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WHU 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-0/ 2-00 2-01 2-02 2-03 2-04 2-05 2-06 2-07 2-08 2-1/
•i_d^`
\i\g…od^j
Dgbo`f`flp Erk`flkbp `ljmrbpq^p v `lkqfkrfa^a Dgbo`f`flp Sblobj^ ab Aliw^kl m^o^ i^p crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p Sblobj^ abi s^ilo fkqbojbafl m^o^ crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p Dgbo`f`flp Di mol`bpl ab fksbopfŽk Oolmfba^abp ab i^p crk`flkbp nrb pb `lkpbos^k mlo i^ fksbopfŽk Hksbop^p ab crk`flkbp jlkŽqlk^p ^ qolwlp Dgbo`f`flp Sblobj^ ab ilp s^ilobp buqobjlp m^o^ crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p Sblobj^ ab i^ `lkqfkrfa^a rkfclojb Sblobj^ ab fkqbdo^_fifa^a m^o^ crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p Sblobj^p abi s^ilo jbafl m^o^ crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p Dgbo`f`flp
058 061 063 064 066 067 068 07/ 071 072 073 075 076 078 08/
3- B„KBTKN CHEDQDMBH@K 3-0 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4
-(/ 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-0/ 3-00 3-01 3-02 3-03 3-04 3-05 3-06 3-07 3-08 3-1/ 3-10
Hkqolar``fŽk efpqŽof`^ Tk mol_ibj^ obi^qfsl ^ sbil`fa^a Cbofs^a^ ab rk^ crk`fŽk Dgbjmilp ab abofs^a^p „idb_o^ ab i^p abofs^a^p Dgbo`f`flp Hkqbomobq^`fŽkdblj‹qof`^ ab i^ abofs^a^ `ljl rk^ mbkafbkqb Nqo^p klq^`flkbp m^o^ i^p abofs^a^p Dgbo`f`flp Qbdi^ ab i^ `^abk^ m^o^ i^ abofs^`fŽk ab crk`flkbp `ljmrbpq^p @mif`^`flkbp ab i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^- Blbcf`fbkqbp ab s^of^`fŽk ifd^alp u abofs^`fŽk fjmiŒ`fq^ Dgbo`f`flp @mif`^`flkbp ab i^ abofs^`fŽk ^ i^ abqbojfk^`fŽk ab ilp buqobjlp ab i^p crk`flkbp Sblobj^ abi s^ilo jbafl m^o^ abofs^a^p Dgbo`f`flp @mif`^`flkbp abi qblobj^ abi s^ilo jbafl ^ molmfba^abp dblj‹qof`^p ab i^p crk`flkbp Bofqbofl ab i^ abofs^a^ pbdrka^ m^o^ ilp buqobjlp So^w^al ab `ros^p Dgbo`f`flp Dgbjmilp obpr`fq^p ab mol_ibj^p ab buqobjlp Dgbo`f`flp
080 081 084 086 1/0 1/3
+)0 +)2 100 102 105 108 110 113 116
++1 12/ 120 122 123
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Fi_d^` \i\g…od^j
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4- QDK@BHŽM DMSQD HMSDFQ@BHŽM u CDQHU@BHŽM 4-0
4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-0/ &9& 4 -00
K^ abofs^a^ ab rk^ fkqbdo^i fkabcfkfa^- Oofjbo qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i ab i `Š i`ril Sblobj^ ab i^ abofs^a^ kri^ Erk`flkbp mofjfqfs^p u pbdrkal qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i abi `Ši`ril Oolmfba^abp ab rk^ crk`fŽk abar`fa^p ab molmfba^abp ab pr abofs^a^ Dgbo`f`flp K^ klq^`fŽk ab Kbf_kfw m^o^ i^p mofjfqfs^p 0kqbdo^`fŽk mlo prpqfqr`fŽk Dgbo`f`flp 0k q`do^`fŽk mlo m^oqbp Dgbo`f`flp Dgbo`f`flp ab obm^pl
+-0 +.) +.) 142 143 146 148
+/+// +/2 +0+
5- D B0[BSŽM KNF@QHSLN+ ETMBHˆM DWONWDMBH@Kv ETMBHNMDR SQHFNMNLzSQHB@RHMUDQR@R 0
5-0 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-0/ 5-00 5-01
5-02 5-03
5-04
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I kqo`ar``fŽk Cbcfkf`fŽk abi ild^ofqjl k^qro^i `ljl fkqbdo^i Cbcfkf`fŽk ab ild^ofqjlOolmfba^abp crka^jbkq^ibp FoŠcf`^ abi ild^ofqjl k^qro^i Blkpb`rbk`f^p ab i^ b`r^`fŽk crk`flk^i I&\]' < I&\' Kld^ofqjlp obcbofalp ^ rk^ _^pb mlpfqfs^ \ :.: 0 EŽojri^p ab abofs^`fŽk b fkqbdo^`fŽk bk i^p nrb ild^ofqjlp Cbofs^`fŽk ild^oŒqjf`^ Dgbo`f`flp Olifkljflp ab ^molufj^`fŽk m^o^ bi ild^ofqjl Dgbo`f`flp K^ crk`fŽk bumlkbk`f^i Dumlkbk`f^ibp bumobp^a^p `ljl mlqbk`f^p ab _ Cbcfkf`fŽk ab `% m^o^ s ob^i `r^inrfbo^ Cbcfkf`fŽk ab \! m^o^ \<L u s ob^i EŽojri^p ab abofs^`fŽk b fkqbdo^`fŽk bk i^p nrb bumlkbk`f^ibp
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+2/ +2/ +21 188
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gi_d^` \i\g…od^j Dgbo`f`flp Erk`flkbp efmbo_Žif`^p Dgbo`f`flp Cbofs^a^p ab crk`flkbp fksbop^p Hksbop^p ab i^p crk`flkbp qofdlklj‹qof`^p Dgbo`f`flp Hkqbdo^`fŽk mlo co^``flkbp pfjmibp Hkqbdo^ibp nrb mrbabk qo^kpcloj^opb bk fkqbdo^ibp ab crk`flkbp o^`flk^ibp Dgbo`f`flp Dgbo`f`flp ab obm^pl
2/3 2/6 2/7 2/7 2/8 203 205 212 215 217
6- @OQNWHL@BHŽMCD ETMBHNMDR ONQ ONKHMNLHNR 6-0 0(+ 0(, 0(6-4
0(/ )6-6 6-7 6-8 6-0/ 6-00 6-01 6-02 6-03 6-04 6-05 6-06
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222 224 226 23/ 230 231 236 237 24/ 243 245 246 251 252
,// 257 260
7- HMSQNCTBBHŽM @ K@R DBT@BHNMDR CHEDQDMBH@KDR 7-0 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4
Hkqolar``fŽk SbojfklildŒ^ v klq^`fŽk D`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i ab mofjbo loabk m^o^ i^ crk`fŽk D`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp ifkb^ibp ab mofjbo loabk Dgbo`f`flp
bumlkbk`f^i
262 263 265 266 270
Fi _d^` \i\g…od^j 7-5
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@idrklp mol_ibj^p cŒpf`lpnrb `lkar`bk ^ b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp ab mofjbo loabk Dgbo`f`flp D`r^`flkbp ifkb^ibp ab pbdrkal loabk `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp Dufpqbk`f^ab plir`flkbp ab i^ b`r^`fŽk t! * ]t < M Qbar``fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk dbkbo^i ^i `^pl m^oqf`ri^o t! * ]t < N Sblobj^ ab rkf`fa^a m^o^ i^ b`r^`fŽk t! * ]t <N Rlir`fŽk `ljmibq^ ab i^ b`r^`fŽk t! * ]t < N Rlir`fŽk `ljmibq^ ab i^ b`r^`fŽk t! * \t% * ]t < M Dgbo`f`flp D`r^`flkbp ifkb^ibp kl eljld‹kb^p ab pbdrkal loabk `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp L‹qlalp m^oqf`ri^obp m^o^ i^ abqbojfk^`fŽk ab rk^ plir`fŽk m^oqf`ri^oab i^ b`r^`fŽk kl eljld‹kb^ v! * \t% * ]t < Q Dgbo`f`flp Dgbjmilp ab mol_ibj^p cŒpf`lpnrb `lkar`bk ^ b`r^`flkbp ifkb^ibp ab pbdrkal loabk `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp Dgbo`f`flp N_pbos^`flkbp obi^qfs^p ^ i^p b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp kl ifkb^ibp Bros^p fkqbdo^ibpu `^jmlp afob``flk^ibp Dgbo`f`flp D`r^`flkbp pbm^o^_ibpab mofjbo loabk Dgbo`f`flp D`r^`flkbp eljld‹kb^p ab mofjbo loabk Dgbo`f`flp @idrklp mol_ibj^p cŒpf`lpv dblj‹qof`lp nrb `lkar`bk ^ b`r^`flkbp ab &mofjboloabk Dgbo`f`flp ab obm^pl
,1+ ,2) ,2,2. ,2/ ,20 ,21 ,22 -)* -)+ -)/ -)1 -)1 -*-*/ -*0 -+* -++ 313
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2(0 2(1 2(2 8-0/
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) )&- 6[mYV`V` P_oaVP\ QRYZna\Q\ QR6_^boZRQR` Lbaf^kqb `Ši`rilp ^kŠildlp ^ ilp ob^ifw^alp bk bi ^m^oq^al 0 0-2+@onrŒjbabp iibdŽ ^ i^ `lk`irpfŽk ab nrb bi Šob^ abi pbdjbkql m^o^_Žif`l `lkpfabo^al bp ]1-1, Dpqb eb`el pb ^`bmqŽ `ljl rk qblobj^ j^qbjŠqf`l+ e^pq^ nrb m^p^alp rklp 1/// ^•lp pb mbkpŽnrb ab_Œ^k^k^ifw^opbilp obpriq^alp abpab rk mrkql ab sfpq^ jŠp `oŒqf`l-O^o^ `ljmobkabo mlo nr‹ er_l nrfbk mrpl bk ara^ i^ s^ifabw ab i^p `lk`irpflkbp ab @onrŒjbabp+bp kb`bp^ofl qbkbomobpbkqbilp `^j_flp fjmloq^kqbp nrb e^k qbkfal ird^o bk i^ ob`fbkqbefpqlof^ ab i^ L^qbjŠqf`^B^a^ o^j^ abi `lkl`fjfbkql bp rk `lkgrkql ab fab^p abp`ofq^p mlo jbafl ab m^i^_o^p v pŒj_lilp+ v kl pb mrbabk `ljmobkabo bpq^pfab^p pfk rk `lkl`f, jfbkql bu^`ql ab i^p m^i^_o^pv pŒj_lilp nrb pb rqfifw^k- Bfboq^po^j^p abi `lkl, `fjfbkql `lkl`fa^p mlo ndno`h\n _`_p^odqjn* pb afpqfkdrbk ab lqo^p mlonrb bk bii^p pb bifdb \ kmdjmdrk k•jbol ab `lk`bmqlp ~kl abcfkfalp‚ v qlal lqol `lk`bmql bk bi pfpqbj^ pb abcfkb ^ m^oqfoab ^nr‹iilp- Bfboq^pobi^`flkbp bkqobbpqlp`lk`bmqlp kl abcfkfalp pb qlj^k `ljl \sdjh\n l kjnopg\_jn v lqo^p obi^`flkbp nrb mrbabk abar`fopb ab bpqlp ^uflj^p pb abkljfk^k o`jm`h\n, Di bgbjmil jŠp c^jfif^o ab pfpqbj^ abar`qfsl bp i^ FbljbqoŒ^ bibjbkq^i br`ifaf^k^+ nrb e^ pfal bpqraf^a^ mlo qla^ mboplk^ `riq^ abpab i^ ‹ml`^ ab i^ Fob`f^ ^kqfdr^Di bpmŒofqr ab i^ L^qbjŠqf`^ dofbd^+pfdrfbkal bi j‹qlal ab mlpqri^alp v qblobj^p `ljl bk i^ FbljbqoŒ^ ab ilp Bg`h`iojn ab Dr`ifabp+ aljfkŽ bi mbk, p^jfbkql ab ilp j^qbjŠqf`lp e^pq^ i^ ‹ml`^ abi Qbk^`fjfbkql- Tk^ c^pb krbs^ v sfdlolp^ bk bi abp^ooliil ab i^ L^qbjŠqf`^ bjmbwŽ `lk i^ ^m^of`fŽkabi „idb_o^ bk bi pfdil WUH: X ilp 2// ^•lp nrb pfdrfbolk crbolk qbpqfdlpab do^k `^kqfa^a ab abp`r_ofjfbkqlp fjmloq^kqbp- Di o^wlk^jfbkql iŽdf`l mob`fpl abi j‹qlal abar`qfsl `lk bi rpl ab ^uflj^p+ abcfkf`flkbp v qblobj^p+ bpqrsl j^kfcfbpq^jbkqb ^rpbkqb bk bpqbmboŒlal-Klp j^qbjŠqf`lp ab ilp pfdilp WUH+WUHH X WUHHHob`rooŒ^k^ rk^ jbw`i^ `roflp^ ab o^wlk^jfbkql abar`qfsl `lj_fk^al `lk i^ fkqrf`fŽk v i^ mro^ `lkgbqro^: v kl bp buqo^•l nrb ^idrklp ab prp obpriq^alp pb e^v^ sfpql mlpqboflo, jbkqb nrb bo^k fk`loob`qlp- Ml l_pq^kqb+rk k•jbol plomobkabkqbab abp`r_of, jfbkqlp fjmloq^kqbp l`roobk bk bpqbmboŒlal+v rk^ do^k m^oqbab bpq^l_o^ e^ pl, _obsfsfal i^ morb_^ ab i^ Gfpqlof^+obmobpbkq^kalrk qof_rql ^ i^ abpqobw^v q^ibkql ab ^nrbiilp `fbkqŒcf`lp-
