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,20 ,21 ,23 068

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us --113 120

6- RHRSDL@GCD DBT@BHNMDR CHEDQDMBH@KDR 2), 2)6-2

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Hkqolar``fŽk BŠi`ril `lk crk`flkbp j^qof`fîbp Rbofbpab j^qof`bp- Mloj^p ab j^qof`bp Dgbo`f`flp Dumlkbk`fî ab rk^ j^qofw D`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî nrb pb p^qfpc^`bmlo ap? Sblobj^ ab rkf`faâ mô^ i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî j^qof`fî D%&p'< ?D&p' Kbv ab bumlkbkqbp mô^ bumlkbk`fîbp ab j^qof`bp Sblobj^p ab bufpqbk`f^ v rkf`faâ mô^ pfpqbj^p ifkbîbp el, jld‹kblp `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp Di mol_ibj^ ab `î`riô an? Sblobj^ ab B^vibv,G^jfiqlk Dgbo`f`flp L‹qlal ab Orqwbomô^`î`riô ap? Nqolp j‹qlalp mô^`î`riô ap? bk `^plp bpmb`fîbp Dgbo`f`flp Rfpqbj^p ifkbîbp kl eljld‹kblp `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp Dgbo`f`flp Rfpqbj^ ifkbî dbkboî W%&p'< N&p'W&p'* M&p' Qbplir`fŽk ab pfpqbj^p ifkbîbp eljld‹kblp jbaf^kqb pbofbpab mlqbk`f^p Dgbo`f`flp Cbjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ ab bufpqbk`f^ mlo bi j‹qlal ab i^p ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p @mif`^`fŽk abi j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p ^ ilp pfp, qbj^p kl ifkbîbp ab mofjbo loabk Cbjlpqo^`fŽk ab rk qblobj^ ab bufpqbk`f^v rkf`faâ mô^pfp, qbj^p kl ifkbîbp ab mofjbo loabk Dgbo`f`flp @molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p v mrkqlp cŒglpab lmboâlobp Dpm^`flp ifkbîbp klojâlp Nmboâlobp ab `lkqo^``fŽk

124 127

128 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 -/4 140 142 145 15/ 150 153 155 160 161 162 168 170 172

174 -31 -32

hj`e_a ]j]h‡pe_k

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6-18

Sblobj^ abi mrkql cfgl m^o^ lmbo^alobp ab `lkqo^``fŽk @mif`^`flkbp abi qblobj^ abi mrkql cfgl

BJ[]N *'

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7-10 7-11 7-12 7-13

Erk`flkbp ab Q! bk Q&!-B^jmlp bp`îôbp v sb`qlofîbp Ali^p ^_fboq^p v `lkgrkqlp ^_fboqlp Dgbo`f`flp KŒjfqbp v `lkqfkrfaâ Dgbo`f`flp K^ abofsâ^ ab rk `^jml bp`îô obpmb`ql ^ rk sb`qlo Cbofsâ^p afob``flkîbp v abofsâ^p mô`fîbp Cbofsâ^p mô`fîbp ab loabk prmboflo Dgbo`f`flp Cbofsâ^p afob``flkîbp v `lkqfkrfaâ K^ afcbobk`fî Foâfbkqb ab rk `^jml bp`îô Blkaf`fŽk prcf`fbkqb ab afcbobk`f^_fifaâ Dgbo`f`flp Qbdi^ ab i^ `âbk^ mô^ abofsâ^p ab `^jmlp bp`îôbp @mif`^`flkbp dblj‹qof`^p- Blkgrkqlp ab kfsbi- Oi^klp q^kdbkqbp Dgbo`f`flp Cfcbobk`fîbp ab `^jmlp sb`qlofîbp K^ afcbobk`f^_fifaâ fjmif`^ i^ `lkqfkrfaâ K^ obdi^ ab i^ `âbk^ mô^ afcbobk`fîbp ab `^jmlp sb`qlofîbp Eloj^ j^qof`fî ab i^ obdi^ ab i^ `âbk^ Dgbo`f`flp Blkaf`flkbp prcf`fbkqbp mô^ i^ fdrîaâ ab i^p abofsâ^p mô, `fîbp jfuq^p Dgbo`f`flp sôflp

-42 -43 2// 2/1 2/5 2/7 20/ 200 201 202 203 205 207 21/ 210

.-/ 216 217 22/ 220 221 225

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O@QSD0 4WjUR\R\ URWNJU

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Hkqolar``fŽk

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0-1

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BK@TRTQ@ QDRODBSN CD K@ @CHBHˆM? pk`k l]n ]a ahaiajpko y a v à T _knnaolkjà qj ahaiajpk Šje_k à T hh]i]`k oqi] à t a v+ àoecj]`k @WHNL@

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Klp bpm^`flp ifkbîbp ^pŒabcfkfalp+pb ii^j^k+ ^ sb`bp+bpm^`flp HŒkbîbpna]hao mô^ obpîqôbi ebèl ab nrb pb jriqfmif`^k ilp bibjbkqlp ab T mlo k•jbolp obîbp+ Rf bk ilp ûflj^p 1+ 6+ 7 X 8 pb obbjmi^w^ jŠiank na]h mlo jŠiank _ki, lhafk+ i^ bpqor`qro^ nrb obpriq^ pb ii^j^ aol]_ek heja]h _kilhafk- @idrk^p sb`bp rk bpm^`fl ifkbî pb ii^j^ q^j_f‹k aol]_ek ra_pkne]hheja]h l pfjmibjbkqb aol]_ek ra_pkne]h:ilp k•jbolp rqfifwâlp `ljl jriqfmif`âlobp pb ii^j^k ao_]h]nao-Tk bpm^`fl ifkbî obî qfbkb k•jbolp obîbp `ljl bp`îôbp: rk bpm^`fl ifkbî `lj, mibgl qfbkb `ljl bp`îôbp k•jbolp `ljmibglp- Rf _fbk `lkpfaboôbjlp mofk`fmî, jbkqb bgbjmilp ab bpm^`flp ifkbîbp obîbp+qlalp ilp qblobj^p plk sŠifalp mô^ bpm^`flp ifkbîbp `ljmibglp- Br^kal afd^jlp bpm^`fl ifkbî pfk jŠp+ pb pl_obkqbk, aboŠ nrb bi bpm^`fl mrbab pbo obî l `ljmibgl-

0-2

Dgbjmilp ab bpm^`flpifkb^ibp

Rf mob`fp^jlp bi `lkgrkql T v ab`fjlp `Žjl pb prj^k prp bibjbkqlp v `Žjl pb jriqfmif`^k mlo k•jbolp+ l_qbkbjlp rk bgbjmil `lkòbql ab bpm^`fl ifkbîDi ib`qlo cŠ`fijbkqb mrbab `ljmol_ô nrb `â^ rkl ab ilp bgbjmilp pfdrfbkqbp p^qfpc^`bqlalp ilp ûflj^p mô^ rk bpm^`fl ifkbî obî-

DIDLOKN

0- Rb^ T < Q+ bi `lkgrkql

ab qlalp ilp k•jbolp

v v ]t i^ ^af`fŽk v i^ jriqfmif`^`fŽk loafk^of^p ab k•jbolp

ob^ibp+v pb^k ob^ibp-

DIDLOKN 1- Rb^ T < b bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp k•jbolp `ljmibglp+ abcf, kfjlp t * v `ljl i^ âf`fŽk loafkôf^ ab k•jbolp `ljmibglp+ v ]t `ljl i^ jri, qfmif`^`fŽkabi k•jbol `ljmibgl t mlo bi k•jbol obî ]- @rknrb ilp bibjbkqlp ab T pb^k k•jbolp `ljmibglp+ ‹pqb bp rk bpm^`fl ifkbî obî mlonrb ilp bp`îôbp plk obîbpDIDLOKN 2- Rb^ T < TŒŒ +bi bpm^`fl sb`qlofî ab qla^p i^p k,mi^p ab k•jb, olp obîbp+`lk i^ âf`fŽk v i^ jriqfmif`^`fŽk mlo bp`îôbp abcfkfa^p bk i^ cloj^ loafkôf^ bk crk`fŽk ab ilp `ljmlkbkqbpDIDLOKN 3- Rb^ T bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp il{c-,sb`qlobpTj loqldlkîbp ^ rk sb`qlo kl kril aâl L, Rf j < 1+ bpqbbpm^`fl ifkbî bp rk^ ob`q^ nrb m^p^mlo N `lk L `ljl sb`qlo klojî- Rf j < 2+ bp rk mi^kl nrb m^p^mlo N `lk L `ljl sb`qlo klojî-

Klp pfdrfbkqbpbgbjmilp pb ii^j^k aol]_eko bqj_ekj]hao- Klp bibjbkqlp ab T plk crk`flkbp sb`qlof^ibp+ `lk i^ prj^ ab alp crk`flkbp b v c abcfkfa^p bk i^cloj^ loafk^of^9 'b * c'&t' < z&t' * c&t'

Col]_eko heja]hao

mô^qlal obî t bk i^ fkqbopb``fŽkab ilp aljfkflp ab G!v c, K^ jriqfmif`^`fŽk ab rk^ crk`fŽk Gmlo rk bp`îô obî ] pb abcfkb ^pŒ9]h bp ^nrbii^ crk`fŽk `rvl sîlo bk `â^ t abi aljfkfl ab Gbp ]h't(- Di bibjbkql `bol bp i^ crk`fŽk `rvlp sîlobp plk krilp mô^ qlal t- Di ib`qlo mrbab `ljmol_ô cŠ`fijbkqb nrb `â^ rkl ab ilp `lkgrkqlp pfdrfbkqbpbp rk bpm^`fl crk`flkîDIDLOKN

4- Di `lkgrkql ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp abcfkfa^p bk rk fkqbos^il

DIDLOKN

a^alDi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp mlifkljflp-

DIDLOKN 6- Di `lkgrkql ab&qlalp ilp mlifkljflp ab doâl z j+ pfbkal j cfgl- 'Rfbjmob nrb `lkpfabobjlp bpqb`lkgrkql+ pb pl_obkqbkaboŠ nrb pfbjmob bpqŠ fkìrfal bi mlifkljfl kril-( Di `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp mlifkljflp ab doâl ecq]h ^ j kl bp rk^ bpm^`fl ifkbî mlonrb kl pb p^qfpc^`bkilp ûflj^p ab ì^rpro^- Olo bgbjmil+ i^ prj^ ab alp mlifkljflp ab doâl j mrbab kl pbo ab doâl jDIDLOKN 7- Di `lkgrkql ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p bk rk fkqbosîl aâl- Rf bi fkqbosîl bp Y]+^[- abpfdk^jlp bpqbbpm^`fl `lk A']+ ^(DIDLOKN

DIDLOKN

0/-

Di `lkgrkql ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp abofs^_ibp bk rk mrkql a^alDi `lkgrkql ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp fkqbdo^_ibpbk rk fkqbos^il

aâlDIDLOKN 00- Di `lkgrkql ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp Gabcfkfa^p bk bi mrkql 0 pfbkal G' 0( < N- Di k•jbol N bp bpbk`fî bk bpqbbgbjmil- Rf obbjmi^w^jlp N mlo rk k•jbol kl kril b+sfli^jlp bi ûflj^ ab ì^rpro^DIDLOKN 01- Di `lkgrkql ab qla^p i^p plir`flkbp ab rk^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî ifkbî eljld‹kb^ v! * ]u& * û < N+alkab ] v ^ plk `lkpq^kqbp aâ^p- S^j_f‹k ^nrŒ bp bpbk`fî bi N- Di `lkgrkql ab plir`flkbp ab rk^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî kl eljld‹kb^ kl p^qfpc^`bilp ûflj^p ab ì^rpro^-

Dpqlp bgbjmilp v jrèlp lqolp e^`bk m^qbkqb`Žjl bi `lk`bmql ab bpm^`fl ifkbî bpqŠbuqbkafal mlo bi …idb_o^+i^ FbljbqoŒ^ v bi @kŠifpfp-Br^kal pb abar`b rk qblobj^ ab ilp ûflj^p ab rk bpm^`fl ifkbî+ l_qbkbjlp rk obpriqâl sŠifal mô^ `â^ bgbjmil `lkòbql- Tkfcf`^kal sôflp bgbjmilp ab bpqbjlal+ `lkpbdrf, jlp rk `lkl`fjfbkql jŠp molcrkal bk `â^ rkl- Dk l`^pflkbp bi `lkl`fjfbkql ab rk abqbojfkâl bgbjmil ^vra^ mô^ ^kqf`fmôl fkqbomobqô obpriqâlp sŠifalp mô^ lqolp bgbjmilp v mlkb bk bsfabk`f^ obi^`flkbp nrb ab lqol jlal mlaoŒ^k m^pôfkâsboqfa^p-

Akjoa_qaj_e]o ahaiajp]hao `a hko]teki]o )',

6XW\NL r NWLRJ\ NUNVNW]JUN\ MNUX\JaRXVJ\

Klp qblobj^p nrb pfdrbk pb abar`bk cŠ`fijbkqb ab ilp ^uflj^p ab rk bpm^`fl ifkb^iSDNQDL@ 0-0- TMHBHC@C CDK ateopa qj ahaiajpk _ank v o‰hkqjk-

DKDLDMSN

BDQN-

Cj _q]hmqeanaol]_ek heja]h

Baikopn]_e‰j- Di ^uflj^ 4 klp ^pbdro^ nrb bufpqbmlo il jbklp rk bibjbkql `bol- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb bufpq^kalp+ pb^k /0 v M1+ G^`fbkal t < /0 X N < N1 bk bi ^uflj^ 4+ l_qbkbjlp /0 * N1 < / @kŠild^jbkqb+ e^`fbkal t < N1 X N N! bk`lkqo^jlp N1 * /0 M1+ Obol /0 * N1 N1 * /0 mlo i^ ibv `lk, jrq^qfs^+ ^pŒnrb /0 < M1+

SDNQDL@ 0-1- TMHBHC@C CD DKDLDMSNR NOTDRSNR- Cj _q]hmqeanaol]_ek heja]h pk`k ahaiajpk peaja at]_p]iajpa qj klqaopk- Copk ao+l]n] pk`k t ateopa qj u+ v o‰hkqjk p]h mqa t * v < N-

Baikopn]_e‰j- Di ûflj^ 5 klp af`b nrb `â^ t qfbkb mlo il jbklp rk lmrbpql+ ^ p^_bo ',0 't, Rrmlkd^jlp nrb t qbkd^ alp lmrbpqlp+ pb^k W0 b W1&Dk, qlk`bp t * W0 N X t * W1 N- Rrj^kal X1 ^ ilp alp jfbj_olp ab i^ mofjbo^ fdrîaâ v ^mif`^kal ilp ûflj^p 4+ 3 v 2+ l_qbkbjlp nrb

W1 * &t

Wh( < 'W1 * t'

Xq < M

Wh < Wh * M

< Wh-

Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb X0 < W1+ `lk il nrb t qfbkb bu^`q^jbkqb rk lmrbpql+ bi bibjbk, ql &+h't,

`ljl

Lkp]_e‰j- Di lmrbpql ab t pb abpfdk^ mlo ,t- K^ afcbobk`f^ u , t pb abcfkb i^ prj^ u * ', u(-

Di qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb jrbpqo^ rk `lkgrkql ab molmfbaâbp nrb ofdbk ilp `Ši`rilp îdb_o^f`lp bibjbkqîbp bk rk bpm^`fl ifkbîSDNQDL@ 0-2- Cj qj aol]_ek heja]h+àoecjaiko _kj t a u `ko ahaiajpko _q]haomqean]u _kj ] v ^ `ko ao_]h]nao_q]haomqean -Œ-Rajaiko ajpkj_ao h]o lnk, lea`]ào oecqeajpao9

Mt < M, ]M < N-

Col]_eko heja]hao

'y](t ']t( ]' , t(Qe ]t < N+ajpkj_ao ] < N& k t < N+ k hko `kob( Qe ]t ]u v ] <0<N ajpkj_ao t vc( Qe ]t < ^t v t <0< N+ ajpkj_ao ] < ^d( , 't * v( < ' , t( * ' , v( < , t,ue( t * t < 1t+ t* t *t < 2t+ v aj cajan]h+ Kz<i t < jtb(

