TIBOS: The Irish Border State by Andreas Leonidou

TIBOS

THE IRISH BORDER STATE

TIBOS

THE IRISH BORDER STATE MArch Architecture Thesis Project PART 01

ANDREAS LEONIDOU Student Number: 17102819 MArch Architecture / Year 06 Atelier: Infrastructure Space Research Manchester School of Architecture January 2019

PART A BORDERLANDS

PART B ESTABLISHMENT

PART C TIBOS

6/ CROSSING THE BORDER 7/ A DIVERSE LANDSCAPE 8/ POPULATION 9/ THE IRISH BORDER: HISTORY 10/ RELIGION AND SEPARATISM 11/ DEPRIVATION 12/ A THING CALLED BREXIT 13/ CHAOS AND OPPORTUNITY 14/ THE TRIP TO NORTHERN IRELAND

19/ WHAT IS A COUNTRY? 20/ CITIZENSHIP TODAY 21/ CITIZENSHIP TODAY: CHALLENGED 22/ VIRTUAL CITIZENSHIP: TWO MODELS 23/ EUROPEAN UNION: FRONTIERS 24/ ENCLAVE CASE STUDIES 25/ CITIZEN-LED GOVERNANCE 26/ NEW COUNTRIES 27/ UTOPIAN/DYSTOPIAN THEORY

30/ IRISH BORDER INDEPENDENCE DAY 31/ NATIONAL PLAN 32/ DETERMINING THE EDGE 33/ BILATERAL AGREEMENTS 34/ EXPANSION 35/ DECENTRALISED AND VIRTUAL 36/ TIBOSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESOURCES 37/ THE RURAL 38/ SCALE TESTS 39/ EXTENDING VIRTUAL CITIZENS 40/ MOVEMENT SCENARIOS 41/ DIVISION OF GOVERNANCE 42/ AN EVOLVING LANDSCAPE 43/ AREA OF FOCUS 44/ SITE PLAN 45/ STRATEGIC POSITIONING 46/ SITE PLAN: INTERVENTIONS 48/ BIBLIOGRAPHY

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- CONTENTS -

ATELIER INFRASTRUCTURE

SPACE

Infrastructure Space explores and investigates space. Not the cosmos, but rather the ﬁeld in which architecture evolves and takes place. The Atelier is interested in the social, economic, political and environmental frameworks that underpin the operation and performance of this ﬁeld and inform architectural and material interventions made within it.

BRIEF

ABSTRACT

This year, in Infrastructure Space, through Studio units 1, 2 + 3 turns its attention to borders and their limits when viewed through themes of technological speed, obsolescence and value. Here, value is not limited to ideas of ﬁnance and will be discussed in relation to heritage, culture, community, environment.

As seen through the research question, the proposal is to create a new country through the declaration of the independence of the Irish Border. This thesis project is assuming that UK is coming out of the Brexit maelstrom with ‘no deal’, which means it leaves the EU with nothing, and all existing deals cease to apply. By establishing bilateral agreements with the two sides, the new state, TIBOS, acts as a mediator and the only way possible for the UK and the EU to engage and interact through trade, travel and business.

METHODOLOGY A research through design approach is used to investigate and explore work which contributes to knowledge and has impact. 1. Spatial Analysis comprises data analysis and contextual studies to generate an understanding of the performance and operation of space, networks and buildings

The site for investigation will be the Irish Border in the context of Brexit. Studio units 1, 2 + 3 will form a year long project which requires you to make spatial propositions that seek to achieve maximum value. The atelier design research methodology is to be used as a tool to examine the spatial representation of borders and their presence and relevance in a digitally connected context. The area of investigation will span digital, celestial and geographic space to understand the implications of borders and mobility in a digital age.

2. Design Exploration uses the design process to explore and appraise solutions to speciﬁc spatial, cultural and architectural problems

Atelier Trip Location: Northern Ireland Date: 29/10 - 02/11/2018

3. Critical Study includes the dissemination of ﬁndings, reﬂection on the wider implications of these and the development of further research

RESEARCH

QUESTION

Being a citizen in world of large-scale political upheaval, mass movement in virtual and physical networks, is a daily challenge, one that further alienates us from and saturates the notions of national identity and state sovereignty.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

Can small-scale citizen-led sovereignties, expanding physically and virtually in space and time, be the solution to some of these issues? Could we live/work somewhere while being sole virtual citizens of another place? What are the spatial implications of such territorial landscapes and border regions? The case of the Independence of the Irish Border.

TIBOS

ANDREAS LEONIDOU

Student Number 17102819 MArch Architecture / Y6 Infrastructure Space Research / Studio 01 Manchester School of Architecture

The thesis project explores the connection between identity and space in both virtual and digital forms along the context of the Irish border and the ever-pertinent Brexit. Through the mess of Brexit, the thesis project identiﬁes the opportunity to engage with the rural territories and regions surrounding the border at both sides, which have previously been imposed multiple socioeconomic issues through ‘The Troubles’ a few decades ago. By reinventing this rural landscape the thesis projects questions the engagement of physcial and digital infrastrucutre and their interaction within a new sovereign states across establishted and diverse territories. Sovereignty and governance are divided amongst the small rural communities which form part of TIBOS, making them self-governed. Additionally, TIBOS aims to expand both virtually and physically by attaining new settlements via releasing its citizenship in both spectrum. The goal of the new state is to reach a population of over three hundred million citizens, both physicla and virtual, while also maintaining its rurality in physical space by caping the population density to the current thirty-three people per square kilometer.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

PART A BORDERLANDS

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- WHERE IS THE BORDER? -

the answer is on the last page

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- CROSSING THE BORDER -

CROSSINGS

MOVEMENT

SCOTLAND

110,000,000

PEOPLE CROSSING PER YEAR (2017)

NORTHERN IRELAND

SMUGGLING

DERRY

THE BORDER

FIREWORKS

LETTERKENNY

CAR

LENGTH 310miles / 499km

ROAD

202

MOTORWAY

1 23 16 146

A-CLASS B-CLASS C+U-CLASS

FERRY

TRAIN

UNOFFICIAL

3 DONEGAL WITH NON-EU COUNTRIES ON THE EAST

>200

HEAVY GOODS

ENNISKILLEN

SWANLIBAR

31 MONAGHAN ROSSLEA

BELTURBET

31ARMAGH CARNAGH

800m

OTHER

BUSINESS BUS / COACH

1% VEHICLE CROSSING PER YEAR (2017)

AUGHNACLOY

LITRES OF MILK

45,000,000

12 3

ALCOHOL

BELFAST

BELEEK

71 LESS THAN THE IRISH BORDER

137

87% LIGHT GOODS

STRABANE

CROSSINGS

NORTHERN IRELAND

TOBACCO FUEL

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

LAMB

400k PIGS

400k

13%

VISITING FRIENDS AND FAMILY

44%

HOLIDAYS

35% 456,000

OVERNIGHT TRIPS FROM ROI TO NI (2016)

Â£70m

EXPENDITURE BY OVERNIGHT VISITORS FROM ROI (2016)

NEWRY

WARRENPOINT JONESBOROUGH DUNDALK

WITH HUNDREDS OF CROSSING POINTS AND THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE AND BUSINESSES DEPENDING ON CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT, THE IRISH BORDER IS A VERY COMPLEX AND UNIQUE ENTITY. SO COMPLEX IN FACT THAT IT ALMOST STOP BEING A BORDER. IT IS SO MUCH MORE.

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

PERHAPS IT IS TIME THAT WE STOP APPROACHING IT AS A BORDER BUT RATHER AS A TERRITORY AND SPACE OF CONSEQUENCE.

DUBLIN

- A DIVERSE LANDSCAPE -

SWANLIBAR

XX DERRYLIN XX NEWTOWNBUTLER PETTIFO X XX MOVILLE

BALLYCONELL BALLYSHANON X

BELTURBER

CLONES

CASTLEFINN

X CASTLEDERG

PETTIFO

BALLYSHANON

X X XXPETTIFO

KESH

LIMAVADY

BALLYSHANON

X STRABANE

GARRISON

X X

KILTYCLOGHER

BLACKLION X

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

GARRISON KILTYCLOGHER

XX X

CASTLE

WATCHTOWER / CHECKPOINT (structure now gone)

EMYVALE

ROSSLEA

CALEDON

CLONTIBRET

XX DERRYLIN XX NEWTOWNBUTLER X X XX XX BALLYCONELL X BELTURBER

ANNYALLA

CLONES CASTLEBLAYNEY

XXX X

X X

EMYVALE

CALEDON

XX X KILTYCLOGHER MONAGHAN XX X XX XX

XX DERRYLIN XX NEWTOWNBUTLER

NEWTOWNHAMILTON

X X

BALLYCONELL XX CREGGAN

X X XX

XX XX XX

X NEWRY

XXX X XX X X

ROSTREVOR

KILKEEL BELTURBER

XX BELCOO X

X XXX XX

RING FORT BROKEN BRIDGE

CASTLEBLAYNEY

WARRENPOINT

LIFFORD

DUNDALK

CASTLEFINN

WALL STANDING STONE MONUMENT

UNOFFICCIAL CROSSING OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST

CLONES

We have all the resources to progress and resolve current issues and disputes, such as the ever-messy Brexit. We can use the remnants of the past as a tool to guide our actions, either those are in the form of stories, marks, signs or castles. All we have to do is pay attention. The Irish Border has a story to tell and we should listen to it, and do it carefully. To create this map I put togethere Garett Carrâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s beautiful hand-made skethces and drawings, published in his book about him walking the border. A beautiful and very insightful read.

ANNYALLA

PEAK GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT BRIDGE

KESH

DUNDALK

CLONTIBRET

XX X XX X XX

MONAGHAN

SWANLIBAR

KEY

X X

Here the Irish Border is seen not as a frontier, or a line on a map, but rather as a territory. One that is characterised by its diversity in terms of physical landscape and its social and cultural remnants of a troubled and displaced history.

GARRISON

ROSSLEA

MIDDLETOWN SWANLIBAR SCOTSTOWN

BELCOO

XX X

AUGHNACLOY

X X

XXX X X XXX X X

X SCOTSTOWN X

BELCOO

XX KESH

BLACKLION

BELFAST

X X

XX XX XX

LIFFORD

X X

ANNYALLA CASTLEBLAYNEY

X XXX XX

CASTLEDERG NEWRY

XX X X

BALLYCONELL X STRABANE

SCOTLAND

POPULATION NORTHERN IRELAND

1.8m BORN ELSEWHERE BORN IN R.O.I.

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

NORTHERN IRELAND LIMAVADY

6.4m

108k / 286

LETTERKENNY

202k

18% 58,500 58,500

19k /

732k

BORN IN 37,900 N.I.

BORN ELSEWHERE

34k / 58

DERRY

STRABANE

40k / 47 OMAGH

DONEGAL

161k / 34

POPULATION DENSITY

58k / 76 AUGHNACLOY ENNISKILLEN

850 /

p/km²

LEITRIM

32k / 21

LARGE

800 /

14k /

MONAGHAN SWANLIBAR ROSSLEA

200 /

BELTURBET

SMALL

1.5k /

POPULATION

POPULATION DENSITY

282k / 2,600

DUNGANNON

BELLEEK

134 p/km²

BELFAST

52k / 46

ARMAGH

60k / 90

60k / 47

IF WE EXCLUDE THE CITIES AND LARGE TOWNS, THE IRISH BORDER IS A VERY SPARSELY POPULATED PLACE. ONE OF THE REASON IS ITS TOPOGRAPHY, WHICH FEATURES MULTIPLE HILLS, BOGS, RIVERS AND LAKES. AT MANY CASES THE LAND ACROSS THE BORDER IS BETTER SUITED FOR AGRICULTURE THAN LIVING. TAKING AWAY THE CITIES, WHAT REMAINS IS TENS, EVEN HUNDREDS OF SMALL VILLAGES THAT DEPEND ON BOTH THE DAILY CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT AND THE BIGGER TOWNS AND CITIES THEMSELVES.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- POPULATION DENSITY -

NEWRY + MOURNE

100k / 112

550 / DUNDALK

35k / GUIDE POPULATION / POP.DENSITY REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

DUBLIN

528k / 4,600 9

- THE IRISH BORDER: HISTORY -

1641

1921

1968

1998

ULSTER REBELLION

IRISH FREE STATE TREATY

THE TROUBLES

GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT

The Irish in Ulster (a province now largely part of Northern Ireland) rebelled against English rule. In England it was alleged that the Catholics had massacred Protestants and many people wanted revenge.

This treaty between Britain and Ireland, legalised Partition. Violence, especially in the six northern counties escalated as Catholics showed their opposition to Partition.

Sectarian strifes that erupted when Catholic Irish nationalists, favoring uniﬁcation with the Irish Republic to the south, began a violent campaign against Britain and the Loyalist Protestant paramilitaries who supported continued British rule.

A major political development in the Northern Ireland peace process of the 1990s. This agreement brought an end to the period of conﬂict in the Northern Ireland, the Troubles.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

1801

NORTHERN IRELAND

THE IRISH BORDER

N 12.4miles 20km

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

1948

ACT OF UNION

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND CREATION

This act abolished the Irish parliament and formally united Ireland and Great Britain to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 declared that Ireland may be oﬃcially described as the Republic of Ireland.

1972 BLOODY SUNDAY Bloody Sunday was a day of violence in Dublin on 21 November 1920, during the Irish War of Independence. In total, thirty-two people were killed, including thirteen British soldiers and police, sixteen Irish civilians, and three Irish republican prisoners.

THE IRISH BORDER HAS A TROUBLED AND CONFLICTING HISTORY WITH SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND RELIGIOUS SEPARATISM LYING AT THE CENTRE OF IT.

2016 BREXIT

The impending withdrawal and departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union

THE TROUBLES STILL CAST A SHADOW ON THE PLACE AND ITS PEOPE. THROUGH BREXIT THE BORDERLANDS ARE PUT TO THE TEST ONCE AGAIN.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- RELIGION AND SEPARATISM -

OR RELIGIOUS IMAGERY MURALS AND IMAGERY POLITICAL CAUSING FURTHER SEPARATION

ITSELF IS AN ELEMENT OF DIVISION,

PHYSICAL DIVISION AND SEPARATION OF COMMUNITIES

PEACE WALLS A PRODUCT OF THE TROUBLES, AN ERA WHICH IS FELT STRONGLY WHEN WALKING AROUND BELFAST

AN ATTEMPT TO MANAGE SEPARATION AND VIOLENCE CAUSES MORE AND DEEPER SEGRAGATION

BELFAST

PROTESTANT

CATHOLIC

MIXED

CATHOLIC RELIGION IN BELFAST

*photos taken during the trip to NI

RELIGION IN NORTHERN IRELAND

PROTESTANT

- DEPRIVATION -

NORTHERN IRELAND WHAT WE CAN TAKE FROM THE DEPRIVATION MAP TO THE LEFT IS NOTHING.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

AS ONE CAN INSTANTLY NOTICE IS THAT THE MAP VARY BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH OF THE BORDER. THIS IS DUE TO THE DIFFERENT WAYS THE TWO GOVERNMENTS COLLECT THEIR CENSUS DATA AND WHAT KIND OF QUESTIONS THEY ASK. ON THE SURFACE IT LOOKS LIKE THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND IS DOING MUCH BETTER, AS SEEN THROUGH OUR VISIT TO SOME OF THE REGIONS ALONG THE BORDER, THIS OBSERVATION IS WRONG. THE IRISH SIDE IS ACTUALLY MORE DEPRIVED, AND PHASES SOCIOECONOMIC ISSUES AT MULTIPLE LEVELS. IT SEEMS LIKE THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND CARES A BIT TOO MUCH ABOUT THE IMAGE IT PORTRAYS EXTERNALLY.

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND MOST DEPRIVED

LEAST DEPRIVED

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- A THING CALLED BREXIT -

23 JUN

29 MAR

14 NOV

15 JAN

29 JAN

2016

2017

2018

2019

BREXIT REFERENDUM

ARTICLE 50 TRIGGERED

WITHDRAWL AGREEMENT RELEASED

PARLIAMENT REJECTS DEAL

MPs VOTE ON REVISED

BREXIT DAY

SHOULD THE UK REMAIN A MEMBER OF THE EU OR LEAVE THE EU?

Control points, military posts and associated disruption and violence were imposed to them during ‘The Troubles’.

POSSIBLE OUTCOMES

SECOND REFERENDUM

The border voted to remain. The people living along the border are aware that this is not a good idea, due to the simple reason that they lived such a situation before. The borderlands and the world have already seen what a hard border is.

A N

A SECOND VOTE OF NO CONFIDENCE

APPROVAL OF PLAN B

MAJOR RENEGOTIATION

REMAIN 48.1% LEAVE 51.9%

EXTENSION OF ARTICLE 50

A N Y T H I N G - C A N - H A P P E N

NEW DEAL

NO BREXIT

Back then, a solution to separatism was believes to be even more separatism. Within the maelstrom of Brexit, opportunity lies for these people to take back control of the border and displace it, but this time do it themselves.

29 MAR

oh god...

MAY RESIGNS OR IS FORCED OUT

TIBOS

M E S S

NO DEAL

NO-DEAL MEANS THE UK LEAVES THE EU WITH NOTHING. NO TRADING NO DEALS NO TREATY NO LEGAL OR REGULATORY RULES NO COVER OR GUIDANCE BETWEEN UK AND EU NO TRUST

‘NO DEAL’ THIS SOUNDS LIKE A GREAT CHALLENGE TO WORK WITH WITHIN THIS THESIS PROJECT

ALL PREVIOUS AGREEMENTS CEASE TO APPLY

- CHAOS AND OPPORTUNITY -

HUNDREDS, PROBABLY THOUSANDS OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES WERE WRITTEN ABOUT BREXIT AND THE IRISH BORDER. WHAT DO THEY HAVE IN COMMON? IN GENERAL, THEY PORTRAY THE FACTS, SPECULATE AND THROW SOME OPINIONS HERE AND THERE. WHAT THEY DO NOT DO IS CRITICALLY EXPLORE AND QUESTION THE IRISH BORDER AND BREXIT WITH THE AIM OF IDENTIFYING OPPORTUNITIES.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

THIS THESIS PROJECT IS DEVOTED AROUND SUCH OPPORTUNITIES. “IN THE MIDST OF CHAOS, THERE IS OPPORTUNITY” -SUN TZU, ‘THE ART OF WAR’

DEPRIVATION

SEPARATISM

COLERAINE MUFF

DAY 02

DERRY AIRPORT

DERRY

CARRIGANS

LETTERKENNY

ST JOHNSTON

NEWBUILDINGS BALLYMENA

LIFFORD

BALLYMAGORRY

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- THE TRIP TO NORTHERN IRELAND -

STRABANE

BALLYBOFEY

CLADY

DAY 01

CASTLEDERG KILLETER

BELFAST

BELFAST INTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;L AIRPORT

MANCHESTER

PETTIGO BALLYSHANNON

KESH

BELLEEK

ARDS

BALLYGAWLEY

HOLYWELL BELCOO

ENNISKILLEN

TYNAN

KINAWLEY SWANLIBAR

DAY 03

ARMAGH

ROSSLEA MAGHERAVEELY

NEWTONBUTLER

BALLYCONNELL

DAY 04

GLASLOUGH

DRUMGALLAN

BLACKLION

GLANGEVLIN

AUGHNACLOY

CLOGHER

GARRISON

TASSAGH

DERRYNOOSE

MONAGHAN

CLONES CLONAGORE

BELTURBET

KEADY

CLONTIBRET

NEWRY

KILLEEN CROSSMAGLEN 677.33CASTLEBLAYNEY JONESBOROUGH CULLAVILLE CLOUGHOGE SKYHILL

ATTICAL WARRENPOINT KILKEEL GREENCASTLE FERRY TERMINAL

DUNDALK

TRANSPORT KEY PORT

THE IRISH BORDER

AIRPORT

ROAD NETWORK

OVERNIGHT STAY

ROUTE DAY 02 DAY 03

BORDER CROSSING

DAY 04

STOP

TRANSPORT

- THE TRIP TO NORTHERN IRELAND: BORDERLANDS OPPORTUNITY TO REINVENT AND RE-ESTABLISH THE RURAL BORDERLANDS BY DISREGARDING THE BORDER

“we cross the border everyday for grocery

THE BORDER COULD DEVELOP ITS OWN IDENTITY BY USING EXISING RESOURCES

THESE SMALL SETTLEMENTS AND COMMUNITIES WERE IMPOSED THE CONFLICT AND MESS DISPLACED BY THE TROUBLES AND RELIGIOUS SEPARATISM IN BELFAST

shopping”

2 ECONOMIES

FAILING VILLAGES UNABLE TO COPE / OVERSHADOWED BY LARGER TOWNS

ABANDONED BUILDINGS AND STREETS (OPPORTUNITY)

A GENERAL FEELING THAT THE IRISH SIDE IS IN WORSE CONDITION THAN THE NI ONE

“well, down here

IT REALLY IS A HUMAN CONSTRUCT / AN INVISIBLE LINE

there is no border, it’s all politics”

PETROL STATIONS ARE LOCATED ON MOST A-ROAD CROSSINGS

ROI

LARGE MANSION-STYLE HOUSES CONTRADICT EXISTING DEPRIVATION

“we carry both euros and pounds in our wallets at

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

PEOPLE TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE EXCHANGE RATE WHEN PURCHASING GOODS ALONG THE BORDER

DOING RELATIVELY GOOD COMPARED TO THE IRISH SIDE

IT DOESN’T REALLY EXIST ON PEOPLE’S MIND WHO CROSS IT EVERYDAY WITHOUT NOTICING ITS PRESENCE

“no we don’t work

together. Lifford

LEVELS OF

is Lifford and

GOVERNMENT REMNANTS OF A GLORIFIED PAST / ANCIENT RELICS AND LATENT INFRASTRUCTURE POPULATE THE BORDER REGION

Strabane is Strabane”

MOSTLY 1

“I am very worried

RELIGION

if my business is going to survive

“ ”

QUOTES FROM CONVERSATIONS I HAD WITH PEOPLE ALONG THE BORDER

all times”

“brexit was always a bad idea”

after Brexit”

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- THE TRIP TO NORTHERN IRELAND: DISPLACEMENT -

E L I G I R O

OT PR TA ES NT TH CA LIC O

B ORD

THE IRISH BORDER IS A DISPLACEMENT OF THE TROUBLES AWAY FROM BELFAST.

