if they do not express themselves.

The after dinner chatting at restaurant and “small committees” where conversations become distorted from one person to another are useless. Today we have the means. We have the moral obligation to speak up for the benefit of our horse: THE PUREBRED SPANISH HORSE. History states that each and everyone is the owner of his/ her own silence and slave to his/her words. I have decided to be a slave to my words, speaking for something that I really love: HORSES. I hope if the breeders do not thank me that horses, one day, will do so.

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The Forum

Carlos Ponferrada

Thoughts on natural breaking (training)

The

truth is that I never liked the term: If it is breaking,… how can it be natural? The translation of the English term coined in United States and today credited to Pat Parelli, “natural horsemanship”, alludes to a natural relationship between humans and equines. But the truth, between this and breaking, there is an abyss.

(sessions?) at getting closer to the horse, observing it, remembering and comparing what you see and feel. I know that for more than one—and I’m afraid that that might be more than a hundred—these are excuses, as they say in my part of the country. For that reason I will continue with the article despite the temptation of writing “Less reading and more horse sweat on your hands.” But as if I had not written it, OK?

Fortunately, those who notice the difference and who considered themselves horse lovers are much happier now that there is a door open to all those people who want a relationship of cordiality, friendship and companionship with their horses—even if they never ride them (something that is more common than you might imagine). As an explanatory note on the subject, I will only say that nobody likes having friends who are not very cordial and who by companionship understand “I do whatever I feel like….always.” This holds true for both humans and horses. Logically, there must be limits in any relationship.

An American who makes a lot of money of this subject of natural training defines the key to the question as follows:

So, what we call it is therefore unimportant. It need not be changed. Perhaps the perception of the reader should be changing. Is it a series of trustworthy techniques, some type of do-it-yourself system dependent upon a protocol? Is it by chance something magic reserved for certain “gurus” or trainers from overseas? You know, three circles to the right in the school, two and half to the left (not a half circle extra!) and the up to now unbroken character of the horse radically changes. Is it something that only wellknown and/or very capable riders (did you know that sometimes these two things do not go together?) can perform? Is it some technique that works only to start youngsters off very quickly and that later only bring on more problems for whoever has to take over and which, of course, are not acceptable in competition?

Heaven forbid we talk about high-level competition!

What is this, for goodness sake?

Before continuing, I would like to warn you that if you want to know the answer to this question, perhaps you should look for it in the horse closest to you rather than here. Looking into its eyes and observe the life in them. Be warned, you will not find those answers right off the bat. You will need at least several attempts

“Communication is two open minds willing to receive and send messages.”

It is like this; I only have to tell to my colt to let me catch him for the first time, to let me saddle him for the first time, I tell him how to make that transition from trot to walk, how to yield to the leg,… The key is communication. But how do we communicate with them? How do they communicate with us?

Their language is full of gestures, signs, postures, movements, and speed of movement. Ours is full of words and voices, but also of gestures, signs, postures, movements and speed of movement, the same as theirs. And they know all this and interpret it even without us realizing that we are being “read.” One important thing is expressed in the phrase “Always be conscious of your horse” and in this other, “while around horses, you are teaching”. I would change this to “communicating”. One of the keys to natural training is to be aware of exactly what we are communicating to the horse.

For a long time, when it comes to our relationship with horses, there has been an extremely ample series of techniques, instruments, tools, protocols, arenas, schools, harness, and devices. All of them strive to adapt to each case, each horse, each circumstance or problem to be solved. None of them is worth the ink with which they are written if the attitude of the human using them is not suitable.

So where do we stand? Is it a matter of communication or attitude? To be quite honest, I was expecting that question. I will answer it with another question: has anybody at any time see a good communicator with a

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bad attitude? Or a bad communicator with a good attitude? Unless the two characteristics are linked together, there is no success. Take a glance at your favorite television presenters. Am I not right?

Therefore, 7-millimeter, knotted rope head-collars are of no use to me, nor are flags, nor sacks to desensitize, nor round pens (including portable ones), nor the clinics that you can attend, if you lack the soul that moves the body, which generates the attitude, thus telling the hand that moves the rope in order to tell the head collar that presses on the head of the horse, so that it will give to the pressure provoked by the immense strength of two fingers and respond smoothly, because that is what I have communicated to him.

Apply no more, but no less than that what the horse needs to understand/ learn what I ask of him and I will have managed “to make my idea my horse’s idea.” Take care here, dear reader. You could be about to discover a world that is easy to enter and difficult to leave.

At the beginning, things don’t always seem to go well

Photo by: Dick Careman

Every article usually starts with a more or less elaborated introduction, to touch on the subject that will later be explained, but not in detail, and that finishes with enough information to leave people slightly confused and wanting more. I am sorry, that is not the case here. Let us continue. Most of horse-lovers I know—and I know many—try to bring the table to the chair. That is to say, they want the horse to make all the effort to understand what is requested, or demanded, or as I like to think, what is presented.

They want the horse to go towards the place that they are awaiting him Now that he is more relaxed, a bit of petting will make him (figuratively speaking). When the horse better understand that there are no problems does not collaborate, they gauge the response to be inadequate, “This stupid animal, he does it to drive me up the wall, he does it on purpose, or sound—in the local language, or to make sufficiently he fails to understand.” Few think with sincere humility, explicit gestures so that even a blind man would “have I have explained clearly and well, what I want understand you need for a beer? In this case, what of him or is it that I am not capable of reaching him? you are doing is getting closer to the position of the Have I explained what I want of him in a suitable way?” waiter and not forcing the waiter to move get closer Suitable here is synonymous to equine. to your own position, signing him up for a super quick Dear reader, do you think I am exaggerating? Let me Spanish course for foreign waiters, in order to get that give you an example. When you go to another country much desired beer. where they speak a different language and ask for a beer in a bar, but in your own language, do you get angry with the native waiter for not serving it or it not being very cold as you like it? Is it not more likely that you would try to speak—however badly it might

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Answer this: of the two members of the horse/rider partnership, who is considered as intelligent? Who wants the beer? Has the horse perhaps at any time asked to be separated from its friends, broken-in,

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ridden, trained, competed, traveled, shod, driven, cured, injected …?

However, when the waiter, who is conscientious and concerned about the work that generates his livelihood, sees a new client, even a foreigner, Now that he begins he does not take long to go up to to understand, him and ask: “Do you want a beer, it is a matter of sir?” This is the same as the horse, him accepting a who wants to please the person who twirling rope over keeps him and allows him to earn his his head living. That is, of course, if he is a good He is free to go if waiter. But if he does not behave in this he is afraid, but he way, it will be necessary to discover decides to stay, the reason for that behavior. When showing more the horse has been brought up on confidence the communication road, he always wants to please. Sometimes we do not pronounce the word “beer” well; sometimes he will be more attentive to something else, such as the waiter who cannot attend to you because he has not heard you. You have to get his attention, because otherwise it is impossible for him to hear you ask for restricted in their vital and necessary movements of a beer. If he does not pay attention to flight, to make my idea theirs, convincing them that a you, he will not be able to obey your requirements. If worming syringe (whose name I have forgotten as they he does not respect you enough to listen to you, how no longer sponsor me!) can be a goody. Believe me; will he be capable of considering you his leader? they learned loads of useful things that will form the Or what is the same thing as the definition of leader, foundations of their later education. But I have learned the creature (in this case human), who is reliable, much more. I always do; I never tire of learning. The absolutely trustworthy, in whom he can place his own best thing is that it takes no effort. life because he knows that “you-always-behave-inthe-same-way”.

I believe that horses are the best teachers that anyone could ever want. Each horse is, in itself, pure, unique I must admit something; someone like me is not born and unrepeatable; as is every living being. Their age, with these things instilled as if by scientific infusion. It breed, sex, price or size does not matter. The person takes a long time to understand/learn to think about, who for me has been the unquestionable father of for, with and like the horse. I made many mistakes what is known as natural training—Tom Dorrance— before and while learning. I was obsessed with it all until said that horses are made up of the body, the mind I realized two fundamental facts: the more mistakes I and a third component—the spirit, which makes made, the more I learned and I also discovered that them unrepeatable and that conditions (but does not the important thing is not the goal, but the journey. limit) their character. Anyone who is around horses is When the days are gray there is only one certain fact: capable of recognizing these three parts and to what behind the clouds the skies are always blue. You must extent they condition (and sometimes with regards to only wait, like the old Californians, and think that there us, they limit) our relationship with them. is always a tomorrow when you can achieve what you were unable to achieve today.

I will conclude this article by describing what happened with those youngsters I was worming. With As for you, dear reader, I imagine that you are around this anecdote clarifies aspects that happen naturally, horses and riding is not something secondary. In my seemingly unimportant and irrelevant, but for me, in case, it is a necessity; it is something from which I cannot fact, it shows that it is the small things that make the escape. And as we say, time fails to improve it. I feel big difference. like I am a “horseaholic”. Whenever I am around them, is a good time to communicate and learn something Some friends, knowing of how obsessed I am with from one another. horses, needed me to help them worm four colts, of between seven and twelve months of age, and for Being the “professor” that I am, I have a definition of the first time. They had only been handled recently, what teaching is for me. It is the possibility of changing when they were moved from one farm to another. the future of a being. A couple of days ago I had the They were as nervous as can be expected when opportunity to teach something valuable to some young horses: to not be afraid to humans. To allow me colts are shut up away from their mothers and in a to touch them all over and find it even pleasant after barn with two feeding troughs along the sides and overcoming their own survival instinct, to have a head a service passage behind them—the typical dairy collar put on for the first time and to be controlled and farm set up. Each time somebody moved, they ran

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wildly from one side to the other. To begin the learning (I have not said the capture) we moved them by our position and speed of movement until they entered, one in one, the service passage of the mangers. This calmed them by putting a physical barrier between them and the predators (we are predators although dressed as lambs). Then we let them come down, and started again. This time it was easier. They now knew what was being asked of them. They obeyed by yielding to the pressure. They turned our idea of entering and leaving the service passage into theirs.

Greater turning speed, greater freedom, greater confidence

Phase two: Place an obstacle at the end of the passage. The obstacle is there to cause them respond to the pressure of the obstacle, but not to stop them and even less by force.

It must only apply the necessary pressure for them to stop, not to cause them to escape by jumping, but if they do this, it does not matter. You just have to start again. This time they will have more experience, knowing that there will be a barrier. Sorry, I forgot to mention that the barrier was my friend, Enrique!

Phase three: I approached one of the colts until upon noticing my approach he was frightened of being my lunch and moved away very nervously. I retreated.

I waited and I repeated the action once he had calmed down. Then more of the same; I retreated. I repeated it and he became less nervous. I gave him time and I advanced. I touched his shoulder and I retreated. I gave him time. I repeated and I caressed him. I retreated. I gave him time. Then when he let me scratch him and was “confident�, I made them leave again, by removing Enrique from his place. We repeated again. We advanced. We touched them all. We put the head collars on one by one. Stopping when they asked us to stop, continuing when they were prepared to continue.

have been prepared to be calmer when confronted with frightening situations; they have more experience in their view of life: the first head collar and the first worming syringe. For us these are not frightening situations, but they think they are going to be killed.

Every time that they felt nervous and afraid, the predator retreated, so that they understood that their perception was mistaken and unjustified. If any were unable to support the pressure and escaped, everything started again. If after an advance and a retreat they were given a few seconds, they used that time to process the data in their brain, something that is slow to learn things that go against their instinct, but very rapid in reacting when it is to save their life.

Now dear reader, it is your turn to understand/learn.

Do you think that you are the intelligent part of the human/horse partnership? Think, but while you do so, please my friend, continue to enjoy yourself with your friends, the horses.

What had really happened? Because this is no more and no less than what everyone can do with patience (this is a God-gifted virtue I lack, as do many, in general). It this not the case?

They have learned to yield to pressure, to support and control their fear whenever the pressure generated is controlled and progressive. They have learned how to accept a predator, because the shape of the predator presented is not their mother’s profile (and the instinct of millions of years since Eohippus) has taught them what a predator is. They have allowed themselves to be touched and caressed and scratched the same as they have allowed us to put on a head collar and worm them, because the situation has been presented to them in a way that they can understand. With regards to basic techniques (I must repeat that these are basic, so that nobody believes that this is something new and of recent and advanced technology), they

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4

The Forum

JosĂŠ A. Fdez. Lineros

G

E

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D

I

N

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S

Moroso, a PRE gelding

Most

horses participating in any type of competition, including the winners, are geldings; most pleasure and driving horses are geldings; the immense majority of the horses that children, youths or non-professionals ride, are geldings. Many of these horses, if not almost all, are stabled in Equestrian Centers and have to live

in perfect harmony alongside other horses where there are plenty of mares, an entire, whatever the breed, which is a source of problems. Although the character of PREs is particularly good and honest, stallions are still stallions and stable owners want to avoid as many problems as possible. In fact throughout almost all of Europe, those who own a stallion have to look for special stabling, because in most cases, their horse

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will probably not be admitted as a livery in any Club.

Non-professional riders do not want complications, nor do the parents of children who ride; therefore, when buying a horse, they almost always forsake the idea of stallions and those that are unbroken.

Why do the breeders of Purebred Spanish Horses close the door to this immense market? Knowing, also that nowadays, this is the destination of the majority of saddle horses.

One way of selling more and better is to offer the product that the market demands. Car manufactures have several models in an attempt to satisfy the diverse necessities of the buyers, utility cars, SUVs, offroad vehicles, luxury cars etc... all are of the “same brand” but with different characteristics. Buyers usually think of the car they need and later they look for the brand that covers that need and best suits their economy. There are famous and some of oldest automobile manufactures, who have just started to manufacture cars that they would have never dreamt of manufacturing. One example is the offroad, because there is major market demand for this product.