>iƒgdndn ^m…od^j_`g h„oj_j
_` >mlp…h`_`n
00
Br^kal bjmbwŽ ^ afpjfkrfo bi `^ra^i ab krbslp abp`r_ofjfbkqlp+ ^m^ob`fŽ rk krbsl mboŒlal ab ^kŠifpfp `oŒqf`l: v ml`l ^ ml`l+ ilp j^qbjŠqf`lp pb sfbolk l_ifd^alp ^ slisbo ^ i^p fab^p `iŠpf`^p abi j‹qlal abar`qfsl+ ^i fkqbkq^o mlkbo crka^jbkqlp cfojbp ^ i^ krbs^ L^qbjŠqf`^ - Dpq^ c^pb abi abp^ooliil+ nrb bjmbwŽ ^ mofk`fmflp abi pfdil WHW v e^ `lkqfkr^al e^pq^ bi jljbkql mobpbkqb+e^ ^i`^kw^al rk do^al ab ^_pqo^``fŽk v mrobw^ iŽdf`^ nrb e^ prmbo^al qla^p i^p qo^af`flkbp ab i^ `fbk`f^ dofbd^- @ i^ sbw+ e^- molmlo`flk^al rk^ `ljmobkpfŽk jŠp `i^o^ ab ilp crka^jbkqlp kl pŽil abi BŠi`ril+ pfkl ab qla^p i^p o^j^p ab i^ L^qbjŠqf`^G^v jr`e^p cloj^p ab bpqor`qro^o bi BŠi`ril `ljl pfpqbj^ abar`qfslTk^ j^kbo^ mlpf_ib+ bp qlj^o ilp k•jbolp ob^ibp `ljl `lk`bmqlp kl abcfkfalp l mofjf, qfslp- @idrk^p ab i^p obdi^p nrb ofdbk i^p lmbo^`flkbp `lk ilp k•jbolp ob^ibp mrbabk qlj^opb `ljl ^uflj^pDpqb pfpqbj^ ab ^uflj^p pb e^ fk`irfal bk i^ m^oqb 2 ab bpq^ fkqolar``fŽk- Mrbslp `lk`bmqlp+ q^ibp `ljl dio`bm\g* g…hdo`*^jiod+ ipd_\_* _`mdq\_\* mrbabk abcfkfopb ^ m^oqfoab ilp k•jbolp ob^ibp-K^p molmfba^abp ab bpqlp `lk`bmqlp pb abar`bk `ljl qblobj^p ^ m^oqfoab ilp ^uflj^pBlkpfabo^kal bi BŠi`ril `ljl rk^ m^oqb abi pfpqbj^ abar`qfsl+ bi obpriq^al ab @onrŒjbabp m^o^ bi Šob^ abi pbdjbkql m^o^_Žif`l kl mrbab ^`bmq^opb `ljl rk qblobj^ pf kl pb a^ mobsf^jbkqb rk^ abcfkf`fŽk p^qfpc^`qlof^ ab Šob^- Ml bp `i^ol nrb @onrŒjbabp er_fbo^ clojri^al ^idrk^ sbw rk^ abcfkf`fŽk mob`fp^ ab il nrb ‹i bkqbkaŒ^ mlo Šob^- O^ob`b e^_bo qlj^al `ljl `lksbkfl nrb `^a^ obdfŽk qfbkb rk^ Šob^ ^pl`f^a^ ^ bii^- Blk bpq^ efmŽqbpfp pb l`rm^ ab `^i`ri^o Šob^p ab obdflkbp m^oqf`ri^obp- Dk prp `Ši`rilp rqfifw^ molmfba^abp abi Šob^ nrb kl pb mrbabk mol_^o jfbkqo^p kl pb mob`fpb nr‹ n` `iod`i_` mlo Šob^- Olo bgbjmil+ prmlkb nrb pf rk^ obdfŽk bp fkqboflo ^ lqo^+ bi Šob^ ab i^ obdfŽk jbklo kl mrbab bu`babo ^ i^ ab i^ obdfŽk j^vlo: v q^j_f‹k nrb pf rk^ obdfŽk pb abp`ljmlkb bk alp l jŠp m^oqbp+i^ prj^ ab i^p Šob^p ab `^a^ m^oqb bp fdr^i ^i Šob^ ab qla^ i^ obdfŽk- Sla^p bpq^p molmfba^abp pb ^qof_rvbk ^i Šob^+v bk qla^ abcfkf`fŽk nrb pb a‹ abi Šob^ bpq^p molmfba^abp e^k ab mlabo abar`fopb `ljl qblobj^p- Dp sbolpŒjfi nrb bi jfpjl @onrŒjbabp qlj^o^ bi Šob^ `ljl `lk`bmql mofjfqfsl+ rqfifw^kal i^p molmfba^abp jbk`flk^a^p `ljl \sdjh\n, @`qr^ijbkqb pb `lkpfabo^ i^ l_o^ ab @onrŒjbabp `ljl fjmloq^kqb jŠp nrb mlo `^i`ri^o Šob^p ab cfdro^p m^oqf`ri^obp+ mlonrb e^ prdbofal rk `^jfkl o^wlk^_ib m^o^ _`adidm bi `lk`bmql ab Šob^ m^o^ cfdro^p jŠp l jbklp \m]dom\md\n,@ pr sbw+ bi j‹qlal ab @onrŒjbabp prdfbob rk j‹qlal m^o^ abcfkfo rk `lk`bmql jr`el jŠp dbkbo^i+ nrb bp i^ dio`bm\g9 v ^ pr sbw+ i^ fkqbdo^i kl pŽil pb rqfifw^ m^o^ abcfkfo v `^i`ri^o Šob^p+ pfkl q^j_f‹k m^o^ bpq^_ib`bo `lk`bmqlp `ljl ilkdfqra ab rk ^o`l+ slirjbk+ qo^_^gl v lqolp@kqf`fmŠkalpb ^ crqrolp abp^ooliilp+ v rqfifw^kal i^ qbojfklildŒ^ abi BŠi`ril fkqbdo^i+ bi obpriq^al abi `Ši`ril bcb`qr^al bk i^ Rb``fŽk 0 0-2+ m^o^ bi pbdjbkql m^o^_Žif`l+ pb bumobp^ cob`rbkqbjbkqb `ljl pfdrb9 ~K^ fkqbdo^i ab s0 ab N ^ ] bp ]1-1,~
01
Fiomj_p^^d‡i
v pb bp`of_b pfj_Žif`^jbkqb9
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9J
2
Di pŒj_lil ` 'rk^ R ^i^od^a^( pb ii^j^ ndbij dio`bm\g v crb fkqolar`fal mlo Kbf_kfw bk 0564- Di mol`bpl nrb abqbojfk^ bi k•jbol ]1-1 pb abkljfk^ dio`bm\+ ^d‡i, Klp k•jbolp N v ] nrb ^cb`q^k ^i pfdkl fkqbdo^i pb abkljfk^k g…hdo`n _` dio`+ bm\^d4i, Di pfdkl `a s0 _s pb e^ ab `lkpfabo^o `ljl rk qlal- Rr abcfkf`fŽk ab_b a^opb ab i^ jfpj^ j^kbo^ nrb bi af``flk^ofl abp`of_b i^ m^i^_o^ ~L^oqb‚ pfk e^`bo obcbobk`f^ ^ ~j^o‚ kf ^ ~qb‚Di pŒj_lil ab Kbf_kfw m^o^ i^ fkqbdo^i crb ^`bmq^al molkql mlo jr`elp j^qb, jŠqf`lp+ mlonrb sbŒ^k bk i^ fkqbdo^`fŽk rk qfml ab ~mol`bpl ab prj^`fŽk‚ nrb mbojfqŒ^ prj^o fkcfkfq^p ~`^kqfa^abp fkcfkfq^jbkqb mbnrb•^p‚- Olo bgbjmil+ bk bi `^pl abi pbdjbkql m^o^_Žif`l+ bi Šob^ pb `lk`b_Œ^ `ljl i^ ~prj^‚ ab rk^ fkcfkfa^a ab ob`qŠkdrilp fkcfkfq^jbkqb mbnrb•lp ab ^iqro^ s0 v _^pb _s, Di pfdkl fkqbdo^i obmobpbkq^ bi mol`bpl ab prj^`fŽk ab qlalp bpqlp ob`qŠkdrilp- Dpq^ cloj^ ab o^wlk^o bp jrv prdbpqfs^ v •qfi cob`rbkqbjbkqb- Cbpab bi mrkql ab sfpq^ iŽdf`l+ ^alib`b abi abcb`ql ab kl mlabo ^qof_rfo rk pfdkfcf`^al bu^`ql ^i `lk`bmql ~`^k, qfa^a fkcfkfq^jbkqb mbnrb•^‚- @`qr^ijbkqb pb p^_b `Žjl fkqolar`fo i^ fkqbdo^i jbaf^kqb bi k•jbol ob^i+ pfk rqfifw^o `lk`bmqlp jfpqboflplp b fkbumif`^_ibp+ `ljl ~fkcfkfqbpfj^i‚- Dpq^ abcfkf`fŽk pb a^oŠ bk bi `^mŒqril 0-
0 0-5 K^ fkqolar``fŽk ^i BŠi`ril nrb pb rqfifw^bk bpqbif_ol Tk^ bumlpf`fŽk ofdrolp^ v `ljmibq^ q^kql abi BŠi`ril fkqbdo^i `ljl abi afcb, obk`f^i+ abmbkab bpbk`f^ijbkqb ab rk bpqrafl `rfa^alpl abi pfpqbj^ ab ilp k•jbolp ob^ibp- Di bpqrafl bk pŒab bpqb pfpqbj^ iibs^al ^ `^_l bk pr qlq^ifa^a+ bp rk qbj^ jrv fkqbobp^kqb mbol rk q^kql i^odl+ ab cloj^ nrb obnrfbob rk mbnrb•l slirjbk m^o^ pr `ljmibq^ bumlpf`fŽk- Di j‹qlal pbdrfal bk bpqb if_ol bp bjmbw^o `lk ilp k•jbolp ob^ibp `ljl `g`h`iojn kmdhdodqjnv qlj^o pfjmibjbkqb ^idrk^p ab prp molmfba^abp crka^jbkq^ibp `ljl \sdjh\n, Dpqlp ^uflj^p v ^idrklp ab ilp qblobj^p jŠp pbk`fiilp nrb mrbabk abar`fopb ab biilp pb afp`rqfoŠk bk i^ m^oqb 2 ab bpqb `^mŒqril- Lr`e^p ab i^p molmfba^abp ab ilp k•jbolp ob^ibp nrb pb e^k qlj^al `ljl ^uflj^p plk mol_^_ibjbkqb c^jfif^obp ^i ib`qlo+ mlo prp bpqraflp ab „idb_o^ bibjbkq^i- Rfk bj_^odl+ e^v ^idrk^p molmfba^abp ab ilp k•jbolp ob^ibp nrb kl pb prbibk qbkbo bk `rbkq^ bk bi „idb_o^ bibjbkq^i+ mbol nrb grbd^k rk m^mbi fjmlo, q^kqb bk bi BŠi`ril- Dpq^p molmfba^abp plk `lkpb`rbk`f^ abi ii^j^al \sdjh\ _`g `som`hj npk`mdjm'`lkl`fal q^j_f‹k mlo \sdjh\ _` g\ ^jiodipd_\_' nrb pb bpqraf^oŠ ^nrŒ `lk abq^iib- Di ib`qlo mrbab m^o^o pr ^qbk`fŽk bk f^ m^oqb 2 ^kqbp ab bkqo^o bk bi `rboml crka^jbkq^i abi qbuql+ l _fbk abg^o i^ ib`qro^ ab bpq^ j^qbof^ m^o^ jŠp ^abi^kqb `r^kal pb bk`rbkqob `lk ^nrbii^p m^oqbpab i^ qbloŒ^bk i^p nrb pb
Fiomj_p^^d‡i \ g\ o`jm…\_` ^jiepiojn
02
rqfifw^k molmfba^abp abi buqobjl prmboflo- K^p j^qbof^p bk bi qbuql nrb abmbka^k abi ^uflj^ abi buqobjl prmboflo pb pb•^i^oŠk `i^o^jbkqbO^o^ abp^oolii^o bi BŠi`ril `ljl rk^ qbloŒ^ j^qbjŠqf`^ `ljmibq^+ pboŒ^ kb`bp^ofl bumlkbo+ grkql ^i pfpqbj^ ab ^uflj^p abi k•jbol ob^i+ rk `lkgrkql ab ~j‹qlalp ab abjlpqo^`fŽk‚ nrb mbojfqfbo^k abar`fo ilp qblobj^p ^ m^oqfo ab ilp ^uflj^pB^a^ ^cfoj^`fŽk bk i^ qbloŒ^ qbkaoŒ^ nrb pbo grpqfcf`^a^ l `ljl ~rk^ ibv bpq^_ib`fa^‚ 'bp ab`fo+ rk ^uflj^+ rk^ abcfkf`fŽk l rk qblobj^ mobsf^, jbkqb mol_^al(+ l `ljl bi obpriq^al ab ^mif`^o ^ ibvbp bpq^_ib`fa^p rkl ab ilp j‹qlalp ab abjlpqo^`fŽk ^`bmq^alp- Tk moldo^j^ ab bpq^ k^qro^ibw^ obpriq^oŒ^ buqobj^a^jbkqb i^odl v qo^_^glpl+ v ^vra^oŒ^ jrv ml`l ^ i^ `ljmobkpfŽk ab i^ j^qbof^ mlo bi mofk`fmf^kqb- @cloqrk^a^jbkqb kl bp kb`bp^ofl mol`babo ab bpq^ cloj^ m^o^ iibd^o ^ rk^ _rbk^ `ljmobkpfŽk v j^kbgl abi BŠi`ril- Dk bpqb if_ol pb fkqolar`bk i^p `rbpqflkbp mobp`fkafbkal ab rk cloj^ifpjl bu^dbo^al v pb e^`b ^jmifl rpl abi o^wlk^jfbkql dblj‹qof`l `r^kal pb `obb `lksbkfbkqb: mbol ^i jfpjl qfbjml+ pb mol`ro^ nrb i^ bumlpf`fŽk ab i^p j^qbof^p dl`b ab i^ mob`fpfŽk v `i^ofa^a molmf^p ab i^ `fbk`f^ jlabok^Slalp ilp qblobj^p fjmloq^kqbp ab i^ qbloŒ^ bk `rbpqfŽk+ bpqŠk bumiŒ`fq^jbkqb bumrbpqlp v ofdrolp^jbkqb abjlpqo^alpO^o^ bsfq^o fkqboorjmfo i^ pr`bpfŽk ab fab^p+ ^idrk^p ab i^p abjlpqo^`flkbp ^m^ob`bk bk pb``flkbp pbm^o^a^p pb•^i^a^p `lk ^pqbofp`l- Olo i^ jfpj^ o^wŽk+ ^idrklp ab ilp `^mŒqrilp s^k ^`ljm^•^alp ab pb``flkbp prmibjbkq^of^p bk i^p `r^ibp pb qo^q^k `lk abq^iib ^idrklp qbj^p fjmloq^kqbp obi^`flk^alp `lk bi BŠi`ril@idrklp ab biilp bpqŠk q^j_f‹k pb•^i^alp `lk ^pqbofp`l m^o^ fkaf`^o nrb mrbabk ljfqfopb l mlpmlkbopb pfk nrb pb fkqboorjm^ i^ `lkqfkrfa^a ab i^ bumlpf`fŽk:Y nrb pb qljbk jŠp l jbklp bk `lkpfabo^`fŽk ilp ^m^oq^alp `lk ^pqbofp`l+ ab, mbkab bk m^oqb ab i^ mobm^o^`fŽk abi ib`qlo v bk m^oqb ab pr fkqbo‹p- K^ mboplk^ nrb abpbb rk `ropl `ljmibql ab BŠi`ril q^kql bk qbloŒ^ `ljl bk i^ moŠ`qf`^+ qbkaoŠ nrb ibbo qla^ i^ j^qbof^- Di nrb pb fkqbobpb mofjbo^jbkqb mlo i^p fab^p _Špf`^p v i^ moŠ`qf`^+ mlaoŠ prmofjfo ilp ^m^oq^alp `lk ^pqbofp`l-