THE TROUBLES

AS A RESULT OF SOMETHING THAT PLAYS OUT IN BELFAST OVER RELIGION, IT MOVES TO THE BORDER REGIONS, BUT

IT DOES NOT PLAY OUT AS RELIGION (RELIGIOUS TENSIONS THAT EXIST THERE) BUT RATHER AS POLITICAL MANAGEMENT.

THROUGH THE YEARS THIS DISPLACEMENT HAS TURNED THE BORDER REGION INTO AN ARTIFICIAL TERRITORY OF REPERCUSSION AND CONFLICT. IT PLACED PEOPLE LIVING ALONG THE BORDER AT THE CENTRE OF THIS CONFLICT, IMPOSING SEPARATISM AND DIVISION IN THEIR LIVES

E TH

BELFAST

I RI

L N

T G

L E

- THE TRIP TO NORTHERN IRELAND -

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

THE BORDER IS A HUMAN CONSTRUCT A WORK OF FICTION

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

PART B ESTABLISHMENT

- WHAT IS A COUNTRY? -

STATE

KINGDOM

LEGAL AND POLITICAL

(ANCIENT TIMES)

The king HAS ALL THE POWER and performs all the governemental, judicial, legislative and executive functions

NATION ETHNIC AND CULTURAL

PHYSICAL

POLITICAL

TERRITORY

GOVERNMENT

CULTURE

HISTORY

POPULATION

SOVEREIGNTY

SOCIAL

LANGUAGE

NOT LIMITED TO A TERRITORY

PERHAPS KINGDOMS CAN TEACH US SOMETHING ABOUT GOVERNANCE. WHAT IF GOVERNMENTAL AND SOVEREIGN SYSTEMS ARE BROKEN DOWN AND DIVIDED ACROSS THE POPULATION?

King’s power has been DECENTRALISED and departmentalised

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

THE EVOLUTION OF NATIONS AND STATES

BEFORE

1647

1933

1920

1945

2014

MEDIEVAL COUNTIES

PEACE OF WESTPHALIA

MONTEVIDEO CONVENTION

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

UNITED NATIONS

BITNATION

Medieval princedoms and counties were governed by the club law: the one on the throne had the power to rule the whole country

The end of the feudal order and the european wars of religion, and the beginning of the nation-state as we know it

Established the standard deﬁnition of ‘state’ in international law

The ﬁrst international organisation with a goal to maintain world peace

InterGovernmental organisation tasked to maintatin world peace and achieve international co-operation

The world’s ﬁrst virtual, borderless and voluntary nation

CITIZENSHIP CAN BE:

BOUGHT

PHYSICAL

VIRTUAL

TRADED REWRITTEN C

BEING A CITIZEN OF A COUNTRY YOU LIVE IN

N O

T P

R P

A O

D S

I I

C T

T I

I N

I G

THE TRADE IN CITIZENSHIP MANIFESTS LOCALLY AS ARCHITECTURE

IS CHALLENGED AT MULTIPLE TANGENTS

PERVASIVE NATIONALISM

JINGOISM

XENOPHOBIA

EVERBUILDING RESENTMENT TO THOSE WHO MOVE

IDENTITARIAN POLITICS

POPULIST MOVEMENTS

COMBINATION OF WEALTH AND LAND

SCATTERED GEOGRAPHY OF SPACE

E-CITIZENSHIPS

DIGITAL GOVERNANCE THE REALITY?

NATIONAL LAWS AND POLITICAL DECISIONS TRANFORM PHYSIAL SPACE INTO VIRTUAL TERRITORY

CAN THESE CO-EXIST?

THOSE WITH RESOURCES ALTER SOCIAL CONDITIONS WITHN THE URBAN FABRIC. THE REST ARE EXCLUDED

PURCHASE REAL ESTATE

GOLDEN VISA

ESTONIA

FULLY DIGITISED GOVERNMENT SERVICES

THE REMOTE CITIZEN

BITNATION

JOIN A STATE OR CREATE YOUR OWN

THE STATELESS CITIZEN

CYPRUS

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- CITIZENSHIP TODAY -

LET’S REVERSE IT! INTERNATIONAL AND DISTRIBUTED VERSION OF GENTRIFICATION

LET ‘THE REST’ DESIGN AND ALTER THEIR TERRITORIAL LANDSCAPES 21

IS IS CR EU

IN GLOB AL GOVERNA NCE

BREXIT

N T BORD RANSATI O ERLE SS T NAL RADE

IO AT GR

MI SS MA

INC GLO REAS BAL ING INE QUA CO

LIT

S CT

LI NF

ONLIN

INCRE E OPE ASING RATIO NS

IS M OR

NSHIPS

OU GI

WAR

TE RR

E-CITIZE

TIO

LI RE

SS BE OF LO SE NG LF IN G

BANS L E V A R T USION L C X E AND

ISA

WHAT IF WE DESIGN AND DEVELOP A NEW COUNTRY AROUND THIS NOTION?

BAL

CIV

R SY

PO F O E S RI

S LI

N IO

IS L U P

G-ZERO

FIGHTS FOR INDEPENDENCE

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

S RI

GLO

AL IT IG /D ID E QU NC LI NA FI LE A VAL E-SC PHEA LARG ICAL U T POLI

WAL P M TRU E TH

IT IS ABOUT CONTRIBUTING TO THE GREATER GOOD OF HUMANITY

CH E T MA CLI

E UG

V SI

V ER

E ANG

BEING A ‘GOOD’ COUNTRY IS NO LONGER JUST ABOUT KEEPING INTERNAL AFFAIRS IN PLACE AND HAVING A STABLE ECONOMY.

VACUUM

UA CI L/D TI IG ZE IT NS AL HI P

RE WH SENT O MO MENT VE TO

XENOPHOBIA

PRES FOR SING S TA GLOB AL P KES OWER COUNTRIES ARE SELFISH AND INWARD-LOOKING NOW MORE THAN EVER

I IS

RR I DI TOR SP IA UT L ES

NCE A N ER V GO

POVERTY

ING W T H RIG ICS POLIT

BY S PHI AMME NS ZE ROGR TI CI NT P ME

VE ER RD CE BO EN OL

LOSS OF S ENSE OF B ELO NGI NG

D AR W IN

? TY TI EN ID

“For the first time since the end of World War II, no country or bloc of countries has the political and economic leverage to drive an international agenda” -Ian Bremmer, Eurasia Group President

NAT I ALI ONAL ENA I TIO DENTI N TY

- CITIZENSHIP TODAY: CHALLENGED AT MULTIPLE LEVELS -

ELESS T A T S

EVE

RY NAT IO N

FO R

IT SE LF

MODEL A: DECENTRALISED BORDERLESS VOLUNTARY NATION(DBVN)

MODEL B: E-CITIZENSHIP ESTONIA

BITNATION

A PLATFORM FOR DIY GOVERNANCE

Create a Nation

2014

Bitnation, which bills itself as “Governance 2.0” oﬀers a marketplace for digital citizenship. Multiple “service providers” can compete to oﬀer their citizens everything from dispute resolution to guaranteed basic income. Bitnation is a project enabling people to join, create, and manage so-called Decentralized Borderless Voluntary Nations (DBVNs) on the Pangea Jurisdiction platform. The Bitnation’s platform allows participants to make agreements, organize the nations’ governance, and resolve disputes within the network.

News

Choose a name:

25 new nations

AndreasLand

1,500 ETH

Legal Code

FREE

BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY (ETHEREUM)

3 new contracts

Law enforcement mechanism

CITIZENS CAN CREATE THEIR OWN STATES

OTHERS CREATED BY CITIZENS

FREELANCE AGREEMENTS MARRIAGES

ESTONIA

DIGITAL GOVERNANCE

2014

€100 ESTONIAN E-CITIZENSHIP

JUSTICE

TAXES

WILLS BIRTH CERTIFICATES

PAYMENTS

BANKING

BITNATION REFUGEE EMERGENCY RESPONSE

POLICING

BLOCKCHAIN PASSPORT

LEGISLATION

EDUCATION

REGULAR ESTONIAN CITIZENSHIP

DIGITAL PUBLIC SERVICES

In 2014, the country started offering a slice of its citizenship as a digital service. Since then, it has registered more than 30,000 e-residents, who are permitted to open bank accounts, start companies, sign documents, and pay tax under Estonian jurisdiction and law. In 2017, a section of a data center in Luxembourg was declared sovereign Estonian territory to facilitate the country’s first digital embassy, which also functions as a secure, remote backup for all of the country’s digital records. The arrangement for e-residents themselves remains non-territorial: They gain no rights to live in Estonia, nor do they accrue any other kind of physical benefit.

LAND TITLES

DVBN CONSTITUTION

BRER

VOTING

PROVIDE GOVERNANCE SERVICES

MARRIAGES

LOAN AGREEMENTS

DOCUMENTS

CHOOSE DECISIONMAKING MECHANISM WRITE A CONSTITUTION

BUSINESS REGISTRATION

A LIBERTARIAN UTOPIA OR YET ANOTHER DISRUPTION?

COMBINING FUNCTIONS AND SYSTEMS FROM BOTH THESE MODELS, EMBEDDED WITH EXISTING PHYSICAL CITIZENSHIP PARAMETERS, CAN POTENTIALLY GENERATE A NEW MODEL THAT FUNDAMENTALY CHANGES THE MEANING OF BEING A CITIZEN

OR JOIN OTHERS

WRITE OWN CODE OF LAW

PUBLIC NOTARY

IDENTITY FOR STATELESS CITIZENS

BOTH MODELS ARE LIMITED, ONE FAILS TO ASSERT ITSELF WITHIN EXISTING ESTABLISHMENT AND THE OTHER IS MERELY AN ECONOMIC MODEL OFFERING A SMALL PART OF ITS CITIZENSHIP

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- VIRTUAL CITIZENSHIP: TWO MODELS -

HEALTH CARE

IS REPLACING DEBATE WITH ALGORITHMIC DECISION-MAKING REALLY THE WAY FORWARD? 23

- EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL FRONTIERS -

NON-EU COUNTRIES’ DEALS/AGREEMENTS WITH EU CUSTOMS UNION

Free trade area with a common external tariff

ICELAND

SINGLE MARKET

Free movement of goods, capital, labour and services

SWEDEN FAROE ISLANDS

SCHENGEN AREA

No passport or any other type of control on borders EEA

EEA

European Economic Area

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

NON-EU MEMBERS EU MEMBERS 000 km

BORDER LENGTH

SWEDEN NORWAY

FINLAND NORWAY

THE WESTERN-MOST EU/NON-EU COUNTRY BORDER AS SEEN THROUGH THESE EXAMPLES, WE ARE STILL APPROACHING BORDERS IN THE SAME WAY WE DID TENS OF YEARS AGO. THE IRISH BORDER IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO CHALLENGE OUR PERCEPTION AND APPROACH TO BORDERS. PERHAPS WE COULD EVEN THROW AWAY THE WORD ‘BORDER’ ALTOGETHER

LATVIA DENMARK

LITHUANIA RUSSIA BELARUS

IRELAND

UNITED KINGDOM

POLAND

NETHERLANDS GERMANY

BELGIUM LUXEMBOURG

VIOLENCE FRANCE

RUSSIA

ESTONIA

DISPUTE BORDER CHECKS

CZECH REPUBLIC

UKRAINE

KAZAKHSTAN

SLOVAKIA

AUSTRIA MOLDOVA LIECHTENSTEIN HUNGARY SWITZERLAND SLOVENIA ROMANIA CROATIA ITALY BOSNIA AND SERBIA HERZEGOVINA MONTENEGRO BULGARIA

GEORGIA

MACEDONIA

EU/NON-EU BORDER

ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN

ALBANIA

SPAIN PORTUGAL

GREECE

TURKEY

EU/NON-EU FUTURE BORDER COUNTRY BORDER

MALTA CYPRUS

MOROCCO

ALGERIA

LEBANON

IRAN IRAQ

ISRAEL JORDAN LIBYA

EGYPT

EEA

ESTONIA RUSSIA

294 km

POLAND BELARUS

416 km

ROMANIA UKRAINE

614 km

FRANCE SWITZERLAND

572 km

CROATIA SERBIA

314 km

BULGARIA MACEDONIA

148 km

GREECE TURKEY

206 km

CYPRUS NORTHERN CYPRUS(de SPAIN MOROCCO

SYRIA

TUNISIA

1630 km

SAUDI ARABIA

KUWAIT

180 km

facto) 16 km

NAHWA / MADHA

BUSINGEN

10km

2km

NON-EU

MADHA

NON-EU

B-H

BUSINGEN

4km

NAHWA

POPULATION: 1,400

POPULATION: 500 / 3,000

POPULATION: 2,700 / 6,800

B-N

SAN MARINO

POPULATION: 33,400

BAARLE-HERTOG / BAARLE-NASSAU

BELGIUM

NETHERLANDS

30 EXCLAVE AND COUNTER-EXCLAVES territorial patchwork ANCIENT DIVISION MODEL

SAN MARINO

ITALY

EXCLAVE MINISTATE text TOPOGRAPHIC EXCLUSION MODEL

OMAN

UAE

EXCLAVE AND COUNTER-EXCLAVES multiple border checks to escape ANCIENT DIVISION MODEL

(work with the past and what is already there)

(the irish border has a unique topography as well)

(hassle make the place exclusive to its citizens)

KALINIGRAD

CAMPIONE d’ITALIA

MONACO

LLIVIA EU NON-EU

3km

5km

POLAND

(not what i am looking for)

5km

1.5km

10km

NON-EU EU EU

EXCLAVE VILLAGE part of the swiss economic area TOURISTIC ANCHOR POINT

POPULATION: 1,450

LITHUANIA

GERMANY

POPULATION: 37,300

POPULATION: 1,530

POPULATION: 437,500

LATVIA

SWITZERLAND

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- ENCLAVE CASE STUDIES -

LLIVIA

BELARUS

RUSSIA

CAMPIONE d’ITALIA

(what if we reverse this?)

AN EXCLAVE COMMUNE europe’s larges casino ECONOMIC/TAX MODEL (not what i am looking for)

MONACO

FRANCE

AN ENCLAVE CITY-STATE a playground for the wealthy ECONOMIC/TAX MODEL (not what i am looking for)

SPAIN

FRANCE

THE OLDEST EXCLAVE IN EUROPE deeply catalan NON-GEOGRAPHICAL BELONGING MODEL

AN ENCLAVE CITY former military zone SOCIALLY DEPENDANT ON EU

ITALY

- CITIZEN-LED GOVERNANCE -

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

COUNTRIES WITH NO GOVERNMENT

FAILED ATTEMPTS FOR INDEPENDECY

THE REPUBLIC OF COSPAIA

SOMALIA

BELGIUM

NORTHERN IRELAND

1440-1826

1991-2006

2010-2011

2017-

Disputes were settled by councils of elders, but there was little to no violence or crime in Cospaia anyway. In 1826, Italy starved out the residents of Cospaia and forced them to join the rest of the country.t

After the dictator called Siad Barre was ousted from power in 1991, no government ever replaced him. Instead, the country plunged into a period of time that was lawless and without any semblance of government.

Flemish and Walloons were unable to agree on policy issues and form a governing coalition following national elections. But day-to-day aﬀairs of the country were tended to by a temporary government run by a former prime minister.

The devolved executive and assembly which have powers over the region collapsed in January 2017 owing to ongoing disagreements between the DUP and Sinn Féin, and all attempts to restore power-sharing have since failed.

Cospaia ﬂourished as a stateless, Anarchistic country. It became rich by growing tobacco, which was banned by the pope, therefore making it the only source in Italy. They were also a source for all kinds of smuggled and illegal goods.

Instead of having a government, the Somalians reverted back to old clan systems and customs. The rule of law was the "Xeer," and ancient system where a council of elders decides the best way to settle disputes on a case-by-case basis.

NOT HAVING A GOVERNMENT IS NOT A GOOD IDEA, AS IT IS CHAOTIC, ANARCHIC AND DESTRUCTIVE.

The divisions are so deep that many people expect Belgium to split into two separate countries at some point.

IT IS CHAOTIC, ANARCHIC, DESTRUCTIVE AND ENCOURAGES SOCIAL SEPARATISM

HOWEVER, COSPAIA FLOURISHED BY ESTABLISHING MONOPOLY AND SPECIALISING WITHIN IT

The Northern Ireland Executive collapsed with the resignation of Martin McGuinness as Deputy First Minister.

QUEBEC / CANADA

SCOTLAND / UK

24%

of population

CATALONIA / SPAIN

15%

(reduced x7 times)

1995

2014

2017

REFERENDUM

Do you agree that Quebec should become sovereign state?

YES 49% NO 51%

Should Scotland be an independent country?

YES 45% NO 55%

Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a Republic?

YES 92% NO 8%

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- NEW COUNTRIES -

SOVEREIGN COUNTRIES

GUERILLA STATES AND NATIONS

EAST TIMOR 1999

PRINCIPALITY OF SEALAND 1967

VIOLENCE WAS A KEY DRIVER AND ELEMENT OF REVOLT ON THE CASES OF SOVEREIGNTY ESTABLISHMENT SEEN ON THE LEFT.

KOSOVO 2008

UNITARY PSEMI-RESIDENTIAL CONSTITUTIONIAL REPUBLIC

THE INDIVIDUALISTIC AND SOME TIMES ANARCHIC ATTEMPTS SEEN ON THE RIGHT ARE NOT OFFICIALY RECOGNISED BY SOVEREIGN STATES, AND PROBABLY NEVER WILL BE. COULD THERE BE A MUTUAL GROUND BETWEEN THE TWO?

SOUTH SUDAN 2011

UNITARY PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUTIONIAL REPUBLIC

CAN A COUNTRY BE ESTABLISHED ON MERITS SUCH AS SOCIAL INDEPENDENCE, LIMITED POPULATION, INNOVATION AND DISPUTED TERRITORY, AS EXTRACTED FROM BOTH THESE SIDES?

FREETOWN CHRISTIANIA 1971

WORLD’S SMALLEST COUNTRY OFF-SHORE PLATFORM NOT RECOGNISED BY ANY STATE

AVL-VILLE 2011

ANARCHIST COMMUNE SEMI-AUTONOMOUS SOCIETY BUILT FROM SCRATCH

AVL-VILLE ROTTERDAM

FEDERAL PRESIDENTIAL CONSTITUTIONIAL REPUBLIC

ARTISTS’ STUDIO AND WORKSHOP POPULATION LIMITED TO EMPLOYEES FARMING NEXT TO WEAPONS’ FACTORY

- UTOPIAN / DYSTOPIAN THEORY -

VISIONS FOR IDEAL SETTLEMENTS

MANHATTAN DOME BUCKMINSTER FULLER 1960

BRAVE NEW WORLD ALDOUS HUXLEY 1932

NEWS FROM NOWHERE WILLIAM MORRIS 1891

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

A future society based on common ownership and democratic control of the means of production. In this society there is no private property, no big cities, no authority, no monetary system, no divorce, no courts, no prisons, and no class systems. This agrarian society functions simply because the people ﬁnd pleasure in nature, and therefore they ﬁnd pleasure in their work.

Set in a futuristic World State of genetically modiﬁed citizens and an intelligence-based social hierarchy, the novel anticipates huge scientiﬁc developments in reproductive technology, sleep-learning, psychological manipulation, and classical conditioning that are combined to make a utopian society that goes challenged only by a single outsider.

Turning the ideas of ‘prison’ and ‘wall’ into a voluntary, desirable habitat where humans or ‘voluntary prisoners’ choose to desert post-industrial London in favour of living within the conﬁnes of the walls of a new metropolis. Even if they are concious of their decision, are they aware there is no way out? Exodus diverges from other utopian concepts as it does not attempt to withdraw from social and political structures, but rather redeﬁne and restructure them.

UTOPIA THOMAS MORE 1516

A political ideal state on an island completely closed and sealed oﬀ from the everyday world.

Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture.

it’s a fine line LE CORBUSIER VILLE RADIEUSE 1922

EXODUS REM KOOLHAAS 1972

GARDEN CITIES OF TOMORROW EBENIZER HOWARD 1902

An unrealized urban masterplan designed to contain eﬀective means of transportation, as well as an abundance of green space and sunlight. Le Corbusier’s city of the future would not only provide residents with a better lifestyle, but would contribute to creating a better society.