The same holds true with horses. If our brand (the PRE) does not offer what a lot of people are looking for, we are missing out on the opportunity of selling a lot of horses.

would like to invite breeders and riders to write in, each explaining their reasons. However, I am going do just the opposite and explaining the advantages of castrating all those horses that do not have a future as sire stallions. This is, in fact the first and one of the most important factors—selection. Selection is the basis for the improvement of the equine population; based on specific selection criteria will lead to the breed evolving in one direction or another and that will depend, or should depend, on the breeder interests.

Bing more specific in the criteria and stricter in the selection, translates in the breed evolving more clearly and more firmly in the desired direction.

These days in Spain and, of course, in the rest of the world, the stables and arenas of any Equestrian Center are full of horses of different breeds, European in general, Anglo-Arab, even Appaloosas or Quarter Horses, and recently, even Friesians. However, I am sure that if we start to castrate horses, the PRE will win the game and will displace all the others, thus becoming the horses preferred by all those non-professionals who ride every day and whose only objective is to enjoy riding their horse, a praiseworthy recreational activity.

Don’t forget that an entire is not the same as a SIRE STALLION and a GELDING is not the same thing as a bad horse!

Most of these PRE horses are not castrated and will never be used as sire stallions. Moreover, the fact that they are entire drastically reduces the number of possible purchasers, leaving out that enormous number of people known as “pleasure riders.”

We cannot maintain that out-of-date idea that thinks that only useless horses are castrated. That is far from true; if not, just take a look at the lists of the world champions in any discipline.

Being a “sire stallion” means being the carrier of a genetic load that will, in the opinion of breeders, serve to improve the breed. Clearly, not all horses, even be the most extraordinary, can do this. A multitude of factors influence whether or not a horse has “true” aptitudes as a sire stallion. By no means are horses anything less if they lack these specific characteristics and are thus castrated, on the contrary, this will probably improve some of his qualities and will make him more useful, which is, after all, why horses are bred, to be useful in some way. Each horse is good for something, not all can be good at the same thing.

Moroso, a PRE gelding

When a horse is castrated, his croup is enlarged, his neck and his jaw become more refined, he is calmer (not sillier nor colder), more attentive, more manageable by any person who is not a professional; geldings co-exist better with other stallions or mares, both in stables and loose or ridden and they do not lose even a tiny bit of their quality or their beauty. This beauty is simply transformed. They become gentler. They are different—no better and no worse, only different and of course they continue to be of the same BREED as before they were castrated.

There are a number of real reasons why Purebred Spanish Horses are not generally castrated and I

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ASK THE EXPERT FARRIERY ﾃ］gel de Amores Moreno

Sandcrack I have a horse that for some time, for at least a year, has had a crack in the hoof near the heel.

The farrier has attempted to correct this problem in several ways, but to no avail. Moreover, recently, the crack (sandcrack) has been bleeding when we work the horse and also, it is lame.

Is there no cure for this problem, or is it that we are not doing the right thing? Why does this type of crack happen? Thank you..

Master Farrier

Francisco Medina

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Sandcrack of the coronary band due to pressure on the cartilage

Your horse has a deep bleeding sandcrack and he needs urgent care. To cure a sandcrack, it is very important to understand that this wound occurs due to an excess in the horny casing; this stress produces an explosion in the wall in the direction of the horny tubules.

The most painful sandcracks, with the most prolonged treatments and therefore the most difficult, are complete deep sandcracks. Bleeding sandcracks located in the quarters of the hoof generally occur due to underlying alignment problems or due to shoeing problems that have led to the hoof becoming deformed. When the problem is internal (rotations) that start with collapsed heels, the pressure of the hoof cartilage on the wall of the hoof is decisive in the appearance of this wound. X-rays are a tool that enables a more precise treatment of these pathologies.

The most common cases are due to an error in shoeing (hoof not well aligned or small horseshoes), which leads to collapsed heels with the pressure and stress in the hoof being distributed unevenly. In these cases, you need to act quickly before there is a more serious injury.

First, study the architecture of the limb, the shape of the hoof, its biomechanics, which are different in each individual. Create more even distribution of pressure on the area of the hoof that suffers from fewer problems. The pressure must be distributed evenly over the whole surface of the hoof. Mistakes in trimming and balance can make a horse useless within a few months, and solving the problem can take a great deal more time (even years).

Determine the type of shoe depending on the injury and its seriousness, but as a general rule, try to free the heel

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that is suffering, putting double clips in this area and / or a groove that relieves the pressure of the hoof cartilage on the wall of the hoof. I distribute the pressure using pads and quick-setting silicone, or, with heart-bar shoes, which act on the frog.

All this stabilizes the area, as the treatment of the sandcrack will only be successful if you can make a healthy hoof grow down from the coronary band.

While this happens, rest is recommended.

A sandcrack can be covered and restored with an artificial hoof, but this is only possible when the dermis has healed.

??

I do not usually use staples, because I do not believe they are able to reduce the pressure. However, approximation clamps have, in some cases, given me excellent results.

The use of the hot forge for specific alterations such as stretching (to reduce the width of the web of the horseshoe) or squeezing (to increase its width) can help distribute the pressure.

In more serious cases, the wall of the hoof can be resectioned (with a DREMEL rotary tool) to totally free the area of pressure, and then wait, with continuous shoeing, until it regenerates a new quarter. Chronic sandcracks exist and are usually caused by injuries to the coronary band, which can be treated as described above.

In Andalusia, with incredibly high temperatures in summer, dry hooves are very common, and prone to suffering from sandcracks. This is perhaps because a humid hoof is more elastic and has a greater bending capacity (always take into consideration the environment and the activity of the animal to care take optimal care of the hooves).

Cleansing of the area affected by a sandcrack

On the market, there are a broad range of nutritional supplements to improve your horse’s hooves. These are very practical, as it is necessary to improve the quality of the hoof and to make it grow as quickly as possible. Read the instructions, because compounds based on Biotin combined with Methionine, copper and zinc, seem to give good results.

Shoeing a horse is not just a matter of placing horseshoes (sometimes very small – is this so they do not lose them?). Shoeing has to be viewed from the standpoint of its biomechanics and studied in terms of the pathology of locomotion. This is part of our professional obligation. But above all, ensuring a correct alignment will make life easier for the horse.

Shoeing is principally designed to protect the hoof from wearing out, but, there is no doubt that it can also be for therapeutic reasons against defects and lameness.

If the farrier knows all about the most recent tendencies and improvements in shoeing and hoffers a flawless service, we will recover the confidence that our profession used to inspire, but which today we are losing.

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Disinfected the area, it is treated with an approximation clamp and covered to avoid infections

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GENETICS Doctor Mercedes Valera

Which sire stallion?

The father or the son?

In the first place, I would like to thank you for the opportunity to have my doubts solved by people who know what they are talking about, like those who write in your magnificent magazine. It is not easy to know who to turn to when you want to know something, and those who could answer are not always accessible.

For that reason, I feel that this section of the magazine offers a very important service to all the PRE breeders and enthusiasts. Thank you again.

My question could appear to be straight forward, but I am sure that it is not: When we have a horse that we like a great deal, due to his conformation, his character, his functionality or for any other reason, we would all like to have more horses that resemble him..... but what should we do? Use this horse as a sire stallion? Or his father, who is, after all, the one who has made this horse what he is?

Thank, in advance, for your answer.

Carmen Domínguez

Scientist in charge of the P.R.E. Selection Scheme Dept. Agric-forestry Sciences University of Sevilla

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All animals receive approximately 50% genetic input from the mother and 50% from the father. Therefore, the resulting progeny will be similar but not the same as either of its parents. If what you want is a resemblance to a specific stallion, you will have to use him as the sire. Logically, this stallion will have characteristics that have been inherited from both his father (grandfather of the future foal, 25%), and his mother (grandmother of the future foal, 25%). The distribution that occurs in the gonads (testicles and ovaries) of 50% of the genetic information that is passed on to the descendant is basically carried out at random, which is why it is really impossible to be certain of all the characteristics that will be passed on following a mating, even though you know exactly what inheritance the male and the female to be crossed possess. Nevertheless, inbreeding (mating between those that are related) increases homozygosis and “prepotency” (resemblance between relatives). Thus, the ideal way to ensure that the foal that I would like to produce will resemble the selected stallion as closely as possible is to cross him with a mare that is related to the stallion himself or one that is from the same genetic line, since it is then possible to increase the number of homozygous alleles and the probable combinations would be greatly decreases, ensure a greater resemblance to the parents. Nevertheless, if carrying out inbreeding, it is also necessary to bear in mind the percentage relationship between the mare and stallion to avoid endogamic depression.

Logically, if the parents were related, the common genetic input from one of their ancestors is greater. Thus, the crossing of two first cousins will have one grand parent in common, and therefore double the number of genes obtained from this common ancestor, for example, from anyone of the other grandparents. This makes inbred descendants more similar to one another and of course to the ancestor from which they have more genes in common. For this reason, when working in inbreeding, you can fix the wanted characteristics, provided you work with a line that is greater in every aspect.

This transmission, or inheritance, of the characteristics of parents to children, by means of genetic material, takes place with reproduction. A new generation begins when a sperm that was in the semen of the stallion unites with a mature ovum of the mare and they produce a foal with unique genetic characteristics. Thus, from the genetic point of view, a “good” stallion is one that possesses and transmits the genetic information necessary to obtain the desired characteristics.

With each new foal, there is a new combination of the genetic material; therefore each animal is genetically unique. When the ova are formed, these receive one of the two parts of a pair of chromosomes. Therefore, one specific chromosome in an ovum could be the first or the second part of the pair of the chromosomes of the parents. There are only two “types of ova” for a specific gene.

If instead of a pair of chromosomes, we consider two pairs, the number

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of different genotypes for an ovum is four and the probability of a specific combination of chromosomes is a Âź. This is also true for the number of possible genotypes in the male reproductive cells. Therefore, when one of four possible types of sperm fertilizes one of four possible combinations of ova, the number of genetically different descendants is 4 x 4 = 16. Therefore, the possibilities that a specific genotype is presented in the newly born foal is 1/16th.

Victorioso XVI owned by MÂŞ Fernanda de la Escalera

When the 32 pairs of chromosomes of the horse separate during the formation of the reproductive cells and they subsequently come together again at the moment of fertilization, the total number of possible chromosomal combinations is (2^32)*(2^32) = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 with each one of them being unique. With this number of possibilities for each mating, you can sense why no two individuals in a population are the same, even though they have the same parents.

Nevertheless, what I have explained can only be inferred when you consider that all the pairs of alleles are heterozygous. In reality this is not so, as there is a high degree of homozygosis (inbreeding) both in the PRE in general, and in the stud farms in particular.

Therefore, for example, if the same allele exists in 50% of the genes, the possible genotypes are infinitely smaller.

If inbred animals are matched up to each other, the percentage of homozygous alleles is increased, as a means to produce prepotency (resemblance) and genetic fixation of the type.

Nevertheless, the whole process of inheritance is much more complex than what I have explained up to now, which is why I would like to lay out a series of considerations that I believe could help breeders understand the complexity of genetic selection.

What we see in an individual (the conformational, functional, biochemical, or behavioral characteristics as a whole) is known as the phenotype and this comes from two components, one part is genetic, which is inherited (received from its progenitors) while the other is environmental. The genotype is the genes, as a whole, are present in an individual, which have been inherited from its progenitors. The genotype tends to be expressed on the exterior, producing the conformational and physiological features, which characterize the animal. However, this tendency is not always expressed in its entirety and frequently the observable result is not a faithful reflection of the expression of the genotype, due to the fact that environmental factors have an influence, and can modify this expression.

handling, or climate.

Therefore, the combined influence of many genes and the effect of the environment in the quantitative features make it much more difficult to determine the exact genotype, which is what we would call the genetic value of an individual. In addition, the subject becomes further complicated since the genes responsible for a certain characteristic (i.e. height) can in turn be modified by other different genes (i.e. those responsible for the metabolism of the calcium in bones).

That is to say, for the majority of the characteristics, one part of the variation observed has a genetic base, while another is the result of environmental factors. If the majority of the variation is of genetic origin, we hope the differences in the characteristics are mainly due to the genes that the individuals possess, and will therefore be, to a large extent, transmitted to the offspring. On the other hand, if the greatest proportion of the differences between animals is environmental in origin, those effects will not be transmitted to the offspring. The main function of the inheritability value of a characteristic is to express the confidence that you can have in the phenotype of the animal as a guide to predict its genetic value. The inheritability of a characteristic is the most important genetic parameter, since this determines the strategy to be used in the improvement of that characteristic, by indicating in what percentage a specific characteristic is inherited by the offspring. In practical terms, it indicates how much the children resemble the parents, selected by a specific characteristic.

Therefore, the art of improving a breed is based on two basic pillars: Choosing the best breeding stock and matching them up in the most appropriate way for our purposes. In other words, it is a matter of selecting specific individuals to produce the next generation, and how they should be paired up. It must be for some reason that it is often said that the external aspect of a horse tells us what the animal appears to be, his pedigree what he should be, and the performance of his offspring indicates to us what he really is.

The effect of diverse environmental factors is added to the effect of the genes; among these is feeding,

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DAILY VETERINARY PRACTICE

GROWTH EPIPHYSITIS

Por Jordi Grau

The word epiphysitis is an incorrectly used term; it is understood that “epiphysitis” is the dysplasia of the growth plate (epiphysis).

It is a bone disease that affects young horses and is characterized by an inflammation of the growth physis. The physis is the area of the bone located between the epiphysis (external) and the diaphysis (central area) See the simple diagram of a bone with its parts (Epiphysis-physis and diaphysis).

