LOGBOOK Andrea MA2 / september 2016
REWILDING THE ABANDONED thoughts on master thesis1 Estonian cityscapes are being developed as fast as left behind. After many different changes in administrative laws during the 20th century there is now over 102 totally abandoned villages in Estonia. People are moving to the bigger cities, Tallinn is growing continously. But even in the middle of Tallinn one can find abandoned spaces here and there. By spaces I mean not only buildings but parks, streets, rooms, playgrounds, furniture etc. I wouldn’t dig into the question why they are left unused or how to keep spaces useful but the processes happening after the abandonment. I think that ruining processes keep the city alive, they shouldn’t be stopped. What is the meaning of spatial abandonment? Does it mean, that the man-made boxes aren’t taken care of anymore or does it mean that they are being used differently. Why are buildings used by homeless people abandoned even though someone can now call them a home? Does it mean that a space that starts making its own rules, it is useless? What about spaces full of municipal waste? Are they living or are they dead? The same question arises when looking at deserted and overgrown man-made spaces. The spaces that are overgrown by nature and left for free usage, start to lose their initial built borders. The windows break, the walls become ruins, the plants grow indoors, the exterior-interior definition becomes questionable. A new life grows in, abandonment becomes questionable. Our sense of space has developed in wilderness without borders. Losing artificial borders encourages freedom of spatial interpretation and imagination. Jaan Kaplinski: „Inimese instinktid sündisid suures osas metsikus maailmas – ebamäärasuses, kus igal hommikul ärgates tuli teha otsuseid vastavalt end ümbritsevale keskkonnale. Nüüd on meil kadunud selline vajadus, me oleme ise loonud endale süsteemi, teame igal hommikul ärgates, mis meid ees ootab ning teame isegi seda, kuidas veedame oma vanaduspõlve. Aga tegelikult me vajame sellist ebamäärast keskkonda, inimene on olend, kes tahab otsida ja avastada, aga tal pole enam aega või paikagi kus seda teha.“ Architect Marco Casagrande has said: «Nature is the only reality» and I belive that design should not replace reality but step into a dialouge with nature. I would like to invesigate how create a changing mixture of a ruin and a construction site in alliance with wilderness. How to connect unpredictable nature and regulated artificial worlds in a place, that no longer serves its initial purpose? What would a systemized way of thinking, or even a modular „first-aid kit“ look like? I would like to find „an Estonian way“ of dealing with abandoned spaces. What for me is essential creatng a estonian space is nature but besides that, an ambition to develop the infrastructure and become a real Scandinavian country. Here I belive we could be one step ahead (even though our cities now are at least one step behind of every scandinavian city) - we could bring nature back to the city before we destroy it totally. Besides green thinking, 0-energy building, reusing, reducing, recycling... rewilding the cities is becoming a new trend. Although „rewlding“ is generally used to refer to big-scale conservation efforts to protect, restore, and connect wilderness areas, rewilding is equally applicable to cities and surrounding natural areas. The notion can also be applied to nature uncontrollable overgrowing artificial spaces, in my field of intrest – spaces that are claimed to be useless.
rewilding the abandoned Natural space Raw
living FREE
Artificial space built
used space SPACE
DEAD LIMITED
abandoned space / unused space
if it is unused (the way it was built for), is it useless?
ABANDONED CHARACTERISTICS
city, street, time, money, building, estate, unnecstreet, park, essary element, etc
the initial value and purpose is gone. the borders start to blur, the space starts to merge with the surrounding when there is no human care. the space is named useless for society, but useful for the repelled.
processes
REWILDING RESTORATION VANDALISM: ISOLATION: RECYCLING: nature taking random / concious or People taking over, breaking intentional unconcious over ( hooliborders, overgans, homeless growing people). new breaking down articial elements, waste, space garbage etc new spatial situations, is dead new life Still useless, dead, limited?
THE POSSIBILITIES the similarities between wilderness and abandoned space
no-one is taking “care� of the space the borders are unclear no supervision own policy ...
rewilding the abandoned what? why?
inside-out
the nature grows in the abandoned space anyway rewilding abandoned buildings would make blend into the sorrounding. Urban wilderness A natural city with a forrest typology. giving a new quality. simple and affordable ways to liven up dead spaces in man-built environment.
the exterior (nature) breaks in the interior and vise versa. how would a space look like when turned inside out? how does it affect the surrounding? how to create a natural interior?
first aid kit what could be a standardized approach for abandoned buildings to make the most use of them again? What should a minimal input with a maximum outcome be? What elements should be added, kept or removed?
rewilding the abandoned RESEARCH MORE...
urban wilderness - old building, new nature balance between natural and artificial space in tallinn citycenter WHY are the buildings abandoned? the ovnership and laws the profile of abandoned houses how nature raises the quality of abandoned space?
PROJECTS AND POSSIBILITIES
should the solution be temporary (mid-solution) or permanent? how temporary can wilderness be? do we need urban wilderness? should the solution be site specific? can one solution be applied to dif spaces?
big questions who is the user? why rewild abandoned buildings? can wilderness be planned?
RESEARCH MORE... built space
“lifetime� of abandoned building temorary - meaning ghost buildings space boundaries natural boundaries
ABANONED SPACES buildings interiors (in non-abandoned buildings) parks streets
wild space rewilding process and timeframe plants growing in tallinn animals living in tallinn when should the nature be limited in a city space? nature usually demolished a building even more. is it good? how wild is too wild? how much can nature be controlled and still be natural? what is a purpose of a human (designer, architect)? what could a practical outcome be? can a temporary solution be used with nature?
- “The juxtaposition of new growth against old structure creates a nice tension, and the dead leaves and stems on the wrought iron step create a nice bridge.” Chris McGee, Lam Art Director https://landscapearchitecturemagazine.org/2015/09/08/in-the-weeds/ - Marco Casagrande: „Design should not replace reality.“ His method: Invesigating, creating a constantly changing mixture of a ruin and a construction site. http://www.casagrandelaboratory.com/portfolio/ruin-academy/ - Do we need urban wilderness? We have studies showing that people tend to be healthier and happier, and can enjoy longer lives, in areas where they have access to nature, including green urban spaces. Outdoor spaces are some of the least expensive to create and can pay some of the highest returns on investment—in terms of community life, health and wellness, and the generation of economic activity in surrounding areas. As more people—from young professionals to retirees—move back into cities, green public spaces and vibrant streetscapes are often cited as key factors for attracting residents and businesses. Despite this, we do not give outdoor spaces the same value and financial support that we give to buildings and interiors. We calculate the square-foot dollar value of buildings and interiors but don’t do the same for a square foot outdoors. We have not made a strong business case for designed outdoor spaces—we can and should be making this case. I also believe that design and innovation in public and privately owned outdoor space is lagging. - What happenes with abandoned buildiing? When a building is abandoned, it is no longer sealed in a way to keep environmental elements out. Even if the building is well sealed, simply having the temperature drop to levels that would normally be controlled by human comfort standards, will create an environment that will be more likely to promote organic growth, which leads to mould and decay. Humans will naturally protect their home without even realizing it.
NÄITEID HÜLJATUD HOONETE JA LINNARUUMI AJUTISTEST KASUTUSTEST TALLINNAS Kaija-Luisa Kurik “Väita, et linnas on liiga palju ruumi tundub lihtsustav, kuid Tallinnat on pikalt iseloomustanud omapärane laialivalguvus ning linnasisese tiheduse puudumine. Hõredusse on pikitud mõned keerulised kuid põnevad hüljatud maamärgid, funktsiooni kaotanud tähenduslikud hooned, problemaatilised elamualad. Südalinna areng ning äärelinnade mitemekesistumine on kindlasti olulised teemad Tallinna tänases ja tuleviku arengus. Ajutised kasutused on kõikjal ja mitmekesised, kuid urbanistile on just huvitav küsimus, millistel tühjade ruumide ajutistel kasutustel võiks olla kestev linna arengut suunav ja soodustav mõju ning kuidas seda erinevate osapoolte koostöös rõhutada.” Kuidas saaksid uued kasutusstrateegiad hõlmata ühe paiga varasemat identiteeti? (Helios kino) Kuidas mõjutab tühjade kohtade ajutine kasutus linna kvaliteeti pikas perspektiivis? (EKA parkla) Kuidas mõjutab kestev kultuuripärandi staatus ajutise kasutuse tingimusi? (Linnahall) https://www.goethe.de/ins/ee/et/kul/mag/20690662.html - Book: “Vacant city” - Master thesis: TEMPORARY CITY Critical Approach to Temporary Urbanism, Temporary Use and the Idea of Temporary in a City Four Case Studies From Tallinn Kaija Kurik - Italo Calvino, Invisible Cities, 1974
ghts thouLOODUS – NÄIDE PIIRIDEST, MIS POLE KÜSITAVAD Loodus on inimestele kõige ühiseltmõistetavam keskkond, sest meie ruumitaju ja instinktid on välja arenenud metsikus looduses, kus pole piire. Tehislike piiride kaotamine annab võimalusi tõlgendamiseks, vabadustundeks. Tõlgendusvabadus laseb igal indiviidil luua ühisesse ehitatud keskkonda oma maailm. Loodus hägustab (linna) piire füüsiliselt, kaotab meie loodud geomeetriad, looduslik keskkond jätab meile ruumitunnetusliku tõlgendusvabaduse. Looduse toomine linna tagasi aitab meid viia tagasi oma ideaalruumi, mida me saame sõnastada enda tahtmise järgi, annaks inimesele näiliselt rohkem vabandust kujundada ise maailm enda ümber.
LOGBOOK Andrea MA2 / october 2016
EIK: “Do you want to restrain (and make use of) an abanoned space or rewild (let it grow) an abandoned space ?” Andrea: “...REWILD”
A RFFERENCE FELING OF THE DAY 12.10.2016: “AN ANIMAL WAS TAKEN TO WILDERNESS TO CALM DOWN” WILD / CALM RESTRAIN / REWILD
THE WILDERNESS CITY: An Essay on METAPHORICAL EXPERIENCE by Arnold Berleant http://www.eki.ee/km/place/pdf/KP1_04berleant.pdf - “Thc city is a fact in nature, like a cave, a run of mackerel or an ant-heap. But it is also a conscious work of art, and it holds within its communal framework many simpler and more personal forms of art. Mind takes form in the city; and in turn, urban forms condition mind.” Mumford 1938, Introduction - “Just as language has no longer anything in common with the thing it names, so the movements of most of the people who live in cities have lost their connexion with the earth; they hang, as it were, in the air, hover in all directions, and find no place where they can settle.” Rainer Maria Rilke, Worpswede (1903) - W. R. Burnett, The Asphalt Jungle, 1949; “The city is not a concrete jungle, it is a human zoo.” - THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT The ‘garden city’ conveys a fusion of nature and culture, a cultivated nature in which control takes a quietly benevolent course in promoting the flowering of people’s lives in an Edenic urban setting (Howard 1945, Stein 1957). This idealised garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,400 ha), planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the centre. The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population, another garden city would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of 58,000 people, linked by road and rail. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_city_movement - Finnish forest communities. Munkkiniemi,Tapiola. Tapiola’s planners aimed at demonstrating a new direction for Finnish town planning and housing. The aim of the Housing Foundation was to create a garden city which would be a microcosm of Finnish society: all social classes would live there and there would be different types of buildings, ranging from detached houses to terraced and multi-storey blocks https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapiola
quotes from author Arnold Berleant: - Over the past hundred years, ‘wilderness’ is becoming a place to be valued and protected, a source of values and of human connections with the rest of the natural world (Rolston 1989: 118–143). - “wilderness” as a methapor: Thinking of the city as wilderness leads us in unusual directions. We may, at times consider the city overwhelming and hostile, not a place for preserving and promoting human values. Its unfamiliarity makes the city appear confusing, threatening in its very strangeness. - Constant concern over making a misstep influences our passage through both city and wilderness, while the background apprehension of danger from motor vehicles and muggers parallels the constant threat, real or imagined, from the deadly creatures thought to inhabit a wilderness. In both city and wilderness, feeling out of place is a vivid component of the experience. With familiarity, the wilderness city may change into something different, such as a park or jungle. The last of these finds common ground between tribal warfare and the urban dangers of gang wars. As a metaphor, wilderness preserves its darkness. - When traffic becomes a torrent and urban crime is endemic, the city is described as a jungle, the reference being to the threatening features of wild nature. - We have noted how the idea of wilderness is historically conditioned, changing in the eighteenth century from a wild place by darkness, danger, and desolation, to one where we can encounter, admire, and enjoy nature. This transformation in meaning is part of a process that still continues, as we reconfigure nature from a threat into a resource, from a source of wealth into a haven of respite from the pressures of urban life, from a playground into a domain demanding respect for its own inherent values. - Wilderness as a natural environment exists more in history and imagination than in fact. Withthe disappearance of most of the primeval forests we have left only what are called, oxymoronically, wilderness parks. These are usually secondary ‘wildernesses,’ land grown over after the original logging and farming activities have been abandoned. Even these wildernesses are cultivated in the sense of being protected, often managed, always surrounded and impinged upon by human activities. - Perhaps, in a similar fashion, the primeval wilderness has been overgrown in human experience by the city. The metaphor suggests that the city has become the new wilderness, evoking, on the one hand, feelings of intimidation and awe, a sense of the infinite, and the experience of absolute dependency; and on the other, danger and the wild behavioral traits of hostility, aggression, and violence. - When we speak of a garden city, we are not merely using a figurative expression. We are extolling the garden as a model for urban life and a qualitative goal of urban design. The wilderness city has not, to my knowledge, been taken as such a model. It stands not as a goal but as a graphic expression of anguish at what urban experience has become for many less fortunate inhabitants of the modern city.
