20141216_competition brief_terra_dignitas_part_2_eng by Anna Bondar

CONTENT COMPETITION BRIEF PART Đ&#x2020;Đ&#x2020; D Background E List of Appendixes

D D.1 D.1.1 D.1.2 D.1.3 D.1.4 D.1.5 D.1.6 D.1.7

Background...................................................................................................................................................................................7 Special features of the Competition preparation............................................................................................................................8 Fundamental principles of organizing the Competition...............................................................................................................8 Course of Events......................................................................................................................................................................................9 Set of problems of working out the Program and conditions of the Competition.............................................................10 Public opinion investigation................................................................................................................................................................12 Competition popularization.................................................................................................................................................................13 Community involvement into organization of the Competition...............................................................................................14 The key conclusions from the preparatory phase........................................................................................................................16

D.2 D.2.1 D.2.2 D.2.3 D.2.4 D.2.5 D.2.6 D.2.7 D.2.8 D.2.9

Ukraine......................................................................................................................................................................................................19 Geography and demographics............................................................................................................................................................19 History.......................................................................................................................................................................................................19 Economy...................................................................................................................................................................................................19 Politics.......................................................................................................................................................................................................19 Religion....................................................................................................................................................................................................20 Settlement system................................................................................................................................................................................20 Development Strategy.........................................................................................................................................................................20 Ecological Conditions...........................................................................................................................................................................20 Political Update......................................................................................................................................................................................21

D.3 D.3.1 D.3.2 D.3.3 D.3.4 D.3.5 D.3.6 D.3.7 D.3.8 D.3.9 D.3.10

Kyiv............................................................................................................................................................................................................23 General information..............................................................................................................................................................................23 History......................................................................................................................................................................................................23 Urban development..............................................................................................................................................................................23 Transport..................................................................................................................................................................................................24 Tourism.....................................................................................................................................................................................................25 Nature, climate, landscape..................................................................................................................................................................25 The socio-economic situation............................................................................................................................................................25 Kyiv 2025 development strategy................................................................................................................................................... 26 Urban planning documentation........................................................................................................................................................26 Socio-political situation...................................................................................................................................................................... 27

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D.4 D.4.1 D.4.2 D.4.3 D.4.4 D.4.5 D.4.6 D.4.7 D.4.8 D.5 D.5.1 D.5.2 D.5.3 D.5.4 D.5.4.1 D.5.4.2 D.5.5

Core of the city center.........................................................................................................................................................................29 City development..................................................................................................................................................................................29 Functional zoning .................................................................................................................................................................................30 Traffic load..............................................................................................................................................................................................30 Public space.............................................................................................................................................................................................31 Archeological insight...........................................................................................................................................................................32 Historical and cultural significance.................................................................................................................................................32 Conservation Status of the Territory and Land Use Requirements.......................................................................................34 Restrictions for design........................................................................................................................................................................35 Revolution of Dignity...........................................................................................................................................................................37 Maidan: political events XX c. – the beginning of XXI c............................................................................................................37 Background of Revolution of Dignity.............................................................................................................................................38 Maidan in data.......................................................................................................................................................................................40 Revolution of Dignity space and timeline.......................................................................................................................................51 The Chronology.......................................................................................................................................................................................51 Revolution of Dignity in the space of the Kyiv city core..........................................................................................................58 Tragic Events of the Revolution of Dignity. Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred. Anthem of the Heavenly Hundred Order of Heroes of Heavenly Hundred. Knights of the Order of the Heavenly Hundred. Order “Golden Star”. Heroes of Ukraine. Alley of the Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred........................................................................................60

D.6 New social practices that emerged during the Revolution of Dignity. Hundreds of Maidan.........................................68 D.6.1 Social initiatives that provide livelihoods of Maidan..................................................................................................................70 D.6.1.1 Euromaidan-SOS....................................................................................................................................................................................70 D.6.1.2 Maidan Hospital.....................................................................................................................................................................................70 D.6.1.3 Automaidan (Automobile Maidan)....................................................................................................................................................70 D.6.1.4 Auto-dozor (Automobile-patrol).........................................................................................................................................................70 D.6.1.5 Medics of Maidan...................................................................................................................................................................................71 D.6.1.6 Maidan-Hackathon IT-group................................................................................................................................................................71 D.6.1.7 Self-Defense of Maidan (Samooborona)..........................................................................................................................................71 D.6.1.8 Maidan Kitchens....................................................................................................................................................................................72 D.6.1.9 Maidan Information Center ................................................................................................................................................................73 D.6.1.10 Headquarters. People’s Union “Maidan”..........................................................................................................................................73 D.6.1.11 Press Centers of Maidan. Journalists on Maidan..........................................................................................................................73 D.6.1.11.1 Euromaidan Public Responsibility.....................................................................................................................................................74 D.6.1.11.2 Maidan Press Center.............................................................................................................................................................................74 D.6.1.11.3 Media-village of Maidan (Media-Mistechko)..................................................................................................................................74 D.6.1.12 Help Centers...........................................................................................................................................................................................75 D.6.1.12.1 Victims of Maidan Help Center “Family Maidan”........................................................................................................................75 D.6.1.12.2 Help to Victims in Kyiv.......................................................................................................................................................................75 D.6.1.12.3 Hospital Watch.....................................................................................................................................................................................76 D.6.1.12.4 Public Hospital......................................................................................................................................................................................76 D.6.1.13 Spiritual Centers of Maidan................................................................................................................................................................76 D.6.1.14 Maidan Mailing Service........................................................................................................................................................................77 D.6.2 Educational initiatives of Maidan.....................................................................................................................................................78 D.6.2.1 D.6.2.2 D.6.3 D.6.3.1 D.6.3.2 D.6.3.3 D.6.3.4 D.6.4 D.6.4.1

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Maidan Library.......................................................................................................................................................................................78 Maidan Open University......................................................................................................................................................................78 Cultural initiatives of Maidan.............................................................................................................................................................78 Art Hundred............................................................................................................................................................................................78 Artistic Barbican....................................................................................................................................................................................78 Open Air Cinema Screening ................................................................................................................................................................79 BikeFarm..................................................................................................................................................................................................79 Initiatives for the Memory of Maidan.............................................................................................................................................79 Starting the Maidan Museum and museumification of remarkable/historical sites of Revolution of Dignity events........................................................................................................................................................79

D.6.4.2 D.6.4.3 D.6.4.4 D.6.4.5 D.6.4.6 D.6.4.7

Web-portal of Revoluton of Dignity “ Documentary reconstruction”....................................................................................80 “Garden in the City” created for the children of the Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred..................................................80 Preserving the History of Maidan Foundation.............................................................................................................................80 Oral history of Maidan.........................................................................................................................................................................81 “Memorial to the Heavenly Hundred” Student Competition.....................................................................................................81 Oleksandr Plekhanov Young Architects Competition.................................................................................................................81

D.7 D.7.1 D.7.2 D.7.3 D.7.4 D.7.5 D.7.6 D.7.7 D.7.8 D.7.9 D.7.10 D.7.11 D.7.12

Buildings that were used during the Revolution of Dignity to accommodate the needs of participants of Maidan...............................................................................................................................................82 Union Building.......................................................................................................................................................................................82 Ukrainian House....................................................................................................................................................................................83 St. Michael’s Golden-Domed Monastery........................................................................................................................................84 Former Hospital Building on 7, Triokhsviatytelska St................................................................................................................85 Zhovtnevy/October Palace Building...............................................................................................................................................86 Conservatory Building.........................................................................................................................................................................87 Kyiv City Council Building..................................................................................................................................................................88 House of Architect................................................................................................................................................................................89 Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Building......................................................................................................89 UKOOPspilka (Central Union of Consumer Associations of Ukraine)....................................................................................90 “Ukraina/Ukraine” Hotel.......................................................................................................................................................................91 Ministry of Justice of Ukraine...........................................................................................................................................................92

List of Appendixes................................................................................................................................................................................93 Sources.....................................................................................................................................................................................................94

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BACKGROUND

D.1

SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE COMPETITION PREPARATION During the revolutionary events of 2013/2014 the word Maidan ceased to mean merely a certain area in the Kyiv centre, but grew to denote a place where political society is shaped and where new social practices develop. Large-scale transformations that have taken place in the society need suitable spatial changes that can reflect the processes of updating of social relations. Therefore, in order to find the best solutions for the redevelopment of urban spaces, it was decided to organize the contest as an efficient creative competition. The preparation of the Competition took as long as nine months (April to December 2014). During this period the Ukrainian Competition for the Best Idea of the Heavenly Hundred Heroes Memorial Complex in Kyiv was transformed into the International Open Competition for Reinventing the Public Space in the Kyiv City Core and Commemorating the Events of the Revolution of Dignity “THE TERRITORY OF DIGNITY / TERRA DIGNITAS”. What is unique is that the Program and Conditions of the Competition are based on the opinions and requests from the public, which the Competition Organizers and the Public Expert Council were carefully studying, recording and analysing for six months (May to November 2014), in the course of the wide public discussion. (D.1.4) The Competition was organized with the help of more than 40 volunteers, both students and professionals. The Organizer of the Competition took on the role of the general coordinator and moderator of the process.

D.1.1

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZING THE COMPETITION

The Competition is an important component of largescale actions of “reformatting” Ukraine, initiated by Maidan and designed to promote and reproduce in space and time the new relationships between people. From the very beginning the organizers emphasized the fundamental principles of organizing the Competition, which later, in the course of work, were not only followed, but also enhanced according to the requests of the Kyiv community. Fundamental principles of organizing the Competition: - The right to determine the subject matter and the ideology of the Competition belongs to the people of Ukraine.

- There should be a wide public discussion of the Program and Conditions of the Competition, as well as of the submitted competition proposals. - The Competition is international and open. - There are no professional level limitations for the proposals submitted for the Competition (for the first time in Ukraine). - The Competition is focused on the practical implementation of the best proposals and must go beyond being just a formality. - The Competition aims to cohesion, integrity, ideological, stylistic and functional unity of proposals, rather than to an eclectic set of isolated spatial and functional solutions. - The Competition is supposed to be financed by donations.

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D.1.2

COURSE OF EVENTS

24 February, 2014 (the second day after the victory of the Revolution of Dignity) the Department of City Planning and Architecture and the National Union of Architects of Ukraine signed the Memorandum on the creation of the Memorial complex to the perished Heavenly Hundred Heroes on a competitive footing. 23 April, 2014 (the second month after the tragic events of the Revolution of Dignity) the preparatory stage of the holding of “All-Ukrainian contest for the best concept of the Heavenly Hundred Heroes Memorial Complex in Kyiv” was announced by the joint decision of the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine and Kyiv City State Administration. 6 May – 29 July, 2014 (the third – fifth month after the victory of the Revolution of Dignity) the first round of the public discussion (every Tuesday in Kyiv House of Architect) was held in the course of which the following was presented: - public initiatives connected with the immortalization of the memory the Revolution of Dignity events, the reconstruction of the central part of the capital, new social practices of people’s unity and activity;

2 September – 21 October, 2014 (the seventh – eighth month after the victory of the Revolution of Dignity) the second round of public discussions was held in the course of which a new way of public opinion working out (work in circles) was introduced, theses on the Program and Terms of the competition were formed, four competition nominations were defined. As a whole approximately 1500 visitors took part in both rounds of public discussions. Presentations of the competition preparation results were held in Lviv and Dnipropetrivsk. 21 October – 1 December, 2014 (the eighth – ninth month after the victory of the Revolution of Dignity) the public experts’ council and a group of volunteers formed from students of architecture and professional interpreters prepared the Competition task. 21 November, 2014 (the anniversary of the beginning of the Revolution of Dignity) – the opening of the exhibition in Kyiv Maydan about the results of the competition organization preparatory stage and two rounds of public discussions.

- experts’ reports on archeology, history, city planning development of the projecting territory, problems of the memory policy, phenomenology of symbols etc. As a consequence the competition became a joint project that united diverse public initiatives. The competition presentation was held in Lviv, professional higher educational institutions of Kyiv (NAFAA, KNUCA, NAU) and of Lviv (NU “Lviv Polytechnic”). Upon public discussions the experts group formed a new vision of the competition and made a decision together with the community on the necessity of holding the International open competition for the concept of renewed public space of Kyiv central core memorializing the events of the Revolution of Dignity – “TERRITORY OF DIGNITY”/ «TERRA DIGNITAS». August, 2014 (the sixth month after the victory of the Revolution of Dignity) – the opening of the exhibition “Search for ways of memorializing the events of the Revolution of Dignity and immortalization of the Heavenly Hundred Heroes memory” (the course of preparatory works), published at Ukrainian Cossack Forces cost in Kyiv Maydan.

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D.1.3

SET OF PROBLEMS OF WORKING OUT THE PROGRAM AND CONDITIONS OF THE COMPETITION

The process of Contest task preparation was complicated by the approaching events of Revolution of Dignity (less than a year has passed after the Revolution victory); psychological traumas of citizens, caused by war commenced in the East. In the state of uncertainty was not only the “memory policy”, but also the comprehension of the events of Revolution of Dignity in social, economic, political and philosophical aspects, which was just beginning. The Contest organizers actually had to develop principal thesis to work out the memory policy, to go through the way of scientific research and develop the Program and conditions based on new principles. They had to work in situation of thought and sense polarity, which mirrored the state of consciousness of the Ukrainian society in the first half of a year of postrevolutionary events. The next problematic aspect was consisted of the lack of civilized public discussion practice, mechanisms of cooperation with the community while decision-making in the city, as in Soviet and post-Soviet society citizens have always been excluded from decision-making. In traditional public hearing (directly before the beginning of construction work at the site) people could only “listen” to someone who had already made a decision and beforehand accomplished the design work. This scheme of relationship between business, government and community led to many “buildings” war. In order to solve this problem it was necessary to overcome an existing destructive practice of public relations and initiate the other cooperation with the government, business and experts on decision-making level. This aspect is crucial as all the problems are solved among people, and on the concrete areas the concerted decisions are carried out by relevant institutions. Well-coordinated communication between all action makers and commonly taken decisions – are the keys to practical implementation of the Contest and its results. Public discussions of the Program and conditions of the Contest became the precedent of open interaction between the government, the public, businesses and experts. This first experience is unique for our country, though being the first – and painful. Important milestone stages in exploring the Contest objectives were breaking from stereotypes about “obligatory anthropomorphic monument”; Soviet-style memory fixation in urban space; “inability to negotiate”;

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thinking at the “object” level then at the “territory” level etc. Yet the meaning – is not in the construction of large-scale building, but in the implementation in urban space values of dignity, unity, freedom, which the Maidan stood for, the light hopes of Maidan heroes to live in free democratic Ukraine.

PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS OF COMPETITION BRIEF

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D.1.4

PUBLIC OPINION INVESTIGATION

During the preparatory stage and 1st round of public discussions (April – July 2014) the organizers conducted several surveys on ideological component of memorial complex, on selection format of the best decision and most effective method of public involvement to develop the Program and conditions of the Contest. On the website nebesna.kga.gov.ua was held the questionnaire, to which responded online 319 participants. During each public discussion the questionnaires with questions were given to the visitors. With the help of volunteers from «Maidan Mediamistechko» and Ukrainian Kozak Forces, in June 2014 677 people were interviewed live at Maidan. The survey was conducted over the weekends, among the respondents are: Maidan people, Kyiv citizens and tourists. In total 996 people were interviewed.

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All questionnaires were processed and distributed thoroughly. Survey results ant public discussion thesis is open for public on the Contest website. The survey results were taken into consideration at the public discussions every Tuesday and influenced on “questions to be discussed” and reflection of visitors. This approach of developing the Program and conditions of the Contest is a modern approach in Ukraine. For the first time in Ukraine the Program and conditions of the Contest are based on community social request.

D.1.5

COMPETITION POPULARIZATION

Since April 2014 was launched an official website of the Contest www.nebesna.kga.gov.ua, which presented the Program draft and conditions of the Contest. Also during this period were created page (1093 likes) and group (650 members) in social network Facebook. In September 2014 in connection with a change in the status of an international contest, was launched a new website www.terradignitas.kga.gov.ua. As of 28.11.2014 the total number of visitors of both websites reached 10 201 people from 90 countries all over the world. Information about the Contest was spread to the regional offices of the National Union of Architects of Ukraine and the National Union of Artists of Ukraine, relevant departments, executive bodies of local and regional councils, professional education institutions in Ukraine and the world, the International Union of Architects, experts in the fields of architecture, city planning and monumental art.

Information about public discussions systematically spread on Facebook pages, devoted to the events of Euromaidan and the memory of Heavenly Hundred Heroes, and in professional communities of architecture and city planning. The presentations of the Contest were held in Lviv and Dnipropetrovsk.

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D.1.6

COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT INTO ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPETITION

The process of broad public discussion of the Program and of the terms and conditions of the Contest is a unique case of active community participation in development of a common vision for the center of Kyiv. Community participation at all phases and levels ensured transparency of decision-making by Organizers of the Contest and the confidence of that the Program and the conditions meet social expectations. In fact, a new format of public debate has been developed, which inspired confidence among Kyivites. A huge amount of work has been accomplished by student architects from the major specialized universities of Kyiv: the field research of the design site, photofixation, blueprinting, assistance in decoding audio files, etc. The Public Council of Experts, consisting of specialists in various fields, have spent more than 100 hours for joint meetings, development of the structure and content of the Program, as well as the terms and conditions of the Contest. More than 15 professional translators worked on the English-language version of the assignment.

VOLUNTEERS - STUDENT ARCHITECTS

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PUBLIC EXPERT COUNCIL MEETINGS

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D.1.7

THE KEY CONCLUSIONS FROM THE PREPARATORY PHASE

The two rounds of public discussion unfolded under the common thesis: every opinion matters and is very important. Based on the principles of openness, transparency, and free access to information, an absolutely new format of public debate was established and improved, and it then developed in the process of decision-making. Over the six months of 2014, on Tuesdays, the “green” table in the House of Architect was attended by people with their citizenship position, being both professionals, community activists, administrators, business people, residents, and others. The discussions were conducted in the framework of the agenda. All the content of the voiced opinions, positions were presented on the “screen”, which made it possible to resolve individual misunderstandings and conflicts. The information obtained was then properly structured and passed over to the “circles”, where the community jointly developed theses for the Program and for the terms and conditions of the contest. The jointly made decisions were seen as fundamental ones when processing the final version of the Program and terms and conditions of the Contest. There were significant advances in overcoming mindset stereotypes. In the course of the discussions, the initial idea of a separately standing monument to the fallen heroes of the Heavenly Hundred was transformed into a qualitatively updated social request. For the first time in the history of Ukraine, the community has formulated its own social need for the enhanced public space of the central core of the city of Kyiv in line with commemoration of the events of the Revolution of Dignity, which was named “THE TERRITORY OF DIGNITY” (“TERRA DIGNITAS”).

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WORK-OUT OF COMPETITION BRIEF “IN ROUNDS“

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D.2

UKRAINE

D.2.1

GEOGRAPHY AND DEMOGRAPHICS

Ukraine is a country of Eastern Europe. Its total area is 603,628 km2 (the largest wholly European country). Length — 1316 km (west-east) and 893 km (northsouth). It has common borders with Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, unrecognized Transnistria, Belarus and Russia. Ukraine is located in a zone of temperate continental climate. Main natural zones — mixed forest, forest steppe and steppe. Relief: 95% plains; there are mountains: Ukrainian Carpathian and Crimean. Ukraine borders Black and Azov seas to the South. Biggest rivers of Ukraine are Dnipro, Siverian Donets, Southern Buh and Danube. Population as of 1st of January, 2014 — 45,426,200. According to 2001 census, majority of population (77.82%) are Ukrainians; the biggest ethnic minorities are Russians (17.28%), Belarusians (0.57%), Moldovans (0.54%), Crimean Tatars (0.51%), Bulgarians (0.42%), Hungarians (0.32%), Romanians (0.31%), Poles (0.3%), Jews (0.21%) and Armenians (0.21%).

D.2.2

During the Soviet period, Ukraine experienced three famines (during 1932-1933 at least 4 mln people died) and some waves of political repressions. During the Second World War military and civilian victims among Ukraine’s population were from 8 to 10 mln; in 1944 Crimean Tatars deportation was put into execution. After the war a guerrilla war against Soviet power was leading in the Western Ukraine, in spite of repressions the Sixtiers movement developed that laid foundation for independence gaining. On August 24, 1991, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. During the next two decades the country gradually got rid of its Soviet past by protests, meetings and the Orange Revolution. The Revolution of Dignity during the winter 2013-2014 became the spike of that process. Due to the peculiarities of its geopolitical situation and historical destiny Ukraine had not had its own state for centuries, from the last century it escaped as a postcolonial, post-totalitarian and post-genocide state. However Ukrainians kept their language, culture and striving for independence. In spite of external aggression Ukraine is in the process of active development of a modern political nation. D.2.3

HISTORY

The history of Ukrainian national identity goes back to IX-X centuries, when the Old Rus state with the capital in Kyiv was founded. In the period of prosperity (X-XI) it was one of the biggest countries in Europe. Later the country experienced Tatar invasion (1240), Grand Duchy of Lithuania (XIV) and Rzeczpospolita (XVI) affiliation. In the meantime the phenomenon of Cossacks – free warriors that joined to protect the Southern border, appeared. Cossack troops established their own state – the Zaporozhian Sich that was based on democratic principles of electivity. Cossacks contributed to culture and education (with financial support from hetman Petro Sahaidachnyi the first university, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, was founded in the country in 1615). In the middle of XVII under command of hetman Bohdan Khmelnytskyi a war against Poland was launched, and in 1680 the self-governing Ukrainian state, Hetmanschyna, was established. At the end of XVIII this state as well as Zaporozhian troops were abolished by Catherine the II, the empress of Russia. Till 1917 the Ukrainian lands became the colonies of the Russian Empire. After the fall of monarchy the own government was established in Ukraine, in 1918 a sovereign Ukrainian People’s Republic was declared. There was a war in the country, bolshevists won, and in 1922 Ukraine was included into the Soviet Union.

ECONOMY

In Soviet times, the economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important industrial and agricultural component of the country’s economy. Since 1991, the country moved from a planned economy to a market economy. Agricultural land occupies 70% of the total land stock. Word leader in the production of sunflower seed oil (4.65 ml ton). Among growing sectors is information technology (IT) market. Main industries: mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, aircraft building, production of carrier rockets, satellites, military equipment, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, production of the equipment for power stations, oil-and-gas and chemical industry, production of the electricity. Main exports: ferrous metallurgy and cereals (Ukraine is a top three player). Ukraine is a member of WTO (since 2008). According to the World Bank research, Ukraine is a state with average income level. GDP in 2013 was 1 444 billion UAH (7373,99 USD) per capita. D.2.4

POLITICS

The political system of Ukraine is determined by the Constitution of Ukraine (adopted in 1996, amended in 2004 and 2014). Ukraine is a unitary democratic parliamentarypresidential republic. It has a multi-party system. The main institutions of state power are: the President, Parliament (legislative), the Cabinet of Ministers (executive) and the Supreme

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Court of Ukraine, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and specialized economic and administrative courts (judicial). The Attorney-General’s office performs the function of supervision. On May 25, 2014, the snap election of the President of Ukraine took place. Petro Poroshenko won the presidential election (54.7%). The elections to the Parliament are held according to a proportional-majoritarian system. Following the snap parliamentary elections of October, 26, 2014, the VIIIth Verkhovna Rada included 6 parties: People’s front, Petro Poroshenko’s bloc, “Samopomich”, Opposition bloc, Radical Party and All-Ukrainian Union “Batkivshchyna”. D.2.5

The population of Ukraine – is multinational (more than 130 ethnic groups, 51 of which – with a population of more than 1% of residents). Ukrainians make the majority (70-90% of the population) in 20 out of 27 country regions; Russians dominate in Donetsk and Luhansk regions (40%) and in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (58.3%). Crimean Tatars make the 12% of the population of the peninsula. Representatives of national minorities (Greeks, Moldavians, Romanians, Polish, Germans, Gipsy, Czechs, etc.) tend to live in tight groups. D.2.7

Social and political crisis of 2013-2014 finally led to legalization of the European vector of Ukraine development. With the government change, as a result of the Revolution of Dignity, was made possible signing at first the political part of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU (21 March 2014), and later – the economic part (27 June 2014). On 6th August the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine issued an enactment № 385 “On approval of the State Regional Development Strategy for the period till 2020” www.reforms.in.ua/2020). And on 27th September president Petro Poroshenko issued socalled “Strategy-2020” – a comprehensive program that anticipates structural changes in economy, management, humanitarian and social spheres (more details on http://reforms.in.ua/2020/). The main slogan for “Strategy-2020” – is “Ukrainian idea. Dignity. Freedom. Future”. The program involves the introduction of more than 60 reforms aiming to bring Ukraine in the top-20 contries in the ease of doing business, redoubling (up to $16 thousand) GDP per capita, anti-corruption and judicial reform, decentralization and public administration reform, healthcare system reform (increase in life expectancy of 3 years was declared). “Strategy-2020” also involves the program on energy independence of Ukraine and popularization program of Ukraine in the world.