Cbjlpqo^objlp ^(- _( lqo^p molmfba^abpBaikopn]_e‰j

j^kal

abg^jlp `ljl

Rb^ w < Mt- Cbpb^jlp abjlpqo^o nrb w < N- Rr, ^mif`^kal bi ^uflj^ 8+ bk`lkqo^jlp nrb

w * w < Mt

^elo^ , w ^ ^j_lp

Baikopn]_e‰j ab _(Baikopn]_e‰j

j^ 8+ bk`lkqo^jlp

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DIDLOKN 0- Di bpm^`fl T! qfbkb afjbkpfŽk j- Tk^ _^pb bp bi `lkgrkql ab ilp j sb`qlobp `lloabkâlp rkfqôflpDIDLOKN 1- Di bpm^`fl ab qlalp ilp mlifkljflp l&p' ab doâl 999:: j qfbkb afjbkpfŽk j * 0- Tk^ _^pb bp bi `lkgrkql ab j * 0 mlifkljflp x 0+p+p!+--- +p!xSlal mlifkljfl ab doâl 999:: pe bp rk^ `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkbî ab bplp j * 0 mlif, kljflpDID L OKN

u! ,

1u&,

`flkbp qz&t' bp^p alp-

Di bpm^`fl ab i^p plir`flkbp ab i^ b`r^`flk afcbobk`fî N qfbkb afjbkpfŽk 1- Tk^ _^pb bpqŠ clojâ^ mlo i^p alp crk, |=- q8v&t' < a!* Sla^ plir`fŽk bp rk^ `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkbî ab

Akilkjajpao

DIDLOKN 3- Di bpm^`fl ab qlalp ilp mlifkljflp l&p' bp ab fkcfkfq^pafjbk, pflkbp- Di `lkgrkql fkcfkfql x0+ p+p!+--- x dbkbo^ bpqbbpm^`fl v kfkd•k `lkgrkql bejepk ab mlifkljflp dbkbo^ bi bpm^`flSDNQDL@ 0-6- Qa] T qj aol]_ek heja]hà èiajoe‰j bejep] _kj afj T < jQa peaja9 ^( Aq]hmqean_kjfqjpk à ahaiajpko ejàlajèajpa à T ao qj oq^_kjfqjpk à qj] _eanp]^]oa l]n] T_( Aq]hmqean_kjfqjpk à j ahaiajpko ejàlajèajpao ao qj] ^]oa l]n] T-

Baikopn]_e‰j- Oô^ abjlpqoô '^(+ `lkpfabobjlp bi `lkgrkql fkabmbkafbkqb R<xWi&--- +Vgx `lkpqfqrfal mlo bibjbkqlp bk T, Rf J&Q' < T* bkqlk`bp R bp rk^ _^pb- Rf kl+ bkqlk`bp e^v îd•k bibjbkql u bk T nrb kl bpqŠbk J&Q', @•â^jlp bpb bibjbkql ^ R v `lkpfabobjlp bi krbsl `lkgrkql R& < wVh&--- +t| * ux- Rf bk bpqb `lkgrkql abmbkafbkqb jriqfmif`^jlp prp bibjbkqlp mlo bp`îôbp ` Ag*h H+ ŠŠŠ+

pfbkal ^idrkl afcbobkqbab `bol+ bpq^_ib`bobjlp nrb g

-1 _-t‚ *

Ag*hW

N-

fzi

Obol Ag*h<h< N mrbpql nrb Vh +ŒŒŒ+Vg plk fkabmbkafbkqbp-Cb ^nrŒ nrb mla^jlp obplisbo bpq^ b`r^`fŽk obpmb`ql^ u iibd^kal ^ i^ `lkìrpfŽk nrb vD J&Q'* il nrb `lkqoâf`b bi prmrbpql ab nrb v kl mboqbkb`b^ J&Q', Olo il q^kql bi `lkgrkql R&bp fkabmbkafbkqbv `lkqfbkb g* 0 bibjbkqlp- Rf J'Q&(< T+bkqlk`bp R&bp rk^ _^pb v+ pfbkal R rk pr_`lkgrkql ab Q&+ i^ môqb'^( nrba^ abjlpqoâ^- Rf R&kl bp rk^ _^pb+ bkqlk`bp mlabjlp mol`babo `lk R&ab fdrî j^kbo^ nrb mol`bafjlp `lk R v `lkpf, aboô lqol krbsl `lkgrkql R! nrb `lkqfbkb g*1 bibjbkqlp v bp fkabmbkafbkqbRf R! bp rk^ _^pb+'^( nrba^ abjlpqoâl- Rf kl+ obmbqfjlp bi mol`bpl- Cb_bjlp iibdô ^ rk^ _^pb abpmr‹p ab rk k•jbol cfkfql ab bq^m^p+v^ nrb ab lqo^ j^kbo^ l_qbkaoŒ^jlp rk `lkgrkql fkabmbkafbkqb `lk j* 0 bibjbkqlp+ `lkqoâf`fbkal bi qblobj^ '0-4(- Olo bpl+ i^ môqb'^( abi qblobj^ '0-6( nrba^ abjlpqoâÔô^ abjlpqoô i^ môqb'_( `lkpfabobjlp rk `lkgrkql fkabmbkafbkqb R `lk j bibjbkqlp- Olo i^ môqb'^(+ R bp rk pr_`lkgrkql ab _^pb @, Obol mlo bi qblob, j^ 0-5+i^ _^pb @ qfbkb bu^`q^jbkqb j bibjbkqlp+ mlo q^kql+R<@0-8 Bljmlkbkqbp Rb^ T rk bpm^`fl ifkbî ab afjbkpfŽk j v `lkpfabobjlp rk^ _^pb `rvlp bibjbkqlp a+Œ--- +aj pb qlj^k bk rk `fboql loabk- Tk^ qî _^pb loabkâ^ i^ `lk, pfabo^jlp `ljl rk^ k,mi^ 'a! ---Œ aj(- Rf V D T+ mlabjlp bumobpôV `ljl rk^ `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkbî ab bplp bibjbkqlp _^pb9 j

'i-R(

J _-a-+ fzi

Col]_eko heja]hao

Klp `lbcf`fbkqbp bk bpq^ b`r^`fŽk abqbojfk^k rk^ k,mi^ ab k•jbolp 'b+ --- + `k( nrb bpqŠ rkŒsl`^jbkqb abqbojfkâ^ mlo t- Dk bcb`ql+ pf qbkbjlp lqo^ obmobpbk, q^`fŽk ab t `ljl `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkbî ab a! --- + aj+ mlo bgbjmil t < K:zi èae+ obpq^kal ab ' 0 +4( bk`lkqo^jlp nrb KziAAe, è(ae < N- Obol v^ nrb ilp bib, jbkqlp _^pb plk fkabmbkafbkqbp+ bpl fjmif`^ nrb _e<è mô^ `â^ e*`lk il `rî 'b! --- + _j( 'af+&! +`j(Klp `ljmlkbkqbp ab i^ k,mi^ loabkâ^ '`-+ --- + Aj( abqbojfkâ^ mlo '0&-4( pb ii^j^k _kilkjajpao à t naola_pk ] h] ^]oa knàj]`] 'a! --- +aj(-

i-q A

8SN[LRLRX\

Dk `^a^

rkl

ab ilp bgboBHBHNR abi 0 î 0/+ R bp bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp sb`qlobp `ljmlkbkqbp p^qfpc^`bk i^ `lkaf`fŽk nrb pb a^- Cbqbojfkô pf R bp ab Tk& Rf il bp+ `î`riô afj R-

&t* u+w( ab Tk `rvlp

rk pr_bpm^`fl 0- t < N1- t * u < N-

*u *

v < N-

2, t <u-

4- t < u < v+

4, t < uk t < v6- t1 , u1 < N7- t * u < 08- W < 1t v v < 2t/., t * T * v < N v t ,

u , v

N-

Rb^ N* bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qlalp ilp mlifkljflp ab doâl 999:: j+ pfbkal j cfgl- Dk `â^ bgbo`f`fl abi 00 î 1/+ pb^ R bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp mlifkljflp Gab N, nrb p^qfpc^`bk i^ `lkaf`fŽk aâ^- Cbqbojfkô pf R bp rk pr_bpm^`fl ab N‹, Rf il bp+`î`riô afj R//, /&.' < N0102/2, /3, /4, /5, /6,

.&'/( < N.!'/( < N/&.' * .&'/( < N/&.' < 0/(/&.' < /&0',

Gbp môGbp fjmôGbp ab doâl p: g+ pfbkal g ; j+ l G< NGbp ab doâl g+ pfbkal g ; j+ l G< N-

081/10- Dk bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qlalp ilp mlifkljflp obîbp l&p'* abpòf_fo bi pr_bpm^`fl bkdbk, aoâl mlo `â^ rkl ab ilp pfdrfbkqbp `lkgrkqlp ab mlifkljflp v abqbojfkô pr afjbkpfŽk^( xi+ p1+p3x: _( wp+p2+p4x: b( wp+p1x: a( xi * p+'0 * p(1x11- Dk bpqb bgbo`f`fl+ J'Q( bp bi pr_bpm^`fl dbkboâl mlo rk pr_`lkgrkql R ab rk bpm^`fl ifkbî T- Cbjlpqoô i^p molmlpf`flkbp ab i^ ^( ^ i^ c(^( R R: J&Q', _( Rf R R: RQ: Tu pf R bp rk pr_bpm^`fl ab T- bkqlk`bp J&Q' R: R- Dpq^ molmfbaâ pb bumobp^ af`fbkal nrb J&Q' bp bi iajkn pr_bpm^`fl ab T nrb `lkqfbkb Rb( Tk pr_`lkgrkql R ab T bp rk pr_bpm^`fl ab T pf v pŽil pf J&Q' < Ra( Rf R R: R R: T* bkqlk`bp J&Q' R: J&R', b( Rf R X R plk pr_bpm^`flp ab T* q^j_f‹k il bp R ‡[ R, c( Rf R X R plk pr_`lkgrkqlp ab T, bkqlk`bp J&Q k R' Q9J&Q'‡[ J&R', d( Cô rk bgbjmil bk bi nrb J&Q ‡[ R' ", J&Q' ‡[ J&R', 12- Rb^ U bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp obîbp abcfkfa^p bk i^ ob`q^ obî- Cbqbo, jfkô pf `â^ rkl ab ilp pfdrfbkqbp pr_`lkgrkqlp ab T bp abmbkafbkqb l fkabmbkafbkqb - Bî`riô i^ afjbkpfŽk abi pr_bpm^`fl dbkboâl mlo `â^ `lkgrkql-

Nnk`q_pko ejpaneknao+aol]_eko aq_h‡`ako- Lkni]o

^( xH+a!&t+a^Vx* ]

:‹

c( oblp t+ pbktxd( x`lp! V+oaj 1 tx-

_( wa!&t+ ta!&Vx-

b( xH+ a]t+ ta]tx-

e( xH+ blp 1t+oaj0 txf( xpbk t+ pbk 1txg( waVblp t+ a,V pbktx-

a( wa!&t+ ta&!+t0a]Vx-

b( waV+a,t+ blpeuy-

13- Rb^k T rk bpm^`fl ifkbî ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^+v R rk pr_bpm^`fl ab T, Cbjlpqoô rk^ ab i^p molmlpf`flkbp pfdrfbkqbp^( R bp ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^ v afj R z afj T, _( afj R < afj T pf v pŽil pf R < Tb( Sla^ _^pb ab R bp môqb ab rk^ _^pb ab T, a( Tk^ _^pb ab T kl `lkqfbkb kb`bpôf^jbkqb rk^ _^pb ab R-

)'))

`^a^

B[XM^L]X\RW]N[RX[N\% N\YJLRX\ N^LUlMNX\' @X[VJ\

Dk i^ FbljbqoŒ^ brìŒab^ loafkôf^+ ^nrbii^p molmfbaâbp nrb `rbkq^k `lk i^ mlpf_fifaâ ab jbafo ilkdfqrabp ab pbdjbkqlp ob`qfiŒkblp v Škdrilp clojâlp mlo ob`q^p pb ii^j^k molmfbaâbp i†pne_]o- Dk krbpqol bpqrafl ab Tj+ abcfkfjlp i^p ilkdfqrabp v ilp Škdrilp bk crk`fŽk abi molar`ql bp`îô- Prbobjlp êlo^ buqbk, abo bp^p fab^p ^ bpm^`flp ifkbîbp jŠp dbkboîbp-Oofjbol fkqolar`fobjlp rk^ db, kboîfw^`fŽk abi molar`ql bp`îô+ nrb ii^jôbjlp lnk`q_pk ejpanekn+ v irbdl abcfkfobjlp i^ ilkdfqra v bi @kdrilbk crk`fŽk ab bpqbmolar`ql fkqbofloDi molar`ql bp`îô t - v ab alp sb`qlobp t < 'Vh& -Œ- + tj( b v < 'Xi+ - ! Wj( ab Tj pb abcfkfŽ bk bi Ulirjbk 0 mlo i^ cŽojri^ '0-5(

t• W < GVeWe& fzi

Dk rk bpm^`fl ifkbî dbkboî+bpòf_fjlp 'u+ v( bk irdô ab V% v môîlp molar`qlp fkqboflobp+v abcfkfjlp bi molar`ql ûfljŠqf`^jbkqb v kl jbaf^kqb rk^ cŽojri^Dpql bp+bpq^_ib`bjlp rk^p `fboq^p molmfbaâbp nrb nrbobjlp nrb p^qfpc^d^kilp molar`qlp fkqboflobpv i^p `lkpfabo^jlp `ljl ]teki]oCDEHMHBHˆM- Sj aol]_ek heja]h na]h T peaja qj lnk`q_pk ejpanekn oe ] _]`] l]n à ahaiajpko t a u à T _knnaolkjà qj jŠiank na]h Šje_k 't+ v( mqa o]peo, b]_a hko oecqeajpao ]teki]o _q]haomqean] mqa oa]j t+ u+ w à T v l]n] pk`ko hko ao_]h]nao na]hao _0( &t* u' < &u*t' p_kjiqp]pere`]`+ k oeiapn‡](1( &t* u * w( < &t* u' * &t* v' pèopne^qpere`]`+ k heja]he`]`(1' a&t*u' < &at*u' ']ok_e]pere`]`+ q dkikcajae`]`(2' &t* t' = N oe t ocN 'lkoepere`]`(-

Tk bpm^`fl ifkb^i `lk rk molar`ql fkqboflo pb ii^j^ aol]_ek na]h aq_h‡`ak-

Col]_eko heja]hao M^oanr]_e‰j9 G^`fbkal

bk '2(+ bk`lkqo^jlp

nrb

'M+ v(

m^o^ qlal

Dk rk bpm^`fl ifkbî `ljmibgl+ rk molar`ql fkqboflo &t* v( bp rk k•jbol `ljmibgl nrb p^qfpc^`bilp jfpjlp ûflj^p nrb ilp abi molar`ql fkqboflo obî+ bu`bmql bi ab i^ pfjbqoŒ^nrb pb obbjmi^w^ mlo i^ obi^`fŽk '0.(

't+ u'

< &u*t(

'Qepjapn‡] daniepe]j]p&z

pfbkal &u*t' bi `ljmibgl `lkgrdâl ab &u*t', Dk bi ûflj^ ab eljldbkbfaâ+ bi jriqfmif`âlo bp`îô a mrbab pbo `rînrfbo k•jbol `ljmibgl- Cbi ûflj^ ab i^ eljldbkbfaâ v '0&(+iibd^jlp ^ i^ obi^`fŽk &t* au'

'2.(

&au*t'

…&u* t'

…&t*u' ,

Tk bpm^`fl ifkbî `ljmibgl `lk rk molar`ql fkqboflopb ii^j^ aol]_ek aq_h‡àk '@ sb`bp pb rp^ q^j_f‹k i^ abkljfk^`fŽk ab aol]_ek qjep]nek-( Tk bgbjmil bp bi bpm^`fl sb`qlofî `ljmibgl rjAA' _obsbjbkqb afp`rqfal bk i^ pb`, `fŽk 01-05 abi Ulirjbk H@rknrb klp fkqbobp^kmofk`fmîjbkqb ilp bgbjmilp ab bpm^`flp brìŒablp ob^, ibp+ilp qblobj^p ab bpqb`^mŒqrilplk sŠifalp mô^ bpm^`flp brìŒablp `ljmibglpBr^kal ab`fjlp bpm^`fl brìŒabl+pfk jŠp+ bkqbkabobjlp nrb mrbab pbo obî l `ljmibglDi ib`qlo ab_fbo^ `ljmol_ô nrb `â^ bgbjmil nrb pfdrb p^qfpc^`bqlalp ilp ûflj^p abi molar`ql fkqboflo_kilhafk-

DIDLOKN

&t* v(

Dk Tj pb^ &t* v( <

1- Rf t &t* * t1( b jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^

DIDLOKN

jlp

t , v+ bi

molar`ql bp`îô loafkôfl ab

< &u* * W1(

b v-

plk alp sb`qlobp ab T1+ abcfkf,

Dpqbbgbjmil mlkb ab j^kfcfbpql nrb mrbabk bufpqfojŠp ab rk molar`ql fkqboflo bk rk bpm^`fl ifkb^i a^alDIDLOKN