Long bone Epiphysis Diaphysis Epiphysis Joint cartilage Medulary cavity Endosteum Periosteum Epiphysis plate Arterial orifice Yellow marrow

(Fig. 1) Lateral view of upright fetlocks

PRESENTATION FORMS It is generally presented in two different forms: - Rapid growing foals between 4 and 8 months of age.

It can affect any joint, although it is particularly common in the distal physis of the metatarsus (Fig. 1) - Two year-old youngsters that are starting work (for presentation in conformational Competitions, for example). It is generally found in the distal physis of the radius (medial is most common). (Fig. 2)

ETIOLOGY Etiology is understood as the causes that lead to this disease. These causes include: Nutrition: Changes in the endochondral ossification (bone formation) can be due to diets low in calcium and high in phosphorus.

It would appear that low levels of copper could also be related to this disease.

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(Fig. 3) Medial thickening with

sclerosis and osteolitis of the tibia bone

(Fig. 2) Swollen distal physis of the radius in an 18-month old colt

Any factor that produces pain in a limb and which leads to excessive weight being placed on the opposite limb can be a cause of epiphysitis

Rapid growth: Big youngsters and or the most dominant in the group are commonly affected, due to their greater consumption of feed on extensive stud farms.

Genetic predisposition: Osteochondrosis, flexure (i.e. topinism) and angular deformities and epiphysitis are interrelated and often appear together.

CLINICAL SIGNS Thus, the affected horses suffer a lack of flexibility in the affected limbs. Therefore, those youngsters that are affected at the level of the distal metatarsus showing a decrease in the degree of extension of the right fetlock (very upright, not dropping correctly) and have difficulty getting up. (Fig. 3)

Trauma:

Those youngsters affected at the distal radius level suffer reduced extension of the forelegs.

Any factor that produces pain in a limb and which leads to excessive weight being placed on the opposite limb can be a cause of epiphysitis.

On examination, you can see obvious deformity of the affected physis, as well as localized heat and pain upon palpation.

PATHOGENESIS Any excess of pressure on the condors (cells that form the cartilage of the growth plate) producing decreased blood flow.

This decrease of the blood flow increases the average life of the condors with a consequent thickening of the physis.

This thickening (clearly visible from the exterior) produces pain and the possibility of angular deformities (varus (inward) and valgus (outward)).

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X-rays show: An irregular thickening of the physis.

Sclerosis of the metaphysis.

Asymmetry in cortical thickness.

Shapes similar to osteophytosis (bony remodeling in the shape of peaks) on the physis tip.

- Secondary angular deviations. (Fig. 4) The diagnosis is made based on: - The age of the animal (4-8 months up to a maximum of 2 years).

- The clinical signs as explained above.

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Big youngsters and or the most dominant in the group are commonly affected, due to their greater consumption of feed on extensive stud farms

- X-rays: Although it is very evident macrosco pically, it is advisable to take X-rays, so that bony lesions associated with osteochondrosis or subchondral cysts can be discarded.

PREVENTION & TREATMENT Prevention It is necessary to consider the abovementioned causes: Action can be taken at the nutritional level and rapid growth by evaluating the following parameters: - A suitable calcium-phosphorus relationship (calcium: phosphorus 2 to 3: 1) - Avoid excess carbohydrates (30% starch maximum).

- Copper (Cu) additives if this is lacking from the diet. (Reomended ration 15 ppm) and zinc (zn) (40 ppm). To avoid imbalances, consider analyzing the water and soil at the stud farm (i.e. excessive zinc could hinder copper absorption) Action can be taken at the genetic level with selection by avoiding breeding with horses with a predisposition to producing offspring with this pathology. This is evidently a long-term measure and must be applied to the entire herd.

TREATMENT It is advisable to administer non-corticoid antiinflammatory preparations (e.g. Phenylbutazone at doses of 3 mg/Kg. / day) for a minimum period of 10 days, to youngsters that are already affected.

It is also important to reduce exercise, leaving the youngster in a small pen to reduce stress on the physis.

Should angular deviation appear, corrective measures must be taken as soon as possible due to the risk that the physis growing to end up with an abnormal alignment.

(Fig. 4) Medial thickening with sclerosis and osteolitis of the tibia bone

Mineral intake must be balanced, with special attention given to copper (Cu) (Reomended ration 15 ppm) and zinc (zn) (40 ppm). Consider analyzing the water and soil at the stud farm to avoid mineral imbalances (i.e. excessive zinc could hinder copper absorption)

Observe young horses if you want to have great horses in the future!!

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PROFILES

By Eva Manethová

“El más querido” Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein

Wallenstein, undoubtedly, loved his favorite horse, which he named, in Spanish, “El Mas Querido” (The Most Beloved)

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El Mas Querido has remained preserved until today, being one of the oldest stuffed animals in the world.

Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein

ElMasQuerido

It is usually said of the 17th century arrogant, ambitious and fastidious, military officer, Albrecht von Wallenstein, loved no one except himself. This, it would appear, it is not completely true. Wallenstein, undoubtedly, loved his favorite horse, which he named, in Spanish, “El Mas Querido” (The Most Beloved). El Mas Querido did not miss even one of the great battles of the Thirty Years War and when he fell in combat in Lützen, Wallenstein ordered him preserved, so that even after death, he could accompany him in his splendid palace in Prague.

Albrecht von Wallenstein

Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein (1583-1634), (Czech: Albrecht Václav Eusebius z Valdštejna), better known as Wallenstein or Waldstein, was a Bohemian soldier and politician who became a mercenary commander serving Emperor Ferdinand II, against the Protestant rebels and the intervention of their Swedish and Danish allies.

He eventually controlled a 30,000 to 100,000man-army during the Thirty Years War, and became Duke of Friedland and a Member of the Order of the Golden Fleece (1625), Duke of Sagan (1627), as well as Duke of Mecklenburg (1628-1631). He was a great soldier and an adventurer, who stood out due to his cruelty and their sour, cynical and always badtempered character.

The Catholic German nobility (Maximilian of Bavaria) was fearful of the power he had acquire, and managed to convince the Emperor to dismiss him (1630). However, he was once again recalled to arms because of the march by Gustavus Adolphus towards Munich.

Defeated in Lützen (1632) by the Swedes, he made a pact with them, which forced the Emperor to dismiss him. He was assassinated after having taken sides with the Swedes.

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Wallenstein

always dreamt of having horses and his own stud farm.

He in fact ended up founding it in his dukedom, in the city of Jitchin, a fiefdom located near its capital. In general, Wallenstein was interested in the horses of the ancient Hispanic breed, powerful, agile, brave and elegant.

El Mas Querido, Wallenstein’s favorite horse, most probably came from the new stud farm, located near Jitchin, in the Smrkovice region. In addition to the Spanish Horses, the stud farm received a regular importation of new blood, with animals coming from Naples, Mantua, Holstein and Denmark, as well as Berbers and Turks.

When Wallenstein was assassinated in 1634, Emperor Ferdinand II took over the stud farm, as he considered it to be of much higher quality than his own imperial stud in Kladruby, which had been founded by Rudolf II. During Wallenstein’s stay in Jictchin, El Mas Querido was in the Duke's new headquarters. In Prague he remained with their owner in the luxurious palace of Wallenstein, which contained huge gardens, a pool for bathing the horses and a stable with 37 departments.

Three floor plans of the departments for horses in the stables of the Wallenstein palace are preserved in the Royal Archives of Stockholm, which in 1650 were requested by the Swedish Royal court, supposedly because the stable represented an extraordinary work of architecture.

The stable stood out due to its spacious boxes. In each department there was a decorated niche from whose

upper part a lion’s head looked out, with a metal ring to which the horse was tied. Under the niche was a wire container for the hay. Each horse had his portrait in the box. El Mas Querido, Wallenstein’s favorite horse also had this. Today, the portrait is exhibited in the castle of Frýdlant, in Northern Bohemia.

On the somber morning of November 16, 1632, in the vicinity of Lützen, a small village near Leipzig, in Germany, the Protestant army of the Swedish king, Gustavus Adolphus and the imperial Catholic troops under the control of Albrecht von Wallenstein, confronted each other in battle.

The battle, the bloodiest in the Thirty Years War, had no winner. The Swedish king, Gustavus Adolphus fell, Wallenstein was seriously wounded in the thigh, his favorite horse, El Mas Querido, did not survive, being felled at dusk by enemy fire.

Pushed by feelings of gratitude for such a magnificent horse that had saved his life on several occasions, Wallenstein decided that the dead animal would be preserved, and would retain the appearance that he had when he was alive. He called taxidermists to his magnificent palace in Prague, in the neighborhood of Malá Strana to prepare his beloved horse.

Wallenstein, who had eyed the Czech crown, negotiated secretly with the Swedes and their allies from the Protestant side. Emperor Ferdinand II of Austria discovered Wallenstein’s treachery, and ordered his assassination; he was murdered in February 1634, in the Czech city of Cheb.

Emperor Ferdinand II of Austria discovered Wallenstein’s treachery, and ordered his assassination; he was murdered in February 1634

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Wallenstein’s fabulous fortune, estimated at 9 million, 300 thousand florins, was confiscated. It was distributed among the seven most loyal generals of Emperor Ferdinand II. Wallenstein’s cousin, Maximilian, as he remained loyal to the king, was granted his cousin’s magnificent Prague palace.

After Maximilian had moved to the headquarters of the murdered Wallenstein, he spent a great deal of time meditating on how he would renovate the palace so that it would not remind him so much of the previous owner. Fortunately for posterity, Maximilian decided to leave the objects related to Wallenstein intact.

Thus, not only did he preserve El Mas Querido, but also two saddles, boots, spurs and a sword manufactured in Toledo in the 1630s. These were all part of the equipment of Wallenstein and his horse during their military campaigns.

Wallenstein’s preserved steed stood up to the changes of history. In the 20th century, it managed to survive two world wars, without suffering a scratch. However, in the ‘50s, a Ministry was installed in Wallenstein’s palace. Wallenstein’s personal horse was transferred, without any protection, to an area which was very busy with bureaucrats, where it suffered for three hard decades.

The harness was stolen; the skin, covered with dust, was torn. The salvation for “El Mas Querido” was its partial restoration and its installation in the Regional Museum of Cheb, in 1978.

Now, Wallenstein’s favorite horse is, once again, being repaired by the taxidermists from the National Museum of Prague. These say that after being restored, “El Mas Querido” will be able to challenge time for another 300 years.

Exposition “Albrecht de Wallenstein and his time” The exposition “Albrecht de Wallenstein and his time” will open its door to the public from November 15th of this year until February 17th, 2008 in the Wallenstein Equestrian Hall to present this great figure, not only as a commander and chief, but also as an economist, builder and patron.

The exhibit will offer works from both national galleries and from abroad, which will be shown for the first time in Bohemia. This important project is being organized by the Czech Republic Senate in conjunction with the Institute of Military History and the National Museum.

For more information contact: Markéta Chaloupková National Tourist Office – Czech Tourism, Public Relations Department E-mail: chaloupkova@czechtourism.cz www.CzechTourism.com

There are four sections within the exhibit. The first section will present the personality of Albrecht de Wallenstein and his career. Section two will show Wallenstein as an economist, business man, builder and patron. The third section is dedicated to his career in the armed forces. In addition to a picture of the battles of the Thirty Year War, exhibits from that time will be on exhibit, including battle uniforms and the various weapons used.

Section four will cover the Wallensteinian legend, which began shortly after Wallenstein’s death.

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HIGH SCHOOL

Yeguada Antonio CortĂŠs

By Alfonso Cuesta

For obvious reasons inherent to this type of publication, we cannot provide an in depth study on the various procedures for the teaching this exercise, nor the problems that usually arise both in its learning, and in its realization.

Nevertheless, I will try to ensure that the most important aspects are not left out.

Continuing with what I explained in the second chapter, it is now time for the rider to use the aids at the same time as they are given from the ground. In other words, aids are given at the same time by both the rider and the assistant, progressively and gradually the person on the ground will stop giving the aids, until the horse performs the action exclusively from the aids given by the rider.

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It is not yet necessary for the horse to perform a correct or consolidated Spanish Walk; that will come later. For now, you must be satisfied with what can be termed as the basic mechanics of the exercise

The

rider will lightly touch with the whip, the back of the foreleg that he wants the horse to raise, the left for example, he will lightly touch the right flank with the right leg slightly back, the left rein will be tensed in the direction of the rider's right shoulder, and his weight will move back and slightly to the right side, in order to give freedom to the shoulder and left foreleg. In the previous phases in which the aids were given almost exclusively from below, it was obviously most advisable for the more experienced rider to be on the ground. In this phase in which the horse now understands the aids from below, but does not yet know those from above, it is advisable for the most experienced rider to be mounted. Once the horse has raised its left foreleg three or four times, working on the left rein, you must work on the right rein and request the raising of the right foreleg three or four times, once again rewarding this from above and below and allowing the horse to walk on a loose rein. Next, working on the left rein, you ask for the right foreleg and vice versa, and just as the horse listens to the rider's requirements, the aids from the ground are done away with. Of course, it is not yet necessary for the horse to perform a correct or consolidated Spanish Walk; that will come later. For now, you must be satisfied with what can be termed as the basic mechanics of the exercise.

Now you are ready to ask for the alternate raising of each foreleg. But, and this is important, with walk strides between each, that is to say: raising of the left foreleg, two or three strides in walk, then raising of the right foreleg. Working on the left rein, you ask first for left, walk, right eight or ten strides in walk and repeat.

Repeat the same working on the right rein. Then you must, working on the left rein, ask for right, walk, left, eight or ten strides in walk and repeat. Working on the right rein would be left, walk, right. It is crucial to practice all these combinations so that the horse clearly understands, because a frequent fault is that the raising of the forelegs is not symmetrical, neither in extension nor in elevation, and if you do not have an absolute domination of these combinations, it will be difficultly to achieve the symmetry that must be sought in this phase. So, we must insist on more from the less extended foreleg. For example: if the less extended foreleg is the left, in order to achieve the same extension as in the right, you must work on the right rein and ask for left, walk, left, walk… until it achieves the same extension. If this did not work in a straight line, you should ask for it in a 16 or 18 meter circle. You must, at all costs, avoid the horse anticipating the aids, because once this happens, you lose control. This is achieved by both parties keeping calm.