THE MONARCHY IN SPAIN TOMASSO CAMPANELLA 1623 Vision of a uniﬁed, peaceful world governed by a theocratic monarchy.

Many of these utopian concepts perhaps should no longer be considered utopias today because they are no longer impossible

It seems as if reality will supersede the ideal model because nowadays “utopian possibilities are inherent in the technical and technological forces of advanced capitalism and socialism,” Herbert Marcuse.

Some of these ideas are still relevant due to their capacity to evolve and further progress into the future. The rest are so heavily detailed that it is impossible for them to do so

IT IS POSSIBLE TO DESIGN AN IDEAL PLACE, A UTOPIA, BUT IT NEEDS TO BE ABLE TO ADAPT, CHANGE AND EVOLVE

KARL MARX CRITIQUE HEGEL’S PHILOSOPHY OF RIGHT 1844

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT BROADACRE CITY 1932

A proposal that opposed the dense city and instead an imagination of a place where large spaces and the automobile are gloriﬁed.

Marx's theory of the state considers that in a post-capitalist society the state, an undesirable institution, would be unnecessary and wither away. A related concept is that of stateless communism, a phrase sometimes used to describe Marx's anticipated post-capitalist society.

A concept idea for a 3-km dome, in midtown Manhattan, with the aim of regulating weather and blocking air pollution

REPUBLIC PLATO 380 BC

Plato’s ideal and perfect society is primarily composed of two classes. The guardians, who are responsible for protecting the state, and are divided into two sub-classes: the rulers and auxiliaries. Rulers are the wisest of the guardians, and establish laws for the rest of society to follow. The auxiliaries are soldiers who defend the state, but also preserve order inside the state and serve as an example for the rest of the citizens.

1984 GEORGE ORWELL 1949

“Do you not begin to see, then, what kind of world it is we are creating? It is the exact opposite of the stupid hedonistic Utopias that the old reformers imagined. A world of fear and treachery, a world of trampling and being trampled upon, a world that will grow not less but more merciless as it reﬁnes itself”

THE END OF UTOPIA HERBERD MARCUSE 1967

The term “utopian” should refer only to ideas and projects that deﬁnitely contradict scientiﬁcally established laws and hence can be regarded as impossible to realize.

ATLANTIS ANCIENT GREECE

A ﬁctional island and utopian civilisation having an abundance of natural resources and wealth, located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean

THE MONARCHY IN SPAIN TOMASSO CAMPANELLA 1623 Vision of a uniﬁed, peaceful world governed by a theocratic monarchy.

TABULA RASA REVISITED/ S,M,L,XL REM KOOLHAAS

The idea of starting again with a clean slate. Rem Koolhaas’s notion of tabula rasa, taboo since the ambitious plans of Le Corbusier, has set itself as a strategy of emptiness, ensuring that the tragedy of urban planning gestated in the New World continues running in Old Europe. Large areas of terrain vague nourish a system in continuous modernization. Thus a new beginning is always possible. it might have worked in cases such as Rotterdam, but Irish Border is such a rich and diverse region that working with what is there is probably the way to go

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- UTOPIAN / DYSTOPIAN THEORY -

AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL FOR LIFE ON EARTH

unforseen digital revolution / semantic redundancy THE CONTINUOUS MONUMENT - SUPERSTUDIO / 1969

This project illsutrates the studio’s conviction that by a single piece of architecture over the entire world they could put “cosmic order on earth” Although this may seem controversial or ludicrous, Superstudio got it spot on!

Our phones, the Internet and the sub-ocean cables that physically connect the whole world are a manifestation of this notion presented 50 years ago. They just could not realise it due to the technological capacity of that time.

We are connected to everything, every moment

What does this mean for our identity? Do we really belong where we live and work? Can we place “cosmic order on earth” that exists in both virtual and physical space, and elevate our sense of belonging and understanding of identity?

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

PART C TIBOS

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- IRISH BORDER INDEPENDENCE DAY -

31 OCTOBER 2019 On this date, the departure of the UK from the EU,

operates on both physical and virtual spaces and

settlements are becoming self-governed,

with no deal, will be oﬃcial and all existing deals

territories. Additionally, TIBOS is the very ﬁrst

operating across the sector and spectrum of their

and agreements between the two will immediately

state to be 100% rural, and it aims at retaining this

existing resources, skill and specialisation.

cease to exist.

percentage by introducing retaining its population

On the physcial space and across the island of

At that very moment, the villages and settlements

density as it expands physically and claims new

Ireland, rural settlements that wish to beneﬁt

residing along the Irish border will announce the

territory in the future.

from TIBOS bilateral agreements with EU and UK,

independence of the border and the declaration

The governance, juristiction, control and

can apply for a citizenship and join the new state.

of The Irish Border State (TIBOS).

management of the state is decentralised, and

A new citizen-led sovereign state that aims to

divided across its rural settlements and

become the world’s ﬁrst borderless state that

population. Through this network, the rural

WHAT IS TIBOS?

DECENTRALISED CURRENCY THE TI

CASH

CRYPTOCURRENCY

20 20

CHALLENGING THE NOTIONS OF ‘CITIZENSHIP’ AND ‘IDENTITY’

BORDERLESS MOBILITY AND CITIZENSHIP

CREATE YOUR OWN SUB-STATE

A PLATFORM FOR DIGITAL GOVERNANCE

THE SOLUTION TO TERRITORIAL DISPUTES

INDEPENDENT VIRTUAL AND PHYSICAL CURRENCY: THE TIBO

10 10 NON-GEOGRAPHICAL BELONGING/ NON-CARTOGRAPHIC CITIZENSHIP

VOLUNTARY CITIZENSHIP

A HAVEN FOR BREXIT REFUGEES

THE LINK BETWEEN THE EU AND UK

DECENTRALISED GOVERNANCE

THE FUTURE OF RURAL LANDSCAPES AND COMMUNITIES

10 31

- NATIONAL PLAN -

NORTHERN IRELAND

MUFF

CARRIGANS

LETTERKENNY

ST JOHNSTON

SESSIAGHONEILL MEENGLASS

DERRY

NEWBUILDINGS

LIFFORD BALLYBOFEY

NUMBER OF SETTLEMENTS TINY 203 VILLAGES 145

BALLYMAGORRY

STRABANE

CASTLEFINN

CLADY

SMALL TOWNS 11

CASTLEDERG

LEGHOWNEY

KILLETER

TOTAL: 359

MULLAGHDUFF BALLYMAGROARTY

PETTIGO

BALLYSHANNON

KESH

BELLEEK

DERRYGONNELLY

KILNOUGH

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

BUNDORAN

AUGHER CLOGHER

BLANEY

ARDS

AREA OF FOCUS

GARRISON

BUCKODE

HOLYWELL

CURRIN BALLINAGLERA BLACKLION

BELCOO

MULLINAFINNOG

ENNISKILLEN

TANDERAGEE CARRICKROE EMYVALE SURVEIL

DRUMGALLAN

LETTERBREEN KINAWLEY

ROSSLEA

DERRYLIN SWANLIBAR GLANGEVLIN

POPULATION 120,000

BALLYGAWLEY

BALLYCONNELL

BELTURBET

CLOVERHILL

TYNAN

MONMURRAY GLASLOUGH

MIDDLETOWN DERRYNOOSE CLONTIBRET

KILLEEN CROSSMAGLEN CASTLEBLAYNEY JONESBOROUGH CULLAVILLE FORKHILL CLOUGHOGE SKYHILL

DUNDALK

TOWNS/CITIES >4,000

EXCLUDED FROM THE NEW BORDER STATE

1:1,000,000 NATIONAL SCALE

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

POPULATION DENSITY 33 p/km² / 85 p/mi²

KEADY

TYHOLLAND

CASTLESHANE CLONES CLONAGORE NEWBLISS SCOTSHOUSE

LAND AREA 3,630 km² / 1400mi²

MULLAN VILLAGE

MONAGHAN

MAGHERAVEELY

NEWTONBUTLER

AUGHNACLOY

NEWRY WARRENPOINT OMEATH

RAVENSDALE

PERIMETER/BORDER LENGTH 1020km / 530 miles

THE NEW BORDER FOLLOWS NATURAL TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

RIVER

VALLEY

The decision to focus on the region’s natural landscapes is taken so as to keep the rurality of the place untamed, unbroken and as raw as possible. The aim is to allow citizens to take better-informed decisions about space displacement and interventions, without being bound by a border. As TIBOS grows the border will ﬂow naturally and blur through the years until it becomes one with the landscape.

TIBOS BORDER

A series of topographical features across the border region are identﬁed and are used to draw the frontier and edge of TIBOS.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- DETERMINING THE EDGE -

BOG

LAKE

- BILATERAL ARRANGEMENTS -

NORTHERN IRELAND

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

1998-2019 GOOD FRIDAY AGREEEMENT TO BREXIT

2019 BREXIT

2019TIBOS

-NO DEAL SEPARATION-

-AVOIDING SEPARATION BY ACTING AS A MEDIATOR-

-FRICTIONLESS-

DEALS AND AGREEMENTS The ‘No Deal’ departure of the UK from the EU, means that all agreements and deals between the two cease to apply. The Irish Border would become the biggest issue that would need urgent resolving, which will most probably result in the introduction of physical structures of some sort

TRADE

BUSINESS

TRAVEL

that ﬁlter movement and prevent unauthorised access. TIBOS is established on the day of this departure and acts as a mediator and a ﬁlter between the UK and the EU. TIBOS establishes deals and agreements that let the new state interact with each side separately.

By acting as a mediator, the new state allows the two sides to engage and interact with one another passively, meaning without having to establish any regulations or deals between them. They remain as they are following Brexit.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- EXPANSION -

By maintaining its rurality through a constant population density, TIBOS expands on the physical level through attaining more villages and settlements within it. These are settlements that reside outside of its boundary, and have voted indivudally to exit their countries, Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland and join TIBOS. It is expected that multiple settlements would want to be part of TIBOS since it is the only way for them to deal and benefit from external EU/UK relations. As the physical territory of TIBOS expands, its frontier and edge is becoming more blurry and fades away into the landscape, leading to TIBOS’ ultimate goal of becoming the first physical and virtual borderless state in 2050. It is also expected that the new state’s virtual population would grow exponentially, since citizens not physically residing in the island of Ireland can also benefit from the interrelations and agreements between the UK and the EU.

POPULATION PHYSICAL: 120,000 VIRTUAL: 0

POPULATION PHYSICAL: 300,000 VIRTUAL: 10,000,000

POPULATION PHYSICAL: 5,000,000 VIRTUAL: 300,000,000

2019

KEY PHYSICAL sub-STATES VIRTUAL sub-STATES

THE EVOLUTION OF A BORDERLESS STATE

EXPANDED TERRITORY

- DECENTRALISED AND VIRTUALLY INTERCONNECTED -

MUFF

[R]

CLI

FFO

TI BO S’

WI TH IN ___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

O LCO

[N]

N LO

]

[R]

RY OUTSIDE TIBOS’ TERRITO

TE RRI TOR Y

MARKETHILL [N]

KEY [N] FORMER PART OF

NORTHERN IRELAND

[R] FORMER PART OF

THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND RURAL SETTLEMENT TIBOS’ EXPANSION VIRTUAL TERRITORY

SCOTLAND

NORTHERN IRELAND

LONDONDERRY PORT ULSTER UNIVERSITY ZEUS INDUSTRIAL MAGEE CAMPUS INT’L INSURANCE AND FINANCIAL SERVICES PRODUCTS PRAMERICA NORTH WEST REGIONAL COLLEGE INSTITUTE OF SITA TECHNOLOGY SEAGATE ALLSTATE

HIGH-TECH MATERIAL MANUFACTURING

EDUCATION

SECURITY INTERFACE

LETTERKENNY

TECH INNOVATION

DERRY

NORTH WEST REGIONAL COLLEGE

HEALTHCARE

STRABANE

DONEGAL

AGRICULTURE MANUFACTURING

LOGISTICS

ETHICAL FARMING

LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY

CLOGHER

LAKE

DOLAN’S SOCIAL FARM HILLS

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

ENNISKILLEN

AUTOMATED FARMING

MAJOR TRANSPORT LINKS

GARISSON

ENERGY GENERATION BELCOO

TOURISM

BELFAST

OMAGH

BOG

TRADE

BUSINESS ANCHOR POINT

MACNEAN FARM ERNE & HILLS MELVIN FISH FARM

GLANBIA AGRIBUSINESS

AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT

CLOGHER VALLEY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

LISNASKEA BOG ROSSLEA HILLS

INTENSIVE FARMING

ACORN FARM

MONAGHAN

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

MOTOR VEHICLE TRANSPORTATION LTD

NEWRY

This map is used as a guide to assign the governmental functions and systems to the individual settlements. that will in turn allow them to function as self-governed sovereign entities, under TIBOS.

WARREPOINT PORT

AGRICULTURAL CONSULTATION

CORREEN

Every place in TIBOS is unique and driven by its own character and the settlements that comprise it.

SEAMLESS TRADE DEALS

CARNAGH HIGH-SPEED PUBIC TRANSPORT

AGRIDIRECT

WARRENPOINT

TIBOS is rich and diverse both in its natural landscape and also in its resources in terms of its industry expertise and the sectors within which its citizens are employed.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- TIBOS’ RESOURCES -

DUNDALK PORT

BALLYHAISE BALLYCONNELL EXPORT ONLY

DUNDALK

RAI

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

DUBLIN

BUSINESS ANCHOR POINT

- THE RURAL -

‘MAINTAIN RURALITY’ STRATEGY

SCOTLAND

ENGLAND

WALES

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

NORTHERN IRELAND

THE WORLD

COUNTRYSIDE

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

A COMPLEX PATCHWORK OF CULTURES

FINITE, YET RANDOM COLLECTION OF MATERIAL

33 people / km

To avoid the disruption of rurality and its evolution into urbanity, population density is to be maintained stable at this level across the physical territory of TIBOS.

URBAN POPULATION RURAL POPULATION

TIBOS

164

p/km²

BELFAST

4,716 p/km²

LIECHTENSTEIN 227 p/km²

GREATER LONDON

ISLE OF MAN

5,584 p/km²

149 p/km²

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- SCALE TESTS -

FAROE ISLANDS 34 p/km²

MALTA

1,562 p/km²

TIBOS

33 p/km²

SAN MARINO 416 p/km²

NORTHERN IRELAND

LUXEMBOURG

KEY

134 p/km²

207 p/km²

LAND TERRITORY

NAME OF COUNTRY

4,716 p/km²

POPULATION DENSITY

GREATER MANCHESTER

- EXTENDING VIRTUAL CITIZENS -

GROUPS

INDIVIDUALS The Estonian E-Citizenship, Bitnation and other CIP programmes have inspired TIBOS to go beyond what is oﬀered at the moment in terms of citizenship.

NEIGHBOURHOODS

Today you can either invest in a country or apply as an indivdual and received a citizenship that gives you part-access to the country and its aﬀairs.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

COMMUNITIES

VILLAGES

HOUSEHOLDS

VIRTUAL BELONGING/ IDENTITY/ CITIZENSHIP

TIBOS is going further by allowing virtual citizenship to be obtained collectively, ie. as groups, vneighbourhoods or whole villages. This provides these members with more power in asserting self-governance in their own rights and territories.

TIBOS has established bilateral agreements and deals with both the UK and the EU, which makes it the only physical territory where the two can engage and interact.

These scenarios could be applied on the settlements that gain TIBOS citizenship but are not located within the territory of the new state but further aﬁeld. This creates new opportunities where self-governed ‘patches’ and ‘islands’ of small-scale TIBOS can become mediators between EU and UK while situated in mainland Northern Ireland or Republic of Ireland.

SCENARIO B EU->TIBOS or UK->TIBOS

SCENARIO A EU->UK or UK->EU

By not having agreed on deals and agreeements, the UK and EU have to go through TIBOS in order to conduct business, trade or travel through and within it.

SCENARIO C EU->TIBOS->UK or UK->TIBOS->EU

ROUTE B

STUDIO 02 THE NEXT STEPS

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- MOVEMENT SCENARIOS -

INTERVENTION

The next step on this project and proposal is to investigate and explore these scenarios in depth through a research-through-design approach. The spatial interventions marked across this proposal are unpacked and uncovered and attempts to reveal their maximum value and relevance is made. By setting multiple constraints and parameters to the proposal, I attempt to make it more manageable and speciﬁc. Moreover, I intend to investigate closely how the self-governed rural settlements can bridge the gap generated by Brexit, while at the same time responding to the question ‘Could you live somewhere and be a sole citizen of somehwere else?’ I will explore the spatial impact and implications of this in the year 2019 when TIBOS is established and also in 2050 when it is expected that TIBOS reaches a population of approximately three million and becomes a borderless sovereign state.

ROUTE A

EU EU

THE TIBOS ‘EXPRESS’ Movement straight from one side to the other, treats the involved members as international passengers, just like airports treat passengers that are in connecting flights: legally they are not in the country of layover. Depending on the reason and resource of travel through TIBOS and to the other side, a specific route is taken which crosses over the settlement that governs that specific sector, which in turn deals with the transit.

TIBOS

INTERVENTION THE CONTROL PERIMETER There is no physical edge, border or barrier on the perimeter of TIBOS’ territory, which means citizens are free to move and trade with the new state freely. How can TIBOS stop one from crossing or smuggling resources onto the other side?

EU TIBOS

INTERVENTION THE STOP-OFF In this scenario I am going to explore the possible situation of a pit-stop, where one travels through one side to the other, but with the desire to deal with TIBOS as well, either that is trade or business related.

TIBOS

How can the villages and countryside be adapted so as to accommodate such movements and render them frictionless?

KEY RURAL SETTLEMENT 41

INTERVENTION

THE ARE THE TOOLS I AM GOING TO USE TO TEST THE RESEARCH QUESTION AND DEVELOP ASSOCIATED SPATIAL PROPOSITIONS

- DIVISION OF GOVERNANCE -

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

TIBOS INCEPTION

JURISTICTION

JUSTICE

SMALL RURAL SETTLEMENT

EDUCATION

EXPANSION

ENERGY

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

HEALTH CARE

MARKET

SERVICE

RELIGION

ENVIRONMENT

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- AN EVOLVING LANDSCAPE -

RURAL SETTLEMENT TIBOS BORDER INTERVENTION

A TU

POPULATION

IC HYS

As TIBOS expands in physical and virtual space, through the accumulation of citizenships, the border fades away. As this happens the interventions that make TIBOS manageable, while rendering the scenarios, explored earlier, operational are shifting across the landscape.

TIME 43

- STRATEGIC POSITIONING -

THE IRISH BORDER MUFF

CARRIGANS

LETTERKENNY

JOHNSTON

NEWBUILDINGS

LIFFORD BALLYBOFEY SESSIAGHONEILL MEENGLASS

DERRY

BALLYMAGORRY

STRABANE

CASTLEFINN

CLADY CASTLEDERG

LEGHOWNEY

TIBOS

KILLETER MULLAGHDUFF BALLYMAGROARTY

PETTIGO

BALLYSHANNON

KESH

BELLEEK

DERRYGONNELLY

KILNOUGH BUNDORAN

BALLYGAWLEY AUGHER CLOGHER

BLANEY

ARDS

GARRISON

BUCKODE

HOLYWELL

CURRIN BALLINAGLERA BLACKLION

BELCOO

MULLINAFINNOG

ENNISKILLEN

TANDERAGEE CARRICKROE EMYVALE SURVEIL

DRUMGALLAN

LETTERBREEN KINAWLEY

ROSSLEA

DERRYLIN SWANLIBAR GLANGEVLIN

MULLAN

SCOTSHOUSE

CLOVERHILL

TYNAN

GLASLOUGH MIDDLETOWN KEADY

TYHOLLAND

DERRYNOOSE

CASTLESHANE CLONES CLONAGORE NEWBLISS

BELTURBET

VILLAGE

MONMURRAY

MONAGHAN

MAGHERAVEELY

NEWTONBUTLER BALLYCONNELL

AUGHNACLOY

CLONTIBRET

KILLEEN CROSSMAGLEN CASTLEBLAYNEY JONESBOROUGH FORKHILL CULLAVILLE CLOUGHOGE SKYHILL

NEWRY WARRENPOINT OMEATH

RAVENSDALE

DUNDALK

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

RURAL/PHYSICAL SETTLEMENTS

RURAL/VOLUNTARY GOVERNANCE

VIRTUAL SETTLEMENTS

I have chosen this particular area to focus and test the research question and explore the scenarios explained earlier in more depth later in Studio 02. The reason behind the selection of this site is that it is one of the most diverse areas along the Irish border, in terms of topography, social structure, deprivation and demographics, something that presents multiple challenges at various levels.