2- Rb^ A&]*

bi bpm^`fl ifkb^i ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp ob^ibp `lk,

q Dk elklo ab Beôibp Gbojfqb '0711,08/0( î abpôoliil abi Šidb_o^ v abi ^kŠifpfp-

j^qbjŠqf`l

co^k`‹p nrb `lkqof_rvŽ

jr`el

Nnk`q_pko ejpaneknao+aol]_eko aq_h‡`ako- Lkni]oqfkr^p bk rk fkqbos^il b v d `lk i^ cŽojri^

Y]* ^[, Cbcfk^jlp

'g+d(

rk molar`ql

H8b'p(c'p(

fkqboflo ab alp crk`flkbp

`p -

Dpq^ cŽojri^ bp ^kŠild^ ^ i^ b`r^`fŽk '0-5(- nrb abcfkb bi molar`ql bp`îô ab alp sb`qlobp bk T j- Klp sîlobp ab i^p crk`flkbp b&p' v c&p' abpbjmb•^k bi m^mbi ab ilp `ljmlkbkqbp t+ b u,: v i^ fkqbdo^`fŽk bi ab i^ prj^DIDLOKN

Dk bi bpm^`fl A&]* ^'* abcfkfjlp 'g+d(

H8s'p(b'p(c'p(

`p +

alkab t bp rk^ crk`fŽk mlpfqfs^ cfgâb A']+ ^-(- Sî crk`fŽk pb ii^j^ Dk bi bgbjmil 2 qbkbjlp s&p' < 0 mô^ qlal pDIDLOKN

Dk bi bpm^`fl ifkb^i ab qlalp 'g+d(

< cl&W(a,pz'p(c'p(

ilp mlifkljflp

SDNQDL@

ob^ibp+ abcfkfjlp

`p -

Cb_fal î c^`qlo bumlkbk`fî+ bpq^ fkqbdoî fjmolmf^ mlifkljflp b v d-

h] `aoecq]h`]`

`lksbodb

m^o^ qlal

0-7- Cj qj aol]_ek aq_h‡`ak T+ pk`k lnk`q_pk `a A]q_du,Q_ds]nv9 G't+u(00

't+ t('u+ u(

?`ai…o+ ah oecjk `a ecq]h`]`

l]n]

bqj_e‰j laok-

pk`k t

ao r…he`k oe u o‰hkoe t a u

ejpanekn o]peob]_a

u &pk`k uaj QMj

m^o ab

T-

`alaj`eajpao-

Baikopn]_e‰jRf l`roob nrb l _fbk t<M l v<N i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk bp qofsfî- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb t b v kl plk ^j_^p `bol- Rb^ v<]t*û bk alkab ] v ^ plk bp`îôbp nrb bpmb`fcf`ôbjlp abpmr‹p- Sbkbjlp i^ abpfdrîaâ 'w+w(z N mô^ qlal ] v ^, Br^kal bumobp^jlp bpq^ abpfdrîaâ bk crk`fŽk ab t b v `lk rk^ bib``fŽk ^molmfâ^ ab ] v ^+l_qbkbjlp i^ abpfdrîaâ ab B^rèv,RètôwOô^ bumobpô &v*v' bk crk`fŽk ab t b v rpôbjlp i^p molmfbaâbp 'H!(+ '1( X '2&(+l_qbkfbkal 'w: w( < ']h,

^u+ ]t

< ]ee't+ t( *

^u( < ']t+ ]t(

]d't+u(

^ee'u+t(

* ']t+ ^u( * '^u+ ]t( * * ^^'u+u( 1 l-

'^u+ ^u(

Col]_eko heja]hao

1/-

Slj^kal obpriq^

];&u*u'

v prmofjfbkal bk i^ abpfdr^ia^a bi c^`qlo mlpfqfsl &u*u'*

&u*u'&t* t'%*

^et+u'

^&u* t'

^^ y N-

@elo^+ e^d^jlp ^< +&t*u', Dkqlk`bp+ ^< +&u*t' v i^ •iqfj^ rk^ sbw pfjmifcf`^a^+ qlj^ i^ cloj^

abpfdr^ia^a+

&u*u'&t* t' y &t*u'&u* t' < i'u+v(01-

Dpql abjrbpqo^ i^ abpfdrîaâ ab B^rèv,Rètôw- Di pfdkl ab fdrîaâ bp sŠifal pf v pŽil pf w< N- Dpql l`roob pf v pŽil pf t b v plk abmbkafbkqbp-

DIDLOKN@mif`^kal bi qblobj^ 0-7 î bpm^`fl A&]* ^' `lk bi molar`ql fkqboflo 'g+d( < byb'p(c'p( `p+bk`lkqo^jlp nrb i^ abpfdrîaâ ab B^rèv,Rètôw pb qo^kpcloj^ bk

Di molar`ql fkqboflo mrbab rqfifwôpbmô^ fkqolar`fo bi `lk`bmql j‹qof`l ilkdfqra bk `rînrfbo bpm^`fl brìŒablCDEHMHBHˆM-

Cj qj aol]_ek aq_h‡`ak T+ ah jŠiank

jk jac]perk

Hiuii`abeje`k

lkn h] a_q]_e‰j

Hiuii< &t* V(0.1 oa `ajkiej]

jkni]

`ah ahaiajpk t-

Br^kal i^ abpfdrîaâ ab B^rèv,Rètôw j^p+ qlj^ i^ cloj^

pb bumobp^bk crk`fŽk ab i^p klo,

G&t*u'- y Zu\ GGuhh , Orbpql nrb bp mlpf_ib abcfkfo rk molar`ql fkqboflo ab jrè^p j^kbo^p+ i^ kloj^ ab rk bibjbkql abmbkaboŠabi molar`ql fkqboflo bibdfal- Dpq^cîq^ ab rkf, `faâ bo^ ab bpmboô-Dpqbebèl bp ^kŠildl î ab nrb mlabjlp ^pfdkô k•jbolp afpqfkqlp ^ i^ jbafa^ ab i^ ilkdfqra ab rk pbdjbkql ob`qfiŒkblaâl+ pbd•k i^ bib``fŽk ab bp`î^ l rkfaâ ab jbafa^- Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrb a^ i^p molmfbaâbp crka^jbkqîbp ab i^p kloj^p nrb kl abmbkabk ab i^ bib``fŽk ab molar`ql fkqboflo-

Mnpkckj]he`]`

aj qj aol]_ek aq_h‡`ak

SDNQDL@ 0-8- Cj qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk+ pk`] jkni] peaja h]o lnklea`]ào oecqeajpao l]n] pk`ko hko ahaiajpko t a u+ u pk`ko hko ao_]h]nao `9 ^( Zu\ < N pf t < N_( Zu\ = N pf t l{‹ N 'lkoepere`]`(b( Zbu\ < Zb\ Hiuii 'dkikcajae`]`(a( HHu* vii z Zu\ * H.vii 'àoecq]h`]` pne]jcqh]n(Ch oecjk à ecq]h`]` ao r…he`k aj h] àoecq]h`]` pne]jcqh]n oe u o‰hkoe t a u okj àlajèajpao-

Baikopn]_e‰jK^p molmfbaâbp ^(+ _( v b( pb abar`bk fkjbaf^q^jbkqb ilp ûflj^p abi molar`ql fkqboflo- Oô^ abjlpqoô a( l_pbosbjlp nrb Zu * uh/0 < &t

u* t

* &u*u' * &t* u' * &u* t' ; HHui0*1 HHvi01 * &t*u' * &t*u' ,

u' < &t* t' <

'u+ u' bp obî- K^ abpfdrîaâ

K^ prj^

&t* u'

z&t* v(0 z

Hiuii Hivii v

nrb

Zu * uhh1 y

h&t*u'/ y

Hiuii i_ii-

ab B^rèv,Rètôw

morb_^ nrb

^pŒnrb qbkbjlp

HHui0*1 HHvi01 * 100uii Hivii < '00uii * iHv00(1-

Dpql abjrbpqo^ a(- Di pfdkl ab fdrîaâ bk a( bp sŠifal pfbjmob nrb il pb^ bk i^ abpfdrîaâ ab B^rèv,RètôwBr^kal u < at+ pfbkal a = N+ qbkbjlp Ght *

vii

< Zu

bu\ < '0

Huii < HZuii*

Zbu\ <

Hiuii * Hivi -

CDEHMHBHˆM- Cj qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk na]h T+ ah …jcqhk bkni]`k lkn `ko aha, iajpko jk jqhko t a u oa àbeja _kik ah jŠiank a àh ejpanr]hk N z a y pn mqa o]peob]_a h] a_q]_e‰j

'0- 6(

nko

't+ u(

Hiuiiiivii

Môanr]_e‰j9 K^ abpfdrîaâ ab B^rèv,Rètôw morb_^ nrb bi `l`fbkqb abi pb, drkal jfbj_ol ab '0-6( bpqŠ bk bi fkqbosîl Z,0+ 0\+ ^pŒnrb bufpqb pŽil rk '( bk ZN+6S\ `rvl `lpbkl bp fdrî î ab bpqb `l`fbkqb-

>')*

A[]XPXWJURMJM NW^WN\YJLRX N^LUlMNX

CDEHMHBHˆM- Cj qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk T+ `ko ahaiajpko t a u oa hh]i]j knpk, ckj]hao oe oq lnk`q_pk ejpanekn ao _ank- Sj oq^_kjfqjpk R à T ao qj _kjfqjpk knpkckj]h oe 't+ v( < N l]n] pk`k l]n à ahaiajpko èopejpko t a u à R- Sj _kj, fqjpk knpkckj]h oa hh]i] knpkjkni]h oe _]`] qjk à oqo ahaiajpko peaja jkni] 0-

Col]_eko heja]hao

Di bibjbkql `bol bp loqldlkî ^ qlal bibjbkql ab T: bp bi •kf`l bibjbkql loqldlkî ^ pŒjfpjl- Di pfdrfbkqb qblobj^ abjrbpqo^ rk^ obi^`fŽk bkqobloqldlk^, ifaâ v abmbkabk`f^SDNQDL@ 0 -0/Cj qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk T+ pk`k _kjfqjpk knpkckj]h à ahaiajpko jk jqhko ao ejàlajèajpa- Cj l]npe_qh]n+aj qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk à èojajoe…j bejep] _kj afj T < j+ pk`k _kjfqjpk knpkckj]h mqa _kjopa à j aha, iajpko jk jqhko ao qj] ^]oa l]n] T-

Baikopn]_e‰j- Rb^ R rk `lkgrkql loqldlkî ab bibjbkqlp kl krilp ab T+ v prmlkd^jlp nrb rk^ `fboq^ `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkbî cfkfqâb bibjbkqlp ab R bp `bol+ #BMI g

AeVe

< N+

f<i

alkab `â^ t+D R- Eloj^kal bi molar`ql bp`îô ab `â^ jfbj_ol mlo Wi v qbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ nrb 'Wi& Ve( < N pf e <0< 0+ bk`lkqo^jlp nrb `+'Wi& Wi( < NObol 'WH&Wi( <0< N v^ nrb Wi <0< N `lk il `rî _+< N- Qbmfqfbkal bi o^wlk^jfbkql `^j_f^kal u+ mlo t-+ bk`lkqo^jlp nrb `â^ az < N-Dpql morb_^ nrb R bp fkabmbk, afbkqb- Rf afj T < j v pf R `lkpq^ ab j bibjbkqlp+ bi qblobj^ 0-6 _( abjrbpqo^ nrb R bp rk^ _^pb mô^ T, DIDLOKNDk bi bpm^`fl ifkbî obî B'N+ 166!( `lk bi molar`ql fkqboflo &b*c' < IziSf&t'c&t' `t* pb^ R bi `lkgrkql ab i^p crk`flkbp qofdlklj‹qof`^p xrl+ r S0* ,,‹ x aâ^p mlo i+

qk'V( < 0+

S1j\0'V(

< `lp jt+

S0j'V(

< pbk jt + m^o^ j < 0+1+----

Qe i <0< j+ qbkbjlp i^p obi^`flkbp ab loqldlk^ifa^a

^pŒnrb R bp rk `lkgrkql loqldlkî- Orbpql nrb kfkd•k bibjbkql ab R bp bi bib, jbkql `bol+ R bp fkabmbkafbkqb-K^ kloj^ ab `â^ bibjbkql ab R pb `î`ri^ cŠ`fi, jbkqb- Sbkbjlp 'rl + rl( byhR `t 166! v+ mô^ j y 0+ qbkbjlp

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6R-

Mnpkckj]he`]` aj qj aol]_ek aq_h‡`ak

Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ Hirlii < Ui: v .0 Sj 00 < v9::9 mô^ j y 0- Cfsfafbkal `â^ Sj mlo pr kloj^+ l_qbkbjlp rk `lkgrkql loqlklojî x8& N+8& i+8&-+1+ y alkab b-’<qj.hhqjhh@pŒmrbp+qbkbjlp 0

7% k&t'< - .,

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pbkku

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Dk i^ pb``fŽk 0-03 abjlpqoôbjlp nrb qlal bpm^`fl brìŒabl ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^qfbkb rk^ _^pb loqldlkî- Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrb jrbpqo^ `Žjl pb `î`ri^k ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ab rk bibjbkql obi^qfslp ^ rk^ qî _^pbSDNQDL@ 0 -00Qa] T qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk à èiajoe‰j bejep] j+ u oqlkj, c]iko mqa Q < wah&--- +aŒŒ x ao qj] ^]oa knpkckj]h l]n] T- Qeqj ahaiajpk t aop… atlnao]`k _kik qj] _kiêj]_e‰j heja]h à hko ahaiajpko à h] ^]oa+oa] †op]

'0-7(

ajpkj_ao oqo _kilkjajpao lkn h]o b‰niqh]o '0-8(

’’ 1_eae& e<h

nah]perko] h] ^]oa kn`aj]`]

'u+ af' < ,',,( a-+a

'ah=--- +aj( reajaj `]`ko

l]n] g < 0+1+--- +j-

Cj l]npe_qh]n+oe Q ao qj] ^]oa knpkjkni]h+ _]`] az reaja `]`] lkn '0-0/(

Baikopn]_e‰j- Eloj^kal `lk af* l_qbkbjlp

bi molar`ql fkqboflo ab `^a^ jfbj_ol

'0+7(

't+ af( < 1_:'ae+ a( < _f'af+ a( e<h

mrbpql nrb 'az+af( < N pf e<0< f, Dpql fjmif`^ '0-8(+ v `r^kal kbjlp '0-0/(Rf xbi&--- +ajx bp rk^ _^pb loqlkloj^i+ i^ b`r^`fŽk bk i^ cloj^ j

'0-00(

< 1't+ e<h

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Col]_eko heja]hao

Di pfdrfbkqb qblobj^ morb_^ nrb bk rk bpm^`fl brìŒabl obî ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^`lk rk^ _^pb loql klojî bi molar`ql fkqboflo ab alp bibjbkqlp bp fdrî ^ i^ prj^ ab ilp molar`qlp ab prp `ljmlkbkqbp0-01- Qa] T qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk na]h à èiajoe‰j bejep] j+ hHqawah=--- +ajx ao qj] ^]oa knpkjkni]h l]n] T- N]n] pk`k l]n à ahaiajpko t a u à T+ pajaiko SDNQDL@

u oqlkjc]iko

'0-01(

'u+ u( <

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e;h

Cj l]npe_qh]n+_q]j`k

t < u+ pajaiko j

1 HHui0<

'0-02(

G&t*az'/1Œ

e;h

Baikopn]_e‰j- Eloj^kal- bi molar`ql fkqboflo ab ^j_lp jfbj_olp ab i^ b`r^`fŽk '0-00( `lk u+v ^mif`^kal i^ molmfbaâ ab ifkbîfaâ abi molar`ql fkqb, oflo+l_qbkbjlp '0-01(- Br^kal t < v+ i^ b`r^`fŽk '0-01( pb obar`b ^ '0-02(Môanr]_e‰j9 K^ b`r^`flk '0-01( pb abkljfk^ `ljl pb fkaf`^ bk elklo& ab L- @- Oôpbsî '^molufjâ^jbkqb 0665,0725(+ nrb l_qrsl bpqb qfml ab cŽojri^ bk TC bpm^`fl crk`flkî bpmb`fî- K^ b`r^`fŽk '0-02( bp rk^ dbkboîfw^`fŽk abi qblobj^ ab

OfqŠdlo^p-

0-02 Dgbo`f`flp 0- Rb^k t < &VG!%! tj( b v < 'XH!&! Wj( sb`qlobp ô_fqoôflp ab Tj- Cbqbojfkô bk `â^ `^pl+ pf &t* v( bp rk molar`ql fkqboflo bk Tj+ pf &t* v( bpqŠ abcfkfal mlo i^ cŽojri^ nrb pb a^- Dk bi `^pl bk nrb &t*v( kl pb^ rk molar`ql fkqboflo+ ab`fo `rŠibp plk ilp ûflj^p nrb kl pb p^qfpc^`bkj