“city” and “wilderness” as methapores
the patterns: artificial VS natural
the lines: artificial VS natural
CHARACTERISTICS OF ABANDONED SPACES
CONDITION
PROCESSES HAPPENING
FURTHER POSSIBILITIES
ARTIFICIAL MATERIALS
NATURAL elements
rotting
renovating
stone
rusting
demolition
wood
plants: ephemeral / perennials
overgrowing
redesigning
steel
grass
degrading
...
concrete
insects
ceramics
small animals
glass
...
...
...
examples in different scales and background
HELIOS KINO
an interesting deserted place with a cultural value in the middle of dense artifial area slowly overgroving from the outside indoor area is yet untouched by the nature
VOLTA TEHAS LINNAHALL patarei
vast abandoned spaces that are already becoming known for their wild beauty. historical buildings still to be renovated
UNKNOWN SPACE, PĂ„RNU MNT
a ghost building partially demolished no cultural value overgroving by ephemeral / perennial plants
parking lots
demolished but underused space maintainance - forces of nature are still ruling
field of interest
vacant built space
nature overgrowing the built
demolished space
abandoned building OLD
+
overgrowing nature NEW
slow natural demolition + ANOTHER natural layer
?
happening without human intervention
added
a new situation
rewilding the abandoned research and action plan Can wilderness vitalize the vacant cityscape? .... is the research question ?
what?
....are the core questions I would like to answer? ...do I want to achive?
- What are the alternative solutions for abandoned spaces? - What qualities could nature add to the vacant cityscape? - How to build a city / create an interior in collaboration with nature? - When nature starts breaking the artificial borders how does it change the meaning of space? - How does an overgrown building change in time (grow further, react to seasonality, weather, human activity etc)? - How would an Estonian wild urban space look like? I want to - explore the aesthetics of decay - give and abandoned space a new quality. - rewild not to restrain the abandoned space. - rethink the meaning of urban green areas not build new parks - create a direct connection between landscape and interior architecture - create a wild interior space. - break the artificial borders that do not represent the meaning of the space as we perceive them. - learn from nature, work with not against it
rewilding the abandoned research and action plan
why?
....did I choose the topic? ....why is the topic relevant?
I started with questioning the way we artificially and verbally build borders around us. I am intrigued by man-built spaces but I am also intrigued by the freedom of boarderless wilderness. I believe that every person has a need for wilderness. Green lifestyle and development of parks is becoming more and more popular and needed around the world. But superorganised parks are far from wilderness aesthetics.
- The amount of vacant buildings on high-cost sites in Tallinn centre is quite big. Many of the buildings are in ruins and cannot be renovated and are already overgrown by nature - Rethinking the green areas might be a solution for the vacant spaces in dense cities, bringing natural freedom to the cityscape. - Although vast majority of Estonia is still covered natural forrest and not much consideration is given to nature while developing cities, Tallinn is becoming landscape more and more artificial. Here we could be one step ahead and contribute rewilding the unused vacant spaces rather than pushing the nature out.
case study city: Tallinn
rewilding the abandoned research and action plan
Gathering and mapping the ideas and directions Start if research, documentation. Researching - case study projects around the world (interior and urban architecture, biology) - reading esseys, thesis works on the topic of vacant spaces, wilderness and city Conclusions
HOW? ...am I planning to approach the research and work?
SEPTEMBER
october
Mapping - the abandoned, overgrown spaces in Tallinn centre. the owners, the reasons of abandonment etc - the ruderal plants of Tallinn, the growth conditions. Describing (based on case studies) - decay of a building - ruderal plants overgroving - how the interior/exterior relations change Conclusions
NOVEMBER
Hands on - small-scale urban interventions in Tallinn - sketching (the abandoned buildings before, now, after) - modelling (the qualities and character of abandoned spaces) Conclusions
DECEMBER
rewilding the abandoned research and action plan
HOW? ...am I planning to approach the research and work?
Field trip and work in a different (natura) environment Mapping the gathered information - compare - conclude. Sum up all the information
january
Focus - on the new qualities - the possiblities - learn - gather new ideas
FEBRUARY
Framing - the final thesis topic - the final thesis project Start of intensive thesis writing + interventions (if necessary)
MARCH
Writing and work on project continues + interventions (if necessary)
APRIL
Finishing up
MAY
REWILDING THE ABANDONED / HÃœLJATUD RUUMI METSISTAMINE
WHY?
TO GIVE A NEW QUALITY FOR USELESS ARTIFICIAL SPACE
HOW?
CREATING A STRAIGHT CONNCECTION INTERIOR AND LANDSCAPE (breaking the artificial borders)
nature
building
urban wilderness
It’s more about the border-breaking process of overgroving / rewilding, not the final outcome
PLANTS AND TREES OF TALLINN
http://www.eestiloodus.ee/artikkel1182_1178.html - Tallinna piirest on leitud suuremat osa Eesti looduslikke liike. /.../ Inimene avab elupaiku, kus saavad kasvama hakata ja koduneda kaupadega toodud võõramaa taimed. Peaaegu kõiki Eesti tulnukliike on leitud ka pealinnast. Looduslikud liigid on omased eelkõige linna äärealadele, mida pole jõutud täis ehitada. - Rannataimed – looduslikud liigid keset linna. Palju tulnukliike, millest paljud Eesti niiskes kliimas ka enamasti ei valmi, sest lähevad enne hallitama - Tallinna süda paikneb paelaval. Looalade taimi on säilinud Lasnamäe servas ja Kadaka küla juures. Lasnamäe klindineemik on ainus alpi kadakkaera elupaik Eestis. Lootaimed (nt Lasnamäe loopealsetel aladel) ei karda üldiselt linna, neid lämmatab vaid prügi laotamine või ehitustegevus. - Salumetsade taimed peaksid ennast linnas kõige paremini tundma. Metsaalused varjutaimed ei armasta peale tallamise ka niitmist. Seetõttu on ka salutaimi rohkem linna ääres.
tõelised linnatänava taimed - suur teeleht, aasnurmikas ja murunurmikas, vesihein
Linnamüüri pragudes:
põisjalg, müürilill (pärit Kesk-Euroopa kaljudelt)
Linnas levivad salutaimed: salukõdrik, kõrvenõges, naat,
looalade taimed
- alpi kadakkera, aasnelk, püstkivirik, alpi nurmik, rannamõisa tuhkpuu (ainult Lasnamäel)
-Rabade muutused linnas on sarnased liivaste metsade omadega: inimene oma tahtliku tegevusega, samuti õhusaaste ning koduloomad ja inimkaaslevad linnud on muutnud keskkonna toitainerikkamaks kui tavalises laguneva turbaga raba-kõdusoos. - Linnadesse loovad liigirikkust ka tulnuktaimed. Suurtesse linnadesse jõuavad nad enamasti ikka – siin on kaupade laadimist ja põllumajandustoorme töötlemist. Need on peamised inimkaaslevate taimede levitajad. Tulnuktaimedel on linnas hea püsima jääda selle tõttu, et siin on palju rikutud elupaiku, vaba pinda, kus seemned saavad konkurentsitult idaneda. Ka linna soojem kliima soodustab lõunamaalaste ellujäämist. Suurem osa tulnuktaimedest ongi pärit lõuna poolt. - Tulnuktaimedel on linnas hea püsima jääda selle tõttu, et siin on palju rikutud elupaiku, vaba pinda, kus seemned saavad konkurentsitult idaneda. Ka linna - Tallinna linnalikel aladel on kõige sagedasemad tallatava õue taimed – needsamad, kes ka porile tallataval esivanemate taluõuelgi valitsesid. soojem kliima soodustab lõunamaalaste ellujäämist. Suurem osa tulnuktaimedest ongi pärit lõuna poolt.
linnapuud: pihlakas, vaher, pärn,
tamm, mänd, kuusk, tuhkpuu, viirpuu, lodjapuu, kuslapuu, ...
liivastel aladel: liiv- ja
kink-aruhein, vesihaljast haguhein, liivtarn, kännas-kipslill, nõmmnelk
FRAGMENTS of URBAN WILDERNESS tallinn september 2016
interesting note: a building starts overgrowing from the ground and the roof
WHAT An URBAN PLANT NEEDS
HOW CAN PLANTS GROW OUT OF CONCRETE OR ABANDONED BUILDINGS? - AIR etc. dispersed seeds of certain plants would land in the cracks and crevices of buildings and establish there. These range from ephemeral (ühe-aastane) types to perennials (mitme-aastane). - WATER: intermittent rainfalls, episodes of dew or leaking plumbing/drainage. Some plants survive through prolonged intermittent droughts. - SOIL: A lot of plants need sheltered conditions but not much soil to start growing in. Plant roots are really really thin they can easily extend through the bottom of the crack in concrete into the soil below. http://greenplantsforgreenbuildings.org/resources/benefits-of-green-plants/
RUDERAALTAIMED on kiirekasvulised ja tõhusa seemnelise uuenemisega taimed, mis kiiresti asustavad taimkattest vabanenud kasvukohti. Ruderaaltaimedeks võidakse nimetada ka umbrohutaimi. Ruderaaltaimede asustatud ala nim. ruderaalpaigaks.
RUDERAL PLANTS in TALLINN RUDERAL - a plant growing in waste places, along roadsides or in rubbish.
1ST TO GROW
Moss (sammal)
Japanese knotweed (Sahhalini konnatatar)
Moss grows naturally in areas that are shady, acidic, moist, sheltered, It spreads like fire, and will take and free from other plant compe- over gardens and parks, illegal in tition. The urban landscape is a some contries natural fit for moss.. The soils are typically compacted and deficient. Moss likes hard, compact soil. Moss will not survive a pH higher than 6.5.
Dandellion (võilill) Spreads quickly, strong roots, can grow almost everywhere
Naat, Teeleht, Jasmiin (tugevad juured), Luuderohi (annab värvi), metsviinamari
Pihlakas, Vaher, Pärn
BIO-DAMAGES
KAHJUSTUSPROTSESSID GRUPEERITAKSE: - FÜÜSIKALISED KAHJUSTUSED tekivad materjalide niiskusesisalduse muutumisel kaasnevate mahumuutuste ning soojus- ja valgusenergia põhjustatud mõõtmete ja molekulaarstruktuuri muutuste tõttu. Talvised külmumis- ja sulamistsüklid, Kivimaterjalide soolakahjustused, valguskiirgus. - KEEMILISED KAHJUSTUSED mitmesugused reaktsioonid (hüdrolüüs, oksüdatsioon, korrosioon jpt), mis on esile kutsutud nii materjalide endi keemiliste koostisainete reageerimisest kui ka väliskeskkonnast materjalidesse sattuvate ainete toimest. Väävedioksiid jm saasteained, korrosioon, karboniseerumine. - MEHAANILISED KAHJUSTUSED põhjustatud mehaaniliste jõudude toimest (deformatsioon, purunemine, rebenemine, kulumine, abrasioon) ja pinna määrdumisest. Tegemist on sageli esinevate, küllaltki suurte ja väga mitmepalgeliste kahjustusprotsessidega, mis osaliselt kattuvad ka teiste kahjustusprotsessidega. Tuul, erosioon, sadenevad soolad, - BIOLOOGILISED KAHJUSTUSED Bioloogilised kahjustusprotsessid tekivad mitmesuguste organismide (bakterid, aktinomütseedid, mikroseened, putukad, närilised jne) elutegevusest, enamasti on tegemist olemuselt keemiliste või mehaaniliste kahjustustega, mis on tekitatud organismide poolt.