2 TALLYBRACK 440m

3 6

ENNISKILLEN

DRUMGALLAN

Scenario A, The TIBOS Express is illustrated in this and the following maps. 2

CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS THAT LED TO THE SELECTION AND FOCUS ON THIS AREA 1. A FAILING BORDER VILLAGE 2. TOPOGRAPHICAL BARRIERS AND CONSTRAINTS 3. BORDER WITH REPUBLIC OF IRELAND AND NORTHERN IRELAND 4. VILLAGES SEPARATED BY THE IRISH BORDER 5. A VARIETY OF SETTLEMENTS THAT RANGE IN LAND AREA AND POPULATION 6. BORDER WITH A CITY EXCLUDED FROM THE NEW STATE 7. THE IRISH BORDER

INTERVENTION

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- AREA OF FOCUS -

BELMORE MOUNTAIN 452m

HOLYWELL

3 1

BELCOO

LETTERBREEN

BLACKLION

BELLANALECK

2 COAGHAN 200m

REGIONAL SCALE

1:50,000

- SITE PLAN -

BELCOO POPULATION 486 VILLAGE

LOUGH MACNEAN UPPER

LOUGH MACNEAN LOWER

ORIGNAL BORDER

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

In Studio 02, I will be exploring and testing the aforementioned scenarios and research question at smaller scales as well, by zooming-in on areas and zones through my selected area of focus. This is one of these areas, and contains Blacklion, a deprived Irish village and Belcoo a Northern Irish village that is doing slightly better. What are the implications of virtual citizenship and remote belonging on the social level?

SCENARIO A: THE TIBOS EXPRESS POSSIBLE SPATIAL INTERVENTION

1:5,000 VILLAGE SCALE

BLACKLION POPULATION 194 VILLAGE

LANDSCAPE INTENSIFICATION

SCENARIO A: THE TIBOS EXPRESS

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- SITE PLAN: INTERVENTIONS -

EXPLORATION OF THE NEGATIVE SPACE

BELCOO

LANDSCAPE AS MEDIATOR

BLACKLION

VILLAGE SCALE

1:5,000

- BIBLIOGRAPHY -

Adams, T. (2014) ‘Simon Anholt interview: “There is only one global superpower: public opinion.”’ The Observer. Politics. [Online] 30th November. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/nov/30/simon-anholt-good-count ry-party-global-superpower-public-opinion.

Marshall, T. (2015) Prisoners of Geography. London: Elliott and Thompson Limited.

Mattern, S. (2018) ‘All Eyes on the Border.’ The Journal of Public Scholarship on Symons, T. (2018) ‘The Nation State Goes Virtual.’ NS Tech. [Online] Architecture, Landscap and Urbanism. https://tech.newstatesman.com/guest-opinion/virtual-nation-states.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

Connelly, T. (2017) Brexit & Ireland. Penguin. Cowell, A. (2018) 50 Years Later, Troubles Still Cast ‘Huge Shadow’ Over Northern Ireland. The New York Times. [Online] https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/04/world/europe/northern-ireland-trouble s.html. Dunt, I. (2016) Brexit: What the Hell Happens Now? Surrey: Canbury Press. Government of Ireland (2018) Project Ireland 2040: National Development Plan 2018-2027. Hammersley, B. (2017) Become an E-Resident of Estonia. Wired. [Online] https://www.wired.co.uk/article/estonia-e-resident. Jelor, G. (2016) Bitnation Launches the First Virtual Constitution. Futurism. [Online] https://futurism.com/bitnation-launches-worlds-ﬁrst-virtual-constitution-virtu al-nation. Johnson, S. (2001) Emergence. London: Penguin.

https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/reinventing-the-rural-a-new-per spective-on-our-countryside/10029195.article.

Szerszynski, B. and Urry, J. (2006) ‘Visuality, Mobility and the Cosmopolitan: Inhabiting the World From Afar.’ The Britsh Journal of Sociology, 57(1).

Tombs, R. (2017) Sovereignty still makes sense, even in a globalised world. Mehrotra, A. (2017) Here Are 7 Countries That Don’t Exist Now, But Could Exist Financial Times. [Online] In The Near Future. ScoopWhoop. [Online] https://www.ft.com/content/e54751b2-6008-11e7-8814-0ac7eb84e5f1. https://www.scoopwhoop.com/7-countries-that-could-exist-in-the-near-future /. Turner, E. (2018) ‘The countries that get by without a government.’ UK Politics. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-42570823. Morris, C. (2018) ‘Reality Check: How open are EU borders for trade?’ UK. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-44054594. Velmet, A. (2016) The Baltic Atlas. Berlin: Sternberg Press. (no name) (2018a) A Belgian village cut in half. Expatica. [Online] https://www.expatica.com/be/out-and-about/excursions/a-belgian-village-cutin-half-443078/.

Wallis, S. (2016) A ’60s Architecture Collective That Made History (but No Buildings). The New York Times. [Online] https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/04/t-magazine/design/superstudio-designarchitecture-group-italy.html.

(no name) (2018b) ‘Borderless Nations of Bitnation: a Libertarian Utopia or Yet Another Disruption.’ Lawless Tech. [Online] Yago, E. (2018) ‘Bit by Antiquated Bit, Democracy is Being Replaced by Crypto.’ https://lawless.tech/borderless-nations-of-bitnation-a-libertarian-utopia-or-yet Wired UK. -another-disruption/. (no name) (2018c) The Good Country is an entirely new global/virtual nation, aiming ‘to make the world work better.’ The Alternative. [Online] https://www.thealternative.org.uk/dailyalternative/2018/9/22/thegoodcountry -launches-virtually. Orwell, G. (1949) 1984. Int’l, Penguin. Pasquale, F. (2017) ‘From Territorial to Functional Sovereignty: The Case of Amazon.’ Law and Political Economy. [Online] https://lpeblog.org/2017/12/06/from-territorial-to-functional-sovereignty-the-c ase-of-amazon/. Ringen, J. (2004) Superstudio: The Architecture Collective That Influenced a Generation. [Online] https://www.metropolismag.com/ideas/architecture-collective-superstudio-in fluenced-generation/. Roos, J., Leverink, J. and Kanizaj, B. (2018) ‘Beyodn the Border.’ Roar. Sampson, R. (2012) Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Shearlaw, M. (2016) A Brexit bolthole? For €100 you can become an e-resident of an EU country you’ve never visited. The Guardian. [Online] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/15/estonia-e-residency-europe an-union-brexit-eu-referendum.

Lurie, S. (2017) ‘Why Do We Have Borders, Anyway?’ Vice. [Online] https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/kzeyvx/why-do-we-have-borders-anyway.

Souli, S. (2016) ‘I Became a Citizen of Bitnation, a Blockchain-Powered Virtual Nation. Now What?’ Motherboard. [Online] https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/xyg5x7/bitnation-or-bust.

MacDowell, A. and Crouch, D. (2016) On the frontier of Brexit: The EU’s existing hard and soft borders. The Irish Times. [Online] https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/on-the-frontier-of-brexitthe-eu-s-existing-hard-and-soft-borders-1.2829910.

Susskind, R. and Susskind, D. (2015) The Future of the Professions. Oxford: OUP Oxford. Sutherland, A. (2018) Reinventing the rural: a new perspective on our countryside | Architectural Review. [Online] [Accessed on 21st January 2019]

WHERE IS THE BORDER? ANSWER

TIBOS

THE IRISH BORDER STATE

TIBOS

THE IRISH BORDER STATE MArch Architecture Thesis Project PART 02

ANDREAS LEONIDOU Student Number: 17102819 MArch Architecture / Year 06 Atelier: Infrastructure Space Research Manchester School of Architecture March 2019

ATELIER INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE Infrastructure Space explores and investigates space. Not the cosmos, but rather the ﬁeld in which architecture evolves and takes place. The Atelier is interested in the social, economic, political and environmental frameworks that underpin the operation and performance of this ﬁeld and inform architectural and material interventions made within it. METHODOLOGY A research through design approach is used to investigate and explore work which contributes to knowledge and has impact. 1. Spatial Analysis comprises data analysis and contextual studies to generate an understanding of the performance and operation of space, networks and buildings

STUDIO 01

RESEARCH QUESTION

How can the ﬂow, experience and engagement with the new sovereign territory generate meta-level patterns that ultimately manifest in a new, architectural language, unique to this new border region?

2. Design Exploration uses the design process to explore and appraise solutions to speciﬁc spatial, cultural and architectural problems

TIBOS

3. Critical Study includes the dissemination of ﬁndings, reﬂection on the wider implications of these and the development of further research

ANDREAS LEONIDOU Student Number: 17102819 MArch Architecture / Year 6 Infrastructure Space Research / Studio 01 Manchester School of Architecture

BRIEF This year, in Infrastructure Space, through Studio units 1, 2 + 3 turns its attention to borders and their limits when viewed through themes of technological speed, obsolescence and value. Here, value is not limited to ideas of ﬁnance and will be discussed in relation to heritage, culture, community, environment. The site for investigation will be the Irish Border in the context of Brexit. Studio units 1, 2 + 3 will form a year long project which requires you to make spatial propositions that seek to achieve maximum value. The atelier design research methodology is to be used as a tool to examine the spatial representation of borders and their presence and relevance in a digitally connected context. The area of investigation will span digital, celestial and geographic space to understand the implications of borders and mobility in a digital age. Atelier Trip Location: Northern Ireland Date: 29/10 - 02/11/2018

STUDIO 02 ABSTRACT The thesis project assumes that UK is coming out of the Brexit maelstrom with a ‘no deal’, which means it leaves the EU with nothing, as all existing deals cease to apply. By establishing bilateral agreements with the two sides, the new citizen-led state, TIBOS, acts as a mediator and the only way possible for the UK and the EU to engage and interact through trade, movement and business.

The use of technology has been proposed within the UK Parliament numerous times as a solution to the Irish Border issue. Noone is really sure whether it could be possible to be implemented as a solution, but everyone is certain that it would be costly and have an impactful physical presence.

Through the mess of Brexit, the thesis project identiﬁes the opportunity to engage with the rural settlements along the border region, which are largely neglected and for decades are facing multiple socioeconomic issues.

The thesis project questions and challenges this ’solution’, and argues that multiple levels of friction and diverse types of checkpoints scattered across territorial space are more beneﬁcial and have the potential to act as mechanisms to re-animate the deprived rural settlements, now part of TIBOS.

The thesis project explores the connection between identity and space in both virtual and physical spaces. Settlements that do not reside in TIBOS can ‘opt-in’ and receive a citizenship that will allow them to inﬂuence localised decision-making and also mediate EU and UK activities.

Introducing and scattering diﬀerent levels of friction and border crossings across the territorial landscape of the newly established state, allows space for the creation of new spatial opportunities.

Through the establishment of a new sovereign state, owned by its people, the thesis project questions the notion of ‘border’ as a two-dimensional line and aims to redeﬁne it by expanding it and giving the power of its governance to its people.

The thesis project is critical and particularly interested in the ﬂow and movement of people across and within this newly established and ever-expanding landscape?

- CONTENTS -

4/ STUDIO 01 SUMMARY 7/ CROSS-TIBOS MOVEMENT SCENARIOS 9/ TECHNOLOGY AS THE SOLUTION 10/ ALMOST FRICTIONLESST 11/ TECHNOLOGY AND MOVEMENT 12/ TECHNOLOGY ALONG TIBOS 13/ SEAMLESS TRAVEL CONCEPT 14/ BORDER CROSSING TYPOLOGIES 15/ MAXIMUM FRICTION 16/ LEVELS OF FRICTION 17/ TERRITORY AS MULTIVERSE 18/ IN-MOTION PERCEPTION 19/ WHO WHY HOW 20/ MULTIVERSE 21/ LEARNING FROM ROADS AND THINGS 22/ THE SERVICE STATION VILLAGE 23/ EXPLORING DECISION-MAKING

24/ THE JOURNEY 25/ VIEW FROM THE ROAD 27/ LEARNING FROM PRECEDENTS 28/ THE MACHINE SCALE 29/ ROAD PLUG-INS 30/ PHASING THE EXPERIENCE 31/TOWARDS A NEW LANGUAGE: COMPONENTS 33/ EXPLORING TIBOSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; SYSTEMISATION MORPHOLOGIES 34/ FORMAL SYSTEMISATION OF ARCHITECTURE 36/ FREEDOM OF INTERPRETATION 37/ ABSTRACTION PLAN OF JOURNEY AND DECISION-MAKING 38/ SPATIAL FORMATION SCENARIOS

39/ VISUALITY AND INTERACTION 40/ ON THE HUMAN LEVEL 41/ IN-MOTION PERCEPTION 42/ EXPLORATION 43/ INSIDE-OUT FORMATION 44/ CENTRE OF JOURNEY MANIFESTATION 46/ ENTERING TIBOS 47/ SCATTERED GEODE FORMATION 48/ ROLLED-UP GEODE FORMATION 49/ BIBLIOGRAPHY

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- STUDIO 01 SUMMARY -

THE IRISH BORDER STATE INDEPENDENCE DAY

31 OCTOBER 2019 The project assumes the ‘No-Deal’ Brexit scenario.

of The Irish Border State (TIBOS).

management of the state is decentralised, and

A scenario which, through the Brexit stalemate,

A new citizen-led sovereign state that aims to

divided across its rural settlements and

looks more and more likely to be happening.

become the world’s ﬁrst borderless state that

population. Through this network, the rural

At 23:00 (GMT 0), the departure of the UK from

operates on both physical and virtual spaces and

settlements are becoming self-governed,

the EU, with no deal, will be oﬃcial and all existing

territories. Additionally, TIBOS is the very ﬁrst

operating across the sector and spectrum of their

deals and agreements between the two will

state to be 100% rural, and it aims at retaining this

existing resources, skill and specialisation.

immediately cease to exist.

percentage by introducing retaining its population

On the physcial space and across the island of

At that very moment, the villages and settlements

density as it expands physically and claims new

Ireland, rural settlements that wish to beneﬁt

residing along the Irish border will announce the

territory in the future.

from TIBOS bilateral agreements with EU and UK,

independence of the border and the declaration

The governance, juristiction, control and

can apply for a citizenship and join the new state.

NORTHERN IRELAND (UK)

WHAT IS TIBOS? REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (EU)

TIBOS

2019TIBOS

CHALLENGING THE NOTIONS OF ‘CITIZENSHIP’ AND ‘IDENTITY’

NON-GEOGRAPHICAL BELONGING/ NON-CARTOGRAPHIC CITIZENSHIP

BORDERLESS MOBILITY AND CITIZENSHIP

VOLUNTARY CITIZENSHIP

THE FUTURE OF RURAL LANDSCAPES AND COMMUNITIES

A HAVEN FOR BREXIT REFUGEES

A PLATFORM FOR DIGITAL GOVERNANCE

THE LINK BETWEEN THE EU AND UK

-AVOIDING SEPARATION BY ACTING AS A MEDIATOR-

THE SOLUTION TO TERRITORIAL DISPUTES

The ‘No Deal’ departure of the UK from the EU, means that all agreements and deals between the two cease to apply.

DEALS AND AGREEMENTS

DECENTRALISED, CITIZEN-LED GOVERNANCE

TRADE

BUSINESS

TRAVEL

The Irish Border would become the biggest issue that would need urgent resolving, which will most probably result in the introduction of physical structures of some sort

- STUDIO 01 SUMMARY - DECENTRALISED AND VIRTUALLY INTERCONNECTED -

NUMBER OF SETTLEMENTS TINY 203 VILLAGES 145

BALLYBOFEY SESSIAGHONEILL MEENGLASS

CLADY CASTLEDERG

MULLAGHDUFF BALLYMAGROARTY

PETTIGO

BALLYSHANNON

KESH

BELLEEK

PERIMETER/BORDER LENGTH 1020km / 530 miles

BALLYGAWLEY

DERRYGONNELLY

KILNOUGH BUNDORAN

AREA OF FOCUS

GARRISON

BUCKODE

HOLYWELL

BALLINAGLERA BLACKLION

BELCOO

TANDERAGEE CARRICKROE EMYVALE SURVEIL

DRUMGALLAN

LETTERBREEN KINAWLEY SWANLIBAR

ROSSLEA

KEY

AUGHNACLOY

SCOTSHOUSE

CLOVERHILL

TYNAN

NORTHERN IRELAND

KEADY

DERRYNOOSE CLONTIBRET

KILLEEN CROSSMAGLEN CASTLEBLAYNEY JONESBOROUGH CULLAVILLE FORKHILL CLOUGHOGE

DUNDALK

[R] FORMER PART OF

THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

]

MIDDLETOWN TYHOLLAND

SKYHILL

[N] FORMER PART OF

[R]

GLASLOUGH

CASTLESHANE CLONES CLONAGORE NEWBLISS

BELTURBET

[N] OO C L BE

MULLAN VILLAGE MONMURRAY

MONAGHAN

MAGHERAVEELY

NEWTONBUTLER BALLYCONNELL

NATIONAL SCALE

MULLINAFINNOG

ENNISKILLEN

DERRYLIN

GLANGEVLIN

1:1,000,000

AUGHER CLOGHER

BLANEY

ARDS

WI TH IN

KILLETER

CURRIN

FFO

STRABANE

CASTLEFINN

LEGHOWNEY

LAND AREA 3,630 km² / 1400mi²

VIRTUAL TERRITORY

CLI

BALLYMAGORRY

RY OUTSIDE TIBOS’ TERRITO

POPULATION 120,000

TIBOS’ EXPANSION

NEWBUILDINGS

LIFFORD

TOTAL: 359

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

ST JOHNSTON

TE RRI TOR Y

LETTERKENNY

DERRY

TI BO S’

SMALL TOWNS 11

RURAL SETTLEMENT

[R]

MUFF

CARRIGANS

POPULATION DENSITY 33 p/km² / 85 p/mi²

MUFF

NORTHERN IRELAND

NEWRY WARRENPOINT OMEATH

RAVENSDALE

MARKETHILL [N]

SCOTLAND

NORTHERN IRELAND

LONDONDERRY PORT ULSTER UNIVERSITY ZEUS INDUSTRIAL MAGEE CAMPUS INT’L INSURANCE AND FINANCIAL SERVICES PRODUCTS PRAMERICA NORTH WEST REGIONAL COLLEGE INSTITUTE OF SITA TECHNOLOGY SEAGATE ALLSTATE

HIGH-TECH MATERIAL MANUFACTURING

EDUCATION

SECURITY INTERFACE

LETTERKENNY

TECH INNOVATION

DERRY

NORTH WEST REGIONAL COLLEGE

HEALTHCARE

STRABANE

DONEGAL

AGRICULTURE MANUFACTURING

LOGISTICS

ETHICAL FARMING

LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY

HILLS

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

ENNISKILLEN

AUTOMATED FARMING

MAJOR TRANSPORT LINKS

GARISSON

ENERGY GENERATION BELCOO

TOURISM

MACNEAN FARM ERNE & HILLS MELVIN FISH FARM

GLANBIA AGRIBUSINESS

AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT

CLOGHER VALLEY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

LISNASKEA BOG ROSSLEA HILLS

INTENSIVE FARMING

ACORN FARM

MONAGHAN

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

MOTOR VEHICLE TRANSPORTATION LTD

NEWRY

WARREPOINT PORT

AGRICULTURAL CONSULTATION

CORREEN

WARRENPOINT

SEAMLESS TRADE DEALS

CARNAGH HIGH-SPEED PUBIC TRANSPORT

AGRIDIRECT

Every place in TIBOS is unique and driven by its own character and the settlements that comprise it. This map is used as a guide to assign the governmental functions and systems to the individual settlements. that will in turn allow them to function as self-governed sovereign entities, under TIBOS.

CLOGHER

LAKE

DOLAN’S SOCIAL FARM

BELFAST

OMAGH

BOG

TRADE

BUSINESS ANCHOR POINT

TIBOS is rich and diverse both in its natural landscape and also in its resources in terms of its industry expertise and the sectors within which its citizens are employed.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- STUDIO 01 SUMMARY -

The first part of the thesis project ended with an interest in movement and flow across this proposed infrastructural and territorial landscape. Movement, motion and flow patterns and scenarios are analysed and developed further into the next part of the project.

DUNDALK PORT

BALLYHAISE BALLYCONNELL EXPORT ONLY

DUNDALK

RAI

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

BUSINESS ANCHOR POINT

DUBLIN 7

- CROSS-TIBOS MOVEMENT SCENARIOS Following the development of the new state in first part of the thesis project, Studio 01, the focus is placed on the movement and flow of people across this redefined border region. In the next steps the

parameters to test and frame the thesis are explored and unpacked, in relation to the implicatinos of the proposal on the social and human levels along the rural settlements of TIBOS.

There is a great opportunity not only to redeﬁne the very notion of ‘borders’ but also introduce a new architectural language and type, within a citzen-led and self-governed place.

D A A

A C UK EU

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

2019

UK -> EU = CHECKS

UK->TIBOS = CHECKS

EU->TIBOS = CHECKS

TIBOS->TIBOS = NO CHECKS MOVEMENT TIBOS VILLAGE NON-TIBOS VILLAGE

2030

TIBOS CONTROL AND MEDIATION TIBOS TERRITORY

2050

Following the development of the new state in first part of the thesis project, Studio 01, the focus is placed on the movement and flow of people across this redefined border region. In the next steps the

parameters to test and frame the thesis are explored and unpacked, in relation to the implicatinos of the proposal on the social and human levels along the rural settlements of TIBOS.

There is a great opportunity not only to redeﬁne the very notion of ‘borders’ but also introduce a new architectural language and type, within a citzen-led and self-governed place.