^( 't+ u( < JVe

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a( 't+ u( <

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, JWz& e;h

b( 'V+u( < JVe JWe ey0 ey0

1- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb j^kqbkbjlp ilp qobp mofjbolp ûflj^p abi molar`ql fkqboflo obî 'pfjbqoŒ^+ifkbîfaâ v eljldbkbfaâ( mbol obbjmi^w^jlp bi `rôql ûflj^ mlo rkl krb, sl '3&(9 &t* t' < N pf v pŽil pf t < N- Cbjlpqoô nrb l 'u+ t' = N mô^ qlal t9… N l _fbk &t* t' ; N mô^ qlal t :‹ N-

Cfan_e_eko

Rrmlkbo &t* t' = N mô^ rk `fboql t +‹ N X &u*v( ; N mô^ rk `fboql N- Dk bi bpm^`fl dbkboâl mlo wt* ux+ eîiô rk bibjbkql w +‹ N blk 'w+w( < N-\

YGj`e_]_eˆj%

qlal

+‹

Cbjlpqoô nrb bk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 2 î 6 `â^ rk^ ab i^p molmlpf`flkbp bp sŠifa^ mô^ mô ab bibjbkqlp t b v ab rk bpm^`fl brìŒabl obî-

2- &t*u' < N 2, &t*u' < N 4- &t*u' < N 4, &t * u+t ,

pf v pŽil pf Zu* vii < Zu , viipf v pŽil pf Hiu * vi01 < HHui01* Hiv001pf v pŽil pf Zu * `vii 91 Zu\ m^o^ qlal b ob^i u(< N pf v pŽil pf Zu\ < Hivii-

6- Rf t b v plk bibjbkqlp

kl krilp

Hiu , vi01

nrb cloj^k

rk Škdril

'(+ bkqlk`bp

HHui01* iHvi01, 1 Hiuii iHvii `lp '(-

7- Dk bi bpm^`fl ifkb^i ob^i B'i+ a'* abcfkfjlp 'b+c( <

rk molar`ql

'ild t(b't(c't(

fkqboflo mlo

`t-

^( Rf G&t' < T-:+`î`riô 00.00_( Gîiô rk mlifkljfl ab mofjbo doâl c&t' < ] `lkpq^kqb G&t' < 08- Dk bi bpm^`fl ifkbî obî B' ,[+ 0(+ pb^ &H*d( `flkbp S! q1 q2 aâ^p mlo

<c<,i

nrb pb^ loqldlk^i

b'p(c'p(`p-

S2'p( < 0

^ i^ crk`fŽk

Blkpfabo^o i^p qobp crk,

Cbjlpqoô nrb alp ab bii^p plk loqldlkîbp+ alp cloj^k bkqob pŒrk Škdril &hR.2+v alp cloj^k bkqob pŒrk Škdril &hR.50/- Dk bi bpm^`fl ifkbî N, ab qlalp ilp mlifkljflp obîbp ab doâl z j+ abcfkfjlp

^( Cbjlpqoô nrb &H*d( bp rk molar`ql fkqboflo mô^ N‹, _( Bî`riô &H*d( `r^kal h&p'< p X c&p' < ]p * ^b( Rf G&p' < p+eîiô qlalp ilp mlifkljflp d loqldlkîbp ^ h, ((& Dk bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qlalp ilp mlifkljflp obîbp+abcfkfjlp &H*d( < a,pz'p(c'p( `p^( Cbjlpqoô nrb bp^ fkqbdoî fjmolmf^ `lksbodb ^_plirq^jbkqb mô^ qlalp ilp mlifkl, jflp Gv d_( Rf t,&p' < p! mô^ j < N+ 0+ 1+ --- + abjlpqoô nrb &V,* ti( < &i * j' , b( Bî`riô &H*d( `r^kal h&p' < &p* 0(1 v c&p' < p1 * 0a( Gîiô [ qlalp ilp mlifkljflp ab mofjbo doâl c'p( < ] * ^p loqldlkîbp ^ G'p( < 0 * p01- Dk bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qlalp ilp mlifkljflp obîbp+ abqbojfkô pf '.+ d( bp l kl ro: molar`ql fkqboflo `r^kal pb abcfkb &H*d( `lk i^ cŽojri^ nrb pb a^- Dk bi `^pl bk nrb &H*d( kl bp rk molar`ql fkqboflo+ fkaf`ô nr‹ ûflj^p kl plk obpmbqâlp- Dk b(+ b%v d& fkaf`^k abofsâ^p-

Q::

Col]_eko heja]hao

-1 ^( 'b+c( < G'h(c'h(• _( 'b+c(

HH8G'p(c'p( `p h•

02- T bpqŠ cloj^al `lk `r^ibp i^p pbofbp abcfkfjlp

'h-c(

H8b&'p(c&'p(`p+

a( 'b+c( < S9G'p( `p(S9c'p(

qla^p i^p pr`bpflkbp fkabcfkfa^p ab k•jbolp `lksbodbk- Rf t < wt,x b v < wu-x plk !

09V1

`p(-

ob^ibp wt,x m^o^ ilp alp bibjbkqlp ab

T+

't+++(<

09t+-u!2)

^( Cbjlpqoô nrb bpq^ pbofb `lksbodb ^_plirq^jbkqbYGjè_]_e‰j9 Tpô i^ abpfdrîaâ ab B^rèv,Rètôw

m^o^ ^molufj^o

i^ prj^

09z<0 Hu+-v!H-i:

03-

_( Cbjlpqoô nrb T bp rk bpm^`fl ifkbî `lk &t* u' `ljl molar`ql fkqboflob( Bî`riô 't+ v( pf t: < h.j b v- < h.'j * 0( mô^ j y 0a( Bî`riô 't+W( pf t: < 1! b v- <h.j mô^ j y 0Rb^ T bi `lkgrkql ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp obîbp G`lkqfkr^p bk ZN+* //( v qîbp nrb i^ fkqbdoî a+pG1&p'`p`lksbodb- Cbcfk^jlp &H*d( a+ph&p'c&p'`p, ^( Cbjlpqoô nrb i^ fkqbdoî nrb a^ '.+ d( `lksbodb ^_plirq^jbkqb mô^ `â^ mô ab crk`flkbp Gv d ab TYGjè_]_e‰j9 @mif`ô i^ abpfdrîaâ ab B^rèv,Rètôw mô^ ^molufjô i^ fkqb, doî a+ph-&p'c&p'h`p,[ _( Cbjlpqoô nrb T bp rk bpm^`fl ifkbî `lk &f* d( `ljl molar`ql fkqboflob( Bî`riô &f* d( pf G&p' < a,p v d'q( ;p%*alkab j /+ 0+ 1+ ---Dk rk bpm^`fl brìŒabl `ljmibgl+ abjlpqoô nrb bi molar`ql fkqboflo qfbkb i^p pfdrfbkqbp molmfbaâbp mô^ qlalp ilp bibjbkqlp t+v+ w v qlalp ilp `ljmibglp ] v ^^( &]t* û' < ]ˆ&t* u', _( &t* ]u * ^v' < ]&t* u' * ˆ&t* v', Cbjlpqoô nrb bk qlal bpm^`fl brìŒabl plk sŠifa^p i^p fabkqfaâbp pfdrfbkqbp1 iHv.i1 * &t*u' * &u,t', ^( Hiu * viii < HHui0* _( Zu * uhh1 , .Hu, vi01 < 0&t* u( * 0&u*t', b( Hiu * vi01 * Hiu , viii < 1 Hiuiii * 1 Hiv001Cbjlpqoô nrb bi bpm^`fl ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp `ljmibg^p `lkqfkr^p bk rk fkqbosîl Y]* ^[ pb qo^kpcloj^ bk rk bpm^`fl rkfqôfl pf abcfkfjlp rk molar`ql fkqboflo mlo i^ cŽojri^

Q9&

< Q9&

04-

05-

06-

'b+c( alkab

)'),

H8s'p(.'p(c'p(

s bp rk^ crk`fŽk mlpfqfs^ cfg^+`lkqfkr^

`p +

bk Y]* ^[,

6XW\][^LLRmW MNLXWS^W]X\ X[]XPXWJUN\' ?k]XMXMNFo^j,R`ejfaq

Slal bpm^`fl ifkbî ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^qfbkbrk^ _^pb cfkfq^-Rf bi bpm^`fl bp brìŒabl+mlabjlp `lkpqorfo pfbjmob rk^ _^pb knpkckj]h- Dpqbobpriqâl pb abar,

Akjopnq__e‰j `a _kjfqjpko

knpkckj]hao- K†pk`k `a En]i,Q_die`p

`foŠ `ljl `lkpb`rbk`f^ ab rk qblobj^ `rv^ abjlpqo^`fŽk bkpb•^ ^ `lkpqorfo `lkgrkqlp loqldlkîbp bk `rînrfbo bpm^`fl brìŒabl- ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^ l ab fkcfkfq^pafjbkpflkbp- K^ `lkpqor``fŽk pb ii^j^ i†pk`k à En]i,Q_die`p+ bk jb, jlof^ ab I- O- Fo^j '074/,0805( v D- Rèjfaq '0734,0810(SDNQDL@ 0-02SDNQDL@ CD NQSNFNM@KHY@BHˆMQa] Vz+V1+--- +qj] oq, _aoe‰j bejep] k ejàbeje`] à ahaiajpko à qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk T+ v àoecjaiko _kj J't Vg( ah oqâol]_ek cajan]`k lkn hko g lneianko à aoko ahaiajpkoCteopa qj] oq_aoe‰j_knnaolkjèajpa à ahaiajpko XH= W1Œ--- +à T mqa peaja h]o oecqeajpao lnklea`]ào l]n] _]`] ajpank g9 ^( Ch ahaiajpk Wgao knpkckj]h ] pk`k ahaiajpk àh oq^ aol]_ek J'WG=--- Wg,y(_( Ch oq^ aol]_ek cajan]`k lkn XH= ’’’ + Wg ao ah ieoik mqa ah cajan]`k lkn Wi&-’’’ te9 h*

‹‹‹

b( J] oq_aopkj XH- W1Œ---Œ ao Šje_]+ o]hrk b]_pknao ao_]h]nao- Copk ao+ pf ahaiajpko `a T mqa o]peob]_aj h]o lnklea`]`ao ^( v _(+ajpkj_ao l]n] _]`] g ateopa qj ao_]h]n Ag p]h mqa Wy < _hpWhp•

u: +W1+&-- +ao kpn] oq_aoe‰j`a

Baikopn]_e‰j- Blkpqorv^jlp ilp bibjbkqlp X0= W1+--- +mlo fkar``fŽk- Oô^ fkf`fô bi mol`bpl+ qlj^jlp XH < Wi& Rrmlkd^jlp êlo^ nrb ebjlp `lkpqorfal XH+ ’’’ + Xo ab jlal nrb ^( v _( pb p^qfpc^`bk`r^kal g < n- Cbcfk^jlp Xo*0 jb, af^kqb i^ b`r^`fŽk n

'0-03(

Wn*h< tn*0 ,

]eWe+ @.A

alkab ilp bp`îôbp ]h%,,, * ]+ qfbkbk nrb abqbojfkôpb- Oô^ f 8899 n* bi molar`ql fkqboflo ab Xo*i `lk Xf sfbkb aâl mlo

+ 'W!&z,0 +We( < &V*) * We(, *

]z'ue +We( < &V*) * We(, ]z'We &We(& e;/

mrbpql nrb 'We+We(< N pf f" f- Rf We-<G< M+ mlabjlp qlj^kal '0-04(

e^`bo

Xo*i

loqldlk^i

] < &t*) * We(e 'We&W:(

Rf Xf < N+ bkqlk`bp Xo*i bp loqldlkî ^ Xf mô^`rînrfbo ]z nrb pb bifg^+bk bpqb `^pl bibdfjlp ]z < N- @pŒ mrbp+bi bibjbkql Xo*i bpqŠ_fbk abcfkfal v bp loqldlkî

Col]_eko heja]hao

-3

^ `^a^ rkl ab ilp ^kqboflobpbibjbkqlp v! --- + Wn&Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bp loqldlk^i ^ qlal bibjbkql abi pr_bpm^`fl &

Dpql abjrbpqo^ ^( `r^kal g < n * 0Oô^ abjlpqoô _( `r^kal g < n * 0 + qbkbjlp nrb mol_ô nrb J&W/*%! *Wn)h' < J&t/*•••* tn)/'* aâl nrb J&W/*%! *Wn' < J&t/*•••* u-(Klp n mofjbolp bibjbkqlp XG ’’- + v+ mboqbkb`bk^

v mlo q^kql bpqŠkbk bi pr_bpm^`fl jŠp ^jmifl J&t/* ,,, * tn)h'% Di krbsl bibjbk, ql W&*0 a^al mlo '0-03( bp rk^ afcbobk`f^ ab alp bibjbkqlp ab J&t0+ ŒŒŒŒ V&*0( ^pŒnrb q^j_f‹k bpqŠbk J&V/ ‹,,, %tn)h'% Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb

K^ b`r^`fŽk '0 -03( morb_^ nrb tn)/ bp i^ prj^ ab alp bibjbkqlp `aJ&W/ * ,,, `lk il nrb rk o^wlk^jfbkql ^kŠildl a^ i^ fk`irpfŽk bk bi lqol pbkqfal9

* Wn)/'

Dpql abjrbpqo^ _( `r^kal g < n * i- Olo il q^kql ^( v _( e^k pfal abjlpqoâlp mlo fkar``fŽk obpmb`qlab g, Efkîjbkqb abjlpqo^jlp b( mlo fkar``fŽk obpmb`qlab g, Di `^pl e_ < 0 bp qofsfî- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ prmlkd^jlp nrb b( bp `fboql mô^g < n v `lkpfabobjlp bi bibjbkql W9)h , Dk sfoqra ab _(+ bpqbbibjbkql mboqbkb`b^ J&W/*%!

^pŒnrb mlabjlp

*Wn)h'%

bp`of_fo n)/ W9)h <

AeWe <

An)hWn)h%

e;/

alkab Y+ D J&uz* ,,,‹ u*', Prbobjlp abjlpqoô nrb w+< N- Olo i^ molmfbaâ ^(+W9)h v _n)hWn)h plk ^j_lp loqldlkîbp ^ v,- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ pr afcbobk`f^+ v-+ bp loqldlkî ^ v-- Cfèl ab lqol jlal+ v: bp loqldlkî ^ pŒjfpjl+ ^pŒnrb v: < N- Dpql `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ ab loqldlkîfaâDk i^ `lkpqor``fŽk ^kqboflo+mrbab pr`babo nrb Wn)h < N mô^îd•k n, Dkqlk, `bp '0 -03( morb_^ nrb Vn*0 bp rk^ `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkbî ab W0 ŒŒŒŒŒv! v mlo q^kql

Akjopnq__e‰j`a _kjfqjpko knpkckj]hao- K†pk`k `a En]i,Q_die`p

ab W! ’’’ + t! ^pŒnrb ilp bibjbkqlp W0I ’’’ + Vn*h plk abmbkafbkqbp-Dk lqo^p m^, i^_o^p+pf ilp Remofjbolp bibjbkqlp W0I ’’’ + Vg plk fkabmbkafbkqbp+ilp bibjbkqlp `loobpmlkafbkqbpX0I ’’’ + Wg plk jk jqhko- Dk bpqb`^pl ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ]e ab '0-03( sfbkbk a^alp mlo '0-04(+ v i^p cŽojri^p nrb abcfkbk X! --- +Wg pb `lksfboqbk bk

Wh < Vh +

&/,/4'

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0-03-

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pb ii^j^ i^ lnkua__e‰j à t ok^na v- Dk bi j‹qlal ab Fo^j,Rèjfaq '0-05(+ `lkpqorfjlp bi bibjbkql Wn*h obpq^kal ab Wo*ii^ molvb``fŽk ab Wo*ipl_ob `â^ rkl ab ilp ^kqboflobp bibjbkqlp XH= -’- + Wn- K^ cfdro^ 0-0 obmobpbkqî^ `lkpqor`,

`fŽk dblj‹qof`^ bk bi bpm^`fl sb`qlofî T2Œ DIDLOKN 0- Dk T,* eîiô rk^ _^pb loqlklojî mô^ bi pr_bpm^`fl dbkboâl mlo ilp qobp sb`qlobp Wi < '0+ ,0+ 0+,0(+ V1 < '4+ 0+0+0+(+ X V2 < ',2+ ,2+ 0+,2(-

Qkhq_e‰j- @mif`^kal

Xf <

bi j‹qlal

ab Fo^j,R`ejfaq+

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XH < '3 +1 ! N 1( +

X^ < W^,

'u^+ XH( 'u^+ W1( ,,, XH , W1 < V2 , 'v{ +XH( 'W1+ W1(

W1 <

'N +N! N N( -

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XH < ,'0 0 ,,,, ,0 0 ,0 HHXHHH 1&