Until the raising of the forelegs is extended, calm and symmetrical, the horse must not be asked to raise its legs consecutively. Please note that the elevation of

the forelegs has not yet been considered and this must also be symmetrical. Elevation is set aside for the last stage once the horse has already achieved sufficient skills in an extended, calm and symmetrical Spanish Walk. You should not attempt to get the foreleg to surpass 45º, because this, at the beginning, would be to the detriment of the quality as well as the extension of the stride, even more so because up to now it has been advisable to work in walk with a medium head/ neck position, precisely to facilitate the forward movement, and to allow the horse to use its head and neck to facilitate the raising of the forelegs.

As I say, only when the horse has experience in the exercise, should he be asked to elevate each leg until it reaches 90º, always bearing in mind that, at least in my opinion, the quality of the exercise is not measured by the elevation of the foreleg, but by another series of parameters such as the straightness, balance, rhythm, calmness, extension, amount the hind legs are under the body, quality of the walk, the setting in hand, smoothness, etc.

Try to imagine a magnificent Spanish Walk, in a splendid static Spanish Horse in a long halt of an almost impossible immobility; its white coat polished by its rider with pleasure, has reflections that the purest silver does not even possess. The minds absorb from one to the other, stillness… the wind moves the branches of the trees and it is this breath that seems to make the horse move—first one foreleg then the other. They seem to want to embrace infinity, but what deliberation!

With what smoothness, what balance! The perfect rhythm, accompanied by his breathing. Step by step he is composing a dance to the accompaniment of the music of the hoof-beats, light, on the ground, in a perfectly straight line, in exact crisscrossing circles, describing sinuous Ss. In this apparent monotony, almost like in a prayer, the rapt rider has been forgotten, lacking all pride, without vanity, he well knows that there are many riders like him, and for that reason he has become invisible, by an ancient formula: “he who applies invisible aids is invisible.” An old Master told him this years ago and he has spent a great deal of time practicing until he achieved it, and now nobody sees him; neither his legs nor his hands move, much less his body, only in his impassive face can be appreciated a slight expression of deep pleasure. He has ceded all the prominence, all the recognition and all the glory to the horse. He does not need any of that, he is a Master of horses and his greatest satisfaction is to see how his beloved students recognize this. They shout; they applaud; they admire him. He knows well that the merit is not his: the authentic worth belongs to this magnificent Spanish Horse—all heart, all kindness, all surrender, all sweetness—who despite being an animal possesses human qualities that are scarce in many of us. Because we do not have them, we fail to recognize them in other living beings.

November - December 2007 / El Caballo Español

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DRIVING

Mosaic: Carthage Circus Mosaic 96-192 AD

CARRIAGE DRIVING THROUGHOUT THE CENTURIES II

By Luis Rivero Merry

Iberia, our peninsula, failed to contribute major advantage or reforms to the carts brought by the Romans.

However, it did add two elements of incalculable value and merit that would, in the end, reach the capital of the Empire: “the resistance and energy of the Hispanic horses and the skills of the Iberians to train them”

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The

horse-drawn carriage (cart in their primitive origins and I will continue to call it thus until I reach the modern age) followed, from Egypt, the road that brought it to Europe through the marine routes that crossed the Mediterranean to Greece and Rome.

The Greek carts incorporated few advances to the Egyptian structures, except for the addition of better mechanical safety, which achieved greater stability and thus avoided overturning and could therefore turn more quickly in races and in combat. The wheels were reinforced with iron hoops and riveted nails. There was room for two people on foot and on some occasions, in travel carts, seated.

The two wheeled light cart seen in 8th century (BC), geometric ceramics had several variants; all being extremely versatile. The most frequent shape is that of a box endowed with big verandas or handles, a central axis and wheels with four spokes.

Driving introduced innovation, imported from the Middle East, of the unicorn (three horses) of which only two were attached to the yoke and pulled, while the third only did so by means of straps attached directly to the cart.

In the Iliad, Homer mentions this method of putting to, as a resource to use when one of the two pulling horses of a “hero” is killed; to escape from the situation, he cuts the traces, and mounting that third horse is able to quickly get out of trouble.

As of the 8th century, driving became eminently competitive in Greece, to the extent that it became a part of the Olympic Games—established, according to history, in the year 776 (BC)—and for the funerals of important citizens.

Although Homer describes, in his famous epic poem, battles with carts, carts were, in fact, no longer used this way, since mounted cavalry had replaced them. However, they continued to appear in poetry and art with many representations in ceramic, friezes and bas-reliefs.

arcera, a type of closed litter, with the box in the shape of a coffer, designed for the transport of weak or sick people.

The pilentum, very luxurious, with four wheels, drawn by a pair, was to carry the vestals and matrons to religious services and to the games in the amphitheaters.

The carpentum only differed from the above in the number of wheels, it only had two. Its use was to carry to emperors, patricians or priests and, sometimes, for traveling.

The cisium was two wheeled, high and very light; it had two seats and was entered from the front. Usually for city driving, a single horse was put to, but, for journeys, two horses were used and, sometimes, three, to achieve greater speeds and to cover longer distances; for which reason it later became the ideal vehicle for staging.

The numerous roads that crossed the Roman Empire made traveling by cart much easier. In the times of Emperor Hadrian, you could go from Cadiz to India on the Roman Roads. Polinio, the great Greek historian of the 2nd century (BC), who told of the great rise of Rome to it maximum potential, visited Iberia during the war of Numancia, attending the fall of the city the year 133 and was the first writer to mention, in his history, the existence of a road that ran along the Mediterranean coast from the Pyrenees to the south and he said: “From the Pyrenees to the Columns of Hercules is about 800 stadiums… the Roman have carefully measured and sign posted this distance, placing markers every eight stadiums”…This road was known as the “Herculean Way.” This abundance of communicating routs led to the appearance of numerous carts adapted for travel: the carruca, of Gallic origin, was the most comfortable; its seats could be transformed into beds for long journeys.

The essedum, started out as a battle cart, but became a deluxe carriage for the use of patrician families.

Detail of the decoration on a clay pot shown a funeral.

In Rome, due to the magnitude of the Empire, the use of the cart was much more varied and extensive. Due to the expansion of its domains, there were a multitude of models according to their use. These models come from each one of the places that were occupied: Asian, Gallic, German, Iberian… as they, less creative than practical, adopted them all; carts for races, war, pleasure, military transport for luggage or personnel, journeys, staging, heavy or light, for ceremony or victories.

This enormous variety all have their names, logically as numerous as they were: arcera, thensa, carpentun, carruca, cisium, essedum, pilentum,… The oldest is the

The basterna deserves a separate mention.

This is a type of berth, a forerunner that ended up being used until the 18th Century of our era.

Iberia, our peninsula, failed to contribute major advantage or reforms to the carts brought by the Romans.

However, it did add two elements of incalculable value and merit that would, in the end, reach the capital of the Empire: charioteers and horses.

Estrabón proclaimed this, and Pliny, in his Natural History, praises “the resistance and energy of the Hispanic horses and the skills of the Iberians to train them.”

AND SO, THIS IS HOW IT HAS REACHED US TODAY

July - August 2007 / El Caballo Español

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PRE LEARNING

CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE CONTROL OF “DOPING” IN COMPETITION HORSES

By Rodriguez Castaño, Miguel* Rodriguez Castaño, Ana* Garcia Coiradas, Leticia* Rodríguez Sánchez, Manuel** Complutense University, Clinical Veterinarian Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, 28040- Madrid, Spain

Remache XIII, bred by Benito Sierra Fraga and owned by Yeguada Torreluna

* Experts in the control of the doping of horses ** FEI - Medication Control Program- Veterinary Testing, Member of the RFHE Veterinary Commission, SFCCE Commissary .

In horses, doping is the illicit administration of pharmaceuticals and other agents, with the intention of modifying physical performance and/or artificially altering the result of a competition

Photo by: Manuel Vasco

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Doping

is as old as sports.

Sto r i es a b o u t doping in the world of sports have been lost in the history of humanity. In 1948, R. Croisier tells of how three centuries before Jesus Christ, Olympic participants took potions and drinks to improve their abilities. In animals dedicated to competitive activities, doping has existed since the most remote antiquity. C.E. Morgan, in 1958, assures that in Rome, to improve their performance, horses competing in quadriga races were fed a watery solution called “hydromel� (water with honey). The resulting active ingredient was ethylic alcohol, which formed after a few days due to the fermentation of the sugary mixture.

Doping was only relatively important in strictly competitive circles until recent decades. These days, doping is a very major problem and very much present.

In horses, doping is the illicit administration of pharmaceuticals and other agents, with the intention of modifying physical performance and/or artificially altering the result of a competition.

out to avoid doping at race tracks (SFCCE: The Society for the Promotion of Horse Breeding in Spain) and on horses participating in equestrian disciplines overseen by the Royal Equestrian Federation of Spain (RFHE).

Fortunately, these controls are now being incorporated to include participants in all the other equestrian disciplines, such as horses participating in local competitions such as doma vaquera, conformational competitions, and selection or performance tests. In fighting bulls, controls have been carried out since the publication of the Royal Decree 1451/1996 of February 2 (BOE March 2 1996) (in Spain), although at the moment the results of none of these controls have been published.

In Spain, tests for doping have been carried since 1957 on race horses and participants in Olympic disciplines.

At the international level, the biggest advances in the elimination of doping have been achieved since 1991, the year in which the FEI implemented the so-called MCP program: Medication Control Program. The FEI did not begin this program in Spain until 1992, because of the problems for Animal Health (African Horse Sickness) at that point in time.

Fighting against doping:

The concept of doping: The concept of doping offers no doubts to veterinarians, breeders, owners, riders, coaches, grooms, etc. The person who dopes his/her horse does so to improve the performance of the animal in a competition, selection test or exhibition by artificial and usually dangerous means. The offender secretly tries to gain an edge over the rest of the competitors. The person who carries out the doping generally does so in search of some material benefit, social prestige or national prestige.

In other cases, doping is carried out in an attempt to achieve a forced recovery after exertion, to hide lameness or to reduce the effects of an ailment, to be able to participate in a competition which would otherwise be impossible.

Doping can also be negative. This type of doping seeks to harm a participant, in other words, it is an attempt to reduce the performance of another competitor to prevent them from achieving their objectives.

Rumors and evidence indicate the use of prohibited substances in competition animals, conformational competitions, and aptitude tests.

The number of animal species affected by this problem is extremely varied and includes horses participating in races, in Olympic disciplines, in the local disciplines, selection tests, conformational competitions, trotting, polo, rejoneo (mounted bull fighting), and horses for lancers, etc. It also includes fighting bulls, haulage oxen, English roosters, fighting dogs, greyhounds that hunt and dog racing, and a long list of etceteras. In general, any animal used in sport or in a Show could be susceptible to this type of manipulation.

There are well-founded suspicions about this practice in horses. Traditionally, controls have only been carried

This is justified for several reasons: It is an offense against the principles of competitive ethics.

It distorts the results of the competition to harm competitors, gambler and enthusiasts.

It deteriorates the health of the animals, as affected animals have to support the effects of harmful substances. On occasions, these practices are performed by laymen, who do not understand equine medicine, nor the most elementary measures of cleanliness (asepsis).

Doping affects the breeding plan, in that it can interfere with selection and reproduction.

Doping harms selection: All improvement policies based on the results obtained at a competition (breed selection tests) fail, if the performance achieved is due to the use of artificial means and not to the intrinsic quality of the animal.

It could be that a mediocre horse is chosen that has been doped. If this horse goes on reproduce, we are harming the breeding program for generations.

The use of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs in horses that participate in breed selection tests and in horses destined for other sports, totally distort the results. An animal could be selected that requires medication to perform a specific exercise. These animals could depend on a specific treatment to perform in competition.

Doping harms reproduction: The use of anabolic hormones and similar substances in horses can decide the result of a competition, whether they participate in competitions requiring effort (races, show-jumping etc), or in conformational competitions. Thus, in the end, it could lead to animals with excellent genetic traits

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These controls are now being incorporated to include participants in all the other equestrian disciplines, such as horses participating in local competitions such as doma vaquera, conformational competitions, and selection or performance tests.

Bambina XIII from Yeguada Rebujena la Alta

being sterile (degenerations of the testicles, fibrosis of the ovaries) due to the use of these substances.

Problems in controlling Doping: There is no such thing as undetectable substance; legends about dope being able to outwit all the controls are untrue. Even so, everyone knows that eliminating doping is a difficult task. There are many reasons; on the one hand, it is necessary to cover the technical difficulties of the tests, and on the other, the legal problems within the process. Before punishing, all the legal guarantees of the investigation/control have been respected. Success is partly based on collecting sufficient quantity of the appropriate organic fluids; the doping control usually fails if there is no urine sample.

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Photo by: Manuel Vasco

The number of substances detectable in organic fluids during a control process is extremely high. There are at least 400 substances that are usually used in equine veterinary medicine. More than 63,000 active ingredients can be used, which can affect the performance of a competition horse. This huge number of possible substances complicates the process.

These active ingredients can be applied using a variety of procedures; the most typical routes being: topical, oral, intramuscular and intravenous.

The doping doses for the various substances can be very large (hundreds of grams) or infinitesimal (parts per million of the product).