06BD: &&$# 5RQKMSVRU7GC<8@CLM >6 DMRT_JLM KRQOWQVRU = *&) =[a_\QbPPVp[N YNFR\_oNQRP\[Wb[a\` Dk bi bpqrafl ab `r^inrfbo o^j^ ab i^ L^qbjŠqf`^+ pb^ @kŠifpfp+ „idb_o^ l FbljbqoŒ^+ obpriq^ •qfi bjmib^o i^ klq^`fŽk u i^ qbojfklildŒ^ ab i^ SbloŒ^ ab `lk, grkqlp- Dpq^ qbloŒ^+nrb crb abp^oolii^a^ mlo Allib u B^kqlo 'p( ^ cfkbp abi pfdil WHW+ e^ qbkfal rk^ molcrka^ fkcirbk`f^ bk bi abp^ooliil ab i^ L^qbjŠqf`^ bk bi pf, 'p( Fblodb Allib '0704,0753( crb rk iŽdf`l,j^qbjŠqf`l fkdi‹p- Rr if_ol+ Fiq`nodb\^d‡i _` g\n g`t`n _`g k`in\hd`ioj* mr_if`^al bk 0743+ pb•^i^ i^ `ob^`fŽk abi mofjbo pfpqbj^ moŠ`qf`l ab KŽdf`^ pfj_Žif`^- Fblodb E- K- O- B^kqlo '0734,0807( u pr bp`rbi^ `ob^olk i^ jlabok^ SbloŒ^ ab `lkgrkqlp bk bi mboŒlal 0763,0784-
03
Fiomj_p^^d‡i
dil uu- G^ rkfcf`^al jr`e^p fab^p ^m^obkqbjbkqb fk`lkbu^p v e^ `lkqof_rfal ^ obar`fo do^k k•jbol ab `lk`bmqlp j^qbjŠqf`lp ^ prp crka^jbkqlp iŽdf`lp mlo rk j‹qlal bibd^kqb v pfpqbjŠqf`l- Tk bpqrafl ofdrolpl ab i^ SbloŒ^ab `lkgrkqlp ob, nrbofoŒ^rk^ ^jmif^ afp`rpfŽk nrb `lkpfabo^jlp crbo^ abi ^i`^k`b ab bpqbif_olOlo cloqrk^+ i^p kl`flkbp _Špf`^p plk bk k•jbol obar`fal+ v bp mlpf_ib abp^oolii^o rk `lkl`fjfbkql moŠ`qf`l ab ilp j‹qlalp b fab^p ab i^ SbloŒ^ ab `lkgrkqlp ^ qo^s‹p ab rk^ afp`rpfŽk fkcloj^i- Dk ob^ifa^a- kl s^jlp ^ e^`bo rk^ afp`rpfŽk ab i^ jlabok^ SbloŒ^ab `lkgrkqlp+ pfkl mob`fp^oi^ qbojfklildŒ^ nrb ab_bobjlp ^mif`^o ^ i^p fab^p jŠp l jbklp c^jfif^obpDk L^qbjŠqf`^p+ i^ m^i^_o^ ~`lkgrkql‚ pb bjmib^ m^o^ obmobpbkq^ork^ `l, ib``fŽk ab l_gbqlp `lkpfabo^a^ `ljl rk^ pli^ bkqfa^a- K^p `lib``flkbp abpfdk^a^p `lk klj_obp q^ibp `ljl ~ob_^•l‚+ ~qof_r‚+ ~jr`ebarj_ob‚+ ~bnrfml‚ v ~bib`, qlo^al‚ plk qla^p bgbjmilp ab `lkgrkql- Klp l_gbqlp nrb `lkpqfqrvbk i^ `lib``fŽk pb ii^j^k `g`h`iojn l hd`h]mjn abi `lkgrkql+ v ab biilp pb af`b nrb k`mo`i`^`i l nrb bpqŠk^jio`id_jn bk bi `lkgrkql- @ pr sbw+pb af`b nrb bi `lkgrkql ^jiod`i` l bpqŠ^jhkp`noj _` prp bibjbkqlpMlp l`rm^objlp mofk`fm^ijbkqbab `lkgrkqlp ab bkqbpj^qbjŠqf`lp9 `lkgrkqlp ab k•jbolp+ ab `ros^p+ ab cfdro^p dblj‹qof`^p+ bq`- Dk jr`e^p ^mif`^`flkbp `lk, sfbkb `lkpfabo^o `lkgrkqlp bk ilp nrb kl pb prmlkb k^a^ ^`bo`^ ab i^ k^qro^ibw^ ab prp bibjbkqlp- S^ibp `lkgrkqlp pb ii^j^k ^_pqo^`qlp- K^ SbloŒ^ab `lkgrkqlp ^_pqo^`qlp e^ pfal abp^oolii^a^ m^o^ qo^q^o`lk q^ibp `lib``flkbp ab l_gbqlp ^o_f, qo^oflp+v mob`fp^jbkqb ^ bp^ dbkbo^ifa^a pb ab_b bi do^k ^i`^k`b ab q^i qbloŒ^-
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Pp]^jiepiojn
04
^\nj `n^md]dm`hjn > < ?, Pd pij _` gjn ^jiepiojn ^jiod`i` \gbˆi `g`h`ioj lp` ij `noƒ `i `g jomj* _`^dhjn lp` gjn ^jiepiojn nji _dnodiojn u `n^md]dhjn >"?, DIDLOKN 0- Cb ^`rboal `lk bpq^ abcfkf`fŽk+ ilp alp `lkgrkqlp x1+ 3+ 5+ 7y X x1+ 7+ 3+ 5y plk fdr^ibp+ v^ nrb ^j_lp `lkpq^k ab ilp `r^qol bibjbkqlp 1+ 3+ 5+ X 7- Cb bpqb jlal+ `r^kal rp^jlp i^ klq^`fŽk bk ifpq^ m^o^ bumobp^o rk `lkgrkql+ bi loabk bk nrb ^m^ob`bk ilp bibjbkqlp bp fkafcbobkqbDIDLOKN 1- Klp `lkgrkqlp x1+ 3+ 5+ 7y X x1+ 1+ 3+ 3+ 5+ 7y plk fdr^ibp ^ mbp^o ab nrb bk bi pbdrkal `lkgrkql ilp bibjbkqlp 1 v 3 bpqŠk `fq^alp alp sb`bp@j_lp `lkgrkqlp `lkqfbkbk ilp `r^qol bibjbkqlp 1+ 3+ 5+ 7 X kl lqolp+ ^pŒnrb i^ abcfkf`fŽk bufdb nrb `lkpfabobjlp fdr^ibp bplp `lkgrkqlp- Dpqb bgbjmil mlkb ab j^kfcfbpql nrb kl ab_bjlp bufdfo nrb ilp bibjbkqlp `fq^alp bk i^ klq^`fŽk bk ifpq^ pb^k qlalp afpqfkqlp- @kŠild^jbkqb bi `lkgrkql ab ibqo^p bk i^ m^i^_o^ Jdnndnndkkd bp fa‹kqf`l ^i `lkgrkql vJ* c) n* kw nrb `lkpq^ ab i^p `r^qol ibqo^p afpqfkq^p L+ c) n* v j+
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F iomj_p^^d‡i
05
a^jbkq^i R mrbab s^of^o ab rk^ ^mif`^`fŽk ^ lqo^: v pboŠ `lkpfabo^al ^jiepioj pidq`mn\g ab `^a^ qbloŒ^m^oqf`ri^o-K^ klq^`fŽk
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O`pidji`n* dio`mn`^^dji`n* ^jhkg`h`iojn
06
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Fiomj_p^^d‡i
07
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N_p‹osbpb nrb ,Gth y s x GtGRf ilp k•jbolp ob^ibp bpqŠk obmobpbkq^alp dblj‹, qof`^jbkqb bk bi bgb ob^i+ bi k•jbol Gthpb abkljfk^ afpq^k`f^ ab s ^ N- Rf \ = N u pf rk mrkql s bpqŠ pfqr^al bkqob +\ v \ bkqlk`bp Gth bpqŠ jŠp moŽufjl ^ M nrb \, K^ bumobpfŽk ^k^iŒqf`^ab bpqb eb`el+ bpqŠ a^a^ mlo bi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^9 RCMPCK?
0-27-
Rf \ x N+ `n
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A`hjnom\^d‡i, G^v nrb mol_^o alp `rbpqflkbp9 mofjbol+ nrb i^ abpfdr^ia^a \ fjmif`^ i^p alp abpfdr^ia^abp , \ x s x \ v ob`Œmol`^jbkqb+ nrb + \ x s x \ fjmif`^ Gth \, Rrmrbpql Gth [ pb qfbkb q^j_f‹k , [ GtG-Obol l r Gthl r Erf v+ mlo q^kql+ , [ w * Gth r Er [) 0/ `r^i morb_^ i^ mofjbo^ m^oqb abi qblobj^O^o^ mol_^o bi ob`Œmol`l+ prmŽkd^pb , \ s \, Rf s x N pb qfbkb Er < r [8 pf mlo bi `lkqo^ofl bp r w N+ bkqlk`bp Gth< , r27 [+ Dk ^j_lp `^plp pb qfbkb Gthy \* il nrb abjrbpqo^ bi qblobj^K^ cfdro^ 0-8- firpqo^ bi+pfdkfcf`^al dblj‹qof`l ab bpqb qblobj^-
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0-28-
M\m\ s ` u iˆh`mjn Gt *
m`\g`n ^p\g`nlpd`m\
uh49 Yt[ * Esf +
n` od`i`
Fiomj_p^^d‡i
41
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Olo q^kql+ bi qblobj^ bp `fboql m^o^ h * 0 k•jbolp pf il bp m^o^ h8 irbdl+ bk sfoqra abi mofk`fmfl ab fkar``fŽk+ bp `fboql m^o^ qlal bkqbol mlpfqfsl i, Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrb `lkpfpqb bk rk^ abpfdr^ia^a fjmloq^kqb nrb pb rqfifw^oŠ
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42
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36
Fiomj_p^^d‡i
1/-
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>gbpi\n \kgd^\^dji`n _` g\ dio`bm\^d‡i
007
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Dpql abjrbpqo^ '`(- O^o^ mol_^o 'a(+ rqfifw^jlp lqo^ sbw '1-4(+ obbjmi^w^kal mof, jbol s mlo 060! * s u irbdl s mlo +s, Di rpl obfqbo^al ab 'a( klp a^ bkqlk`bp i^p obi^`flkbp ab mboflaf`fa^a 'b(O^o^ abjlpqo^o i^p cŽojri^p ab ^af`fŽk m^o^ bi `lpbkl+ _^pq^ obbjmi^w^o r mlo +s bk '1-2( u qbkbobk `rbkq^ i^ m^ofa^a l fjm^ofa^a- Tqfifw^kal i^ m^oqb 'a( v i^ cŽojri^ ab ^af`fŽk m^o^ bi `lpbkl pb l_qfbkb pbk&s * t' < ,`lp
&s
*
< `lp s pbkt
* y(
t
*
< ,`lp
u `lp
&V *
y( * pbk s pbk &V * y( <
pbk s `lp t ,
- Dpql abjrbpqo^ 'c(- O^o^ abar`fo i^p cŽojri^p ab afcbobk`f^p 'd(+ obbjmi^w^jlp mofjbol v mlo ,vbk i^ cŽojri^ ab ^af`fŽk m^o^pbk %r * v( l_qbkfbkal pbk&s+ t' ;n`is^jnt Qbpq^kal ‹pq^ ab i^ cŽojri^ m^o^pbk %r * v( `lpbkl+ iibd^jlp ^ pbk&s * t' ,pbk'u
+ ^jnsn`it, u
e^`fbkal 0/ jfpjl
m^o^i^ crk`fŽk
, t' < 0n`it^jns*
`lp %r * s& * `lp %r * s& < ,1 pbkvpbk r +
<
<
G^`fbkal r %[ * \&,/) v %[ * \&,/) bk`lkqo^jlp nrb bp^p pb `lksfboqbk bk i^p cŽojri^p ab afcbobk`f^p 'd(K^p molmfba^abpab i^ '^( ^ i^ 'd( pb e^k abar`fal pŽil `lk i^p 0+ 1 X 2K^ molmfba^a 3 pb rp^ m^o^ abjlpqo^o 'e(- K^p abpfdr^ia^abp '1-3( morb_^k nrb `lp s u pbk s plk mlpfqfs^p pf N; s ; 60!- Cbpmr‹p ab bpql+pf N ; ] ; \ ; i6i!+ ilp k•jbolp %[ * \&,/ v %[ * \&,/ bpqŠkbk bi fkqbos^il '/+060!(+ v i^p cŽojri^p ab afcbobk`f^p 'd( morb_^k nrb pbk \ = pbk ] v `lp \ ; `lp ], Dpql `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ 1-2Dk bi moŽufjl `lkgrkql ab Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠdfk^018( pb `lkpfabo^k jŠp molmfb, a^abp ab i^p crk`flkbp pbkl v `lpbkl- Lbk`flk^jlp+ bk m^oqf`ri^o+alp cŽojri^p nrb `lk cob`rbk`f^ pb rp^k bk BŠi`ril- Rlk i^p ii^j^a^p abi ƒibpgj _j]g` l a‡m+ hpg\n _` _pkgd^\^d‡i, Sbkbjlp pbk 0s
< 1 pbku `lp s*
`lp 0s
< `lp! s ,pbk1 s < 0 , wpbk,s,
Dpqlp plk+ k^qro^ijbkqb+ pfjmibp `^plp m^oqf`ri^obpab i^p cŽojri^p ab ^af`fŽk l_qbkfalp e^`fbkal v < s, K^ pbdrka^ cŽojri^ m^o^`lp 160! obpriq^ ab i^ mofjbo^ `lk i^ fabkqfa^a mfq^dŽof`^-Dpq^q^j_f‹k abjrbpqo^ nrb Z`lp sg R: 0 X Zpbku\ R: 0 m^o^ qlal s,
C‡mhpg\n _` dio`bm\^d‡i k\m\ `g n`ij v `g ^jn`ij 1-5
010
EŽojri^p ab fkqbdo^`fŽkm^o^bi pbkl v bi `lpbkl
K^p molmfba^abpab jlklqlkŒ^ ab i^ m^oqb'e( abi qblobj^ 1-2+grkql `lk i^p `loobi^`flkbp v i^ mboflaf`fa^a+ abjrbpqo^k nrb i^p crk`flkbp pbkl v `lpbkl plk jlkŽqlk^p ^ qolwlp bk `r^inrfbo fkqbos^il- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ jbaf^kqb bi rpl ob, mbqfal abi qblobj^ 0-01+sbjlp nrb bi pbkl u bi `lpbkl+ plk fkqbdo^_ibpbk `r^i, nrfbo fkqbos^il cfkfql- B^i`ri^objlp prp fkqbdo^ibp^mif`^kal bi qblobj^ 0-03- Dpqb `Ši`ril rqfifw^ alp abpfdr^ia^abp nrb klplqolp bkrk`f^jlp `ljl rk qblobj^9
RCMPCK?