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W1 < ,/5&0* 0 0+/+0( ,,,,

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s 5

DIDLOKN 1Nkhejkieko à Jacaj`naDk bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qlalp ilp ml, ifkljflp+ `lk bi molar`ql fkqboflo &t* v( <c<,i t&p' u&p' `p+`lkpfabo^jlp i^ pr`bpfŽk fkabcfkfa^ t!* VG< t0* ‹‹‹ * alkab tj&p' < p!- Br^kal pb ^mif`^ ^ bp^ pr`bpfŽk bi qblobj^ ab loqldlkîfw^`fŽk pb qo^kpcloj^ bk lqo^ pr`bpfŽk ab mlifkljflp Wk+ XH= W1& --- + nrb bi j^qbjŠqf`l co^k`‹p @- L- Kbdbkaob '0641,0722( crb bi mofjbol bk bk`lkqoô bk pr qo^_^gl pl_ob i^ qbloŒâbi mlqbk`fî- Klp mofjbolp ab bplp mlifkljflp pb `î`ri^k cŠ`fijbkqb `lk bi j‹qlal ab Fo^j,Rèjfaq@kqb qlal+ qbkbjlp uk&p' < t**&p' < 0- Orbpql nrb

'Wk+ Wk( <ci

bk`lkqo^jlp

nrb

`p < 1

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p`p < N+

Akilhaiajpko

knpkckj]hao- Nnkua__ekjao

@ `lkqfkr^`fŽk+ rqfifw^jlp i^p obi^`flkbp 't1 +Wk(

G 1

p `p

< ,+

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Klp mlifkljflp

't1 +Wk( Wk'p( \ 't1 +Wh( uz'p( < p1 \ 'Xl + Wk( 'Wh +Wh(

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qj ahaiajpk aj R _qu] èop]j_e] ] t oa] hk i…o lamqaˆ] lkoe^haK^ afpq^k`f^ bkqobalp bibjbkqlp t b u pb abcfkb `ljl i^ kloj^ Hiu, W*, @kqbpab afp`rqfo bpqbmol_ibj^ bk pr cloj^ dbkboî+`lkpfabobjlp rk `^pl môqf`riô+obmobpbkqâlbk i^ cfdro^ 0-1- @nrŒT bp bi bpm^`fl sb`qlofî T! v R bp rk pr_bpm^`fl ab afjbkpfŽk alp+ rk mi^kl nrb m^p^mlo bi lofdbk- Câl t ab T* bi mol_ibj^ `lkpfpqb bk bk`lkqoô+bk bi mi^kl R+bi mrkql o jŠp moŽufjl ^ tRf t D R+bsfabkqbjbkqb i^ plir`fŽk bp o < t- Rf t kl mboqbkb`b^ R+bi mrkql jŠp moŽufjl o pb l_qfbkb qo^w^kal rk^ mbombkaf`riôabpab t î mi^kl- Dpqbpbk, `fiil bgbjmil prdfbob rk^ fkqolar``fŽk î mol_ibj^ dbkboî ab ^molufj^`fŽk v a^ lofdbk ^ i^ afp`rpfŽk nrb pfdrbT+ àpaniej]n

CDEHMHBHˆMQa] R qj oq^_kjfqjpk à qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk T- Qa è_a mqa qj ahaiajpk à T ao knpkckj]h ] R oe ao knpkckj]h ] pk`k ahaiajpk à R- Ch _kjfqjpk à pk`ko hko ahaiajpko knpkckj]hao ] R oa àoecj] _kj Rf, u ao ah |lanlajè_qh]n ] Q€,

Dp rk bgboBHBHN pbk`fiil `ljmol_ô nrb Rf, bp rk pr_bpm^`fl ab T* q^kql+ pf R il bp `ljl pfkl ilbp- Dk bi `^pl bk nrb R pb^ rk pr_bpm^`fl+ bkqlk`bp Rf, pb ii^j^ _kilhaiajpk knpkckj]h ab RDIDLOKNRf R bp rk mi^kl nrb m^p^mlo bi lofdbk+ `ljl pb sb bk i^ cfdr, o^ 0-1- bkqlk`bp Rf, bp rk^ ob`q^ mlo bi lofdbk mbombkaf`riô ^ bpb mi^kl- Dpqb bgbjmil a^ q^j_f‹k rk^ fkqbomobq^`fŽkdblj‹qof`^ mô^ bi qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb{

pI--

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knpkckj]h aj T2Œ

Akilhaiajpko

knpkckj]hao- Nnkua__ekjao

SDNQDL@ 0-04- SDNQDL@ CD K@ CDRBNLONRHBHNM NQSNFNM@K- Qa]j T qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk v R qj oqâol]_ek à T à èiajoe‰j bejep]- Rk`k ahaiajpk t à T lqaà nalnaoajp]noaaj bkni] Šje_] _kik qj] oqi] à `ko ahaiajpko+ qjk à R v kpnk à Q,h+,Copk ao+pajaiko

'0-06(

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'0-08(

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Obol ab '0-08:(+ bk`lkqo^jlp nrb &o* az' < &t* az'* ^pŒnrb o,/, bp loqldlkî ^ af, Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb oe bp loqldlkî ^ qlal bibjbkql ab R+ il `rî pfdkfcf`^ nrb o-0-D Q-0--

Ool_^jlp ^ `lkqfkr^`fŽk nrb i^ abp`ljmlpf`fŽk loqldlk^i '0-06( bp •kf`^Rrmlkd^jlp nrb t qrsfbo^ alp abp`ljmlpf`flkbp+ pb^k ‹pq^p '0-1/(

t<o*oh

&,h,*

alkab p v p bpqŠkbk R+v oGX '0 bpqŠkbk Q0k- Prbobjlp abjlpqoô nrb p < p X p,K,< &h,,Cb '0-1-/(+ qbkbjlp p , p < '0- , p-K+^pŒnrb pŽil kb`bpfq^jlp abjlp, qoô nrb o , p < N- Obol p , p D R X '0- , p,K D R0-- `lk il nrb p , p bp loql, dlkî ^ '0-- , o-J b fdrî ^ p--h-, oh,- Orbpql nrb bi bibjbkql `bol bp bi •kf`l bib, jbkql loqldlkî ^ pŒjfpjl+ ab_b pbop , p < N- Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb i^ abp`lj, mlpf`fŽk bp •kf`^-

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pfbkal krilp qo^ '0{-07(-

nrb i^ kloj^

pz+ p

ilp obpq^kqbp q‹ojfklp

ab t sfbkb a^a^ mlo i^ cŽojri^

RK(

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mfq^,

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v^ nrb p v pz plk loqldlk^ibp-

Dpql abjrbp,

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R-

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MN^W\^KN\YJLRX MNMRVNW\RmW ORWR]J [

Qa] R +qj oqâol]_ek à è, iajoe‰j bejep] à qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk T+ u oa] t qj ahaiajpk à T- J] lnkua__e‰j à t ok^na R ao i…o ln‰tei] ] t mqa _q]hmqean kpnk ahaiajpk à R- Copk ao+oe p ao h] lnkua__e‰j à t ok^na R+ pajaiko SDNQDL@

0-05-

SDNQDL@

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alkab

pk`k p `a R: ao r…he`k ah oecjk `a ecq]h`]` Baikopn]_e‰jo D R X oy

qgi oe u o‰hkoe p < p-

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mlabjlp bp`of_fo t < o p ab R+ qbkbjlp

pz+

&o + p( -

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Hiu, ph00

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loqldlk^i

?lnktei]_e‰j

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oU+ s^ifbkal

bi pfdkl fdr^i pf

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'0-10(

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pbk gt

v:& m^o^

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alkab

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< H9!b'V(alg'V(

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'0-12(

bj't(

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y j- Rf bkqlk`bp

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alkab

Sc=

:/*

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c' l(

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b&p'b& ep' `p ,

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Dpqb bp bi mlifkljfl Olo bgbjmil+ `r^kal

Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb Z,0+0\ bp

'H+b& g'<

G pl_ob

bi mlifkljfl

p pbk jp `p

ab mofjbo do^al

< N+ bpqb bp q^j_f‹k

i^ jbglo

, H1-,: 21

bp'p( jŠp

moŽufjl

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^ pbk pnp bk

`r^aoŠqf`^-

8SN[LRLRX\

0- Dk `â^ `^pl+ eîiô rk^ _^pb loqlklojî mô^ bi pr_bpm^`fl ab T 2 dbkboâl mlo ilp sb`qlobp aâlp^( Vh < '0+ 0+ 0(+ V1 < '0+ /+0(+ t2 < '2+ 1+ 2(_( Vh < '0+0+0(+ V1 < ',0+0+ ,0(+ V2 < '0+ /+0(1- Dk `â^ `^pl+ eîiô rk^ _^pb loqlklojî mô^ bi pr_bpm^`fl ab T3 dbkboâl mlo ilp sb`qlobp aâlp^( Vh < '0 0+N+N(+ V1 < 'N+ 0+ 0+N(+ t2 < 'N+/+0+0(+ t3 < '0+ N+/+0(_( Vh < '0+0+ /+0(+ V1 < '0+ N+1+0(+ t2 < '0+1+ ,1+0(2- Dk bi bpm^`fl ifkbî obî B'N+ &iS( `lk molar`ql fkqboflo 'u+ v( < bc t&p'u&p'`p* pb^ t!&p' < `lp jp mô^ j < N+0+ 1+ ---- Cbjlpqoô nrb i^p crk`flkbp Xl& XH&W1&--- + aâ^p mlo 0

uk'p( < cloj^k

rk `lkgrkql

sf: loqlkloj^i

Wj'p( <

`lp jp

nrb dbkbo^ bi jfpjl

m^o^ j

pr_bpm^`fl nrb tk&

Vh&

t1&

ŒŒŒ

Cfan_e_eko

3- Dk bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qlalp ilp mlifkljflp obîbp+ `lk molar`ql fkqboflo &t* v( < b?t&p'u&p'`p* pb^ t,&p' < p! mô^ j < /+ 0+ 1+ &! - Cbjlpqoô nrb i^p crk`flkbp Wk&p' < 0 +

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cloj^k rk `lkgrkql loqlklojî nrb dbkbo^ bi jfpjl pr_bpm^`fl nrb wVM& Wi&V1x4- Rb^ T bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp obîbp / `lkqfkr^p bk ZN+ * % H'v qîbp nrb i^ fkqbdoî a+pb0&p'`p `lksbodb- Cbcfk^jlp 'b+ d( < a+ph&p'c&p'`p* v pb^ Xl+ XH& W1& ŒŒŒ+ bi `lkgrkql l_qbkfal ^mif`^kal bi j‹qlal ab Fo^j,Rèjfaq ^ VM& Vh& t1& ŒŒŒ+ alkab t,&p' < p! mô^ j 988N- Cbjlpqoô nrb uk&p' < 0+ WG&p'< p + ($ u1&p' < p0 + 2p * 1+ X &p' < p2 , 8p1 * 07q , 55- Dz bi bpm^`fl ifkbî obî A&/* 2( `lk molar`ql fkqboflo 'b+ d( < G&t'c&t'`t* pb^ G&t' < h-t v abjlpqoô nrb bi mlifkljfl `lkpq^kqb d jŠp moŽufjl ^ / bp d < fild 2Bî`riô iip , ci01mô^ bpqb d6- Dk bi bpm^`fl ifkbî obî B'N+ 1( `lk molar`ql fkqboflo &b*d( < G&t'c&t'`t* pb^ G&t' < a! v abjlpqoô nrb bi mlifkljfl `lkpq^kqb d jŠp moŽufjl ^ / bp d < f&a1 , 0(Bî`riô HHd, 0001 mô^ bpqb d7- Dk bi bpm^`fl& ifkbî obî B' ,0+ 0( `lk molar`ql fkqboflo &b*d( ;Hyh-&t'c&t'`t* pb^ G't( < a! v eîiô bi mlifkljfl d jŠp moŽufjl ^ h- Bî`riô Hid , 00.1 mô^ bpqb d8- Dk bi bpm^`fl ifkbî obî B'N+ 0%/R' `lk molar`ql fkqboflo &b* d( G&t'c&t'`t* pb^ G&t' < t, Dk bi pr_bpm^`fl dbkboâl mlo qk&t' < 0+ qh&t' < `lp t* q1&t' < pbk t* eîiô bi mlifkljfl qofdlklj‹qof`l jŠp moŽufjl ^ b, 0/- Dk bi bpm^`fl ifkbî T abi bgbo`f`fl 4+ mlkbo G&t' < a+V v eîiô bi mlifkljfl ab mofjbo doâl jŠp moŽufjl ^ b,

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pb rpôŠ mô^ fkaf`ô nrb R bp rk^ crk`fŽk `rvl aljfkfl bp T v `rvlp sîlobp bpqŠk bk U- Oô^ `â^ t ab T+ bi bibjbkql R't( ab U pb ii^j^ ei]caj à t ] pn]r†o à R+v ab`fjlp nrb R ]lhe_] t aj R't(- Rf ? bp rk pr_`lkgrkql `rî, nrfbo^ ab T+bi `lkgrkql ab qla^p i^p fjŠdbkbp R't( mô^t ab ? pb ii^j^ h] ei], caj à ? ] pn]r†oà R v pb obmobpbkq^ mlo R'?(- K^ fj^dbk abi aljfkfl T+R'T(+ bp bi ob`loofal ab R, Rrmlkd^jlp êlo^ nrb T v U plk bpm^`flp ifkbîbp nrb qfbkbkbi jfpjl `lk, grkql ab bp`îôbp+v abcfk^jlp rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî `ljl pfdrbCDEHMHBHˆM- Qe T WU okj `ko aol]_eko heja]hao+ qj] bqj_e‰j R9T y U oa hh]i] pn]jobkni]_e‰j heja]h à T aj U+ pf peaja h]o lnklea`]ào oecqeajpao9

^( _(

R't * u' < R't( R'_t( < _R't(

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Rn]jobkni]_ekjao

heja]hao u i]pne_ao

Dpql pfdkfcf`^ nrb R `lkpbos^ i^ âf`fŽk v i^ jriqfmif`^`fŽk mlo bp`îôbpK^p alp molmfbaâbpmrbabk `lj_fkôpb bk rk^ cŽojri^ nrb bpq^_ib`b nrb R']t

^u(

]R't(

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mô^ qlal t v qlal u ab T v qlalp ilp bp`îôbp ] v ^- Olo fkar``fŽk+ qbkbjlp q^j_f‹k i^ obi^`fŽk jŠp dbkboî

m^o^ j ]h!