The amount of time a doping substance remains in the organism varies greatly; varying from minutes or days to

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Doping harms selection: All improvement policies based on the results obtained at a competition (breed selection tests) fail, if the performance achieved is due to the use of artificial means and not to the intrinsic quality of the animal. weeks and in some cases they can remain for months, such is the case of certain hormone therapies.

The possibility of detecting a drug in a horse depends on the amount of product administered. A substance dosage applied in grams, such as Phenylbutazone, and with a high half-life in plasma, can be detected in blood and urine for weeks, and in its active form or by its metabolites. However, another drug given in small quantities and that is eliminated quickly is difficult to detect.

Another factor to be taken into consideration is the sensitivity of the test used.

Currently, detection techniques are very effective for almost all substances.

The development and advances of specialized laboratories have been spectacular in recent years.

In addition to the above, you must consider that the reaction of any two animals can be very different when administered the same product. Individual variations exist; for example, Phenylbutazone administered over four days to several horses produced significantly different concentrations of the substance in the blood of the various animals when tested (Tobin, 1981). One of the factors that most conditions the renal elimination of a substance is the acidity/alkalinity of the urine. The pH of the urine largely depends on feed.

On occasions, surprising, and almost extraordinary positives have been detected. The interested parties are convinced that they have not administered any product. In these processes, you must consider the possibility of a contamination of beds. If a horse is treated, for example, with Flunixin Meglunime for several days, the box will be polluted until the bed is changed. For this reason, it would be advisable for all equestrian establishments stabling horses that participate in competitions to have an exclusive box for animals undergoing treatment.

Success in doping control: Success in the control of the doping is not based on the detection of many positive cases and the exemplary penalizing of the offenders. Success is based on avoiding fraud. Doping prevention is a long process that is founded on education and the understanding of the competitors and the people around them.

Controls must become established at all competitions; any test, however small it may seem, must be liable to (anti-doping) controls, including those of children and young riders. In these latter, the educational possibilities achieved are very interesting.

Part of the success of doping control is based on the confidentiality of the procedure. The list of the competitions that will or will not be subjected to a control must not publicized.

Once it has been decided to run a control at any given competition, the selection of the animals must be representative. Any participant could be the subject to a control, and at any time. Samplings must be diversified; it should not always be the winner who is subjected to the control. As a clear example of this was seen at the 1992 show-jumping competitions, when it was customary at that time to take samples from the winners of the major events.

The Fino “La Ina�, then ridden by Luis Astolfi, was subjected to ten controls during one summer, while his competitors were not subjected to any.

All the winners of National Championships or of superior level competitions (the medal winners) should be subject to control due to the importance, and even legal aspects involved in this fact and the social prestige of the victory.

Samples must take place according to the established protocol; all control processes must be carried out flawlessly. If we fail in the first phase (drawing the samples), the whole procedure fails. Investing sufficient funds or having a high-quality reference laboratory is worthless if the samples are not obtained in an appropriate manner.

Obtaining a urine sample must be a main objective (urine is the organic fluid preferred by all laboratories).

Urine samples must be packed, sealed, conserved and sent to the laboratory immediately, alone or if relevant, accompanied by the corresponding blood sample. The forms accompanying the samples must be completed and signed correctly. Majority of the dismissals during disciplinary procedures are due to formal shortcomings during the sample taking phase.

In 2005, in an effort to overcome this shortfall, the Royal Equestrian Federation of Spain programmed a series of courses focusing on training veterinarians to draw biological samples. With time, it is being proven that the use of experts in these tasks leads to magnificent results.

The quality of the laboratory in charge of the analyses is a decisive factor. Reference laboratories must be certified by the World Association of Expertsfor this type of practice. There are two labs in Spain that have been awarded this consideration: The IMIM (Instituto Municipal de Investigaciones Medicas) in Barcelona and the Laboratorio del Consejo Superior de Deportes in Madrid. The reference laboratory for the FEI is the Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrieres le Buisson, in Paris.

Disciplinary Procedure has been entrusted to special courts. To comment on their work would exceed the objectives of this article.

November - December 2007 / El Caballo EspaĂąol

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ANCCE REPORTS

ANCCE APPROVES THE PROJECT FOR ITS NEW OFFICE BUILDING

On Friday, September 14, the ANCCE Board of Directors meeting was held at the Gran Hipódromo de Andalucía (Race course), in Dos Hermanas (Sevilla), where they approved the project for the new ANCCE offices.

The 4000-square meter building will house the Association and PRE Stud Book offices under one roof.

This will facilitate the services provided to the breeders who want questions solved personally.

Thanks to the motion approved on April 14 at the General Assembly, the Association will have its own property for the first time in its 35 years.

The project was designed by the architects, Ignacio Zalvide, Luisa Alarcón and Mª Luz Galdames and will be located in the technological park that the Dos Hermanas Town Hall is developing in an area adjacent to the race track.

Projects from five different architectural firms were presented (see the building proposed by each studio): d2 estudio de arquitectura y urbanismo. Fernando Valdés, Cristóbal Miró, Rafael Hernández.

Auge Proyectos S.L.: Jesus Avilés, Juan Caro and Carlos Herrera.

Sancho, Segura y Segura Arquitectos: Jose Antonio Sancho, Antonia María Segura, Juan Manuel Segura.

Juan Ruesga Architecture Studio: Juan Ruesga, Guadalupe Patón and Pablo Ruesga.

Ignacio Zalvide: Ignacio Zalvide, Luisa Alarcón, Mª Luz Galdames.

Having received the proposals, an architect consultant was hired to give a blind opinion about the five projects from the technical point of view. That is to say, the names of the professionals and/or studios contributing each idea had been concealed. Thus, the expert consultant only counted on the three A-3 panels, as requested, to decide.

He was asked to indicate the two best “studios” based on information available, in his opinion to then present

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these projects to the executive committee for their study and approval.

The five proposals were then presented, with nothing to identify them, to the executive committee, indicating those that in the opinion of the architect were most suited to our objectives, for them to make a decision.

A vote was then taken and one of these was chosen unanimously.

Subsequently, a Board Meeting was held to ratify this decision. This was also unanimous.

The new ANCCE offices will be located adjacent to the race course. It is a magnificent site as it will not only enable us to offer breeders the usual services but it will also open new opportunities, thanks to the leasing of areas on the race course itself for testing horse, such as the selection scheme, young horse circuits, competitions, clinics, etc.

Currently, the architect studio is preparing the basic project, (which will be completed before the end of the year) and the details are being finalized with the Dos Hermanas Town Council. We must thank them for their interest and collaboration, which has led to our re-location in a modern and strategically located technological park.

The financing of this project is already being negotiating. This includes grants, which are already committed, from the Ministry of Agriculture and additional support is coming from other public entities, as well as loans from financial institutions.

Investment can obtained without affecting any of the projects that are currently underway, to benefit the promotion, selection and improvement of the Purebred Spanish Horse.

Construction on new office will begin in 2008 and it is scheduled to be completed in 2010.

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Outside view of the new building

Proyect by Jesus Aviles, Juan Caro & Carlos Herrera

Project by Jose Antonio Sancho, Antonioa Maria Segura & Juan Manuel Segura

Project by Juan Ruesga, Guadalupe Paton & Pablo Ruesga

Project by Fernando Valdes, Crist贸bal Miro & Rafael Hernandez

November - December 2007 / El Caballo Espa帽ol

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AT

THE

INTERNATIONAL

DRIVING

SHOW

(SIAT)

Executive Committee Photo by: Manuel Vasco

The first edition of SIAT was held from September 13 to 16, at the Gran Hipódromo de Andalucía (Race Course), in the town of Dos Hermanas (Sevilla).

Organized by the Royal Driving Club of Andalusia and with the support of the Dos Hermanas Town Council, the aims of SIAT were to show the public the horsedrawn carriage industry and the various competitions and exhibitions that can be offered.

Excellent atmosphere at the ANCCE stand

Photo by: Manuel Vasco

There were numerous exhibitions, including traditional competitions, an auction of horse-drawn carriages and clinics with experts on the subject.

ANCCE had a stand to attend to breeders and the general public, promoting Purebred Spanish Horses and SICAB. Likewise, the event was used as the backdrop for a meeting of the executive committee and the Board of Directores.

We would like to express our gratitude to the Dos Hermanas Town Council, the owners of the facilities, especially to Mayor Francisco Toscano and the CEO for the Corporation for Economic Developent, Mr. José González, for all the facilities that were made available.

It was noted that one of the principal subjects that was discussed was the new ANCCE office building, which will be located adjacent to the racecourse. We thought that is was logical to present the various proposals received at the scenario we will be occupying in the near future.

Following the meetings, the breeders congregated at the stand, where they continued to discuss the various projects that ANCCE has yet to carry out and the current topics of the sector, but in a more relaxed atmosphere.

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ANCCE VISITS EQUIROS IN MOSCOW St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow

Between August 18-26, ANCCE visited EQUIROS, a 9-day fair that has been held annually in August since 1999. The objective of the visit was to get to know the main equestrian fair held in Russia to evaluate the possibility of participating in the future with a stand to promote Purebred Spanish Horses.

DETAILS OF THE MARKET IN RUSSIA

Initially, the fair was inaugurated in 1999 and is supported by the Russian Ministry of Agriculture and the Russian Equestrian Federation, who currently organize the event. There were 212 exhibitors from nine countries, 188 horses, 29 breeds of horses represented, 16,000 m2 of exhibition and 27,000 visitors.

53 state cavalry horses

There are four pavilions to house the commercial exhibitors (basically textiles), a few stud farms and breeder associations; one pavilion has the central, 20 m x 40 m-arena, with seating for 1,500 and a small arena for ponies. The pavilions are located outdoors, on both sides of a central passageway.

The program of activities includes conformational competitions and exhibitions from the various exhibitors. We did not see breeds from other countries, except for a representation of Purebred Spanish Horses, promoted by an association of Purebred Spanish Horse breeders and enthusiasts founded in January.

Aside from the daily program, there is a possibility of organizing exhibitions in the central arena, and charging an extra entrance fee to the public to pay for the cost of renting the pavilion.

This could take place both during the day and at the end of the programs of the fair.

Census of horses: 15 million 38 race courses 60 state stud farms 300 private stud farms (2000 statistics; source: EXTENDA, Note on the equestrian market sector in the Russian Federation) Russia has an important equestrian tradition that was promoted by the armed forces during the dictatorship to become extremely successful in equestrian competition.

In 1999, the government decided to re-launch the equestrian industry through grants and subsidies to the sector and the creation of several organizations responsible for national breeding and its promotion.

The Purebred Spanish Horse is quite well known in Russia—all the people with whom we spoke confirmed this fact. This is an advantage with regards to promotion.

Both ICEX (Spanish Institute of Foreign Trade) and EXTENDA (Andalusian Agency for Promotion Abroad) have business promotion offices in Moscow. These offices can provide market information and interesting contacts.

It is essential to have an interpreter when doing business in Russia, because very few speak English; most of the pamphlets and web-sites they offered us were in Russian only.

November - December 2007 / El Caballo EspaĂąol

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International PUREBRED SPANISH SEED IN AUSTRALIA

Animoso VI, bred by Antonio Diodado and owned by the Ryan Family

La familia Ryan im The Ryan family imported Animosa VII (born in 1971) in 1974. Animosa VII, a bay colt, was bred by Antonio Diosdado Palacios.

Although recognizing the importance of purebred stud farms, for the Ryans, their main interest was the breeding of crossbred horses. They had four sons, all of whom rode and they were interested in jumping and driving. Very little was known about the abilities of the PRE to jump, since these horses had never competed against other horses.

Breeding horses for the children to ride and to thus become a part of Rod's team was the priority of the stud farm. To achieve this, they discovered that by crossing purebred mares with Animosa VII, they obtained horses that were excellent for recreational activities, jumping and dressage.

The philosophy of the stud farm was that crossbreds were very important for the growth of the breed in Australia. Horses with some of the qualities of the PRE would end up being more accessible to the equestrian

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world of Australia thanks to their success the breed would grow in popularity.

The sensitivity of the Spanish Horse reached its peak when Sue and her son Heath, then 15 years old, broke in Animoso VII. Soon after an injury, Heath took to Animoso VII to a Tina Wommelsdorf clinic, who could not believe the behavior and ability of the horse. Tina was interested in the difference between the strides of Animoso VII and the rest of the pure breeds at the clinic, so she asked all the horses to lengthen along the long side of the school and shorten along the short side. She then proceeded to count the strides that the horses took along the long side, to see how much they were lengthening. Tina could not believe it. Animoso VII, this PRE stallion, took the smallest number of strides along the long side of the school. This was a major achievement for a 15 year-old boy on a stallion that had just been injured.

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Matt Rayn earned gold at the 2000 Sydney Olympics

The success of the Ryan’s breeding program produced competitive boys and talented horses, which combined with the mastery of the riders, won a great number of awards in dressage, jumping, eventing and horse-drawn carriages racing.

At the age of 24, Matt Ryan was selected along with his two PRE crossbred horses—Southland of Coolalee and Benwerrin of Coolalee—for the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. The fact that Matt was very young and inexperienced in international competition meant that he did not compete in these Olympics, he was the reserve. Later, Matt was a member of the Australian team that won the gold medal for eventing at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics—that was something that had not happened since the 1960 Olympics in Rome. Matt was also a member of the Australia eventing team that won the gold medal at Sydney 2000.

Rod and Sue Ryan’s driving team competed throughout the whole of Australia. They were very successful, winning the carriage driving championships in Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland and South Australia.

In 1983, a team of horses was hastily put together, so that Gyorgy Bards, the Hungarian World and European Champion, trained them for the carriage driving championships in New South Wales. He did not speak English so the whole team learned Hungarian very quickly. The groom, Shaun, who was French, spoke a little German, as did Gyorgy; this helped the translation a great deal. Between six and seven thousand people saw the team win. When he was asked about the horses, he said: very good horses, very good horses.