ENNISKILLEN

DRUMGALLAN

A A

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- CROSS-TIBOS MOVEMENT SCENARIOS -

A C UK EU

HOLYWELL

A BELCOO

LETTERBREEN

BLACKLION

BELLANALECK

2019

UK -> EU = CHECKS

UK->TIBOS = CHECKS

UK -> EU

EU->TIBOS = CHECKS

TIBOS->TIBOS = NO CHECKS

TIBOS->TIBOS

MOVEMENT

2030

UK->TIBOS

TIBOS VILLAGE

TIBOS TERRITORY

2050 9

1:50,000NON-TIBOS VILLAGE REGIONAL SCALE

TIBOS CONTROL AND MEDIATION

10 ___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- TECHNOLOGY AS THE SOLUTION -

Within the realm of British and European politics, since the Brexit vote in 2016, technology has been brought forward as a ‘solution’ to the issue of the Irish Border. This has been a contensted and heavily discussed issue with experts and politicians battling on both grounds on whether technology or Maximum Facilitation (Max Fac for short) could work to provide a seamless and frictionless border crossing and whether this could re-ignite memories and visions of ‘The Troubles’.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- ALMOST FRICTIONLESS -

US/MEXICO

SWEDEN/NORWAY US/MEXICO

IDENTIFICATION CAMERA

ANPR CAMERA

IDENTIFICATION DRONE

ISRAEL/PALESTINE

Digital technology in all its forms, has a great physical presence, usually tucked away or disguised. As seen by the case of the most technologically advanced border crossing in the world, presence of such technology along the border is very significant and often intrusive, matters that should not be taken lightly.

TETHERED BLIMP

HEAT SENSOR

MONITOR

3D MAPPING CAMERA

SATELLITE TRACKING SYSTEM

SMART GATE

BARCODE SCANNER

MOTION SENSOR SWEDEN/NORWAY

“Right now the one thing technology cannot do is physically check inside a vehicle so the primary fear of industry is that any border controls will still lead to costly delays regardless of technology,” Seamus Leheny, Policy Manager for Northern Ireland at the Freight Transport Association (FTA)

DATA + INFORMATION PROCESSOR GAMMA-RAY SCANNER SPECIALISED SMARTPHONE APP BIOMETRIC SCANNER TRACKER DRONE US/MEXICO

RADAR

ePASSPORT MUON TOMOGRAPHY/ CRIPT SCANNER RADIO ANTENNA

US/CANADA

MINIATURE FACIAL RECOGNITION DRONE

US/MEXICO

DATA + INFORMATION STORAGE

REFUGEES AT SYRIAN BORDERS

X-RAY SCANNER SEISMIC SENSOR

TRANSMITTER SWEDEN/NORWAY

US/MEXICO

INTRUSIVE

EX IC

US /M

WE DE

AY /S

NO RW

KE Y

/T UR

AR IA

BU LG

AN AD

US /C

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- TECHNOLOGY AND MOVEMENT -

BORDER CHECKPOINT

Instead of exerting border control on a speciﬁc point along a border, checks and inspections could be done throughout the width of TIBOS and while the vehicle is in motion. However, the border region of TIBOS is complex and diverse in terms of its infrastructure that would not make this feasible as roads

movement and journeys do not follow a speciﬁc schedule or pattern. Therefore, by ‘packaging’ this technology into bundles, as seen on the second diagram, and spreading these across TIBOS’ roads and villages, this could be mitigated.

RISK ASSESMENT (DIGITAL)

DECLARATION

HOLDING AND STORAGE (OR NOT)

HOLDING DECLARATION AND STORAGE (OR NOT)

QUALITY CONTROL

INSPECTION

DATA PROCESSING

SCANNING

LOCATION VERIFICATION

IDENTIFICATION

INFORMATION ANALYSIS

BELCOO/ BLACKLION

ENNISKILLEN

BELCOO/ BLACKLION

ENNISKILLEN

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- TECHNOLOGY ALONG TIBOS -

RISK ASSESMENT (DIGITAL) INFORMATION ANALYSIS

QUALITY CONTROL IDENTIFICATION INSPECTION

DATA PROCESSING

LOCATION VERIFICATION SCANNING

KEY TIBOS SETTLEMENTS NON-TIBOS SETTLEMENTS

SECTION AA

CHECKS AND INSPECTIONS HAPPEN WHILE THE VEHICLE IS IN MOTION THROUGH TIBOS’ LANDSCAPE

1:50,000

- SEAMLESS TRAVEL CONCEPT -

TIBOS

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

A concept image showing the idea where the journey from the UK to the EU and vice versa is seen and approached holistacally, where people flow and move through seamlessly while mediation and border control takes place around them. This could provide an opportunity to generate a new type of spatial disruptions that could potentially lead to a new arrchitecture for TIBOS that celebrates the journey and points of control.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- BORDER CROSSING TYPOLOGIES -

Technology is seen by politicians and experts as THE solution, due to its capacity of creating frictionless and seamless travel and border control.

BELCOO

This thesis projects challenges the idea of cross-border frictionless movement and argues that frictionlessness is not appropriate for all places, people and reason of travel. For example, a lorry driver has a different schedule and set of needs along the way rather than a tourist. By introducing multiple levels of friction these needs could be met. We learnt in recognising border crossings when we see them. But what if they were places where we stop or slow down anyway such as petrol stations and woodland areas?

US MEXICO LAND USE

BLACKLION

EXISTING

PETROL STATIONS

CHECKPOINT

WOODLANDS

POINT OF ENTRY (TROUBLES)

MILITARISED 15

- MAXIMUM FRICTION -

BELCOO

In this diagram the idea of maximum imposed friction across a border is explored. The notion of friction of flow and movement, in this case slowing down, stopping or unmounting, brings with it a diverse variety of spatial implications and opportunities.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

It generates opportunities for infrastructure to re-engage with TIBOS’ villages and smaller rural settlements at an economic and social level. Activities vary according to the time required to cross. In essence the more the delay the more the necessity and therefore social and resourceful responsibility of the village is. Maximum friction means maximum social interaction and engagement with the village and its people, where frictionless is the opposite. What if the two could complement each other, residing along the same territory?

rela ge

enga

ATE G AND L L WA AL V E I ER MED ’ UFF B ION T D A N LIT DLA ACI WOO F M IMU X S A S IGN ‘M S ION D T E A E T SP L S O R D PET IZE R A IT MIL

meet

lear

AL: ns TOT 47mi s 8hr ns

mi s10

2hr

F T O N I PO

ise

al soci

nil

OI CKP

ange

exch

stay

refu

2mi

(TR Y TR

CHE

ins

LE OUB

5mi

ns 0mi

eat

4hr

drin

in 10m

ins

5m hr1

oduc

intr

rest

uss

disc

BLACKLION OPPORTUNITIES AS PLUG-INS

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- LEVELS OF FRICTION -

LESS TRAFFIC

MORE TIME

LACK OF TECHNOLOGY

START

SLOW FLOW AND MOVEMENT

STOP

RE-DEFINING THE SERVICE STATION

ENHANCED DETAILS

LANDSCAPE

MORE TRAFFIC

VAST LANDSCAPE

FAST FLOW AND MOVEMENT

LESS TIME

FULLY TECHNOLOGISED

INVISIBLE CHECKPOINTS

REGIONAL EXPLORATION

LANDSCAPE

FRAME THE VIEWS

PIT STOP VILLAGE SCALE

LOCAL ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY

RE-ANIMATION OF FAILIING VILLAGES LOCAL SOCIAL LIFE

EXPERIENCED AT LOW SPEEDS

LOCAL EXPLORATION

RE-ENGAGEMENT WITH THE RURAL COMMUNITIES

POST-WAR BRITISH MOTORWAYS

CONTINUOUS FLOW AND MOVEMENT

VASTNESS EXPERIENCED AT HIGH SPEEDS

ENJOYMENT OF BIGNESS BEAUTIFICATION OF INFRASTRUCTURAL LANDSCAPES

EXPANDING LANDSCAPE

- TERRITORY AS MULTIVERSE -

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

Here the idea of territorial space as multiverse is explored. The ‘Slow’ and ‘Fast’ landscapes and interventions are combined within the same village, in this case two villages, and scattered around, covering the expanse of the road infrastructure. This increases the capacity of choice and introduces the notion of decision-making where, while in motion users can decide the level of border control friction they wish to go to, potentially increasing the engagement of villages in the cross-TIBOS movements.

“Another factor of the fast-moving eye is that distant views become more important than near ones” (Crowe, 1960)

near views become more important than distant ones the eye can focus and rest on the details

“As speed increases, attention is conﬁned to a narrower forward angle, since coming events must be predicted further ahead” (Appleyard, et al. 1964:6)

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- IN-MOTION PERCEPTION -

As near objects rush past more rapidly, they are harder to perceive and attention natually shifts to more distant and stable elements. Landmarks are seen in clusters rather than in singular forms and larger spaces and bigger land forms, such as lakes, woodlands and hills, take command. The journey scene shifts from detail to generality.

THE ROAD

‘Slow’ focuses on detailed, textured and spatially busy surfaces and objects, whereas ‘Fast’ focuses on the overall scene and the vastness of distant experience that lacks aforementioned elements.

- WHO WHY HOW -

LEISURE

FUNCTION

G IN E K L L WA CYC KE BI RBI R CA TO O M R

E RM

BUSINESS/ SERVICES

MEANS

U TR

T OS

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

P RE

T UC

S ON

I PR

H IS

FAST

C RI

AN SLOW

I UR

RETAIL

S RI

TOURISM

M AR

USERS

(examples)

E UD

R LO

EDUCATION

K OR

X MI

A TR

MANUFACTURING

E EN

KEY

N ME

EXPECTED SPEED

H EC

L IA K R C TE MA TRU W RA

TRADE

E IV

Y RR

V RI

N AN

RECREATION

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- MULTIVERSE -

MEANS Decicion-making is very significnat element and ingredient of making TIBOS both a place and state governed and managed by its citizens, present and future. This decision-making plays out on the human scale along two levels, the village and user. Essentially, villages can choose which level of friction of border control and mediation they apply, which ultimately dictates the level of social interaction with people moving through. On the individual user level, while in motion through the TIBOSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; new territorial landscape, they can make and change decisions, which gives them the opportunity of engaging with the villages and opting-in or out of this engagement and interaction according time and space.

USERS

DECISION-MAKING

TYPES

VILLAGES

DECISION-MAKING

- LEARNING FROM ROADS AND THINGS ROADSIDE ARCHITECTURE

ANCIENT ROMAN ROAD POMPEII

interaction with the journey and road

VITAL TO THE EXPANSION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

SERVICE STATIONS 1960s-Present

GERMAN AUTOBAHN 1930s

A HOME WITHOUT DOMESTICITY NON-STOP NON-PLACES

ROADS MULTI-LAYERED SYSTEM

EXTENSIVE NETWORK ACROSS THE WHOLE EMPIRE

ITALIAN AUTOSTRADE 1924

LOUNGE SPACE OWNED BY EVERYONE AND NO ONE

SMOOTH AND UNDULATING CURVES LAID THE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE UNCHANGING CHARACTERISTICS OF FAST TRAFFIC-WAY

FORTON SERVICE STATION LANCASTER, 1965

ACKNOWLEDGED ROADSIDE OPPORTUNITIES

CELEBRATE THE MODERN MOTORWAY ERA

FAST AND SLOW TRAFFIC EVOKED THE MODERNITY OF THE MOTORWAYS

M1 MOTORWAY UK, 1959

NO ELEMENTS OF VISUAL CONFUSION

LINKED CITIES AND RURAL TOWNS

EVER-PRESENT HOMELY CITY

SMOOTH AND UNDULATING CURVES

PICTURESQUE AND NATURAL FLOW

MOTOPIA, GEOFFREY JELLICOE 1961

ENGAGEMENT WITH THE COUNTRYSIDE

FIRST MOTORWAY RESERVED FOR MOTOR VEHICLES

‘PROGRAMMATIC ARCHITECTURE’ 1920-1940

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

PENETRATE THE WAY AHEAD

PLAN OBUS, LE CORBUSIER ALGIERS 1930

ENHANCMENT OF MUNDANE LANDSCAPES BY READING THEM AT SPEED

(never built)

AN IDEA FOR AN UPSIDE DOWN CITY

LACK OF ENGAGEMENT WITH THE SURROUNDING LANDSCAPE

CREATING A LANDSCAPE THAT COULD BE SEEN AT SPEED

GENERATE AN EXPERIENCE

GRID-PATTERN OF BUILDINGS AND ROOFTOPS IN THE SKY A “DORMITORY CITY WITH COMMUNITY” NO INDUSTRY

HIGHWAY ELEVATED ABOVE 14 RESIDENTIAL LEVELS

BORN OUT OF THE POPULARISATION AND MASS PRODUCTION OF THE AUTOMOBILE

MACHINE-AGE IDEOLOGY LACK OF ENGAGEMENT WITH THE SURROUNDING LANDSCAPE

753-509 BC

1930s

EYE-CATCHING AND KITSCHY BUILDINGS

1960s

PIT STOPS

INFLUENCED AND EMBODIED THE CULTURE OF THE TIME

ECONOMIC, PROFIT-DRIVEN MODELS

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- THE SERVICE STATION VILLAGE When ďŹ rstly introduced, service statons in the UK where glamorous spaces where the motorway was admired, enjoyed. They were places that celebrated the motorway era and the innovation that came with it. Being stripped away from all

the glamour and injectected with bland functionality, service stations became non-places. Homely places without domesticity. The thesis argues that service stations are villages that lack social engagement, something which resulted in the neglect of adjacent

villages. By approaching villages as service stations, perhaps the focus can be shifted away from fast, functional and machine-like spaces, to human spaces of discovery, interaction and experience.

TYPE: SERVICE STATION

TYPE: VILLAGE

NORTON CANES (M6) UK AREA 7ha

BELCOO, TIBOS AREA 15ha

RESTAURANT

RESTAURANTS HGV PETROL STATION

OVERFLOW PARKING

ENTERTAINMENT SHOPS COFFEE SHOPS

PETROL STATION

COACH PARKING

OFFICES HOTEL

SHOP

COFFEE SHOP

HOTEL

SHOP AMENITIES

HOTEL

RECREATION

STAFF PARKING

COFFEE SHOP

SHOP

POST OFFICE

AMENITIES

SHOP

PARKING HGV PARKING

SCALE 100m

- EXPLORING DECISION-MAKING -

FROM A TO B

SERVICE STATIONS

STAY

REDIRECT

DISCOVER

EXPLORE

RETURN

GO BACK

CURIOUS

CARRY ON

THROUGH A BORDER

CHECKPOINT

CARRY ON

NOT ALLOWED

SERVICE STATION

DISCOVER

EXPLORE

CARRY ON

ILLEGAL CROSSING

CARRY ON

THROUGH TIBOS

CHECKPOINT

CARRY ON

DISCOVER TIBOS

CROSS

CARRY ON

TECH CHECKPOINT

NOT ALLOWED

EXPLORE

ENGAGE

CHECKPOINT

ENGAGE

TOUR AND CARRY ON

FRICTIONLESS CHECKPOINTS

SERVICE STATION (S.S.)

CARRY ON

PASSIVE CHECKING

S.S. IS THE VILLAGE

CHECKED AND GO

SLOW

COMBINATION

VILLAGE PARAMETERS

ADD LEVELS OF FRICTION

VILLAGE DECISION-MAKING

DISCOVER THE LANDSCAPE

USER DECISION-MAKING

USER AND VILLAGE

MANIFESTATION OF JOURNEY

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

TIBOS

EU TIBOS VILLAGES UK

EU FAST

The journey from the EU to the UK through TIBOS is used to test this thesis project along the notions of redeﬁned border regions and multiple levels of border control friction. The jorney can be seen as one object, or broken down into a myriad of smaller ones.

4 5 6 7

As seen on the previous page, one could decide to cross in a single journey, wheras another could do it in multiple ones, that could result a scenario where the EU or UK is no longer the ﬁnal destination as more engaging experiences are discovered along the way. On the two pages the journey is unpacked, broken down and documented to reveal th diversity and complexity of this region and landscape.

BELCOO

57 60 59 58

KEY 00

HOLYWELL

49 48 47 50 46 51 52 55 54 53

BLACKLION

44 43

37 39 38 36 35 34 33

19 18 20 21 23 22 24 26 25

15 16

ENNISKILLEN

10 9 8 11 12 DRUMGALLAN 13 14

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- THE JOURNEY -

LETTERBREEN

BELLANALECK

STREET IMAGE (NEXT PAGE) NON-TIBOS SETTLEMENT TIBOS SETTLEMENT LAKE FORMER BORDER RIVER MINOR ROAD MAIN ROAD ROAD OF STUDY A4/SLIGO ROAD

REGIONAL SCALE

1:50,000

- VIEW FROM THE ROAD -

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

NORTHERN IRELAND (UK)

TIBOS

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (EU)

NORTHERN IRELAND (UK)

TIBOS

NEAR NODE

NEAR DETAILS

FRAME

LANDMARK

RYTHM

EXPANSE

SENSE OF ORIENTATION

SHAPE

CONFINEMENT + LANDMARK

OBSTRUCTION

SOLIDS

SHOW vs HIDE

CLOSED vs OPEN

OPEN

EDGE

PANORAMA

BLURRED EDGE

LANDMARK

OBSTRUCTIONS

PIT STOP

OPEN

EDGE ELEMENTS

OPEN + LANDMARK

LOW PANORAMA

BUFFER

REPETITION

NEAR DETAILS

NARROW ANGLES

LANDMARK LINE

CONTRAST

RYTHM

SCATTERED ATTENTION

STABILITY + LANDMARK

FOCAL POINT

SPACE COMPONENT

LEADING INTO

SLOW ATTENTION

MOTION STABILITY

LANDMARK

FOCUS REST

EDGE(S)

STABLE ELEMENT

NEAR TO DISTANT

1:1 BUFFER

LANDMARK

RYTHM

EDGE CONTRAST

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- VIEW FROM THE ROAD -

SWEEP

MATCH

NOISE

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (EU)

EXTREME DETAILS

LONG VASTNESS

NEAR + DISTANT

ATTENTION

HALF OPEN

SIDE VIEW

HARD EDGES

FRAME

HALF HORIZON

CURVE

- LEARNING FROM PRECEDENTS -

IMAGE STILL FROM ‘READY PLAYER ONE’ (film)

‘BLACK SQUARE’, KAZIMIR MALEVICH, 1915

A dystopian film where people live are more occupied by their virtual lives than the real ones, resulting in a neglect of space and place. All components that make up the city are stacked up onto each other.

BLUR BUILDING, A stark contrast of SWISS EXPO PAVILION, purity. Clear DILLER + SCOFIDIO, depiction of the 2002 difference between ‘inside’ and ‘outside’.

‘PRECIS DES LECONS D’ARCHITECTURE’, JEAN NICOLAS LOUIS DURAND, 1802

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

An interesting approach in the formal systemisation of architecture. The scale of the place determines the scale of public buildings, and number of columns, pediments, and other features.

‘HOLLOW CITY’, ANDRE ROCHA

A double-sided place. Contrast between the rough and busy ‘inside’ and smooth and even ‘outside’. This could be applied across the new border region to introduce a sense of dynamism and meta-level engagement with space.

UNKNOWN A statement that embraces verticality and presence across a dramatic landscape and motorway within.

‘KATAMARI DAMACY’ (video game) Re-create the stars and planets by using a ball called ‘katamari’ to roll up objects. A rather absurd idea, however combining things in such a manner, that would not otherwise be together could potentially lead to interesting interventions.

An architecture of atmosphere, designed to generate climatic conditions that result in disguising and hiding the building within a cloud of mist.

allow for decision-making, on the user level, to happen on a distance, while in motion. The user decides and then uses these objects as qeues to orientate and navigate. These objects add to the establishment of a visual language for TIBOS.

HOLYWELL THE ROAD

ENNISKILLEN

BELCOO LETTERBREEN

BELLANALECK

DRUMGALLAN

SLOW

FAST

While in motion at a certain speed through and across TIBOS, the ‘Slow’ and ‘Fast’ manifestations are rendered and perceived singularly as monolithic entities and holistically as a scene and landscape silhouette. The purpose of this is to

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- FROM- ATEXT DISTANCE -

TIBOS 2019 EDGE

ABSTRACTION OF FAST AND SLOW MANIFESTATIONS

- ROAD PLUG-INS The experience of the journey (explored earlier) through TIBOS is broken down into three thematic categories: Control, Motion and Establishment. Each has a variety of components that range in scale, use and type.

Control refers to the border checkpoints and crossings, Motion to the experience while moving through this space and Establishment representents all the services, facilities and amenities that complement and add up to the

experience on the road. The thesis project proposes a collective manifestation of these components, one that leads in the development of a space and place where the journey can be enjoyed as one thing, object and a single experience.

EXISTING

PROPOSAL

CONTROL

TIBOS PHASING MOTION

CONTROL

MOTION

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

ESTABLISHMENT

THE ROAD

ESTABLISHMENT

CONCEPT VISION ANSWER STOP GET OFF SHOW PASSPORT REDUCE SPEED OBEY

On this page the thematic categories presented earlier are further explored.