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ab T+v j

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Di ib`qlo mrbab `ljmol_^o cloj^`flkbp ifkb^ibp-

cŠ`fijbkqb nrb ilp bgbjmilp pfdrfbkqbpplk qo^kp,

DIDLOKN 0- Rn]jobkni]_e‰j e`†jpe_]- K^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk R9T y T+ alkab R&t' < V m^o^ qlal t ab T* pb abkljfk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk fa‹kqf`^ v pb abpfdk^ mlo 0 l mlo hrDIDLOKN 1- Rn]jobkni]_e‰j _ank- K^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk R9 T y T nrb ^mif`^ `^a^ bibjbkql ab T bk N pb ii^j^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk `bol v pb abpfdk^ mlo l-

2- Kqhpelhe_]_e‰j lkn qj ao_]h]n befk _- Sbkbjlp ^nrŒ R9 T y T+ alkab R&t' < at m^o^qlal t ab T, Br^kal a < 0+pb qo^q^ab i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk fa‹kqf`^- Br^kal a < /+ bp i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk `bolDIDLOKN

DIDLOKN 3- C_q]_ekjao heja]hao- Rb^k T < Tj v U < T i- Câlp ij k•jbolp obîbp]q+`lk e < 0+1+ --- +i v g < 0+1+ --- +j+ abcfk^jlp R9 Tj y T i `ljl pfdrb9 R ^mif`^ `â^ sb`qlo t < 'Vh& ŒŒŒ+tj( ab Tj bk bi sb`qlo u < 'X0I --- +Wi( ab T i ab ^`rboal `lk i^p b`r^`flkbp j

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DIDLOKN 4- Nnk`q_pk ejpanekn _kj qj ahaiajpk befk- Rb^ T rk bpm^`fl obî brìŒabl- Oô^ rk bibjbkql cfgl w ab T+ abcfk^jlp R9 T y Q ^pŒ9Rf t D T+ R&t' < &t* v'* bi molar`ql fkqboflo ab t mlo v+ DIDLOKN 5- Nnkua__e‰j ok^na qj oqâol]_ekRb^k T rk bpm^`fl brìŒabl v R rk pr_bpm^`fl ab T ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^-Cbcfk^jlp R9 T y R ^pŒ9Rf t D T+ R&t' bp i^ molvb``fŽk ab t pl_ob R-

LŠ_hak v na_knne`k

DIDLOKN 6- Ch klan]`kn àner]_e‰j- Rb^ T bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp obîbp b abofs^_ibp bk rk fkqbosîl ^_fboql &]* ^', K^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî nrb ^mif`^ `â^ crk`fŽk b ab T bk pr abofsâ^ p% pb ii^j^ lmboâlo abofs^, `fŽk v pb abpfdk^ mlo B- @pŒmrbp+ qbkbjlp B9 T y U+ alkab B'b(<p& mô^ `â^ b ab T- Di bpm^`fl U `lkqfbkb qla^p i^p abofsâ^p b%, DIDLOKN 7- Ch klan]`kn ejpacn]_ekjRb^ T bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp obîbp `lkqfkr^p bk rk fkqbosîl Y]* ^[, Rf b D T* abcfk^jlp d < R&b' `ljl i^ crk`fŽk T aâ^ mlo

c&t' <b&b'p( `p Dpq^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk

R pb ii^j^

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1-1- @nLUNXb [NLX[[RMX Dk bpq^ pb``fŽk+ R obmobpbkq^rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk T bk rk bpm^`fl ifkb^i U,

ifkb^i ab rk bpm^`fl ifkb^i

SDNQDL@ 1-0- Ch _kjfqjpk R'T( 'na_knne`k à S( ao qj oq^ aol]_ek à U?ài…o+ R ]lhe_] ah ahaiajpk _ank à T aj ah ahaiajpk _ank à U-

Baikopn]_e‰jOô^ abjlpqoô nrb R'T( bp rk pr_bpm^`fl ab U+ q^k pŽil kb`bpfq^jlp `ljmol_ô ilp ûflj^p ab ì^rpro^- Sljbjlp alp bibjbkqlp `rîbp, nrfbo^ ab R'T(+ pb^k R't( v R'u(- Dkqlk`bp R't( * R'u( < R't * u(+ ^pŒnrb R't( * R'u( mboqbkb`b ^ R'T(- @pfjfpjl+ mô^ `rînrfbo bp`îô a qbkbjlp _R't( < R'_t(+ `lk il nrb _R't( mboqbkb`b ^ R'T(- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ R'T( bp rk pr_bpm^`fl ab U- Slj^kal a N bk i^ obi^`fŽk R'_t( _R't(+ bk`lkqo^jlp nrb R&M' < N-

Ch _kjfqjpk à pk`ko hko ahaiajpko à T mqa R ]lhe_] aj N oa jŠ_hak à R v oa àoecj] lkn L'R(- ?o‡ lqao+ pajaiko

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1-1- Ch jŠ_hak `a R ao qj oq^ aol]_ek `a T-

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v v ^ at

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao

heja]haov i]pne_ao

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bp wMx+ bi pr_bpm^`fl

DIDLOKN 1- Rn]jobkni]_e‰j _ank- Orbpql nrb qlal bibjbkql ab T pb ^mif`^ bk `bol+ bi k•ìbl bp bi jfpjl TDIDLOKN 2- Kqhpelhe_]_e‰jlkn qj ao_]h]nbefk _- Rf a <0< N+bi k•ìbl `lkqfbkb bi bibjbkql N- Rf a < N+bi k•ìbl bp T, DIDLOKN 3- C_q]_ekjao heja]hao- Di k•ìbl sb`qlobp 'u+ --- +tj( ab T j môîlp `rîbp

pŽil

bpqŠ`lkpqfqrfal mlo qlalp ilp

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m^o^ e < 0+1+--- +i

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DIDLOKN 4- Nnk`q_pk ejpaneknlkn qj ahaiajpk befk w- Di k•`ibl ab qlalp ilp bibjbkqlp ab T loqldlk^ibp ^ w-

`lkpq^

DIDLOKN 5- Nnkua__e‰jok^na qj oqâol]_ek R- Rf t D T+ qbkbjlp i^ •kf`^ abp`ljmlpf`fŽk loqldlkî t < p * p0, 'pbd•k bi qblobj^ 0-04(- Orbpql nrb R&t' < o* qbkbjlp R&t' < N pf v pŽil pf t < o/+, Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bi k•ìbl bp Q0,+ bi `ljmibjbkql loqldlkî ab RDIDLOKN 6- Mlan]`kn àner]_e‰j- Di k•ìbl crk`flkbp `lkpq^kqbp bk bi fkqbosîl aâlDIDLOKN

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S^j_f‹k bk bpq^pb``fŽk R obmobpbkq^ rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ab rk bpm^`fl ifkbî T bk rk bpm^`fl ifkbî U- Mlp fkqbobpî^ obi^`fŽk bkqobi^p afjbkpflkbp ab T+abi k•ìbl L'R( v abi ob`loofal R'T(- Rf T bp ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^+bi k•ìbl q^j_f‹k il pboŠmlo pbo rk pr_bpm^`fl ab T- Dk bi qblobj^ nrb pfdrb+ abjlpqo^jlp nrb bi ob`loofal RaT( q^j_f‹k bp ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^: pr afjbkpfŽk pb ii^j^ n]jck ab R,

Beiajoe‰j `ah jŠ_hak v n]jck `a h] pn]jobkni]_e‰j SDNQDL@

1-2- Qe T ao à èiajoe‰j bejep]+p]iê†j hk ao R'T(+ v pajaiko afj L&R'

'1-0(

afj R&T' < afj T,

Be_dk à kpnk ik`k+ h] èiajoe‰j àh jŠ_hak i…o ah n]jck à qj] pn]jobkni]_e‰j heja]hao ecq]h ] h] èiajoe‰j à oq `kiejekBaikopn]_e‰j- Rb^k j < afj T v a! --- +a• rk^ _^pb mô^ L'R(+ alkab môqbab rk^•

g < afj L&R' y j- Rbd•k bi qblobj^ 0-6: bplp bibjbkqlp cloj^k `fboq^ _^pb ab T* mlo bgbjmil ab i^ _^pb '1-1(

alkab g

o < j- Cbjlpqo^objlp

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Cbjlpqo^jlp mofjbol nrb ilp n bibjbkqlp ab '1-2( dbkbo^k R&T', Rf R'T(+ bp v < R't( m^o^ rk `fboql t ab T+ v mlabjlp bp`of_fo t < _hah* --- * Ag*-ag*n&Krbdl+ qbkbjlp

mrbpql nrb R'ah( < --- <R'ag(< N- Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb ilp bibjbkqlp '1-2( dbkbo^k R&T', Cbjlpqobjlp êlo^ nrb bplp bibjbkqlp plk fkabmbkafbkqbp-Rrmlkd^jlp nrb bufpqfbo^kbp`îôbpAg*! --- +Ag*nqîbpnrb g+Gn

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--- * * Ag

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Dk `â^ rkl ab ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 0 î 0/+ pb abcfkb rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk R9 T 1 z T 1 jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ aâ^ mô^ R&t*u'* alkab &t*v( bp rk mrkql `rînrfbo^ ab T1Œ Cbqbo, jfkô bk `â^ `^pl pf R bp ifkbî- Rf R bp ifkbî+ ab`fo `rŠibp plk bi k•ìbl v bi ob`loofal+ v `î`riô prp afjbkpflkbp 00, 1, 2, 3,

R&t*u' R&t*u' R&t* u' R&t*u' R&t*u'

'v+ t',

< &t* +u', < &t* M', < &t* t', < 'V0*u0',

4, 5, 6, 7, /.,

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h*u

* *

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G^`bo 0/ jfpjl bk `â^ rkl ab ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 00 î 04- Rf i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk R9 T 1 z T1 bp i^ nrb pb fkaf`^00- R e^`b dfoô `rînrfbo mrkql bi jfpjl Škdril -m îobabalo abi lofdbk- Dpql bp+ R ^mif`^ rk mrkql ab `lloabkâ^p mliôbp &n*M' bk bi mrkql ab `lloabkâ^p mliôbp &n*.) ,l'* alkab -m bp cfgl- @abjŠp+ R ^mif`^ N bk pŒjfpjl01- R ^mif`^ `â^ mrkql bk pr pfj‹qof`l obpmb`ql ^ rk^ ob`q^ cfg^ nrb m^p^ mlo bi lofdbk02+ R ^mif`^ qlal mrkql bk bi mrkql '0+ 0(/2, R ^mif`^ `â^ mrkql ab `lloabkâ^p mliôbp &n*'f( bk bi mrkql ab `lloabkâ^p &0n*M', @abjŠp+ R ^mif`^ N bk pŒjfpjl/3, R ^mif`^ `â^ mrkql ab `lloabkâ^p mliôbp &n*M' bk bi mrkql ab `lloabkâ^p 'o+ 0.', @abjŠp+ R ^mif`^ N bk pŒjfpjlG^`bo 0/ jfpjl bk `â^ rkl ab ilp bgbo`f`flp 05 î 12 pf i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk R9T2yT2 bpqŠ abcfkfa^ mlo i^ cŽojri^ nrb pb a^ mô^ R&t* v+ w(+alkab &t* v+ w( bp rk mrkql ô_fqoôfl ab T2Œ /4, /5, /6, /7,

R&t*u* w( < &v*u* t', R&t* u* w( < &t* u* M', R&t* u* w( < &t* 0u* 1v', R&t* u* w( < &t* u* /',

0., R&t*u*v' ;&t * i+v * i+w ,0(0/, R&t*u* w( < &t * h*u * 1+ w * 2(00, R&t* u* v' < &t* u0* X2(12- Rptn u* v( < 't * v+N+t * u',

Cfan_e_eko

Dk `â^ rkl ab ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 13 î 16+ i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk R9 T y T bp i^ nrb pb fkaf`^- Cbqbojfkô+ bk `â^ `^pl+ pf R bp ifkbî- Rf 0/ bp+ ab`fo `rŠibp plk bi k•ìbl v bi ob`loofal v `î`riô prp afjbkpflkbp `r^kal pb^k cfkfq^p13- Rb^ T bi aol]_ek ifkbî ab qlalp ilp mlifkljflp obîbp l&t' ab doâl z j* Rf l C T* m R&l'/ pfdkfcf`^ nrb m&t' l&t * 0( mô^ qlal obî t, 14- Rb^ T bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp obîbp abofs^_ibp bk bi fkqbosîl ^_fboql ',0+ 0(- Rf GC T* d < R&b'pfdkfcf`^ nrb c&t' < tf%&t' mô^ qlal t ab ',0+ 0(15- Rb^ T bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp obîbp `lkqfkr^p bk Y]* ^[, Rf GC T* d < R&b' pfdkfcf`^ nrb o

c't(

< pb'p(

pbk 't , p( `p

m^o^ ] y t y ^ -

16- Rb^ T bi bpm^`fl ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp obîbp abofs^_ibp alp sb`bp bk rk fkqbosîl ^_fboql &]* ^', Rf X C T* abcfkfo R&u' < v! * Nu%* Pv pfbkal N v P alp `lkpq^kqbp17- Rb^ T bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qla^p i^p pr`bpflkbp obîbp `lksbodbkqbp wt,x, Cbcfkfjlp rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk R8TyT ^pŒ9Rf t;wt,x bp rk^ pr`bpfŽk `lksbodbkqb `lk iŒjfqb ]* mlkbjlp R&t' < wu,x* alkab v- < ]+t, mô^ j „ 0- Cbjlpqoô nrb R bp ifkbî v ab`fo `rŠibp plk bi k•ìbl v bi ob`loofal ab S18- Rb^ T bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p bk bi fkqbosîl Z,6S+ 6SI- Rb^ R bi pr_`lkgrkql ab T nrb `lkpq^ ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp Gnrb p^qfpc^`bk i^p qobpb`r^`flkbp

pH'p(`p

^( Cbjlpqoô _( Cbjlpqoô j < 1+ 2+ --b( Cbjlpqoô Rb^ R8T y

< N+

pqb'p(_kop`p

< N+

pqb'p(oajp`p

nrb R bp rk pr_bpm^`fl ab T, nrb R `lkqfbkb i^p crk`flkbp G&t' < `lp jt

v G&t' < pbk jt

nrb R bp ab afjbkpfŽk fkcfkfq^T i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkb^i abcfkfa^ ^pŒ9Rf G C T* d c't(

a( Cbjlpqoô nrb R&T'* bi ob`loofal mô^ R&T', b( Cbqbojfkô bi k•ìbl ab R,

< N-

m^o^ `^a^

R&-' pfdkfcf`^ nrb

`lp 't , p(xb'p(`p -

ab R* bp ab afjbkpfŽk

cfkfq^ v e^i0^o rk^

_^pb

c( Gî0ô qlalp lp k•jbolp obîbp a :l‹ N X qla^p i^p crk`flkbp Gkl kri^p ab T qîbp nrb R&b'< _b, 'N_pbosbpb nrb rk^ qî Gmboqbkb`b î ob`loofal ab R,' 2/- Rb^ z9 T y U rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî ab rk bpm^`fl ifkbî T bk rk bpm^`fl ifkbî U, RH T bp ab afjbkpfŽk fkcfkfq^+ abjlpqoô nrb mlo il jbklp rkl ab ilp alp R&T' l L&R' bp ab afjbkpfŽk fkcfkfq^YGjè_]_eˆj8 RrmŽkd^pb afj L&R' < g* afj R&T' < n* pb^ ah%,,, * a* rk^ _^pb mô^ L&R' v pb^k bi- --- + ae* ag)h, , ,‹ ag), bibjbkqlp fkabmbkafbkqbp ab T* pfbkal j< n, Klp bibjbkqlp R&ag)h'* ,,, * R&ag),' plk abmbkafbkqbp v^ nrb j = o- Tqfifwô bpqb ebèl mô^ l_qbkbo rk^ `lkqoâf``fŽk-\

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao

*'-

heja]haov i]pne_ao

AYN[JLRXWN\ JUPNK[JRLJ\ LXW][JW\OX[VJLRXWN\ URWNJUN\

K^p crk`flkbp `rvlp sîlobp mboqbkb`bk ^ rk bpm^`fl ifkbî aâl U mrbabk prjôpb rk^p `lk lqo^p v mrbabk jriqfmif`ôpb mlo bp`îôbp ab U ab ^`rboal `lk i^ abcfkf`fŽk pfdrfbkqbCDEHMHBHˆM- Qa]j R9T y U v R9T y U `ko bqj_ekjao _kj qj `kiejek _kiŠj T u _kj r]hknao lanpaja_eajpao ] qj aol]_ek heja]h U- Rf a ao qj ao_]h]n _q]hmqean]à U+ àbejeiko h] oqi] R * R v ah lnk`q_pk _R lkn h]o a_q]_ekjao

'1-3(

R('t(

< Q't( * R't( +

'_R('t( < _R't(

l]n] pk`k t à TMlp fkqbobp^ bpmb`fîjbkqb bi `^pl bk bi nrb T bp q^j_f‹k rk bpm^`fl ifkbî `lk ilp jfpjlp bp`îôbp nrb U- Dk bpqb `^pl abpfdk^jlp `lk 1&' T+U( bi `lk, grkql ab qla^p i^p qo^kpcloj^`flkbp ifkbîbp ab T bk URf R X R plk alp qo^kpcloj^`flkbp ifkbîbp ab 1&' T* U'* bp rk pbk`fiil bgbo`f, `fl `ljmol_ô nrb R * R v _R q^j_f‹k plk qo^kpcloj^`flkbp ifkbîbp ab 1&' T+ U', @•k jŠp- Blk i^p lmbo^`flkbp nrb ^`^_^jlp ab abcfkfo+ bi jfpjl `lkgrkql 0%& T* U' pb qo^kpcloj^ bk rk krbsl bpm^`fl ifkbî- K^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk `bol pfosb ab bibjbkql `bol bk bpb bpm^`fl+ v i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ',i(S bp i^ lmrbpq^ ab R, Rb `ljmorb_^ nrb pb p^qfpc^`bk ilp afbw ûflj^p ab rk bpm^`fl ifkbî- Olo `lk, pfdrfbkqb+ qbkbjlp bi pfdrfbkqbSDNQDL@ 1-3- Ch _kjfqjpk 1&'T+U( à pk`]o h]o pn]jobkni]_ekjao heja], haoà T aj U ao qj aol]_ek heja]h _kj h]o klan]_ekjao à ]è_e‰j v iqhpelhe_], _e‰jlkn ao_]h]naoàbeje`]o aj &0,2',

Tk^ lmbo^`fŽk îdb_o^f`^ jŠp fkqbobp^kqb nrb pb bcb`q•^ `lk i^p qo^kpclo, j^`flkbp ifkbîbp bp i^ _kilkoe_e‰j k iqhpelhe_]_e‰j ab qo^kpcloj^`flkbpDpq^ lmbo^`fŽk kl rqfifw^ i^ bpqor`qro^ îdb_o^f`^ ab rk bpm^`fl ifkbî v mrbab abcfkfopb `lk bkqbo^ dbkboîfaâ abi pfdrfbkqb jlalCDEHMHBHˆM- B]`ko hko _kjfqjpko S+ T+ U- Qa]j R9S y T qj] bqj_e‰j _kj `kiejek S v r]hknao aj T+ v R9T y U kpn] bqj_e‰j _kj `kiejek T v r]hknao aj V- J] _kilkoe_e‰j QR ao h] bqj_e‰j QR9S y U àbeje`] lkn