1-3-
Pd N
; ym8e
\ x
f\
, J `lp ,
'1-5(
i
A`hjnom\^d‡i,
X i x 0+ o`i`hjn
60!+
;
pbk\
; ,\
i
h<i
i
x
f\
f;L
i
J `lp ,
-
K^p abpfdr^ia^abp '1-5( pboŠkabar`fa^p ab i^ fabkqfa^a i
'1-6(
1 pbkqu H`lp fs < pbk &i )x's
x pbkiu +
h<i
sŠifa^ m^o^i x 0 X qlal ob^i s, O^o^ abjlpqo^o '1-6(+ rqfifw^jlp i^p cŽojri^p ab afcbobk`f^p 'd( abi qblobj^ 1-2 m^o^mlkbo 1 pbkiu `lp fs < pbk &f * i(u , pbk &f + g's, G^`fbkal e < 0+ 1+ --- + i v prj^kal bp^p fdr^ia^abp+ bk`lkqo^jlp nrb bk i^ prj^ abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol pb obar`bk rklp q‹ojfklp `lk lqolp l_qbkf‹kalpb '1-6(Rfiu kl bp rk j•iqfmil bkqbol ab mlabjlp afsfafo ^j_lp jfbj_olp ab '1-6( mlo 1 pbk zs obpriq^kal 60!
ej pbk &i * g's + pbkiu s < ,,,,,,,, 1 pbk v)r
`lp G
FRG
+
Qbbjmi^w^kal i mlo i + 0 X prj^kal f j,0
Gu `lp
f;L
0 ^ ^j_lp
jfbj_olp
pbk'k , q(u * pbkqu 1 pbkqu
< ,,,,,,,,
q^j_f‹k l_qbkbjlp
>gbpi\n \kgd^\^dji`n _` g\ dio`bm\^d‡i
011
Dp^p alp cŽojri^p plk sŠifa^p pf s 6&< Vgh ) pfbkal h bkqbol- Slj^kal s < \gi* alkab N ; [ w e oobk`lkqo^jlp nrb bi m^oab abpfdr^ia^abp '1-5( bp bnrfs^ibkqb ^i pfdrfbkqb
[
pbk %h*
i
B9 , pbk'z( h
1 pbk
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:
m_h[
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pbk %h ,B 9 * pbk 'z( h
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00
100
'19(
Dpqbm^o+^ pr sbw+bp bnrfs^ibkqb ^i m^o
&\'
pbk , '1-7(
c&7* pbk 'z(
pbk '00 *
i
;
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100
pbk \
;
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0(
9 * pbk'-z(
1
00
-
100
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ abjlpqo^o '1-5( bnrfs^ib ^ abjlpqo^o '1-7(- Cbjlpqo^objlp pb qfbkb '1-8(
pbk %/h * 0(/ , pbk K
m^o^ N ; 0i6 x jri^
; pbkc , pbk /..- ; L
pbk %/h * .&- * pbk K
e Pl+ Br^kal 7 < \-&0i' '1-8( pb obar`b ^ '1-7(-
O^o^ abjlpqo^o i^ abpfdr^ia^a ab i^ m^oqbfwnrfboa^ ab '1-8(+ rp^jlp ab ^af`fŽk m^o^ bi pbkl mlkfbkal
%/+.-&
nrb
m_h%/h * 0(/ <pbk1kN`lpN
e^_fbkal rp^al q^j_f‹k `lp
HI
q
;
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;
i^ c5o,
pbk /hK pbkN *pbkN
>
"
i^p abpfdr^ia^abp
pbkc ++ K
$
l ;
`lp /hK w 0 +
pbk L< N+
pfbkal qla^p sŠifa^p v^ nrb N ; 0i6 x dQm, K^ abpfdr^ia^a '1-0/( bnrfs^ib ^ i^ m^oqbfwnrfboa^ ab '1-8(O^o^ abjlpqo^o i^ abpfdr^ia^a ab i^ m^oqbabob`e^ ab '1-8(+ rqfifw^jlp krb, s^jbkqb i^ cŽojri^ ab ^af`fŽk m^o^bi pbkl mlkfbkal pbk %/h * .&- < pbk /hK `lp _ * `lp /h_ pbk _ +
v `g ^jn`ij
C‡mhpg\n _` dio`bm\^d‡i k\m\ `g n`ij Rrj^kal
pbk '( ^ ^j_lp
jfbj_olp+
pbk &0i + /'.
'1-00(
012
l_qbkbjlp
* pbk 7 < pbk 0i6 '`lp
7 * pbk 7 0 , `lp 0iL' pbk 0i6
,
Obol v^ nrb qbkbjlp `lp 0i6
,
1pbk1 iL < 1 pbkkb `lp iL
pbk1kN bi pbdrkal
jfbj_ol
pbk 0 i
j& `lp
pbk i6
< `lp
iL%
ab '1-00( bp fdr^i ^ ,, L * pbk Ln`iiL' ^jniL
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^jni&'
<pbk / i K Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ m^o^ `ljmibq^o abjlpqo^o nrb
<
.&-
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i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk
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,
ab '1-8(+ kb`bpfq^jlp
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`lp iL < `lp &i + 0(7 `lp 7 , pbk'k ,
;
`lp %h*
0(7 `lp 7
;
/'. pbk 7 ; 7
`lp %h * .&- * ) pbk 7
bk alkab lqo^ sbw ebjlp rqfifw^al i^ abpfdr^ia^a crka^jbkq^i `lp %F ; %F.'pbk %F&+ Dpq^ •iqfj^ obi^`fŽk fjmif`^ '1-01(+ `lk il nrb pb `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ 1-31-4- Pd _jn api^dji`n pbk u `lp n\odna\^`i g\n kmjkd`_\_`n _` g\ 0 \ g\ 3+ k\m\ oj_j \ m`\g n` od`i`
RCMPCK?
h`io\g`n '1-02(
aj\ `lp u _s < pbk \ *
'1-03(
Gj\ pbk u _s < 0 , `lp \ ,
api_\+
>gbpi\n \kgd^\^dji`n _` g\ dio`bm\^d‡i
013
A`hjnom\^d‡i, Oofjbol pb abjrbpqo^ '1-02(+ v irbdl rp^jlp '1-02( m^o^ abar`fo '1-03(- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb N ; \ R n.P+ X^ nrb bi `lpbkl bp ab`ob`fbkqb bk ZN+[F) mlabjlp ^mif`^o bi qblobj^ 0-03 v i^p abpfdr^ia^abp abi qblobj^ 1-3 l_qbkfbkal '1-02(- K^ cŽojri^ bp sŠifa^ q^j_f‹k m^o^ \ N+ v^ nrb ^j_lp jfbj_olp plk `bol- Orbabk ^elo^ rqfifw^opbi^p molmfba^abp ab i^ fkqbdo^i m^o^ ^jmif^o pr s^ifabw ^ qlalp ilp s^ilobp ob^ibp \, Olo bgbjmil+ pf +oR /Q \ R N+bkqlk`bp N R , \ Rp6S+ W i^ molmfba^a ab obcibuf5kklp a^
<
`+ `lp T ^r
o
< ,
N \
`lp %*r& ^r < ,
N
o
`lp T ^r < ,pbk %*[&< pbk [ +
N
@pŒ+ mrbp+'1-02( bp sŠifa^ bk bi fkqbos^il W*n.P) n.PY+ Rrmlkd^jlp 0S q R [ R .P+ Dkqlk`bp *n.P R [ * .P R i0S + ab jlal nrb
a,\ l
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U
^r <
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U
l
c
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q0S *
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n9 * *E`,/
`lp %r
/Q'
^r :
`lp T _s < 0 ,pbk &\ + .P& * pbk' *n.P& < pbk^-
Blk biil obpriq^ nrb '1-02( bp sŠifa^ m^o^qlal \ bk bi fkqbos^il W*n.P) .PY+ Obol bpqbfkqbos^il qfbkb ilkdfqra /.P) `lk 0/ nrb i^ cŽojri^ '1-02( bp sŠifa^ m^o^qlal \ mrbpql nrb ^j_lp jfbj_olp plk mbofŽaf`lp obpmb`ql\ `lk mboŒlal/.P+ Rbdrfa^jbkqb rp^jlp '1-02( m^o^ abar`fo '1-03(- @kqb qlal abjlpqo^jlp nrb '1-03( bp sŠifa^ `r^kal \ < /Q .1- @mif`^kal pr`bpfs^jbkqb+ i^ molmfba^a ab qo^pi^`f5k+i^ `l,obi^`f5k pbk %r * n.P& < `lp r) v i^ molmfba^a ab obcibuf5k+bk, `lkqo^jlp `/ . , m_hr^r: l
/
GL
&
pbk r($ ++
1
,E`,/
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^r:
/
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GL
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G^`fbkal rpl ab i^ obi^`f5k `lp %*r& < `lp r v i^ fdr^ia^a '1-02(+ pb l_qfbkb
`+
.`,0
l
pbku ^r
<
0-
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Il
'0c.1pbk U
Il
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^r (`[
pbk U ^r < 0 .`,/
* c[*E`,/]im
bp`of_fo
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*
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*
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Il
&\ + f( < 0 ,
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* & --( ^r 1
`lp
\,
:
C‡mhpg\n _` dio`bm\^d‡i k\m\ `g n`ij t `g ^jn`ij 0- Tp^kal '1-02(
DSDLOKN
u
n
<
z't( _s
iibd^jlp
014
'1-03( grkql `lk i^ molmfba^a ^afqfs^
n
z't( _s +
E7
y&s' _s*
^ i^p cŽojri^p ab fkqbdo^`fŽkjŠp dbkbo^ibp
n
`lp s _s
< pbk ]
+ pbk \
v
b
pbku _s < '0 , `lp ]' + '0 , `lp \' < ,'`lp
] + `lp \',
aH
Rf krbs^jbkqb rqfifw^jlp bi pŒj_lil bpmb`f^i x%r& Gy m^o^ fkaf`^o i^ afcbobk`f^ `%\& * `_[&) mlabjlp bp`of_fo bp^p cŽojri^p ab fkqbdo^`fŽkbk i^ cloj^
n
`lp s _s
DSDLOKN
1-
< pbk s
e9
pbk s _s < ,`lp
s
09-
Blk ilp obpriq^alp abi bgbjmil 0 u i^ molmfba^aab afi^q^`fŽk
]
G y&s' _s \
l_qbkbjlp
n
u
0 e@]
<,
5
y&s-`' _s *
43
i^p cŽojri^p pfdrfbkqbp+sŠifa^p m^o^ _ ;gj+
f]
`lp `s _s
0
<,
b
\
e@] `lp
s _s
^\
0
<,
b
i7
&n`i`] + pbk `\' *
u
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I pbk \
`s _s
0 e@]
<,
b
pbk s _s
KJ
0
< , , '`lp
2- K^ fabkqfa^a `lp 0s; 0 ,1pbk1 `lk 0/ nrb+ ^ m^oqfoabi bgbjmil 1+ l_qbkbjlp DSDLOKN
c
\ pbk! s _s < ,0
l
c
1 l
`] + `lp `\',
b
\
'0 , `lp 0s' _s
s fjmif`^pbk! s < 'i,`lp
< ,[ , ,0 pbk1^ 1
3
0s'
>gbpi\n
015
Orbpql nrb pbk! s
g\
^jn0s_s;
l
1-6
*
\kgd^\^dji`n
_` g\ dio`bm\^d‡i
`lp! s < 0+ bk`lkqo^jlp
g\
&/+n`i0s'_s;\+
q^j_f‹k
g\
l
l
Cbp`ofm`fŽk dblj‹qof`^
[ 0 n`i0s_s;+)+n`i0\, 1 3
ab i^p crk`flkbp pbkl v `lpbkl
Dk bpq^Rb``fŽk fkaf`^jlp rk j‹qlal dblj‹qof`l m^o^ abcfkfo i^p crk`flkbp pbkl v `lpbkl+ v a^jlp rk^ fkqbomobq^`fŽkdblj‹qof`^ ab i^p molmfba^abpcrka^, jbkq^ibp `fq^a^p bk i^ Rb``fŽk 1-4Blkpfabobjlp rk^ `fo`rkcbobk`f^ ab o^afl l v `bkqol bk bi lofdbk- Cbpfdkb, jlp bi mrkql %l) N( mlo =) v pb^ L `r^inrfbo lqol mrkql ab i^ `fo`rkcbobk`f^Klp alp pbdjbkqlp ob`qfiŒkblpL> v LM abqbojfk^k rk^ cfdro^ dblj‹qof`^ ii^j^a^ Škdril nrb obmobpbkq^jlp `lk bi pŒj_lil H>LM, Tk bgbjmil pb obmobpbkq^bk i^ cfdro^ 1-5- Prbobjlp ^pfdk^o ^ bpqb Škdril rk k•jbol ob^i kl kbd^qfsl s nrb mrbab rp^opb `ljl jbafa^ ab pr j^dkfqra- Di j‹qlal jŠp `loofbkqb m^o^e^`boil bp qlj^o rk^ `fo`rkcbobk`f^ ab o^afl 0 s ii^j^o T0 i^ilkdfqra&abi ^o`l >M*_`n^mdoj alp sb`bp bi Šob^ abi pb`qlo
EHFTQ@
1-5
Ri ƒibpgj I >LM _` s m\_d\i`n,
EHFTQ@
16-
A`n^mdk^d‡i b`jh„omd^\ _` pbk s v `lp s*
bk bi pbkqfal `lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilg ab = ^ L) v ab`fo nrb i^ jbafa^ ab I >LM bp s o^af^kbp- Cbpab rk mrkql ab sfpq^ iŽdf`l+ bpql kl bp p^qfpc^`qlofl mlo bi jljbkql mrbp kl pb e^ mob`fp^al bi `lk`bmql ab ilkdfqra ab ^o`l- …pqb pboŠafp`rqfal bk bi `^mŒqril03- Orbpql nrb i^ kl`fŽk ab Šob^e^ pfal v^ afp`rqfa^+ mobcbofjlp rqfifw^obi Šob^ abi pb`qlo `fo`ri^o >LM bk ird^o ab i^ ilkdfqra abi ^o`l >M ^jhj jbafa^ ab i^ j^dkfqra ab I >LM, Rb pl_obkqfbkab nrb bi pb`qlo
A`n^mdk^d‡i b`jh„omd^\
_` g\n api^dji`n
n`ij
016
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>kgd^\^d‡i _` g\ dio`bm\^d‡i \g ^ƒg^pgj _` qjgˆh`i`n
028
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`lp s
Cpi^dji`n
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^jiodip\n
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A`hjnom\^dji`n