RELIGION

Ukraine is a secular state. Church is independent of the state, freedom of conscience and religion is guaranteed by the Constitution. Since the time Ukraine gained its independence, there is a steady tendency in growth of believers in the society. Vast majority are Christians (90,2 % of the total number of believers). Distribution by confessions: 72% are Christians of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church; 15,8% are Greek Catholics and Roman Catholics, 2,4% are Protestants. Among the unchristian religions the most popular are Muslim (0,6%) and Judaism (0,2%). Since 1996, All Ukrainian council of Churches and religious organizations operates in the country, and unites about 90% of religious communities of Ukraine. The geographic distribution of religions and religious communities is non-uniform: there are 34,5% (11642 communities) in the west region, 23% (7762 communities) in the central region, 17,3% (5853 communities) in the south region, 9,3% (3138 communities) in the east region of Ukraine. D.2.6

SETTLEMENT SYSTEM

Ukraine – is a unitary state. Administrative-territorial division of the country is: Autonomous Republic of Crimea, 24 regions, 490 districts (two of them have the status of national importance: Kyiv, capital of Ukraine, and Sevastopol), 884 urban villages and 28 457 villages. The main settlement tendency – is the excessive concentration of population and production in large cities, the slow development of small towns and villages reduction (4.3 thousand less comparing to 1965). The urban population is 69.1%, the village – 30.9%. The main cities (above 1 million inhabitants) are: Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk and Odessa. The most densely populated are eastern and western regions and also Kyiv and Kyiv region.

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DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

D.2.8

ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

The territory of Ukraine has approximately 35 % of European biodiversity. At the same time, ecological situation in Ukraine is rather far from optimal. Factors that affect ecology include consequences of Chornobyl catastrophe, extensive and inefficient use of land resources, significant concentration of industrial facilities and low standards and conditions of production. Forest covers only 15,6 % of the territory of Ukraine; agricultural development covers 72%; 49% of agricultural land is eroded, 32% is flooded. The area of more than 160 thousand hectares is used for collecting wastes (400 tons per person). The condition of water pools is near critical (pollution, corruption

of ecosystems). The main centers of concentration of ecological problems are city agglomerations and industrial areas. Proportion of polluted effluence in general is 28%, in some regions (Chernivtsy, Odessa, Donetsk, Kharkiv, Luhansk) – up to 50-70%. One third of harmful emissions originate in Donetsk region. In 78 cities, the content of harmful elements in the air exceeds 60 times the norm, in water – ten times. Life expectancy in Ukraine is 66,3 years for men and 76,2 years for women. The population is both aging and declining: the mortality rate (14,6) exceeds the birth rate (11,1). D.2.9

With this, the fact of presence of Russian troops on the territory of Ukraine was acknowledged. It is almost 9 months that Ukraine lives in a state of undeclared war. Nevertheless, presidential (May 25, 2014) and parliamentary (October 26, 2014) elections were held in the country.

POLITICAL UPDATE

After achieving Independence in 1991 (90,32 % of the population in a Countrywide Referendum on December 1, 1991 voted in favor of independence), Ukraine has taken up the path of ideological and political de-Sovietization and decolonization. Since then, the country saw the following protest movements: “Ukraine without Kuchma” campaign (2001-2004), Orange Revolution (2004-2005), “Tax Maidan,” etc. The V. Yanukovych’s regime ( Jan 2010 – Feb 2014) has brought about further deterioration of economic conditions, expansion of corruption and the rollback of democratic rights and freedoms (e.g. freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, etc.). The society responded by the unprecedented number of protests: 2305 protests in 2010; 2277 – in 2011; 3636 – in 2012; 3428 – in 2013 (up to November). President Yanucovych’s refusal to sign the EU Association Agreement provoked social and political crisis and triggered the Revolution of Dignity. From November 2013 to February 23, 2014, 3950 protests took place in the country, including 3235 directly connected with Maidan (or Euro-Maidan - as it was called at the beginning), and 365 – with the so-called Anti-Maidan (for more details see: www.cedos.org.ua). Initially, the protests had peaceful character; however, tension gradually escalated after crackdowns and first victims. Days of February 18-20 have become crucial; it is in these days that more than a hundred protestors (Heavenly Hundred) were killed by snipers on Independence Square (Maidan) and Institutska Street. That caused President Yanukovych’s removal from power and forced him to flee the country. Shortly after, a new government has been formed. Within a week, the 2014 Crimean crises started when Russian Federation initiated a campaign of annexing Crimea, while in April, confrontation in the Eastern Ukraine intensified, and on April 14, 2014, Acting President O. Turchynov signed the decree initiating an Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO).

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D.3

KYIV

D.3.1

GENERAL INFORMATION

Kyiv is one of the largest and oldest cities in Europe. It is a separate administrative unit in Ukraine (according to the Law of Ukraine “On the capital of Ukraine – Hero City of Kyiv”) and the administrative centre of Kyiv oblast. Central government, diplomatic missions and offices of international organizations are located here, in Kyiv. It is also social and economic, transport, scientific and educational centre of the country. Kyiv is located in the north of Ukraine on the verge of Polissia and forest-steppe zone on both banks of the Dnipro in its middle reaches. City area is 836 square kilometres and its length along the banks f the Dnipro is more than 20 kilometres. Kyiv is divided into 10 administrative districts. Its population Населення (on Sep. 1 2014) was 2 875 572 people. Together with its suburbs Kyiv forms the Kyiv agglomeration (with population over 5 million inhabitants).

D.3.2

HISTORY

Kyiv was founded at the end of 5th century AD at the crossroads of important trade routes connecting South and North, Europe and Asia. In the Middle Ages Kyiv was one of the richest cities in Europe, the capital of Kyiv Rus. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rzeczpospolita and Russian Empire Kyiv remained its importance as a provincial capital, and culture and education centre. In the 19th century the city became a powerful economic and financial centre, the ‘sugar capital’ of the empire. For centuries Kyiv was also an important centre of religious life (owing to pilgrimage to the Lavra and other holy places). During its history, Kyiv was repeatedly conquered, seized, and consequently ruined due to its unique geographical location. As it happened in 1169 after the troops of Andriy Boholiubskyi, the Duke of Volodymyr and Suzdal, plundered the city, in 1240 during the Mongol invasion, in 1482 after the attack of Crimean Tatars, in the middle of the 17th century during the liberation war led by Bohdan Khmelnytskyi and during the World war II. Fires and floods also devastated Kyiv many times. But each time after the destruction, the city revived; without bias, Kyiv can be called the most cheerful city in Ukraine.

D.3.3

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Urban development of Kyiv is based on the features of right (west) bank of Dnieper relief. Steep slopes (the highest point - 110 meters above the river) enabled defensive function, the presence of the river - the development of trade functions. Urban development Kyiv for 1.5 thousand years. X century - forming the nucleus of ancient Kyiv: upper forced administrative - defense part (Starokyivskiy hill) and lower unfortified trade and craft part. X – XII century Kyiv is the capital of Kievan Rus. During this period, political role of the city and its administrative and ideological function reaches a peak. Crafts, trade and construction has developed. Kyiv grew up. There were erected Sophia Cathedral, plenty churches, monasteries, palaces. During this period Kyiv had three parts: The Upper “Prince” city, Podil and Pechersk (Caves Monastery). XIII - XVII century –is the period of feudal fragmentation and foreign powers. Kyiv`s territory hadn`t grew up. Reconstruction of buildings and military fortifications (1416, 1482, 1651, 1679, 1687). XIX century - active construction of military fortifications (Kyiv Fortress), administrative and public buildings, palace complexes. Reconstruction of cathedrals and churches of the period of Middle Ages (X-XII c.). Building area of the city grew up to three times. XIX - early XX century - in 1811 the lower part of the city - Podil - completely burnt by fire. First Master Plan of Kyiv was developed (arch. V. Heste). Podil was rebuilt in the system of perpendicular streets, typical for new cities of XVIIIc. In 1837 it was developed a new Master plan of Kyiv (arch. V.Beretti). Three separate parts of the city (Upper city, Podil and Pechersk) had to unite. Khreschatyk str. became a central axis of the city. Pechersk and Upper City united at the present Maidan Nezalezhnosti, Pechersk and Podil on present European Square. There had appeared a regular quarterly plan. There were constructed the first stationary Chain Bridge across the Dnieper.

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Mid-ХІХ century Kyiv grew up as a center of domestic trade. Population and the city territory increased intensively. In the beginning of XX c. city has covered by “building boom”. The city center became a multi-store (5-stores apartment buildings). Downtown built actively. Since 1918 urban development is on the path of industrial (socialist) development. Residential, industrial and administrative building, planned with industrial methods in Kyiv unfolds. In the early 1920’s there was recovered utilities, tram connection, from 1925 - bus traffic. There were rebuilt Kyiv plants “Arsenal”, “Bolshevik”, “Artem”, “Lenin kuznya”, factory of Karl Marx etc. By 1927 Kyiv included to the city more than 20 settlements. 1934, after returning the status of capital, Kyiv city had a fundamental transformation. With the intention of creating a government center at St. Michael’s Square there was demolished St. Michael’s Monastery. Here was built the building of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks). In the fight against religion there were destroyed many churches and cultural heritage.

In present - Kyiv increases mainly due to development of Troeschina, Osokorky, Poznyaky and Vyshenky in type of residential high-rise building (16 floors and above). Downtown is compacted. Business, administrative and trading function are developed. Basic urban planning documentation of Kyiv D.3.9 D.3.4

1930 There were built a number of administrative buildings, constructed as houses with central heating, hot water, elevators. 1935 the first trolley appeared in Kyiv, the first telephone station put into operation. In 1941-45 during the Great Patriotic War (World War the Second) the central part of Kyiv was destroyed. While fighting for the city the most of the city center and all bridges across the Dnieper were destroyed by fire. There were put out water supply, sewerage, transport facilities. The first years after War were marked by intense reconstruction of the destroyed city. There were recovered government buildings, completely renovated Khreschatyk street, bridges across the Dnieper were rebuilt. In the 1960s urbanization processes sharply accelerated, from 1959 to 1979 the total number of permanent residents of Kyiv increased from 1.09 to 2.12 million people. The first subway has appeared. In the late 1960’s residential development (Rusanivka, Bereznyaky, Voskresenka, Livoberezhniy, Komsomolskiy, Lisoviy, Raiduzhniy) of the left bank of Dnieper begun. Since 1980’s Obolon residential areas appeared, Vitryani Gory on the right bank of the river and Vygurovschina-Troeschina, Teremky on the left bank and others. In the 1990s on the left bank of the river there were placed Kharkivskiy residential complex.

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TRANSPORT

Kyiv is a powerful transport hub. Three international highways: E95, E40 and E373 pass through it, there are two international airports (“Boryspil” – 18.5 kilometres to the east of the city and “Kyiv” 8 kilometres from the city centre in Zhuliany district) and railway (intercity and suburban communication, urban train with 14 stations). The city has an extensive network of public transport: 302 bus routes, 37 trolleybus routes and 20 tram routes. Over 1 million vehicles are registered in Kyiv. About 200 thousands vehicles drive into and through the city daily, more than 10 thousand among those are buses. Radial-ring structure of highways traditionally developed on the right bank of the Dnipro, while on the left bank it is rectangular. The total length of traffic routes is 2 thousand kilometres. Kyiv metro consists of 52 stations on three lines and its total length is 69.65 kilometres. Up to 37% of passengers use the metro daily. City transport system provides transportation of about 4 million passengers per day. Bridges over the Dnipro are also an important part of Kyiv transport structure: traffic bridges (Paton bridge and Moskovskyi bridge), railroad bridges (Danytskyi bridge and Podilskyi bridge), combined bridges (Metro bridge and Pivdennyi (Southern) bridge) and a footbridge. Water transport is mainly used during the tourist season for excursion and entertainment purposes. D.3.5

TOURISM

Kyiv is the city with a significant historical cultural and tourist potential. The capital of Ukraine attracts with a picturesque natural landscape, recreational zones (35 recreation areas near water, 111 parks) and numerous sights, especially churches and monasteries, including UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Sites – Sophia Cathedral and Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. There are about 60 professional and amateur theatres, 100 museums, which are visited by more than 5 million people yearly. According to the MasterCard Global Cities Index, the capital of Ukraine is ranked 64th among the 132 most visited cities in the world. Last year 2428.56 thousand tourists visited Kyiv. There are 2650 travel agencies, 165 hotels (ranking from one to five stars) with more than 12 thousand suites and 38 hostels. During 2014, due to temporary occupation of the

Crimea and military operations in the East of Ukraine, number of tourists from major countries (Russia, Germany, USA, Israel, UK) decreased by 69-80% in comparison with last year.Department of Tourism of KCSA (Kyiv City State Administration) created Crisis Committee to search for a way out of the crisis of the tourism industry. Recession of inbound tourism led to a revival of local tourism in Kyiv. City residents willingly attend excursions around Kyiv having more than 100 thematic routes at their disposal. D.3.6

NATURE, CLIMATE, LANDSCAPE

Kyiv is located on the border of Dnieper Upland and Dnieper / Polesie lowlands. Part of the city which is situated on right-bank of Dnieper lies on the plateau (up to 196 m above sea level). Numerous ravines share it on some upland plateaus - Kyiv hills: Zamkova, Schekavitsa, Kyyevytsya, Batyyeva, Pechersk (caves) hills etc. The left bank of the river is in a valley. The city is surrounded by a ring of forests. Climate of Kyiv is temperate. Monthly average temperatures: January - 5,5 C, July + 19.2 C. Fog and clouds of high index (average - 6.4, maximum - in December - 8.2) and high humidity (85% in November) are traditional for Kyiv. Kyiv - one of the few cities in Europe with many natural areas in the urban landscape: about 50% of the city occupied by ponds and greenery. A line of green zone on the Dnieper islands and along the Dnieper hills is not only a popular recreational area, but also an important area for seasonal migration routes of birds from Europe to Africa and back. There are 111 parks and 456 squares in Kyiv. However, due to the mass building and population growth, greenery per habitant in Kyiv is only 14 sq. m, which is lower than European standards. The ecological situation in the city remains difficult because of harmful emissions and water pollution. In recent years, there is a considerable problem of landslides and raising the level of groundwater.

D.3.7

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION

Kyiv traditionally leads the way for the socio-economic development. On 2013 the city share in total state domestic production was 18.3%. The economic situation during 2013 marked by a decline in production in some areas for 10.4% (food processing, chemicals, metal products, machinery, etc.), while increasing production of pharmaceutical products (8.45), wood products, paper and in the printing industry (2.9%). The index of industrial production in Kyiv was in 2013 89.6% over the previous year. According to the data of State Statistics Committee in January-October 2014 the volume of sold industrial goods, services and warehouse in Kyiv was 60.0406 billion UAH (~4 billion US dollars). According to the data of State Statistics Committee of Kyiv population on September 2014 was 2 872 137 people (permanent – 2 830 830). In the first half of 2014 the unemployment rate in Kyiv was 6.3% and remained the lowest in Ukraine (8.6%). The employment rate decreased from 64.5% (2013) to 62.2%, while the highest in the country (average - 57.9%). The average salary on October 2014 is 5 427 UAH (~ 362 us dollars), in Ukraine – 3 509 UAH (~ 234 US dollars). A significant factor in the socio-economic Kyiv’s development is imbalance between population and jobs on the left bank and right bank of the city. On the left dank there are residential areas of about 36% of the population, but there are less than 20% of jobs. This situation leads to spend more time, overloading highways and public transport.

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D.3.8

KYIV 2025 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

«Kyiv 2025 development strategy» Е.3.19 – Decree of Kyiv City Council December 15, 2011 N 824/7060 – main document of long-term action on city development, which regulates the direction of the city highlights priorities for Kyiv urban development: - balanced, harmonious sustainable urban development; - conversion of Kyiv on polycentric city; - reducing traffic load on the road network; - preservation and development of green areas in the city, including islands and Dnieper slopes; - development of public spaces; - development according to plan and budget. There are 9 strategic initiatives in Kyiv 2025 development strategy: 1. WORLD-CLASS INFRASTRUCTURE - transport and engineering infrastructure upgrade. 2. EFFECTIVE ENERGY SYSTEM – improvement of Kyiv’s energy efficiency. 3. MADE IN KYIV - stimulation of innovations and competitive clusters. 4. E-GOVERNMENT – implementation of modern city governance technologies. 5. CULTURAL HEIGHTS - creation of unique cultural atmosphere. 6. DNIEPER GEM – preservation and development of Dnieper Riverside. 7. HEALTHY KYIV RESIDENTS – systematic promotion of healthy lifestyles. 8. CITY CENTER NEARBY – development of polycentric city, creation of new city centers. 9. INTERNATIONAL HARBOR FOR HEADQUARTERS – hosting of central and regional offices of international organizations. Strategic development objectives: - a twofold increase in Kyiv’s economic welfare indicator (gross regional product per capita) by 2025. - a considerable improvement to the major comfort-ofliving indicators (a 1.8 increase in the comfort-of-living index).

D.3.9

URBAN PLANNING DOCUMENTATION

The current urban planning documentation of Kyiv: 1. The current Master plan of Kyiv till 2020 (2001). Е.3.1 2. Detailed plans of some urban areas. For 2014 in Kyiv there are developed the Strategic plan for the development of Kyiv 2025, Kyiv 2025 development strategy D.3.8, E.3.19 and project of the new Master Plan of Kyiv (under approval). In 2013 there were initiated an Urban cadastre of Kyiv – portal of geospatial data on urban area, environmental, geotechnical restrictions. It shows the information in planning and urban development areas. Urban cadastre of Kyiv now includes the following layers of information: urban planning documentation, cadastral areas and neighborhoods, planning restrictions of Master Plan of Kyiv, functional zoning, program of socio-economic development in Kyiv for 2014, urban projects, objects of servicing, historical and cultural heritage, coastal protection strips for water objects, green areas, a scheme of temporary structures and so on.

D.3.10

SOCIO-POLITICAL SITUATION

Socio-political situation in Kyiv was marked by a high level of protest activity of the local community in recent years. During 2011-2013 there were hold 1849 protests in Kyiv, 774 of them were socio-economic (read more - at Center of society researches). In 2013 there were 805 protests in Kyiv (4822 in Ukraine). 96 protests (of 805) were related to conflicts around the illegal building process in the city. Part of these protests against illegal buildings in recent years was the largest among all socioeconomic protests in Kyiv. Evidence of increasing awareness and participation of the local community is that 46% of socioeconomic protests were “non-political.” Mostly “non-political” were numerous actions in 2013 demanding on new elections for Kyiv City Council (validity of Kyiv City Council overlap on June 2, 2013), and election of Mayor. Euromaidan witnessed unprecedented support of Kyiv residents (64%). Events of Revolution of Dignity led to elections of Kyiv City Council and Kyiv`s Mayor. After Revolution of Dignity the local community formed numerous social movements, which are no longer pointed just on protests but insist on participation in development and decision-making of important points of city life.

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D.4

CORE OF THE CITY CENTER

D.4.1

CITY DEVELOPMENT

Speaking of the central core of Kyiv we mean the Khreshchatyk street with European Square, Maidan Nezalezhnosti, Bessarabska Square and neighbouring blocks. This core was made up on the space of Khreshchatytska valley - a cavity between two prominences: Starokyyivsky plateau (in the northwest) and Klovske platea (in the southeast). For a long time the Khreshchata valley was a crossway out of the city, next to the gate in the earth mound of 11th century - a town fortification on Starokyyivska mountain. In 1830s the earth mound with the gate were liquidated, which smoothed the way for creating Kreshchatyk and construction works along it. Kreshchatyk has turned into a main artery in the location where city parts once separated from each other now merged. That is when the present network of central streets and blocks was mostly formed. New plats near the current Architect Gorodetsky street were added to it at the end of 19th - the beginning of 20th century, they were planned on the territory of former private estate of Prof. Mering between Kreshchatyk and slope of Klovske plateau. Due to high land prices in the beginning of the 20th century a tight “corridor”type mid-rise building development was formed on the central streets and only a so called “Ginzburg skyscraper” of 8-11 storeys stood up (it hasn’t been preserved). Meanwhile at the beginning of Kreshchatyk above the Dnipro slopes a recreational zone was formed as a chain of parks. Such condition of the city development of the Kyiv central core remained until the beginning of 1940s. During Hitler occupation of Kyiv in 1941-1943 the majority of Kreshchatyk and neighbouring blocks were totally demolished as a result of sabotage explosions, bombings and fires. When city was liberated there was a contest of projects held according to the governmental decision aiming for new planning and development of Kreshchatyk and its neighbourhood (a creative group headed by architect O. Vlasov won). Before the construction works started there was a special collector made along Kreshchatyk for underground utilities and retaining walls fixed. Erection of new-builts in the central core of Kyiv continued from 1949 till the beginning of 1960s. At that the width of Kreshchatyk and the size of the central square were substantially increased. We have to specially note the contrast between the continuous front line of the even side of the street and the “pulsating”

character of buildings on the odd side, which helps to better perceive the peculiarities of the landscape. The construction works were conducted integrally, accentuating the local ensembles, minding the unity in module, style, color solution, artistic embellishments of buildings (blocks of natural stone, tile and shaped ceramic details were used as decorations).Nevertheless, the unity of the architectural looks of the new-builts was influenced by the “fight with architectural excessiveness” campaign, which took place in Soviet Union in 1955. Here there are inclusions of several historical buildings, preserved since the war times. The next stage of the city development of the central locality happened on the edge of 1970s and 1980s. The main square was reconstructed by creating here a more symmetrical ensemble, several new civil buildings (for example the current Ukrainian House, House of Professional Unions) were built, a pompous monuments to October Revolution (not preserved) and People’s Friendship were constructed. The looks of Maidan Nezalezhnosti was also changed in 2001-2002, when a monument to Nezalezhnist (Independence) and other sculptural decorations were erected, an underground commercial complex was constructed, a metallic bridge was built over the Instytutska street. This latest reconstruction was conducted in a hurry and ruined the thought-out, harmonious character of the previous city development decisions. (schemes 13,14,15)

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scheme 13

scheme 15

scheme 14

D.4.2

FUNCTIONAL ZONING

The primary functions of the area now known as Khreschatyk were conceived as fortification and transportation. In the early 18 century, when the valley was into the process of becoming the inner city territory, housing and trade as more traditional city functions were added. Near Evropeiska/European Square, a wooden theater was built. About the same time, a ward deepened in the rampart at Pechersk Gate (in place of today’s Maidan) was established. Due to the central location of the territory, after the ramparts were demolished, and in the course of building boom on Khreschatyk, there appeared municipal and regional institutions: Girls School for the representatives of the aristocracy (now Zhovtnevy/ October Palace), the City Duma, the Post Office, and stock exchange building. In the late 19 – early 20 century, there appeared numerous buildings of luxury hotels, restaurants, cafés, offices and banks, since the area was regarded as a highly prestigious one. Back in 1870-s, the market moved to Bessarabska Square, where Bessarabsky Market was constructed in 1912. There were also several libraries and bookstores (education) and a number of privately owned theaters, cinemas and clubhouses (entertainment). Solovtsov Theater (now Ivan Franko Theater) and the circus building (not survived) were constructed on the premises of the former Mering estate. Next to Evropeiska/European Square, the Municipal museum (now National Art Museum) saw its first visitors in the early 20 century. Entertainment and leisure activities concentrated in the area of Merchants Garden (now Khreshchaty Park) and “Château de Fleur” (in the place of todays’ Dynamo stadium). In the close neighborhood, there were also the Merchants Assembly building (now the Philharmonic Society) and the Second Municipal Theater building at Petrovska Alley (not survived). Religious buildings had rather modest representation (e.g. St. Alexander Catholic Cathedral and a temporary chapel at Tsarska/Evropeiska/European Square.) After the Bolsheviks took over, the number of administrative agencies in the city center multiplied, and the cuts affected mostly commercial functions. Even more so, after 1934, when Kyiv got the status of the capital city, the number of administrative agencies has increased dramatically, and the Girls School for the representatives of the aristocracy (now Zhovtnevy/ October Palace) was turned into Stalin’s secret police (NKVD/KGB) prison with torture chambers. Commerce/merchandise was channeled to the large department stores, Central Department Store (CDS/ ‘TsUM’) and Passage (Children’s World) being the most notorious ones. In 1930, Dynamo stadium was built in the place of “Château de Fleur”, while up to 1941, former Merchants Garden housed the Palace of