BIOKAHJUSTUS: H. J. Huecki (2001) pakutud klassikalise defi nitsiooni kohaselt on biokahjustus igasugune ebasoovitav muutus materjalide omadustes, mis on esile kutsutud organismide elutegevusega. Biokahjustusprotsessid saavad toimuda ainult siis, kui keskkonnatingimused on sobivad neid põhjustavate organismide kasvuks ja arenguks. Igasuguse biokahjustuse korral on olulisteks osalisteks selles protsessis (joonis 3): - materjal, mida kahjustatakse; - organismid, kes kahjustavad (biokahjustajad) - keskkond, mis mõjutab nii organisme kui ka materjale. Organisme mõjutavatest keskkonnateguritest on olulisimad: - niiskus - temperatuur - hapnik - valgus.
BIO-DAMAGES
Peamised materjale kahjustavad organismirĂźhmad
REFERENCE BOOKS
WHAT HAPPENS TO YOUR HOUSE? animation http://www.worldwithoutus.com/TWWUHouseAnimation.html
- “THE EARTH WITHOUT US” by Alan Weisman “in the day after humans disappear, nature takes over and immediately begins cleaning house - our houses.” http://www.worldwithoutus.com/did_you_know.html
- “LAGUNEMISE LÜHIKURSUS” by CIoran “Peale maailma Loomise ja Hävitamise on kõik ettevõtmised ühtviisi mõttetud.” (lk 104) mahajäetud kohad maailmas https://www.facebook.com/mahaj22tudkohad/?fref=ts https://www.tumblr.com/tagged/overgrown-buildings mahajätud linnad http://reisijuht.delfi.ee/news/news/14-kummituslikku-linna-kus-tanaval-enam-kohalikke-ei-kohta?id=75808137
wasteland STAGE 1 1-2 years, annual plants
STAGE 2 prennial plants, several bushes
STAGE 3 a lot of bushes, several trees
STAGE 4 forrest
Jäätmaade puhul eristatakse nelja suktsessioonijärkjärku (üksteisele järgnevat protsessi): 1. avatud kooslus arvukate üheaastaste pioneertaimedega. 1-2 aastat 2. avatud kooslus mitmeaastaste rohttaimede ja üksikute põõsastega 3. poolavatud kooslus arvukate põõsaste ja üksikute puudega. 4. Vanimad jäätmad on peaaegu täielikult kaetud metsaga JÄÄTMAA on ala, mida inimene on varem kasutanud, mis aga seejärel on olnud inimtegevusest vähemalt aasta puutumata. Sellised alad on tühjad krundid, laoterritooriumid, tagahoovid jne. Jäätmaadel kujuneb välja iseloomulik taimestik, kus valitsevad mitmeaastased suured rohttaimed. Jäätmaade mullad on enamasti toitaine- ja mullaelustikuvaesed, kuivad, hüdrofoobsed (halvasti vett imavad) ja oma koostise, kuivuse ning segipööratud struktuuri tõttu keskmisest soojemad. Sageli on jäätmaa muld kas kokku pressitud, kaetud hoonete ja asfaldiga, kooritud, asendatud või segunenud mujalt toodud kasvupinnasega. See mõjutab mulla omadusi, mis omakorda tingib iseloomuliku taimestiku. Näiteks killustiku- ja betoonirikkas pinnases võib leida kasvamas keskmisest rohkem lubjalembeseid taimi. TAIMESTIK. Eesti taimkattetüüpide klassifikatsiooni järgi on jäätmaade taimkate arvatud ruderaaltaimkonda (pärismaised taimeliigid + tulnuktaimed, 1- ja mitmeaastased). Jäätmaad ilmestavad väidet, et loodus ei salli tühja kohta. Aja jooksul muutuvad nad aina lopsakamaks, võsastuvad ja metsastuvad. Elurikkamad jäätmaad väärivad suisa kaitse alla võtmist, ülejäänud tasub kujundada paljuotstarbeliseks rohe- ja virgestusalaks. http://www.eestiloodus.ee/arhiiv/Eesti_Loodus04_2014.pdf
STAGE 1
LIFESPAN OF BUILING MATERIALS (IN YEARS)
SIDING Aluminum: 20-50 Steel: 50+ Vinyl: 50 Wood: 10-100 (depending on maintenance) Brick: 100+
ROOFING Asphalt composition shingles: 15-30 Asphalt overlag: 25-35 Asphalt built-up: 12-25 Clay tile: 50 (varies with local climate) Coal & tar built-up: 12-30 Slate: 50-100 (varies with roof grade) Sheet metal: 25-50
WINDOWS Vinyl and aluminum casement: 20-30 Screens: 15-20 Window glazing glass: 20 Wood casement: 20-50
SHUTTERS Aluminum, interior: 35-50 Aluminum, exterior: 3-5 Vinyl, exterior: 7-8 Wood, exterior: 5
INTERIOR FINISHES Ceramic tile: lifetime of house Drywall: 30-70 Wall paint: 5-10 (varies with quality, type paint) Trim paint: 5-10 Wallpaper: 7
FLOORING Marble: lifetime of house Oak or pine: lifetime of house Terrazzo: lifetime of house Vinyl sheet/tile: 20-30 Carpeting: 7-12 (varies with type, quality) HARDSCAPING Asphalt driveway: 10 Patio, brick or concrete: 24 Gravel walkway: 4 Swimming pool, inground: 18 Sprinkler system: 12 Fence, wood: 12 Deck, wood: 15
+ plumbing, furniture etc .. http://www.onlinetips.org/lifespan-building-materials/
VACANT BUILING - TIMEFRAME OF DECAY 1,5
5
abandoned
10
15
20
25
30 50
EXTERIOR SURFACES COVERED IN GREENERY ROOF
WALLS, COVERED ROOF START ROOF COLIN MOSS LEAKING LAPSES PAVING IS AROUND 3/4 OF FULLY COVBUILDING (CITY) IS ERED IN COVERED IN PLANTS GREENERY INTERIOR MATERIALS BREAK (WOODEN FLOORS, WALLS) FOUNDARION, WINDOWS BREAK
100 years 300 years
wasteland WOODEN CONSTRUCTION STEEL CONCOLLAPSES STRUCTIONS DECAY
http://www.worldwithoutus.com/TWWUHouseAnimation.html
VACANT BUILDING TYPO
type WOODEN HOMES
building density of the area
natural vs built environment in the area
MILITARY BASE
SOVIET LEGACY
MANSION
RANDOM
VACANT BUILDING TYPO
scale
condition building in use
abandoned for 1 year
abandoned for 10 years
abandoned for 25 years
material wood
brick, stone (+stucco)
steel
concrete
abandoned for 50 years
wasteland
WOODEN APPARTMENT BUILDINGS
Lennuki 26,28
Luise 25,27
Luise 17 Poska 41
- usually habited by homeless people - natural forces are not so visible yet - in densely built, popular neighborhoods (Kalamaja, Uus Maailm, Kadriorg, Kassisaba) - warm, wooden - waiting for restauration - quiet small streets - closed gardens inbetween
Narva mnt 80
WOOD AS BUILDING MATERIAL
KUIDAS HINNAA PUITMAJA TERVIST? Kalle Pilt (puidu biokahjustuste ekspert) Puithoonet mõjutavad enim: - Niiskus - seened - putukad - biokihid - taimed - närilised, loomad - puidu deformatsioonid http://maaleht.delfi.ee/news/maaleht/tarbija/kuidas-hinnata-oma-puitmaja-tervist?id=33366697 http://maaleht.delfi.ee/news/maaleht/tarbija/puitmaja-kahjustavad-koigerohkem-seened-ja-mardikad?id=34157529 http://www.kallepilt.ee/moned-head-artiklid-ja-kirjutised/
Kuidas kaardistada puitmajade seisukorda? 1. VÄLJAST - Määrake ilmakaared ning hoone paiknemine nende suhtes. - Vaadake, kuhu valgub maja ümber olev pinnavesi: kas maja poole või majast eemale. - Vaadelge, kuidas paikneb hoone ümbruses olev haljastus (puud, põõsad, ronitaimed jne) ning kus puutuvad need kokku hooneosadega. - Vaadake üle hoone katus. Kontrollida tuleks katusekatte terviklikkust ning kinnitust, pragusid ja lõhesid katusekattes. - Sadevee äravoolusüsteemi toimimise juures vaadake, kas rennid on kenasti kaldu äravoolukohtade suunas - kas torud on terved ning lõpevad maapinna lähedal. - Vaadake, kus puutub pinnas kokku vundamendiga ning ehk isegi seina alaosaga ning kui suur osa jääb pinnase vastu. - Kui vundamendis on tuulutusavad, tuleks kõik läbi käia ning kontrollida, kas avad on puhtad ning kas õhk nendes liigub. - Vaadake üle seinakattematerjal. Krohvi puhul tuleks otsida pragusid ning lahtiseid osasid. Laudise juures on tähtis laudade ühtlus ning kindlasti laudisejoon – kas see on kogu hoone ulatuses sirge või on kusagil kõrgemaid või madalamaid kohti. - Eraldi tuleks vaadelda igasuguseid väljaehitisi ning juurdeehitisi: kas ühendus põhihoonega on kogu piirde ulatuses tihe. Kuidas kaardistada puitmajade seisukorda? 2. SEEST - Esik. välisuks: kas see sulgub tihedalt ning kas lävepakk on vastu ukse alumist äärt. Siis kindlasti põrandakattematerjal ning selle korrashoid, sest esikus on jalgadega sisse toodav vee kogus suur. - Uurige, kas kusagil on puitpõrand vajunud või õõtsub ning kas kivipõrandal on tekkinud pragusid või lohkusid. - Esiku seintel ning laes võiks otsida hallitust ning niiskusekahjustusi (laigud, vöödid seintel, värvierinevused). Samuti sõltuvalt seinakattematerjalist selle korrasolekut – praod krohvis ning lahti tulnud või mädanenud laudis. ... - kelder - niisked ruumid - eluruumid - pööning
Soviet legacy
- historical - outdated (purpose, style etc) - industrial, rough - factories, concert halls, prison, kolkhoz centres etc - extra big in scale - In old manufactoring districts of Tallinn (Kalamaja, Kopli..); smaller towns, forgotten parts of Estonia. - expensive to restaurate
MILITARY BASES
Tondi kasarmud
Oriküla (Kiitsi)
Pirita-Kose
Škuna (Läti)
- unoccupied since the independence - initial purpose is unnessasary for society - usually isolated from the cities - 25 years since abandonment - signs of overgrowing - different scale, style
MANORS
- historical - different styles - big scale - expensive to restaurate There are more than a thousand manors in Estonia and many of them are totally abandoned. Rich history, beautiful architecture and eerie atmosphere combine in the manors. http://www.abandonednordic.com/mois/
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN CENTRAL TALLINN
CONCLUSION: FIELD OF INTEREST
1,5 years
50 years
densly built, lack of nature
CONCLUSION: FIELDS OF INTEREST vacant city houses
old military buildings
dense areas, lack of greenery small buildings, in the middle of the artificial city
useless buildings, 25 years of abandonment, dark vibe, contrasting nature
MODERN VERTICAL GARDENS A MANIPULATIVE WAY TO GROW GREENERY IN ARTIFICIAL SPACE
GREEN WALLS can be often categorized into two types: green facades and living walls. Green facades are a type of green wall system in which climbing plants or cascading ground covers are trained to cover specially designed supporting structures. Rooted at the base of these structures, in the ground, in intermediate planters or even on rooftops, the plants typically take 3-5 years before achieving full coverage. Green facade can be anchored to exiting walls or built as free standing structures, such as fences or columns. FACTORS FOR A SUCCESSFUL GREEN WALL - How the system will be secured to the wall surface - Calculation of loading capacity, waterproofing and substrate layer. - Source of irrigation and mineral nutrients for plants - Appropriate plant selection with consideration of plant spacing, desired coverage, light exposure, hardiness and amenity context. - Plant maintenance plan to secure the health of these living systems - Water recycling and drainage - Light sources Living walls are artificial systems, composed of pre-vegetated panels, often vertical modules or planted blankets that are fixed vertically to a structural wall. Plants are usually rooted directly in the structure / growth medium and they often require irrigation system to addition of mineral nutrients. Any plant species, even moss can be grown on a living wall system. Indoor walls are usually planted with tropical species due to the constant mild temperature and the lack of light while outdoor walls are more restricted to rustic plants. The common systems in this category are felt pocket system & mat media system.