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Dk m^oqf`ri^o+`r^kal y&s' < uOim^o^ j myN+L{ pb ii^j^ g_^c[ ^_ jin_h]c[m j*€mcg[m 'U‹^pb q^j_f‹k i^ Rb``fŽk 03-0/-( Klp Dgbo`f`flp nrb pfdrbk pb obcfbobk ^ i^p molmfba^abp ab ilp s^, ilobp jbaflp5- Cbjlpqo^o nrb x%IE&< %ffh&Ewf`%[x&+ Cf`el ab lqol jlal+ bi s^ilo ab ` bk bi mol, jbafl KG bp i^ jbaf^ ^ofqj‹qf`^ ab ilp s^ilobp x%[f&)+++) `%[+f+ 6- Cbjlpqo^o nrb [f ; L{ ; [ †+Cb lqol jlal+ bi moljbafl ab ]h+ --- +[+ bpqŠ `ljmobkafal bkqob bi j^vlo v bi jbklo ab ilp \,, 7- Rf b%r&< [x%r& * \) alkab [ !+ N+abjlpqo^o nrb L+ < IE$ Dpql morb_^ nrb crk`flkbp afpqfkq^p mrbabk `lkar`fo ^i jfpjl moljbafl- Hkqbomobq^o dblj‹qof`^jbkqb bpqb qblobj^ `ljm^o^kal i^p doŠcf`^p ab c v `+
/62
Cpi^dji`n ^jiodip\n
2-05
Sblobj^
ab ilp s^ilobp buqobjlp m^o^ crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p
Rb^ / rk^ crk`fŽk ab s^ilobp ob^ibp abcfkfa^ bk rk `lkgrkql R ab k•jbolp ob^ibp- Rb af`b nrb i^ crk`fŽk . qfbkb rk hƒsdhj \]njgpo\ bk bi `lkgrkql R pf bufpqbmlo il jbklp rk mrkql _ bk R q^i nrb {m^o^qlal s bk R-
Fa&s' xa&^'
Di k•jbol E%]&pb ii^j^ jŠufjl ^_plirql ab . bk R- Cb`fjlp idhj \]njgpoj bk R pf bufpqbrk mrkql _ bk R q^i nrb
nrb . qfbkb rk g•*
m^o^qlal s bk R -
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Dplp `lk`bmqlp pb obmobpbkq^kbk i^ cfdro^ 2-02- Dk i^ cfdro^ 2-02 '^(+ R bp bi fkqbos^il `boo^al ZN+lk9\ u a&s' < pbk s, Di jŒkfjl+ nrb pb mobpbkq^bk ilp buqob, jlp abi fkqbos^il+ bp N- Di jŠufjl bp a& o5Q' < 0Dk i^ cfdro^ 2-02 '_(+ R bp bi fkqbos^il `boo^al Z/+1\ X a&s' < g-s pf s = N+ .%-& 0- Dk bpqbbgbjmil+ ` mlpbb rk jŒkfjl ^_plirql bk r 1+ mbol kl qfbkb jŠufjl ^_plirql- Ml mlpbb jŠufjl ab_fal ^ rk^ afp`lkqfkrfa^a bk rk mrkql ab R-
<
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Q`jm`h\ _` gjn q\gjm`n `som`hjn k\m\ Xpi^dji`n ^jiodip\n
.52
Prbobjlp abjlpqo^o nrb pf R bp rk fkqbos^il `boo^al v E bp `lkqfkr^ bk qlal R+bkqlk`bp Emlpbb rk jŠufjl ^_plirql v rk jŒkfjl ^_plirql bk R- Dpqb obpriq^al+ `lkl`fal `ljl bi qblobj^ abi jŠufjl 'jŒkfjl( m^o^ crk`flkbp `lkqf, kr^p+ pb abar`foŠ `ljl rk^ pbk`fii^ `lkpb`rbk`f^ abi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^SDNQDL@
2-00-
SDNQDL@
CD @BNS@BHˆM O@Q@ ETMBHNMDR BNMSHMT@R-
O_[
E^jiodip\ `i pi dio`mq\gj ^`mm\_j X\*]Z, Bioji^`n E`n \^jo\_\ `i X\*]Z, Bnoj `n* `sdno` pi iˆh`mj a y k o\g lp` F-&s'/x a k\m\ oj_j s `i X\*]Z, A`hjnom\^d‡i, Q^wlk^jlp mlo obar``fŽk ^i ^_proal l `lkqo^af``fŽk+ rqfif, w^kal rk^ q‹`kf`^ ii^j^a^ j‹qlal ab _fm^oqf`fŽk-Rrmlkd^jlp nrb Eij `n \^j+ o\_\ bk X\*]Z, Rb^ b bi mrkql jbafl ab X\*]Z, X^ nrb E kl bp ^`lq^a^ bk W[) \Y q^jml`l il bpqŠ mlo il jbklp bk rkl ab ilp pr_fkqbos^ilp W[) b\ l W_)\Y+ Rb^ Z^i+\ ^nrbii^ jfq^a ab W[)\Y bk i^ nrb E kl bpqŠ ^`lq^a^- Rf E kl bp ^`lq^a^ bk ^j_^p jfq^abp+ pb^ Z^i+] i^ jfq^a fwnrfboa^ ab W[)b\- Blk, qfkrbjlp bi mol`bpl ab _fm^oqf`fŽkobfqbo^a^jbkqb+abpfdk^kal `lk W[i)g* ]i)/Z i^ jfq^a ab X\i* ]iZ bk i^ `r^i Ekl bp ^`lq^a^+ `lk bi `lksbkfl ab bibdfo i^ jfq^a fwnrfboa^ pf E kl bp ^`lq^a^ bk ^j_^p jfq^abp- Bljl i^ ilkdfqra ab `^a^ fkqbo, s^il bp i^ jfq^a ab pr mob`babkqb+l_pbos^jlp nrb i^ ilkdfqra ab W[i* ]iZ* bp &]+\'-0h† Cbpfdkbjlp `lk > bi `lkgrkql ab ilp buqobjlp fwnrfboalp [) [f) [/) +++ ) ^pŒ l_qbkfalp+ u pb^ HW bi buqobjl prmboflo ab =+ S^i mrkql HW bpqŠpfqr^al bk W[)\Y+ Olo i^ `lkqfkrfa^a ab Ebk HW+ bufpqbrk fkqbos^il ab i^ cloj^ 'HW , 'g+ HW * '4( bk bi nrb fY
fY
E,%r&* .'GV(G; 0 -
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ab jlal nrb Ebp ^`lq^a^ mlo 0 * G.'GV( Gbk bpb fkqbos^il- Rfk bj_^odl+ bi fkqbo, s^il W[i* ]*iZ bpqŠ`lkqbkfal bk 'HW , 'g+ HW * '4( `r^kal h bp il _^pq^kqbdo^kab m^o^ nrb &] + \'-0i ; 'f- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb ` q^j_f‹k bp ^`lq^a^ bk X\i* ]ŠŠ Z*bk `lkqo^af``fŽk `lk bi eb`el ab nrb ` bpqŠ^`lq^a^ bk W[i* \ ††Y+ Dpq^`lkqo^af``fŽk `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽkRf ` bp ^`lq^a^ bk W[) \Y) bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp s^ilobp E%r&bpqŠ^`lq^al prmboflob fkcboflojbkqb- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bpqb`lkgrkql qfbkbrk buqobjl prmboflo u rk buqobjl fkcboflo nrb abpfdk^jlp mlo prm E u mlo fkc .) obpmb`qfs^jbkqb-Dpql bp+bp`of_fjlp prmc< prm va&s' G\ x s x O^o^ `r^inrfbo
\v)
crk`fŽk ^`lq^a^ qbkbjlp
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fkc a x a&s' x prm E m^o^ qlal s bk
*Cpi^dji`n
075
^jiodip\n
W[)\Y+ @ `lkqfkr^`fŽk abjlpqo^jlp nrb rk^ crk`fŽk `lkqfkr^ ilobp fkc ` v prm ` bk ^id•k mrkql ab W[) \Y+
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SDNQDL@ 2-01SDNQDL@ CDK L„WHLN 'L†MHLN( O@Q@ ETMBHNMDR BNMSH, i?oPd a `n ^jiodip\ `i pi dio`mq\gj ^`mm\_j X\* ]Z* `sdno`i kpiojn ` v _ `i I\* ]Z o\g`n lp`
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A`hjnom\^d‡i, A^pq^ mol_^o nrb a ^i`^kw^ pr buqobjl prmboflo bk g\* ]Z, O^o^ bi buqobjl fkcboflo _^pq^ qbkbo bk `rbkq^ nrb bi buqobjl fkcboflo ab ` bp bi buqobjl prmboflo ab , `+ Rb^ L < prm `+ Rrmlkaobjlp nrb kl bufpqb rk r bk W[) \Y m^o^ bi nrb a&s' L X pb iibd^oŠ ^ rk^ `lkqo^af``fŽk- Rb^ b&s' L , a&s', O^o^ qlal s bk X\* ]Z pboŠ bkqlk`bp b&s' = N `lk 0/ nrb i^ crk`fŽk ob`Œmol`^g-b bp `lkqfkr^ bk X\* ]Z* mlkd^jlp g-b&s' ; @ m^o^ qlal s bk X\* ]Z* pfbkal @< N- Dpql fjmif`^ nrb L , a&s' = g-@* `lk 0/ nrb a&s' ; L , g-@ m^o^qlal s ab X\* ]Z, Dpql bpqŠbk `lkqo^af``fŽk `lk bi eb`el ab nrb L bp i^ jbklo `lq^ prmboflo ab a bk X\* ]Z, Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ a&s' < L m^o^rk s mlo 0/ jbklp bk X\* ]Z,
<
<
Jin[7 Dpqb qblobj^ abjrbpqo^ nrb pf Ebp `lkqfkr^ bk W[)\Y) bi prm Ebp pr jŠuf, jl ^_plirql+ v bi fkc Ebp pr jŒkfjl ^_plirql- Krbdl+ bk sfoqra abi qblobj^ abi s^ilo fkqbojbafl+ bi ob`loofal ab F bp bi fkqbos^il `boo^al xfkc /* prm b[-
2-06 Sblobj^ ab i^ `lkqfkrfa^a rkfclojb Rb^ ` rk^ crk`fŽk ab s^ilobp ob^ibpv `lkqfkr^ bk rk fkqbos^il `boo^al W[) \Y X pb^k J&a' u h&a' ilp s^ilobp jŠufjl u jŒkfjl obpmb`qfs^jbkqb ab a bk X\* ]Z, @ i^ afcbobk`f^ J&a'
+ h&a'
i^ ii^j^objlp jn^dg\^d‡i ab a bk bi fkqbos^il X\* ]Z, Rb mlaoŒ^rqfifw^oi^ m^i^_o^ `so`ind‡i* bk ird^o ab jn^dg\^d‡i* v^ nrb bpq^ m^i^_o^ qfbkb bi fk`lksbkfbkqb ab prdbofo crk`flkbp lkari^kqbp- Dk qbuqlp ^kqfdrlp pb bjmib^ n\gopn* bnrfs^ibkqb i^, qfkl ab _ofk`l l p^iql: mbol klplqolp `lkpbos^objlp bi klj_ob ab lp`fi^`fŽk+ mlo pbo pr rpl jrv dbkbo^ifw^al- N_pbosbjlp nrb i^ lp`fi^`fŽk ab ` bk `r^inrfbo pr_fkqbos^il ab W[) \Y kl mrbab prmbo^oi^ ab ` bk W[) \Y+ Cbjlpqo^objlp pbdrfa^jbkqb nrb bi fkqbos^il W[) \Y mrbab pr_afsfafopb ab jlal nrb i^ lp`fi^`fŽk ab ` bk `^a^ pr_ fkqbos^il pb^ q^k mbnrb•^ `ljl pb pb nrfbo^- Dpq^molmfba^a+bk cloj^ mob`fp^+bp i^ nrb a^ bi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^+ nrb bnrfs^ib ^i nrb loafk^of^jbkqb pb abkljfk^ o`jm`h\ _` g\ ^jiodipd_\_ pidajmh`, 2-02- P`\ a ^jiodip\ `i pi dio`mq\gj ^`mm\_j X\* ]Z, M\m\ oj_j `sdno` pi\ k\mod^d‡i _` X\* ]Z* `i pi iˆh`mj adidoj _` np]dio`mq\gjn* o\g g\ jn^dg\^d‡i _` ` `i oj_j np] dio`mq\gj `n h`ijm lp` `* SDNQDL@
’
=N
lp`
Q`jm`h\
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^jiodip\n
076
A`hjnom\^d‡i, Q^wlk^objlp mlo `lkqo^af``fŽk+ rqfifw^kal bi j‹qlal ab _f, + m^oqf`flkbp pr`bpfs^p- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb bi qblobj^ bp a\gnj, Dpql bp+ nrb m^o^ rk `fboql D+ mlo bgbjmil m^o^ D < DN& bi fkqbos^il W[) \Y kl mrbab pbo pr_afsfafal bk rk k•jbol cfkfql ab pr_fkqbos^ilp bk `^a^ rkl ab ilp `r^ibp i^ lp`fi^`fŽk ab ` pb^ jbklo nrb Dl‘ Rb^ ` bi mrkql jbafl ab X\* \Y+ Dkqlk`bp m^o^ bpb DN bi qblob, j^ bp c^ipl bk rkl mlo il jbklp ab ilp alp pr_fkqbos^ilp W[)`\ l Zb+\Y+ 'Rf bi qblobj^ crbpb `fboql bk ^j_lp pr_fkqbos^ilp+ q^j_f‹k il pboŒ^bk bi fkqbos^il `ljmibql X\* \Y+& Rb^ X\! %0[ ^nrbii^ jfq^a ab X\* \Y bk i^ nrb bi qblobj^ bp c^ipl m^o^ DN& Rf bp c^ipl bk ^j_^p jfq^abp+ pb^ X\y, ]yZ i^ jfq^a fwnrfboa^ X\* `Z, Qbfqbo^jlp bi mol`bpl ab _fm^oqf`fŽk+ abpfdk^kal mlo X\!)/< ]i)_ ^nrbii^ jfq^a ab X\i* ]iZ bk i^ nrb bi qblobj^ bp c^ipl m^o^ DN& qbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ nrb bibdfjlp i^ jfq^a fwnrfboa^ pf bi qblobj^ bp c^ipl bk ^j_^p jfq^abp ab `[!) \))Y+ MŽqbpb nrb i^ lp`fi^`fŽk ab ` bk `^a^ pr_ fkqbos^il ab W[i* ]iZ ^pŒ`lkpqorfal bp mlo il jbklp DlKi^jbjlp > ^i `lkgrkql ab buqobjlp fwnrfboalp \* \y* \u* ŠŠ, * `lkpqorfalp `ljl pb fkaf`Ž+ u pb^ j8 i^ jŒkfj^ `lq^ prmboflo ab =+ Dpqb mrkql \ bpqŠ pfqr^al bk X\* \Y+ Olo i^ `lkqfkrfa^a ab ` bk ?f+) bufpqb rk fkqbos^il '~ , -) j8 * i& bk bi nrb i^ lp`fi^`fŽk ab ` bp jbklo nrb DN& 'Rf j8 < \* bpb fkqbos^il bp X\* \ * K&) u pf @g, < \++ bp %\ * \ I-( Rfk bj_^odl+ bi fkqbos^il W[i* \iZ bpqŠ abkqol ab '| , i) 'I- * i& `r^kal i bp il _^pq^kqb do^kab m^o^ nrb %\ * \'-0h ; i) `lk il nrb i^ lp`fi^`fŽk ab ` bk W[i* \iZ bp q^j_f‹k jbklo nrb DN& il nrb bpqŠ bk `lkqo^, af``fŽk `lk bi eb`el ab nrb i^ lp`fi^`fŽk ab ` bp mlo il jbklp DN bk W[! ) \)F+ Dpq^ `lkqo^af``fŽk `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ 2-02-
j*
+&)0 FR\_RZNQRV[aRT_NOVYVQNQ ]N_N Sb[PV\[R` P\[aV[bN` Di qblobj^ ab i^ `lkqfkrfa^a rkfclojb mrbab rqfifw^opb m^o^ abjlpqo^o rk^ crk`fŽk `lkqfkr^ bk W[) \Y bp fkqbdo^_ib bk W[) \Y+ SDNQDL@
a `n ^jiodip\ X\* \Y+
2-03-
nrb
Pd pi\ api^d‡i _` pi dio`mq\gj ^`mm\_j X\* ]Z* `n dio`bm\]g` `i
HMSDFQ@AHKHC@C CD ETMBHNMDR BNMSHMT@R-
`i oj_jn gjn kpiojn