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Pioneers with its pavilions. After the destruction of the city center in 1941-1943 and its post-war reconstruction, certain elements of functional zoning were introduced, and continued with the reconstruction of the 1970s-1980s. Administrative institutions (e.g. City Council, Trade Unions, the Post Office, several ministries, etc.) primarily occupied the even side of Khreschatyk; while the odd side was spared for hotels (“Ukraine”, “Dnieper”) and residential houses with the shops in the first floors. October Palace, the Conservatory (National Academy of Music) with its Opera Studio, Architects Association building, and Lenin Museum (now the Ukrainian House) have taken up the role of the new cultural centers. Recently, Khreshchatyk saw drastic cut in the number of bookstores, cafes, groceries, and small movie-theaters. Instead, the luxury shops, expensive restaurants and banks are taking over. Moreover, the commerce is actively exploiting the temporary and mobile structures (e.g. kiosks, mobile coffee shops) and the underground spaces. (scheme 16) D.4.3

TRAFFIC LOAD

Khreschatyk str. and the nearest areas were formed at the historic crossroads of city roads. Transport issues for this locality has always been important. Now, as a line of 1,3 km long, Khreschatyk str. incorporates several main axial streets and allows to “dock” many routes around the city in the most convenient way. Loading of Kyiv central core by regular transport began on 1890s, when there were established transport connection by electric tram (first in the Russian Empire). Tram line ran here on Khreschatyk str. and by all surrounding areas and by almost all surrounding streets. At Michaylivska Square tram delivered passengers to the funicular, that originally served as a part of the tram network. Other transportation was mostly horse-drawn. Pre-Soviet scheme of public transport in the center of Kyiv largely preserved in the 1920s - 1930s but traffic gradually increased by the development of public transport. In 1934-1935 Khreschatyk Str. and Chervonoarmijska str. (now – Velyka Vasylkivska) were transferred from the tram and trolleybus to the bus transportation. On 1950 - 1960s tram traffic was stopped on the Vladimirskaya str. and Kirova str. (now - Michayla Hrushevskoho str.), in 1976 tram transportation was stopped on Vladimirskiy descent as well. A series of underground passages has appeared on Khreschatyk. The subway takes an important role in public passenger transport. Metro station “Khreschatyk” belongs to the first line of Kyiv subway (1960); then there were built more modern terminals at the Institutska str. (alley of

Heavenly Hundred Heroes) and Architect Gorodetsky str. In 1976 a new subway station “Ploscha Kalinina” (“now Maidan Nezalezhnosti”) was opened, it is coupled with the station “Khreschatyk” - first interchange node in Kyiv. During the reconstruction of Maidan Nezalezhnosti in 1970 - early 1980s there was changed transport lines. It allowed to transform a large part of the area into a pedestrian promenade. The main traffic from the Upper Town was directed to Michaylivska Street. In recent decades there is avalanche growth in the number of private vehicles, it increased traffic greatly. Today the level of car ownership in the city is 450 cars per 1000 inhabitants. There is decreasing of trolleybus routes. Considerable share of traffic take taxi minibuses (“marshrutkas”). Full closing traffic on Khreschatyk str., as experience has shown, is inconvenient and undesirable for the city. However, given the dramatic events of the Revolution of Dignity Institutskaya str. (Alley of Heavenly Hundred Heroes) is now transformed into a pedestrian zone. (scheme 7a, 7b, 7c) D.4.4

PUBLIC SPACE

With the city expansion, when the medieval city ramparts were demolished, the territory in the place of today’s Maidan was used as a market square that later (in 1870-s) moved to Bessarabska Square. The minimal landscaping was provided by “Ivan”, “Potvora”/Monster and “Moriak”/Sailor - three city fountains situated on the squares. In the course of development of the central districts of the city in the late 19th – early 20th centuries, the public spaces of the city were constrained to the city streets, few green ‘spots’ of squares, or small shopping arcades. Only the site on even side of the Khreshchatyk could be counted as a city square (today’s Maidan Nezalezhnosti/Independence Square). Shevchenko Boulevard and vast green parklands over the hills along the Dnieper provided recreation area for the citizens. Before the Soviet time, Kyiv was one of the favorite pilgrim destinations, and the flow of pilgrims would move from Podil and Upper Town towards Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. In 1890s-1930s, there was a tram route along the Khreshchatyk. Up to 1930s, when the traffic lights and regulated crosswalks were set out, the pedestrians and vehicles were ‘sharing’ the street, and did not seem to posit serious problems to each other. The post-war reconstruction project have considerably revised the layout and spacing of Kyiv’s premier street, the Khreshchatyk, and city’s central Maidan that now occupied both sides of the street. The front setback line of the Khreshchatyk’s odd side had been moved backwards, providing additional space for pedestrian terrace with greenery and benches. Numerous cafés,

walkways, stairs and public bathrooms (WC) were arranged in the slopes of the nearby hill and the retaining walls. After the reconstruction of 1970s – 1980s, the traffic routs were redirected from Maidan; there appeared a pedestrian area with fountains, the biggest one had been nicknamed “Roulette” by the citizens (removed in 2001). Since early 1960s, the underground pedestrian crossings were arranged on the Khreshchatyk and adjacent territories. The most developed/extended one was formed under Maidan. It comprised the entrance to underground station, several small shops and cafes. This space has been nicknamed “Truba”/Tube in the popular discourse. Since mid-1980s, it has become one of the favorite hangout places for teenagers, street musicians, and artists. As the city center has always attracted large numbers of people, the Soviet system saturated it with visual propaganda and ‘ideological’ monuments. Maidan and the Khreshchatyk capable of accumulating huge masses of people acquired the function of Kyiv’s main processional avenue and magistrale. Over latest decades, two registers interact in public space of Kyiv city core. On the one hand, Maidan keeps its function as viche (the citywide town meeting and civic body similar in origin to a parliament) square where hundreds of thousands would come together in the feeling of unison. While on the other hand, aggressive commercialization spurred by the Maidan’s extensive reconstruction of 2000-2001 resulted in its ‘Disneyfication’ and fragmentation of its spaces. (scheme 17)

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D.4.5

ARCHEOLOGICAL INSIGHT

The archeological meaning of the design area lies first of all in the fact that the earth walls of Kyiv fortifications stretched directly on the territory of modern Maidan of Independence (from the even side) from the time of Yaroslav the Wise (the first half of XI) till 1830-ies. It was here where the east entrance to the city was located, known as Liadski gates (derived its name from the word “liada”, “liadyna” – a logged land; later the gates were reconstructed and named Pechersk). From here deep into the urban area upslope the Starokyivskyi hill the streets spread out like a fan whose directions corresponded to the modern streets, such as Mykhailivska, Mala Zhytomyrska, Sofiyivska and Taras Shevchenko alley. In the neighborhood that is on the border of the streets the land hides a lot of archaeological treasures and the upper plateau next to St. Michael’s Monastery as well. The ruins of the earth walls of the fortress of XI century remained along the Borys Hrinchenko Street in front of the Architect house. In 1952 archaeological expedition explored the earth walls’ “inner skeleton” in the form of large wooden log constructions. The reconstruction of the main square enabled to make large-scale archaeological studies on its territory (M. Sahaidak and others) in 1981. The consequence was the discovery of the remains of stone Pechersk gates of XVIII and the bottom of the timber frames of Liadski gates dated back to XI. Besides there were explored the wooden crates, that held the earth wall on the square site, and obtained some evidences related to the cross direction profile of the wall. A new phase in archaeological studies under the supervision of M. Sahaidak accompanied the next reconstruction of Independence Square in 2001. This time due to a full-scale study of space, it managed to see the urban development of the first period of area settlement, the remains of the street system, fence lines and estates spacing, the elements of the drainage system. Essentially a site development of town mansions, which went back to XI, were studied. About 8000 findings of different types were obtained. Unfortunately, deadly haste in which construction activities were carried out in vested interests of the customers affected the accuracy of studies, scientific researches, interfered documenting much less museumification of the unique artifacts that were destroying by excavators and bulldozers literally under archaeologists’ very eyes on Maidan space. It is fair to say that the design area especially within Kyiv development of XI-XIII centuries has a significant archeological potential and in case of digging works it will demand a curious research in this field. E.4

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D.4.6

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

The central core of Kyiv has a great and diverse significance for the common historical-cultural potential of the city. From olden times it composed a part of the traditional Kyiv landscape formed under the influence of compositional axis of St. Sofia and St. Michael bell towers. In the first half of the nineteenth century the buildings of the Institute for Noble Maidens and the St. Alexander Catholic Cathedral became the important dominants on the hills above Khreschatyk. At the beginning of the XX century a new style and scope of the urban core were characterized by new buildings of modern and neostyle period (commercial building and banks at 6-10, Khreschatyk Street, a bank at 32, Khreschatyk Street, great Passage, etc). Finally, after the postwar renewal the centre of Kyiv gained a particularly holistic, original view with bright architectural accents, harmonious ensembles and inextricable connection with landscape surroundings. This area always represents Kyiv in different photo and video materials about the city. There are a lot of outstanding historical events related to the central neighbourhood – from the chronicle memories about a sustain Kyiv defence against the invasion of Batyi to public demonstrations of contemporary history which allowed the Ukrainian national identity to occur and consolidate. Besides a lot of memorial sites are concentrated here that remind about professional and personal life of a long line of famous Kyivans - public figures, scientists, writers and artists (among them are Taras Shevchenko, Mykola Lysenko, Mykhailo Vrubel, Ivan Karpenko-Karyi, Panas Saksahanskyi, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Volodymyr Horovyts, Serzh Lifar, Victor Nekrasov and many others). Some of them marked with commemorative plaques. Finally the central core of the capital owns its significant role in the cultural advance of the inhabitants. Theatres, cinemas, concert halls, cultural centres, museums, exhibition halls, libraries, art schools were always concentrated on Khreschatyk and around it. (scheme 18)

1695

MIDLE XIX C.

X 小. 1860

1860

1850

1890

XX C.

XX C. 1918

1930

1917 AFTER WORLD WAR THE SECOND

1967

1970

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D.4.7

CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE TERRITORY AND LAND USE REQUIREMENTS (IN UKRAINE; TERRITORY USE REGIME)

(Scheme 19) Archaeological Conservation Area (in Ukraine: Archaeological Protected Zone) In Archaeological Conservation Area (Protected Zone) it is required to conduct archaeological research and museumification of archaeological objects, preservation of authentic (unexcavated) parcels of cultural layer as “a standard for the future”, and it is forbidden to excavate “to demolish” archaeological cultural layers. Programs and projects of urban planning, architectural and landscape transformations in Archaeological Conservation Areas as well as constructional, melioration, ground and roadwork operations have to be agreed in advance archaeological excavations with the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Architectural Conservation Area (in Ukraine: Architectural Protected Zone) In Architectural Conservation Area (Protected Zone) borders, it is required to provide preservation of historic environment and of historic monuments, as well as possibility of reconstruction of lost valuable elements. The requirements define initial functions of monuments. It is required to provide preservation of architectural appearance of monuments, their contemporary use and specific features of their environment. Specifics of compositional effect of a monument on its environment must be considered, preservation of visual disclosure related to landscape sites has to be provided, technical pressure on monuments has to be minimized. Protected Landscape Ares (in Ukraine: Protected Landscape Zone) Requirements (regime) for protected landscape are important for conservation and have to provide preservation of natural environment of a monument or site. They require preservation and reconstruction of valuable natural and landscape qualities of a site, elimination of visual neutralization of structures and plants that distort the landscape and site. Preservation measures have to provide protection of relief, water, vegetation features and recreation of their historic appearance, protection of visual connection of a monument with its natural environment, especially with one that has historic value, protection of waterside, meadow areas from landslides and erosion, reinforcement of slopes, ravines and their vegetation; implementation of other environmental measures.

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Economic activity is allowable on the territory of protected landscape if only it does not violate the historical character of the landscape and does not require construction of permanent buildings. Development Control Area of the First Category (in Ukraine: Development Regulated Area of the First Category) In development control area protection provided to valuable historic buildings related to a monument and urban design, historic urban formations and implicit landscape elements, secure and recreate the value of a monument in architectural and spatial composition and historic environment of historic site (settlement, town, city); favorable conditions for their view must be ensured. New development and reconstruction in development control area are regulated depending on location, function, height, methods of construction, scale, scale division, materials and color. To ensure visual perception of a monument or a complex of monuments and protect specific features of their visual disclosure in panoramas and perspectives it is necessary to secure observation points that are the most favorable for visual disclosure of a monument; do not shield a monument with new constructions and/or vegetation from the most favorable perspectives; and do not allow construction of new buildings that have negative effect on compositional value of a monument. Buffer Zone of UNESCO World Heritage Sites: KyivPechersk Lavra and Saint Sophia Cathedral and related monastic buildings Within a buffer zone it is forbidden to conduct any construction works unrelated to conservation/ preservation, museumification and rehabilitation of monuments, regeneration of historic fabric of the area. Only conservation/restoration, rehabilitation of monuments and reconstruction of other buildings without increasing their heights or other parameters are allowed. Traditional features of urban environment have to retain their leading role. New elements have to be subordinated and naturally connected to them. Historic urban design and features of special composition with compliance of historic parcels division, building lines and skyline must be preserved. Limited transformations are allowed if they are aimed to regenerate and/or architecturally complete historically undeveloped parcels, create optimal conditions for viewing ensembles of monuments and their traditional environment. On empty areas, new development is allowed only by individual project with historic-architectural justification and compliance to urban planning regulations and conditions, defined by a zoning plan. Requirements for buffer zone

scheme 16

scheme 17

scheme 18

(protected area) also include: preservation of urban design, monuments and objects of cultural heritage, elements of historic streetscape; securement of hydrological conditions, fire safety, protection from dynamic pressure and other negative techno-genic and environmental impact; conduction of preservation and functional adaptation of cultural heritage objects, arrangement and landscaping works on a territory only according to projects, reconciled by the central executive authority in protection of cultural heritage; adjustment of vegetation, that shields an architectural monument and historic urban complex. Herewith UNESCO World Heritage Center (Paris) through National Commission for UNESCO has to be informed in advance on all transformations planned within buffer zone. The necessity of notification of UNESCO World Heritage Center (Paris) is defined by the central executive authority in protection of cultural heritage depending on degree of impact of a new development on traditional historic urban environment.

Landscape Site and Local Heritage Area “Historic Landscape of Kyiv Hills and Valley of the Dnipro River” Within heritage area all transformations must not have a negative effect on the landscape and must not change its features. Construction of buildings that deteriorate valuable features of the landscape are banned. D.4.8

RESTRICTIONS FOR DESIGN

The site is situated in the areas of planning restrictions Е.3.1 Natural and man-made processes: - landslide areas - contamination of soils with cesium-137 (1 ~ 4.6 CI / sq. km) - noise from transport - up to 70 dB(A), 71-75 dB(A)

SCHEME 19

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D.5

REVOLUTION OF DIGNITY

D.5.1

MAIDAN: POLITICAL EVENTS XX – THE BEGINNING OF XXI

In response to the monarchical imperial Russia mass public protests in the centre of Kyiv rose as a result of Mykola II Manifesto on fundamentals of civil liberties (October 1905). The very next day after its signing a crowd of thousands gathered in front of the Municipal duma’s building (at the place of present Maidan). Duma buildings were destroyed in response to the appeal of Bolsheviks’ agitators, revolutionary slogans were chanting. It led to a crackdown by armed forces. The further monarchical reaction complicated a chance to public demonstrations. They revived to demonstrate on Khreschatyk after the February revolution in 1917, herewith a monument to P. Stolypin, an imperial primeminister, erected in front of the Municipal duma in 1913, was immediately thrown down. A considerable part of protestors belonged to the supporters of Ukrainian identity. The Duma’s building was constantly a centre of similar manifestations, famous politicians addressed from its balcony. Later, during the numerous takeovers of Civil war times , banners and slogans on the Duma’s front served as “markers” for the current regime in the city. Soviet totalitarian system recognised the mass actions organised only by the authorities. For a long time only officious “workers demonstrations” paraded along Khreschatyk. Since 1977 a zone for solemn ceremonies has been formed on October Revolution Square (Maidan Nezalezhnosti now) next to the Monument to October Revolution and central statue of Lenin. During the biggest public holidays a governmental platform was mounted there. At the time of M. Gorbachiov’s reforms and a policy of “glasnost” implemented by him opposition mood came to the fore in the streets. Near the fence that bordered the accident scene of the tower of Central Post Office (1989), a meeting place of kievans, which discussed the last political events, was formed. In October 1990 on granite slabs under the Monument to October Revolution a tent camp was pitched up by the student activists who went on a hunger strike against the Union Treaty signing and for multiplicity of parties in politics. This action (famous as “the revolution on granite”) obtained sympathy of many kievans. It lasted for about two weeks. In consequence of student protests the head of the USSR government resigned.

During the days of August DKNP putch in Moscow (1991) the central square of Kyiv became a place of mass demonstrations in order to safeguard democracy. Not long after the putch elimination and declaration of independence of Ukraine the monument to October Revolution was dismounted and the square got its modern name. The square remained to be a venue of solemn demonstrations as well as mass festivities and concerts in the open air. In 2000 due to the President L. Kuchma’s accusation in organizing the murder of the journalist and oppositionist G. Gongadze a protest action “Ukraine without Kuchma” took place on Maidan Nezalezhnosti and Khreschatyk. Protestors’ tents were smashed down by militia, and in winter 20002001 Maidan was deliberately converted into entire construction site and enclosed with a fence by the authorities. A months-long money-losing reconstruction of the central square must have made things difficult for public actions on Maidan, blocking it up with monuments, shopping units and glass roofs above the underground space. However in November 2004 it did not keep hundreds of thousands kievans from gathering on Maidan demonstrating against a vote fraud during the elections of the President of Ukraine that formalized the victory of V. Yanukovich over V. Yuschenko. The Orange Revolution began (named after the symbolic colour of V. Yuschenko’s followers). During two months Maidan and neighbouring streets were thronged with tents, a permanent political meeting took place here. Constancy and resolve of the participants of the Orange Revolution resulted in cancellation of the results of the election by the Supreme Court and additional race election that brought defeat to V. Yanukovich. Hereupon Maidan rose to international fame as a symbol of unity of the citizens of Ukraine in the fight for their rights, honour and dignity.

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D.5.2

THE REVOLUTION OF DIGNITY BACKGROUND

Euromaidan or the Revolution of Dignity is powerful social fallout in Ukraine that has worldwide backwashes and was naturally given birth by collapse of the post-colonial, post-soviet social model of state. The reasons of Euromaidan can be conveniently classified into political, economic, national liberation, cultural and other reasons. Victor Yanukovych, the fourth President of Ukraine, who came to power by a rather dirty election 2010, unconstitutionally usurped all branches of power: executive, legislative, judicial, and led country to establishment of a dictatorship. Gradually mass media were suppressed; political opponents were oppressed up to committing to prison. 44% of popularly believed that the authorities enforced political repressionsі. And Euromaidan, the Revolution of Dignity, challenged the process and became a democratic revolution. In climate of impunity a centralized racketeering became a general government policy. In the country a criminal feudal system was developing in high gear with acceleration. According to the Credit Suisse research published in October 2013. Ukraine took the second place in the world related to social inequality level. Russia was less encouraging. The economic interests of almost all social groups, from employees and small businesses to the richest multi-millionaire oligarchs, significantly suffered. As consequence, the economy gradually entered a deep recession. From 2011 state debt increased 26%, from the third quarter of 2012 (the year before Euromaidan) gross domestic product started to go down. Foreign investments fell 51% in the first three quarters of 2013. Gold and foreign currency reserves of the country decreased by 54% (in particular because of the artificial support of the domestic currency), the total debt burden of the budget increased up to 78% of GDP. More than 2/3 of Ukrainians incriminated public authorities as the cause of economic problems of the country, meaning corruption, extortion, flouting the law, incompetence, etc. There were reasons: for example, only through one channel that was government procurement, authorities embezzled 10-15% of the budget. As to corruption the majority of Ukrainians – from 2/3 to 7/8 – believed that the most important social institutions and branches were entirely or essentially involved in it, such as: all public authorities, all political sphere, the entire economic sphere, the police authorities, the judicial system, the public prosecution, the tax authorities, the customs service, medicine and higher education. Urgency of the crisis of people’s trust in authorities

D 38

was deepened by the fact that not “left” request for a paternalistic state but rather “right” one for a state of “soft regulator” was inherent in ukrainian society, in its mentality. So, as early as in 2008 a part of those, who believed that the state should establish conditions under which the citizens could provide themselves for an adequate standard of living, almost twice exceeded those who wanted the state to provide all citizens for an adequate standard of living (61,3% against 35,6%). We can take it that with respect to its social platform and economic orientation Euromaidan was a bourgeois revolution. The representatives of the ruling clan of the president, which gradually occupied all leadership positions from the highest in the capital to the lowest on the periphery, in the mass did not understand and did not know the Ukrainian history, culture and language, treated it and natives with indignity – in other words to the great majority of the population. For example, a well-known Ukrainian phobic was appointed as the Minister of Education who despite regular massive protests continued to implant anti-Ukrainian views into the education system. The variety of cultures of all ethnic groups of Ukraine was suppressed. In information and cultural space – press and electronic media, television, book publishing, cinema, show business – a foreign, principally Russian, at the same time, mainly pop product of the low quality dominated. The regime de facto betrayed the security of Ukraine. They betrayed strategic economic sectors (in particular, energy, communications) to the Russian business and their oligarchs. Ukrainian army and fleet barely survived, lost their skills, technically and organizationally were out of date, the property and land were embezzled. In general, the regime of “collective Yanukovych”, owing to its narrowmindedness and infinite greediness, behaved toward Ukraine and its people not as to state and nation, but as to exploited territory with resources, including human. It is important to note that the Revolution of dignity was also a cultural revolution. As a whole the authoritative group was culturally backward. The ignorance of the leaders was just overwhelming! The president, who in due time completed his sentence twice for criminal offences, answering a questionnaire about his scientific degree (which he got due to almost complete loss of morale and corruption in scientific system) misspelled: “proFFesor”. The Head of the Government, the Prime Minister Azarov did not know Ukrainian (state language!) at all, his attempts to speak it in public were homeric and comedic and became Internet gag hits; actually the definition “azirivka-language” occurred, a great number of riotously funny anecdotes, including Euromaidan events, were made up in it. In every day surrounding the ruling regime governed

by pre-ecology still tuned-in ideas of “suppressing nature” (de facto violence against it), which went out of date almost a century ago. In reality in particular the regime implemented a state of being that can be defined as artistic terror and visual violence (or even rape). The capital of Ukraine can be the most dramatic example of this: in the historic centre of Kyiv identifying urban landscapes were damaged, UNESCO World Heritage Sites were in danger, listed buildings were demolished, parks and green spaces were cut over – all that was built up with residential and office “commercial apartment buildings”. Every inch, every square meter of the territory of the capital was the subject of coining money that led to depletion and degradation of city environment which turned into artistic landfill but very often in the truest sense of the word. Such a situation was caused by endemic theft of funds wherefore cleaning and landscaping was abandoned, and roads fell into disrepair as well… Such catastrophic situations were typical for all cities of Ukraine. The regime of Yanukovych although it was ruled and represented by officials-nationals, de facto turned into an occupation regime – insomuch it became politically, economically, nationally, culturally alien to the county, insomuch it mercilessly, vulgarly and permanently oppressed all sections of the population of Ukraine, insomuch it betrayed their interests. Opinion poll findings prove it: before autumn 2013 72% of the population did not feel being masters in Ukraine, and during 2013 the number of people, which thought that the country was developing in wrong way, reached impressive 2/3 of its population. At the same time, against the backdrop of crisis of confidence in government institutions a civil society gradually developed. For the last 5 years a number of people which were ready to engage in social activities and to bring certain benefits to society has grown almost twice, (from 14,8% to 26,4%). The level of trust in non-governmental organizations, as it is persistently high in general, reached a historic high in spring 2013: 39,5% of population trusted in them utterly and completely. From some moment, the citizens began to perceive a degenerated environment in all of its aspects, from common social to everyday trivial, as a source of even greater danger than major violence of authorities; fear of regime was disappearing. Protest activities grew steadily: annul number of protests in Ukraine in 2012 and 2013 (11 months) was 1,5 times higher than in 2010 and 2011. In Ukraine a consensus of public outrage was gradually achieved, it became broad to almost nationwide of both social and geographical coverage. Herewith – indignation was not only and probably not so much

against a certain illegal, antinational, anti-State regime but also against a post-colonial “from above” system of political administration without adequate control and respect of people’s interests. Such system, which has been developing for about a quarter of century of independence of Ukraine, has proved not only its inefficiency, but also – by the example of “Yanukovych regime” - a great danger to the society and individual citizens. A huge tectonic social energy accumulated in society was just waiting for the first substantial impulse. Euromaidan, the Revolution of Dignity, was a pending, legal, deep emotionally and rationally reflected by the majority of its makers-participants event. Euromaidan was not a ruinous and impulsive “rebellion”, but on the contrary it was the revolution of protection against sliding towards jungles of turmoil, the revolution of creating the better, well-deserved and secure future for ourselves and our children.

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D.5.3

MAIDAN IN DATA

Maidan as a Rally November 22 – December 11, 2013

Maidan as a Camp December 12, 2013 - January 22, 2014

Maidan as Sich January 23 - February 22, 2014

Protest was mostly peaceful, participants expected the resolution of conflict by scheme of Orange Revolution (2004) through negotiations with the government.