CROSS-BORDER CONTROL CHECKING INSPECTION INTERROGATION INSPECTION QUESTIONING STOP

TALK WAIT DRIVE THROUGH

TURN

The activities, events and actions listed on the right are translated into a new architectural language for TIBOS, the development and evolution of which can be conducted in phases, parallel to the virtual and physical expansion of the new border state (explored in Studio 01). Phasing begins by the installation of border checkpoints the moment the UK departs the EU, which follows with the introduction of the experience of road ï¬&#x201A;ow and motion and later establishement objects as spatial plug-ins.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- PHASING THE EXPERIENCE -

ENJOY ORIENT LOOK GO UNDER LANDSCAPE EXPERIENCE DYNAMIC IMPRESSION OF ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE LANDSCAPE AS TRANSITIONAL SPACE FLOW INFR OJECTS SPEED

SPEED UP OVERPASS SENSE OBSERVE NAVIGATE REFILL WALK EXPLORE STAY DISCOVER

HUMAN LEVEL SOCIAL SCALE SPATIAL AWARENESS THE RURAL TERRITORY (SUB)COUNTRY IDENTIFICATION HUMAN ACTIVITY INTERACTION

FOLLOW COLLABORATE READ PARK SLEEP 31

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- TOWARDS A NEW LANGUAGE: COMPONENTS -

EXISTING TIBOS TYPOLOGIES: HOUSING

NATURAL LANDSCAPE

ROADSIDE SIGNS

EXISTING TIBOS TYPOLOGIES: OTHER

INFRASTRUCTURE

ROADSIDE ARCHITECTURE

CONTROL

MOTION

ROADS

BORDER CROSSING TYPES

ESTABLISHMENT

- EXPLORING TIBOS’ SYSTEMISATION MORPHOLOGIES -

BLOCKS

Each individual has a single point of control and mediation, down at the social and physical scale of the surrounding context

TOWERS

Each household has a single point of control and mediation that embraces verticality and meta-level cohesion

IO KL

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

TOWERS

The population of each self-governed village is united around a single point of Control, Motion and Establishment. The concept of ‘A Tower Per Village’ allows the components of the journey manifestation to expand vertically, and also generate a method of self-orientation and diﬀerentiation between ‘Slow’ and ‘Fast’.

FIELDS

Embracing the rurality of TIBOS, management and mediation of the border region is conducted at large stretches of arable land

C EL

STAY FOREVER

2hrs30mins

1hr

10mins

nil

STEP: 1 CHOOSE LEVEL OF SOCIAL INTERACTION/ FRICTION WITH PEOPLE MOVING THROUGH

MORE SOCIAL INTERACTION

STEP: 2 GENERATE A FORMATION PLAN ACCORDING TO THE POPULATION OF THE VILLAGE

LESS SOCIAL INTERACTION

SMALL

MEDIUM

LARGE

POPULATION <500

POPULATION <1000

POPULATION >5,000 25

STOREYS

10 STOREYS

Inspired by Durand’s Precis (Durand, 1802), TIBOS establishes its own architectural language in the form of a framework and guide for villages that are located within TIBOS or are planning to join in the future. This guide systemises the components required to create the ‘Slow’ and ‘Fast’ interventions and provides advice as to the scale, variety and adaptability of this.

8hrs

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- FORMAL SYSTEMISATION OF ARCHITECTURE -

- FORMAL SYSTEMISATION OF ARCHITECTURE STEP: 3 ACCORDING TO THE PHYSICAL EXPANSE OF THE VILLAGE, BEGING COLLECTING THE COMPONENTS THAT WILL GENERATE THE MANIFESTATION AT AN APPROPRIATE SCALE

LIFFORD STRABANE PETTIGO BELCOO BLACKLION

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

SMALL

MEDIUM

LARGE

POPULATION <500

POPULATION <1000

POPULATION >5,000

O LC

G TI

T LA

N IO

K AC

T LA

R FO

B RA

T LA

0 0,

MACHINE SCALE

Villages have the freedom of interpreting TIBOS’ framework and systemisation of architecture, which allows them to adapt the ‘Centre of Journey Manifestation’ around speciﬁc goals, needs and future expansion and development vision. This means that components can be selected and installed or adapted in both sectoral and independent forms, leading to direct relationship between the thematic groups at the end of the fulﬁlment of the Establishment phase.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- FREEDOM OF INTERPRETATION -

HUMAN SCALE 37

ABSTRACTION PLAN OF JOURNEY AND DECISION-MAKING -

-6hrs BLACKLION

-45mins -22hrs

GLENFARNE

nil BELCOO -10mins -20hrs

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

-8hrs This drawing is an abstract representation of the journey through and across TIBOS (explored earlier). The villages are represented as abstract yet unique shapes to represent their unique nature. The villages adapt the ‘Slow’ and ‘Fast’ Centres of Journey Manifestation, however they are spatially adapted to specific context conditions that influence the place, outside of the realm of scales and expanse. The journey and route from EU to UK and vice versa is mapped in adjacent to the numerous decisions to be made along the way. Learning and opposing the approach to UK motorways in the 1960s’, these decisions offer a territory and landscape of an increased capacity of choice, dynamism and adaptation. One that looks outwards and not merely inwads within ‘a road’ and ‘a motorway’.

-4hrs

-5mins

-stay forever

-15mins nil

-1hr30mins

-10mins -12hrs -15mins

nil

-30mins

KEY SLOW VILLAGE

-2hrs

-5mins

FAST VILLAGE DECISION-MAKING POINT JOURNEY AND ROAD OF FOCUS/SLIGO RD

-1hr

ENNISKILLEN

NATURAL

DISPERSED

THE COUNTRYSIDE

THE CITY CENTRE

BELCOO

LAKE

suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad delenit augue duis dolore te

ROLLED-UP OBJECTS THE SHOPPING CENTRE

COMBINED

THE OUT-OF-TOWN RETAIL PARK

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- SPATIAL FORMATION SITUATIONS -

LAKE

BLACKLION

KEY ROADSIDE ARCHITECTURE MINOR ROADS

NATURAL LANDSCAPE

SLIGO ROAD (ROAD OF FOCUS)

INFRASTRUCTURE ROADSIDE SIGNS FIELDS AND HILLS

COMPONENTS

BORDER CROSSINGS

FORMER BORDER TIBOS EDGE EXISTING BUILDINGS

WOODLANDS

VILLAGE SCALE

1:5,000

- VILLAGE AND SITUATION JUXTAPOSITION SITUATION LEVEL LAYOUT

VILLAGE LEVEL LAYOUT

THE OUT-OF-TOWN RETAIL PARK HYBRID SITUATIONS

BUILDINGS

REVERSE

THE CITY CENTRE

INFRASTRUCTURE

THE COUNTRYSIDE

C O

A K

WATER

E A K L

I O

LAND B

delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, cons ectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

THE SHOPPING CENTRE

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

SLOW

FAST

- VISIBILITY AND INTERACTION -

As inspired by the writings of Jellicoe (1961) and Crowe (1960), the ‘Slow’ and ‘Fast’ journey manifestations operate diﬀerently when experienced at the Machine (distant) and Human scales (up close). At the Machine scale, they are designed to be perceived at speed nad appear machine-like and monolithic from a distance. At the Human scale they blend in with the surrounding buildings of the rural settlements, and appear humble yet detailed, engaging and highly dynamic. BELCOO

KEY SIGHTLINES

VILLAGE

BLACKLION INVISIBLE / DISGUISED

VISIBLE AND DETAILED

EXISTING BUILDING

NEAR

DISTANT

BELCOO

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- ON THE VILLAGE LEVEL -

BELCOO

3 BLACKLION

6 2

3 1

ENNISKILLEN

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- IN-MOTION PERCEPTION -

- EXPLORATION -

BELCOO

EXISTING

BLACKLION

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

GENERALLY LOW-RISE, 2-3 STOREYS HIGH

SCATTERED REPLICATING THE ORGANIC PROGRESSION OF SURROUNDING LANDSCAPES

SLOW: DISORDERED VERTICALITY A DETAILED AND TEXTURED MANIFESTATION ALLOWING FOR USER EXPERIENCE AND INTERACTION AT LOW SPEEDS

FAST: ORDERED ENCLOSURE THE TWO COMPLEMENT EACH OTHER AND WORK TOGETHER

A MONOLITHIC MANIFESTATION EXPERIENCED AT HIGH SPEEDS AS PART OF THE LANDSCAPE

CLUSTERED COLLATING COMPONENTS AS THEMATIC EXPERIENCES

HIDDEN IN PLAIN SIGHT VISIBLE FROM OUTSIDE TIBOS, INVISIBLE FROM WITHIN TIBOSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; VILLAGE

ADAPTING THE NATURAL GEODE ROCK FORMATION

AMETHYST GEODE ROCK FORMATION CRYSTAL

COMPONENT

Geodes are hollow, vaguely circular rocks, in which masses of mineral matter are secluded. The crystals are formed by the filling of vesicles in volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks by minerals deposited from hydrothermal fluids; or by the dissolution of syn-genetic concretions and partial filling by the same, or other minerals precipitated from water, groundwater or hydrothermal fluids.

THE PORTAL OUTSIDE SMOOTH, BLAND, SILENT

TEXT

THE PORTAL

OUTSIDE

INSIDE

OUTSIDE

INSIDE

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- INSIDE-OUT FORMATION -

INSIDE ROUGH, DETAILED, LOUD, BUSY

MARBLE METAMORPHIC ROCK FORMATION

A BLEND BETWEEN THE TWO SMOOTH BUT DETAILED AND TEXTURED

POLISHED SMOOTH, DETAILED, LOUD

THE PORTAL

- FORMING AN INTERVENTION -

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

In the ‘Slow’ Centre of Journey Manifestation, components that usually complement each other, but never truly merged, are rolled up together to generate an interactive, detailed and textured mass and object with which users can engage at the local level within the village. It is made to be enjoyed at low speed.

The ‘Fast’ Centre is made to be enjoyed and experience at speed while in motion. It appears smooth and even and takes on a monolithic form. ‘Slow’ and ‘Fast’ do not oppose each other. They complement each other by oﬀering two vastly diﬀerent representations to the user. Their programmatic functions and schedule are to be explored further and designed in detail in Sudio 03.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- INSIDE-OUT MORPHOLOGY -

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- ENTERING TIBOS -

WELCOME TO TIBOS

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- SCATTERED GEODE FORMATION -

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- ROLLED-UP GEODE FORMATION -

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- BIBLIOGRAPHY -

Marshall, T. (2015) Prisoners of Geography. London: Elliott and Thompson Limited.

Alayón, D. (2018) ‘Digital Nomads and the Rise of Virtual Citizenship.’ Future Today. [Online] McWilliams, D. (2018) Why The Idea of a United Ireland is Back in Play. https://medium.com/future-today/digital-nomads-and-the-rise-of-virtual-citize Financial Times. [Online] nship-42bece0c1bba. https://www.ft.com/content/7d5244a0-f22d-11e8-ae55-df4bf40f9d0d. Aldous Huxley (1932) A Brave New World. unknown: unknown. Atkinson, N., Lui, A., Zeiger, M. and Gil, I. (2018) Dimensions of Citizenship. Los Angeles: Inventory Press. Auge, M. (2014) The Future. London: Verso Futures. Bickerton, C. (2016) The European Union: A Citizen’s Guide. UK: Penguin. Birthler, M., Kruckeberg, L. and Putz, W. (2018) Unbuilding Walls. Germany: Graft. Bremmer, I. (2017) ‘Welcome to the G-Zero World.’ Harvard Business Review. Bridle, J. (2018) The Rise of Virtual Citizenship. The Atlantic. [Online] https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/02/virtual-citizenship-f or-sale/553733/. Campbell, D., O’Carroll, L., Jolly, J., Makortoff, K., Vaughan, A. and Wood, Z. (2018) ‘Food prices to finance: what a no-deal Brexit could mean for Britain.’ The Guardian. Politics. [Online] 30th December. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/dec/30/food-prices-to-finance-wh at-a-no-deal-brexit-could-mean-for-britain. Carr, G. (2017) The Rule of the Land. London: Faber & Faber. Connelly, T. (2017) Brexit & Ireland. Penguin. Cowell, A. (2018) 50 Years Later, Troubles Still Cast ‘Huge Shadow’ Over Northern Ireland. The New York Times. [Online] https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/04/world/europe/northern-ireland-trouble s.html. Dunt, I. (2016) Brexit: What the Hell Happens Now? Surrey: Canbury Press. Government of Ireland (2018) Project Ireland 2040: National Development Plan 2018-2027. Hammersley, B. (2017) Become an E-Resident of Estonia. Wired. [Online] https://www.wired.co.uk/article/estonia-e-resident. Jelor, G. (2016) Bitnation Launches the First Virtual Constitution. Futurism. [Online] https://futurism.com/bitnation-launches-worlds-first-virtual-constitution-virtu al-nation. Johnson, S. (2001) Emergence. London: Penguin.

https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/reinventing-the-rural-a-new-per spective-on-our-countryside/10029195.article.

Szerszynski, B. and Urry, J. (2006) ‘Visuality, Mobility and the Cosmopolitan: Inhabiting the World From Afar.’ The Britsh Journal of Sociology, 57(1).

WHERE IS THE BORDER? ANSWER

Sampson, R. (2012) Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Eﬀect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Shearlaw, M. (2016) A Brexit bolthole? For €100 you can become an e-resident of an EU country you’ve never visited. The Guardian. [Online] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/15/estonia-e-residency-europe an-union-brexit-eu-referendum.

Lurie, S. (2017) ‘Why Do We Have Borders, Anyway?’ Vice. [Online] https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/kzeyvx/why-do-we-have-borders-anyway.

Souli, S. (2016) ‘I Became a Citizen of Bitnation, a Blockchain-Powered Virtual Nation. Now What?’ Motherboard. [Online] https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/xyg5x7/bitnation-or-bust.

- BIBLIOGRAPHY -

Appleyard, D., Lynch, K. and R. Myer, J. (1964) The View from the Road. 2nd ed., Boston, USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Beall, A. (2018) ‘As Brexit Looms, it’s Clear the Tech to Solve the Irish Border Problem is Either Untested or Imaginary.’ Wired. Beesley, A. and Parker, G. (2017) ‘Virtual’ Ireland Border Seen as Template for Brexit Customs Deal. Financial Times. [Online] https://www.ft.com/content/1d8b660e-f9ba-11e6-9516-2d969e0d3b65. Belanger, P. (2017) Landscape as Infrastructure. Oxford: Routledge. Bridle, J., Nagati, O. and De Carli, B. (2014) Border Topologies. Sheﬃeld: Sheﬃeld University. Brown, M. (2012) ‘Lancaster Services on M6 Wins Grade II-Listed Status.’ The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2012/nov/27/lancaster-services-m6-list ed-status. Carswell, S. (2019) More Work Needed on Technological Solution for Border. The Irish Times. [Online] https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/more-work-needed-on-t echnological-solution-for-border-customs-veteran-1.3779213. Cellan-Jones, R. (2017) ‘Frictionless Borders: Learning from Norway.’ BBC. Technology. [Accessed on 5th March 2019] https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-41412561. Crowe, S. (1960) The Landscape of Roads. London: The Architectural Press. Durand, J.-N.-L. (2000) Precis of the Lectures on Architecture. US: Getty Research Institute.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

Duxbury, C. (2017) ‘Lessons from Norway-Sweden Border for post-Brexit Britain.’ Politico. Etter, L. and Weise, K. (2018) ‘America’s Virtual Border Wall Is a 1,954-Mile-Long Money Pit.’ Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-04-09/the-race-to-cash-in-o n-trump-s-invisible-high-tech-border-wall. EU Patrols Turkey-Bulgaria Border (2016) Directed by AP Archive. [Film] YouTube.

Merriman, P. (2007) Driving Spaces. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.

Turner, T. (2017) ‘The Landscape Architecture of Highways.’ Landscape Architects Association. [Online] Merriman, P. (2012) The Good, the Bad and the Unbuilt: Handling the Heritage http://www.landscapearchitecture.org.uk/landscape-architecture-highways/. of the Recent Past. May, S., Orange, H., and Penrose, S. (eds). Oxford: Archaeopress. Unknown (no date) ‘Clearing the Causeway.’ Channel News Asia. [Online]. https://infographics.channelnewsasia.com/interactive/causewayjam/index.ht Monbiot, G. (2019) Why Disaster Capitalists are Praying for a No-Deal Brexit. ml. [Online] https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/feb/07/disaster-capitalist Unknown (no date) Crossing Baltic Borders with Nedap. Nedap. [Online] s-no-deal-brexit-environment. https://www.nedapidentiﬁcation.com/cases/crossing-baltic-borders-with-neda p/. Nairn, I. (1955a) ‘Ian Nairn’s Subtopia.’ Architectural Review. Unknown (no date) How to Design a Service Station. Motorway Services Nairn, I. (1955b) Outrage: the birth of Subtopia will be the death of us | Online. [Online] Thinkpiece | Architectural Review. [Online] https://motorwayservicesonline.co.uk/History:Motorway_service_area. https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/campaigns/outrage/outrage-the -birth-of-subtopia-will-be-the-death-of-us/8687351.article?blocktitle=From-the Unknown (no date) Types of International Borders. Southern Illinois University -Archive&contentID=15179. Edwardsville. [Online] [Accessed on 5th March 2019d] http://www.siue.edu/GEOGRAPHY/ONLINE/Vogeler/TypesBorders.html. Nichols, G. (2019) Why a High-tech Border Wall is as Silly as a Physical One. ZDNet. [Online] Unknown (2017) Brexit: Could Technology Ease the Irish Border Issue? Border https://www.zdnet.com/article/why-a-high-tech-border-wall-is-as-silly-as-a-phy Telegraph. [Online] sical-one/. https://www.bordertelegraph.com/news/national_news/17396542.brexit-coul d-technology-ease-the-irish-border-issue/. Novak, M. (2012) Motopia: A Pedestrian Paradise. Smithsonian. [Online] [Accessed on 21st February 2019] What It’s Like to Dive Through a Border Patrol Checkpoint (2018) Directed by https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/motopia-a-pedestrian-paradise-15 USA Today. [Film] YouTube. 4650693/. Wojtowicz, E. (2002) Global vs. Local? The Art of Translocality. Hz Journal. O’Connor, M. R. (2016) ‘One of the Most Repeated Facts about Haiti is a Lie.’ [Online] https://www.hz-journal.org/n8/wojtowicz.html. Vice News. [Online] https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/43qy9n/one-of-the-most-repeated-facts-a bout-deforestation-in-haiti-is-a-lie. O’Shea, T. (2017) ‘Photobooks of 2017 - Border Roads.’ The Irish Times. [Accessed on 5th March 2019] https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/photobooks-of-2017-bor der-roads-by-tony-o-shea-1.3335633. Parsons, E. (2018) ‘California’s Forgotten Roadside Architecture Makes for a Wild West Coast Drive.’ Wallpaper. Robertson, A. (2017) Inside the Plan to Replace Trump’s Border Wall with a High-tech Ecotopia. The Verge. [Online] https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/5/15182522/otra-nation-made-collective-tr ump-border-wall-replacement.

Gilbert, S. (2015) ‘Roadside America: the disappearing architecture of highways – in pictures.’ The Guardian. Culture. [Accessed on 5th March 2019] https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2015/jul/14/roadside-america-di sappearing-architecture-highways. Rosmino, C. (2018) ‘How to Make Customs Checks More Eﬀective.’ Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/2018/07/16/how-to-make-customs-controls-more Jellicoe, G. (1961) Motopia: A Study in the Evolution of Urban Landscape. -eﬀective. Studio. Schiller, B. (2016) The Radical Plan For A Global Identity System For A World Karlsson, L. (2017) Smart Border 2.0. EU: European Parliament. With Shifting Borders. Fast Company. [Online] https://www.fastcompany.com/3063079/the-radical-plan-for-a-global-identityKoolhaas, R. and Foster, H. (2013) Junkspace: with, Running Room. London: system-for-a-world-with-shifting-borders. Notting Hill Editions (Book, Whole). Schwab, K. (2018) Legal Immigration is a Mess. These Startups are Trying to Lawrence, D. (2010) Food on the Move: The Extraordinary World of the Help. Fast Company. [Online] [Accessed on 5th March 2019] Motorway Service Area. Twickenham: Between Books. https://www.fastcompany.com/90254363/lighting-the-way-through-the-mazeof-legal-immigration. Le Corbusier (1927) Towards a New Architecture. Sharr, A. (ed.) (2012) Reading Architecture and Culture. Oxford: Routledge.

TIBOS

THE IRISH BORDER STATE

TIBOS

THE IRISH BORDER STATE MArch Architecture Thesis Project PART 03

ANDREAS LEONIDOU Student Number: 17102819 MArch Architecture / Year 06 Atelier: Infrastructure Space Research Manchester School of Architecture May 2019

RESEARCH QUESTION

THE IRISH BORDER STATE FLAG

Being a citizen in a world of large-scale political upheaval and mass movement across complex and socially charged borders is a daily challenge. One that further alienates us from and saturates the notions of national identity and state sovereignty. Can the establishment of a new border state controlled and governed by its people, be the solution to these issues? And what are the spatial implications of such a large scale political and socioeconomic intervention?

MAINTAINING PEACE

The case of The Irish Border State in the context of Brexit.