THE PUREBRED SPANISH HORSE BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION OF HONDURAS ANNOUNCES A NEW BOARD OF DIRECTORS

This new Board of Directors, which begins with many and new challenges, is made up of the following members: President - Belford Jarquin B. Vice-president - Armando Erazo Secretary - Gustavo Barahona Treasurer - Aldo Asfura Auditor - Lisandro Suárez Member 1 - Roberto Argueta Member 2 - Miguel Zelaya Member 3 - Carlos Navarro Member 4 - Juan Carlos Ramos Substitute 1 - Nevin Lisardo Substitute 2 - Alfonso Rodríguez ANCCE wishes all the best to the members of this new Board, and offers them our help as members, to continue leading the association toward a prosperous future.

The team, made up of the four PRE crossbred horses, Black Billyn of Coolalee, Frystlin of Coolalee, Brown Sugar of Coolalee, Swagman of Coolalee and Platón, who was reserve horse, won the Australian carriage driving championships for many years and was selected for the Stockholm World Equestrian Games.

Due to the cost involved, of taking, Rod and Sue could not take the team to Stockholm, but rather, they competed with borrowed horses; nevertheless, it was thanks to the Coolalee team that they were eligible to compete.

The Ryans have certainly proven that with selective and careful breeding, the qualities of the Spanish Horse have a lot to give to the whole of the equestrian world.

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FIRST TRIBUNALS FOR QUALIFIED BREEDING STOCK HELD OUTSIDE SPAIN

Photo: Paco Rey

TQB participant in Cost Rica

2007 has marked the start of the TQBs abroad, following the commitment by ANCCE that all the breeders throughout the world are entitled to the same rights and obligations.

All the horses presented underwent the veterinary examinations as established in the 2007 regulations for the Tribunals, and with the same judges who have been carrying out this task throughout the year in Spain.

Las Vegas: Jaime Chapa evaluating a mare

ANCCE representatives met with the Foundation for the PRE Board of Directors in the US

Photo by: Paco Rey

The first TRC was organized in San JosĂŠ Costa Rica, on July 27 and seven horses became newly qualified, having passed the corresponding tests and veterinary examinations.

The next stops were Las Vegas (Nevada) and Wellington (Florida).

Another seven horses from these two TQBs were declared qualified, on the 2nd and 4th of September.

There are plans to hold new TQBs in various countries, and these will be included annually in the ANCCE calendar of activities. The names of all the qualified horses are listed on the web-site (www.ancce.com) and will be updated as more tribunals are held.

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PRE HISTORY

PRIOR TO THE BIRTH OF A MYTH, THE PUREBRED SPANISH HORSE (V)

“A la jineta” Riding

By Juan Carlos Altamirano

Those involved in writing of dictionary definitions were people who were unrelated to the riding. At that time, the length of the stirrups was not exclusive to one or other type of training, nor did it constitute the essence of any equitation system

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As we saw in a previous article, the 1737 edition of These terms - “brida” and “jineta” - more than the Dictionary of the Spanish Language, the term differentiating two types of training, represented “jineta” is defined as “a specific way of riding a two ways of riding and fighting on horseback. Some horse, with the legs collected in stirrups similar to authors have pointed out that Doma Vaquera the Africans.” While the term “brida” was defined and Spanish High School have their roots in these as another type of “training” described as “to ride disciplines. Doma vaquera, which attributes its origins a horse with a pommel on the saddle and long to the “jineta” style, is used in country fields when stirrups”. These definitions, repeated in the successive working with fighting bull. In recent years, it has been editions of this Dictionary only differentiated the two changed and regulated to make it effective and riding styles by the length of the stirrup leathers. This attractive for competition and show. Spanish High mistake, passed on from one author to another, has, School, whose origin is believed to have been in the over the centuries, defined and differentiated two “brida” style, proliferated during the Renaissance, systems of equitation that are really linked together and was based on the philosophical beliefs of the by more elements than those that separate them. If Greek classics, above all those of Xenophon, one of you stop to analyze the journals on equitation of the the greatest thinkers on equestrian art. time, you will notice that they really differ more by In addition, there were other ways of riding that were the types of bits, by the designs of the spurs or by the known as “bastard” and “estradiota”, these were way these are used than by the actual length of the rarely seen and appreciated in Spain. The former stirrups. In addition, there is no mention in any of the differed from the “brida” and the “jineta” in that chapters of these journals explaining how the stirrups the stirrups were of an intermediate length, and the should be, nor is their any explanation on why long second because it was the way of riding on long stirrups are important. On the contrary, the authors saddle with a skirt, a high pommel in front and falling do explain how to use the behind, with a great deal bit, how to ride and how of support for the thigh, to use the spurs. For this and with very long stirrups. reason, you can conclude It is believed to have that those involved in originated in France. the writing of dictionary “Jineta” riding is mentioned definitions were people by some authors as the first who were unrelated to The reality is that the decline type of training existent in the riding. At that time, of “jineta” riding did not mean Andalusia.

It has been the length of the stirrups stated that it was brought was not exclusive to one the eradication of an equitation to the Iberian Peninsula or other type of training, system. It was the end of a by the Zenata tribesmen, nor did it constitute the fashion that neither lasted very a Berber tribe from the essence of any equitation north of Africa, and was system. In one of the best long, nor was generalized subsequently used by known books on “jineta” the Muslims in battle. riding, Pintura de un potro Other authors attribute (Painting of a young horse), its appearance during attributed to the groom of the Benemerine Dynasty, the Duke of Osuna, you with people who crossed can see that this definition over from Africa to the did not coincide with the Iberian Peninsula after practical reality of this having been called by type of “training” and 13th century Arab manuscript Muhammed I of Granada, with the length of the prior to the battle of Navas rider’s leg. Due to this, de Tolosa in 1212. However, the author pointed out other sources contradict that the rider should ride these statements because, “putting the stirrups at the in 871, the King Alfonso III length that he feels best, (The Great) had a regular no longer nor shorter”. body of riders, who rode It also described how “jineta” style, known as to recognize the exact alfaraces (light cavalry). length of the stirrups They were so skillful in so that the riders “ride combat that Pope John neither long nor short, but Boniface VIII requested in good proportion.” To do their aid to ward off the this they should “stretch Muslim invasions on Sicily. the leg, and the tip of the In this type of “training” or stirrup should touch an battle style, the riders only inch above the ankle”.

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used a light shield, laced boots, spurs and a sword. The mobility of the soldiers thanks to the lack of heavy armor favored the proliferation of this basic system, with the possibility of rapid attacks and retreats. But this battle tactic was not used exclusively by the Muslims when invading the Iberian Peninsula, but rather, had been used previously by other armies, such as the Iberian people when facing the Muslim invasion. Likewise, its use has been mentioned in Greek-Roman texts: Xenophon (4th Century B.C.) describes in his book Las Helénicas (The Hellenics), that fifty Iberian riders of Dionysius, fought using a similar system; Polybius, Titus Livius (Livy) (B.C.), Appian and others narrated this same combat styles in their writings.

With the passing of time, those armies known for “jineta” style riding became more popular. During the Muslim era, it was seen in competitions and public amusements such as hunts, skirmishes, games with canes, sticks, bars, pairs races, races with lance or cane, masquerades and all the parts that make up bullfighting on horseback.

The “jineta” riding was such a success during the reconquest, that it was regulated by the Catholic Monarchs once the Muslims were expelled from Spain in 1492. Royal orders established that a fifth of each company within the armed forces of the Guardas Viejas de Castilla (Old Guards of Castile) only “rode with lance and crossbow”, and the rest with armor. Previously, in the Chronicles of Henry IV, written at the end of the 15th century, you can read that this king was not in favor of excessive pomp when riding. Like the Muslims, for battle, he preferred the “jineta” riding style, considering it more appropriate than the “brida” style.

As has been pointed out, both styles, more than being types of training, were different ways of riding a horse and combat. If we analyze the first literary works on equitation in which they are mentioned, we can see that their authors, more than just teaching how to train the horses, explain how the riders should be dressed and the suitable design for the saddles so that the riders would ride elegantly along the popular street paths. With this, noblemen exhibited their qualities as riders, the quality of their horses, as well as their rich clothing. In the 1580 book by Juan Suárez de Peralta “Tratado de Caballería, de la Gineta y Brida” (Cavalry Article on Gineta and Brida Riding), he explains how riders should wear their stirrups. This ratifies what has already been explained: “I am of opinion that they should be shorter rather than longer, because riding short one is more gallant and sturdier.” He offered some curious reasons: “Firstly, because riding short you are more gallant and sturdier, because if a man is standing, he is more of a gentleman.” Bernardo de Vargas Machuca was of the same opinion. In his book Teórica de la jineta (Theory of Jineta Riding) (1618), he wrote that by riding short the gentleman “will be more graceful and more gallant.” Also, the famous captain from Antequera, Pedro de Aguilar, in his 1570 Tratado de la cavallería a la Gineta (Article on Jineta Riding) offered lessons about a set of rules for elegant riding.

In the abovementioned anonymous manuscript, its author spoke about the ability of Philip IV when riding

Battle of Rocroi

and clearly stated that this was done in the “jineta” style, because it was “more elegant”.

The generalization and the search for elegance on horseback favored the appearance of fashions that, in addition to having an impact on the clothing of the rider, led to different types of saddle, generally of a more “oriental” nature, designed with personal touches. There were two types of saddles that were characteristically used for “jineta” style riding: the socalled “entera” (whole), which was used for horses with broad backs, and the “media” (half) for narrow horses, but both with personal touches; they differed from other variants in the characteristics of the front pommel horn. This was straight, higher than the cantle, so that the rider was placed standing in the stirrups, could not fall forward over the pommel, which was higher than the “crotch.” In turn, the saddles were designed in different colors and materials according to their use. For town riding, they should be black with lacquered stirrups, a golden or polished bit, the reins, stirrups and bridle of so-called “Berber” leather, and the other straps of cow-hide. For the countryside, a colored saddle was used lined with worked silk cloth, embroidered, and with “Berber” straps. For the equestrian games, horses were harnessed more luxuriously than described above, but with so many

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tassels, silk cords, metal insets and silver bells, that it was a nuisance for the riders, who do not use them to lance bulls because of the danger they represented.

The stirrups also differed in shape and material: some were made of iron or wood with a half moon shape.

The most common place, in the shape of a trapezium, were made of silver or iron with various engravings, which, like on the rest of the harness, were copied from the Arabs, even the sharp angles of the corners, to be able to hurt the horses without the need of wearing spurs.

Four bit shapes were used. These were divided into numerous types, the most outstanding of which were: the “goat horn”, the “portalete” (meaning little gateway), the “natural” and that of “espejuelos” (meaning tiny mirrors), which was made from a single piece of metal and had a very high port, which made it very harsh. But these types were also divided into other models, making their number very extensive. In order to take account of such a proliferation, I will only mention that in the article by Diego Ramírez de Haro, which is not a book dedicated exclusively to bits, he describes more than seventy different types.

The literature on “jineta” riding has also contributed to confusing historical facts. The reason is that most of them were written by people who, rather than being dedicated researching the topic, they were in love with horses, defenders of customs or perhaps, they yearned personal experience, which in most cases was far from glorious and, sometimes, not even real

In Andalusia, “jineta” riding, which at first was unrelated to the fighting bull, after almost seven centuries of use by the Hispanics and Muslims, ended up being assimilated by both people, who made it typically Andalusian. Following the reconquest, it lost importance, thus leading to be yearned. Some criticized that it would have been forgotten despite the fact that in the conquest of America, it continued to be used with great success. This fact motivated the appearance of new articles defending the superiority of “jineta” riding over “brida” riding, but with scarcely valid arguments. The reality is that the decline of “jineta” riding did not mean the eradication of an equitation system, as numerous authors have stated; rather, it led to the loss or the nonuse of certain types of games or mock fights carried out according to specific regulations. It was the end of a fashion that neither lasted very long, nor was generalized. It is possible that the start of its decline was accelerated not only due to the appearance of “brida” style training, as we will see, by to the appearance of the firearms that substituted the lances in battle, or to simulations in the equestrian games. Additionally, the literature on “jineta” riding has also contributed to confusing historical facts. The reason is that although the purpose of these articles on the “jineta” riding was to teach, most of them were written by people who, rather than being dedicated to researching the topic, they were in love with horses, defenders of customs or perhaps, they yearned personal experience, which in most cases was far from glorious and, sometimes, not even real.

As of the 18th century, with bullfights being so popular, and the appearance of fighting bulls, a new training and horseback riding method appeared on the scene. As we will see, it had distinctive movements that it would differentiate it—as a consequence of the day-to day work with the fighting bull in open country—to known as doma vaquera.

Beatus of Liébana, National Library in Madrid

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NUESTRO STUD INVITADO FARM Publicity - Report

Ganadería

Hermanos Favier Blood-line 100% Escalera

As of 2006, and despite some of these horses being of magnificent quality, they started to sell all the animals that were not from the stud farm of Ma. Fernanda de la Escalera.

Judía

The ideal of Ganadería Hermanos Favier is to have a base of 100% Escalera blood-line, and therewith not only have they acquired magnificent horses, but also History, genetics, knowledge and a breeding tradition of one of the most important and oldest bloodlines in Spain.

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Ganadería Hermanos Favier is located in San Juan Tecomatlan, a picturesque village in the riverside community of Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico.

The Stud Farm was started in 2002, with the acquisition of mares and stallions in Spain, from different stud farms, origins and conformation, but all with black coats In 2006, Ganadería Hermanos Favier was given a new lease of life with the acquisition of a lot of mares and two stallions, all from the stud farm belonging to Ma. Fernanda de la Escalera, with which the Escalera line was established as the genetic blood-line of the stud farm.