'QR('t(

< QYR't([ l]n] pk`k t aj S-

@pŒmrbp+ m^o^ ^mif`^o t jbaf^kqb i^ `ljmlpf`fŽk QR* ^mif`^jlp mofjbol t jbaf^kqb R v irbdl ^mif`^jlp R't( mlo jbafl ab R- Dpql pb obmobpbkq^bk i^ cfdr, o^ 1-0-

Mlan]_ekjao

]hca^n]e_]o _kj pn]jobkni]_ekjao

AB2C

EHFTQ@

1-0

heja]hao

En…be_k `a h] _kilkoe_e‰j

`a `ko pn]jobkni]_ekjao-

K^ `ljmlpf`fŽk ab crk`flkbp obîbp pb e^ bk`lkqoâl obmbqfa^p sb`bp bk krbpqol bpqrafl abi BŠi`ril+ v ebjlp sfpql nrb i^ lmbo^`fŽk+ bk dbkboî+ kl bp `lkjrq^qfs^Ml l_pq^kqb+ `ljl bk bi `^pl ab i^p crk`flkbp obîbp+ i^ `ljmlpf, `fŽk p^qfpc^`b i^ ibv ^pl`f^qfs^SDNQDL@

1-4-

QeR8S y T* R9T y U* v P8V z

W okj pnaobqj_ekjao* pa+

jaiko P&QR' < &PQ'R, Baikopn]_eˆj, K^p crk`flkbp P&QR' v &PQ'R qfbkbk ^j_^p sîlobp bk W- Oô^ `â^ t ab S* qbkbjlp YP&QR'H&t'< PY&QR'&t'[ < PYQYR&t'[[

0/ nrb abjrbpqo^ CDEHMHBHˆM-

iko -ej`q_per]iajpa

aljfkfl

S v

Y&PQ'RH&t'< &PQ'YR&t'[ < PYQYR&t'[[*

nrb P&QR' < &PQ'R, Rb^ R8T y T qj] bqj_eˆj mqa ]lhe_] T aj o† ieoik, h]o lkpaj_e]o ajpan]o `a R _kik oecqa8 RM< h-

R! < RR€<

l]n]

Babeje+

j9988i-

@nrŒ / obmobpbkqî^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk fa‹kqf`^- Di ib`qlo mrbab `ljmol_ô nrb i^ ibv ^pl`f^qfs^ fjmif`^ i^ ibv ab bumlkbkqbp 0!!Rj < 0!!*6/ mô^ qlalp ilp bkqb, olp kl kbd^qfslp i v jDi qblobj^ nrb pfdrb morb_^ nrb i^ `ljmlpf`fŽk ab qo^kpcloj^`flkbp heja]hao bp ifkbî-

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao

1-5-

SDNQDL@

heja]hao v i]pne_ao

Qe S+ T+ U okj aol]_eko heja]hao _kj hko ieoiko heja]hao+h] _kilkoe_e‰j

v oe R9 S y T X R9T y U okj pn]jobkni]_ekjao

ao_]h]nao+ QR9S y U

ao heja]h-

Oô^ qlal t v qlal u ab S v qlalp ilp bp`îôbp ] v ^+ qb,

Baikopn]_e‰j-

kbjlp 'QR(']t

^u( < QYR']t

^u([ < QY]R't(

^R'u([ < ]QR't(

^QR'u( -

K^ `ljmlpf`fŽk mrbab `lj_fkôpb `lk i^p lmbo^`flkbp îdb_o^f`^p ab âf`fŽk v jriqfmif`^`fŽk mlo bp`îôbpbk 1&'T* U' iibd^kal î pfdrfbkqb 1-6- Qa]j S+ T+ U aol]_eko heja]hao _kj hko ieoiko ao_]h]nao+ mqa R u R lanpaja_aj ] 1!' T+ U(+ v oa] a qj ao_]h]n _q]hmqean]N]n] _q]hmqean bqj_e‰j P _kj r]hknao aj T+ pajaiko

SDNQDL@

oqlkjc]iko ^(

'R _(

R(P < QP

N]n] _q]hmqean pn]jobkni]_e‰j P'Q

R( < PQ

_'QP( -

heja]h P9 U y S+ pajaiko

K^ abjlpqo^`fŽk bp rk^ `lkpb`rbk`f^ pf`fŽk v pb abg^ `ljl bgbo`f`fl-

1-5

'_Q(P

P'_Q( < _'PQ( -

fkjbaf^q^ ab i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab `ljml,

<W_N[\J\

@i bpqrafô i^p crk`flkbp obîbp^mobkafjlp `Žjl `lkpqorfo krbs^p crk`flkbp jbaf^kqb i^ fksbopfŽk ab crk`flkbp jlkŽqlk^p- Prbobjlp êlo^ buqbkabo bi j‹, qlal ab fksbopfŽk ^ rk^ ì^pb jŠp dbkboî ab crk`flkbpCâ^ rk^ crk`fŽk R*krbpqol l_gbqfsl bp bk`lkqoô+pf bp mlpf_ib+lqo^ crk`fŽk R `rv^ `ljmlpf`fŽk `lk R pb^ i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk fa‹kqf`^- Orbpql nrb i^ `ljml, pf`fŽk+bk dbkboî+kl bp `lkjrq^qfs^+ qbkbjlp nrb afpqfkdrfo QR ab RQ- Olo il q^kql fkqolar`fjlp alp qfmlpab fksbop^p nrb ii^j^jlp fksbop^ mlo i^ abobè^ b fksbop^ mlo i^ fwnrfboa^CDEHMHBHˆM- B]`ko `ko _kjfqjpko T u U u qj] bqj_e‰j R9 T y U- Qa è_a mqa qj] bqj_e‰j Q9R'T( y T ao ejrano] à R lkn h] evmqean`] oe QYR't([ < t l]n] pk`k t à T+ aopk ao+oe

QR< Gr+

Gjrano]o

`kjà G• ao h] pn]jobkni]_e‰j e`†jpe_] ok^na T, Sj] bqj_e‰j P9 R&T' y T oa hh]i] ejrano] à R lkn h] àna_d] oe RYP&u'[ X l]n] pk`k v à R&T'* aopk ao+oe

RP `kj`a

Gn'T( ao h] pn]jobkni]_e‰j

GRs'*

e`†jpe_] ok^na R&T',

DIDLOKNSj] bqj_e‰j oej ejrano] lkn h] evmqean`] lank _kj `ko ejrano]o lkn h] `ana_d]- Rb^k T < x0+ 1y X U < xNy- Cbcfkfjlp R9 T y U `ljl pfdrb9

R&0(

R&0'

< N- Dpq^ crk`fŽk qfbkb alp fksbop^p mlo i^ abob`e^

P8 U y

P&9U y T a^a^p mlo P&M'

P%&M'<

Ml mrbab qbkbofksbop^ mlo i^ fwnrfboa^ Q v^ nrb biil bufdfoŒ^ 0

QYR&G'[ <

RbN(

< QYR&0'[ <

RbN( -

Dpqbpbk`fiil bgbjmil mlkb ab j^kfcfbpql nrb kl qfbkb nrb bufpqfokb`bpôf^jbkqb fksbop^ mlo i^ fwnrfboa^ v nrb i^ fksbop^ mlo i^ abobè^ kl qfbkb nrb pbo kb`bp^, of^jbkqb •kf`^Sla^ crk`fŽk R9 T y U qfbkbmlo il jbklp rk^ fksbop^ ^ i^ abobè^- Dk bcb`, ql+`â^ v ab R&T' qfbkbi^ cloj^ v < R&t' mô^î jbklp rk t ab T, Rf bibdfjlp rkl ab bplp sîlobp t v abcfkfjlp P&u' < t* bkqlk`bp RYP&u'[ ;R&t' < u mô^ `â^ u ab R&T'* ^pŒnrb P bp rk^ fksbop^ mlo i^ abobè^- K^ kl rkf`faâ mrbab mob, pbkqôpbab_fal ^ nrb mrbab e^_bo jŠp ab rk t ab T nrb pb ^mifnrb bk rk v ab R&T', Cbkqol ab ml`l abjlpqoôbjlp 'qblobj^ 1-8( nrb pf `â^ u ab R&T' bp i^ fj^dbk ab qj o‰hkt ab T* i^ fksbop^ mlo i^ abobè^ bp •kf`^@kqbpabjlpqoôbjlp nrb pf bufpqbfksbop^ mlo i^ fwnrfboa^ bp •kf`^ v+ î jfpjl qfbjml+ bp fksbop^ ^ i^ abobè^SDNQDL@ 1-7- Sj] R9 T y U lqaà pajan ] hk i…o qj] ejrano] lkn h] evmqean`]- Qe R peaja ejrano] lkn h] evmqean`] Q+ajpkj_ao lkn h] àna_d]Baikopn]_e‰j-

Q ao p]i^e†j

ejrano]

Rrmlkd^jlp nrb R qbkd^ alp fksbop^p mlo i^ fwnrfboa^+ Difg^jlp `rînrfbo u bk R&T', Cbjlpqoôbjlp nrb mô^rk `fboql t ab T* qbkbjlp

Q8R&T' y T X Q%8 R&T' y T, Q&u' < Q%&u',Bljl v < R&t'

QYR&t'[

Q-YR&t'[

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao

mrbpql nrb R v Q&plk ^j_^p

heja]hao u i]pne_ao

fksbop^p mlo i^ fwnrfboa^- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb

Q'u( < t R&

v Q&'u( < t+ `lk il nrb Q'u( < Q&'u( m^o^ qlal u ab R'T(- Olo il q^kql R 0/ nrb abjrbpqo^ nrb i^p fksbop^p mlo i^ fwnrfboa^ `lfk`fabk-

Cbjlpqobjlp êlo^ nrb qla^ fksbop^ mlo i^ fwnrfboa^ R bp q^j_f‹k fksbop^ mlo i^ abobè^- Difg^jlp rk bibjbkql `rînrfbo^ u bk R&T', Cbjlpqoôbjlp nrb RYQ'u([ < v- Orbpql nrb v D R'T(+ qbkbjlp u < R't( mô^ rk `fboql t ab T- Obol R bp fksbop^ mlo i^ fwnrfboa^+ ^pŒnrb t < QYR&t'[ < Q&u',

@mif`^kal R+iibd^jlp ^ R't( < RYQ'u([- Obol u R't(+ `lk 0/ nrb v RYQ'u([+ il `rî `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽkDi qblobj^ nrb pfdrb `ô^`qbofw^ qla^p i^p crk`flkbp nrb qfbkbk fksbop^ mlo i^ fwnrfboa^SDNQDL@ 1-8- Sj] bqj_e‰j R9 T y U peaja ejrano] lkn h] evmqean`] oe u o‰hkoe R ]lhe_] ahaiajpko èopejpko à T aj ahaiajpko èopejpko à U: aopk ao+ oe u o‰hkoe+l]n] _q]haomqean] t a u à T+

_23["`

'1-4( Lkp]9

'1-5(

K^ `lkaf`fŽk

R&t'

eilhe_]

'1-4( bp bnrfs^ibkqb R&t' < R&u'

9:q&R&u',

^ i^ ^cfoj^`fŽk

Œokmif`^

u -

Tk^ crk`fŽk R nrb p^qfpc^`b '1-4( l '1-5( m^o^ `r^ibpnrfbo^ qjk ] qjk bk T,

t b v ab T pb abkljfk^

Baikopn]_e‰jRrmlkd^jlp nrb R bp i^ fksbop^ mlo i^ fwnrfboa^ ab R+ v nrb R't(<R'u(Prbobjlp abjlpqoô nrb t<u- @mif`^kal R+ bk`lkqo^jlp QYR't([ < QYR'u([- Orbpql nrb QYR't([ < t v QYR'u([ < v+ bpql fjmif`^ t < v- Blk biil nrba^ abjlpqoâl nrb rk^ crk`fŽk `lk fksbop^ mlo i^ fwnrfboa^ bp rkl ^ rkl bk pr aljfkflCbjlpqobjlp êlo^ bi ob`Œmol`l- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb R bp rkl ^ rkl bk T, Dk`lkqoôbjlp rk^ crk`fŽk R9R'T( y T nrb bp fksbop^ ab R mlo i^ fwnrfboa^Rf u D R'T(+ bkqlk`bp v < R't( mô^ rk `fboql t ab T- Dk sfoqra ab '1-5(+ bufp, qb at]_p]iajpa qj t bk T mô^ bi `rî u < R't(- Cbcfk^jlp Q'u( `ljl bpb t- Dpql bp+ abcfk^jlp R bk R&T' `ljl pfdrb9 Q&u' < t

fjmif`^

nrb

R&t' < u,

Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bp QYR't([ < t m^o^ `^a^ t ab T+ ^pŒnrb QR < Gr- Olo `lkpf, drfbkqb+ i^ crk`fŽk R ^pŒabcfkfa^ bp fksbop^ ab R mlo i^ fwnrfboa^-

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao heja]haoqjk ] qjk

CDEHMHBHˆM- Qa] R9T ,* U qjk ] qjk aj T- J] Šje_] ejrano] à R lkn h] evmqean`] 'h] _q]h o]âiko mqa p]iê†j ao ejrano] lkn h] àna_d]( oa àoecj] lkn R,0- Ba_eiko mqa R ao ej ranpe^ha+ v hh]i]iko ] R,0 h] ejrano] à R-

Klp obpriqâlp ab bpq^ pb``fŽk pb obcfbobk^ crk`flkbp `rîbpnrfbo^- Rbdrfa^, jbkqb ^mif`^jlp bp^p fab^p ^ i^p qo^kpcloj^`flkbp ifkbîbp-

*'/

E[JW\OX[VJLRXWN\ URWNJUN\ ^WXJ ^WX

Dk bpq^ pb``fŽk+ T v U obmobpbkq^kbpm^`flp ifkbîbp `lk ilp jfpjlp bp`^, iôbp+v R9T ,* U bp rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî ab - h&'T+ U(- K^ ifkbîfaâ ab R klp mbojfqb bumobpôab sôf^p j^kbo^p i^ molmfbaâ ab nrb rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî pb^ rkl ^ rklSDNQDL@ 1-0/- Qa] R9T ,* U qj] pn]jobkni]_e‰j heja]h à - h&'T+ U(Qkj amqer]hajpaoh]o oecqeajpaolnklkoe_ekjao^( R ao qjk ] qjk aj T_( R ao ej ranpe^hav oq ejrano] R,09 R'T( ,* T ao heja]hb( N]n] pk`k t à T+ R't( < N eilhe_] t < N- Copk ao+ahjŠ_hak L'R( _kj, peaja okh]iajpa ah ahaiajpk _ank à T-

Baikopn]_e‰j- Cbjlpqoôbjlp nrb ^( fjmif`^ _(+ _( fjmif`^ b(+v b( fjmif, `^ ^(- Rrmlkd^jlp mofjbol nrb ^( bp `fboq^- R qfbkb bkqlk`bp fksbop^ 'pbd•k bi qblobj^ 1-8(+ v qbkbjlp nrb abjlpqoô nrb R,/ bp ifkbî- Sljbjlp alp bibjbk, qlp `rîbpnrfbo^ q v r ab R'T(- Dkqlk`bp q < R't( v r < R'u( mô^ îd•k t v îd•k v ab T, Oô^ alp bp`îôbp`rîbpnrfbo^ ] v ^* qbkbjlp ]q

]R't(

^R'u( < R']t

^u( +

v^ nrb R bp ifkb^i- Krbdl+ ^mif`^kal R+ qbkbjlp 0

R,h']q

^r( < ]t

]R,h'q(

^R,h'T(+

^pŒnrb R,/ bp ifkbî- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb ^( fjmif`^ _(+ Rrmlkd^jlp pbdrfa^jbkqb nrb _( bp `fboq^- Sljbjlp rk t `rînrfbo^ ab T mô^bi `rî R't( < N- @mif`^kal R,0+ bk`lkqo^jlp nrb t < R,0'M( < N+ mrbpql nrb R, bp ifkbî- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ _( fjmif`^ `(Olo •iqfjl+ prmlkd^jlp `fboq^ b(+ Sljbjlp alp bibjbkqlp `rîbpnrfbo^ q v r ab T pfbkal R'q(<R'r(- Olo i^ ifkbîfaâ+ qbkbjlp R'q,r( < R'q(,R'r(< < N+ ^pŒnrb q , r < N- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ R bp rkl ^ rkl bk T+Xnrba^ `ljmib, qâ^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^/

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao heja]haov] i]pne_ao

Br^kal T bp ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^+i^ molmfbaâ ab pbo rkl jriôpb bk crk`fŽk ab i^ abmbkabk`f^ v ab i^ afjbkpflkîfaâ+ bk bi qblobj^ nrb pfdrb-