A`hjnom\^d‡i, Di qblobj^ 2-00 abjrbpqo^ nrb a bp ^`lq^a^ bk X\* ]Z* `lk 0/ nrb ` qfbkb rk^ fkqbdo^i prmboflo+ ~Q&) v rk^ fkqbdo^i fkcboflo `Q&+ Cbjlp, o^objlp nrb `Q&< cQ&+ Difg^jlp rk bkqbol J ƒ 0 X pb^ C < f,J+ Dk sfoqra abi qblobj^ ab i^ `lk, qfkrfa^a rkfclojb+ bibdfal bpqb C bufpqb rk^ m^oqf`fŽk M < urj* Tx) +++ ) riw ab W[) \Y bk h pr_fkqbos^ilp q^ibp nrb i^ lp`fi^`fŽk ab ` bk `r^inrfbo pr_ fkqbos^il bp jbklo nrb D- Cbpfdkbjlp mlo J f&e' X hf% & ) obpmb`qfs^jbkqb+ bi jŠufjl v bi jŒkfjl ^_plirqlp ab ` bk bi f+„ndhj pr_ fkqbos^il WTe*x) TeY+ Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bp Jf&e'
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;
C
Cpi^dji`n ^jiodip\n
077
m^o^ `^a^ f < 0+1+ --- + i, Rb^k n9 v oh alp crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p abcfkfa^p bk W[) \Y `ljl pfdrb9
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x oi&swk\m\ qlal s ab X\* \Y+ Sbkbjlp
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P8
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14- Tk abmŽpfql ab ^dr^ qfbkb i^ cloj^ ab rk `lkl `fo`ri^o ob`ql `lk pr s‹oqf`b e^`f^ ^_^gl- Rr ^iqro^ bp ab 0/ j v bi o^afl ab i^ _^pb ab 04 j- Di ^dr^ p^ib mlo bi clkal ab jlal `lkpq^kqb ^ o^wŽk ab 0 j! mlo pbdrkal- Rb sfboqb ^dr^ bk bi abmŽpfql ^ o^wŽk ab ` j! mlo pbdrkal- B^i`ri^o ` ab jlal nrb bi kfsbi abi ^dr^ ^p`fbka^ ^ o^wŽk ab 3 j mlo pbdrkal bk bi fkpq^kqb bk nrb bi ^dr^ ^i`^k`b i^ ^iqro^ ab 7 j15- Di ^dr^ bkqo^ bk rk q^knrb ebjfpc‹of`l ab 0/ j ab o^afl 'i^ m^oqb mi^k^ e^`f^ ^oof_^(Dk rk fkpq^kqb a^al+ pb^ c i^ ^iqro^ abi ^dr^ jbafa^ abpab bi clkal+ m bi o^afl ab i^ prmbocf`fb if_ob abi ^dr^+ v S bi slirjbk abi ^dr^ bk bi q^knrb- B^i`ri^o _S - _c bk bi fkpq^kqb bk nrb c < 4 j- Rf bi ^dr^ bkqo^ ^ o^wŽk `lkpq^kqb ab 4U&2 j! mlo pbdrkal+ `^i`ri^o _m- _o* bi `lbcf`fbkqb ab s^of^`fŽk ab m*bk bi fkpq^kqb o bk nrb c < 4 j16- Tk qofŠkdril ob`qŠkdril s^of^_ib =>_ bk bi mi^kl rs qfbkb pr Škdril ob`ql bk bi s‹o, qf`b O* rk s‹oqf`b > cfgl bk bi lofdbk+ v bi qbo`bo s‹oqf`b a pl_ob i^ m^oŠ_li^ u < 0 * 265 s0Š Di s‹oqf`b ? m^oqb abi mrkql 'N+ 0( bk bi qfbjml o < N X pb abpmi^w^ e^`f^ ^oof_^ pfdrfbk, al bi bgb v ^ rk^ sbil`fa^a `lkpq^kqb ab 1 `ok.pbd- ƒBlk nr‹ o^mfabw `ob`b bi Šob^ abi qofŠkdril `r^kal o < 6.1 pbdrkalp> 17- Di o^afl ab rk `fifkaol `fo`ri^o ob`ql ^rjbkq^ `lk rk `lbcf`fbkqb ab s^of^`fŽk `lkp, q^kqbl Rr ^iqro^ bp rk^ crk`fŽk ifkb^i abi o^afl v ^rjbkq^ qobp sb`bp jŠp oŠmfa^jbkqb nrb ‹pqb- Br^kal bi o^afl bp 0 j pr ^iqro^ bp 5 j- Br^kal bi o^afl bp 5 j+ bi slirjbk `ob`b e^ o^wŽk ab 0 j! mlo pbdrkal- Br^kal bi o^afl bp 25 j+ bi slirjbk ^rjbkq^ ^ o^wŽk ab i j! mlo pbdrkal+ pfbkal i bkqbol- B^i`ri^o i, 18- Tk^ m^oqŒ`ri^ bpqŠ l_ifd^a^ ^ jlsbopb ^ il i^odl ab rk^ m^oŠ_li^ `rv^ b`r^`fŽk bp u < s0Š '^( ƒDk nr‹ mrkql ab i^ `ros^ s^oŒ^k i^ ^_p`fp^ v i^ loabk^a^ `lk bi jfpjl `lbcf`fbkqb ab s^of^`fŽk> '_( Dk`lkqo^o bpq^ o^wŽk pf bi jlsfjfbkql bp q^i nrb bk bi fkpq^kqb o*bp s < pbk o b v < pbk, o, 2/- K^ b`r^`fŽk s1 * v2 < 0 abcfkb rk^ l jŠp crk`flkbp v ab s, '^( Rrmrbpql nrb bufpqb i^ abofs^a^ v&v pfk obplisbo i^ b`r^`fŽk obpmb`ql ^ v+ abjlpqo^o nrb v&p^qfpc^`b ^ i^ b`r^`fŽk s0 )t0t% < N- '_( Rrmrbpql nrb bufpqb i^ pbdrka^ abofs^a^ t!* abjlpqo^o nrb u! < , /rs*2 pfbjmob nrb u y N20- Rf N ; r ; 4 i^ b`r^`fŽk r/g0( vH.1< 4 abcfkb v `ljl crk`fŽk ab r+ Rfk obplisboi^ obp, mb`ql ^ u abjlpqo^o nrb u& qfbkb pfdkl `lkpq^kqb- 'Rb prmlkb i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab s$+& 21- K^ b`r^`fŽk 0r0 * 1t0 < 01 abcfkb fjmiŒ`fq^jbkqb alp crk`flkbp v ab r pf Gtey 1- Rr, mrbpql nrb i^ pbdrka^ abofs^a^ v! bufpqb+abjlpqo^o nrb sbofcf`^ i^ b`r^`fŽk 2t1t! < , 822- K^ b`r^`fŽk r pbk rs * /r0 < N- abcfkb fjmiŒ`fq^jbkqb u `ljl crk`fŽk ab T+ Rrmlkfbkal nrb i^ abofs^a^ v&bufpqb+abjlpqo^o nrb p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk t%s/ `lp st * st `lp st ( * pbk st * 3u < N23- Rf v < s% alkab m bp rk k•jbol o^`flk^i9 m< h-i* pb qfbkb v&< s!* Rrmrbpq^ i^ bufp, qbk`f^ ab i^ abofs^a^ t%*abar`fo i^ cŽojri^ v& < lr7| ^mif`^kal i^ abofs^`fŽkifjmif`fq^ v i^ cŽojri^ `loobpmlkafbkqb m^o^ bumlkbkqbp bkqbolp-
,&)+ 6]YVPNPV\[R` QRYNQR_VcNPVp[ N YNQRaR_ZV[NPVp[ QR&ilp Rda_RZ\` QRYN` Sb[PV\[R` K^ abofs^`fŽk mrbab rqfifw^opbbk i^ il`^ifw^`fŽk ab ilp j^ufjlp v ojjjlp ab i^p crk`flkbp- Dk ob^ifa^a+ bk BŠi`ril e^v alp pfdkfcf`^alp ab i^ m^i^_o^ ~jŠ, ufjl‚+ v pb afpqfkdrbk jbaf^kqb ilp ^agbqfslp \]njgpoj u m`g\odqj, Di `lk`bmql ab jŠufjl ^_plirql pb fkqolargl bk bi `^mŒqril2- Qb`loabjlp nrb pb af`b nrb rk^
@ƒg^pgj_da`m`i^d\g
+++
crk`fŽk ` ab s^ilobp ob^ibp qfbkb rk jŠufjl mlo il jbklp rk mrkql ` bk P q^i nrb a&s' xa&^' Di `lk`bmql ab jŠufjl
^_plirql bk rk `lkgrkql R pf bufpqb
m^o^qlal s bk R-
obi^qfsl pb abcfkb ^pŒ9
CDEHMHBHˆM CD L„WHLN QDK@SHUNRi\ api^d‡i d, _`adid_\ `i pi ^jidpi+ oj P* od`i` pi hƒsdhj m`g\odqj `i pi kpioj ` _` P nd `sdno` pi ^d`moj dio`mq\gj \]d`moj / lp` ^jiod`i` ` o\g lp`
a&s' x a&^' Bg ^ji^`koj diq`mod_\,
k\m\ oj_j s ndop\_j `i /
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†&G P,
hj_j
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Dp ab`fo+ rk jŠufjl obi^qfsl bk ` bp rk jŠufjl ^_plirql bk rk `fboql bk, qlokl ab `* pf _fbk kl bp kb`bp^of^jbkqb rk jŠufjl ^_plirql bk qlal bi `lkgrkql P, Dk i^ cfdro^ 3-6 pb jrbpqo^k rklp bgbjmilp- M^qro^ijbkqb+ `r^inrfbo jŠufjl ^_plirql bp+bk m^oqf`ri^o+rk jŠufjl obi^qfslLŠufjl ^HIplirql, LŠufjl .^_zlirql LŠufjl obi^qfsl
G s
1
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1
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s
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a&s' < pbku+ N ps R 00!
EHFTQ@
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p1
Bsom`hjn _` api^dji`n,
CDEHMHBHˆM CD DWSQDLNRi iˆh`mj lp` `n j pi hƒsdhj m`g\odqj j pi h…idhj m`g\odqj_` pi\ api^d‡i a n` _`ijhdi\ q\gjm `som`hj j `som`hj _` a,
Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrb+ obmobpbkq^albk i^ cfdro^ 3-6+ obi^`flk^ ilp buqobjlp ab rk^ crk`fŽk `lk i^p q^kdbkqbpelofwlkq^ibp l pr doŠcf`^SDNQDL@
3-2-
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lp`
HMSDQHNQ-
P`\
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A`hjnom\^d‡i,
pi kpioj
Cbcfk^jlp N&s' ;a&s'
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001
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bk / rk^ crk`fŽk
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Orbpql nrb f$%_&bufpqb+M%r& w M%_&`r^kal r w _) `lk il nrb P bp `lkqfkr^ bk abjlpqo^o nrb M%_& N- Dpql il `lkpbdrfobjlp abjlpqo^kal nrb `^a^ rk^ ab i^p abpfdr^ia^abp M%]& = N v M%_&; N klp iibs^ ^ rk^ `lkqo^af``fŽkRrmlkd^jlp M%]& = N- Rbd•k i^ molmfba^a ab `lkpbos^`fŽk abi pfdkl ab i^p crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p+ bufpqb rk fkqbos^il nrb `lkqfbkb ^ _ bk bi nrb M%r& bp mlpf, qfs^- Olo q^kql bi krjbo^alo abi `l`fbkqb M%r& qfbkb bi jfpjl pfdkl nrb bi abkl, jfk^alo m^o^ qlal r ;d; _ bk bpb fkqbos^il- Cf`el ab lqol jlal`%r& = `%]& `r^kal r = `+ u `%r& ; _ `r^kal r ; ]+ Dpql `lkqo^af`b i^ efmŽqbpfp ab nrb ` qfbkb rk buqobjl bk ]+ Krbdl+ i^ abpfdr^ia^a M%]& = M bp fjmlpf_ib- Dk cloj^ m^ob`fa^ pb abjrbpqo^ nrb kl mrbab pbo M%_&; N- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb M%]& N- `ljl pb ^cfojŽOrbpql nrb M%]& f$%]&)bpql abjrbpqo^ bi qblobj^-
<
_+ Prbobjlp
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<
jl
Dp fjmloq^kqb klq^o nrb bi eb`el ab pbo abofs^a^ kri^ bk ` kl fjmif`^ buqob, bk ]+ Olo bgbjmil+ pb^ `%_& u!+ K^ doŠcf`^ ab ` bp i^ ab i^ cfdro^ 3-7- Orbpql
<
t
t
l EHFTQ@ 3-7
=ko• $%K& < M
k`mj ij `sdno` `som`hj `i N-
3-8 E\t `som`hj `i L* k`mj .&'/( ij `sdno`,
EHFTQ@
nrb &s' < 1s0* .+'/( < N- Rfk bj_^odl+ bpq^ crk`fŽk bp `ob`fbkqb bk qlal fkqbo, s^il nrb `lkqbkd^ bi lofdbk mlo il `r^i kl bufpqb buqobjl bk ^, Nqol bgbjmil+ `%r& < Gth+abjrbpqo^ nrb rk `bol ab i^ abofs^a^ kl pfbjmob pb mobpbkq^ bk rk buqobjl- @nrŒ e^v rk jŒkfjl obi^qfsl bk N+ `ljl pb sb bk i^ cfdro^ 3-8+ mbol bk bi jfpjl mrkql M i^ doŠcf`^ qfbkb rk mrkql ^kdrilpl v kl bufpqb abofs^a^- Di qblobj^ 3-2 prmlkb nrb i^ abofs^a^ g%&^'`sdno` bk bi buqobjl- Dp ab, `fo+ bi qblobj^ 3-2 klp af`b nrb+ `i \pn`i^d\ _` kpiojn \ibpgjnjn* i^ abofs^a^
@ƒg^pgj _da`m`i^d\g
++-
kb`bp^of^jbkqb ab_b ^kri^opb bk rk buqobjl+ pf ‹pqb pb mobpbkq^bk bi fkqboflo ab rk fkqbos^ilDk rk^ Rb``fŽk mlpqboflobumlkaobjlp rk `ofqbofl m^o^ ilp buqobjlp nrb bp _^pq^kqb^jmifl m^o^fk`irfo ilp alp bgbjmilp ab i^ cfdro^ 3-6 u q^j_f‹k bi ab i^ cfdro^ 3-8- Dpqb`ofqbofl nrb pb bumlkb bk bi qblobj^ 3-7+klp af`b nrb rk buqobjl pfbjmob pb mobpbkq^bk rk mrkql bk bi nrb i^ abofs^a^ `^j_f^ ab pfdkl- @rknrb bpqbeb`el m^ob`b dblj‹qof`^jbkqb bsfabkqb+kl bp cŠ`fi abjlpqo^oil `lk il sfpql e^pq^ ^nrŒ-Cbar`fobjlp bpqb obpriq^al `ljl rk^ `lkpb`rbk`f^ abi qblobj^ abi s^ilo jbafl m^o^abofs^a^p+ nrb s^jlp ^ afp`rqfo-
,&),
FR\_RZNQRYcNY\_ZRQV\]N_N QR_VcNQN`
Di qblobj^ abi s^ilo jbafl m^o^ abofs^a^p bp fjmloq^kqb bk BŠi`ril mlonrb jr`e^p ab i^p molmfba^abpab i^p crk`flkbp mrbabk abar`fopb cŠ`fijbkqb ^ m^oqfo ab ‹i- @kqbpab bpq^_ib`bobi qblobj^ abi s^ilo jbafl+ bu^jfk^objlp rkl ab prp `^plp m^oqf`ri^obp^ m^oqfoabi `r^i mrbab abar`fopb bi qblobj^ dbkbo^i- Dpqb`^pl m^oqf`ri^oil abp`r_ofŽ bk 058/ Lf`ebi Qliib '0541,0608(+ j^qbjŠqf`l co^k`‹pSDNQDL@ 3-3- SDNQDL@ CD QNKKDP`\ a pi\ api^d‡i ^jiodip\ `i oj_jn gjn kpiojn _` pi dio`mq\gj ^`mm\_j X\* ]Z V _`mdq\]g` `i ^\_\ kpioj _`g dio`mq\gj \]d`moj &\*]', Ppkjib\hjn o\h]d„i lp`