ABSTRACT The departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union, commonly known as Brexit, has been recently postponed to Fall 2019, but still, no agreeable deal is on the horizon. The issue of the Irish border strongly persists, and raises many more questions, such as those of national identity, sovereignty, citizenship and migration. As a response, this thesis project seeks to redefine the notion of borders and propose an alternative solution to the Brexit stalemate that is neither ‘Hard’ nor ‘Soft’, but both. Irish Border State, TIBOS for short, is a new citizen-led sovereign and buffer state, that acts as a mediator between the UK and the EU following Brexit where current deals and agreements between the two cease to exist and be valid. TIBOS is formed by the declaration of independence of neglected and generally deprived villages and smaller settlements that are located alongside the border region, on either side of the Irish border. The new state does not approach the border as a two-dimensional line a map, but rather as a complex and dynamic three-dimensional region. Each village located within the state’s territory gains control of the border everything that moves through it. The project investigates the level of control required to be applied across the newly established territory to control and mediate all cross-country movements and flows. It explores different levels of border control

friction and proposes a situation where users, ie the cross-country travellers, have the freedom to decide the speed at which they travel through the new state, and most importantly the level of border control friction they would like to go through. The journey from the Northern Ireland to the Republic of Ireland, through TIBOS, and vice versa is used as a focal point. All objects, scenes, landscapes and components witnessed across this journey are compiled as spatial experiences across each village. These spatial interventions range in type, scale, timespan and level of friction, but all add in creating a uniform experience-led architectural language that belongs and is governed by its people. ` By challenging traditional notions of national identity where belonging derives from physical locality and proximity, the project explores and questions the meaning and existence of borders in an age of identity saturation, mass migration and large-scale political upheaval. As TIBOS demonstrates, to be able to be citizens of virtual space, we need to ﬁrst understand our physical one, and particularly our frontiers, and ignore pre-conceived norms of territorial division at the political and social scales. Just like states, however large or small, borders go beyond lines and can belong to the people by being three and four-dimensional.

CITIZEN-GOVERNED BORDER REGION

MEDIATION

A NEW STATE

THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND AND NORTHERN IRELAND

COMMON GROUND

BLUE

HUMANITY

PINK

‘US, TOGETHER’

- THESIS SUMMARY -

INDEPENDENCE DAY

CHALLENGING THE NOTIONS BORDERLESS MOBILITY AND CITIZENSHIP OF ‘CITIZENSHIP’ AND ‘IDENTITY’

31 OCTOBER 2019

NORTHERN IRELAND

MUFF

CARRIGANS

LETTERKENNY NON-GEOGRAPHICAL BELONGING/ NON-CARTOGRAPHIC CITIZENSHIP

ST JOHNSTON

NEWBUILDINGS

LIFFORD

VOLUNTARY CITIZENSHIP

BALLYBOFEY SESSIAGHONEILL MEENGLASS

DERRY

BALLYMAGORRY

STRABANE

CASTLEFINN

CLADY CASTLEDERG

LEGHOWNEY

BELFAST

KILLETER MULLAGHDUFF BALLYMAGROARTY

PETTIGO

BALLYSHANNON

KESH

BELLEEK

A PLATFORM FOR THE SOLUTION TO DIGITAL GOVERNANCE TERRITORIAL DISPUTES

BUNDORAN

BALLYGAWLEY

DERRYGONNELLY

KILNOUGH

AUGHER CLOGHER

BLANEY

ARDS

AREA OF FOCUS

GARRISON

BUCKODE

HOLYWELL

CURRIN

BELCOO

BALLINAGLERA

MULLINAFINNOG

ENNISKILLEN

TANDERAGEE CARRICKROE EMYVALE SURVEIL

DRUMGALLAN

LETTERBREEN KINAWLEY

BLACKLION

ROSSLEA

DERRYLIN SWANLIBAR GLANGEVLIN

SCOTSHOUSE

CLOVERHILL

TYNAN

GLASLOUGH MIDDLETOWN KEADY

TYHOLLAND

DERRYNOOSE

CASTLESHANE CLONES CLONAGORE NEWBLISS

BELTURBET

DECENTRALISED, THE LINK BETWEEN CITIZEN-LED GOVERNANCE THE EU AND UK

MULLAN VILLAGE MONMURRAY

MONAGHAN

MAGHERAVEELY

NEWTONBUTLER BALLYCONNELL

AUGHNACLOY

CLONTIBRET

KILLEEN CROSSMAGLEN CASTLEBLAYNEY JONESBOROUGH CULLAVILLE FORKHILL CLOUGHOGE SKYHILL

NEWRY WARRENPOINT OMEATH

RAVENSDALE

DUNDALK

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

A HAVEN FOR BREXIT REFUGEES

THE FUTURE OF RURAL LANDSCAPES AND COMMUNITIES

WHAT IS TIBOS?

THE IRISH BORDER AND TRIP

BORDER TECHNOLOGY

PART 01 PART 02

TIME / FRICTION / ENGAGEMENT/ CAPACITY

MAP OF TIBOS

DEMOGRAPHICS STUDY

FRICTIONLESS BORDER

DECISIONMAKING POINTS

SLOW/FAST PARAMETERS OF SPEED AND FRICTION

DISSASEMBLING TIBOS’ LANDSCAPE

EXPERIENCE-LED ARCHITECTURE

BREXIT

SOVEREIGNTY, GOVERNANCE AND NATIONS

CITIZENSHIP AND IDENTITY

GLOBAL POLITICAL UPHEAVAL

EUROPEAN UNION

UTOPIAS/ DYSTOPIAS

A NEW STATE

EU/UK MEDIATION

VILLAGES AND RURALITY

SELFGOVERNANCE

MOVEMENT AND FLOW

3D BORDER CHECKPOINTS

MOVEMENT AND FLOW SCENARIOS

BORDER CROSSING TYPES

CHALLENGING THE IDEA OF FRICTIONLESS BORDERS

INTRODUCING LEVELS OF FRICTION SLOW / FAST

CROSS-TIBOS JOURNEY

VILLAGES AND USERS

ROADS AND ROADSIDE ARCHITECTURE

VILLAGE AS A SERVICE STATION

DECONSTRUCTED LANDSCAPE

DRIVEN BY EXPERIENCES

JOURNEY OBJECTS AND COMPONENTS

4 MODELS: SQUARE, ALLEY, STREET, MOTORWAY

EXPERIENCE CURATION

EXPERIENCELED ARCHITECTURE

FORM FOLLOWS EXPERIENCE

PARTICIPATORY ARCHITECTURE

FACADES AS A TOOL

STACKED LANDSCAPES

SLOW BUT GRADUAL ACCUMMULATION

DESIGN FOR OBSOLETION

IN MOTION PERCEPTIONS

PART 03 CONCEPTS AND IDEAS EXPLORED AND INVESTIGATED

- CONTENTS -

6/ BORDER CHECKPOINTS AS OBJECTS 7/ TIME, FRICTION AND ENGAGEMENT 8/ CAPACITY STUDIES 9/ CHANGE OF TERRITORY CUES 10/ DECISION-MAKING POINTS 11/ CONCEPTUAL POSITIONING 12/ PRECEDENT STUDIES 16/ TIBOSIAN FACADISM 17/ PHASING OF INTERVENTIONS 18/ DISTANT AND NEAR VISUAL CUES 17/ TERRITORY AS MULTIVERSE 18/ IN-MOTION PERCEPTION 19/ IN MOTION DECISION-MAKING POINTS AND SCENES 20/ ANATOMY OF A JOURNEY 21/ INTERPRETING THE IMMEDIATE VISCINITY 22/ SPATIALISING THE CONCEPT 24/ DISASSEMBLING THE SCENE

25/ ROUTES INTO DYNAMIC EXPERIENCES 26/ CONCEPT MODEL 27/ A CURATED EXPERIENCE 28/ EXPLORING THE CURATED EXPERIENCE 29/ RECREATING THE CROSS-TIBOS JOURNEY 30/ DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 32/ BRINGING EVERYTHING TOGETHE 33/ EXPERIENCE CURATION 34/ SITE:ISOMETRIC DRAWING 35/ SITE: SECTION 36/ USER STORYBOARD 37/ BREAKDOWN OF OBJECTS 38/ PHASING STAGES 39/ FAST: FRICTIONLESS CROSSING 40/ FAST: BORDE CONTROL 41/ SLOW: THE ALLEY; SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE 42/ FAST AND SLOW: SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

43/ A MEDIATION ACT 44/ SLOW: ENTRANCE; VILLAGE LEVEL 45/ SLOW: INTERIOR PERSPECTIVES 48/ SLOW: MIDWAY SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE; BELCOO AND BLACKLION VIEW 49/ EXPERIENCE PERSPECTIVES 50/ PHASES 51/ SLOW AND FAST PERSPECTIVE 52/ REGIONAL SCALE 53/ NATIONAL SCALE 54/ CONCLUSION 55/ SELF-EVALUATION 56/ BIBLIOGRAPHY 53/ NATIONAL SCALE

NO FRICTION

MAXIMUM FRICTION

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- BORDER CHECKPOINT TYPES AS OBJECTS -

TIME

24hrs

8hrs

4hrs15mins

2hrs30mins

1hr45mins

1hr

40mins

20mins

10mins

nil

FREEDOM OF CHOICE As previously stated, TIBOS and the redeﬁned border region is led, controlled and governed by its people and communities. This is achieve by allowing the villages that fall within TIBOS’ territory to freely select the level of friction, and therefore social interaction, they want to apply. Either that is SLOW or FAST.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- TIME, FRICTION AND ENGAGEMENT -

WOODLANDS CUSTOMS CHECKPOINT

WALL

TECH HEAVY / FRICTIONLESS CHECKPOINT

INFORMAL CHECKPOINT

MILITARY DEFENSE CUSTOMS BARRIER MEDIEVAL WALL

ENGAGEMENT

Inspired by Jean Nicolas Durand’s Précis Des Leçons d'Architecture (Durand, 1802), TIBOS establishes its own architectural language in the form of a framework and guide for villages that are located within TIBOS or are planning to join in the future. This guide systemises the components and objects required to create the SLOW and FAST interventions and provides advice as to the scale, variety and adaptability of this.

FRICTION

SYSTEMISATION

PETROL STATION

SPEED SIGNS

SOCIAL INTERACTION HIGH

LOW

- CAPACITY STUDIES HOW MUCH SPACE IS NEEDED TO MOVE 100 CARS, MOVING AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS, ACROSS TIBOS?

TIME [A] BORDER CHECKPOINT CLEARANCE

24hrs

SPEED AS JUDGED BY THE LEVEL OF FRICTION

8hrs

4hrs15mins

2hrs30mins

1hr45mins

1hr

40mins

20mins

10mins

nil

20 30

30 50

50 80

70 10

80 130

multi-storey car park

8 lanes

6 lanes

4 lanes

2 lanes

1 lane

9mins

10mins

15mins

24mins

36mins

24hrs

9mins

10mins

15mins

24mins

36mins

(HIGHER THE FRICTION, LOWER THE SPEED)

INFRASTRUCTURE CAPACITY

TIME [B] CROSS 12mile/20km TIBOS REGION (THESIS FOCUS AREA)

TOTAL TIME [A] + [B]

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TOWN HIGH STREET

FOOTFALL

(people/hour)

24,000

1,000

450

250

175

100

300

700

1,500

7,000

10,000

12,000

TRAFFORD CENTRE

IN MOTION CAPACITY

(people/hour)

SLOW = LEAST EFFICIENT IN TERMS OF TIME SPENT However, in terms of MAXIMUM EXPERIENCE, the intervention are the most valuable way of crossing TIBOS

FRICTION HAS SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS.

AS MORE FRICTION IS INTRODUCE, MORE SPACE IS REQUIRED TO ACCOMMODATE FUNCTIONS AND EXPERIENCES REQUIRED BY PEOPLE MOVING CROSS-BORDER.

SLOW = MOST EFFICIENT IN TERMS OF TIME SPENT But the intervention encourages the least amount of social interaction and engagement with the villages, communities and the people residing along the redeямБned border state.

NATURAL AND ORGANIC

NO CHANGE

SURFACE CHANGE

LINE ON THE GROUND

LANDSCAPE CHANGE

DENSITY CHANGE

FORESEEN CHANGE

ARRIVING

LEAVING

SPEED SIGNS CHANGE

DECISION-MAKING POINT

ENTER A MULTIVERSE

LEVEL CHANGE

MATERIALITY CHANGE

STOPOVER

MULTIPLE EXPERIENTIAL DIMENSIONS

INFRASTRUCTURAL

COMPLEX AND DYNAMIC

This is and exploration and investigation in the ways one perceives change of place, territory, juristiction and governance. These are divided in three categories to demonstrate the fact that there are diﬀernt levels of awareness and perception of space around someone drive down a road. Change of place can be as subtle as crossing the border from Italy to Switzerland, where the road instantly becomes smoother. Change can also take place in the subconcious, for example when the road gradient increases by one degree or when the trees are diﬀerent than before. TIBOS uses a combination of these visual cues to as a mechanism to impose freedom of choice for motorists, through visual connection and decision-making from a distance. For example, one decid decide on the speed and level of friction upon which to travel through TIBOS from thirty miles or thirty meters away. The cues are there and are gradualy becoming more interactive, until the SLOW and FAST interventions are met.

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- CHANGE OF TERRITORY CUES -

- DECISION-MAKING PHASES -

KEY

START OF JOURNEY DECISION: GET TO THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND WITHOUT EVER STOPPING

ENNISKILLEN

DRUMGALLAN

HOLYWELL

LETTERBREEN

BELCOO

GLENFARNE

BELLANALECK

BLACKLION

GLENFARNE

DESTINATION

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

TIBOS

x x

S F

GO BEYOND

[A]

[B]

RETENTION OF MOTION

DECISION-MAKING

EXAMPLE OF USER: DAILY COMMUTER

EXAMPLE OF USER: TOURIST

TIME / SPEED

NON-TIBOS SETTLEMENT TIBOS VILLAGE

W TO

LAKE TIBOS EDGE

STOP

FORMER IRISH BORDER ROAD MAIN ROAD VISUAL FIELD TOWARDS FAST VISUAL FIELD TOWARDS SLOW

SLOW

1:100,000 REGIONAL SCALE

x S

xF S

NORTHERN IRELAND

CONTINUOUS / NON-STOP / HIGH SPEED DECISION-MAKING POINTS

START OF JOURNEY DECISION: GET TO THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

W TO

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

Even before one enters a motorway, she/he has already made the decision as to what the destination will be, and has accepted the fact that there will not be other decisions to take, or decision-making points along the way. Similary, due to the verticality of the SLOW and FAST interventions, decisions as to what the speed and level of friction will be are made before entering the territory of the new state. [A] The decision to travel to Glenfarne, and do so by clearing checkpoints FAST is made four miles outside of TIBOS. [B] The same destination decision is made at the same exact point, however the user is more ï¬&#x201A;exible to explore other options around her/him and allows the visual cues that unfold along the way to become new decision-making points.

FAST

MINIMUM NUMBER OF CHOICES AVAILABLE decisions were made by users prior to entering the expressway

I90/DAN RYAN EXPRESSWAY, CHICAGO

NUMEROUS CHOICES AVAILABLE OF DIVERSE NATURE road signs = imposed freedom of choice and decision

GO BEYOND

ACROSS TWO MODELS

FORM FOLLOWS OBSOLESCENCE

CITIZEN-LED, GOVERNED AND MODIFIED

FRAGMENTED NATURE / DESIGNED TO BE ABANDONED SCULPTURAL PRESENCE

COMPONENTS

INTENTIONALLY INCOMPLETE / USER-GENERATED FORM / PATICIPATORY ARCHITECTURE

RELICS

THE BASIS

When cross-country mediation is no longer necessary, the interventions are stripped down to their very foundations which remains as a relic and symbolism of a redeﬁned border region

Following the independence of TIBOS, border checkpoint of varying friction are positioned along with physical frames that will hold and support the functions plugged-in by the village habitants

BORDER CHECKPOINTS

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

NEVER COMPLETED DYNAMISM

BUT GRADUAL ACCUMULATION OF SCENE-DERIVED OBJECTS

FACSIMILES OF TIBOS EXISTING FACADES

Verticality promotes navigation, wayﬁnding and decision-making. Higher checkpoint times mean lower speed, which respond to the textured and detail exterior

Border checkpoints are positioned along the components and objects that make up a journey through TIBOS

Communities within TIBOS’ villages plug-in the deconstructed experience of moving through the new state, in the form of dynamic fusion of components, such as coﬀee shops, pylons, rivers, etc.

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- CONCEPTUAL POSITIONING -

Until TIBOS’ obsolescence is reached there is a constant addition and subtraction of function, to suit demand, negotiation and desire for external social engagement.

BECOMES THE SILHOUETTE OF THE PLACE

EMPTY SHELL

Each community has total control of the governance and management of its interventions, either those are SLOW or FAST At higher speeds and through the FAST intervention, there is almost zero social engagement of people travelling through TIBOS requiring passport clearance, and communities. At higher speed the clean, smooth and sculptural exterior makes the intervention become part of TIBOS’ expanding landscape and scenery

Stripped down to its pure function, the FAST interventions contain the border checkpoints with the least amount of friction

Similarly to SLOW, verticality is applied as a mechanism of wayﬁnding and decision-making from a distance. However, the function of FAST is very limited which results in the developed of verticality through the creation of an empty shell.

- PRECEDENT STUDY: SLOW SLOW BUT GRADUAL ACCUMMULATION

Gradual accummulation and fusion of traditional and established forms and functions generates a completely new situation and language of place

SOCIALISTS MEDICAL FACULTY STUDENT ACCOMMODATION,UNIVERSITY OF LOUVAIN, LUCIEN KROLL, 1970s The building’s facade reﬂects the coexistence of disparate political factions.

DUTCH PAVILION,SHANGHAI EXPO 2010, JOHN KORMELINH

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MATERIALITY

COMMUNISTS

At ﬁrst sight, his best known work, the new buildings for the University of Louvain at Woluwe on the outskirts of Brussels are a complete jumble, their facades a totally disordered (one might say anarchic) collection of brick, glass, grills, balconies, grey tiles, staircases.

ANARCHISTS FASCISTS

LE PROUN 5 A, EL LISSITZKY, 1923

URBAN FORM BRICOLAGE

CONFETTI, ZAHA HADID, 1983

Responding to the Netherlands’ high EXPERIENCE population density and limited space, the LED-ARCHITECTURE pavilion is a new type of ecosystem By introducing such generated through the vertical stacking of mechanisms of six dutch landscapes of diverse nature and organisation and typology. management of It is an attempt to demonstrate how the scenes, TIBOS has the Netherlands, or any country in fact, has to potential to redeﬁne shape its environment to meet its current the notion of borders and future needs. through an approach The six scenes are traditional and integral is centered around parts of the dutch landscape. the experience of one moving through and The scenes are: dunes, polder landscape, within it. greenhouses, forest, water and power generation.

DUTCH PAVILION, HANNOVER EXPO 2000, MVRDV

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- PRECEDENT STUDY: FAST BECOMES THE SILHOUETTE OF THE PLACE

Similar to multiple other towers across the world, the Gherkin becomes part of the silhouette and is experienced, mostly, from a distance and as part of a greater whole. Its texture, detailing and interior are rarely experienced. By becoming part of the silhouette of the place (London), the building acquired a second nature and use. Experienced from a distance and sometimes at speed, it serves becomes a point of reference and orientation. A sight which calls for decisions regarding a journey or daily commute to be made on what is to follow.

THE LONDON SKYLINE

MOURNE MOUNTAINS, NORTHERN IRELAND

30 ST MARY AXE OR ‘THE GHERKIN’, FOSTER + PARTNERS, 2004

THE GHERKIN’S GROUND FLOOR ENTRANCE

VISIBLE DISTANCE, JENNIFER BOLANDE, CALIFORNIA

PEÑÓN DE IFACH ROCK, CALPE, SPAIN

Natural sceneries and particularly mountainous landscapes are have a dynamic presence by appearing as backdrops of other often primary sceneries such as urban landscapes. In some cases these become clear identiﬁers of a place and hold symbolism and meaning to one perceiving them from a distance. Moreover, due to their great scale, their sight appears to be static and unaltered to one moving at speed.

MANMADE WAYFINDING TOOLS, INSTALLED ACROSS A LANDSCAPE

Meant to be experienced from a moving vehicle, these billboard ads act as a second dimension for the surrounding landscapes. This dimension aligns with the original for a limited period of time, according to the speed that one moves at. FAST = less interaction with the dimension + billboards becomes yet another silhouette of the place, blending the copy with the original SLOW = more interaction and engagement + clear distinction between the copy and the landscapes, allowing greater appreciation of the scenery and landscape

VIEW OF MOUNT FUJI FROM SHINJUKU, TOKYO 13

- PRECEDENT STUDY: HYBRID FACADE ARTIFICES Facades are not always functional or accurate representations of a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interior or function. They can be used as tools and tricks to conceal, mask and generate a contrast between exterior and interior. There is value and opportunity in using

2D BUILDINGS

FALSE FRONT IRONY

LISTED FACADES, LONDON

RESIDENCES, MANCHESTER

MIMICKING DUTCH ARCHITECTURE

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

facades as symbolism, metaphor and as part of a longer process. Facades could be perhaps shaped independently to respond to notions of temporality of physical space and act as an accumulation of local culture and architectural language.