After December 11, 2013, it became clear that the government is does not want to negotiate with the protesters and seek for a peaceful solution of the conflict. Activity of protesters fell down, people do not know what to do in such circumstances. There was a sharp increase in creativity and accumulation of new practices.

After the first people killed on January 22, 2014, Maidan consolidated in readiness to act - to make any effort to overthrow the existing system of government that has lost legitimacy.

The analysis is based on a research, conducted by Fund “Democratic initiatives of Ilko Kucheriv” with the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology by the sampling, which could provide proportional coverage of Maidan’s participants. The survey was conducted with funding from the International Fund “Vidrodzhennya”. The first study (Maidan as a Rally) was held on December 7-8, 2013, the second (Maidan as a Camp) - on December 20, 2013, the third (Maidan as a Sich) – on February 3, 2014. www.kiis.com.ua The opinions, presented in the comments to the data of sociological researches and notes in tables owned by a group of authors and compilers of Competition Brief of Terra Dignitas: Reinventing Public Space in Kyiv’s City Core and Commemorating the Revolution of Dignity - International Open Competition

D 40

WHY DID PEOPLE COME OUT TO MAIDAN? 1. A key reason for all three periods of the Maidan existence respondents indicated brutal repression against protesters. 2. The refusal of European integration of Ukraine (as a reason to come out to Maidan) has fallen in importance after a period of Maidan as a Rally and the period Maidan as a Camp below 50%. 3. The participants significantly increased fears that Ukraine will join the Customs Union.

4. The high desire to change life in the country got to the end of Maidan support of more than half of the protestors. 5. The number of people, who came out to Maidan “for money”, is within the statistical error and reduced to 0 by the end of the Maidan. 6. Protesters knew exactly “why did they come out to Maidan”: number of responses “Difficult to say” - about zero.

What prompted you to come out to Maidan? (choose no more than 3 main reasons) Maidan as a Rally

Maidan as a Camp

Maidan as a Sich

Disclaimer of Viktor Yanukovych to sign an Association Agreement with the European Union

53,5

47.0

Violent repression against protesters

69,6

61.3

Calls of opposition leaders

5,4

6,7

2.8

The desire to change the power in the country

39,1

38,9

45.6

The desire to change lives in Ukraine

49,9

36,2

51.1

6,2

4,1

3.7

18,9

13,7

17.5

There is fun and exciting on Maidan

2,2

1,2

0.4

The desire to take revenge on the government for everything that it committing in the country

5,2

9,6

9.8

16,9

14,4

20.0

The money which was paid to me (or promised to pay)

0,3

0,2

0.0

Other (which one?)

3,3

8,2

4.6

Difficult to say

0,5

Solidarity with friends, colleagues and relatives who also on Maidan Collapsing democracy, the threat of dictatorship

The danger that Ukraine joins the Customs Union and generally returns to Russia

↓

↑

D 41

WHICH REQUIREMENTS THE PROTESTERS SUPPORTED? 1. First of all it is the highest solidarity in protesters around the requirements in all periods. Each period is 6-7 requirements that support more than half of the protesters. Result option “Difficult to say” - stable zero. 2. The protestors key requirement was stopping the repression and release of arrested members in the first period. 3. The key requirement of the participants was the resignation of the government in the second period.

4. The requirement of Yanukovych’s resignation becomes crucial only in the third period. 5. Requirement of signing association with the European Union lost the support of the majority of the protestors to the end of Maidan. 6. The support of two requirements - criminal cases on corruption and constitutional reform, limiting the power of the president has risen significantly to the third period.

Which Maidan’s requirements do you support? (check all requirements that are important for you) Maidan as a Rally

Maidan as a Camp

Maidan as a Sich

The release of the arrested members of Maidan, to end repressions

81,8

63,9

82,2

Association Agreement with the European Union

71,0

58,6

49,0

Resignation of the government

80,1

74,5

68,2

Initiation of an investigation on those, who is guilty of beating protesters on Maidan

57,6

50,7

63,7

The dissolution of the Parliament and calling for early parliamentary elections

55,6

51,4

59,1

The release of Yulia Tymoshenko

37,8

36,0

30,4

The resignation of Viktor Yanukovych and early presidential elections

75,1

65,7

85,2

Changing the Constitution, a return to constitutional reform of 2004, which limited the power of the president

37,9

42,8

62,5

↑

Violation of criminal cases at all who was involved in corruption

49,6

42,8

62,1

↑

The general increase in living standards

46,9

42,5

41,1

Other (which one?)

3,4

6,7

1,6

Difficult to say

0,0

D 42

↓

WHAT COULD SATISFY PARTICIPANTS OF MAIDAN? Sociological researches were carried out only in the last two periods (Maidan as a Camp, Maidan as a Sich). 1. In the second period, participants could be satisfied by the resignation of the government. 2. By the end of Maidan – just Yanukovych’s resignation and the release of all protesters to termination repression. 3. By the end of Maidan sharply decreased the support of requirements to sign Association Agreement with the EU, the resignation of the government (protesters stopped perceive government as an independent “actor”) and release of Yulia Tymoshenko.

4. At the same time sharply increased support of requirements to start criminal cases against corrupt officials and constitutional reforms with limited presidential power. 5. The requirement to dissolve the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) enjoyed by the less support than the requirement to limit presidential power. 6. There was formed society needs to change the model of state administration from presidential model to parliamentary model.

Which major requirements could be the compromise with government can satisfy Maidan? (Select no more than 3 main points) Maidan as a Camp

Maidan as a Sich

The release of the arrested members of Maidan, end the repression

31,5

51,1

Association Agreement with the European Union

28,2

17,3

Resignation of the government

55,0

28,0

↓

11,5

23,6

↑

The dissolution of the Parliament and calling for early parliamentary elections

20,9

24,4

The dismissal of Yulia Tymoshenko

12,8

4,6

↓

The resignation of Viktor Yanukovych and early presidential elections

32,8

68,2

↑

Changing the Constitution, a return to constitutional reform of 2004, which limited the power of the president

7,3

25,6

↑

Violation of criminal cases at all who was involved in corruption

4,0

16,7

The general increase in living standards

5,2

7,2

Other (which one?)

3,6

0,7

Difficult to say

2,0

0,0

Initiation of an investigation on those, who is guilty of beating protesters on Maidan

D 43

IS IT NECESSARY TO MAKE THE NEGOTIATIONS? 1. The most of Maidan protesters believed that negotiations are needed in the first stage. 2. The second stage had no certain position, and the group of those who hesitated, could persuade the situation in one or another way.

3. In the third period support of the necessity of negotiations sharply decreased, there was consolidated view of protesters that negotiations with the government is required. There was a crisis of confidence.

Do you agree with the proposal of Round Table negotiations by the authorities, opposition and civic leaders brokered by international organizations? Maidan as a Rally

Maidan as a Camp

Yes, these negotiations are needed

51,3

45,3

27.4

No negotiations with the government not needed

41,5

46,6

63.1

7,2

8,2

9.6

Difficult to say

Maidan as a Sich

↑

WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES CAN INFLUENCE ON PROTESTERS TO LEAVE MAIDAN? 1. In all periods Maidan was in solidarity to leave only after implementation of all requirements. 2. In the third period fell down the possibility that people will leave after implementation a few basic requirements in almost 4.5 times (from 16.5 to 3.6%) fell down the willingness of protesters to leave because of objective reasons (work, studies) as well.

3. People stopped afraid of reprisals (down from 5.8% to 0.8%), frost (from 2.3% to 0.6%). 4. Disappointment of protesters in the possibility to change dropped from low values (4.4%) to the level of statistical error (1.4%).

What might encourage you to leave Maidan? (choose no more than 3 answers) Maidan as a Rally

Maidan as a Camp

All requirements that have been lifted on Maidan

73,9

63,6

82.7

Performing several basic requirements

28,5

24,8

11.7

5,8

6,3

1.0

Objective reasons that do not allow to stand indefinitely on Maidan ( job, studying )

16,5

4,5

3.6

↓

Fatigue, malaise

3,7

1.8

↓

Perform at least something of these requirements

Maidan as a Sich

↓

Disappointment in leaders

7,5

5,5

1.7

↓

Frost

2,3

0.6

↓

The disappointment in the ability of people to change smth.

4,4

1,5

1.4

↓

Repression against participants of Maidan

5,8

2,1

0.8

↓

If my friends leave Maidan

1,7

1.1

12,8

9,8

9.5

Other (which one?)

2,3

5,1

2.2

Difficult to say

0,5

1,3

0.3

If the majority of Maidan solve this

D 44

IN WHICH PROTEST ACTIVITIES PROTESTERS ARE READY TO TAKE PART? 1. The solidarity willingness to act sharply increased by the end of Maidan. 2. The number of different types of activities on average per participant, ready for action: Maidan as a Rally: 3.8; Maidan as a Camp: 3.5; Maidan- Sich: 5.2. 3. More than half of the protesters were willing to participate in the creation of illegal armed groups in the third period.

4. The willingness to block government institutions sharply increased, almost in three times increased willingness of participants to capture buildings by the end of Maidan. There was a crisis of legitimacy. 5. The willingness to participate in sanctioned demonstrations decreased, while almost in two times increased willingness to participate in unauthorized actions. 6. Significantly increased atypical for Ukraine willingness to starve.

In which social protest actions you personally would be willing to participate? (choose all appropriate answers) Maidan as a Rally

Maidan as a Camp

Maidan as a Sich

Participation in the election campaign

51,4

37,8

54.9

Petitions for collective appeals (claims, appeals)

37,2

42.4

Authorized rallies and demonstrations

70,7

51,8

56.3

The threat of strike

28,6

39.3

Boycott (refusal to implement the decisions of administration authorities)

35,8

30,9

40.2

Unauthorized rallies and demonstrations

27,8

45.5

Participation in strikes

42,7

31,8

46.6

Starve

10,6

11,4

14.0

Picketing government agencies, blocking their work

35,4

38,5

56.0

↑

Capture of buildings

13,8

19,5

41.0

↑

Creation the armed forces independent from the power structures

21,3

50.4

↑↑↑

Other (which one?)

2,5

1.6

I'm not ready to participate in any mass protest

2,1

3.4

Difficult to say

0,5

2,7

3.1

↑

What do you think about respond Maidan on amnesty of law protesters to be put in place after the release of protesters administrative buildings, Grushevskogo street and roads? Maidan as a Sich For the speedy release of prisoners leave the building administration, unlock Grushevskogo street and after demand release of arrested

3.9

Discard the authorities requirement for release of arrested members of

82.7

protest and demand their release without any requirements

10.2

It is difficult to decide unambiguously I know little about this law and the formal terms of the release of arrested protesters

3.2 40.2

D 45

COOPERATION WITH YANUKOVYCH REGIME AND THE PROVISION OF PERSONAL SECURITY GUARANTEES. 1. Maidan rejected the rights of Maidan leaders to take part in Yanukovych’s government. To the end of Maidan old government obviously has lost legitimacy.

2. Maidan dismissed Yanukovych in personal guarantees security.

Azarov’s government resigned, the opposition offered to lead the government. How do you feel about? ONE ANSWER Maidan as a Sich I think that is a good suggestion, should agree

1.4

I think that we should accept only if the entire government will be composed of representatives of the opposition

6.5

I think we can agree only when returning to the norms of the Constitution of 2004, with the restriction of presidential power and strengthening the role of the Prime Minister and the Government

22.1

I think that while the president is Viktor Yanukovych, we can not agree to take part in the government

61.9

Difficult to say

8.0

There are propositions that in order to Viktor Yanukovych agreed to hold early presidential elections we should give him guarantees of personal security and keep on Mezhygir’ya and other property for him. What do you think of these proposals? Maidan as a Sich If Yanukovych agreed to his resignation and early elections, this proposal would be quite reasonable

16.6

No guarantees to Yanukovych!

78.0

Difficult to say

D 46

5.3

HOW LONG PROTESTERS WERE ON MAIDAN AND HOW LONG THEY PLANNED TO STAY? In te third stage 73.4% protesters were on Maidan more than a month. 86% were willing to stay as long as necessary.

How long have you been on Maidan? Maidan as a Sich From the outset, November 21-30

24.2

From the first half of December

35.5

From the second half of December

13.7

From the first half of January 2014

12.1

From the second half of January 2014

8.7

Most recently, from heretofore

3.1

I am not on Maidan constantly, I come from time to time

2.7

How long are you going to stay on Maidan? Maidan as a Sich Just today

0.5

2-3 days, no more

0.6

Less than a week

1.7

No more than 2 weeks

1.9

Less than a month

2.0

As much as is necessary Difficult to say

86.0 7.1

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WHERE COME PROTESTERS FROM? 1. Maidan protests began from Kyiv (49.8%), the number of participants from Kyiv dropped to 12.4% tothe third stage. 2. The number of participants from smaller cities (population - up to 100 thousand) sharply increased from the second to the third stage and the share of

participants decreased from the regional centers and cities of more than 100 thousand of population. 3. Most participants were from West Ukraine, the number of participants from Central Ukraine fell down, from Eastern and Southern regions increased.

Where are You from? Maidan as a Rally

Maidan as a Camp

Maidan as a Sich

Kyiv

49,8

19,3

12.4

Region

50,2

80,7

87.6

If you come, where did you come from? (populated locality) Maidan as a Camp

Maidan as a Sich

Region center

31,8

20.0

City (more than 100 thousands people)

17.3

Town (less than 100 thousands people)

23,4

42.4

Village

21,8

20.3

If you come, which region are you from? Maidan as a Rally

Maidan as a Camp

Maidan as a Sich

West Ukraine

51.8

42.4

54.8

Central Ukraine

30.9

34.4

23.0

17.3

23.2

21.0

East and South Ukraine

CHECK PARTICIPANTS OF MAIDAN - ORGANIZED OR INDEPENDENT? 1. The great majority of participants came alone. 2. The number of participants, which were brought by certain political parties sharply increased in the second stage.

3. The number of participants, which were brought by organized social movements was growing - which coincides with the general trend of “increasing confidence in the social movements in the country” in all period of Maidan.

If you come, is it organized or independent? Maidan as a Rally

Maidan as a Camp

Organized – by one of the parties

1,8

11,9

3.0

Organized - one of the NGOs (or movements)

6,3

11,9

13.3

91,9

76,1

83.5

Arrived independently

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Maidan as a Sich

↑

PROTESTERS AND CIVIL MOVEMENTS 1. Most of the participants did not belonged to neither party, nor to social movements and act independently. 2. The amount of people which get into the civil movements increased in 12 times during the Revolution of Dignity. Do you belong to any of the following organizations: (you can choose a few answers) Maidan as a Rally

Maidan as a Camp

Maidan as a Sich

Yes, I belong to the party

3,9

14,9

7.7

Yes, I belong to the NGO

3,5

8,9

8.4

↑

Yes, I belong to the civil movement

1,2

5,9

14.2

↑

Do not belong to anything of these

91,8

70,4

69.9

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF PROTESTERS 1. The great majority of participants (88.2%) were male, 56% of Maidans participants were from the age group 30-54 years in the third stage of Maidan. 2. The great majority of Maidans participants had higher education in the first stage. By the end of Maidan sharply increased the proportion of participants with secondary education (general and specific), the proportion of participants with higher education decreased proportionately. This coincided with the arrival of large groups of protesters from cities with a population less than 100 thousand inhabitans. 3. The number of experts (with higher or specialized secondary education), students and pensioners fell down in the third stage.

4. At the same time sharply increased the number of entrepreneurs (from 9.3% to 17.4%) and workers. 5. The number of unemployed participants of Maidan significantly increased in the third stage. Some influence on this indicator can provide people who had gone from the job to participate in protests. 6. The share of Russian-speaker participants decreased in the third stage and the proportion of bilingual participants significantly increased. 7. The share of Ukrainian speakers on Maidan was consistently high in all stages exceeded 50%.

Socio-demographic structure gender

Maidan as a Rally

Maidan as a Camp

Maidan as a Sich

Male

57,2

85,1

88.2

Female

42,8

14,9

11.8

Maidan as a Rally

Maidan as a Camp

Maidan as a Sich

Age 15–29 years old

34.1

33.2

30–54 years old

52.0

56.0

55 years old and more

13,9

↓

↑

10.8

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Education

Maidan as a Rally

Maidan as a Camp

0,8

2,2

4.3

Secondary education (general and special)

22,1

38,9

43.1

Student

14,4

10,3

9.5

High

62,7

48,7

43.1

Not full secondary education

Occupation

Maidan as a Rally

Director (Deputy Head) company, institution, unit

8.0

Specialist (with higher or specialized secondary education)

Maidan as a Camp

Maidan as a Sich

↑

↓

Maidan as a Sich

4,2

4.5

39,5

21,7

26.7

Law enforcement officers, military

1,4

2,7

3.0

An entrepreneur (businessman)

9,3

12,3

17.4

An official from the staff (no special education)

2,4

4.2

Employee

6,7

14,4

15.2

Farm worker, farmer

0,6

1,9

2.9

Scholar

0,4

1,1

Student

13,2

10,1

6.2

↓

Non-working pensioners

9,4

11,2

7.4

↓

Housewife

1,5

0,1

0.3

Do not have a permanent job, but fake for the occasion in different places

3,1

8,5

4.5

Temporarily unemployed and have no source of income

2,4

7,7

8.5

Others

2,3

2,1

0.2

What language do you mainly communicate at home?

Maidan as a Camp

Russian

25,9

19,6

15.6

Ukrainian

54,6

52,5

59.0

Russian and Ukrainian

18,6

27,6

24.0

Other language

0,4

0,3

0.8

Difficult to say

0,5

0.5

↑

–

Maidan as a Rally

↓

↑

Maidan as a Sich ↓

↑

D.5.4

D.5.4.1

REVOLUTION OF DIGNITY SPACE AND TIMELINE

where party symbols are banned). In the both squares, there are several hundreds of people. Soon, the “party” camp from Evropeyska moves to Maidan, having agreed to remove the symbols. A stage for speakers is arranged.

THE CHRONOLOGY (E.3.12) The revolution started on November 30, 2013 at 4 am with a demonstrative and unreasonably brutal crackdown on protesters at the Independence Monument in Maidan. Ten days earlier, on the ninth anniversary of the Orange Revolution, President Yanukovych announced suspension of the more than a decade-long European integration process of Ukraine. The country’s leadership, despite numerous promises made, including those in the framework of the election program of Viktor Yanukovych, decided to reverse rapprochement with the EU in favor of joining the Customs Union. In fact, it would mean even more dependence on the Russian Federation as the key actor in the CU. In social networks, there were spreading calls to go out to Maidan – the traditional venue for protests. The first protests were relatively small, they were held without symbols of parties, and were attended by 1 to 2 thousand people.

On November 29, it becomes clear that Yanukovych definitively refused to sign the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, in spite of the protests all over the country. Euromaidan accuses Yanukovych of treason and demands his immediate resignation.

On November 24, the largest assembly in Maidan and Evropeyska Square since the Orange Revolution takes place: approximately 100 thousand people are out in the streets. The people’s Viche (Assembly) adopts its resolution listing the following demands to the authorities: - resignation of the government for betraying the national interests; - an extraordinary session of the Verkhovna Rada; - immediate withdrawal of the decision on reversal of European integration; - urgent consideration and adoption of the required European integration legislation laws, as if that is not possible – dissolution of the parliament and holding of early elections; - cessation of political repressions; - release of political prisoners; - renewal of the policy of European integration and signing of the Association Agreement at the upcoming EU summit in Vilnius. Protests in the cities of Ukraine gather hundreds of participants. Even on the first day of the protests, on November 21, Kyiv District Administrative Court satisfied an appeal from Kyiv administration and prohibits installation of tents in the city center for the period until early January. However, two small protest camps are deployed: in Evropeyska Square (under the flags of the party opposition) and in Maidan (the civil society camp,

THE BEGINNING On November 30, at 4 am, under the pretext of the necessity to install a Christmas tree, municipal services staff arrive to Maidan accompanied by “Berkut” riot police, which brutally force around 400 protesters out of the square using firecrackers and batons. They kick people; dozens of protesters are injured, including journalists. Some of them escape from the security forces up Myhaylivska Streets and hide in St. Michael’s Golden Dome Monastery. The monks lock the gate from inside, “Berkut” blocks entrances to the monastery from outside. The crackdown on Maidan becomes the central topic of the morning news bulletins of several popular TV channels. They broadcast footage of blood-covered protesters. Later, this event got the name of the “Crackdown on Students”, though in fact there were people of all age groups and backgrounds in the square. On the same day, at St. Michael’s Square a spontaneous rally of many thousands of people comes together. The riot police remove the blockade of the monastery and leave. MAIDAN AS A RALLY At noon, on December 1, the anniversary day of the National Referendum on Sovereignty of 1991, a peaceful march comes together at Taras Shevchenko monument (Taras Shevchenko – Ukrainian poet and artist, fighter for Ukrainian culture, XIX c.) and proceeds to Maidan. The people’s Viche in Maidan is attended by up to a million of people (the population of Kyiv metropolitan area is 4 million people). Several hundreds of organized masked provocateurs mimic storming of the Presidential Administration in Bankova Street, but the protesters deter clashes. Journalists recording what is happening get beaten by “Berkut”; dozens are injured, but protesters state their strong commitment to the principles of peaceful protest and occupy the building of Kyiv City Hall and House of Trade Union to serve the needs of the protesters. The Verkhovna Rada fails the vote on resignation of

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the government, and in front of the Parliament the camp of the so-called “titushki” is deployed – these are young men, often athletes, who for a fee take part in provocations and clashes with the political opponents of the regime (the term “titushka” derives from the surname of one of their bright representatives – 21-year-old athlete Vadym Titushko). In an organized way, they are brought by buses from southern and eastern regions of the country. Arrests of protesters start under the pretext of the court’s ruling on restriction of peaceful assemblies in the center of Kyiv. On December 8, the second people’s Viche takes place in Maidan, attended by approximately a million of participants. They build barricades in the governmental district; protesters dump the statue of Lenin in Bessarabska Square from its pedestal and smash it into pieces. On the pedestal, they mount a yellow-and-blue national flag of Ukraine and the red-and-black flag of the Ukrainian insurgent movement of the first half of the 20th century. Removal of the monument causes a poignant debate in the community. On the one hand, they say that Lenin never visited Ukraine, while being guilty of crimes against humanity and deaths of millions of people during the “Red Terror” and the Famine. On the other hand, some believe that the Soviet period in the history of Ukraine was an objective reality, and one cannot change that with demolition of the monument. On December 9, Maidan is blocked, water cannons and fire trucks are brought closer to it. Traffic in the city center is limited, and subway stations get closed down. Protesters are forced back from the governmental district. Priests of various denominations and a separate line of protesters protecting riot police forces from provocations stand between protesters’ barricades and the special troops. Ambassadors and diplomats of EU countries come to Maidan. Negotiations start between President Yanukovych and EU and US special diplomatic representatives: EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and the US Assistant Secretary of State. After the negotiations, Yanukovych states that “the authorities will only act in the framework of the law and never use violence against peaceful assemblies.” However, at night on December 11 an attack on Maidan starts. Law enforcement troops do not use non-lethal weapons: that is an attempt to physically push protesters away from Maidan with large groups of special forces and interior troops. St. Michael’s Cathedral tolls alarm bells, from the stage of Maidan they call for support addressing Kyivites and

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the media. Kyiv taxi drivers declare that they are ready to take all those wishing to go to Maidan for free, Kyivites start massively flocking to Maidan. By dawn, the number of protesters increases dramatically, and the balance of power changes, so special forces retreat. There are no people injured or serious collisions during the night. A heavy snowfall follows. In an orderly way, they collect the snow in bags and freeze them together as massive barricades several meters high. People understand that the experience of the Orange Revolution of 2004, when over the 12 days of peaceful protests they arrived at a compromise with the government, could not be applicable under the new situation. People are confused and do not understand how to proceed. The authorities just ignore the demands. MAIDAN AS A CAMP After the failed attempt at a crackdown, a more than a month-long stagnation and positional struggle start. Maidan fortifies its barricades and gets transformed into a well-fortified camp. In parallel, negotiations with the authorities go on with the stubborn hope of compromise. The supreme authorities try to declare municipal government liable for the crackdown on Maidan, and the law on amnesty for protesters is adopted. Throughout the December, the temperature stays around zero. The key stake of the authorities is that the protesters will get tired and leave. On December 13, direct negotiations start between Yanukovych and leaders of opposition parties in the Parliament acting as negotiators from the protesters. Once again, that does not work out. Then, there is a series of people’s Viches, but the number of their participants keeps declining. December 15 is announced as the Day of Dignity – the name is selected with a reference to the fact of the total disregard of interests and demands of Ukrainians by the authorities, as well as to the brutal ways of the crackdown on protests. The Viche gathers 150 to 300 thousand people; they adopt the resolution prohibiting President Yanukovych, who departed for talks in Moscow, to sign whatsoever documents on integration with the Customs Union. On December 22, there are a few dozens of thousands of people at another Viche, they announce setting up “People’s Union “Maidan”” headed by the Council of the Maidan coordinating the revolution. The idea gets

very moderate support from the protesters and does not develop: people feel a lot of distrust for the idea of subordinating the chaotic and essentially network-based Maidan to a unified organizational structure. Horizontal linkages seem more important to participants than vertical ones. They discuss new ways to make the authorities implement resolutions of Maidan, but there are also ever more distinct statements about that the protest has lost its meaning and will not result in anything positive. However, in the major cities of Ukraine Euromaidans come together every Sunday. To counterbalance them, alternative rallies for integration with the Customs Union are held, while there are numerous evidences of that they are organized by pro-governmental agencies by forcefully involving employees of budgetary organizations. In parallel, “AutoMaidan” is gaining its momentum – a movement of car-owners providing a major part of logistics services for the camp and known for a substantial number of expressive actions. In particular, on December 29 they organize a multi-kilometer rally to Mezhyhiria, where the country residence of President Yanukovych – previously expropriated by him from public property – is located. Special forces block the roads leading to the residence. So far, there are no clashes. The long winter vacations start: traditionally, Ukraine extensively celebrated both the secular New Year on January 1, and the “Old New Year” on January 13, as well as the religious holidays – Christmas as marked by the Catholic and Orthodox denominations. A series of festivities take place on Maidan. The sense of Maidan is becoming ever less clear for the protesters, but the camp keeps standing. A new impetus to development of protests is given on January 16.

applied to any of the protesters. The laws are almost identical to the Russian laws passed over a few years after the failure of the protests in Moscow in 2011. In fact, these laws bring Maidan as a phenomenon beyond the legal framework. More than a hundred non-governmental organizations announce their full mobilization and their staff’s coming to Maidan. From the eastern and southern regions, they continue massively bringing the thugs, “titushki”. The temperature in Kyiv is stably subzero.