a&\' < a&]' Bsdno` `ioji^`n < l-
kjm gj h`ijn
pi kpioj
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a&^'
Di pfdkfcf`^al dblj‹qof`l abi qblobj^ ab Qliib bpqŠobmobpbkq^albk i^ cfdr, o^ 3-0/- Dk bpqbqblobj^ pb ^cfoj^ q^k pŽil nrb i^ `ros^ ab_b qbkbork^ q^kdbkqb elofwlkq^i bk ^id•k mrkql bkqob\ u \+ A`hjnom\^d‡i, Rrmlkd^jlp nrb a&s' ", N m^o^qlal s bk bi fkqbos^il ^_fbo, ql %[)\&) u iibd^jlp ^ rk^ `lkqo^af``fŽk `ljl pb sb^ `lkqfkr^`fŽk9 Rbd•k bi qbl, obj^ ab ilp s^ilobp buqobjlp m^o^crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p+ ` ab_b ^i`^kw^o pr jŠufjl ^_plirql L v pr jŒkfjl ^_lirql g bk ^id•k mrkql abi fkqbos^il `boo^al W[) \Y+ Di qblobj^ 3-2 klp af`b nrb kfkd•k buqobjl mrbab pbo ^i`^kw^al bk mrkqlp fkqb, oflobp 'ab lqol jlal pboŒ^kri^ i^ abofs^a^ ^iiŒ(-Krbdl+ ^j_lp s^ilobp buqobjlp plk ^i`^kw^alp bk ilp buqobjlp \ u ], Obol `ljl a&\' < a&]'* bpql pfdkfcf`^ nrb g < L+ X mlo q^kql ` bp `lkpq^kqb bk W[) \Y+ Dpql `lkqo^af`b bi eb`el ab nrb `$%r&"*N m^o^qlal r bk %[)\&+ Qbpriq^ mrbp nrb $%]&< N mlo il jbklp bk rk _ nrb p^qfpc^d^\ ; ` ; ]* il Prb abjrbpqo^ bi qblobj^-
Q`jm`h\ _`g q\gjm h`_dj k\m\ _`mdq\_\n
114
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\
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EHFTQ@
3-00
Pdbidad^\^d‡i b`jh„omd^\ q\gjm h`_dj,
B0
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Olabjlp rqfifw^o bi qblobj^ ab Qliib m^o^ abjlpqo^o bi qblobj^ abi s^ilo jbafl@kqbp ab bpq^_ib`boil+ mrbab pbo •qfi bu^jfk^o pr pfdkfcf`^al dblj‹qof`lB^a^ rk^ ab i^p `ros^p af_rg^a^p bk i^ cfdro^ 3-00 bp i^ doŠcf`^ ab rk^ crk`fŽk `lkqfkr^ E`lk q^kdbkqb bk `^a^ mrkql abi fkqbos^il ^_fboql %[) \&+ Dk bi mrkql %_),%_&fkaf`^al bk i^ cfdro^ 3-00'^(+ i^ q^kdbkqb bp m^o^ibi^ ^ i^ `rboa^ =>+ Dk i^ cfdro^ 3-00 '_(+ bufpqbk alp mrkqlp bk ilp nrb i^ q^kdbkqb bp m^o^ibi^ ^ i^ `rboa^ >?, Di qblobj^ abi s^ilo jbafl ^pbdro^ nrb bufpqfoŠ kjm gj h`ijn pi kpioj `lk bpq^ molmfba^aO^o^ qo^ar`fo ^i ibkdr^gb ^k^iŒqf`l bpq^ molmfba^a dblj‹qof`^+ q^k pŽil kbl `bpfq^jlp l_pbos^o nrb bi m^o^ibifpjl ab alp ob`q^p pfdkfcf`^ i^ fdr^ia^a ab prp mbkafbkqbp- Orbpql nrb i^ mbkafbkqb ab i^ `rboa^ => bp bi `l`fbkqb W`%\&* * E%[&Y,%\* [& v v^ nrb i^ mbkafbkqb ab i^ q^kdbkqb bk b bp i^ abofs^a^ `$%_&) i^ ^cfoj^`fŽk ^kqboflo mrbab bumobp^opb ^pŒ9
'3-13(
a&]' + a&\' < e%&^'
I'H
m^o^ [fa„h b abi fkqbos^il ^_fboql %[)\&+ O^o^ e^`bo jŠp fkqrfqfs^ i^ s^ifabw ab '3-13(+ mlabjlp fj^dfk^o `Q& `ljl bi `^jfkl ob`loofal mlo rk^ m^oqŒ`ri^ jŽsfi bk bi qfbjml o, Dkqlk`bp bi `l`fbkqb abi mofjbo jfbj_ol ab '3-13( obmobpbkq^ i^ sbil`fa^a h`_d\ bk bi fkqbos^il ab qfbjml W[) \Y) v i^ abofs^a^ `$Q& obmobpbkq^ i^ sbil`fa^a fkpq^kqŠkb^ bk bi qfbjml o, K^ fdr^ia^a ^cfoj^ nrb ab_b bufpqfo rk jljbkql bk nrb i^ sbil`fa^a fkpq^kqŠkb^ bp fdr^i ^ i^ sbil`fa^a jbaf^- Olo bgbjmil+ pf i^ sbil`fa^a jbaf^ ab rk ^rqljŽsfi bk rk sf^gb `loql bp ab 64 Jj- mlo elo^+ bi `rbkq^sbil`fa^abp ab_b obdfpqo^o64 Jj- mlo elo^ kjm gj h`ijn pi\ q`u aro^kqb bi sf^gbEloj^ijbkqb bpb qblobj^ mrbab bpq^_ib`bopb `ljl pfdrb-
@ƒg^pgj _da`m`i^d\g
++/
SDNQDL@ 3-4- SDNQDL@ CDK U@KNQ LDCHN O@Q@ CDQHU@C@R- Rf a `n pi\ api^d‡i ^jiodip\ `i oj_j pi dio`mq\gj ^`mm\_j X\* ]Z lp` od`i` _`mdq\_\ `i ^\_\ kpioj _`g dio`mq\gj \]d`moj &\*]'* `sdno` kjm gj h`ijn pi kpioj b dio`mdjm\ &\*]' k\m\ `g lp`
a&]' + a`\'
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A`hjnom\^d‡i, O^o^ ^mif`^o bi qblobj^ ab Qliib kb`bpfq^jlp rk^ crk`fŽk nrb qbkd^ s^ilobp fdr^ibp bk ilp buqobjlp \ v \+ @ cfk ab `lkpqorfoi^+ jlafcf`^jlp ` bk i^ cloj^ pfdrfbkqb9 c&s'
< a&s'&] + \' + sXa&]' + a`\'Z ,
Dkqlk`bp c&\' < c&]' < ]av\' + \a&]', S^j_f‹k+ c bp `lkqfkr^ bk X\* ]Z v qfbkb abofs^a^ bk bi fkqbos^il ^_fboql %[) \&+ @mif`^kal bi qblobj^ ab Qliib ^ b) bk`lkl qo^jlp nrb b$%]&< M m^o^rk `fboql b ab %[) \&+ Obol c%&s'< a%&s'&]+ \' + Xa&]' + a`\'Z , Br^kal
r < b+ pb l_qfbkb i^ fdr^ia^a '3-14(-
N_p‹osbpb nrb bi qblobj^ kl `lk`obq^ k^a^ ^`bo`^ ab i^ mlpf`flk bu^`q^ abi ~s^ilo l s^ilobp jbaflp‚ b+ v pŽil fkaf`^ nrb qlalp mboqbkb`bk^i fkqbos^il %[)\&+ O^o^ ^idrk^p crk`flkbp pb mrbab bpmb`fcf`^o`lk bu^`qfqra i^ mlpf`fŽk ab ilp s^ilobp jbaflp+ mbol bk i^ j^vloŒ^ ab ilp `^plp bp jrv afcŒ`fie^`bo rk^ abqbo, jfk^`fŽk mob`fp^ab bpqlp mrkqlp- Rfk bj_^odl+ i^ rqfifa^a ob^i abi qblobj^ bpqŠ bk bi eb`el nrb pb mrbabk p^`^o jr`e^p `lk`irpflkbp abi jbol `lkl`fjfbkql ab i^ `sdno`i^d\ ab rk s^ilo jbafl mlo il jbklpKjo\8 Dp fjmloq^kqb `ljmol_^o nrb bi qblobj^ abi s^ilo jbafl mrbab abg^o ab `rjmifopb pf e^v ^id•k mrkql bkqob \ v ] bk bi nrb i^ abofs^a^ kl bufpqb- Olo bgbjmil+ i^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk %r& < Zu\ bp `lkqfkr^ bk qlal bi bgb ob^i v qfbkb abofs^a^ bk qlalp ilp mrkqlp abi jfpjl bu`bmql bk bi N- Dk i^ cfdro^ 6-1 pb e^ af_rg^al pr doŠcf`^ bk bi fkqbos^il Z , 0+ 1\- K^ mbkafbkqb ab i^ `rboa^ nrb rkb > v ?`n8
a&0'+a&+F' 1,',0( mbol i^ abofs^a^ kl bp fdr^i ^
p bk
1,00
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N_p‹osbpb nrb bpq^ cŽojri^ qfbkb bu^`q^jbkqb i^ jfpj^ cloj^ nrb '4-07(+ p^isl nrb bk qla^p m^oqbpbk sbw abi pŒj_lil s ^m^ob`b bi pŒj_lil Q+ Dp ab`fo+ `^a^ cŽojri^ ab fkqbdo^`fŽkq^i `ljl '4-07( mrbab a^o ird^o ^ lqo^ jŠp dbkbo^i pfk jŠp nrb e^`bo rk^ pfjmib prpqfqr`fŽk ab ,pŒj_lilp- Rb prpqfqrvb s bk '4-07( mlo rk krbsl pŒj_lil p m^o^l_qbkbo '4-10(+ v abpmr‹p pb `lkpfabo^ nrb p obmobpbkq^ rk^ krbs^ crk`fŽk ab r) q^i `ljl o < a%r&+ Qbbjmi^w^jlp bkqlk`bp bi pŒj_lil ^o mlo i^ `lj_fk^`fŽk a$%r& ^r) v i^ fdr^ia^a '4-10( pb obar`b ^ i^ cŽojri^ dbkb, o^i '4-08(Olo bgbjmil+ pf prpqfqrfjlp s mlo p bk i^ cŽojri^ ` `lp s _s < pbk s * a+ l_qbkbjlp
n `lp p _p < pbk p *
a-
Dk bpq^•iqfj^ cŽojri^+ p pb mrbab obbjmi^w^o mlo b&s' v _p mlo b%&s'_s* v ob, priq^ rk^ cŽojri^ `loob`q^ ab fkqbdo^`fŽk'4-1/(Br^kal bpqbmol`bpl jb`Škf`l pb rp^ \ g\ diq`mn\* `lkar`b ^i ii^j^al j‹qlal ab dio`bm\^d‡i kjm npnodop^d‡i, Di l_gbql ab bpqbj‹qlal bp qo^kpcloj^o rk^ fk, qbdo^i `lk rk fkqbdo^kal `ljmif`^al+ q^i `ljl a1s0 `lp s1 _s* bk rk^ fkqbdo^i jŠp pbk`fii^+`ljl i^ ` `lp p _pj Di j‹qlal bp ^mif`^_ib pfbjmob nrb i^ fkqbdo^i lofdfk^i mrbab bp`of_fopbbk i^ cloj^
HdWa%r&Ya$%r& ^r ) v^ nrb i^ prpqfqr`fŽk o
< a%r&)
^o
<
a$%r&^r )
150
Fio`bm\^d‡i kjm npnodop^d‡i
i^ qo^kpcloj^ bk E`%o&^oi Rf pb p^_b bcb`qr^o bpq^ fkqbdo^`fŽk+l_qbkbjlp rk^ mofjfqfs^+ ii^j‹jlpi^ L%o&) v i^ fkqbdo^i lofdfk^i pb l_qfbkb prpqfqrvbkal o mlo a%r& bk i^ cŽojri^ ab L%o&+ Di ib`qlo mrbab `ljmol_^o nrb kl ebjlp ^qof_rfal pfdkfcf`^al ^idrkl ^ ilp pŒj_lilp ^r v ^o `ljl q^ibp- Rb rqfifw^k `ljl fkpqorjbkqlp mro^jbkqb clo, j^ibp nrb klp ^vra^k ^ qo^q^oi^p lmbo^`flkbp j^qbjŠqf`^p bk cloj^ jb`Škf`^B^a^ sbw nrb rqfifw^jlp bi j‹qlal+ bpq^jlp bk ob^ifa^a ^mif`^kal i^ ^cfoj^, `fŽk '4-06(Di ‹ufql ab bpqb j‹qlal abmbkab ab i^ e^_fifa^a bk abqbojfk^o i^ m^oqbab fkqbdo^kal nrb pb e^ ab pr_pqfqrfomlo bi pŒj_lil p* v bpq^e^_fifa^a pb ^anrfbob `lk i^ bumbofbk`f^ nrb pb ildo^ obplisfbkal `^plp m^oqf`ri^obp- Klp bgbjmilp bpmb`f^ijbkqb pbib``flk^alp nrb pb a^k ^ `lkqfkr^`fŽk bkpb•^k i^ j^kbo^ ab ^mif`^o bpqbj‹qlal bk i^ moŠ`qf`^0- Hkqbdo^oEr7g `lp
DIDLOKN
r2 ^r+
Pjgp^d‡i, Rb qo^q^ab bk`lkqo^o ` u d ^ab`r^a^jbkqb m^o^ mlabo bp`of_fo `lp r2 bk i^ cloj^ `Wa%r&Ya$%r&+ Orbpql nrb `lp r2 bp rk^ crk`fŽk `ljmrbpq^+ pb mrbab qlj^o `%r& < `lp r v a%r& < r v ab bpq^ j^kbo^ `lp r pb bumobp^ bk i^ cloj^ dWa%r&Y+Blk bpq^ bib``fŽk ab d bp a$%r&< 1r1 v mlo q^kql dWa%r&Ya$%r& < '`lp r &%1+-&+ Di c^`qlo 3 nrb ^m^ob`bab jŠp+ pb mrbab fkqolar`fo cŠ`fijbkqb jriqfmif`^kal v afsfafbkal bi fkqbdo^kal mlo 3- @pŒpb qfbkb9
r1
2
2
*
2
r1
G^`fbkal
`lp
r2 <
^elo^ i^ prpqfqr`fŽk
I
1
2
s `lp s _s
I
<
r2&%1r1' < QWa%r&Ya$%r&+
f'`lp o
<
a%r& < r2*
a&p' _p
<
I `lp
^o
< a$%r&^r <
p _p
1r1 ^r)
pb qfbkb
< i&pbk p * b -
Rrpqfqrvbkal p mlo s1 bk bi obpriq^al cfk^i+pb l_qfbkb i^ cŽojri^9
Hs
0
`lp s1 _s
< 0pbk s1 * b +
nrb pb mrbab `ljmol_^o afob`q^jbkqb mlo abofs^`fŽkBr^kal pb qfbkb rk ml`l ab moŠ`qf`^^idrklp ab ilp m^plp pb bcb`q•^k jbk, q^ijbkqb+ v bi `Ši`ril pb ob^ifw^ab j^kbo^ _obsb `ljl pfdrb9 Rb^
H
o <
;9/4:'3 _ s
-[990
u!9 bkqlk`bp+ ^o <
H
< * '`lp
:'3('3:'2
_s'
v pb l_qfbkb9
1r7F ^r)
H
< p `lp
p _p
< qpbk p * a < qpbk:'3 * _-
O`g\^d‡i `iom` dio`bm\^d‡i s _`mdq\^d‡i
151
N_p‹osbpb nrb bi j‹qlal pb mrbab ^mif`^o bk bpqbbgbjmil+ mlonrb bi bumlkbkqb abi c^`qlo s1 bp bi ab s bk `lp s2 afpjfkrfal bk rk^ rkfa^a1-
DIDLOKN
Hkqbdo^i ` `lp! sn`is
Pjgp^d‡i, Rb^ p a `lp! sn`is S^j_f‹k
_s
<
<,
`lp s, bkqlk`bp _p s'0&+n`is _s'
c'BNR
^nrΠpb `ljmorb_^
DIDLOKN
2-
Pjgp^d‡i, Olo q^kql+
DIDLOKN
_s
<
;UF-0*
< , ap/_R < ]
bkqlk`bp _p <
G
1 pbk r _p
z2
*
B
<]
BNz2 s
,o`-
*
oi.1 _s l pb^ _s-S9;0
_pj
< , 1 `lp p * B < , 1 `lp s(W s * B-
a si*u,
Rb^ p < 0
+n`is _s* u pb qfbkb
_s,
s_s 3- Hkqbdo^o - z
Pjgp^d‡i, pb l_qfbkb9
<
cŠ`fijbkqb bi obpriq^al cfk^i mlo abofs^`fŽk-
Hkqbdo^o Gn`xxx
Rb^ p;qx
`_ABsu
_s,
-
s0* bkqlk`bp _p < 0s _s* bp ab`fo s _s
<
_p* v
Di j‹qlal ab prpqfqr`fŽk bp fdr^ijbkqb ^mif`^_ib ^ i^p fkqbdo^ibpabcfkfa^pOlo bgbjmil+ m^o^ `^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i abcfkfa^ Pb-0 `lp! s pbk s _s pb abqbojfk^ mofjbol i^ fkqbdo^i fkabcfkfa^+ `ljl pb efwl bk bi bgbjmil 1+ v irbdl e^`fbkal rpl abi pbdrkal qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i pb mrbab bp`of_fo9
H!