BIOGRADABLE GROWING BUILDING MATERIAL
A MANIPULATIVE WAY TO GROW GREENERY IN ARTIFICIAL SPACE
WILLIAM LEE Surface design BIOGRADABLE SEEDED CONCRETE William studied Textiles and Surface Design at Bucks New University. He has a strong interest in material development which allows him to work with individuals both within and outside his chose field. “In collaboration with a materials scientist and Shire Green Roof Substrates Ltd, I have developed a biodegradable ‘seeded’ concrete, which further combines architectural design with nature. Creating specially developed concrete material, with seeds embedded within it, provides a unique opportunity to welcome nature within architectural design. As well as provide a solution to lost habitats of native wildlife and flower species, together with getting people to reconnect with nature in an otherwise ‘baron’ landscape for plants. With a similar consistency of ‘regular’ concrete, seeds start to germinate once water is added to the material. Plant growth through the substance slowly breaking down the material, which decomposes into soil. Becoming completely biodegradable.” http://wtl21.blogspot.com.ee/2013/07/william-lee-seeded-concrete.html https://www.pinterest.com/WLSurfaceDesign/william-lee-surface-design/
books to read - book “Material Senescence” by Benjamin Busch Borrowing a term from biology, the author uses senescence to describe the ecological aging of architectural fabric in Material Senescence. Text and photographs draw from instances of failing architecture in Berlin to speculate upon the unpredictable breaking down of materials in the built environment. Foreword by Mark Minkjan titled “Transience: the Nature of Architecture”. http://benbusch.info/portfolio/material-senescence/
- book “The Aesthetics of Decay: Nothingness, Nostalgia, and the Absence of Reason” by Dylan Trigg In The Aesthetics of Decay, Dylan Trigg confronts the remnants from the fallout of post-industrialism and postmodernism. Through a considered analysis of memory, place, and nostalgia, Trigg argues that the decline of reason enables a critique of progress to emerge. In this ambitious work, Trigg aims to reassess the direction of progress by situating it in a spatial context. In doing so, he applies his critique of rationality to modern ruins. The derelict factory, abandoned asylum, and urban alleyway all become allies in Trigg’s attack on a fixed image of temporality and progress. The Aesthetics of Decay offers a model of post-rational aesthetics in which spatial order is challenged by an affirmative ethics of ruin. - book “Industrial Ruins: Space, Aesthetics and Materiality” by Tim Edensor Standing in contrast to these aesthetically and socially regulated spaces are the neglected sites of industrial ruins, places on the margin which accommodate transgressive and playful activities. Providing a different aesthetic to the over-designed spaces of the city, ruins evoke an aesthetics of disorder, surprise and sensuality, offering ghostly glimpses into the past and a tactile encounter with space and materiality. Tim Edensor highlights the danger of destroying such evocative sites in order to build new developments. It is precisely their fragmentary nature and lack of fixed meaning that render ruins deeply meaningful. They blur boundaries between rural and urban, past and present and are intimately tied to memory, desire and a sense of place. Stunningly illustrated throughout, this book celebrates industrial ruins and reveals what they can tell us about ourselves and our past. http://www.sci-eng.mmu.ac.uk/industrial_ruins/ http://www.sci-eng.mmu.ac.uk/british_industrial_ruins/
Transience: the Nature of Architecture book “Material Senescence” by Benjamin Busch In contemporary society, people have come to see the relationship between city and nature as a dichotomy. In our naivety, we are led to believe that the two exist in mutual exclusivity. Since cities are human products, this belief is an overestimation of our own abilities and endurance. Richard Sennett wrote in Conscience of the Eye that cities are man’s attempt at mastery over nature. Indeed it is an attempt. Once a city is created, man’s superiority is never entirely in place and remains utopian, because urbanization is a continuous battle with ecological processes. The attempt at mastery is a sign of modernity. But as Marshall Berman explains in the classic All That is Solid Melts Into Air, the fact that destruction is always inherent to ‘the new’ is often overlooked. The tragedy of the modern hero in Faust comes “precisely from his desire to eliminate tragedy”. The same goes for architecture, which by nature promises progress, but in its creation already carries destruction. Not only of the structures and landscapes that existed before—it also holds the seed of its own destruction, either by socio-economic processes or by ecological forces. http://www.failedarchitecture.com/material-senescence/
Chinese ghost city http://www.failedarchitecture.com/ photo-essay-jing-jin-city/
NATURE IN RUINS by Tim Edensor (British Industrial Ruins)
USE OF RUINS by Tim Edensor (British Industrial Ruins)
Walking through a ruin is to experience the collapse of boundaries in which the outside and the inside merge, and nature mingles with culture. The urban-rural dichotomy is violated by the invasion of flora and fauna into the previously ordered space of urban industrialism. In the city, nature is usually confined to the controlled spaces of parks and gardens and can only flourish in the cracks and unpoliced spaces. Factories are places in which raw nature, extracted from its environment, is then transformed into something else, but in the ruin, nature appears in less adulterated form. And plants and animals poisoned and persecuted by farmers are able to seek temporary refuge from an often equally intensively policed countryside.
Despite their position in the margins of the city, ruins are spaces where people can carry out activities without the surveillance of police or the increasingly ever-present CCTV cameras. Although we are warned to keep out because of unspecified danger, ruins accommodate a wealth of activities and are used as unofficial resources by city-dwellers.
As things fall apart, out of their remains emerge new forms of growth. Plenty of birds build their nests amongst the debris and in the formerly prohibited insides of buildings. Bats, rats and mice, as well as smaller insects and arachnids, colonise nooks and crannies, and butterflies and dragonflies flutter amongst the quick-growing shrubs such as buddlea, which settle rapidly on wasteground. Other invasive plants include rosebay willowherb, giant hogweed, rhodedendron, Japanese knotweed and Himalayan balsam, not to mention small birch and ash saplings. Mosses, lichens and fungus infest the damp interior spaces. Ruins thus provide opportunities for urban wildlife to prosper, creating oases of protection within the city.
... / description of opprtunities / ... The expanses of overgrown surroundings, previously well-pruned gardens and verges of factories, serve as realms in which plants can be grown, ranging from vegetables to cannabis. Outside the usual routes designated for pedestrians, there is also the chance to walk amongst un-manicured space, with dogs and other companions, whilst unregulated space can also be utilised for grazing horses and parking cars. Ruins are also places that because they are unused and slated for demolition, provide opportunities for pleasurable destruction and spectacular acts of vandalism (often called ‘mindless’). Moreover, ruins act as a storehouse for all sorts of useful materials that is free. Very often, shortly after buildings are abandoned, the informal lead merchants, scrap iron freelancers and stonemasons move in to rescue valuable stuff which can be sold on.
http://www.sci-eng.mmu.ac.uk/british_industrial_ruins/nature.asp http://www.sci-eng.mmu.ac.uk/british_industrial_ruins/uses.asp
LIINA LIIS PIHU TÜHJADE AKNAAUKUDEGA MAJAD Kasutuseta hooneid on Eestis üsna palju ning see peegeldab ja põhjustab probleeme paljudes valdkondades. Mahajäetud hoonest saab tihti kodutute, narkomaanide või tegevuseta noorte kogunemispaik. Tühjade aknaaukudega majad mõjuvad moraalselt rusuvalt, majanduslikus mõttes väljendub see piirkonna kinnisvara hinna languses. Omavalitsusel või eraomanikul tuleb kulutada hulk raha trahvide maksmiseks, hoone sulgemiseks või konserveerimiseks, turvateenuse eest ja lõpuks energiakulukaks lammutamiseks. Kasutuseta hooned on mitmeti ohtlikud: varisemised, põlengud, mürgised hallitusseened jms. Inimeste püstitatud ning seejärel hüljatud objektid reostavad loodusmaastikku visuaalselt, aga ka füüsiliselt võimalike toksiliste ainete tõttu, mis olid kasutusel hoone ehitamise või selle kasutamise ajal. Peamiste kitsaskohtadena tuuakse välja kompetentse tööjõu puudumine olukorra kaardistamiseks ja juhtumite menetlemiseks, aga pole ka piisavalt raha, et hooned korrastada ja avad sulgeda või need lammutada. Riigikontroll soovitab kohalikel omavalitsustel esiteks kaardistada 2016. aasta jooksul nende territooriumil kasutuseta seisvad ohtlikud ehitised ning seejärel planeerida konkreetne tegevus ohu ennetamiseks, hindamiseks ja likvideerimiseks. Ohtlike hoonete järelevalve on suunatud tagajärgedele, mitte probleemi ennetamisele. Kasutuseta hooned ei pea kõik olema tingimata ohtlikud, kuid suur osa ohtlikest hoonetest on seda just seetõttu, et on jäänud tühjaks ja heaperemeheliku hooleta. Ennekõike tuleks vältida hoonete kasutusest väljalangemist. Üks võimalus hoida hooned kasutuses on vahekasutus: neile leitakse ajutine funktsioon kahe pikemaajalise (sihtotstarbelise) kasutuse vahepeal. Eestis vahekasutust uuriv ja propageeriv mittetulundusühing Ruumiringlus4 on püstitanud endale ülesande viia kokku tühi ruum, kasutajad ja tegevus. Riigikontrolli aruande järgi on paljuski puudujääke tühjade hoonete kaardistamises. Seega puudub teave, mille alusel saaks vahekasutust kavandada, ei ole tõest ülevaadet kasutuseta ruumidest, mida ettevõtlikele inimestele mingi funktsiooni täitmiseks pakkuda. Vahekasutus pole planeeritud teadliku tegevusena Eestis veel levinud nähtus, puuduvad tugistruktuur ning positiivsed näited. Raskusi ruumide ajutise kasutamise korral on ka juriidilistes küsimustes, näiteks puudub üürilepinguga sarnase ajutise kasutuse lepingu vorm jms. http://kultuur.err.ee/v/kunst/Arhitektuur/65ace91f-a41e-4f48-9e9a-de4175130428/liina-liis-pihu-kelle-asi-on-ohtlikud-hooned
ESSAY mid.presentation 13.10
REWILDING THE ABANDONED I would like to find „an Estonian way“ of dealing with abandoned spaces and work with local flora, maybe even fauna. For me nature is essential when creatng an „estonian space“. Here I beileve we could be one step ahead from the biggest megacities - we could bring nature back to the city before we destroy it totally. Besides green thinking, 0-energy building, reusing, reducing, recycling... rewilding the cities is becoming a new trend. Although „rewlding“ is generally used to refer to big-scale conservation efforts to protect, restore, and connect wilderness areas, rewilding is equally applicable to cities and surrounding natural areas. The notion can also be applied to nature uncontrollable overgrowing artificial spaces, in my field of intrest – spaces that are claimed to be useless. ABANDONMENT Estonian cityscapes are being developed as fast as left behind. After many different changes in administrative laws during the 20th century there is now over 102 totally abandoned villages in Estonia. People are moving to the bigger cities, Tallinn is growing continously. But even in the middle of Tallinn one can find abandoned spaces between restaurated or new buildings. There are numerous vacant houses in the centre of Tallinn that have been empty or will be staying empty for at least 5 more years, for example the ghost houses of Old Town, factory buildings in Rotermanni or Vineeri district and many other individual houses here and there. Ofcourse, at one point they will be renovated, but until that time these buildings represent just an unused emptiness in a valuable area. I wouldn't dig into the question why they are left unused processes happening after the abandonment, rather give the spaces a new (temporary) quality. WILDERNESS Either we see wilderness as a get-away from pressures of our fast-paced, industrialized society, a space where we can seek relief from the noise, haste, and crowds that too often confine us or is it a personal connection, every human being has a need for wilderness. Jaan Kaplinski: „Inimese instinktid sündisid suures osas metsikus maailmas – ebamäärasuses, kus igal hommikul ärgates tuli teha otsuseid vastavalt end ümbritsevale keskkonnale. Nüüd on meil kadunud selline vajadus, me oleme ise loonud endale süsteemi, teame igal hommikul ärgates, mis meid ees ootab ning teame isegi seda, kuidas veedame oma vanaduspõlve. Aga tegelikult me vajame sellist ebamäärast keskkonda, inimene on olend, kes tahab otsida ja avastada, aga tal pole enam aega või paikagi kus seda teha.“ Green cities and creating balanced combination between artificial and natural space is something that represents an ideal modern living environment. Building parks is a nice step towards that ideal but for me parks do not represent the typology of wild nature and are therefore fake nature. They are stricktly planned and trimmed and are just as artificial as the buildings around us. With my work I would like to rethink and create an alternative for the typology of an urban park.