The Verkhovna Rada adopts the budget that essentially redistributes expenditures in favor of law enforcement agencies, plus the so-called “draconian laws” or “dictatorship laws” are adopted, which: - limit constitutional rights of citizens to peaceful assemblies; - restrict the freedom of speech in the media and on the Internet; - block anti-corruption investigations by prohibiting to gather information about property of judges, law enforcement officials, and members of their families – who are perceived by the community as the most corrupt parts of the state apparatus; - limit opportunities for financing NGOs, introduce the requirement to register and get the status of “a foreign agent” for any organization that receives funding from abroad; - adopt the law on extremism, which can be arbitrarily

There came January 22, the Day of Unification, an anniversary of the proclamation of independence of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in 1918, and an anniversary of the Day of Junction – proclamation of the act of reunification of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic as a single state in 1919. In the clashes, two protesters die of gunshot wounds: Armenian Serhiy Nigoyan and Belarusian Myhailo Zhiznevsky. The body of Ukrainian Yuri Verbitsky, who was kidnapped from a hospital on January 21, is discovered mutilated with numerous tortures in forest plantations. After a few days, Roman Senik, wounded on January 22, dies in hospital. These are the first victims in the conflict of protesters with the government. The murders bring the tolerant Ukrainian society with traditionally low levels of aggression in a state of

On January 19, on Epiphany, hundreds of thousands of people gather for the 8th people’s Viche. The atmosphere is electric, participants’ opinions about whether the protests should remain peaceful are split. One of the leaders of AutoMaidan announces a peaceful march to the Parliament from the stage, with a view to its subsequent peaceful blockade to repeal the laws that violate the Constitution. Thousands of protesters head to the Verkhovna Rada along Hrushevskogo Street. Near the arch of the stadium “Dynamo”, the column is blocked by “Berkut” and units of the interior troops. Clashes start, the marchers throw stones and Molotov cocktails. The peaceful demonstration turns into a clash, where law enforcement units use tear gas and stun grenades. Activists set buses of “Berkut” and their trucks on fire, security forces use water cannons. Hundreds of the participants are injured, there are dozens of injured journalists. Thus, activists start disappearing from the streets en masse, and wounded protesters are taken away from hospitals in an unknown direction and without any explanation by law enforcement staff. This day gets the name of “Vognehrescha” (Baptizing by Fire). The standoff continues. The temperature drops to -10, and snowfalls begin.

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shock. Perennial confrontations between citizens and the authorities have always taken place within the framework of the tacit social contract of non-violence. And if the “crackdown on students on November 30” was a clear violation of these rules, killings of protesters from firearms fully dismantle this contract. It becomes absolutely obvious that further peaceful protest is impossible. Maidan faces the need to realize what sacrifices it’s ready to allow.

At night, temperature drops to 18-20 degrees below zero. Maidan does not leave, the camp continues fortifying and training. In the other areas of Kyiv, there are massive burnings of cars by “titushki”. Selfdefense units continue patrolling the city. Because of the arsons, those citizens of Kyiv who so far stayed relatively neutral massively join them. In the south of the country, the scale of revolutionary actions grows, in Lviv entrepreneurs declare a tax boycott.

MAIDAN AS SICH The country is covered with a wave of takeovers of administrative buildings: in Kyiv protesters seize the Ukrainian House – the former Lenin Museum, which subsequently was organized as a place for recreation and heating of protesters, where there is their kitchen, dining room, and even a library. Maidan actually turns into a Cossack State, Sich: 80% of the protesters on Maidan are men, self-organized as self-defense hundreds. There are regular trainings on the theory and practice of street fighting. People continue disappearing from streets of the city. Meanwhile, the Kyivites who did not active join the protests start uniting as district self-defense units and patrolling the city on the volunteer basis. Captured “titushki”/thugs are taken out of the city. Maidan in the perimeter of the barricades becomes one of the safest places in Kyiv. At another round of negotiations on January 25, Yanukovych for the first time voices his readiness to dismiss the government and suggests that the new cabinet is led by representatives of the opposition – Yatsenyuk and Klitschko. At a Viche, Maidan prohibits the negotiators to take this offer. Systemic opposition to protesters is unwrapped in the regions. Administrative buildings in some regions are attacked and seized by the combined units of riot police and titushki/mercenaries.

On February 9, at the people’s Viche, the Self-Defense announce their decision to expand the area of their activity to cover the entire country. Citizens are called to establish field units. The long-lasting confrontation significantly affects the Ukrainian economy, which is already in a poor condition. Foreign exchange reserves are at their lowest in the recent 10 years, the national currency exchange rate decreases. The international rating agency Fitch lowers the economic rating of the largest banks in Ukraine to the pre-default status.

On January 28, activists of Maidan put forward a list of 11 demands: to limit the power of the president and to return to the parliamentary model of state; to terminate application of force by the authorities, full amnesty, to abolish all dictatorial laws; to dissolve “Berkut” riot police units, early elections, and large-scale lustration. They declare truce. The Cabinet of Ministers headed by Azarov resigns. They cancel part of the dictatorial laws, pass an amnesty law, which is due to come into force after the protesters release all administrative buildings. However, the authorities’ credibility is depleted, and Maidan activists do not yield their positions and insist on that the authorities fully comply with all of their demands.

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On February 16, protesters claim that they have met the conditions of the amnesty deal and are waiting for a response from the authorities. However, the authorities keep postponing that, apparently delaying the negotiation process. On the morning of February 18, a file of activists is formed in Maidan for “a peace offensive on the Verkhovna Rada” demanding return of the Constitution of 2004 and switching to the parliamentary model of the state. Participants of the march are intercepted in Hrushevskogo Street by two water cannons and two APCs. Another clash between the protesters and the combined units of riot police and mercenaries/titushki starts. Several lines of protesters block all the streets on the way to the Verkhovna Rada. Riot police use stun grenades, gas and rubber bullets, as a response they throw stones. In Hrushevskogo Street, protesters set tires on fire. In Mariinsky Park, there is a battle with the combined forces of riot police and mercenaries. Activists occupy the House of Officers and arrange a first aid center in it, where they bring dozens of injured people instead of taking them to municipal hospitals – that makes it possible to prevent their kidnapping by security forces. In Instytutska Street, 200 meters away from the Verkhovna Rada, there are clashes between “Berkut” and activists. Riot police fire into the crowd. Protesters attack the building on the roof of which they see snipers. Access ways for ambulance cars are blocked, Self-defense units take the wounded to Maidan. The Minister of Internal Affairs and the Security

Service chairperson come out with a joint ultimatum: “Extremists from the opposition have crossed the line – they are killing innocent people in the streets of the capital of Ukraine, bullying women, and setting houses and cars on fire and blowing them up. [...] If before 6pm the riots do not stop, we will be obliged to set order by all the means allowed by the law.” At 4.22pm, they start an attack on the upper barricade of Maidan in Instytutska Street. “Berkut” pushes its defenders back and throws stones and Molotov cocktails at them. Kyiv subway stops operating completely “in connection with the threat of a terrorist attack,” the traffic in the city is paralyzed. In Lviv, Ternopil, and Chernivtsi general mobilization is announced, churches toll the bells of alarm. From western regions, convoys and buses with people leave to strengthen the Self Defense in Maidan in Kyiv. “Berkut” gradually push people away from the streets adjacent to Maidan and drive them to the square. By 5.45, there are around 20 thousand people. The protesters dismantle paving stones. The government announces restrictions on the entry to Kyiv starting from midnight of February 19, in order to “prevent escalation of the conflict and human casualties.” Broadcasting of “Channel 5” with its live coverage of events in the center of Kyiv, is switched off in the entire territory of Ukraine. Security officials announce an “anti-terrorist operation.” APCs arrive from the side of “Arsenalna” metro station, there are water cannons in Instytutska Street. The attack on Maidan starts. ATTACK February 18, 8pm. From the stage and from the side of the riot police, they call women and minors to leave Maidan. “Berkut” tries to break through the defense of Maidan. Self-defense troops repel the attack. A fire starts in the House of Trade Unions. They evacuate people from the building, including those injured. “Berkut” attacks from Evropeyska Square. Protesters burn APCs with Molotov cocktails. In hospitals, there are hundreds of wounded people, hundreds of volunteers do not let law enforcement officers take them out from there. Maidan loses control over Hrushevskoho Street and Evropeyska Square, the Ukrainian House, the October Palace, and the top barricade in Instytutska Street. There are more than 20 people killed, hundreds are injured.

TRUCE All through this period, there are negotiations of leaders of the parliamentary opposition with Yanukovych. The president insists on that the protesters lay down their arms, leave Maidan, and go home. “Berkut” continues trying to attack, around 7,000 of staff of security forces are brought to Maidan. From the roof of the House of Trade Unions, “Berkut” throws stun grenades at the protesters. Riot police accelerate their offensives on Maidan, they surround the Independence Monument. Entrances to Kyiv are blocked, they inspect all cars, and trucks are banned from entering. In fact, it is a state of emergency. The territory controlled by the protesters reduces to a minimum, there are some barricades that there is nobody to protect. The finite cleansing of Maidan is apprehended. On February 19 at 7 am, the first bus with Lviv Self-Defense Hundred breaks through into Maidan. The protesters, shielding themselves with plywood boards and light construction helmets, are attacked by snipers, and most of the Lviv Hundred are killed in the first hour of the confrontation; but this time turns out to be enough for buses with protesters from other regions to reach Maidan, and they succeed in keeping the square. Following results of negotiations with the opposition, Viktor Yanukovych declares a truce. The president promises to stop the assault on Maidan and declares February 20 the day of mourning for those killed on February 18-19. Across the country, massive seizures of public buildings by EuroMaidan activists continue.

D 55

THE DAY OF MOURNING The truce is not respected on the both sides: protesters burn tires, there are explosion of firecrackers. Shots are heard, approaches to Maidan are blocked by gunmen. “Berkut” throws Molotov cocktails into the Conservatoir, where a new first aid center of Maidan is located. As a response, protesters start a counterattack and push the riot police back out of the Independence Square to Evropeyska Square. When retreating, security forces open fire from machine guns and sniper rifles. Maidan restores and strengthens the barricades destroyed the day before during the assault. There are about 30 thousand people in Maidan. On the terrace of the October Palace and the roof of the hotel “Ukraine”, sniper sites are deployed, from where they shoot at people in the square, including physicians. Protesters seize sniping spots with their light shields and mostly improvised weapons. More than 40 protesters are dead. Then there is a turning point in the fighting. Protesters occupy the Ukrainian House and the positions in Hrushevskogo Street. Several dozen members of the Interior Troops surrender to Maidan’s Self Defense. The Verkhovna Rada and the Cabinet of Ministers announce evacuation. Security forces en masse leave their positions, some of then surrender to the protesters. Dozens of flights depart from airport VIP terminals, officials flee from the country with their families. The evening session of the Verkhovna Rada opens. As a result, the Security Service is prohibited from continuing the “anti-terrorist operation”, the MIA is obliged to unlock transport routes across the country, and the Ministry of Defense – to withdraw the troops. Rada undertakes to work every day, seven days a week, until the end of the crisis.

D 56

THE VICTORY Throughout the night of February 20 to February 21, negotiations are continuing between leaders of the parliamentary opposition with Yanukovych mediated by EU and Russian diplomats. As a result, they sign an agreement on the constitutional reform with the transition to the parliamentary model of governance and early election of the President in December. The Verkhovna Rada with its constitutional majority re-enacts the Constitution of 2004, which deprives the President of much of his authority. People come to Maidan for a memorial service, which lasts all through the day. The people killed are referred to as the “Heavenly Hundred.” Leaders of the parliamentary opposition go on stage to speak about their deal with Yanukovych, but Maidan boos them. After them, one of leaders of the Self-Defense speaks, who declares an ultimatum: if before 10 am the president does not sign a letter of resignation, Maidan will start an assault on the Administration. Maidan supports the proposal. Yanukovych escapes from the country. The Verkhovna Rada votes for his resignation in connection with his “self-disengagement”. Elections of a new President are appointed for May 25. A week later, on February 27, the invasion by the Russian Federation in the Crimea starts.

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D.5.4.2

REVOLUTION OF DIGNITY IN THE SPACE OF THE KYIV CITY CORE Some revolutionary events took place in all districts of Kyiv, but constant mass events of Revolution of Dignity occurred just in the city center. This is caused by the proximity of the city authorities and the state buildings, features of the functional purpose of Kyiv city center and its relief. The area of continuous / constant mass revolutionary events includes: Street. Khreschatyk and Maidan Nezalezhnosti, nearest areas to Khreschatyk str.: T. Shevchenko blvd., Park T. Shevchenko, territory of Government center (Pechersk, Lypky), the Central Park of Culture and Leisure – Khreschatiy Park, City Garden, Mariinsky Park), St. Michael’s Square and St. Michael’s Monastery (scheme 10). Tradition We have to note that gathering people on Maidan has a tradition: the revolutions of recent times took place in Kyiv exactly on Maidan - Revolution on the Granite, action “Ukraine without Kuchma”, Orange Revolution, “Tax maidan”. “To go out on Maidan” - an expression that from the beginning of XXI century means not to go far a walk but decisive, courageous and uncompromising expression of dissent of the policy of supreme authority of the country and requirements of certain important changes in the country. During the Revolution of Dignity, which was the driving force for the middle class, who also took no active part in political life of the country, Square has become a place to articulate the position of civil society. Location revolutionary events center near the government center Pedestrian access to the city and state authorities “light” achievable goal - to influence government - and to some extent led to the revolution of the center is on the Maidan. In walking distance are the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Administration of the President of Ukraine, ministries and departments of the government. Important events of the revolution in mass demonstrations-foot walk to the institutions of this level of demands of the protesters. Also located on Khreschatyk Kyiv City Council and a few institutions that govern the life of the city (Main Post Office, etc.). Instytutska Street, where the shooting took place hundreds of Heaven leads directly to the center of the government quarter, the Secretariat of the President of Ukraine, National Bank, the Verkhovna Rada and the Cabinet of Ministers.

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Three large areas to collect large numbers of people within the territory of the revolutionary events Independence Square, European Square and Michael have played a crucial role revolutionary events - a traditional veche square, where they meet a lot of people (one million). Independence Square - the epicenter of revolutionary events, the center of the tent city where they lived, fought and killed protesters. European area, which held its first protest “against not signing the Agreement with the EU” (name of the European area is symbolic - it took people for Ukraine’s entry into the EU, and this has caused the first “name” of the revolution - “Euromaidan”). Michael area has become a symbol for protesters first educational and self assembly of “living space” given that after the dissolution of the Maidan November 30, 2013 Michael’s Monastery opened its doors to people who were persecuted and mercilessly beaten, mutilated, security forces arrested. During the events of actively used Khreschatyk Street, which consists of vosmysmuhovoyi road with wide pedestrian sidewalks. Khreschatyk - the main street of Kyiv - Independence and hit the barricade ukrilennya zone during the revolution. It is important to understand that the core center of Kyiv (Independence Square and Khreschatyk Str.) Formed as a typical Soviet “imperial” building Stalinist period. Soviet tradition included large areas and wide streets adapted for parades and events. On the one hand, it is difficult and creating barricades blocking the street protestors space, and the other allowed to gather on Independence hundreds of thousands of people and forcing large units of power going to attack protesters Transport accessibility and central location of the revolutionary events The epicenter of the city - the epicenter of the Revolution - pulling power and energy of the city. Directly in the central part of the revolutionary events located 2 subway interchange nodes (“Independence Square” and “Khreshchatyk”) which connects the center of the most densely populated areas of the city. Another 2 metro stations are in walking distance (“Golden Gate” and “Theatre”). Even when you close the subway in February 2014 from Central Station to Independence Square could walk for 15-20 minutes. This resulted in joining a large number of people (Kyiv residents and visitors) to the protests. The convenient location of the tent city Kiev smoothly brought demonstrators everything you need: food, warm clothes, medicines and so on. It is also important to note that the area is surrounded by a network of Revolution yards and cross passages between building blocks, allowing the supply everything you need to Independence even when the blockade main roads.

Availability of public buildings that were used for the location of all the functions that provide livelihoods Square At the revolutionary events are public buildings and office blocks. During the Orange Revolution and Revolution Advantages of these buildings used “to the needs of the square.” For the purposes of the Revolution Advantages premises used: Kyiv City Council, House of Trade Unions, Ukrainian House “October Palace” House of Architect, Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine, Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine, Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, Department of Urban Planning and Architecture, building Ukrainian cooperative unions and others. One of the keys to implementing long Revolution was the opportunity for the location of people in these buildings for accommodation, respite, location, staff, food, hospitals, assistance centers, volunteer centers, cultural initiatives, religious institutions; availability of water, toilets and so on. “Hospital Square” on the street. Tryokhsvyatytelska, 7 unfolded in a former hospital. Square Hospital has provided first aid, including surgical, injured and ill members Maidan. It saved lives by providing first aid and then directing people to hospitalization in other hospitals. In “Square Hospital» Medical Service Staff focused national resistance, worked 2 operating with a complete surgical team. Michael’s Monastery played an important role in the Revolution dignity. This was the first place the alarm (night 29-30.11.2013) announced that the protesters about the possibility of getting rid of ozvirylyh security forces. Last warning bell to ring this bell tower in the thirteenth century - during the Mongol invasion. In the monastery once deployed hospitals, and funeral prayer is dead. Medieval Christian tradition “last refuge”, a place where you can escape renewed in Kiev in the twentieth century. For the first time in the history of independent Ukraine church so explicitly and clearly articulate the value of human life and the ensuing humanitarian function, which actually declined from power. This fact has special importance St. Michael’s Square and St. Michael’s Monastery and even gave rise to speak about the “beginning of the Renaissance Christianity” in Ukraine.

protesters (mainly Kiev) eat in cafeterias, cafes and restaurants in Khreschatyk and next. The special role of relief city center The area is historically rooted in the city center, has a complex topography, elevation which reaches up to 30 meters in a fairly small area. These natural features have played an important role in the arrangement of the tent city and go fighting during massive clashes. Independence Square, surrounded by slopes of Kyiv, located in the lowland areas, the extent of which is easily fixed network of streets and squares and defended by building barricades, setting block-posts and more. On the other hand uniformed forces were located on the hills Caves slopes (above 30 meters). Any assault on protesters faced a “storm height”, which immediately put protesters at a disadvantage. In some periods of the revolution “Maidan” extended to the street. Olginskaya - “took altitude.” “Get height” - go almost unarmed assault on for their ideals and dignity and to die - was by hundreds of Heaven, his “Ukrainian Golgotha.”

Availability of infrastructure catering Meals lot of people in the catering was important during massive clusters in the center of the city. On the Square, the House of Trade Unions, October Palace, Ukrainian House, and other structures worked several large kitchens, where the clock free fed protesters who were constantly on the Square. A lot of people who came to the Popular Assembly to support the

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D.5.5

TRAGIC EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION OF DIGNITY. HEROES OF THE HEAVENLY HUNDRED. ANTHEM OF THE HEAVENLY HUNDRED. ORDER OF HEROES OF HEAVENLY HUNDRED. KNIGHTS OF THE ORDER OF THE HEAVENLY HUNDRED. ORDER “GOLDEN STAR”. HEROES OF UKRAINE. ALLEY OF THE HEROES OF THE HEAVENLY HUNDRED. «We will lay our soul and body for the cherished freedom…» National Anthem of Ukraine More than a hundred activists of Euromaidan died during the uprising in Kyiv during the winter of 2013-2014. The bloodiest events took place on Hrushevskoho street and Instytutska street. Those who died are called the Heavenly Hundred in mourning speeches on Maidan. A lot of people were wounded and there are some that are missing. The total number of those who died (according to different calculations) varies between 108 and 170 individuals. Up to 3000 people were affected, of which about 140 were journalists and approximately 20 individuals from the opposite side of the barricades. Heroes of the Revolution of Dignity. In the moments of choice between freedom and slavery, bright future and dark past, justice and tyranny on Maidan, Ukrainians, Armenians, Georgians, Belarusians, Jews and Russians were standing side by side. They were united be the will to live in a free country. First they demanded a return of the right to choose. Then they were forced to demand the right to live. Unarmed people went to barricades against fully armed “Berkut” (special police force). They died but never gave up. This is how another hundred appeared on Maidan – the Heavenly Hundred. For Ukrainians it is a sacred hundred since everyone from the Heavenly Hundred paid the highest price for their beliefs – life. To commemorate Heroes properly is obligatory to us. To remember what they died for. To never betray them.