LOCAL ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE BLENDED INTO A 12-STOREY HOTEL, ZANDAAM

HIDING INFRASTRUCTURE

CAMOUFLAGED SUBSTATIONS, TORONTO

FRONTAGE OF POWER

ORNAMENT AND PORTRAYED POWER, OREGON/CALIFORNIA

HIDDEN RAILWAY LINES, LONDON

CONCEALING NOTHINGNESS

WESTWORLD

PARIS RE-IMAGINED AS A MOVIEW SET

MOVIE SETS, HOLLYWOOD

SCULPTURAL SEQUENCING AND COMPOSITION

SEEN FROM UP CLOSE Detailed, textured, engaging an dinteractive. A series of fragments that holistically are seen as one complex and dynamic unit

SEEN FROM A DISTANCE A collage made up of two perfect geometrical forms, a square and a cube. Becomes part of a non-uniform landscape that follows principles of rhythm and continuity

THE HIVE, WOLFGANG BUTTRESS UK PAVILION, EXPO 2015 MILAN

UNPACKING AND BRINGING TOGETHER TIBOS’ SCENES AND LANDSCAPES BASIS

(FRAME + SUPPORT)

OBJECTS

(USER PARTICIPATION) EXTRACTED FROM TIBOS’ TERRITORY

ESTABLISHMENT

(ADDITION/UNION)

ROAD

(THROUGH AND WITHIN)

SEQUENCING

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- PRECEDENT STUDY: HYBRID -

(CONNECTING SCENES)

SCULPTURAL SECTIONS

Objects fuse with one another to generate new experiences of the redefined border region Examples: - Electricity pylon + coffee shop - River + road sign -Church spire + lamp post

- TIBOSIAN FACADISM -

EXISTING BUILDINGS WITHIN TIBOS’TERRITORY

STREET FACADES ASSEMBLED

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FRONT

REAR

FACADE BRICOLAGE The bricolage acts as a point of reference, identiﬁcation and wayﬁnding for TIBOS. It represents the new state’s foundation, based around principles adopted by Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland prior to its independence. The journey through TIBOS gains a movie-set-esque character; engaging yet temporal. It also symbolises the fact that TIBOS has been designed to become obsolete when the act of cross-country mediation is no longer necessary.

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- TIBOS INTERVENTIONS’ PHASING -

CONTROL

CHECKS AND INSPECTIONS

THE EXISTING

EXPERIENCE FRAME

ESTABLISHMENT

DECLINE

OBSOLESCENCE

TIBOSIAN FACADES

FOUNDATION FOR JOURNEY COMPONENTS

EXPERIENCE-LED ARCHITECTURE

THE TIPPING POINT

A RELIC AND SYMBOL

mimickery and replication

the basis and framework for sustaining roadside architecture and dwelling

mechanism of village growth and expansion

TIBOS is no longer relevant or necessary

ruiniﬁcation and relics of a bygone era

2019

2020

2022

2025

2045

On Brexit day, or TIBOS’ independence day later this year, the people that fall within its territory decide on the level of friction of border control they want to apply within their villages, either that is SLOW or FAST. Immediately after border control infrastructure is deployed and installed.

TIBOS is aware of the history that precedes it, and reacts by directly reﬂecting and mimicking what was there before its establishment, and what is going to be there after its dissolution. This comes in the form of a bricolage of the facades of the buildings that line its landscapes, roads and sceneries. The random formation of the facades responds to the slow, gradual and organic accumulation and growth of the border region territory. The facades generate a strong sense of belonging to the people that now own the region. TIBOS’ identity is this very collage of parts of houses, pubs, schools, libraries, corner shops.

Following the installation of TIBOS’ facades, large physical frames and foundations are installed. These will support the experiences introduced by the communities. These are ﬂexible in nature as they allow the communities to plug-in/out objects and components throughout the lifespan of 20 years after the Establishment of the interventions.

mediation and border expansion

TIME

The level of cross-TIBOS friction dictates the amount of time one spends within the intervention and therefore the capacity of the intervention. According to these parameters and coupled with socioeconomic and political factors that can alter the number of people moving between the three states, people introduce objects and components that supplement the border checkpoints. These come in the form of a objects derived from the deconstruction of the scenes and landscape that unfold when one is moving through and across the new state.

On this day, mediation is no longer necessary between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland as cross-border deals and agreements have been renegotiated and re-established. Through the period of self-governance the border region villages were developed, nurtured and established as entities with purpose. This results in the dissolution of a border, two or three dimensional altogether. There is no need for a line or region along a map anymore. TIBOS’ facades remain as relics of a bygone era where establishment, governance and cross-border mediation was in the hands of the people who lived in those small, rural and seemingly insigniﬁcant houses, and not in central governments. 17

- DISTANT AND NEAR VISUAL CUES -

A ON

I EG

24hrs 10hrs

5mins

nil

PU B IR LIC EL AN OF D

nil

HO BL

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

As previously explained, TIBOS villages are free to choose the level of friction they would like to implement which then dictates the way each village governs and manages its territory and frontier. When driving towards TIBOS one can recognise the SLOW and FAST intervention which act as visual cues for decision-making, ie. the points where one decides the speed and time at which she/he goes through. As one is coming closer to a TIBOS village, more intervention appear, which give the traveller more choice. Similar to when road signs pop up on the motorway as you approach villages, service stations and landmarks.

4hrs30mins

8hrs

6hr10mins

10mins

15mins 1hr 2hr15mins

45mins

2hrs 24hrs

15mins 8hrs

nil

5mins

KEY TIBOS EDGE NON-TIBOS SETTLEMENT TIBOS SETTLEMENT

10mins

BE AC

LAKE

FORMER BORDER RIVER

N IR ORT EL HE AN RN D

MINOR ROAD MAIN ROAD ROAD OF STUDY A4/SLIGO ROAD 1hr

LEVEL OF FRICTION/ BORDER CHECKPOINT STAYING TIME

3km

TIBOS EDGE

RETENTION OF MOTION / NON-STOP CROSSING

ENNISKILLEN

x BLACKLION

0m 50

Verticality is a key component in establishing visual cues and decision-making points across TIBOS. The reason is to achieve visibility of the SLOW and FAST interventions outside the territory of TIBOS. This allows the decision-making process to begin prior to entering the new state, that will eventually lead to a more eﬃcient trip, either in terms of time or experience. As one moves into TIBOS and approached the villages, SLOW and FAST become more prominent, while at the same time, new ones emerge in the background. At this point new choices are available for the traveller, who is in a position to re-evaluate hers/his original decision. Decision-making points and visual cues are dynamic and directly related to speed, distance and proximity. As one moves through TIBOS’ space, the interventions appear and are experienced diﬀerentlly, depending on the distance to the next checkpoint and the speed at which one is moving at.

DECISE AGAIN / GO BACK

ESIS PROJECT F TH FOC O US EA R A

EXPLORE FURTHER

DECISION-MAKING POINTS

BELCOO

TIBOS EDGE

ROADS

1km

50 0m

GLENFARNE

TAKE THE FAST ROUTE OUT

CE N A ST I D

: EN E TW BE

km 20

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- IN MOTION DECISION-MAKING POINTS AND SCENES -

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- SPATIALISING THE CONCEPT FOUR CAPACITY MODELS

SLOW

FAST

SLOW INTERVENTION OBJECTS

FRICTIONLESS CHECKPOINT

ALLEY

STREET

MOTORWAY

As people move slower and slower across TIBOS, the need for larger spaces to accommodate the people who stop, or move extremely slow, is generated. ‘Square ’is a direct response to the need of the SLOWest intervention. It requires to be so large, yet permeable, that it acquires similar form and function as the negative space of a public square.

Less friction and reduced waiting time when compared to square, allows it turn the focus on the road, which is developed to be enjoyed at walking speed. As visually explained on the next page, the distance between the two sides of the ‘alley’ creates a play of perception where the intervention objects and components are concealed from plain view.

As friction is reduced, capacity is reduced with it. This translates to a wider road where speed is increased and details are reduced. People crossing through are able to perceive the scale of the experiences concealead within. With reduced friction, the checkpoint staying time ranges from fourty minutes to one hour and ﬁfteen minutes making it the only model that marks the line between the SLOW and FAST interventions.

Similar to the SLOWest, ‘motorway’ translates in an intervention that is visible from a distance, and as explained earlier, it is stripped of any detail or texture to allow it to become the silhouette of the place, enjoyed as part of the landscape and at speed. There is minimum to zero staying time and capacity, meaning it has almost no social interaction with the village.

PLAN

SCALE

SQUARE

ELEVATION

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

ROAD

CHEKPOINT TYPE

TIME

WALL

MILITARY POINT

MEDIEVAL GATE

CUSTOMS CHECKPOINT

CUSTOMS BARRIERS

INFORMAL CHECKPOINT

PETROL STATIONS

WOODLANDS

SPEED SIGNS

TECH-HEAVY FRICTIONLESS CHECKPOINT

24hrs

10hrs

4hrs30mins

2hrs30mins

1hr45mins

1hr

30mins

10mins

5mins

nil

8,000

3,500

2,000

1,000

500

320

150

nil

CAPACITY

(people)

SLOW SQUARE

ALLEY

FAST STREET

MOTORWAY

even smooth uninviting designed to be enjoyed at speed becomes the silhouette of the place

STREET VIEW

MOTORWAY VIEW

32m

vi su al of li mi t

li mi t

vi su al

fi el d

10m

25 head rotation

m i mu xi otat ma r e ey

of d it iel lim al f u vis

horizontal 0° sight line rela xing sigh 15° t li ne ma ey ximu e m ro ta ti on 30° facades as ground activators

70°

SQUARE VIEW

fakery sole function to generate verticality and distant decision-making

0° 25°

50 °

ALLEY VIEW

50 °

STREET VIEW

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- SPATIALISING THE CONCEPT FOUR CAPACITY MODELS

facade

USING THE LIMITS OF THE HUMAN VISUAL FIELD TO DISGUISE THE COMPONENTS

THE SCALE OF THE ROADSPACE MAKES IT SOLELY AVAILABLE AND ACCESIBLE FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE

PLAN VILLAGE LEVEL

PLAN VILLAGE LELVEL

SCALE ADAPTS TO TIME THE LESS THE CHECKPOINT TIME THE LESS PEOPLE STAYING MEANING THE SMALLER THE SCALE

PLAN VILLAGE LEVEL

5 4 3 2 1

MAXIMUM HEIGHT (existing buildings)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

DISTANCE 5km

INVISIBLE WHEN DISTANT FROM THE VILLAGE

DISTANCE 500m

VISIBLE WHEN NEAR THE VILLAGE

DISTANCE 5km

VISIBLE WHEN DISTANT FROM THE VILLAGE

DISTANCE 500m

VISIBLE WHEN NEAR THE VILLAGE

24 ___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- DISASSEMBLING THE SCENE -

Objects such as this water tower, are isolated from their sceneries and landscapes and exhibited within and across TIBOSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; SLOW interventions. By deconstructing the territorial landscape of TIBOS, the journey can be recreated into sets of experiences, in all its complexity. Moreover, the curation of these objects take a holistic approach similar to that of an exhibition and exposition, where artefacts are pulled out of their original contexts, locations and spaces. These are then placed in such a way to allow for a new, usually shared, positioning and experience to be generated.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL EXPERIENCES EN

TWO-DIMENSIONAL ROUTES

ALLER-RETOUR CURATION OF EXPERIENCES

START ENNISKILLEN

DRUMGALLAN

HOLYWELL

SITE

LETTERBREEN

BELCOO

BLACKLION

BELLANALECK

The internal layout and organisation of the SLOW interventions is directly related to the layout of TIBOSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; infrastructure. Roads are translated to staircases, ramps, platforms and walkways. Junctions and turn into decision-making points where one has the freedom to change route or remain on previousle selected one.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- ROUTES INTO DYNAMIC EXPERIENCES-

RT TA DECISION-MAKING POINTS

ROUTES

- CONCEPT MODEL -

A CURATED, CITIZEN-LED EXPERIENCE

SLOW STATEMENTS

COMPONENTS AND OBJECTS AS MONO-STATIC EXPERIENCES

COMPONENTS AND OBJECTS AS META-LEVEL EXPERIENCES DECISION-MAKING POINTS

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

VILLAGE LEVEL

JOURNEY ROADS INTO EXPERIENTIAL ROUTES

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- EXPLORING THE CURATED EXPERIENCE -

By studying and investigating the relationship between ‘the road’ and ‘whatever you see from the road’, the thesis project concluded to the fusion and interpetation of these experiences through a collation of the routes travelled. These take the form of the objects

FORM FOLLOWS OBJECT

analysed and introduced earlier, which when combined make for new encounters that vary in scale, type, activity and speed at which they are perceived. For example, synthesising a farmland (SLOW) with a church spire (FAST) may seem

unconventional, but bringing two objects and landscapes of diﬀerent perception speeds together could introduce a new value syntax for both the objects themselves and TIBOS’ villages.

FRAME + OBJECT

HYBRID

OBJECTS

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

ROUTES AND LANDSCAPES

OBJECTS

SUPPORTING FRAME

ROUTES

O TF

TO THE PLACE

D CURATED BY D AN I T S RNE PE VE O GO PL E

AR E COMPO NEN TS

R CU

S OND SP RE

â&#x20AC;&#x2122; TERRITORY IBOS ARE T N I MA TH NI I W FE TS

INTO A UNIQUE EX D E PE T RI RA U EN C CE N E H

AT TH

LEVEL BOR METADER A O SI T TU IN AT D E IO T S

E FL

O PP

ES, SCEN E DSCAP S AN LAN D

O B JE C

GE A VILLA

U ARE GOING TO EXPERIE NCE EE, YO S U O Y T WHA

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- RECREATING THE CROSS-TIBOS JOURNEY -

E AG LL VI

B 29

30 ___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- DESIGN DEVELOPMENT -

FORM FOLLOWS OBJECT STACKING THE OBJECTS IN THE SAME ORDER THEY ARE FOUND ACROSS THE LANDSCAPES, AND USING THEM TO PHYSICALLY SUPPORT THE FOLLOWING SCENE

MAGNIFIED SCENE BY SCALING OBJECTS TO 100x THEY GATHER A NEW IDENTITY AND BECOME SCENES IN THEIR OWN RIGHT, ABLE TO ACCOMMODATE OTHER OBJECTS

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- DESIGN DEVELOPMENT -

200m

- 5-10 MINUTES -

BLACK BOX OF ‘STUFF’ MAXIMUM FORM, MINIMUM FUNCTION INTERVENTIONS RELATE TO THEIR SURROUNDINGS

A CURATION OF DECONSTRUCTED LANDSCAPES

EXPERIENTIAL FUSION

- BRINGING EVERYTHING TOGETHER -

BY 2050 TIBOS ESTABLISHMENT (COMMUNITY-LED PROGRAMME)

OSS-COUNT CR R

hotel sign

warehouses

road sign wind turbine

checkpoint

traffic light

petrol station

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

EXPERIENTIAL COMPONENTS

Bringing together the concepts, ideas and mechanisms explored and analysed earlier on the thesis project, result in the multi-layered SLOW and FAST interventions, that take the form of complex organisms as they follow the natural ﬂow and progression of time and user participation. Next, the parts that make up the scheme are presented in their proposed state. Two SLOW and two FAST interventions are presented (with a more thorough look at the SLOWest) to allow for close comparison and understanding of the diﬀerent scenarios and situations of decision-making and experience pairing to happen.

2025 FOUNDATION DEVELOPMENT (VISUAL LANGUAGE)

farmland works sign restaurant

ERIENC EXP ES

mechanism of village growth and expansion

rail line

the basis and framework for sustaining experiential components and scenes

radio mast

factory

phone booth

storage facility

warehouse

lake

watchtower

shopping sign coffee shop

cooling tower

river

radio tower

barn church

bridge

hills

electricity pole shops road sign castle

road sign

2019-2020 TIBOS’ FACADES reflection of the local vernacular

ROADS

informal checkpoint

BORDER CHECKPOINTS

petrol station

x x VILLAGE

petrol station

medieval gate

military base

x formal checkpointt

wall

31 OCTOBER 2019 CONTROL (CHECKS AND INSPECTIONS)

mediation and border expansion

ELECTRICITY POLES

PASTURE LAND

WOODLANDS

WATCHTOWER

PETROL STATION

ROAD SIGN

As explained earlier, objects are recreated as monostatic experiences, which are then superimposed with other experiences of different nature as seen here. This leads to the development TIBOS’ new language and identity, the experience-led architecture, that plays out on a citizen-governed territory. TIBOS calls for a temporal, yet impactful reaction to the development of a need for a new buffer state. These experiences play out across all SLOW interventions. Each has a different level of engagement, depending on the level of friction and therefore staying time associated with it. FAST is rid of such experiences, due to the low levels of friction applied, however it becomes it a whole new transitional experience never before encountered across frontiers.

RIVER

LOUNGE

FOOD TRUCK

PUB

COOLING TOWER

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- EXPERIENCE CURATION -

TRAFFIC LIGHTS

WAREHOUSE ROAD SIGN BORDER CHECKPOINT

RESTAURANT

CHURCH

ELECTRICITY PYLON

RADIO TRANSMITTER

HOTEL

HILL PIPELINE

SITE: BELCOO AND BLACKLION; ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE / ALL INTERVENTIONS

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SITE: BELCOO AND BLACKLION; SECTION THROUGH THE FASTEST AND SLOWEST

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- BREAKDOWN OF OBJECTS -

FACADES AS SYMBOLISM AND RESPONSE

COMPONENTS SUPPORTING FRAME

ROADS AS PLATFORMS

ROUTES AS CIRCULATION

COMPONENTS AND OBJECTS

TOTAL INTERVENTION

- PHASING STAGES: SLOW DEMONSTRATING TIBOSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; PHASING IN THE CASE OF THE SLOWEST INTERVENTION

31 OCTOBER 2019

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

CHECKPOINT

2020

THE EXISTING

2022

EXPERIENCE FRAME

2025

ESTABLISHMENT

2045

DECLINE

2050

OBSOLESCENCE

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FAST: CROSSING THE FRICTIONLESS CHECKPOINT

FAST: INTERIOR; BORDER CONTROL

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SLOW: THE ALLEY; SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

FAST AND SLOW; SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVES

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A MEDIATION ACT

SLOW: ENTRANCE; GROUND/VILLAGE LEVEL

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SLOW: INTERIOR; VIEW OF THE EDGE OF TIBOS AND THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

SLOW: MIDWAY SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE; VIEW OF BELCOO AND BLACKLION

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SLOW: INTERIOR; LOOKING DOWN

SLOW: INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE ; LOOKING UP

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- EXPERIENCE PERSPECTIVES -

ENNISKILLEN

20km 16km

16km

20km

12km

12km 0km

4km

8km

BELCOO

EXPERIENCES GAIN VERTICALITY AND ARE ELEVATED WHILE AT THE SAME TIME BEING FUSED WITH OTHERS

0km

COFFEE SHOP AND ELECTRICITY PYLON

PEAK AND SIGNAGE

HILL AND ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE

CHECKPOINT AND RIVER

LAKE AND ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE

RESTAURANT AND COOLING TOWER

0km

4km

8km

12km

16km

20km

PHASES

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SLOW AND FAST PERSPECTIVE

REGIONAL SCALE

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NATIONAL SCALE

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First of all, I just have to say this. I have never in my life spent so much time reading the news. I even got to the point of frustration and anxiety. Oh, Brexit... This thesis project has been an incredible journey for me. Never before I exposed myself so much and gone completely out my comfort zone, working on a piece of work, either academic or professional. In summer 2018 I spent some time thinking about this project, and that is where I decided that I wanted to place myself in the worse possible situation. Worse in the sense of developing a research question that is not just impossible to resolve, but also very hard to describe, present, and generate a scheme out of. Week after week I was moving deeper and deeper, which dramatically increased the challenges and complexity of the project. I really enjoyed that though. I was not merely looking for answers, but instead for the right questions. Answering questions by questions may seem unorthodox at ﬁrst, but it taps into our curiosity, which in turn can set us oﬀ to many other tangents of research and information. TIBOS was not planned. It just happened. Thinking back, I cannot pinpoint the moment it happened. It just grew organically out of my personal views and response to Brexit. I could not stand the fact that Brexit was not seen or approached as ‘positive’ and an ‘opportunity’. We all know that it is not, however, there is great value in the exercise of an opposite mindset and approach. An approach I adopted throughout this thesis project.

Being pertinent, the atelier’s context of the UK/Irish border gave purpose and drive to the project. Knowing that the project is focused on a live, extremely complex issue made working on solutions extremely fulfiling, yet exhausting at times. My main preoccupation was how to end this project. Does it have an ending? Is it ever going to be resolved? In one sense I feel like the this is the end of the project, but on another, I feel like this is just the beginning more exciting research and work. This preoccupation evolved into anxiety, especially towards the end, which in turn has led me rushing to conclude some key research findings. For the time available I believe I have produced a very engaging and informed piece of work, although I believe it could have been done in a more simple way, avoiding much of the complexity unpacked. I have to say that I am very glad that this chapter of my life is finally coming to an end after all these years. However, I will miss working on this project. I was having such a great time, that it felt like an enjoyable hobby at times. I am already thinking about the possibility of immersing myself in academia and conducting further research into the future. Throughout this research project, I became very interested and excited about the meaning of citizenship and identity in our modern societies, and what the spatial implications for disruptions such ‘e’ and ‘virtual’ citizenships are. I will consider advancing this project into further research in the future.

___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

- SELF-EVALUATION -

Andreas Leonidou May 2019

- BIBLIOGRAPHY -

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___MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / INFRASTRUCTURE SPACE RESEARCH

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