THE COMBINATION Nature starts breaking the artificial space as soon as it is not maintained anymore. The spaces that are overgrown by nature and left for free usage, start to lose their initial built borders. The windows break, the walls become ruins, the plants grow indoors, the exterior-interior definition becomes questionable. A new life grows in, the notation abandonment becomes questionable. There is a certain beauty in decay. Nature intruding into a building creates a straight connection between landscape and interior architecture, therefore questiones the borders of these fields. Our sense of space has developed in wilderness without borders. Losing artificial borders encourages freedom of spatial interpretation and imagination. Building green areas is not in the field of interest of any real estate developers, because you can’t but a price tag to a square-meter of wilderness but you can sell a property with a high profit in the downtown area. Thatswhy I would like to connect the idea of urban wilderness and the unused buildings in densly built areas and temporary rewild the vacant houses until they will be restored for buisnesses and luxury appartments. The closed vacant spaces in densely built cityscape have the potential to improve our living environment if they would only be used differently – opened up to the public. And, for example, conrasting the artificial street fronts, filled with fast-growing ruderal plants, becoming temorary urban wilderness parks. I am also intrigued by learning from the nature and not working against it, building a artificial space that would initially become „wild“ itself by experimenting with biogradable and growing materials. I think that ruining processes keep the city alive. They shouldn’t be stopped, on the contrary - maybe even forced?
CONCLUSION 30. oct 2016 thesis topic: REWILDING THE ABANDONED subtopics: - turning vacant buildings in Tallinn centre into temporary parks - creating extra green spaces in densly built cities - making use of vacant buildings research further: - plants of Tallinn - abandoned houses in Tallinn - how to grow plant seeds in artificial material? - how to build a temporary building that will be overaken by plants in the end? big questions: - what is a temporary park? - what is my input? - what is the benefit for the owner? - How will the vacant building be used? - How to force the growth of plants? - What happens during the seasons? - How plants impact the artificial materials (in 5 years)? - What happens to plants after the building is restored?
LOGBOOK Andrea MA2 / november 2016
TO DO (IN NOVEMBER): MAPPING - The abandoned, overgrown spaces in Tallinn centre. the owners, the reasons of abandonment etc. Find a case study. - The ruderal plants of Tallinn, the growth conditions. DESCRIBING (BASED ON CASE STUDIES) - decay of a building - ruderal plants overgroving - how the interior/exterior relations change + MATERIAL TESTS: - growing moss - clay + straws + seeds - 3D printed soil + seeds FIELD TRIPS - Helsiki, Casagrande - Lab ? URBAN INTERVENTIONS CONTACT: biologists, landscape architects
1. material research, tests, conclusions 2. interventions 3. field trip 4. mapping
material ... that visually fixes the whole in artificial material, but then starts breaking and growing at the same time
broken border
fixed border
mixed border
material decay / growth 2 in 1
water dissolving the clay
simple structure skeleton straws seeds clay
ony the skeleton remains, plant with its roots greates a new grid
material
how to create a material that decomposes and composes at the same time?
“When rust sets in on a razor blade, when moss grows in a corner of a room . . . we should be glad because . . . life is moving into the house.� (Hundertwasser 1997, 48 in Kraftl 2005, 137)
material BIO building materials
SAVI Kuidas valmistada ise savikrohvi? - Kaeva savipinnast (sobib ka vähese taimse ollusega savipinnas) - Pane saadud savikamad leotamiseks suuremasse nõusse või kuivata plaadil - Sõelu vedel savimass või kuivatatud savipulber - Lisa liiva ca 1-5 osa sõltuvalt liivast,savist ja otstarbest. Liiva tera 0-5mm olenevalt kihist - Lisa kiudainet, pikkus oleneb krohvist ca 1-5cm (linaluu, põhk, hundinui, linakiud, vanapaber) - Niiskuskindlama ja hooldusvabama pinna jaoks kasuta rammusat segu (näiteks võid proovida liiv:savi:kiud, 2:1:1 või 1:1:1,5) - Huvitava pinna saad kasutades näiteks pikka põhukiudu ja rammusat segu - Segu tugevdamiseks võid lisada veidi munavalget, linaõli, virtsa, sõnnikut Söögisoodast on võimalik teha voolimissavi, kui segada see ühe ja veerandi tassitäie vee ning ühe tassitäie maisitärklisega.
SOIL PRESS. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdZdS_Su_U0
material
examples: 3D printing soil + seeds - 3D printer prints felt in the shape you choose. - Seed-dispenser attached to 3D printer releases seeds into felt. Takeuchi’s approach hinges on a method called hydroponics where you grow plants with mineral nutrient material in place of soil. This is how some of vertical gardens are grown http://www.businessinsider.com.au/3d-print-plantsfor-city-green-spaces-2014-10 http://tinylab.me/publications/chi16pg.pdf
3D printed Cella Planters Each Cella is shaped roughly like a roundedged cube — a sort of cell — and punctured with holes of varying sizes depending upon the overall size of an individual cell. Inside of each Cella is a soil or root ball from which sprout moss and plants. http://inhabitat.com/cella-adorable-modular-planterpods-perfect-for-the-urba-plant-lover/
2D CNC printing soil+grass seeds+water It’s a CNC machine (which means it’s entirely computer controlled) that prints using a mixture of grass seeds, soil and water.
http://www.demilked.com/green-print er-soil-grass-garden-pringreen-university-maribor-slovenia/
material how to grow moss Grow your own moss recipe 1: - Several handfuls of native moss (separated as much as possible from the soil) - 1 large container of plain yogurt (maitsestamata jogurt) - Buttermilk (pett) Mix the moss and yogurt in a blender, slowly add buttermilk until the mixture becomes a runny paste. Use a brush to paint the mixture onto the desired surface. Spray your new moss garden daily with water as it grows - moss thrives when moist. Grow your own moss recipe 2: - Several handfuls of native moss (separated as much as possible from the soil) - 12 oz. can of beer - 1 teaspoon granulated sugar Combine all of the ingredients in a blender until the mixture liquefies. Use a brush to paint the mixture onto the desired surface. Spray your new moss garden daily with water as it grows - moss thrives when moist. https://thepatioshop.wordpress.com/2015/02/11/how-to-grow-moss-on-concrete/ https://thepatioshop.wordpress.com/2015/02/11/how-to-grow-moss-on-concrete/
material: test1 my moss lab 2.11.2016
keefir, maitsestamata jogurt kivisammal (kaitsealune) / puusammal
5.11 moss of mold?
Material: test2 clay + straws + seeds
Savi: http://www.uninaks.ee/index.php?route=product%2Fproduct&product_id=113 http://loovuspood.ee/?savid%2C23
Hydrogeel: http://www.imelineteadus.ee/uudised/2011/12/27/hudrogeel-aitab-taimedel-startida Edasimüüjad eestis: http://www.systemseparation.ee/?p=568, http://www.metsatooriist.ee/home/110-hudrogeelkastmisgeel-stockosorb-660-1kg.html mujal: http://hydrogel.info/contact/
Material: test3 3d printer + clay & hyrogel+ seeds
with water the clay structure starts to decay, the plants start to grow
thicker parts last for longer, soil and nutrients last longer
plant overgrows the strcture totally. the plants lives until there is enough nutrients
MID-PRESENATION: URBAN INTERVENTIONS 10.11.2016
WORK TOOLS: MATERIAL TESTS: decay and growth 2 in 1 URBAN OBSERVATION: plants, seasonaliy and weather conditions in vacant buildings URBAN INTERVENTION: what quality would wilderness add to a vacant space?
observation: ruins and seasonality
observation snow / raifalls in vacant buildings case study: CCCR MILITARY BUILDING location: PIRITA-KOSE, TALLINN typology: ABANDONED FOR 20 YEARSW material: CONCRTE condition: NO WINDOWS, NO DOORS, SOLID ROOF, INTERIOR WALLS BROKEN, EXTERIOR WALLS SOLID
snow level DAY1 5.11.2016 DAY4 8.11.2016
day 1 5.11.2016
day 4 8.11.2016
interventiion OUTSIDE IN
interventiion outside in
BEFORE
AFTER
abstract borders
where does landscape end?
is it an interior?
new quality
+
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES: - Midsolutions for vacant builings
Indoor city “parks� - (temporary) green spaces in vacant buildings
- Builing spaces in collaboration with nature: Growing an artificial space / A growing artficial space
- Guerilla interventions involving residents:
Creating a rulebook / a platform for the problematic vacant spaces.
10.11.2016
BIG QUESTIONS
10.11.2016
- Can wilderness be planned - Is developing temporary parks ethical
SMALL QUESTIONS: - What is the new quality? - Who is the user? - What happens during the different seasons? - What is designers position? - What happens to plants when the building is restaurated?
15.11 Meeting with Marco Casagrande - overgrowng happens in all scales. “Nature works in all scales” - pay attention to situations where human control is opened up and nature can step in - beak outs from industrial control. Nature is constantly breaking the city. - 1st gen city depends on nature, 2nd is industrial, 3rd generation city starts to grow out from a (indusrial) crack. return to nature, 1st gen. 3rd gen ruins are designed ruins (water+soil+sun) - sun + water + top soil = it is apossibility of life already. not much is needed for plants. - 3rd generation city / building that has ovrgrown by nature + human comes back = what happens then? what is the new life arrangement like? - insect architecture. when I am in a ruin, I am like an insect. Learn from an insect - nature is the co-architect. - be as lazy as possible, do as little as possible - the way of survival, be like urban nomad. - a ruin is like urban compost, is ugly and useless, but in the center there is the core / the essence: when the ruin is manipulated, turned a bit, the core comes out, the ruin gains a new quality. TAIWAN: - Sugar factory (South Taiwan) - closed atm for 1,5 years for the plants to grow - TaiPei is full of community gardens, illegal farms. - Bamboo growth relly fast (1m in 2 weeks) - granny architecture on gardens on empty lots, kids bring them water. “neighborhood watch”. Chi - life providing enery is brought back to lots.. - Taipei - 3rd gen city. people are ruining the city, collective concious
TO DO: - ruin map of Tallinn (reading the original, 1st gen soil, how are ruins connected, how would a city react?) - Map different scales (crack, house, town) - Map different layers (parks, cracks in street, plants on house etc) - look for the accidents (cracks, abandoned buildings etc) - for who? (tourism, homeless, students) - academic squatting - read: Juhani Pallasmaa “Animal architecture”. “The eye of the skin” POSSIBLE OUTCOMES: - tourism - academic squatting, housing etc NB! balance between comfort (survival) and beauty! - enhancing installation (for ex a chair to sit and watch a plant growing from a crack in asphalt) - ...
Casagrande laboratory - 3. gen city, paracity FROM URBAN ACUPUNCTURE TO THE THIRD GENERATION CITY Marco Casagrande (2015) Published in “La ville rebelle. Démocratiser le projet urbain”, 2015 Gallimard ISBN : 9782072619564
The First generation city were the human settlements in straight connection with nature and dependent on nature. The fertile and rich Taipei Basin provided a fruitful environment for such a settlement. The rivers were full of fish and good for transportation, with the mountains protecting the farmed plains from the straightest hits of the frequent typhoons. The second generation city is the industrial city. Industrialism granted the citizens independence from nature - a mechanical environment could provide everything humans needed. Nature was seen as something unnecessary or as something hostile - it was walled away from the mechanical reality. THE THIRD GENERATION CITY is the organic ruin of the industrial city, an open form, organic machine tied with Local Knowledge and self-organized community actions. The community gardens of Taipei are fragments of third generation urbanism when they exist together with the industrial surroundings. The Third Generation City is a city of cracks. The thin mechanical surface of the industrial city is shattered, and from these cracks emerge the new biourban growth which will ruin the second generation city. Human-industrial control is opened up in order for nature to step in. A ruin is when manmade has become part of nature. In the Third Generation City we aim in designing ruins. Third Generation City is true when the city recognizes its local knowledge* and allows itself to be part of nature.
PARACITY is a biourban organism that is growing on the principles of Open Form: individual designbuilt actions generating spontaneous communicative reactions on the surrounding built human environment. This organic constructivist dialog leads to self-organized community structures, sustainable development and knowledge building. Open Form is close to the original Taiwanese ways of developing the self-organized and often “illegal” communities. These micro-urban settlements containe a high volume of Local Knowledge, which we believe will start composting in. Paracity, once the development of the community is in the hands of the citizens. The pilot project of the Paracity grows on an urban farming island of Danshui River, Taipei City. The island is located between the Zhongxing and Zhonxiao bridges and is around 1000 meters long and 300 meters wide. Paracity Taipei celebrates the original first generation Taipei urbanism with a high 12-level of “illegal” architecture, self-organized communities, urban farms, community gardens, urban nomads and constructive anarchy.