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Anthem of the Heavenly Hundred During the last valediction with those who died on Maidan on February 21, 2014 a sad funeral song could be heard from the scene «A Duckling Swims in the Tysynia River… [Plyve Kacha po Tysuni…]», that became an unofficial anthem of the Heavenly Hundred. In February 2014 governmental authorities officially acknowledged all who died on Maidan as victims. Resolution of Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine “On Commemoration of Participants of Armed Conflicts During Peaceful Actions of Protest” from Feb. 24 , 2014 № 774-VII. The Parliament (Verkhovna Rada) of Ukraine adopted the Law of Ukraine “On Establishment of Governmental Subsidy to Affected Participants of Mass Actions of Public Protest and to Members of Their Families” – Feb. 21, 2014 № 745-VII. Peaceful meeting of Euromaidan protesters in January 2014 unexpectedly turned into bloody slaughter. On “Bloody day of Unity of Ukraine” Jan. 22, 2014 first heroes of the Heavenly Hundred were killed, wounded and died. The most bloody events took place on Instytutska street on Feb. 18-20 2014. Up to 100 people died there. The final number of victims among participant of protests during the winter of 2013/2014 has not as yet bet finally determined. Official data does not coincide with the information of volunteer services and help centers for injured. Official Data Statistics on murdered (according to the Ministry of Health on April 17, 2014): from Nov. 30, 2013 on the territory of Ukraine in result of military actions in the center of Kyiv 106 people were killed (including 94 people who died during clashes on Instytutska street). In March of 2014 a Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine from March 28, 2014 № 76 “On Social Protection of Family Members of those Individuals whose Death is Related to Participation in Mass Actions of Public Protest, that Took Place During November 21, 2013 – February 21, 2014”. According to the Order of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine from May 08 2014 № 278 “On Approval of Lists of Individuals, whose Family Members Have a Right to Receive One-Time Payment Assistance and Additional Payment to Pension Due to the Loss of Breadwinner” the number of people killed is 96 of Euromaidan protesters and 17 of law enforcement and military divisions.»,. НBy the Order of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine from June 2, 2014 № 340 “On Amendments to the List of Individuals, whose Death is Related to Participation in Mass Actions of Public Protest, that

Took Place During November 21, 2013 – February 21, 2014 whose Family Members Have a Right to Receive One-Time Payment Assistance and Additional Payment to Pension Due to the Loss of Breadwinner» 98 killed protesters of Euromaidan were identified. According to the Decree of the President of Ukraine from Nov. 21, 2014 № 890/2014 “On Awarding the Title of Hero of Ukraine» the title Hero of Ukraine with on Order of Golden Star was awarded to 99 individuals. (posthumously). Up to Dec. 12, 2014 information collection on 7 victims is still in progress. Quite recently, December 9, 2014 due to wounds received during military actions on Maidan, one of Maidan Heroes, Kyivan Olexander Grytsenko, died. Statistical Data from Independent Internet Resources: Euromaidan SOS: as of Dec. 6, 2014 the total number of killed – 123 individuals and 27 are missing. Victims of Maidan Help Center “Family Maidan” – as of March 31, 2014 – 103 protesters killed and 18 people from military and law enforcement. Wikipedia: 112 Euromaidan protestors killed and 17 from the military. A number of communities actively worked through social networks to search for victims, missing people and those killed among protest participants. Such an active cooperation and self-organization of people helped to find and provide assistance to many people. Victims Help Center “Family Maidan”, Public Organization “Family of Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred” and other communities were created. On May 19, 2014 the initiative group of families of Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred announced independent investigation (with the help of foreign experts) of deaths of their relatives on Maidan, noting that law enforcement institutions are too protracted in their investigation of cases of deaths and disappearance of Maidan activists. As of Nov. 8, 2014 according to the announcement of the Ministry of the Interior advisor, the investigation is executed by the General Prosecution of Ukraine. On July 8, 2014 the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko declared that he will provide assistance in resolving the questions brought up by relatives of those who were killed, and offered to award everyone who gave his or her life during the Revolution of Dignity with an order of Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred. On Nov. 3, 2014 with the Decree of the President of Ukraine № 844/2014 the “Order of Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred” was established. The Order is to reward individuals for courage, patriotism, defense of

constitutional principles of democracy, human rights and freedoms, active charitable, humanitarian, public activity in Ukraine, freewill service to Ukrainian people, revealed during the Revolution of Dignity (November 2013 – February 2014) and other events, related to protection of independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. The motto of the Order of Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred in “Freedom and Dignity”. On Nov. 27 2014 by the Decree of the President of Ukraine № 893/2014 in acknowledgement of civil courage, patriotism, defense of constitutional principles of democracy, human rights and freedoms, revealed during the Revolution of Dignity, the Order of the Heavenly Hundred was posthumously rewarded to: ZHYZNEVSKY Michael [ЖИЗНЕВСЬКИЙ Михайло Михайлович] (citizen of Belarus’) KIPIANI David [КІПІАНІ Давид] (citizen of Georgia) KHURTSIYA Zurab [ХУРЦІЯ Зураб] (citizen of Georgia) (according to the Ukrainian legislation the title of Hero of Ukraine can be given only to a citizen of Ukraine. As of Dec. 12 2014 Verchovna Rada of Ukraine is examining a feasibility of amendments to legislation in order to allow rewarding of the title of Hero of Ukraine to non-citizens of Ukraine). On Nov. 27, 2014 by the Decree of the President of Ukraine № 890/2014 “On Awarding a Title of Hero of Ukraine” for civil courage, patriotism, heroic defense of constitutional principles of democracy, human rights and freedoms, dedicated service to Ukrainian people, revealed during the Revolution of Dignity, the title of Hero of Ukraine and Order of “Golden Star” were awarded (posthumously) to 99 individuals – citizens of Ukraine. As of Dec. 12, 2014 the Administration of the President of Ukraine is reviewing a few additional award letters. E.3.13

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Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred (according to the information of Public Organization “Families of Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred” by Dec. 12, 2014) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

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AKSENIN Vasyl’ ARUTYUNIAN George BADERA Alexander BAYDOVSKY Sergey BAL’UK Alexander BACHYNS’KY Igor BLIOK Ivan BOYKIV Volodymyr BONDAREV Sergey BONDARCHUK Sergey BRATUSHKA Alexey BREZDEN’UK Valeriy BURA Olga VAYDA Bogdan VARENYTSIA Roman VASYL’TSOV Vitaly VERBYTSKY Jury VEREMIY Vyacheslav VOYTOVYCH Nazar VORONA Vyacheslav GADZHA Peter GOLODNIUK Ustym GORODNYUK Ivan GOROSHYSHYN Maxim GRYNEVYCH Eduard GURYK Roman DVORYANETS Antonina DZIAVULSKY Mykola DYGDALOVYCH Andriy DIDYCH Sergey DMYTRIV Igor DIAKOVSKY Jury ZHALOVAGA Anatoly ZHEREBNY Volodymyr

12.03.2014 20.02.2014 28.01.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 25.02.2014 20.02.2014 19.02.2014 18.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 18.02.2014 10.03.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 18.02.2014 22.01.2014 19.02.2014 20.02.2014 09.03.2014 22.03.2014 20.02.2014 05.03.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 18.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 18.02.2014 20.02.2014 18.04.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

ZHYZNEVSKY Mychaylo ZAYKO Jakiv ZAHAROV Volodymyr ZUBENKO Vladyslav ILKIV Bogdan KALYNIAK Bogdan KAPYNOS Alexander KEMSKY Sergey KIPIANI David KISCHUK Volodymyr KLITYNSKY Alexander KORNEYEV Anatoly KORCHAK Andriy KOSTENKO Igor KOSTYSHYN Michaylo KOTLIAR Yevhen KOTSYUBA Vitaliy KULCHYTSKY Volodymyr MAZUR Artem MAZURCHENKO Pavlo MAKSYMOV Dmytro MELNYCHUK Volodymyr MOVCHAN Andriy MOYSEY Vasyl NAKONECHNY Ivan NAUMOV Volodymyr NECHYPORENKO Anatoliy NIHOYAN Sergiy OPANASYUK Valeriy PAGOR Dmytriy PANTELEYEV Ivan PAN’KIV Mykola PARASCHUK Jury PASKHALIN Jury PEHEN`KO Igor PLEHANOV Alexander PODRYHUN Alexander

22.01.2014 18.02.2014 18.02.2014 28.02.2014 22.02.2014 28.01.2014 19.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 18.02.2014 19.02.2014 20.02.2014 18.02.2014 20.02.2014 26.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 19.02.2014 03.03.2014 22.12.2013 19.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 07.03.2014 18.02.2014 11.04.2014 22.01.2014 20.02.2014 19.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 19.02.2014 20.02.2014 19.02.2014 23.02.2014

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72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

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POLIANSKY Leonid POPRAVKO Jury PROHORSKY Vasyl PROHORCHUK Viktor RYBAK Volodymyr SAYENKO Andriy SENIK Roman SERHIYENKO Vasyl SERDYUK Igor SYDORCHUK Jury SYNENKO Sergey SLOBODYAN Taras SMOLENSKY Vitaly SOL`CHANYK Bogdan TARASYUK Ivan TKACHUK Igor TOPIY Volodymyr TOCHYN Roman USHNEVYCH Oleg KHOMYAK Viktor KHRAPACHENKO Alexander KHURTSIYA Zurab TSARYOK Olexander TSEPUN Andriy CHAPLINSKY Volodymyr CHERNENKO Andriy CHERNETS’ Viktor CHERNIAVSKY Dmytro CHMILENKO Viktor SHAPOVAL Sergey SHVETS’ Viktor SHEREMET Vasyl’ SHEREMET Liudmila SHYLING Josyp SHYMKO Maxym SCHERBANYUK Alexander

20.02.2014 22.04.2014 19.02.2014 18.02.2014 21.04.2014 20.02.2014 25.01.2014 05.04.2014 18.02.2014 28.06.2014 13.02.2014 невідома 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 21.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 27.01.2014 20.02.2014 18.02.2014 20.02.2014 21.02.2014 20.02.2014 18.02.2014 19.02.2014 13.03.2014 20.02.2014 18.02.2014 19.02.2014 04.03.2014 22.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014 20.02.2014

In September-October 2014 in Kyiv City Administration conducted a survey of public opinion in Kyiv on a subject of renaming Instytutska street to Street of Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred. 61% of Kyiv residents supported the project of renaming Instytutska Street. There were more than 2.8 thousand residents engaged in the survey. 472 propositions and amendments to the project were submitted. For instance, some residents suggested it was necessary to rename only one section of the street, where tragic events took place in February (the section between Maidan/Independence Square and Olgynska street) and leave historic name for the rest of the street. Other residents spoke for renaming Instytutska street into street of the Heavenly Hundred (without the word “Heroes”). The final decision for renaming the street or its part has to be approved during one of the upcoming sessions of Kyiv City Council.

[Гей, плине кача по Тисині, Плине кача по Тисині. Мамко ж моя, не лай мені, Мамко ж моя, не лай мені.] Hey, a duckling swims in the Tysynia river, A duckling swims in the Tysynia river. My mommy, do not berate me, My mommy, do not berate me, [Гей, залаєш ми в злу годину, Залаєш ми в злу годину. Сам не знаю, де погину, Сам не знаю, де погину.] Hey, you will berate me in an evil hour, Will berate me in an evil hour. I don’t know myself where will I perish, I don’t know myself where will I perish [Гей, погину я в чужім краю, Погину я в чужім краю. Хто ж ми буде брати яму? Хто ж ми буде брати яму?] Hey, will I parish in a foreign land, Will I parish in a foreign land, Who will dig a grave for me? Who will dig a grave for me? [Гей, виберуть ми чужі люди, Виберуть ми чужі люди, Ци не жаль ти, мамко, буде? Ци не жаль ти, мамко, буде?] Those will be strange people, Those will be strange people, Will you be sorry for me? Will you be sorry for me? [Гей, як би ж мені, синку, не жаль? Як би ж мені, синку, не жаль? Ти ж на моїм серцю лежав, Ти ж на моїм серцю лежав.] Hey, how will I not be sorry, my son? How will I not be sorry, my son? You will be lying down in my heart, You will be lying down in my heart. [Гей, плине кача по Тисині, Плине кача по Тисині.] Hey, a duckling swims in the Tysynia river, A duckling swims in the Tysynia river.

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D.6

NEW SOCIAL PRACTICES THAT EMERGED DURING THE REVOLUTION OF DIGNITY

The area of the Revolution of Dignity was, in fact, “a city inside a city”, with its movable, but clearly defined boundaries (barricades), quarters of tents, complex infrastructure (staff headquarters, living spaces and dining areas, hospitals, chapels), navigation and information system (social network pages, announcements from the stage, leaflets, newspapers). The principles of organization of this “city” (both spatial and social) relied on one of the most important Ukrainian archetypes, the Cossack Sich, the embodiment of freedom, liberty and justice. This military and political organization represented a special Cossack form of government built on democratic principles (all seats were elected) and ideas of social peace (Zaporizhian_Sich). The tents where protesters stayed were called the kurins, as the tents on the Zaporizhian Sich, and Self-Defence units were called sotnias (hundreds) (sotnia; enwiki). Maidan also followed such Cossack traditions as grass-roots democracy and self-organization. The participants of the Revolution of Dignity were hundreds of thousands of people of different ages, ethnic and religious affiliations, occupations and income. Maidan gathered representatives of various political parties and politically uncommitted people. Shared values and a common goal — the struggle for civil rights and liberties — were the basis of the formation of the Maidan social unity. It is through this unity that the protest movement was so powerful and long-lasting. Social practices that emerged or evolved in a new way during the Revolution of Dignity did not merely cover the need of defines or attack, life support and everyday life of Maidan protesters. It was the first instance in the modern history of Ukraine of a wide use of seemingly “impractical” social practices that actually helped to balance aggression, forces of negation and destruction. They were in a way “magical” practices of creating order and good in the middle of chaos and evil. The most vivid example was the practice of cleaning (sweeping, garbage collection) in close proximity to the fighting (in Hrushevskoho Street and on Maidan, at the site of the tents burnt down on 18th–20th February). One of the most important peaceful social practices of the Revolution of Dignity was daily joint prayer (interdenominational and interfaith). An important practice of unity was also collective singing of the national anthem of Ukraine. The events on Maidan

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and this practice formed wide respect for the national symbols of the country. Some social practices were the embodiment of public initiatives that are still active, such as the Open University (D.6.2.2) and the Maidan Library (D.6.2.1). Social practices of the Revolution of Dignity can be tentatively divided into political and non-political, peaceful and military, household and ritual, territorial and extra-territorial (in relation to the Maidan space, such as AutoMaidan, D.6.1.3). Actually different types and methods of social communication intertwined, creating an amazing feeling of an anthill or hive, where everybody works for the common good. Maidan social practices covered initiatives to provide life support, IT support, medical and legal assistance, religious needs, education and culture. Numerous initiatives were dedicated to preserving the memory of Maidan (D.6.4). Maidan relied on horizontal self-organization, shared responsibility, mutual aid and volunteering. It was natural to give and share, which was the embodiment of the practice of mutual trust, an extremely important achievement in the recently atomized society. Volunteer organizations that emerged during the Maidan events became the basis of a remarkably powerful and branched volunteer movement that has been supplying the army, the wounded and the displaced for months. Social unity during public events (e.g., the March of a Million) and participation in joint decision-making (during the viche, the public assembly) contributed to the desacralization of power and to the development of direct democracy. Another example of values and practices obtained during the Revolution of Dignity is the Territory of Dignity competition: all stages of developing the competition brief were open to the public and all stages of the work involved volunteers.

“HUNDREDS”OF MAIDAN

“Hundred” is the name of the traditional Cossack military unit, consisting of a hundred people. During the Revolution of Dignity “hundreds” was the name of protesters, who united for self-defense and called “Self-Defense of Maidan”. Over time the word “hundred” used for various civic associations, whose activities were associated with Maidan in organizational, medical or cultural field. Hundreds of “Self-defense of Maidan” began to form by the initiative of protesters on November, 30, 2013 at Michaylivska Square where they had a training. “SelfDefense of Maidan” organized on December 1, 2103; in February 2014 more than 40 “Hundreds” stand on Maidan. “Hundreds” were created by territorial principle (Lviv, Volyn, Hutsul, etc.) or by belonging to political parties. “Hundreds of self-defense of Maidan” carried the ward on Maidan, guarding the barricades and were involved in the confrontation with forces of authorities. In February 2014 “Self-defense of Maidan” was reorganized into the All-Ukrainian NGO. After February, 22, 2014 when forces left Maidan, “Self-Defense” controlled government district, guarding government buildings. Following the adoption of the Law “On the National Guard of Ukraine” many members of the “Self-defense” went to the East of Ukraine participating in the anti-terrorist activities. On December, 12, 2104 in the ranks of “Self-defense” there are 61 350 participants (www.samooboronaua.org). In time of Revolution of Dignity “Hundreds” also called groups of volunteers engaged in “peaceful” activities of Maidan: IT-support, educational programs, medical care, etc. (Volunteer hundred, Hundred of Art, Nursing hundred, etc.). Many of them work successful in present and turned into a strong volunteer movement. By example of “hundreds of Cossacks”, who defended Ukrainian land from the enemies, people who died on Maidan and Institutska str. on February, 18-20, 2014 called Heavenly Hundred. It was sacrifice for the freedom and independence of Ukraine.

Cossack organizations “4 hundred” was the founder of Ukrainian Cossack army and became its units. During the period of active phase of Maidan from December, 1 to February, 20th Cossacks took part in all the events, including the fighting on Hrushevskoho str. In addition to active participation in the confrontation with “Berkut”, the Cossacks carried the guard of all hospital and health centers on Maidan. Members of the “4th (Cossack) hundred” are part of almost all volunteer battalions and help volunteers collecting things for anti-terrorist activities and for immigrants from the East of Ukraine now. In addition, the Cossacks actively participate in the consideration of scandal activities (ruin of green areas, illegal appointment of officials, monitoring the investigation of crimes against the authorities). Another activity is the creation and development “Truhanivska Sich” on Truhaniv island in Kyiv. “Truhanivska Sich” has to become a center of education of youth in the tradition of the Cossacks.

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C.6.1

D.6.1.1

D.6.1.2

SOCIAL INITIATIVES THAT PROVIDE LIVELIHOODS OF MAIDAN

EUROMAIDAN-SOS Euromaidan SOS is a human rights initiative operating by volunteers. It was started on November 30, 2013, after the violent crackdown on peaceful student demonstration at Maidan (Independence Square) in Kyiv. During the Revolution, day-and-night, Euromaidan SOS volunteers provided legal and other assistance to activists documenting human rights violations, monitoring police actions, searching for the missing, informing about the latest developments at Maidan, cooperating with international institutions (e.g. UN offices, European Council, EU, OSCE, etc.) The Euromaidan SOS hotline also functioned 24 hours a day. Few thousands of volunteers and hundreds of independent lawyers were involved with this initiative. Today, Euromaidan SOS mobile groups and human rights missions are located in the Eastern Ukraine where they are documenting human rights abuses and war crimes. At the international level, Euromaidan SOS closely cooperates with the International Criminal Court in investigating crimes of former authorities committed during the Euromaidan protests. euromaidansos.org MAIDAN HOSPITAL Maidan Field Hospital is a medical facility organized by volunteer doctors at the former hospital on 7 Troykhsvyatytelska Street (the hospital was evicted from the building after raider attack and subsequent takeover in 2000-s). Maidan Field Hospital began its functioning on February 22, 2014 - at the time of the most violent clashes at Maidan. The hospital provided first aid to the wounded, saved lives. Maidan Field Hospital facilitated medical care not only to the protesters but also to the local community, and everyone who asked for it. Doctors from all over Ukraine and several foreign countries ¬¬– Poland, Latvia, France, USA and Canada, volunteered at Maidan Field Hospital. Citizens could visit therapists, family doctors, psychiatrists, neurologists, ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists, reflexologists, and others. Two surgeries with fully staffed surgical teams were organized in the field hospital. Field hospital doctors also managed to arrange rehabilitation for victims at

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health resorts and recreation centers. Later on, Maidan Field Hospital provided medical and humanitarian aid to ATO troops and refugees from the Eastern Ukraine. shpytal.org.ua

D.6.1.3

AUTOMAIDAN (AUTOMOBILE MAIDAN) Automaidan is a civic association and initiative that started with the first protests on Maidan. It started as motorcade – a bunch of activists in their cars that ‘visited’ the government officials’ private houses; then they have become a kind of Maidan’s mobile unit not only in Kyiv, but in other cities of Ukraine and even worldwide. They also have been operating as a city-watch unit. Automaidan activists protected activists, residents of Kyiv and suburbs from thugs (titushkas) and police brutality, continuously patrolling the city. Automaidan activists also provided protesters with food, clothes and overnight stay. Furthermore, they arranged car pickets at state institutions and homes of high-ranking officials. When the clashes broke out, Automaidan delivered firewood, tires and Molotov cocktail ingredients to the protestors at Maidan, took the wounded out of the site and guarded them in the hospitals. «Automaidan Kyiv» was formed after Automaidan had split into 4 independent organizations. Today, its activists spread information on the events in Ukraine, support and promote reforms and lustration, participate in the anti-terrorist operation (ATO) joining the militia battalions, and provide legal protection for the colleagues persecuted by previous regime. automaidan.org.ua https://www.facebook.com/AutoMaidanKyiv?fref=ts

D.6.1.4

AUTODOZOR (AUTOMOBILE-PATROL) Autodozor is a non-governmental organization of drivers initiated during the Revolution of Dignity in Kyiv. The members of the organization provided mobile supply for Euromaidan: they delivered wood, medicaments, food, petrol, bottles for Molotov cocktails and scrap tires. Auto-patrol gave a lift to medics taking them to the places of active clashes and evacuated

the wounded, and to the members of Maidan selfdefense units. They patrolled city streets day-and-night tracking down the thugs/ “titushkas”. They informed the protestors about movement and location of Special Forces or riot police. Today there are Auto-patrol units in Kyiv, Odessa and Bila Tserkva. Today, the members of the organization collect and deliver humanitarian aid for Ukrainian troops in the regions of ATO, initiate and coordinate protests against Russian military invasion, etc. https://www.facebook.com/groups/avtodozor/?fref=ts

D.6.1.5

MEDICS OF MAIDAN Medics of Maidan – is a volunteer initiative that united hundreds of volunteers from different regions of Ukraine. It started on Facebook on December 2, 2013. The mobile teams of doctors and paramedics worked on Euromaidan, volunteer night watches were carried out in Maidan activists’ encampment. Besides, medical volunteers’ shifts were initiated at every medical post of Maidan, including “underground” hospital at 5 Belinskyi Street. The volunteers used Google document as an instrument to compile a list of urgent needs. Activists provided the protestors with socks, foot beds and chemical heating pads. 14 volunteers from Medics of Maidan initiative carry on their volunteer activity in ATO region working in a military hospital in Shchastia, Luhansk oblast. https://www.facebook.com/maidanmed?fref=ts

D.6.1.6

MAIDAN-HACKATHON IT-GROUP Maidan-Hackathon – is an IT-group whose activity is targeted at expanding the usage of IT tools and principles in the society, focusing on instigation and reorganization of civil society in Ukraine, ensuring free development of every citizen, and human rights and freedoms protection. Maidan-Hackathon activities contributed a lot to the establishment of ‘horizontal’ networking among the members of Ukrainian society and creating Direct Interaction field. https://www.facebook.com/groups/ MaidanHackthon/?fref=ts

D.6.1.7

SELF-DEFENSE OF MAIDAN (SAMOOBORONA) Samooborona (Self-Defense of Maidan) – is a volunteer organization, that later has become “Self-Defense of Maidan” NGO, and whose activities has spread nationwide. Self-defense units got started at Mikhailivska Square in Kyiv, right after the violent attack on Euromaidan of November 30, 2013. Their immediate tasks were set as to build barricades and to organize activists in Maidan ‘hundreds’, ensuring security for the protestors and keeping order within the limits of administered territory. After Yanukovich’s regime collapsed, the activities of self-defense units has shifted to the protection the territorial integrity of Ukraine and combatting separatism. Today, its members join the militia battalions and coordinate the volunteer movement via the Volunteer support center. samooboronaua.org

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D.6.1.8

MAIDAN KITCHENS Volunteers began to organize food points from the first days of Euromaidan. On 3rd December 2013 two field kitchens were equipped by Maltese aid service. The Maltese from Ivano-Frankivsk fed the protesters more than three months. During this time, according to the press office, 416 000 meals and more than 1 million servings of tea were made. In November 2014 the Maltese aid service again delivered field kitchen to Kyiv, this time – to provide feeding for immigrants from Donbass. During the Revolution of Dignity protesters on Maidan were fed by almost all NGOs. The biggest field kitchens were located in tents near Independence Monument and Archangel Michael Monument, but the main food points located in St. Michael’s Monastery, Kyiv City Administration, the October Palace and the Trade Unions Building. Each of these points had its temporary supervisor, who worked in shifts, and coordinator, who was responsible for the entire process of food preparation and distribution. The workers at Maidan kitchens strictly followed sanitary requirements, in particular, used hand sanitizers and wear sterile gloves, masks and capes. Work at the kitchens continued on a twenty-four hour basis. Girls-volunteers carried the sandwiches and hot tea all over Maidan, and in the assault days – food, milk and drinking water to the frontline. At the distant barricades were also some food blocks. Field kitchens that burned at Maidan during the assault on 18th February 2014, in five days regenerated their work again. Products for field kitchens were collected by numerous Maidan NGOs; Kyiv citizens brought ready meals, conserves, bread, tea, cereals, pasta, vegetables, fruits, drinking water etc. Volunteers tried to feed the protesters not only nourishing, but really tasty dishes. So there appeared “Cossack”, “Bandera”, “Bukovyna”, “Zakarpattya’, “Lviv’, and even “Tatar” cuisine. To celebrate the New Year Eve at Maidan was approved a special menu, which included Bogracs gulyas, mamaliga and vinegret salad.