As of 2006, and despite some of these horses being of magnificent quality, they started to sell all the animals that were not from the stud farm of Ma. Fernanda de la Escalera.

Ermitaño XIII

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The ideal of Ganadería Hermanos Favier is to have a base of 100% Escalera bloodline, and therewith not only have they acquired magnificent horses, but also History, genetics, knowledge and a breeding

www.ancce.com

Judía

tradition of one of the most important and oldest blood-lines in Spain.

With this, the Ganadería Hermanos Favier has established itself as the only stud farm outside of Spain with a great selection of the Escalera blood-line.

It is necessary to highlight that the stud farm of Ma. Fernanda de la Escalera in 2005 achieved the award for the second best Stud Farm and in 2006 that for the Best Stud Farm, at SICAB Likewise it was in 2006 that the Ganadería Hermanos Favier began to stand out in the Conformational competitions, when it participated in four, and achieved 25 medals and prizes, amongst which those that most stand out are those of Best Stud Farm, Second Best Stud Farm, Absolute Champion of Functionality, Youngstock Colt Champion, Best colt born Mexico Etc. future of the Ganadería Hermanos Favier is summarized in one word FUNCTIONALITY, very correct horses with an aptitude for dressage, with great beauty and very typical of the Purebred Spanish Horse.

Ermitaño XIII

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DRESSAGE

THE FUTURE IS CALLED FUEGO

By José A. Fdez. Lineros Photo by: Katharina Braren

2007 European Champion Fuego XII, bred by Joaquin Marquez Garica, and owned by Yeguada Miguel Angel Cardenas, competing in Turin

The Parco de La Madria, just outside Turin, dawned humid and threatened rain, however toward eleven thirty in the morning, except for some insignificant drops that had not bothered anyone, the sky continued gray and we remained dry. Almost an hour before, the first Spaniard, Juan Matute, had already done his test, 64.500 was his average percentage.

This, to start with, appeared to be much too low for him to have any possibilities of taking part in the Gran Prix Special; it was now the turn of the only PRE in this 2007 European Championship—FUEGO. His rider, Juan Manuel Muñoz, worked with him in the warmup arena, located behind the stands, went over the last touches to the orders of Jean Bemelmans. At our side, the seats began to fill up with the Spaniards who had come to watch their countrymen, the rest of the Team, Federation delegates, and other companions and the wife of Miguel Ángel Cárdenas, owner of the horse, with her nephew, Miguel Enrile and family. The expectation among the Spaniards was obvious: Was it possible for Fuego to go on to the next phase of the Championship? Why not? There was expectation among the rest of the spectators; perhaps due to seeing a new PRE, one different from the already mythical Invasor, Evento and Distinguido.

From his entry into the arena through the corridor between the stands, Fuego kept the expectation

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high; the area filled with HORSE, with PUREBRED SPANISH Horse. During the test he showed his elegant, expressive and powerful personality; he had a gleam of genius, regrettably, he also made a few mistakes, fruit of his inexperience and his youth. We all remained silent, sitting on the edge our seats, when the speaker, in Italian, began to give the scores of the various judges. In the end, his average, 64.500, was exactly the same as the previous member of his team. We were slightly disappointed, because although no one said anything, we thought that he deserved a little more. Nevertheless, being realistic, we also knew that even so, he would not have qualified for the Gran Priz Special.

On the following day, two other Spaniards, Laurel Aguilo and Jordi Domingo were unable to improve on the averages of their two predecessors and they also failed to qualify.

The performance by the Spanish Team in this 2007 European Dressage Championship was not brilliant, but one thing was obvious, once again a PRE has demonstrated that he has the capacity and quality to be among the elite. Perhaps he is not ready yet, but he has his whole future ahead of him, and that future is called FUEGO. Have your expectations been fulfilled?

www.ancce.com

Juan Manuel Muñoz, rider of Fuego In principle, our main goal was to participate in the European Championships, since we are a new team and we still do not know one another, but I believe that we have played a worthy role.

How did the horse feel?

I felt that he was a little tired, the first days the weather was very sultry and we worked hard, but he went well although with some mistakes.

Up to now, what international competitions have you taken part in with Fuego?

We have been to Saumur, Pompadour and Verden and now to the European Championships and I believe that we have followed an ascending line, this is a long and slow road, but we are on it.

What has it meant to you, to be in a European Championship arena?

For me it has meant a great deal, it is the fruit of many years of work and effort, both on behalf the breeder and for me. I have been very keen to compete at the international level and even more, with a PRE horse.

Right now, he is the only one on the team and we have to take advantage of that.

Do you see a future for Fuego?

I see a great future, but he needs time. It is one thing to take part in a Gran Prix in Spain and a completely different one to do so at European Championships and to rub shoulders with the best in the world..... we

need more time and more experience, especially me, in this type of competition.

In your opinion, What characteristics should be reinforced in the PRE to achieve more horses with competitive aptitudes?

Quality paces, fundamentally the canter, good balance and above all class, I believe that at this level, class is fundamental, because the tests are very hard and class can substitute some of the Photo by: Katharina Braren deficiencies that may arise, muscular strength and energy, horses that are lighter in their movements.

Will we make the Olympics?

Well, I believe that the Federation hopes to go a little more slowly with the horses, which are still young, and to prepare more conscientiously for the next European Championships and to forsake the Olympics this time round.

Thank you and congratulations Juan Manuel

“FLAMENCO XX”, OLYMPIC HORSE FROM THE ROYAL ANDALUSIAN SCHOOL OF EQUESTRIAN ART, HAS DIED OF NATURAL CAUSES

Rafael Soto with Flamenco

He was 1994 Dressage Champion and qualified for the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta EThis Purebred Spanish Horse, “Flamenco XX”, owned by the Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art (REAAE), a foundation dependent upon the Regional Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Sport of the Andalusian Home Rule Government, has died of natural causes.

“Flamenco XX” was born on April 8, 1986 on the stud farm belonging to Mr. Alvaro Domecq. The horse was a member of the Spanish dressage team and, ridden by the well-known Olympic rider, Rafael Soto, he won the gold medal in the 1994 Spanish Dressage Championships and participated in the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta. Flamenco was also a very active participant in national competitions, where he achieved well-deserved bronzes in the 1995 and 1996 Spanish Championships.

Internationally, he participated in numerous competitions, including his presence at Them Aspres, Saumur and Luxemburg, and his first place in the Kur Gran Prix test, at the competitions of Belgium and Denmark.

Having retired from competition in 1997, “Flamenco XX” returned to participating in the equitation of the REAAE, where he continued to take part in the Show 'Cómo Bailan los Caballos Andaluces' in the numbers: 'Aires a Caballo', 'Paso de Dos', 'Paso de Tres', 'Fantasía', 'Riendas Largas' and'Son y Ritmo'.

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CAR DE LA ANCCE

By José A. Fdez. Lineros

The ANCCE High-performance Center is located in the magnificent Chapin facilities in Jerez de la Frontera, on the site of the 2002 World Equestrian Games. This Center is dedicated in full to the training of the PRE. The magnificent professional staff, under the Technical Direction of Mr. Álvaro Domecq, work daily to train the PRE horses that the breeders have left in their care, with the faith that these horses will some day appear in the competition arenas, or so that they will be tested, and provided with a report about their qualities as competition horses. ANCCE, with this Center, offers all its members an extremely important tool for the selection and training of their horses.

ALVARO DOMECQ Technical Director of C.A.R (High-Performance Centre) How and when did the idea of creating a HighPerformance Center arise?

It is a project that had been in the minds of many breeders, other breeds in other countries have had them for many years, and they work very well.

What exactly are your tasks as Technical Director?

I organize the work and the methodology of the center; I distribute the horses to each rider and I plan the entries for the competitions and Spanish Championships.

What are the objectives of CAR-ANCCE? The objectives are to select horses from national breeding and seek out horses in top competition from when they start in dressage until the maximum level.

To reach competitive benchmarks, such as those that CAR-ANCCE has achieved, is very difficult and expensive, and a facility like CAR-ANCCE offers us must be taken advantage of to the maximum. We have had horses selected for the National Dressage Team, we have Champions of Spain several years running, and the breeders are putting their trust in this project more and more.

In addition, we have some top-class collaborators in terms of the services available at the Center, such as Purina, who supply us with top quality horse feed. Merial is in charge of the vaccination and worming of all the horses at CAR while Zotal takes care of disinfecting the facilities.

Do you think that the High Performance Center could be a good assessment tool for breeders, when selecting horses with competitive aptitudes?

Undoubtedly, it is already working as a reference with regards to competition and the breeders who bring their horses have an all-round evaluation of all their horse’s aptitudes: character and temperament, functionality, strength and behavior in competition.

In the current situation of dressage, do you believe that CAR has lost its reason for being, or on the contrary, is it or should it be more alive that ever?

There are no Centers like this in Spain and breeders have to select their horses individually. This, in many cases, is done without any professional advice. At CAR-ANCCE that entire infrastructure is within reach of the breeders at a magnificent price.

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JOSÉ A. GARCÍA MENA Chief Rider at CAR ANCCE

How many horses could each of the riders working at CAR ride per day?

getting better and better all the time. Then we have

There is not an exact number; it all depends on the number of horses in the stables at any one time, but between five and eight.

to have possibilities, he could make it.

another young horse, who, at five-years-old, appears Breeders can bring any horses they want to the High

How do you assign the horses to each ride?

Performance Center, but as a rider, what type of horse

We always try to balance the number of horses for each rider, so that when a new one arrives, it is given to the person who has the least.

would you like to have into your hands?

Do you ride the horses every day?

Yes, from Monday to Friday, they rest on Saturday and Sunday.

What system of work do you use?

In Spain everything focuses on conformation, and I think this is all fine, but if we want to have a PRE horse for high-level competition sports, we’ll have to seek out horses that move a little more and physically fit to tolerate the hard work. I think we need to find balance

All the riders follow the guidelines of Álvaro Domecq and we are also supervised by Rafael Soto and I tend to offer help to all the others, helping them solve the problems that arise; in any case, we want each person to develop their own riding style.

between conformation and functionality. They need

Of the horses that are in the stables at the moment, are there any that you feel has international potential?

Well yes, every two months, between us, Rafael Soto

Well, at the moment there are two horses at Gran Prix level that have already competed internationally, one belongs to Peralta Brothers—Solea XX—and the other to Alvaro Domecq—Remate III. They are still young and need a little more time, but they would appear to have a great future and we will try, a little further ahead, to be in the leading group, here in Spain; something that is very difficult, because riders are

to produce horses that are a little more functional.

Do you provide some type of report about the horse you are working with? and me, we watch each horse and we write up a report that indicates its progress in dressage, its possibilities for the future and everything that could interest the owner. Also, we advise about whether or not it is worthwhile for the horse to continue in training, in short, the idea is to get a little closer to the breeder, so that he/she knows the reality of the horse

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THE EXPERIENCE OF TWO BREEDERS WITH CAR-ANCCE José Antonio Revilla Yeguada Sierra Mayor Currently, we have two horses at CAR ANCCE, Osma, a bay stallion, son of Atiza, the Spanish National Champion, with a Señorio de Bariain brand and Retador, a chestnut stallion, with a Pallarés brand. Prior to this, our four-year-olds, Lucero Sierra Mayor, with our own brand, a son of Bienvenido III, and Leio Sierra Mayor, a son of Osma, were there.

We have the horses at CAR-ANCCE because we do not have any qualified riders on the property; therefore, we have to have our horses broken elsewhere. Previously, at private establishments, you do not always find good professionals or a correct training discipline.

Since we have had our horses at CAR-ANCCE, their levels of training have advanced a great deal, as they now strictly follow work plans for five days a week, with some magnificent riders and the best professional staff.

Each horse has its own individual training requirements,

which differ from all the others and here, animal’s work is individualized, which they advance much more.

e a c h is why

Today, our horses, adults and youngsters, are trained to a very good level of dressage, according to their age, so that they are able to be presented in any competition, be it conformational or dressage, with advantage that of their usual riders presenting them.

On the other hand, CAR-ANCCE is a magnificent showcase for our horses. The Center is visited by an endless number of potential buyers, because these buyers have greater guarantee when purchasing a young or adult horse trained by these riders, as they have very well laid training foundation.

We are also completely confident that our horses are perfectly cared for, both in the stables and by the veterinarians.

CAR-ANCCE stables

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Alvaro Domecq with CAR riders

Rafael Codina PRE Breeder How many horses do you have at CAR?

2005-2006 Successes of CAR-ANCCE horses

I have one here and I am delighted, I believe that this is something breeders should take advantage of because there are excellent professionals here and they can guide us with regards to the future of the horse.

Norte – Reserve Functionality Champion of Spain at SICAB 2005

Did you have horses in other Centers before?

Norte – Champion of Functionality at EQUISUR 2006 (Jerez) and Armilla 2006

Yes, but it is another world What is the difference?

Fundamentally the discipline at CAR, the order.... the horse is always ridden by the same rider; the horse is always looked after by the same groom....

How long has your horse been here?

For four months and my idea is, as soon as he reaches the age of three, I will bring another colt, who at present is only two. I would advise breeders to bring their horses as young as possible, so that they can begin their training, and avoid picking up any bad habits.

What do you want to achieve with the horses you bring to CAR-ANCCE? The first thing is that they advise me and that they advise me about the competition-type qualities that my horse has, so that this serves to guide my stud farm.