MY IDEA:
In case of overgrowing the abandoned *Local Knowledge = Genius Loci (of the precise place) means that the urban lanscape starts following the natural landscape that existed before the artificial space. For example: in a vacant building only the (ruderal) plants that were growing in this area before. When the abandoned spacehas overgrown toally, or decayed totally the pre-existing landscape is achived. The plants follow the logic of Genus Loci.
third generation city MORE RUINS - Phyllis Richardson GRANDMOTHERS, ACADEMIC SQUATTING, URBAN ACUPUNCTURE-these are some of the ideas behind the Ruin Academy (see previous blog) in Taipei. Founded by Finnish architect Marco Casagrandeand a group of fellow researchers, as well as designers, journalists, academics to help guide Taipei through its journey to become a ‘Third Generation City’, the Ruin Academy is growing, as are its ambitions. When first generation cities refer to the development closest to the original nature of a site (‘dependent on nature’ or the natural terrain, one supposes), those that reflect rather than suppress or overcome the natural setting, Second Generation is where most cities are now, according to the Ruin Academy manifesto, overbuilt and largely disconnected from the inhabitants, as well as from the natural order of things. The Ruin Academy is a harbinger of Taipei’s status as a Third Generation city, one that is returning to its roots, so to speak. While some of the Academy’s positions might seem a bit radical, the idea that we need a new way of considering human beings and the built environment is certainly timely. As Casagrande points out, ‘Taipei has the highest number of 7-11 convenience stores in the world.’ That statistic alone, if accurate, should be enough to bring about a pause in the development frenzy. http://archetcetera.blogspot.fi/2011/02/more-ruins.html WHAT ARE THIRD GENERATION CITIES? - Lee-Michael J. Pronko Third Generation cities are those that have grown from the ruin of industrial society but lie beyond its fordist structure of social and economic organization. Elements of Third Generation cities include:Anarchist Gardening (the spontaneous and nomadic construction of community gardens and urban farms that operate outside official urban development), Urban Acupuncture (the design of architecture that is placed in positions throughout the city in order to act as “needles” for producing and increasing the urban Qi), and River Urbanism (a form of landscape urbanism). Principally, Third Generation cities can be conceived of as rhizomatic in nature and ultimately, bound up with pre-existing and future conditions of human construction. Extracted from the website, “modernism is lost and the industrial machine will become organic. This happens in Taipei and this is what we study. Ruin Academy is an organic machine.” It would seem that it is the atrophy of the city that illumines the naature of the city and defines our age—what will we do with all of the buildings already built, considering by 2050 70% of the world’s population will be living in urban areas and “space” continues to become limited? In the end, it may not only be a matter of design or perspective in terms of how we look at the city, but what actions we take alongside the natural processes that unfold and transform the spaces we have inhabited, do inhabit, and will come to inhabit. It would seem that the collective space Ruin Academy has created may be just the right start for building, dwelling and thinking. http://thirdgenerationcity.blogspot.com.ee/
Zero City, Marco Casagrande
URBAN ACUPUNCTURE Urban Acupuncture is an urban environmentalism theory of Finnish architect Professor Marco Casagrande which combines urban design with traditional Chinese medical theory of acupuncture.[1] He developed his theory in Taipei after attending the Urban Flashes symposium before being invited back by the Taipei City Government to study the human/ organic layer of the city and how to react to it by means of urban planning. The focus was an illegal settlement, an urban farming community enclave inside the modern city named Treasure Hill. Marco Casagrande noticed this area was full of human energy that was being destroyed by the government. He states that the energy had been turned negative and had to be redirected positively towards construction, “like turning over the compost that has been the smelly part of the farm just to become the most fertile top soil. I was careful to manipulate these hidden energy flows and the small elements that I introduced to Treasure Hill can be compared to the needles in acupuncture.”[2] “URBAN ACUPUNCTURE is an architectural manipulation of the collective sensory intelligence. The city is a multi-dimensional organism with sensitive energies, a living natural environment whose points of contact - the energy flows beneath the visual city – are sought out by urban acupuncture. Both architecture and environmental art are in a position to produce the needles. A weed which plants its roots in the smallest crack in the asphalt can eventually ruin the city. Urban acupuncture is the weed and the acupuncture point is the crack. The ruin, a man-made process, returns to being part of nature.” – In Paracity – Casagrande Laboratory Center of Urban Research www.paracity.fi
Illegal community gardens and urban farms performing biourban acupuncture on industrial Taipei. Image: Ruin Academy, 2010. [1] Urban Acupuncture [online] 23rd November 2010, http://www.nationmaster.com/ encyclopedia/Urban-acupuncture [2] Casagrande, M. Urban Acupuncture [online] 23rd November 2010, http://thirdgenerationcity.pbworks.com/f/urban%20acupuncture.pdf
OTHER THINKERS: http://ethnologist.info/section/urban-acupuncture/
http://casagrandetext.blogspot.com.ee/2013/10/third-generation-city.html
https://khaeraniadenan.wordpress.com/2014/01/12/introduction-to-urban-acupuncture-towards-a-better-bandung-city/comment-page-1/
http://www.artisopensource.net/2013/11/20/third-infoscape-de-certeau-clementcasagrande-smart-cities/ In Paracity – Casagrande Laboratory Center of Urban Research www.paracity.fi
Case study: taiwan, taipei
urban farming, guerilla gardening, neighbourgood watch - empty lost turned into gardens wild, fast growing nature, good climate, mindset of the government
Case study: taiwan, taipei The busy and modern city of Taipei is home to a unique type of urban agriculture, not just for the purpose of producing and supplying agricultural products, but also for recreational, educational, social and environmental functions. Taipei, May 7 (CNA) New Taipei, Taiwan’s most populous city, is promoting urban farming amid its dense collection of residential buildings in a bid to encourage citizens to transform idle spaces on rooftops and in public areas into vegetable gardens. Keywords: - Third Generation City - Urban Acupuncture, local knowledge - Biourbanism - Anarchist Gardening, granny gardeners - Urban Nomad, instant Taipei, pop-up city - Compost building - Academic squatting - collective Chi
Casagrande projects in Taiwan: Treasure hill Paracity (2009 - ...), Zero City - Chiayi Taiwan (2006), T-factory Taiwan ( 2007), Cicada (nagu Bug Dome) (2011), Oystermen - Kinmen Taiwan (2013), Ruin Academy (2010), Ultra-ruin (2013), Taitung Ruin Academy (2014) Possible Taipei / Taiwan contacts: - Tamkang University Department of Architecture - Nikita Wu (Taiwanese writer and arts manager) in Finland - WEAK! Architects - Hsieh Ying-chun, Roan Ching-yueh, Wang Shu - Taiwanese architect and academic Ti-Nan Chi Events: IASTEM - Conference on civil and archtectural engineering (ICENS), Taipei ASTEM - Conference on environment and natural science (ICENS), Taipei http://iastem.org/Conference2017/Taiwan/1/ICENS/
Conference on Evolving Trends in Academic and Practical Research https://www.conferencealert.com/event_details.php?ev_id=47371
Taipei art biennale http://www.epifanio.eu/nr14/eng/ruin_academy.html
http://u-in-u.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Biennials/Taipei/2016/20160908_Taipei_Biennial_2016_Press_Release.pdf
Green Library Taiwan’s first “green” library. Located in the lush green environment of Beitou Park http://www.broketourist.net/green-library-taipei-public-library-beitou-branch/
Tamkang University, departmnt of Architecture http://163.13.140.2/english/school/index.htm
TAIPEI LAND USE AND BUILDINGS
GREEN MINDSET OF TAIPEI CITY
Taipei City ranks above average in the land use and buildings category. The city’s population density of 9,800 people per square kilometre is above the Index average of 8,200 people per square kilometre.Given the limited availability of land, the conflict between land conservation and development is ongoing in Taipei City. But still the city manages to maintain more green spaces than the Index average, at 50 square metres per person. This is one of the highest rates in the Index, compared to the average of 39 square metres. City officials are conscious of the need for green spaces, and receive good marks in the Index for protecting them. Regarding eco-building standards, Taipei City has improved from the lax regulations during its early development in the 1960s and 1970s. The city now has strong policies on green standards for public buildings, incentives for households and businesses to lower energy use, and is promoting awareness of the value of energy efficiency in buildings. In addition, the authorities are encouraging neighborhoods to improve their local environment by providing engineers free of charge to create roof gardens and improve landscaping. Urban organic farming takes root in Taipei City (2013) http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=205482&CtNode=428
New Taipei promotes urban ‘community farms’ (2014) Taipei, May 7 (CNA) New Taipei, Taiwan’s most populous city, is promoting urban farming amid its dense collection of residential buildings in a bid to encourage citizens to transform idle spaces on rooftops and in public areas into vegetable gardens.
MAYOR ON FARM CITY INITIATIVE: ROOFS TO GO GREEN NEXT YEAR Mayor Ko Wen-je reiterated that promoting Farm City is an essential part of his administration. Answering media questions on his objective of the Farm City initiative, Ko pointed out that the priority will be to promote “green roof” across schools, public institutions, and private buildings. He invited residents to visit the green roof booth at an expo slated to be held at Taipei Expo Park for more information at the end of the year. http://english.gov.taipei/ct.asp?xItem=239620200&ctNode=8472&mp=100002
SECRET CITY: ILLEGAL ARCHITECTURAL INTERVENTIONS IN TAWIAN “Beyond the ‘official city’ of Taipei, where modernization and beautification efforts are glossing over the city’s natural and historical origins, there is Instant City. Using Taipei’s conventional modern architecture as a platform and energy source, this network of illegal architecture attaches itself ‘like a parasite’ to create unsanctioned urban farms, night markets and other social gathering places.“ Marco Casagrande (2010) http://weburbanist.com/2012/03/06/secret-city-the-illegal-architecture-of-tawian/
THE COMMUNITY GARDENS OF TAIPEI The community gardens and urban farms of Taipei are astonishing. They pop up like mushrooms on the degenerated, neglected or sleeping areas of the city, which could be referred to as urban composts. These areas are operating outside the official urban control or the economic standard mechanisms. They are voids in the urban structure that suck in ad-hoc community actions and present a platform for anarchy through gardening. For the vitality of Taipei, the networks of the anarchist gardens seem to provide a positive social disorder; positive terrorism. They are tuning the industrial city towards the organic, towards accident and in this sense they are ruining the modern urbanism. They are punctual organic revolutions and the seeds of the Third Generation City, the organic ruin of the industrial city. https://blog.p2pfoundation.net/the-community-gardens-of-taipei/2010/12/04
FOREST BATHING In an increasing urbanised world, it is important to consider how we are designing our cities so that it fosters mental wellbeing for its inhabitants. It is well recognised that the presence of nature plays an important role in this; though the east and west each have a fundamentally different approach. There is a long term awareness of the relaxing qualities of nature in Eastern culture whereas in the West, we tend to look at the effects of nature in a more scientific way. The Japanese practice of forest bathing is proven to lower heart rate and blood pressure, reduce stress hormone production, boost the immune system, and improve overall feelings of wellbeing. Forest bathing—basically just being in the presence of trees—became part of a national public health program in Japan in 1982 when the forestry ministry coined the phrase shinrin-yoku and promoted topiary as therapy. https://qz.com/804022/health-benefits-japanese-forest-bathing/
MEETING WITH BIOLOGIST RIIN EHIN 28.11.2016 raamat: “Umbrohud ja prahitaimed” V.Kuusk Indikaatortaimed viitavad keskkonna niiskusele, happelilsusele, lämmastikutasemele, huumusekihi paksusele, seal elavatele putukatele, lindudele (nt: kajakad - palju lämmastikku) Ökosusteemid : liblikas / taim / muld - mesilaste toomine linna (mesilased on välja suremas) Eesti linnades (Tartus kindlasti) teostatakse teeäärset umbrohutõrjet, seetõttu pole linnas teatud liblikaid - Kõige kiiremini lähevad kasvama taimed, mis paljunevad nii vegetatiivselt kui suguliselt) - uuri ravimataimede kohta: Renate Sõukand (europrrojekt), Marju Kõivupuu SELGITADA VÄLJA KASVUTINGIMUSED: - valgus (kohati vähe valgust) - niiskus (vähe) - pinnas (vähe) - kuivamine (läbikuivamisoht) - tuulevakus - 1- / mitmeaastane taim Selle alusel koostada ökosüsteem what a plant needs
LOGBOOK Andrea MA2 / december 2016
1st semester sum up
sum up
LOGBOOK Andrea MA2 / january 2017
PLAN FOR THESIS DATA COLLECTION The thesis is positioned inbetween the disiplines of landscape and interior architecture. Therefore it requires collaboration with landscape architects, biologists or biosemiotics. In addition to researching similar philosophies (The Third Generation City, Biourbanism), movements (Ruumiringlus, guerilla gardening) projects (Ruin Academy (2010), Hundertwasser house (1980)), books and essays (“Material Senescence” by Benjamin Busch (2014), “Nature in Ruins” by Tim Edensor (2002), “Umbrohud ja prahitaimed” by Vilma Kuusk (1984), ...) the subject also requires my own mapping, observation in Tallinn to gather ideas and understand the qualities wilderness could add to a neglected space. Mapping, observation and small scale urban interventions are all part of the data collection already in the early stage of thesis development. 1. MAPPING The first stage of data collection consists of mapping the abandoned industrial spaces and main ruderal plants growing in Tallinn centre. The research will be performed in co-operation with biology students from Tallinn University during spring 2017. The ecology department is currently interested in similar topics and eager to collaborate (contact person: Tiiu Koff, ökoloogia keskuse vanemteadur) The second stage focuses on 1-2 case study buildings and the natural processes of those spaces over a fixed period of time. The case study buildings haven’t been finally chosen yet, will be for example the vacant buildings in Rotermanni district (Rotermanni 14), former Vineeri plywood factory area (Tatari 51a), former Volta factory (Tööstuse 47F, 47H), former Polymer factory (Madara 22) etc. 2. OBSERVATION To understand the processes in Estonian climate, seasonalty and weather conditions in case study buildings observations will be held. The gathered information will be useful for planning the final project. My observations have shown that natural processes in the buildings start to show roughly 5-20 years after the abandonment, on stone or concrete. Therefore I have chosen to work mainly with industral Soviet ruins. 3. URBAN INTERVENTION Based on the information gathered a series of small scale urban interventions will be planned. These interventions will hopefully establish substance for the final project. 4. MATERIAL TESTS Besides working with industrial ruins I am also trying to develop a biodegradable growing material – a comination of clay, hydrogel, soil, seeds – in collaboratoion with biotechnologist Henri Ingelman. The material tests are for the concept of a biodegradable building.