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D.6.1.9

MAIDAN INFORMATION CENTER public initiative, founded by Euromaidan activists in January 2014. Its office is located at Ukrainian House, 2 Khreschatyk Street. Participants were organizing the wholescale volunteer support to the protestors (e.g. food supply, cloths, personal hygiene, medicines, etc.), provided information and coordinated volunteers’ work. In March 2014, Roman Khanin, the head of this public initiative, registered the “Maidan Information Center” Charitable Society channeling separate initiatives, institutions and individuals into cooperation in order to provide supply and assistance to Maidan (e.g. food, different goods, firewood, etc.). Later, the efforts were focused on assistance to the Ukrainian military. Today, Maidan Information Center keeps on working, supplying food and goods to the troops in the zone of Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO), and providing charitable support to the orphanage in Kotsiubynske village, etc. infomaidan.com.ua

D.6.1.10

HEADQUARTERS. PEOPLE’S UNION “MAIDAN” As a manifestation of peoples’ will “pure” Euromaidan did not have a single leader and did not represent the interests of any political force, although all opposition parties were present at the protesters site. The Maidan people activity was organized on the principles of classical “network” decentralized structure, which combined division of clear roles and responsibility areas, on the one side, and high “flexibility” or ability to adapt to new tasks and challenges, from the other side. The coordination centers also changed (or expanded) their functions according to Maidan needs, what, in fact, led to its efficiency. On 22nd December 2013 national assembly at Maidan adopted a resolution on establishing national organization of The “Maidan Association”. It could join political parties, non-governmental organizations and citizens. The main tasks of the association were the protection of activists across the country and pressure on the government. Likewise, its members put forward clear political demands: punishment of guilty in bloody dispersal of students; the release of political prisoners; resumption of the Constitution of 2004; calling early presidential elections and conducting reforms, first of all – in law-enforcement sphere. Also in first protest days by leaders of the opposition was created the Headquarters of National Resistance. It was located in Trade Unions Building and had branched structure: coordination center, commandant’s

office, constant volunteers’ staff, legal and medical services etc. “Public Sector”, which was also a member of the Headquarters of National Resistance, provided protesters settlement, their feeding and organized individual actions. The “Right Sector”, formed as separate force only in January 2014, took over the guarding in the camps, fortification and defense of the barricades. The headquarters of “Right Sector” was located in the Trade Unions Building, later – in hotel “Dnipro”. The headquarters of “Maidan Self-Defense” also maintained order at Maidan controlled territory and took an active part in defense of the barricades and camps. On 27th January 2014 in the media-center of Ukrainian House, taken by Ukrainian protesters, was located headquarters of “AutoMaidan”, and in the exhibition center – headquarters of Afghanistan soldiers. In the building started to work points of receiving and delivering clothes, medical aid center and information center which recruited volunteers. Almost six months after the protests, on 7th August 2014, at Maidan was created Mobilization headquarters which provided an informational support to those who choose to serve in the National Guard. The headquarters consisted of representatives of Kyiv military commissariats, armed forces and the National Guard. D.6.1.11

PRESS CENTERS OF MAIDAN. JOURNALISTS ON MAIDAN Freedom of expression, real pluralism of thoughts in Mass-Media, provision of Constitutional rights of a citizen on receiving timely comprehensive and objective information – are the demands that were pushed forward by Maidan during very first days of the revolution. Representatives of Ukrainian Mass-Media perceived that the victory of Maidan was their only chance to stay in the profession. That is not accidental since the rollback of democratic freedoms during Yanukovych regime had direct impact on journalists. Such a shameful thing as “temnyk” occurred in their professional life again (temnyk is a secret directive to Media management with detailed guidelines on the way news must be covered). “Disciplinary talks” with editors of TV-channels, newspapers, Internet resources and direct threats to “disloyal” representatives of the press were renewed. Information from empowered speakers was passed over with strict limitations and already with “proper” interpretation. Simultaneously with activation of public protests, the assault of authority on independent Mass Media was intensified. The most popular Internet resources Hromadske.TV, svobodaslova.org, lb.ua, censor.net, pravda.com.ua and others suffered hackers’ attacks. Leading technologists created clones of websites and

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blocked TV broadcasting in regions for oppositional media (TVi, “Channel 5”). Offices of oppositional media were searched with no just authorization; criminal cases were fabricated against a number of journalists. Nevertheless, journalists stayed in the forefront during the hardest days of the Revolution of Dignity performing their professional and civic duty. 206 representatives of Mass Media were injured during the protest, one of them – Vyacheslav Veremiy – was killed. “Channel 5”, Radio Freedom, Hromadske ONLINE, “24 Channel”, Espresso TV, Spilno TV were broadcasting live from Maidan: almost all information agencies provided their own online streams. Besides that, information centers and press-centers operated in headquarters of Maidan, for instance in Public Sector of the Headquarter of National Offence. The Revolution of Dignity generated a completely new phenomenon for Ukraine – public media initiatives that broadcast exclusive news content, actively cooperated with Ukrainian and a variety of international Mass Media, human rights institutions, EU organizations, and informed international community on social, cultural, educational and art projects of the riot participants. After the end of the revolution, the majority of media initiatives continued operating, essentially remaining equally distanced from all political authorities.

D.6.1.11.2 MAIDAN PRESS CENTER

«Maidan Press Center» – informational platform created during Euromaidan in order to provide exclusive information on events of that time. Press Center was located in the building of UKOOPspilka (Central Union of Consumer Associations of Ukraine) on 7/9 Khreschatyk Street. For now, «Maidan Press Center» continues operating. Activists define their mission as establishing a permanent interaction between public organizations of Maidan, new generation of political leaders and Ukrainian society. Center carries out press-conferences, organizes round tables and workshops, provides analytic services, covers all spectrum of political and economic news. Press Center remains equally distanced from all political parties and public structures, leads its work based on professionalism and responsibility to the citizens of Ukraine. maidanpresscenter.com.ua

D.6.1.11.3 MEDIA VILLAGE OF MAIDAN D.6.1.11.1 EUROMAIDAN PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY

«Euromaidan Public Responsibility» – public media initiative (independent citizen media about Ukraine) started by a group of volunteers during Euromaidan in order to provide non-biased and updated information to international community on events in Ukraine. In the International Press Center, founded by volunteers of the group and located in the Trade Unions Building, comprehensive assistance and support was provided to international journalists who did not speak Ukrainian but intended to cover the Revolution of Dignity events. More than 200 volunteers worked as interpreters and assistants not only on Maidan, but also in the anti-maidan camp and governmental area. Moreover, the Press Center started up a number of Internet platforms united under the name of “EuromaidanPR” and fostered dissemination of current information about Maidan beyond Ukrainian borders. After the Revolution, Euromaidan Public Responsibility initiative is still in operation, serving a link between Ukraine and the World and aiming to inform international community about the history of Ukraine, political and economic events, opportunities for business and tourism development.

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“MediaVillage of Maidan” – public informational initiative founded in 2013. The goal of the initiative is to provide informational support and comprehensive coverage of projects of Euromaidan participants. Today, “MediaVillage of Maidan” continues cooperation with all public and governmental entities, whose initiatives address fixation of memory about the Revolution of Dignity, changes in social consciousness and facilitation the traumatic experience of dramatic events of the winter of 2013-2014, when Ukrainians rebelled against usurpation of power. On July 2014, on the request of the organizers of the competition, and on a voluntary basis, “MediaVillage of Maidan” conducted a survey among Maidan participants, Kyiv citizens and tourists that visited Independence Square. Seven hundred individuals were interrogated on face-to-face basis. mediamistechko.org

D.6.1.12

HELP CENTERS Euromaidan set up a unique example of civic selforganization for Ukraine and the whole world. Operating as a self-managed civic body, the tent-camp of protestors with its defensive infrastructure was totally self-sustained in meeting its material, financial and organizational needs. Help was provided via coordinated activities of help centers that administered the work of hundreds of volunteers. After the violent crackdown on protesters/students of November 30, 2013, volunteers opened the point of help for injured at St. Michael’s Golden-Domed Monastery and almost immediately got organized into Public Sector of Euromaidan. The Sector coordinated the work of volunteers and served as a logistic center. In February 18-20, 2014, Public Sector of Euromaidan established a pharmacy, food and goods storages, collecting station for warm clothes, medical aid station with surgery and press-center in St. Michael’s Monastery. Volunteers of the Public Sector accumulated and spread information on the immediate needs among all help stations of Maidan. After the first casualties, help centers took up the mission of fundraising for direct support of the families of the fallen heroes. They organized charity marathons, started special funds and did social networking. The money collected was intended to ensure treating of the injured in the best hospitals and rehabilitation centers. Today, help centers support Ukrainian troops and refugees from the Eastern Ukraine. https://www.facebook.com/hrom.sektor.euromaidan

D.6.1.12.2 HELP TO VICTIMS IN KYIV

“Help to Victims in Kyiv” – volunteer group; initiated on Facebook January 20, 2014, the next day after the “fiery Epiphany” at Hrushevskogo Street. Participants of the group organized round-the-clock watch in the hospitals, medicine and food supply to the injured, took the wounded home for protection from police abuse and tytushky /thugs. At that time, the police and prosecutors treated protestors as criminals, held them handcuffed in closed boxes in hospitals, took them to police departments and sometimes kidnapped them. The group raises funding for post-hospital social rehabilitation and direct support to the victims - 5, 8, 10 thousand UAH. Moreover, activists organized 24/7 hotline of help, and also provide material and technical assistance to befriended communities – “Hospital Watch”, field hospital at Podil, medical tent of Afghan veterans, volunteers of Maidan Watch, coordinated their efforts with “Public Hospital”, “Safe Transportation” and “Euromaidan SOS” volunteer groups. https://www.facebook.com/KyivHelp

D.6.1.12.1 VICTIMS OF MAIDAN HELP CENTER “FAMILY

MAIDAN” Victims of Maidan Help Center “Family Maidan” – coordination center of public initiatives created February 24, 2014. The main goal of the Center is to provide assistance to the families of victims and killed on Maidan. During eight months of the Center’s operation more than 55 million UAH were raised, 53 million UAH of which were transferred to the families of Heroes of Heavenly Hundred and spent for rehabilitation of victims. Activists developed a list of all killed and injured, completed social passport of their families for targeted aid for each of them. With financial and organizational support of the Center, the first meeting of families of Maidan Heroes was held in Kyiv in May this year. As of today, 18 public organizations and initiatives are partners of the Center. maidanfamily.org

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D.6.1.12.3 HOSPITAL WATCH

Hospital Watch – an extensive volunteers service whose participants provided legal, material and physical (if needed) assistance to wounded people on Maidan. The group was created on January 24, 2014 when activists of Maidan – Jury Verbytsky and Igor Lutsenko – were kidnapped from the hospital. Later the body of Verbytsky, who was tortured to death, was found in a forest of Boryspil region, Kyiv oblast. Volunteers teamed up through Facebook and organized day and night watch in the hospitals, collected contact information from victims and informed their relatives, provided instructions to patients how to behave with doctors and representatives of law enforcement structures, and also supplied hot food, medicines and cloths to injured ones. Activists succeeded to establish the network of support among the residents of houses located near the hospitals, who provided asylum and rest, food, transportation and additional medicines to people injured on Maidan. Over time, representatives of the Watch facilitated transportation of victims to be treated in the hospitals abroad. https://vk.com/hospital_varta D.6.1.12.4 PUBLIC HOSPITAL

Public Hospital – volunteers’ initiative that provided support to doctors and paramedics of Maidan; started out in January 2014. Volunteers, with the financial support from benefactors, provided medical stations of Maidan with medical equipment, medicines, personal protection and first-aid kits during a number of months. Besides, Public Hospital assisted with accommodation and communication to medics who arrived to Kyiv from other regions. Activists cooperated with the majority of medical stations located on Maidan and assisted in transportation of victims for rehabilitation to the hospitals in Ukraine and Europe. Today, Public Hospital is working on fundraising and medical assistance to soldiers of ATO, refugees from the Eastern Ukraine and helps in the search for the missing. http://4army.com.ua/

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SPIRITUAL CENTERS OF MAIDAN From the very first days of mass protests, priests of different confessions came to Maidan. They stood by their parish and provided support with prayer and charity. St Michael’s Golden-Domed Monastery, St. Alexander Roman Catholic Church and St. Catherine Protestant Church opened their doors to the activists. Every time the situation escalated, the clergymen were trying to stop Berkut riot police advance, urging the sides to peace and mutual understanding. Liturgies and prayers conducted on the main stage of Maidan, and round-the-clock spiritual support helped people deter aggression, overcome fear and stay united. Prayer tents appeared to be an organic element of Euromaidan. Next to the Main Post Office, an interconfessional prayer tent was set out, where services were held on permanent basis. On the Europeiska/ European Square, there was a St. Andrew’s mobile chapel (Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Kyiv Patriarchy), demolished and robbed by riot police in the night attack on December 11, 2013. Later the mobile chapel was set anew in the Union House. On January 29, 2014, a chapel, founded by the representatives of clergy from different confessions, started its work. Experts noted that Maidan has given birth to the new ecumenical term - “our Ukrainian Church.” On March 30, 2014, the fortieth day of remembering the killed at Maidan, a chapel of Pure Heart of Mother of God and Ukrainian Great Martyrs (Ukrainian GreekCatholic Church) was sanctified on Instutytska Street. The chapel was built in the place where the majority of Maidan participants were killed. The clergy did not leave their parish in Maidan after the victory. On February 24 2014, the Holy Cross procession took place on the central streets of Kyiv - a collective prayer for the Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred, their families, medics and volunteers, and for every Ukrainian. On March 16, 2014, a Christian Viche (assembly) – collective prayer for peace, unity, integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine – was held. Such assemblies were held every Sunday until May 25, day when the new President was elected. Today, Ukrainian churches of all confessions participate in the campaign of collecting and sending the humanitarian aid to the Eastern Ukraine, providing spiritual and psychological support, and taking care of the displaced people from the temporarily occupied territories.

D.6.1.14

MAIDAN MAILING SERVICE Maidan Mail - a civic initiative started on Maidan in 2013-14 by Marta Chabanyuk who came from Lviv. During the revolution, each tent on Maidan was provided with a mailbox, so that the activists could exchange letters. People on Maidan, who came from Kyiv and other cities, could also leave messages of thanks, words of support and gratitude to Maidan activists. Volunteers carry on their project - every weekend, on Maidan Nezalezhnosti/ Independence Square, all willing to support our troops in the East or injured soldiers in the hospitals, or just to send a card to their relatives and friends can do that via Maidan Mailing Service. http://goo.gl/pWZOt6

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D.6.2

D.6.2.1

D.6.2.2

EDUCATIONAL INITIATIVES OF MAIDAN

MAIDAN LIBRARY «Maidan Library» - is a civic initiative that started in the Ukrainian House on Januaury 26, 2014. The library became a special place on Maidan: there people read, contemplated, communicated and recovered spiritually. It worked round-the-clock/non-stop seven days a week. Anyone, willing to bring books to the library, could participate in the initiative; in turn, people coming back from the barricades could take a break reading the books. Besides, the Maidan Library played a role of cultural and educational center; it is there, that the meetings with Ukrianian authors were held, music performed and poetry recited, along with public lectures and other events. “Maidan Library” has become a special platform for collecting and sending books within the frames of “100 books for a village library” charity initiative. The Maidan Library is now in the process of reconsidering its format; it sees itself as a cultural and educational space of renovations, whose activities would contribute to the development of an open democratic society, would help revive and promote Ukrainian identity. http://goo.gl/s6ju2h

MAIDAN OPEN UNIVERSITY Maidan Open University – is a private initiative of several teachers and alumni of Kyiv business schools. The University started in December 2013. Every day, at Maidan, on the stage near the Lyadsky Gates, everyone who happened to be around could listen to the lectures on different topics – from humanities to economics and management. Shortly after the beginning of 2014, when the situation at Maidan was turning tough, Maidan Open University moved to the Ukrainian House. Today, the University is a network of different places with a range of educational and social activities. Each of these spaces is a place for people to have their say about the future of Ukraine and get new knowledge. vum.org.ua

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D.6.3

CULTURAL INITIATIVES OF MAIDAN

D.6.3.1

ART HUNDRED The “Art Hundred” is an art movement that stemmed from the Center of Art Activism started by the artists residing at the Ukrainian House during the Revolution of Dignity. Its main goal was the formation and support of the revolutionary spirit through the art. The artists were holding public art therapy-oriented events, screening patriotic films, organizing art exhibitions etc. The atmosphere and experience of the Art Hundred instigated the idea to have the Museum of Maidan at the Ukrainian House as a primary location. That is why the group of activists started collecting the very first items and creating models for the future exhibitions. For today, the original idea has developed into the project of a multi-functional multi-disciplinary international cultural center. http://goo.gl/0UPQUT

D.6.3.2

ARTISTIC BARBICAN “Artistic Barbican” is a temporary model of a fortified outpost connecting two barricades on Khreshchatyk Street which originally served as a gallery space for “Bacteriya”/”Bacterium” counter-cultural art group This is where the art exhibitions, public lectures and readings took place. A large group of architects and designers such as Dmytro Zhyla, Andriy Goncharuk, Mykola Kovtun and Bogdan Melnick built this contemporary version of a medieval fortification. Its interior design was created by Andriy Yermolenko, Olexa Mann, Ivan Semesyuk, Vitaliy Kravets and other artists. Artistic Barbican provided space for creative interaction between the multiple art groups. It was truly a period of artistic renaissance for the young Ukrainian artists.

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D.6.3.3

D.6.3.4

OPEN AIR CINEMA SCREENING “Open Air Cinema” is a program of public film screenings founded in January 2014. The very first screening took place at the Kyiv Municipal Council building after it was occupied by the protesters. The Maidan community was introduced to the Oscar-nominated documentary on the revolution in Egypt. In spring 2014, “Open Air Cinema” continued to hold series of public screenings for the self-defense units of Maidan. The program turned out to be not only artistic, but also the revolutionary one in the full sense of the word, as it had started out back in those days when the installation of an outdoor audio-visual equipment was prohibited by law. http://www.prostoneba.org/

BIKEFARM “BikeFarm” – is a volunteer project that was a continuation of Euromaidan social practices in postrevolutionary time. The beginning of the project was on the 7th June 2014. This day at the Khreschatyk Street, which has still been pedestrian, volunteers set transport container where for free repaired and set up bicycles, assembled from the used parts. Everyone could take a bike for free rent. In addition the project members conducted educational activities. During three months “BikeFarm” was an informational platform for several community initiatives (“Cyclist Association of Kyiv”, “Maidan Libraries”, “By Bicycle to Job”). In the evening on “BikeFarm” territory were run documentaries about cycling city infrastructure development. Велоферма / Facebook

D.6.4.1

INITIATIVES FOR THE MEMORY OF MAIDAN

STARTING THE MAIDAN MUSEUM AND MUSEUMIFICATION OF REMARKABLE/HISTORICAL SITES OF REVOLUTION OF DIGNITY EVENTS “Maidan Museum” public initiative started in the course of civic resistance campaign in Kyiv in January 2014. It was initiated by the members of Maidan selfdefense units. Since the time of the first clashes at Hrushevsky St, activists have been collecting the items that later could lay the basis for the museum collection; they also have been fixating and mapping the sites and objects that later were given the status of historic monuments. As the result, 1500 items were collected, and temporarily placed in different museum institutions. The Cultural Heritage Protection Committee has developed and approved index cards for the newly identified cultural heritage objects and sites (e.g. “Places of fighting and mass killings of citizens during the protests at Instytutska St /Kyiv/ in February 2014” and “Places of fighting and mass killings of citizens during the protests at Hrushevsky St /Kyiv/ in JanuaryFebruary 2014”.) With the support of the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine and Kyiv City State Administration, the Maidan Museum public initiative has developed “The Concept of Museumification of Maidan”, which outlines the principles and goal of museumification, mission and vision of Maidan Museum and primary steps to create it. Музей Майдану / Facebook

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D.6.4.2

DOCUMENTARY RECONSTRUCTION The initiator of the project is NGO “Documentary reconstruction”. The aim of the project “Documentary reconstruction” is to create a media archive of Maidan in collaboration with the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance. Revolution of Dignity is the first revolution in the world that is so qualitatively documented among other history protests. Most of the footage shot made at time of Revolution of Dignity are placed on international storage services of video (Youtube, Vimeo, etc.). However, that video data include scenes of violence, so they are in violation of these services and therefore a lot of evidence of Revolution will be removed in future years. At the moment there is a serious risk of loss of documentary evidence of Revolution of Dignity. As a part of the archive is supposed to collect and provide free access to all photos, audio and video taken during the Revolution of Dignity. Ordering of materials is held by geography, time and thematically. Each element is described archive plot the exact location and time, there is provided sorting and searching. The territory of revolution will be modeled in 3d for a more natural perception of viewers about street fighting capabilities and assess the situation. As part of the archive is expected to study and description of these materials and creation on the basis of discourse that sets the frame of history. Also archive allows the placement of scientific materials, related to the topic of the history of protest. The time frame includes at least the history of independent Ukraine, but can be extended to other periods. Archive suggests a lack of individual opinions, it is essentially a collection of documentary evidence, allowing the viewer to build their own picture of what happened. docureco@gmail.com

D.6.4.3

“GARDEN IN THE CITY” CREATED FOR THE CHILDREN OF THE HEROES OF THE HEAVENLY HUNDRED The Garden in the City is a public initiative that started on 18 February 2014. There were two intentions behind this initiative: revolutionary and urban ones. To strengthen the Maidan ‘fortifications’ and barricades, the activists demolished the metal fence on Mykhailivska Street built around the plot once allocated for the construction site. The site is located right in the Kyiv historical center, but has become a huge garbage dump, a trash land. After the victory of the Revolution of Dignity, the residents of the neighborhood blocks initiated the setting out of the Heavenly Hundred Park. The activists teamed up on Facebook. They planted the park with the trees given by the families of the Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred and empathetic people from different parts of Ukraine. The activists have turned the dump into a true children’s playground. Now it is also the site for children’s art activities. Місто-Сад / Facebook

D.6.4.4

PRESERVING THE HISTORY OF MAIDAN FOUNDATION Preserving the History of Maidan Foundation was established/started in February 2014. The Foundation collects oral histories - the /sound/ records of the stories told by people who directly or indirectly participated in the events of Euromaidan. The Foundation aims at creating an archive and making it available for the researchers and other interested people from Ukraine and abroad. The Foundation also supports the creation of monuments and memorials to the heroes fallen on Maidan. Фонд збереження історії Майдану / Facebook www.maidan-memorial.org

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D.6.4.6

ORAL HISTORY OF MAIDAN “Maidan: Oral History” – is a project of Ukrainian Institute of National Memory. The aim of the project – is to collect video and audio statements from Euromaidan activists about the events of winter 20132014. It is assumed that the interviews with activists of Maidan will become the source for historians, producers, documentalists, sociologists, psychologists and others. In the future, the materials will make a part of the Maidan Museum collection and will be free to public access. Within the frames of “Maidan: Oral History” project, Ukrainian Institute of National Memory is collaborating with Preserving the memory of Maidan Foundation public initiative and activists who collect documentary evidence. www.memory.gov.ua “MEMORIAL TO THE HEAVENLY HUNDRED” STUDENT COMPETITION “Memorial to the Heavenly Hundred” Student Competition – is a student initiative; it is a competition on the concept of a national memorial to the Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred where the finalist would be selected by the people themselves and they also would be responsible for the funding and realization of the project. Initially, the members of Facebook group were the first who sent their works. However, organizers realized the drastic need for ensuring clear selection process and expanding the number of the participants. In March 2014, there were other initiatives of the competitions as well, that is why the group concentrated primarily on joining different initiatives and efforts and channeling it into productive cooperation. In April 2014, we involved all the members of our Facebook group to participate in an “Memorial to the Heavenly Hundred” competition, that later became TERRA DIGNITAS open international competition on the concept of renewing public spaces of central core of Kyiv with the commemoration of the events of Revolution of Dignity – Marina Rozhdestvenska: “In the first place, our group addressed Kyiv Department of Urban Planning and Architecture. We regarded this step as our contribution to the revolution. We had no experience, but a great desire to do something for the deceased heroes, feeling guilty and helplessness at the same time. The death of our peer and colleague, Olexander Plekhanov, has become an extremely painful experience for all of us. And all what we can do for them is to keep on working,

doing our best. We were not completely sure that we are moving in a right direction. Do we need a kind of blitz competition, or we need time to reflect on what happened with the country and each of us? We were not sure whether time was right for such an endeavor – the war burst out just a week after shootings on Maidan. But with every step forward, every week of discussions about the competition, I and my colleagues realized that we are moving in a right direction.” Конкурс «Меморіал Пам’яті Небесної Сотні» / Facebook

D.6.4.7

OLEKSANDR PLEKHANOV YOUNG ARCHITECTS COMPETITION “Reinventing the Kyiv City Centre as a Part of the Concept of Commemorating the Revolution of Dignity” competition is a competition of young architects named after Oleksandr Plekhanov, architecture student, who was killed during the protests at Maidan. Organized by Karshe Exhibition Company, the competition was held on 4 October 2014 within the frames of KOD/ CODE (Culture. Education. Spirituality) project («КОД» —Культура. Освіта. Духовність). The participants, as it was stated by the organizers, were expected to suggest their ideas on reinventing Maidan Nezalezhnosti (the Independence Square) public spaces, with pedestrian areas for public assembly, traffic-free memorial area on protest sites, the Museum of the Revolution located in the Ukrainian House, and NGOs headquarters in the Trade Unions House. 14 projects were submitted. The authors of the best projects (Iryna Bulakh, Mykola Husev, Andriy Konovayuk, Andriy Molozhanov, Anna Shypovalova, Mykola Bulavinov) were awarded with a weekly trip abroad, and the winners (Olha Horodnycha and Marharyta Didichenko) were awarded with one-year scholarships named after Oleksandr Plekhanov. All participants were invited to participate in the International Open Competition THE TERRITORY OF DIGNITY/ TERRA DIGNITAS. КОД / Facebook

D.7

D.7.1

BUILDINGS THAT WERE USED DURING THE REVOLUTION OF DIGNITY TO ACCOMMODATE THE NEEDS OF PARTICIPANTS OF MAIDAN UNION BUILDING E.3.12, C.5.2,E.3.16 The Union Building (18/2, Khreschatyk Street) – is a popular name for the administration, a seat of Ukrainian Federation of Trade Unions. The building is situated on Maidan Nezalezhnosti (on the corner of Khreschatyk Street.) It was built in 19751980 and is a property of Ukrainian Federation of Trade Unions www.fpsu.org.ua). It is an eight-storey building with a total area of 20,000 m2. The detail that makes this building to stand out from other office buildings in the city is its 57 m high clock tower. The building was used for administrative Union activities, spaces of the ground floor were rented out for commercial purposes (shops, cafes); meetings of religious communities took place there as well. During the Orange Revolution (2004), the building was occupied by the protestors and housed the National Resistance headquarters. During December 2013 – February 2014, the building housed opposition headquarters and units of selfdefence (‘hundreds’), a hospital, a field kitchen; a collection point for warm clothes and other volunteer services of Euromaidan were available there (for more info see in D.6).