Norte – Functionality Champion of Spain SICAB 2006

Caracol – Reserve Champion of Spain SICAB 2006 Norte – Deemed Excellent by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 2006 Vencedor – Deemed Excellent by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 2006 Vencedor – ANCCE Cup Spanish National Champion of 4-year-olds in 2006 Solitario – Reserve Champion of Spain at the Saint George – Kur Intermedia I 2006 ANCCE Cup Remate – Champion at the Gran Prix Championship for the 2006 ANCCE Cup Osado – Reserve Dressage Champion 2005

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FROM NEWSPAPER ARCHIVES

New Regulations for the Purebred Stallion and Mare Studbook Register The Official State Bulletin, issue number 5, dated January 5, 1979, has published the Order by the Ministry of Defense of December 26, 1978, by which it approves the regulations for the Purebred Stallion and Mare Studbook Register There are some differences between this new Regulation and the previous one.

Article 2 covers the possibility that in the future, all those breeds that are currently not included, could be added, should the Studbook Register consider this to be important. To do so, inclusion of the said breed would be proposed to the Ministry of Defense who, as would be deemed appropriate, by Ministerial Order, would grant approval.

Article 3.1 establishes the constitution of the Studbook Register-Commission, in the section referring to the representation of the breeders, it states: “A representative of the breeders for each one of the abovementioned breeds, designated by their respective Associations and recognized by this Studbook Register.”

In article 386, it is established that “all the progeny of Purebred Spanish and Purebred Arab Horses and all others, as would be deemed appropriate in the future, will be tattooed, before weaning, on the internal face of the upper lip with some initials: two letters, previously chosen by the owner and authorized by the Studbook Register, as well as a being numerated, in the order of the births within a single year, plus a letter, designated by the Studbook Register, which will correspond to the year of birth.”

Article 38 establishes the regulatory scheme for the Qualification Commissions, which states the following: “The Qualification Commissions will be made up of a Official of the Cavalry, as the President—appointed by the General of Cría Caballar—a veterinarian, designated by the Provincial Office of Agriculture, and a breeder and resident, if at all possible, in another province, different to that in which the Commission has to act, proposed by the Purebred Spanish Horse Breeders’ Association and appointed by the Studbook Register.”

Article 40 lays out that “the score awarded to each animal within the scoring table established in the Order of the 15th of September of 1970 (BOE number 230), modified by the appendix to this Regulation, shall be final; nevertheless, if the score in the first examination reaches 65 points, but does not reach the established minimum of 70 points, the owner may request a new and single examination of the horse, when it turns four years of age. This examination will be definitive with regards to the animal being declared approved or not approved as breeding stock.

This editorial offers only some of the differences found in the (new) Regulations for the Studbook Register that are going into effect. However, and for more complete information, the inside pages offer the complete text of the new Regulations, with the appendix that includes the characteristics of the prototype of the Purebred Spanish Horse

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Historical records of the protection Horse Breeding

Vasallo II from Yeguada de Cardenas The initial movements leading up to the declaration of the breeding of Purebred Spanish Horses to be of national interest has some remarkably interesting historical records. Although the objectives that the points listed here were, among other things, the preservation of horses for the Armed Forces, you can argue today—and rightly so—that the preservation of the Purebred Spanish Horse, a native breed that is extremely prestigious the world around, means, no more and no less that the preservation of national heritage.

On January 17, 1347, (King) Alphonso XI gave the first instructions to protect the horse, ordering that equestrian livestock form a part of the Royal Livestock, so that they could have save transit throughout the Kingdom.

Later, John I of Castile formulated some regulations protecting horse owners against the frequent robberies they suffered.

In 1462, Henry IV of Castile, in an effort to promote horse breeding, gave an order prohibiting the use of Jack donkeys, especially in Andalusia, a region considered, since the most remote antiquity as being the most suitable and favorable for the breeding of horses.

The Catholic Monarchs passed a series of laws to promote the production of horses. One of them prohibited, under penalty of death and confiscation, that any animal be removed from the Kingdom, of whatever type (driving, saddle or unbroken). By virtue of another law, punishable by the loss of the ass or payment of a fine of 10,000 maravedis, no-one was to cover a mare or cross a mare with a stallion, without previous approval of this by the breeders of the Council.

Kingdom, any equestrian livestock or mule, or exchange these or leave them in a will, to this end. The penalty for this was death and the confiscation of property.

In 1562, Philip II (of Spain) ordered of the chief magistrates that each one, within their jurisdiction, should gather together the people most knowledgeable in this matter and report, as a whole, to the Council, the measures they considered most appropriate to increase the production of horses and to improve and select the type of horses. It was stated that where there were no stallions, the Council should buy one for every twenty-five mares, and ensure that the coverings take place with the due vigilance, so that good results would be obtained.

In 1566, it was ordered that anyone who has, for three years, twelve or more mares, could not be imprisoned for debts and in an effort to maintain the select Andalusian breeds pure and increase them, no mares could be removed from Andalusia to Castile.

Philip II founded the first Royal Stud Farm of Castile, which was established in the meadows of Old Cordoba (Cordoba la Vieja). This king completed his works of protection of equestrian breeding by establishing, in 1579, the first register of horses.

Philip III, although he increased the strictness of the laws established by the Catholic Monarchs with regards to the restriction of breeding mules, put the Neapolitan, Jerónimo Tiuti, in charge of the Royal Stud Farm of Cordoba.

Philip IV ordered all equestrian breeding to be handled by the Royal Board of the Cavalry in 1659.

In 1525, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ordered that the brothers of the Mesta retain all their privileges and that the Mayors “do not aggravate them over the registration of horses, mares and youngstock.”

With a Royal Proclamation dated August 11, 1695, Charles II ordered the creation of a general register of stallions, mares, colts and fillies and he established the use of the hot brand, requiring that each breeder should have his own brand, whose ownership was to be registered at each government seat in a book designed for this purpose.

In 1534, following the same line as the Catholic Monarchs, it was prohibited to donate, outside the territory of the

Philip V delegated the management of equestrian breeding to the bishop of Malaga, authorizing him so that he could

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prepare “the providences he considers necessary to have abundant quality horses.”

Later, a series of laws and measures were dictated to promote and protect horse breeding, especially in Andalusia and Extremadura. These laws were continued by Ferdinand VI (of Spain) with awards and encouragement on how to handle the registers, delimiting pastures and meadows and authorization for tax-free sales of horses.

In 1775 a summary of all the orders, laws and proclamations referring to the breeding of horses was published.

In 1772 exemption from military service was granted to one of the sons of breeders who had a certain number of mares, and the use of the Jack donkey was taxed.

In an ordinance of February 5, 1789, Charles IV prohibited owners of covering stables from having Jack donkeys, if they did not, at the same time, have horses; in the event of having a sire stallion, they had to have at least one horse for each two Jack donkeys.

In another ordinance of the 8th of September of the same year, previous laws, advantageous to the breeders, were confirmed: exemption from military service, from supplying lodgings, baggage and distributing barley and straw for the Army. It also stated that the general equine registration was annual.

On September 27, 1796, the Royal Board of the Cavalry separated from the Royal Council to include the Office of the School of Veterinary Science.

The Decree dated March 31, 1812, although the Parliament of Cadiz repealed all the laws and ordinances related to horses, use of Jack donkeys was still prohibited in Andalusia, Extremadura and Murcia.

In 1822, King Ferdinand VII, created a stud farm in Úbeda, followed, in 1829, by the creation of two stud farms—one in Cazorla and the other one in Sevilla—by the Crown Prince, Carlos Maria Isidro.

Eight of the stallion deposits, eliminated during the Carlist War, were re-established in 1842, of which five were in Andalusia: Cordoba, Jerez, Sevilla, Jaen and Granada.

The General Office of Agriculture, Industry and Trade was created by a Royal Order of March 3, 1847. It was run by a Board of Consultants for the promotion of the horse breeding.

On November 6th of 1864, the management of horse breeding was passed over to the Ministry of War, where it continued until 1904, when General Linares created the General Office of Horse Breeding and Cavalry, which, after having been a dependency, for a brief period of the Ministry of Development and of Agriculture, continues today to work under the dependency of the Ministry of Defense.

Lastly, it must be mentioned that the commission for the Registration of Purebred Stallions and Mares, was created by the Order of November 7, 1883, expanded by another of the 30th June 1892 and regulated by a third of March 1943.

It is a dependent of the Headquarters of Horse Breeding and Cavalry of the Army, Ministry of Defense, under the presidency of the Director General office, according to the Order of May 8, 1911.

Currently, the Regulations for the Registers of Purebred Stallions and Mares was approved according to the Ministry of Defense Order dated December 26, 1978 (State Bulletin number 5 of 1979).

Yeguada Lovera

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of horses. Due to this fact, he often acted as judge in national and international exhibitions. Thanks to his works and research, the Criollo horse did not disappear as a breed, purified and made perfect during more than three hundred years of natural selection.

In the course of an interview with a representative of this newspaper, Doctor Solanet narrated the zoo-technical selection that he carried out on his herd at “El Cardal”, in the state of Ayacucho, to recover the Criollo breed of horse. Likewise, he spoke of the difficulties faced in the defense of this breed that, together with a small group of horse breeders, he worked to hinder the crossbreeding of the breed, as an official commission sought to carry out. In another report, he also referred to the support that he offered Aime Tschiffely in 1925, in his “endurance ride” from Buenos Aires to New York, with the Criollo horses, “Gato” and “Mancha”, both born and bred on his farm in Ayacucho, demonstrated the qualities and resistance of the breed.

An unusual event: Foal “adopted” by a mare

Our dear friend, Mr. Ignacio Bravo Martínez, prestigious breeder of Purebred Spanish Horses, told us of a curious event, and he sent the photos that endorse the truth of the fact.

It is the “adoption” of a foal by a mare, ELVIRA who, when she was a two-year-old, won First Prize and Silver Medal at the Horse Fair of Jerez de la Frontera, having given birth a month and a half ago, “adopted” of her own accord, the smaller of the two foals that appear in the photos. Its mother, the mare, Kaza, had died at the birth. ELVIRA, the adoptive mother, has, to date, raised both two foals, hers and the adopted one, perfectly.

Doctor Solanet was born on April 28, 1887 in Ayacucho, and entered the local Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Science in 1910, being awarded the Gold medal for Best Student and another Gold Medal, for the best thesis. He was an Advisor for the Faculty on several occasions, as well as a member of the University High Council, from 1925 to 1927 and from 1929 to 1931. He was also the professor of zoo technology in that establishment from 1923 up to 1961.

In 1945 he was designated member of the National Academy of Agronomy and Veterinary Science, a corporation that resolved to name him Academic Emeritus three years ago.

In 1965, upon retirement, he was relieved of his professorial positions at the University of Buenos Aires and the sums that he had been paid and those that from now on would be, he donated entirely to the Municipal Hospital of Ayacucho.

As of 1910 he started to participate in scientific congresses as a zoo technical specialist, and from 1918 he was repeatedly a judge for the registration of Criollo horses in exhibitions of the Rural Society Argentina, as well as Uruguay, Brazil and the United States.

He was also a member of the Board of the Rural Argentina Society and of Commission of Dependent Breeders at this institution. He was honorary member of the breeder associations of horses from Uruguay, Brazil, Chile and Peru, as well as of the Commission for the Development of the War Horse of the Argentinean Army. He was also founder and president of the Criollo Horse Breeders’ Association.

President of the deliberative council of the Municipality of Ayacucho, he acted from 1924 to 1930 as representative before the Legislature of the Province of Buenos Aires. During those years he was elect president of the Commission for Agricultural Legislation. In 1928 and 1929 he was the secretary of the radical block in the Buenos Aires House of Representatives and in 1930, was representative at the National Congress, reelected in 1946.

In Memoriam: Dr. Emilio Solanet That he was the founder and promoter of the Criollo horse breed, would be enough merit with which to exalt the personality of Doctor Emilio Solanet and to ennoble his example of an Argentinean in love with his land, intimately identified with the traditional Criollo, venturesome, of romantic spirit, generous and with a clear vision of the future.

But this was not the only virtue of this patriarchal figure who died yesterday in Buenos Aires. Farmer, university professor, academic, legislator, author of highly significant projects and initiatives and publications about zoo technology, Doctor Solanet was an authority, unanimously recognized, in the breeding

While being a legislator, he presented many legal projects linked to the tasks and the defense of agriculture, as well as the promoting loans to rural workers and the construction of provincial schools. The salaries and honoraries that he was paid as a representative were also donated to charity for public benefit, education and grants for scholarship students to further their studies.

Doctor Solanet wrote “Treaty of Hipotechny”—a classic of Argentinean zoo technical literature—and also published around sixty works on the equine species in general and the Criollo horse in particular, as well on topics of parasitology, some of which were translated into English and French.

“THE PRESS” Buenos Aires, July 8, 1979

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El Caballo Breeders’ Magazine

ANCCE ASOCIACIÓN NACIONAL de CRIADORES The de CABALLOS de PURA RAZA ESPAÑOLA (Purebred Spanish Horse Breeders’ Association of Spain ) ANCCE-Cortijo de Cuarto (Viejo) 41014 Sevilla Telf.: 954 68 92 60 – Fax: 954 69 03 27 www.ancce.com - ancce@ancce.com ANCCE Libro Genealógico (Stud Book) Nuevo Torneo Empresarial Avenida de la Astronomía, S/N. Torre 3 Planta 9ª Oficina 5 Sevilla Telf.: 954 97 54 80 – 954 35 39 89 www. lgpreancce.com Advertising: Srta. Inmaculada Rodríguez Telf: 954 68 92 60 revista@ancce.com

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El Caballo Español Año XXIX Nº 182 Noviembre - Diciembre 2007

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El Caballo Español

nº 182

Noviembre - Diciembre 2007

PRE Didactico El Doping perjudica la selección si los rendimientos conseguidos se deben al uso de medios artificiales y no a la calidad intrínseca del animal

Enganches En tiempos del Emperador Adriano se podía ir desde Cádiz a la India a través de calzadas romanas

Historia del PRE El ocaso de la monta a la “jineta” fue el final de una moda que no duro mucho tiempo ni fue generalizada

Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caballos de Pura Raza Española