Based on the data collection, project concept will be developed
Action plan JANUARY Material tests with Henri Ingelman Visiting industrial ruins with Tiiu Koff Choosing a case study building Background research FEBRUARY Material tests Developing the thesis project concept Background research MARCH Field work with biology students starts Mapping the plants and growth processes in vacant buildings Concept development APRIL Framing - the final thesis project Small scale interventions Start of intensive thesis writing
material tests Kokku 18 katsetust: - Savi 10% / 15% / 20% - Hüdrogeel 5% / 10% / 20% - Mullasort 1 (külvimuld) / 2 (must muld) Mulda ülejäänud mahus - Kokku segatud kõik seemnesordid - Lisatud Substral special start formula vedelikku (1/50 veega) Kontrollkatsed, kokku 6: - Muld 1 ilma millegita / 5% hüdrogeeliga / 15% saviga Muld 2 ilma millegita / 5% hüdrogeeliga / 15% saviga - kõik seemnesordid - substral formula
10.01.2017
18.01.2017 külvatud: 10.01.2017 kastetud: 10.01, 13.01, 18.01 (topsid, millel on ainult number, ei kastetud 13.01)
case study Volta tehas tööstuse 47F Volta Detailplaneering: https://tpr.tallinn.ee/DetailPlanning/Details/ DP016580#tab32 https://tpr.tallinn.ee/MapOfPlannings/Linnaosa/100276 https://www.volta.ee/kinnistute/hooned.html Volta 47B loftid enne ehitust. Fotod: Tõnu Tunnel https://www.dropbox.com/ sh/8uxoon16v62i26q/AABf-
case study
Rotermanni 6 Leivatehas
https://xgis.maaamet.ee/maps/XGis?app_id=UU82A&user_id=at&LANG=1&WIDTH=1620&HEIGHT=950&zlevel=11,543006.75878907,6589220.9091797
Meeting with veronika valk
OTSUSTA: Kas ma tahan teha midagi praktilist? - Kuidas põhjendan tegevuse vajalikkust? Kas ma tegelen mõttemänguga? Kas eesmärk on saavutada ruum mis on õppinud loodusest? (viisid, kuidas sinna jõuda on erinevad) “lagunemine” - miks ja kuidas seda sõna kasutan? vali konkreetne asukoht EDASI, tee näiteks nii: vali 3 case studyt: 1. lammutine = park 2. kultuuriväärtuslik vana tööstushoone / kirik (nende teema on problemaatiline nkn) = uus funktsioon 3. tööstushoone (millel pole kultuurilist väärtust) = väheväärtuslik uus arendus, mis see elanikkonnale annab? (nt Lasna, Mustamäe) NB! Enamik lagunevatest hoonetest pole väärtuslikud, pigem pöörata tähelepanu kultuuriväärtusega hoonetele industriaalhoonete ebatervislikkus Eesti kontekstis pole tihedalt asustatud kohti, kui siis ainult vanalinn toetu tehtud töödele (bioarhitektuur, lammutamine, õpilaste tööd)
research
“RECORDED CITY. CO-CREATING URBAN FUTURES” by Thomas Ermacora, Lucy Bullivant (Veronika Valk soovitus)
BUILDING OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR SELF-ORGANISATION (p 37) - “Self-organising - in many ways inhereted from hyper-liberal, subversive, or “alterntive” ways of thinking about society largely originating from the wide-ranging alternative groups of the 1960s. and markedly deiverging from the “creative” partipation in consumer culture - is reinforced (tugevdatud) by contemporary DIY movements. The past few years have seen regained interest in notions of co-housing and shared agricultural plots, for example, both traditions with long histories.” - “Discussing the origins of the DIY movements proliferating today is complex. To generalise somewhat, DIY activities are merging from two particular places in the social spectrum.” - “DIY culture has many facets to it. It is not just about informal, self-managed solutions, or affordable, anti-anodyne off-the-shelf solutions or imposed answers but also about twinkering and hacking.“ - “DIY relates to modern material dignity as well as to the needs of personalisation and customation.”
PLACEMAKING RECORDING: THE ART OF PARTICIPATORY PLACEMAKING (p 70) - involving residents, professionals+non-professionals - long-term impacts, but slower development process - participatory practice, but managinggroup dynamics is difficult
civic initiative planning kodanikualgatusel linnade ehitamine
“KÕIGE KESTLIKUM ON PANUSTADA OLEMASOLEVATESSE MAJADESSE” by Triin Talk
Sel aastal on riigikontroll koostanud tühjade majade kohta kaks olulist auditit, kus lühidalt öeldakse järgmist: ohtlikke hooneid on palju ja omavalitsused ei jõua nendega tegeleda,1 omavalitsustel endil on liiga palju maju ja üha enam jääb neid pärast haldusreformi üle.2 Rohelised ehitised Olemasolevad hooned on ressurss, mille jätkuv ja taaskasutamine on igati säästlik, sest kui hoone ehitamisse on juba kord paigutatud tonnide kaupa ehitusmaterjali, on selle renoveerimine ja edasi kasutamine üldjuhul väiksema ökoloogilise jalajäljega tegevus kui uue maja ehitamine, isegi kui uus on energiasäästlikum.6 „Kõige rohelisem on ehitis, mis on juba ehitatud,“7 on teadmine, milleni on jõutud, arvestades peale küttekulude ka ehitistesse kuluvate materjalide olelusringi. 500 aastat sama maja kasutada, seda remontida ja ajakohastada on kokkuvõttes säästlikum kui iga 50 aasta järel lammutada ja uuesti ehitada. Üleriigilise planeeringu „Eesti 2030+“ järgi peaks eesmärk olema linnade sisestruktuuri tihendamine. Kultuuripärandi hoidmise huvist lähtuvalt saab teraviku veel täpsemalt suunata vanalinnadesse ja miljööväärtuslikele aladele. Hoonete lammutamise, aga mitte korrastamise toetamisega innustame olemasolevate ehitiste kui ressursi raiskamist. Peale ohtlike ja tühjade majade teema on riigikontroll auditeerinud hiljuti ka Riigi Kinnisvara Aktsiaseltsi tegevust, mis pole toonud oodatud optimeerimist kinnisvara haldamises.10 Kuni RKAS toimib äriühinguna, mille eesmärk on eelkõige tulu teenimine, ei saagi esiplaanil olla keskkonnasäästlikkus, sh olemasoleva hoonestuse võimalikult ökonoomne ärakasutamine ja linnakeskuste tihendamine. Muudatused RKASi toimimises on tõenäoliselt tulekul.11 Riigi kinnisvaraalase tegevuse uuesti mõtestamisel ei saa unustada asjaolu, et pea kõik Eesti linnad on väheneva rahvastikuga ja enam-vähem igal pool peale Tallinna ja selle lähivaldade on maju liiga palju ning nende potentsiaal kasutamata. http://www.sirp.ee/s1-artiklid/arhitektuur/koige-kestlikum-on-panustada-olemasolevatesse-majadesse/
why restaurate ruins
LOGBOOK Andrea MA2 / february 2017
concept development 1
growth/decay inside new structure around (new exterior/restauration, old life inside)
growth/decay outside new structure inside (old building, new interior)
concept development 2
ruin
ruin + nature
restaurated
ruin + nature + new element
restaurated + new quality
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 3
- POP-UP NATURE, mobile urban wilderness. Function: network of senses of nature
- DESIGNED RUIN, built to decay on. Function: temporary housing on a) on top of existing ruins b) empty lots (jäätmaa), - CITY PAUSES green escape spaces i n 3 minute walk away. human ökodukt - NET-LIKE MATERIAL that fixes the broken parts of abandoned buildings and starts growing later - GROWING RUBICS CUBE - new possibilities appear when turning the modules - FOREST BATHING
MAPPING TALLINN VACANT BUILDINGS scale material condition
STONE HOUSES
OLD TOWN
WOODEN HOUSES
Linnahall Patarei Buildings in Telliskivi
Aida 9 Aida 10 (11) Kooli 4
Tondi kasarmud (Tondi 53) Vana-Lõuna 10 Volta tehas (Tööstuse 47F) Masina 2
Uus tn 9 Sauna 1 (Helios) Tolli 5 Pikk 55 Toom-Rüütli 8 Suur-Karja 12
Lennuki 26 Lennuki 28 Luise 25 Luise 17 Narva mnt 80 Poska 41 Koidu 26a Lubja 5 Mardi 10 Tatari 36 Juhkentali 44
Pärnu mnt 59 Pärnu mnt 44 Wismari 13 Mere pst 4 Tatari 51a Rotermanni 12, 14 Rotermanni 6 Nafta 12 Nafta 16 Kauba 10, 12 Võrgu 8
Telliskivi veetorn Garages in dif locations
PARKING LOTS Maakri 34 Lennuki 24 Tartu mnt 15 Tartu mnt 1 Kaupmehe 7 Pärnu mnt 24 Tuukri tn 2 ...
WORKSHOP with MARCO CASAGRANDE Urban Acupunctrue (9.02.2017) 1st gen: city is born in nature 2st gen: the industrial city independent from nature 3rd gen: ruin of an industrial city Nature can read architecture very easily: it takes the manmade structure and starts living on it. working against it would be a waste of energy. Step by step a vacant building becomes a ruin. What happens when a person comes back to the nature and starts sharing the space with nature?
TASK: Site: Tallinn - What are the energy layers inside Tallinn? - What is the local knowledge / real top soil of Tallinn? - What keeps the city alive? What is the power? - Where this power can live? Map the acupuncture points Design one needle that would start changing the city
Urban Acupunctrue (9.02.2017)
CITY_PAUSES City pauses is a network of urban wilderness in a densliy built area. Tallinn was built as a Hansa town, as a harbour representing connection, trading, nomad lifestyle. The ground it was built on, Estonian nature, for me represents lots of (personal) space, wilderness, greenery, sea, lakes, bogs‌ Old Town of Tallinn is by its nature a total opposite this spaciousness. City pauses aims to recreate those qualities in modern Tallinn. All the city-pauses are located densly built but small Old Town of Tallinn. The needles create a mid-usage for vacant buildings and underused lots. Together the needles for a network of city pauses, each with different quality, creating a composition of urban wilderness qualities (sun, air/wind, rain, forrest sounds etc).