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On the night of 19 February 2014, the building was put on fire by the Special Forces squad, the fire continued for the next day and destroyed the considerable part of the building; allegedly dozens died in fire. After long investigation, Attorney-General’s office ordered/allowed to start renovating works in the building.

D.7.2

UKRAINIAN HOUSE

Ukrainian House (2, Khreschatyk Street) is a name of the building where the International Convention Center is located. The building is a state property. It is situated on Europeiska/European Square (between Volodymyrskyi slope and Triohsviatytelska Street). St. Alexander’s Catholic Cathedral, “Dnipro” hotel, National Philharmonic of Ukraine, “Khreschatyi” and “Volodymyr Hill” parks, “Dynamo” stadium, etc. are situated in the close neighbourhood. The building was constructed in 1978-1982 as Kyiv Lenin Museum. In 1993, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine established the Ukrainian House Center. (Since 2000, it is operated by President’s State Administrative Department (SAD)). “Ukrainian House” is used as international convention and congress center, provides space for exhibitions, conferences, presentations, and other events (for more details see: www.icc-kiev.gov.ua). The building has five storeys and underground facilities with a total area of 20,000 m2, along with 4,500 m2 of open space for running outdoor events. The Ukrainian House accommodates nine multifunctional conference halls, exhibition halls, a movie theater and concert hall for 477-seats, restaurant space, cloakrooms, elevators, escalator, etc. Since 2004, the fourth and the fifth floors of the building hosted the Museum of History of the City of Kyiv (i.e. museum depository, offices and temporary exhibitions).

On January 26 2014, the riot police troops that stayed in the Ukrainian House were squeezed out by the protestors. During winter-spring 2014, the building accommodated the headquarters of Maidan self-defense units, barracks/hostel for the protestors, kitchen and cafeteria, first aid and surgery facilities, Maidan Library service, Automobile Maidan headquarters, Open University of Maidan, Maidan-SOS and psychological service, the Art Hundred, etc. With the outbreak of war and start of military campaign in the Eastern Ukraine, self-defense units stayed at Ukrainian House on the temporary basis; and the premises were vacated step by step up to August 24, 2014. Since then, the Ukrainian House came back to its usual ‘routines’, though offering its spaces for civic/public initiatives and activities born in the times of Revolution of Dignity. E.3.15, C.5.3

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D.7.3

ST. MICHAEL’S GOLDEN-DOMED MONASTERY

St. Michael’s Golden-Domed Monastery (8, Triokhsviatytelska Street) – is a functioning monastery of Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Kyiv patriarchate (www.archangel.kiev.ua); and a popular tourist site. Originally built in the 12th century, it acquired the Baroque look during 16-17th centuries. In 1934-36, the monastery was demolished by the Bolsheviks. The monastery complex was completely rebuilt in 19992000. The complex is located on the upper terrace of Volodymyr’s Hill, on the former terrains of princes Iziaslav and Sviatopolk town – the historical part of medieval Kyiv actively developed during 11-13 centuries. Facing Mykhailivska Square, St Michael’s GoldenDomed Cathedral is a neighbour to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, the Diplomatic Academy, Volodymyr Hill Park (landscape heritage site) and the monument to Princess Olga.

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Since the very first days of the Revolution, St. Michael’s Golden-Domed Monastery has become a shelter for protestors. On Nov 30 2013, the night of the violent crackdown, riot police attacks and shooting of Feb 19-20 2014, the protestors took shelter on the premises of the monastery. On the night of Dec 11 2013, for the first time since 1240 when the Mongols took over the city, the monastery rang the alarm bell calling the citizens to Maidan. It is in St Michael’s Cathedral that on 26 January 2014 the burial service for the killed activist, Mykhailo Zhyznevsky, was held. The Monastery accommodated a hospital with surgery (the Refectory of St John the Divine), temporary shelter for protestors, storage spaces for food and medicines and a meal station that operated day-and-night. The Monastery came back to its everyday life shortly after March 2014.

D.7.4

FORMER HOSPITAL BUILDING ON 7, TRIOKHSVIATYTELSKA ST.

Building on 7 Triokhsviatytelska St. originally built as an apartment house (1913-1914), was once a property of St Michael Golden-Domed monastery. The building is situated near St. Alexander’s Catholic Cathedral and is a neighbor to Volodymyrsky Hill Park (landscape heritage site) and the Ukrainian House. Total building area – 1, 370 m 2. Form of property: private. In 1943-2002, the building housed a regional hospital. In 2002, it became a basis for general medical practice ambulatory (family-type medical care); also provided venue for «Vertikal» international charitable foundation (NGO which provides services in HIV/AIDS patients care, psychotherapist’s consultations and assistance in organizing medical self-care groups) and «Kabinet Doviry» Center (provides free HIV/AIDS tests).

Since 2009, medics and the new owner are involved into the ongoing struggle (including court trials) over the ownership of the building. From February 7 to the beginning of September 2014, the building hosted the Central Hospital of Maidan, accommodating surgery and intensive therapy center. Paramedics from Poland and Czech Republic worked at the hospital together with Ukrainian doctors. Besides, the building housed the stocks of medical supply, wound dressing materials and medical kits (moved there from the premises of St Michael’s monastery), providing supplies to the troops in the region of antiterroristic operation in Eastern Ukraine.

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D.7.5

ZHOVTNEVY/OCTOBER PALACE BUILDING

International Centre for Arts and Culture of the Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine (former Zhovtnevy/October cultural center building) (1, Institutska St.) – was built in 1838-42 (V. Beretti architect) as a girls’ school for the representatives of the aristocracy. In 1920-30-s, it hosted numerous state institutions. In the late 1930-s, it was turned into Stalin’s secret police (NKVD/KGB) prison with torture chambers. During World War II, the building was partially ruined. After its reconstruction in 1957, it has become a cultural center (Trade Unions club building.) The building is owned by the Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine. After 1991, it has become a concert hall (holding the status of “club of the Trade Unions”). In November 2004 (during the Orange Revolution), Kyiv deputies and city mayor Olexander Omelchenko authorized its occupation by the protestors. Likewise, in December 2013, the protesters occupied the building (fakty.ictv.ua) During the Revolution, it was in use as a place for rest and overnight lodging. The mass killings of February 20 took place near its basement. Currently, the building regained its function as concert hall, though not on the full scale. (www.icca.kiev.ua).

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D.7.6

CONSERVATORY BUILDING

The Conservatory Building /Music Academy and Grand Concert Hall (since 1995 – the National Music Academy of Ukraine named after Piotr Tchaikovsky) is located on 1-3/11, Horodetsky St. Its main building was constructed in 1890-s (former Continental Hotel, ruined during World War II). In 1955-58, the building was renovated and a concert hall added to it (Lev Katok, Yakiv Krasnyi, architects). The students of Music Academy participated in Orange Revolution of 2004 ( www.umoloda.kiev.ua), and managed to host 50 protesters at the premises of conservatory despite academy management’s prohibition. During the Revolution of 2013-14, the Music Academy provided accommodation to activists of UDAR and Batkyvshchyna political parties (www.ukrinform.ua). During the fights of February 18-20 2014, the self-defense militants from Volodymyr Parasiuk’s unit/hundred entered the building and defended it from “Berkut”/riot police attacks. (tsn.ua). In the foyer of the Grand Concert Hall, a temporary hospital for injured protesters was set up. Today the conservatory renewed its full-scale activities.

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D.7.7

KYIV CITY COUNCIL BUILDING (36, KHRESHCHATYK ST)

was built in 1952-1957, and is a sample of neo-classicist Stalinist-style architecture. The building houses Kyiv City Council and Kyiv City Administration office. Session Hall is situated on the fourth floor of the main building; there is also a conference Pillared Hall for 1,200 seats. The main facade is coated with the plates of rusticated granite and light ochre ceramic tiles. The main accent in the facade composition – is a central entrance with three high arched niches. In front of the entrance – granite steps and two pedestals with flagpoles. On Aug 24 1990, Ukrainian blue and yellow flag was raised for the first time on the left flagpole next to the Soviet one. The space in front of Kyiv City Council building is a traditional place of protests, rallies etc. On December 1, 2013, Kyiv City Council building was occupied by the protesters. The building accommodated medical service station, warm clothes collecting point, barracks and activists’ offices.

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D.7.8

HOUSE OF ARCHITECT

House of Architect (7, Hrinchenka St) is located in the block in between Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) and Prorizna Street. Built in 1959 (authored by P. Petrushenko), it represents a sample of neo-classicist Stalinist-style architecture. The building is a home to Architectural Association, AA Board and Architects’ Club. The building accommodates conference-hall for 400 seats, offices, library, provides spaces for public lectures, concerts and other events. These activities have made it not only a popular place for the architects and students of architecture, but also an important landmark of the cultural map of the city. During the revolution of 2013-2014, Architects Association building provided lodging for the activists of self-defense units/hundreds. During May-November 2014, the series of public discussions on the program of the Territory of Dignity International Competition were held in the Architects Association.

D.7.9

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING (KYIV CITY STATE ADMINISTRATION)

The building of today’s Department of Architecture and Urban Planning (32, Khreshchatyk St) was built in 19111913, and used to be the Kyiv office of the Russian Foreign Trade Bank. The building is authored by the distinguished Kyiv architect F. Lidval (project architect) and V. Kuznetsov (sculptor). The building was assigned the status of ‘architectural landmark’ and is a historic heritage site. Its neo-Renaissance facade showcases a sample of Kyiv’s historicism. The facade had been decorated with rusticated gray Swedish granite with pink streaks. Windows and gates keystones are decorated with mascarons; stylized garlands and large cartouche frame the entrance portal. In September 1941, because of the bombing attack on the neighbouring houses, the building went on fire. As a result, the granite covering was badly damaged; mascarons and windowsill decorations were lost. The only elements survived were the mascarons above the gates and the cartouche of the entrance door. In 1950, the building was renovated. Today it houses the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning (Kyiv City State Administration). During several days in February 2014, the employees of the Department provided shelter for three hundred people from the Maidan self-defense units.

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D.7.10

CENTRAL UNION OF CONSUMER ASSOCIATIONS OF UKRAINE (KHRESHCHATYK 7/11)

UKOOPspilka administrative building was built in 19541957. Projects architects: V. Zabolotnyi, M. Grechyna, N. Chmutina, Y.Krasnyi, engineer P. Pozharskyi. This was one of the first experimental buildings in Ukraine built of brick blocks and reinforced concrete structures for walls. Late 1950s were the heyday of the Communist Party politics of â&#x20AC;&#x153;combatting the excessiveness in building and designâ&#x20AC;?, thus the architects had to use a rather modest set of forms and means of representation as compared to other buildings on the Khreshchatyk. During the Revolution of Dignity it housed the coordination center of Maidan Samooborona (selfdefence units) and Maidan Press Center.

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D.7.11

“UKRAINA/UKRAINE” HOTEL

“Ukraina” hotel is a 16-story four star hotel, located at 4, Instytustka St. Previously known as “Moskva” hotel. Its renaming in 2001 was timed to the 10th anniversary of Ukraine’s independence. Over years, it used to be one of the tallest buildings in the country. The hotel houses 374 rooms and 539 beds as well as the restaurant, night bar, café, two conference halls, business center, first aid cabinet and car parking area. The building has replaced the Gingsburg Skyscraper, high-rise commercial apartment building built in 1912 and owned by Lev Gingsburg, also known as the ‘king of the contractors.’ The building, along with the rest of the city center, was destroyed in bombing attack in September of 1941. In 1953, the Council of Ministers of the USSR ordered the renovation project. The design of a new building was commissioned to A. Dobrovolsky, B. Pryimak, A. Zavarov, V. Sozansky, A. Miletsky, A. Kosenko (architects), and O. Pechenov, L. Lynovych (engineers). The idea was to construct 21-story skyscraper 120150 m high (not including the length of its spire). Rising high on Khreshchatyk Ave, the building was conceived as a dominant, thus contributing to Kyiv unique cityscape. However, in the course of combatting the “excessiveness of representation,” the project was substantially revised: the number of floors was reduced and the spire was to be removed. Today, the building is only 66 m high. The architecture of the hotel building is simple and concise; light colored ceramic tiles – one of the key features of post-war Khreshchatyk buildings, cover the facades.

During the clashes of February 18-20 of 2014, snipers used the building of “Ukraina” hotel as a firing point to shoot the protesters. After the building had been taken by the protesters, its lobby was used as temporary hospital and mortuary to keep the bodies of people killed on Maidan. Since March 4, 2014, Ukrainian Crisis Media Center (uacrisis.org/ua), is located in the hotel “Ukraina”. Every day it streams breaking news from Ukraine in five languages and arranges livestreams of press conferences.

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D.7.12

MINISTRY OF JUSTICE OF UKRAINE (13, HORODETSKY ST) The building was authored by Vladyslav Horodetsky (in cooperation with Martin Klug); it is situated in the historical block, that in the end of 19th - beginning of 20th centuries was called a “Kyiv’s Paris” mostly because of its architecture and general atmosphere. Built in 1897, it showcased a perfect sample of Kyiv’s historicist architecture. The building recieved the status of ‘architectural landmark’ and is a historic heritage site. This is a former Trading House of the Furniture factory of Joseph Kimaer - a famous Kyiv entrepreneur and patron of arts. Factory was situated in the backyard, while on the ground floor of the front building there was a furniture shop. In September 1941, the building was burnt down. It is only its neo-Renaissance façade that survived the post-war renovation. Many different institutions were situated in this building before and after the war, including the footwear factory. Now it houses the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. In January 2014, this building was occupied by the representatives of “Common-Cause” organization.

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Е.

The list of appendixes (files for downloading)

E.1 Application form for participation in the competition E.2 Declaration of authorship E.3 Design of graphic materials for nominations (example) E.3.1 The current Master plan of Kyiv till 2020 (2001) E.3.2 Ukrainian House photos (construction stage) E.3.3 Kyiv historical and architectural plan (2011). E.3.4 Topographic survey of site 1 M 1: 2000 (dwg) E.3.5 Khreschatyk as a pedestrian street. Workshop data (November 2014) E.3.6 Site photo ( July 2014 / September 2014). E.3.7 The concept of museumification of Maidan phenomenon (events related to the struggle of Ukrainian citizens for human rights, called Euromaidan or the Revolution of Dignity during 2013-2014) E.3.8 Memorials at the site (photo, list, location) E.3.10 Prospective map cycling development in Kyiv E.3.11 The Liberty Museum/The Maidan Museum archives E.3.12 Maps of revolutionary events (by Dmytro Vortman) E.3.13 Registration card of a cultural heritage landmark «Site of fighting and mass killings of civilians in the area of the Hrushevsky Street in the city of Kyiv during the protests of January-February 2014» and «Fighting and mass deaths of civilians scene at Instytutska street in Kyiv during the protests in February 2014» E.3.14 Sociological researches Revolution of Dignity events E.3.15 Ukrainian House. Plans, sections, facades E.3.16 House of Trade Unions. Plans, sections, facades E.3.17 Photo of monumental art objects at the site. E.3.18 House of officers. E.3.19 Kyiv 2025 development strategy E.4 Useful links

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SOURCES 1. Maidan. (R) evolution of the spirit. Art and cultural projects. Author and curator: Anton Muharskyy.- K .: Our format, 2014. - 304p. – il. (UA) 2. Political criticism № 5. We have nothing to lose but our Maidans. - Visual Culture Research Center, 2014 (UA) 3. Dmytro Vortman “ Maps of Maidan 2013” (UA, ENG) https://www.facebook.com/dmytro.vortman/media_set?set=a.5445 76998954100.1073741828.100002054132521&type=3 4. Chronicle of key events of the Revolution dignity (UA) http://incognita.day.kiev.ua/revolyucziya-gidnosti-vizualnaxronika.html 5. How the power ruined (UA). http://texty.org.ua/mod/datavis/apps/em_time/ 6. Hromadske TV http://www.hromadske.tv/ 7. Research of protest movements in Ukraine 2009-2014 (ENG) / Society Research Center http://www.cedos.org.ua/ protests/releases?locale=en 8. Euromaidan (UA) http://euro-maidan.info/ 9. How to help Ukrainian on Maidan or in Kyiv (UA) http://helpeuromaidan.info/ 10. How exactly to help Maidan, wherever you are (UA). http://www.maidanhelp.org/ 11. Euromaidan (UA) https://www.facebook.com/EuroMaydan 12. Needs of Maidan (UA) http://maydanneeds.com/ 13. Yury Andrukhovich. Price of values or our dissonance (UA) http://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2014/11/19/184356/ 14. Euromaidan SOS (ENG) http://euromaidansos.org/en 15. Wikipedia: Heavenly hundred and killed security forces (ENG) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_killed_ during_Euromaidan 17. Wikipedia. Euromaidan (ENG). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan 18. Wikipedia. Revolution of Dignity (ENG) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_revolution 19. Ministry of Health of Ukraine (UA) http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/pre_20140417_a.html 20. Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine (UA) http://mvs.gov.ua/mvs/control/main/uk/publish/article/985411

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21. Euromaidan. Arrested and missing (UA) https://www.facebook.com/Euromaidan.arrested.missing 22. Center for the victims’ Maidan-family» (ENG) http://maidanfamily.org/en/ 23. Statement of the initiative group Families of Heavenly Hundred (UA): http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/ article/25390587.html 24. Statement of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine on the investigation of mass murder on Maidan (UA) http://www.hromadske.tv/politics/advokat-zakrevska-ta-radnik-ministra-mvs-gerashche/ 25. Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the Order of the Heavenly Hundred Heroes” on November 3, 2014 № 844/2014 (UA) http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/844/2014 26. Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the Order of Heroes Hundreds of Heaven” on November 27, 2014 № 893/2014 (UA) http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/893/2014 27. Rename Instytutska Street at Alley of Heavenly Hundred in Kyiv (UA) http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/kiyani-pidtrimalipereymenuvannya-vulici-institutskoyi-na-geroyiv-nebesnoyi-sotni-154439_.html 28. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 28.03.2014, № 76 “On social protection of the families of persons whose death associated with participation in mass actions of public protest that took place in the period from November 21, 2013 to February 21, 2014”. (UA) http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/76-2014-%D0%BF 29. Order of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine from 08.05.2014, № 278 “On approval of the list of the family members are entitled to one-time financial aid and supplement to pension survivor» (UA) http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/76-2014-%D0%BF 30. Order of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine from 06.02.2014, № 340 “On Amendments to the list of persons whose death associated with participation in mass actions of public protest that took place in the period from 21 November 2013 to 21 February 2014 ., family members are entitled to one-time financial aid and supplement to pension survivor» (UA) http://www.mlsp.gov.ua/labour/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=162162&cat_id=%20161%20043 31. Decree of the President of Ukraine of 21.11.2014 № 890/2014 «On conferring the title Hero of Ukraine» (UA) http://www.president.gov.ua/documents/18477.html 32. Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine “On honoring members of armed conflict during peaceful protests” from 24.02.2014, № 774-VII (UA) http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/774-18 33. Law of Ukraine “On establishment of state assistance to victims participants of mass actions of public protest and their families” - February 21, 2014 № 745-VII. (UA) http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/745-18

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OVER 2 PART OF COMPETITION BRIEF WORKED: The chief editor and compiler Anna Bondar Texts, review Natalia Kondel-Perminova Vladislava Os’mak Sergey Myrnii Dmitry Gurin Svitlana Shlipchenko Michaylo Kalnitsky Anna Bondar Tatiana Mosentseva Olena Kravchenko Oksana Remenyaka Information about social initiatives of Maidan provided Olena Ivanova Ivan-Vyacheslav Serhiyenko Kateryna Kuvita Olga Omelchuk Valery Yavtushenko Daniel Kleh Natalia Kozlovska Olga Poberezhna Valery Kubitskii Anna Gulevskaya-Chernysh Irina Panchenko Olga Aivazovska Daria Krikunova Yuri Reglis Anastasia Makarenko Ostap Stasiv Yuriy Ignatenko Anton Tselovalnik Mykola Bazanov Eugeniya Kulyeba Vitaly Nachmanowich Ivanna Kobyelyeva Marina Rozhdestvenska Alexander Karpov Rostislav Hud Ilona Demchenko Marina Gadzha Oksana Krupnik Editing, proofreading Tatiana Mosentseva Alevtina Drazhenko

Design and layout Olena Malinowska Assistant of Competition Coordinator Olga Pustovalova Schemes Vladimir Zotov Marina Rozhdestvenska Andrey Balaban Anastasia Obrizkiv Kateryna Gayevska Olga Drazhenko Interpreters Kateryna Jaworska Irina Krivosheeva Oksana Tymoshenko Veronika Selentiy Hanna Stembkovska Sergey Shmyhelskii Olga Kovtun Kateryna Goncharova Andrey Kondratiuk Anna Bondar Irina Zhygalyuk Yegor Vlasenko Nadiya Klos Svitlana Shlipchenko Vlada Tkach Ksenia Semenova Raisa Ladohina Olesya Grushevska Work-out of Appendixes Dmitry Vortman Vasyl Rozhko Grigory Melnychuk Ksenia Semenova Anastasia Haidukevych Anna Naporchuk Anna Nenko Ksenia Ruhr Nicka Shirshova Olena Zbaratska Kateryna Yakovets Beata Bordash Andrey Kazanowski Sergey Krivoruchko Ilona Harutyunyan

The organizing committee of the competition does not pretend to comprehensive coverage of the “Maidan phenomenon”, social initiatives, who participated in the events of the Revolution of Dignity and comprehensive analysis and clear understanding of the events that took place in Ukraine in 2013/2014. This position of Organizing Committee based on a comprehensive of “Maidan phenomenon”, lack of or insufficient scientific materials and a small period that separates us from the events. Competition Organizing Committee hopes that this Competition Brief will help in general awareness of the events, becomes a precondition for forming the memory policy with respect to the memory of the Revolution of Dignity and provoke further multidisciplinary research on this topic.

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COMPETITION HUNDRED The organizing committee Sergey Tselovalnik Anna Bondar Olga Pustovalova Alevtina Drazhenko Olena Malinowska Olga Vasilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;chenko Tatiana Mosentseva Olga Drazhenko Public Council of Experts Natalia Kondel-Perminova Vladislava Osâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;mak Sergey Myrnii Dmitry Gurin Svitlana Shlipchenko Michaylo Kalnitsky Anna Gulevska-Chernish Architects volunteers Vladimir Zotov Marina Rozhdestvenska Andrey Balaban Anastasia Obrizkiv Kateryna Gayevska Olga Drazhenko Anna Naporchuk Anna Nenko Ksenia Ruhr Nicka Shirshova Olena Zbaratska Kateryna Yakovets Beata Bordash Andrew Kazanowski Sergey Krivoruchko Ilona Harutyunyan Danyl Udovichenko Social initiatives and experts Timur Bobrowski Yuriy Ignatenko Artyom Bilyk Anastasia Makarenko Eugeniya Kulyeba Ivan-Vyacheslav Serhiyenko Olena Ivanova Oksana Remenyaka Olena Kravchenko Tatiana Duhanina Olexander Karpov Andrey Shulyar Volodymyr Gusakov

Daniel Kovzhun Taras Demidenko Alexander Bohunenko Eugene Udovenko Valery Kubitskii Vladislav Holdakovskii Dmitry Volyk Larisa Zdorenko Sergey Pashchenko Victor Proskuryakov Anatoly Davydov Oktiabrina Chemakina Olexander Kashchenko Irina Nesmiyanova Andrei Mikhailov Sergei Koshman Oksana Molochko Consultants Monica Eppinger James E.Young Michailo Sagaydak July Lifshitz Vasil Rozhko Vitaly Nachmanowich Marina Gadzha Interpreters -volunteers Andrew Kondratiuk Veronica Selentiy Vlada Tkach Hanna Stembkovska Eugeniya Strizhakova Yegor Vlasenko Inna Bisovetska Irina Zhygalyuk Irina Krivosheeva Kateryna Goncharova kateryna Jaworska Ksenia Semenova Maria Saltykova Nadiya Klos Oksana Tymoshenko Olga Kovtun Sergey Shmyhelskii Tatiana Shumeyko Christina Holynska Julia Kazdobina Yuri Machkasov Anna Bondar Raisa Ladohina Olesya Grushevska

Thank you for all who participated in surveys and public discussion of the Program and conditions of Competition, provided comments and suggestions and took part in Competition organizing!

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