/0 `lp!
l
u pbks _s
< , ,0 `lp!
2
T
'6q&
(
0! /0 < , ,0 `lp! , , `lp! M l
2
1
0 2
@idrk^p sb`bp fkqbobp^ ^mif`^o bi pbdrkal qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i ^ i^ fkqbdo^i bumobp^a^bk crk`fŽk ab o8 pfk bj_^odl+ bk bpqb`^pl pb e^k ab fkqolar`fo mob,
Fio`bm\^d‡i kjm npnodop^d‡i
152
`fp^jbkqb rklp krbslp iŒjfqbp ab fkqbdo^`fŽk- Dk mofjbo ird^o pb mobpbkq^oŠ rk bgbjmil bk bi nrb pb mlkd^ ab j^kfcfbpql bi j‹qlal nrb pb pfdrb+ v abpmr‹p pb grpqfcf`^oŠ bi mol`bpl `lk rk qblobj^ dbkbo^i-
b^0`r 0^o
4-
DIDLOKN
-
0Ss0)0s)1
*
Rb^ p < s0
Pjgp^d‡i,
/
%r * 0( ^r
0
*
0s &s
*
2- Dkqlk`bp 0( _s
T s0 *
0s
*
_p < &0s * 1( _s v mlo q^kql+
0 _p
< 1!
2
rq -
iŒjfqbp ab fkqbdo^`fŽk pb qfbkb bk `rbkq^ nrb p < 00 pf bp9
O^o^ l_qbkbo ilp krbslp
s < 1 X nrb p < 07 pf s < 2+ X bk `lkpb`rbk`f^
&1
&s
*
I U s0 * 1
@i jfpjl
< 0 a/6R+/-0
0( _s
0s
*
2
1
obpriq^al pb iibd^ `r^kal
2
0
1
&s * 0( _s < U s0 * 0s * 2
Cbjlpqo^jlp bi bgbjmil 4-
^elo^
_p
< TS .07 < UH7] U0f -
00
00
pb bumobp^ qlal bk crk`fŽk ab
T s0 *
rk qblobj^
2
0s
* 20
<
s,
Uf7 , Uif -
1
dbkbo^i nrb grpqfcf`^ bi mol`bpl
pbdrfal
bk
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o
'4-11(
eXb&o'Zb%&o'_o <
A`hjnom\^d‡i,
F7%ww& a&p' _p ,
Rb^ \ < b&^' u abcfk^jlp
alp krbs^p
crk`flkbp
M u M abi
pfdrfbkqb jlal9
n a&p' _p u
M&s' <
Š\
pf s BG*
N&s' <
o
eXb&o'Zb%&o'_o
pf s Bg,
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+/-
Orbpql nrb O v O plk fkqbdo^ibpfkabcfkfa^p ab crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p+ qfbkbk abof, s^a^p a^a^p mlo i^p cŽojri^p M%&s'< a&s'*
N%&s'< aXb&s'Zb%&s',
Ki^jbjlp ^elo^ N ^ i^ crk`fŽk `ljmrbpq^+ N%r&< LWa%r&Y+Blk i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^+ bk`lkqo^jlp O%&s'< M%Xb&s'Zb%&s' < aXb&s'Zb%&s'< N%&s', @mif`^kal alp sb`bp bi pbdrkal qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i+ l_qbkbjlp QE!)&
a rib( v
a&p' _p
n
< ap`!*' rib(
M%&p'_p
aXb&o'Zb%&o' _o <
< MXb&s'Z+
n
N%&o' _o <
MXb&^'Z< O&s' + O&^' *
n
O%&o' _o < O&s' + O&^' ,
Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb i^p alp fkqbdo^ibp'4-11( plk fdr^ibp4-7 Dgbo`f`flp Di( ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 0 ^i 1/+ ^mif`^o bi j‹qlal
0-
ab prpqfqr`fŽk m^o^ `^i`ri^o
i^p fkqbdo^ibp-
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` U1W*0 ^r+
-2
7,
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pbk
BNR U'0 Š
0}asx_s,
001}ax_s,
` `
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5,
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7-
`
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t%t *
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pbk
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154
Bd`m^d^djn /5, Fs0&6s1
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* 05'0-1_s, * `lp s' _s
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10- Cbar`fo i^p cŽojri^p 11- Rb^
`
1/-
ab ilp qblobj^p
<
B%r)[&
s_s
G
08-
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d%!
abi j‹qlal
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l
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e
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pf
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0
13- Cbjlpqo^o nrb F8 sh&g + u(! _s < F8 si&g + s'h _s , pf h v i plk bkqbolp mlpfqfslp 14- Cbjlpqo^o nrb x-0
Fl
`lp&! u pbk&!s _s
< 0+h
ax-0
`lp>&s _s,
l
pf h bp rk bkqbol mlpfqfsl15- '^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb
n
5mdx
u.'pbk s' _s < ,
XFi_d^\^d‡i8
qbpbk s' _s ,
p < om+ sZ,
+ J
J
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w c
s pbku **** ^r < l 0 * `lp! s
F
c* /
6n
,,,
l 0
_s s0
Š
16- Cbjlpqo^o nrb '0 , s0'i+g-0 _s < Iz.1 `lp1k Q _p pf i bp rk bkqbol mlpfqfsl- XFi_d^\+ ^d‡i8 s pbk p,Z K^ fkqbdo^i abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol pb mrbab `^i`ri^o mlo bi j‹qlal ab fkqbdo^`fŽk mlo m^oqbpnrb pb bumlkaoŠ bk i^ Rb``fŽk pfdrfbkqb-
<
O`g\^dƒi `iom` dio`bm\^d4i t _`mdq\^d4i
+//
-&1 =[aRT_NPVp[ ]\_ ]N_aR` Rb abjlpqoŽ bk bi `^mŒqril3 nrb i^ abofs^a^ ab rk molar`ql ab alp crk, `flkbp ` v d bpqŠa^a^ mlo i^ cŽojri^9 c%&s'< a&s'b%&s' * e%&s'b&s'*
alkab b%T& < `%r&+a%r&+So^ar`fbkal bpql ^ i^ klq^`fŽk ab Kbf_kfw m^o^ mof, jfqfs^p pb qfbkb ` a&s'b %&s'_s * ` a%&s'b&s'_s; a&s'b&s' * a+ nrb pb bp`of_b rpr^ijbkqb bk i^ cloj^
` a&s'b%&s'_s < a&s'b&s' + ` a%&s'b&s'_s * b -
'4-12(
Dpq^ fdr^ia^a+ `lkl`fa^ mlo cŽojri^ ab dio`bm\^d4i kjm k\mo`n* a^ ird^o ^ rk^ krbs^ q‹`kf`^ ab fkqbdo^`fŽkO^o^ `^i`ri^o rk^ fkqbdo^i+mlo bgbjmil ` f&s' _s* ^mif`^kal '4-12(+ pb e^k ab bk`lkqo^o alp crk`flkbp ` v d ab j^kbo^ nrb e%r& pb mrba^ bp`of_fo bk i^ cloj^ `%r&a$%r&+ Rf bpql bp mlpf_ib+^mif`^kal '4-12( pb qbkaoŠ9
` f&s' _s < a&s'b&s' + ` b&s'a%&s'_s * b+ obar`f‹kalpb bi `Ši`ril ab i^ fkqbdo^i a^a^ ^i ab i^ ` b&s'e%&s'_s, O^o^ nrb bi j‹qlal pb^ bcf`^wpb e^k ab bibdfo ` v d ^ab`r^a^jbkqb+ ab j^kbo^ nrb bpq^ •iqfj^ fkqbdo^i mrba^ `^i`ri^opb `lk jŠp c^`fifa^a nrb i^ lofdfk^i- @idrk^p sb`bp+ obfqbo^kal i^ ^mif`^`fŽk ab '4-12( pb iibd^ ^ rk^ fkqbdo^i ab jŠp cŠ`fi `Ši`ril l nrb pb bk`rbkqo^ bk i^ q^_i^- Klp bgbjmilp obprbiqlp ^ `lkqfkr^`fŽk mlkbk ab j^kfcfbpql i^p sbkq^g^p ab bpqb j‹qlal- Dk bi `^pl ab fkqbdo^ibpabcf, kfa^p+ i^ cŽojri^ '4-12( pb qo^kpcloj^ bk
E7
a&s'b%&s'_s
<
< a&]'b&]'
<
+ a&\'b&\' +
E7
a%&s'b&s'_s ,
<
<
Olkfbkal p a&s' v q b&s' pb qfbkb _p, a%&s'_s, v _q b%&s'_s v i^ cŽojri^ ab fkqbdo^`fŽk mlo m^oqbpqlj^ rk^ cloj^ ^_obsf^a^ nrb m^ob`b jŠp cŠ`fi ab ob`loa^o9 '4-13(
` p _q < pq + ` q _p *
b-
Fio`bm\^d‡i kjm k\mo`n 0-
DIDLOKN
Pjgp^d‡i,
Hkqbdo^o Fs `lp s _s,
Rb bifdb y&s'
<s
I
<
s `lp s _s
< `lp
v b%&s' pb qfbkb9
< pbk s v bk sfoqra ab '4-1/( '4-14(
156
s n`is
+
I
pbk s _s
N_p‹osbpb nrb bk bpqb `^pl+ i^ pbdrka^ O^o^ bcb`qr^o bi jfpjl bp`of_b9 p
`Ši`ril
< u+
<
s* ab alkab
* a<
upbk s
a%&s'
*
`lp s
0 X b&s' :
* _-
fkqbdo^i v^ bp `lkl`fa^-
rqfifw^kal i^ klq^`fŽk ^_obsf^a^ ab '4-13( pb
_q < `lp s _s*
H`lp u _s < pbk s * I s `lp s _s < pq + I q _p < s pbk s + I pbk s _s * b < s pbk s * `lp s * b _p
<
_s*
q
<
<
Rf pb er_fbo^ bibdfal p `lp s u _q '4-13(+ obpriq^oŒ^9
v
q < dU0* v
I
u`lp u _s <qu
1
BNR U +
I
p
s0& ,pbku(
_s
< s _s*
ab alkab
_p
I
* b < qu1 `lpu * p
<,
s0 n`is
pbk s _s
_s)
B-
Bljl i^ •iqfj^ fkqbdo^i nrb ^m^ob`b kl e^ pfal qla^sŒ^ `^i`ri^a^+ bpq^ bib``fŽk ab p* q kl bp •qfi m^o^ bi `Ši`ril ab i^ fkqbdo^i a^a^- N_p‹osbpb+ pfk bj_^odl+ nrb bpq^ •iqfj^ b`r^`fŽk mlaoŒ^ obplisbopb obpmb`ql ^ Fs0 pbk s _s v ^mif`^o '4-14( `lk il `r^i pb l_qbkaoŒ^9
Hs
pbk s _s < 0s pbk s
1-
Hkqbdo^o Fs0 `lp s _s,
0
DIDLOKN
<
*
1 `lp s + s0 `lp s
<
Pjgp^d‡i, Rb^ p s0 v _q `lp s _s* F `lp s _s < pbk s* `lk il `r^i pb qfbkb9
&3,04'
` s ^jns_s /
<
Hp _q < pq + ` q_p
bkqlk`bp
* b < u pbku 1
* b-
_p
, 1
< 0s_s
` sn`is_s
v
q :
* `-
O`g\^d‡i `iom` dio`bm\^d‡i t _`mdq\^d‡i
+/1
Dpq^•iqfj^ fkqbdo^i pb mrbab `^i`ri^o ^mif`^kal ab krbsl bi j‹qlal ab fkqbdo^, `fŽk mlo m^oqbp-Orbpql nrb bp ^kŠildl ^i bgbjmil 0+ pb mrbab bp`of_fo afob`q^, jbkqb bi obpriq^al
Es pbku _s < +s `lp s * pbks *
_-
Rrpqfqrvbkal bk '4-15( v ^dorm^kal i^p alp `lkpq^kqbp ^o_fqo^of^pbk rk^+ pb qfbkb9
Es `lp s _s < s pbks * 0s `lp s + 1 pbks * b 0
0
DIDLOKN 2- @idrk^p sb`bp bi j‹qlal c^ii^ mlonrb `lkar`b ab krbsl ^ i^ fkqbdo^i lofdfk^i- Olo bgbjmil+ ^i fkqbkq^o `^i`ri^o mlo m^oqbp i^ fkqbdo^i as+/ _s, Rf pb e^`b p s v _q s+0_s* bkqlk`bp Xs88_s ap _q, Blk bpq^ bib``fŽk ab p v q pb qfbkb _p < _s v q < , t,0 ab j^kbo^ nrb '4-13( a^9
<
'4-16(
Eu,
0
_s
<
<
<
Ep _q < pq + Eq _p * a <
,0
*
Eu,
0
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Fiomj_p^^d‡i \ g\n `^p\^dji`n
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Fiomj_p^^d‡i \ g\n `^p\^dji`n _da`m`i^d\g`n
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RCMPCK?
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22. 8-2
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