Urban Acupunctrue (9.02.2017)
The chosen natural elements for each location could create ground for unusual experiences / activities in lurban context.
Urban Acupunctrue (9.02.2017)
summer winter
characteristics of Estonian weather: seasonality offers possibilities for using the vacant space during winter
THE TROUBLE WITH WILDERNESS; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature by William Cronon https://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/rm240/cronin.pdf The more one knows of its peculiar history, the more one real- izes that wilderness is not quite what it seems. Far from being the one place on earth that stands apart from humanity, it is quite profoundly a human creation-indeed, the creation of very particular human cultures at very par- ticular moments in human history. lk1 Go back 250 years in American and European history, and you do not find nearly so many people wandering around remote corners of the planet looking for what today we would call “the wilderness experience.” As late as the eighteenth century, the most common usage of the word “wilderness” in the English language referred to landscapes that generally carried adjectives far different from the ones they attract today. To be a wilderness then was to be “deserted,” “sav- age, ” “desolate,” “ barren”-in short, a “waste,” the word’s nearest syn- onym. Its connotations were anything but positive, and the emotion one was most likely to feel in its presence was “bewilderment”-or terror.
history of wilderness
... (näited kristlusest) Wilderness, in short, was a place to which one came only against one’s will, and always in fear and trembling. Whatever value it might have arose solely from the possibility that it might be “reclaimed” and turned toward human ends-planted as a garden, say, or a city upon a hill.’ In its raw state, it had little or nothing to offer civilized men and women. But by the end of the nineteenth century, all this had changed. The waste- lands that had once seemed worthless had for some people come to seem almost beyond price. Wilder- ness had once been the antithesis of all that was orderly and good-it had been the darkness, one might say, on the far side of the garden wall-and yet now it was frequently likened to Eden itself. (näited Ameerikast) ... (looduskaitse tegevuse algus USAs, national parks) Although wilderness may today seem to be just one environmental concern among many, it in fact serves as rhe foundation for a long list of other such concerns that on their face seem quite remote from it. That is why its influ- ence is so pervasive and, potentially, so insidious. To gain such remarkable influence, the concept of wilderness had to become loaded with some of the deepest core values of the culture that cre- ated and idealized it: it had to become sacred. This possibility had been present in wilderness even in the days when it had been a place of spiritual danger and moral temptation.
write an essay: From wilderness to ruins to wilderness 1. history of wilderness 2. building on top of nature (1st gen city) 3. industrial city (2nd gen) 4. ruins (3rd gen) 5. overgrowing
THE TROUBLE WITH WILDERNESS By the eighteenth century this sense of the wilderness as a landscape where the supernatural lay just beneath the surface was expressed in the doctrine of the sublime. In the theories of Edmund Burke, Immanuel Kant, William Gilpin, and others, sublime landscapes were those rare places on earth where one had more chance than elsewhere to glimpse the face of God. Romantics had a clear notion of where one could be most sure of having this experience. Although God might, of course, choose to show Himself anywhere, He would most often be found in those vast, powerful landscapes where one could not help feeling insignificant and being reminded of one’s own mortality. Where were these sublime places? The eighteenth-century catalog of their locations feels very familiar, for we still see and value landscapes as it taught us to do. God was on the mountaintop, in the chasm, in the waterfall, in the thundercloud, in the rainbow, in the sunset. Among the best proofs that one had entered a sublime landscape was the emotion it evoked. For the early romantic writers and artists who first began to celebrate it, the sublime was far from being a pleasurable experience. ...(luule näide)...The symbols he detected in this wilderness landscape were more supernatural than natural, and they inspired more awe and dismay than joy or pleasure. His words took the physical mountain on which he stood and transmuted it into an icon of the sublime: a symbol of God’s presence on earth. As more and more tourists sought out the wilderness as a spectacle to be looked at and enjoyed for its great beauty, the sublime in effect became domesticated. The wilderness was still sacred, but the religious sentiments it evoked were more those of a pleasant parish church than those of a grand cathedral or a harsh desert retreat. But the romantic sublime was not the only cultural movement that helped transform wilderness into a sacred American icon during the nineteenth cen- tury. No less important was the powerful romantic attraction of primitiv- ism, dating back at least to Rousseau-the belief that the best antidote to the ills of an overly refined and civilized modern world was a return to simpler, more primitive living. ... the decades following the Civil War saw more and more of the nation’s wealthiest citizens seeking out wilderness for themselves. Wilderness suddenly emerged as the landscape of choice for elite tourists, who brought with them strikingly urban ideas of the countryside through which they traveled. For them, wild land was not a site for productive labor and not a permanent home; rather, it was a place of recreation. One went to the wilderness not as a producer but as a consumer. wilderness - a highly attractive natural alternative to the ugly artificiality of modern civilization. The irony, of course, was that in the process wilderness came to reflect the very civilization its devotees sought to escape. Ever since the nineteenth century, celebrating wilderness has been an activity mainly for well- to-do city folks. Wilderness is the natural, unfallen antithesis of an unnatural civilization that has lost its soul. It is a place of freedom in which we can recover the true selves we have lost to the corrupting influences of our artificial lives. Most of all, it is the ultimate landscape of authenticity.
history of wilderness
THE TROUBLE WITH WILDERNESS But the trouble with wilderness is that it quietly expresses and reproduces the very values its devotees seek to reject. The flight from history that is very nearly the core of wilderness represents the false hope of an escape from responsibility, the illusion that we can somehow wipe clean the slate of our past and return to the tabula rasa that supposedly existed before we began to leave our marks on the world. This, then, is the central paradox: wilderness embodies a dualistic vision in which the human is entirely outside the natural. If we allow ourselves to believe that nature, to be true, must also be wild, then our very presence in nature represents its fall. The place where we are is the place where nature is not. To the extent that we celebrate wilderness as the measure with which we judge civilization, we reproduce the dualism that sets humanity and nature at opposite poles. We thereby leave ourselves little hope of discovering what an ethical, sustainable, honorable human place in nature might actually look like By imagining that our true home is in rhe wilderness, we forgive ourselves the homes we actually inhabit. We live in an urban-industrial civilization but at the same time pretend to ourselves that our real home is in the wilderness. It is nor the things we label as wilderness that are the problem (for nonhuman nature and large tracts of the natural world do deserve protection) but rather what we ourselves mean when we use that label. Defenders of biological diversity, for instance, although sometimes appealing to more utilitarian concerns, often point to “untouched” ecosystems as the best and richest repositories of the undiscovered species we must certainly try to protect. Although at first blush an apparently more “scientific” concept than wilderness, biological diversity invokes many of the same sacred values, which is why organizations like the Nature Conservancy have been so quick to employ it as an alternative to the seemingly fuzzier and more problematic concept of wilderness. The classic example is the tropical rain forest, which since the 1970s has become the most powerful modern icon of unfallen, sacred land-a veritable Garden of Eden-for many Americans and Europeans. And yet protecting the rain forest in the eyes of First World environmentalists all too often means pro- tecting it from the people who live there. Those who seek to preserve such “wilderness” from the activities of native peoples run the risk of reproducing the same tragedy-being forceably removed from an ancient home--that befell American Indians. Idealizing a distant wilderness too often means nor idealizing the environment in which we actually live in. By teaching us to fetishize sublime places and wide open country, these ways of thinking about wilderness encourage us to adopt too higha standard for what counts as “natural.”
how we seee wilderness
THE TROUBLE WITH WILDERNESS 0n the one hand, one of my own most important environmental ethics is that people should always to be conscious that they are part of the natural world, inextricably tied to the ecological systems that sustain their lives. 0n the other hand, I also think it no less crucial for us to recognize and honor nonhuman nature as a world we did nor create, a world with its own independent, nonhuman reasons for being as it is. The autonomy of nonhuman nature seems to me a� indispensable corrective to human arrogance. If the core problem of wilderness is that it distances us too much from the very things it teaches us to value, then the question we must ask is what it can tell us about home, the place where we actually live. How can we take the positive values we associate with wilderness and bring them closer to home? Wilderness is the place where, symbolically at least, we try to withhold our power to dominate.
how to preserve wild nature
When we visit a wilderness area, we find ourselves surrounded by plants and animals and physical landscapes whose otherness compels our attention. In forcing us to acknowledge that they are not of our making, that they have little or no need of our continued existence, they recall for us a creation far greater than our own. Wilderness gets us into trouble only if we imagine that this experience of wonder and otherness is limited to the remote corners of the planet, or that it somehow depends on pristine landscapes we ourselves do not inhabit. Nothing could be more misleading. The tree in the garden is in reality no less other, no less worthy of our wonder and respect, than the tree in an ancient forest. If wilderness can do this-if it can help us perceive and respect a nature we had forgotten to recognize as natural-then it will become part of the solution to cur environmental dilemmas rather than part of the problem. This will only happen, however, if we abandon the dualism that sees the free in the garden as artificial-completely fallen and unnatural-and the tree in the wilderness as natural-completely pristine and wild. We are responsible for both, even though we can claim credit for neither. We need to embrace the full continuum of a natural landscape that is also cul-tural, in which the city and the wild both have their proper place. If wildness can stop being (just) out there and start being (also) in here, if it can start being as humane as it is natural, then perhaps we can get on with the unending task of struggling to live rightly in the world-not just in the garden, not just in the wilderness, but in the home that encompasses them both.
CRITICS
MIND MAP 14.02.17
collapsing, illegal activities etc DANGERS
POSSIBILITIES
blocking parts of dangerous buildings, opening up others NATURE = RESTRICTION
NATURE “FIXING” RUINS Decay & growth 2in1
the laws, ownerships, financial issues etc WHY BUILDINGS BECOME RUINS? ARTIFICIAL SPACE
VACANT BUILDINGS
RUINS
INTERMEDIATE USE* *What is temporary / intermediate ?
time of decay TIMEFRAME time of growth
ruins are temporary*: decay / restauration CONSTANT CHANGE nature overgrowing, breaking the built
RUIN + PLANTS overgrowing happens anyway
NEW QUALITY
NATURAL SPACE
URBAN NATURE city parks pop-up parks (plants in pots, Vabaduse sq)
WILDERNESS IN URBAN CONTEXT
NEW PARK TYPO network of ruins. each space offers dif experience / feeling (sound, light, smell etc). together locations form a sense of wilderness in city (forest bathing in city)
NATURE AS AN ARCHITECT nature grows over, ruin breaks down
Growing building material (seeded glay , gel, net)
wasteland / ruin is demolished by nature
A PRODUCT majavamm in package
?
pregrown plants with strong roots reorganzing the built space
critique
CURATING NATURE the possibilities of mobile/pop-up nature spatial concept
NEW BIODEGRADABLE HOUSES inspired by natural processes, built to decay
POP-UP NATURE demolishing the unused building TEMPORARY HOUSING a) on top of existing ruins b) on empty lots
new building, new life cicle
THE DESIGN PROPOSAL CONCEPT
the design proposal focuses on : - natural processeshappening in ruins already, - subnature and ruderal plants - mimicing the growth/decay process - emphazising the change and seasonality - emphazising the temporarity of a abandoned space - creating a intermeniate use for a ruin
building defined place
abandoned building unused non-place / space
overgrown building new (more natural) place
NEW QUALITIES?
problematic ruin
building
abandoned building
design proposal
overgrown and decaying building
ADDING A new element (that follows the same processes)
PROCESS
new changing situation
SYMBIOSIS
problematic ruin
RUIN unused, needs conserving, partly dangerous
part that needs conserving dangerous area (stones falling)
design proposal
new changing situation
SYMBIOSIS biodegradable / growing element is added. this element also works as a structural support and depends on the ruin
support
PROCESS: DECAY & GROWTH 2 in1 new element decays (depending on the period of vacancy), overgrowns, imitates the same processes that are happening in ruin
solid material (protects from falling stones) growing material
growing material, grown together with the ruin
problematic ruin
design proposal
dangerous area (decaying)
new changing situation
growth and decay 2 in 1
new element works as: - protection - conservator
natural layer (growth) - shelter / any other function ??
growing blocks
clay 40% + hydrogel 8g + soil + seeds + wooden fibre
concept: modular blocks connected by roots
LOGBOOK Andrea MA2 / march 2017
CONCEPT - designed demolition - planned intervention + plants demolishing the structure - intermediate use before demolishion or reconstruction - project is aiming for natural processes not static image - subnature, local plants - wild urban nature - demolition project creates a park not parking