^ rkl `ljl

mrbab clo, pb fkaf`^

SDNQDL@ 1-00- Qa] R9T y U qj] pn]jobkni]_e‰j heja]h à W'T+ U' v oqlkjc]iko mqa T ao à èiajoe‰j bejep]+afj T < j- Cjpkj_ao okj amqer]hajpao h]o lnklkoe_ekjao oecqeajpao^( R ao qjk ] qjk aj T_( Qe ah&--- +al okj ahaiajpko ejàlajèajpao à T+ R'a R'al( okj ahaiajpko ejàlajèajpao à R'T(`( afj R&T' < ja( Qe xbi!&! ajx ao qj] ^]oa l]n] T+ wR'a+(+--- +R'aj(x ao qj] ^]oa l]n] R'T(/'*

‹‹‹

Baikopn]_e‰j- Ool_^objlp nrb ^( fjmif`^ _(+ _( fjmif`^ b(+ b( fjmif`^ a(+ v a( fjmif`^ ^(- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb ^( bp `fboq^- Rb^k bi +--- +al bibjbkqlp fkabmbk, afbkqbp ab T v `lkpfabobjlp ilp bibjbkqlp Rpa-(+--- +R'al' ab R'T(- Rrmlkd^, jlp

nrb l

J _eR'ae(

e;h

mô^ `fboqlp bp`îôbp bi +--- +_l‹ Dk sfoqra ab i^ ifkbîfaâ+ l_qbkbjlp l

RAy _eae( < N+

X mlo q^kql

J_eae < N eyh

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Rn]jobkni]_ekjao heja]haov i]pne_ao

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Dpqbqblobj^ morb_^ nrb bi mol_ibj^ ab eîiô qla^p i^p plir`flkbp ab rk pfpqbj^ kl eljld‹kbl pb bp`fkab bk alp môqbp90( Gîiô qla^p i^p plir`flkbp r abi pfpqbj^ eljld‹kbl+ bpql bp+abqbojfk^kal bi k•ìbl ab R: v 1( eîiô rk^ plir`fŽk môqf`riô ^ abi pfpqbj^ kl eljld‹kblRrj^kal ^] `â^ rkl ab ilp sb`qlobp r abi k•ìbl R* pb l_qfbkbk qla^p i^p plir`flkbp t < r * ^ abi pfpqbj^ kl eljld‹kblRb^ g i^ afjbkpfŽk ab L'R(- Rf mlabjlp bk`lkqoô g plir`flkbp ejàlajèaj, +Tg abi pfpqbj^ eljld‹kbl+ bii^p clojôŠk rk^ _^pb mô^ L'R(+ v ml, abjlp l_qbkbo `rînrfbo r ab L&R' cloj^kal qla^p i^p `lj_fk^`flkbp ifkbîbp

pao Th

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eljld‹kbl+

bkqlk`bp qla^p i^p plir`flkbp t sfbkbk a^a^p mlo

Dpq^ `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkb^i pb ii^j^ okhq_e‰j cajan]h `ah oeopai] jk Di qblobj^ 1-07 mrbab mlkbopb bk bpq^ lqo^ cloj^9 SDNQDL@

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oeaj`k

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Dpqb qblobj^ kl klp af`b `Žjl bk`lkqoô rk^ plir`fŽk môqf`riô ^ abi pfp, qbj^ kl eljld‹kbl+ kf i^p plir`flkbp q+ +--- *Tg abi pfpqbj^ eljld‹kblMlp af`b q^k pŽil il nrb mrbab l_qbkbopb `r^kal bi pfpqbj^ kl eljld‹kbl qbkd^ rk^ pl, ir`fŽk- Di pfdrfbkqb bgbjmil+ ^rknrb jrv pbk`fiil+ firpqo^ bi qblobj^DIDLOKNDi pfpqbj^ t * v < 1 qfbkb `ljl pfpqbj^ eljld‹kbl ^pl`fâl i^ b`r^`fŽk t * v < N- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bi k•ìbl `lkpq^ ab qlalp ilp sb`qlobp ab T1 ab i^ cloj^ &p* ,p(+ pfbkal &pô_fqoôfl- Orbpql nrb &p* ,p( < p'0+ ,0(+‹pqb bp rk pr_bpm^`fl rkf afjbkpflkî ab T 1 `lk _^pb&'0+ , 0(- Tk^ plir`fŽk môqf`riô abi pfpqbj^ kl eljld‹kbl bp '/+1(- Olo q^kql+i^ plir`fŽk dbkboî abi pfpqbj^ kl eljld‹kbl sfbkb aâ^ mlo

&t*u' < '/+1(

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EkLWRLJ\ MNLjUL^UX

Ulis^jlp î mol_ibj^ abi `Ši`ril bcb`qfsl ab i^p plir`flkbp ab rk pfpqbj^ ifkbî kl eljld‹kbl@rknrb pb e^k abpôoliiâl jrèlp j‹qlalp mô^ ^q^`ô bpqb mol_ibj^+ qlalp bufdbk `Ši`rilp `lkpfabo^_ibp pf bi pfpqbj^ bp ab do^k q^j^, •l- Olo bgbjmil+ mô^ obplisbo rk pfpqbj^ ab afbw b`r^`flkbp `lk bi jfpjl k•jbol ab fk`Ždkfq^p mrbabk pbo kb`bpôf^p sôf^p elo^p ab `Ši`rilp+ fkìrpl `lk i^ ^vra^ ab rk `î`riâlo j^krîU^jlp ^ `ljbkqô rk j‹qlal jrv rqfifwâl+ nrb pb ii^j^ i†pk`k à aheie, j]_e‰j à E]qoo,hkn`]j+ nrb bp obi^qfs^jbkqb pbk`fiil v mrbab moldo^jôpb cŠ`fi, jbkqb mô^ `î`riâlobp bib`qoŽkf`lp ab îq^ sbil`faâDi j‹qlal `lkpfpqb bk i^ ^mif`^`fŽk ab qobplmbo^`flkbp crka^jbkqîbp ^ i^p b`r^`flkbp ifkbîbp abi pfpqbj^9 0(

1( 2(

Gjpan_]iêk à `ko a_q]_ekjaoKqhpelhe_]_e‰j à pk`ko hko p†niejko à qj] a_q]_e‰j lkn qj ao_]h]n jk jqhkQqi] à qj] a_q]_e‰j ] kpn] iqhpelhe_]`] lkn qj ao_]h]n-

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao heja]haou i]pne_ao

Bâ^ sbw nrb bcb`qr^jlp rk^ ab bp^p lmbo^`flkbp bk bi pfpqbj^ l_qbkbjlp rk krbsl pfpqbj^ `lk i^p jfpj^p plir`flkbp- Clp pfpqbj^p `lk i^p jfpj^p plir`flkbp pb ii^j^k amqer]hajpao-Dcb`qr^kal bp^p lmbo^`flkbp rk^ qo^p lqo^ ab jlal pfpqb, jŠqf`l iibd^jlp mlo cfk ^ rk pfpqbj^ bnrfsîbkqb nrb mrbab obplisbopb ^ pfjmib sfpq^Hirpqoôbjlp bi j‹qlal `lk îdrklp bgbjmilp môqf`riôbp- Rb sboŠ bkqlk`bp `Žjl pb ^mif`^ bi j‹qlal bk dbkboîDIDLOKN

Qeopai] _kj okhq_e‰jŠje_]-

* 0u * 2u *

1t , 4u t , t ,

Blkpfabobjlp

bi pfpqbj^

3w< ,2 w< 4 5w < 0/-

Dpqb pfpqbj^ qfbkb plir`fŽk •kf`^+ t <0013+ u<64+ w < 20+ nrb l_qbkaobjlp mlo bi j‹qlal ab bifjfk^`fŽk ab F^rpp,Hloa^k- Oô^ bsfqô qo^_^gl kl `lmf^jlp i^p ib, qo^p t+ u+w kf ilp pfdklp ab fdrîaâ+ pfkl nrb qo^_^gôbjlp `lk i^ i]pnev ]ilhe]`]

'1-13(

,z\ 0/

l_qbkfa^ î âgrkqô ilp pbdrkalp jfbj_olp abi pfpqbj^ ^ i^ j^qofw ab ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp- K^p qobp lmbo^`flkbp _Špf`^p ^kqbp jbk`flkâ^p pb bcb`q•^k `lk i^p cfi^p ab i^ j^qofw ^jmifâ^ v pb ii^j^k klan]_ekjao beh]-Dk `rînrfbo c^pb abi mol`bpl mlabjlp mlkbo i^p ibqo^p t+ v+ w b fkqbo`îô ilp pfdklp ab fdrîaâ bk i^p sboqf`îbp `loobpmlkafbkqbp l_qbkfbkal b`r^`flkbpMrbpqol l_gbqfsl bp iibdô ^

'1-14( -

,-/G 64 20

i^ j^qofw ^jmif^a^ abpmr‹p ab rk^ pr`bpfŽk ab lmbo^`flkbp cfi^- Di `loobpmlkafbkqb pfpqbj^ ab b`r^`flkbp bp t; 013+ v < 64+ w < 20+ nrb klp a^ i^ plir`fŽk abpb^a^-

R†_je_]o `a _…h_qhk

Di mofjbo m^pl bp l_qbkbo rk 0 bk bi s‹oqf`b prmboflo fwnrfboal ab i^ j^qofwOlabjlp e^`boil fkqbo`^j_f^kal i^ mofjbo^ cfi^ ab i^ j^qofw a^a^ '1-13( `lk i^ pbdrka^ l `lk i^ qbo`bo^-N _fbk+ mlabjlp jriqfmif`^o i^ mofjbo^ cfi^ mlo Ty, Hkqbo`^j_f^kal i^p cfi^p mofjbo^ v pbdrka^+ l_qbkbjlp

]-z\ 0/

Di m^pl pfdrfbkqb `lkpfpqb bk `lksboqfo qlalp ilp obpq^kqbpbibjbkqlp ab i^ mofjbo^ `lirjk^ bk `bolp+ abg^kal bi mofjbol fkq^`ql- A^pq^mô^biil jriqfmif`ô i^ mofjbo^ cfi^ mlo , 1 X prjô bi obpriqâl ^ i^ pbdrka^ cfi^- Krbdl jriqfmif`^, jlp i^ mofjbo^ cfi^ mlo , 0 X prj^jlp bi obpriqâl ^ i^ qbo`bo^-Cbpmr‹p ab bp^p alp lmbo^`flkbp+ l_qbkbjlp

'1-15(

<zz

Zz N ,1

,0zI4

Qbmbqfjlp ^elo^ bi mol`bpl bk i^ j^qofw obar`fa^

Z<z z H

,0z\ nrb

^m^ob`bgrkql ^ ilp alp `bolp- Olabjlp l_qbkbo 0 bk oq s‹oqf`b prmboflo fwnrfboal jriqfmif`^kal i^ pbdrka^ cfi^ ab '1-15( mlo ,0- Dpql klp a^ i^ j^qofw

0 ,1 0 N 0,1 Z N ,1 4 Lriqfmif`^kal i^ pbdrka^ cfi^ mlo 1 v prj^kal drfjlp

'1-16(

bi obpriq^al ^ i^ qbo`bo^+`lkpb,

0z\-

,z ,z ?

, 20

@i iibd^o ^nrŒ+bi `loobpmlkafbkqb pfpqbj^ ab b`r^`flkbp sfbkb a^al mlo t + 0u

u,1v<02 v

< 20-

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao heja]haou i]pne_ao m^oqfbkal ab i^ qbo`bo^ v qo^,

Dpq^p b`r^`flkbp mrbabk obplisbopb pr`bpfs^jbkqb _^g^kal e^`f^ ^qoŠp+aŠkalklp

w < 20+ W < 02 * 1w < 02 * 51

64+ t

< 4*

w < 4 * 04/ , 20

1u ,

013-

l _fbk+ mlabjlp `lkqfkrô bi mol`bpl ab F^rpp,Hloa^k `lksfoqfbkal bk `bolp qlalp ilp bibjbkqlp pfqrâlp mlo bk`fj^ ab i^ af^dlkî ab rklp bk i^ pbdrka^ v bk i^ qbo`bo^ `lirjk^pLriqfmif`^kal i^ pbdrka^ cfi^ ab '1-16( mlo 1 v pr, j^kal bi obpriqâl ^ i^ mofjbo^+ l_qbkbjlp 0 N ,2 N 0 ,1 Z

? ?

20\ 02, 20

Olo •iqfjl+ jriqfmif`^jlp i^ qbo`bo^ cfi^ mlo 2 v prj^jlp bi obpriqâl ^ i^ mofjbo^ cfi^+ v irbdl jriqfmif`^jlp i^ qbo`bo^ cfi^ mlo 1 v prj^jlp bi obpriqâl ^ i^ pb, drka^ `lk il nrb iibd^jlp ^ i^ j^qofw '1-14(DIDLOKN 1Qeopai] _kj i…o à qj] okhq_e‰j- Blkpfabobjlp pfpqbj^ ab 2 b`r^`flkbp `lk 4 fk`Ždkfq^p9

1t , t ,

'1-17(

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K^ `loobpmlkafbkqb j^qofw ^jmif^a^

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0/-

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Klp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab t+ u+w v ilp pbdrkalp jfbj_olp plk ilp jfpjlp nrb ilp abi bgbjmil 0- Rf bcb`qr^jlp i^p jfpj^p lmbo^`flkbp cfi^ nrb bk bi bgbjmil 0+ iibd^, jlp ^ i^ j^qofw ^jmif^a^

,05 zz z ,8 ? ? , ,2

08 013\ 00 64 3 20

R†_je_]o `a _…h_qhk

mrbab obplisbopb obpmb`ql ^ t+ v+ w bk

Di `loobpmlkafbkqb pfpqbj^ ab b`r^`flkbp crk`fŽk ab q v r aŠkalklp

< u < t

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013

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hhr

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r--

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Dpq^ b`r^`fŽk klp a^ i^ plir`fŽk dbkboî abi pfpqbj^- Di sb`qlo '013+ 64+ 20+ N+N( bp rk^ plir`fŽk môqf`riô abi pfpqbj^ kl eljld‹kbl '1-17(- Klp alp sb`qlobp (-$/$*$($ N( X ',08+ ,00+ ,3+ /+0( plk plir`flkbp abi `loobpmlkafbkqb pfp, qbj^ eljld‹kblOrbpql nrb plk fkabmbkafbkqbp+ `lkpqfqrvbk rk^ _^pb mô^ bi bpm^`fl ab qla^p i^p plir`flkbp abi pfpqbj^ eljld‹kblDIDLOKN

Qeopai] oej okhq_e‰j- Blkpfabobjlp

* 0u * 2u *

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bi pfpqbj^

< ,2

< 0/-

Dp fa‹kqf`l î abi bgbjmil 0 bu`bmql nrb bk bi `lbcf`fbkqb ab v bk, i^ qbo`bo^ b`r^, `fŽk e^ pfal `^j_fâl bi 5 mlo rk 4- K^ j^qofw ^jmifâ^ `loobpmlkafbkqb bp

1 ,4 0 ,1 Z 0 ,3

,2\

3 0 4

4 -

@mif`^kal i^p jfpj^p lmbo^`flkbp cfi^ rp^a^p bk bi bgbjmil '1-13( bk '1-16(+ iibd^jlp ^ i^ j^qofw ^jmif^a^ 0

'1-2/(

0z\-

0 m^o^ qo^kpcloj^o

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao

heja]hao v i]pne_ao

Br^kal i^ •iqfj^ cfi^ pb bumobp^ `ljl b`r^`fŽk+ iibd^jlp ^ N < 20- Olo `lkpf, drfbkqb bi pfpqbj^ lofdfkî kl qfbkb plir`fŽk mrbpql nrb ilp alp pfpqbj^p '1-18( X '1-2/( plk bnrfsîbkqbpDk `â^ rkl ab ilp bgbjmilp ^kqboflobp+ bi k•jbol ab b`r^`flkbp kl bu`baŒ^ î ab fk`Ždkfq^p- Rf e^v jŠp b`r^`flkbp nrb fk`Ždkfq^p+ bi mol`bpl ab F^rpp, Iloa^k mrbab ^•k ^mif`ôpb- Olo bgbjmil+ `lkpfabobjlp bi pfpqbj^ abi bgbjmil 0+ nrb qfbkb i^ plir`fŽk t < 013+ X < 64+ Y < 20- Rf âgrkq^jlp rk^ krbs^ b`r^, `fŽk ^ bpqb pfpqbj^ nrb pb^ p^qfpcbè^ mlo i^ jfpj^ qbok^+ mlo bgbjmil+ i^ b`r^, `fŽk 0t + 1u * Y < 43+ bkqlk`bp bi mol`bpl ab bifjfk^`fŽk klp iibs^ ^ i^ j^qofw ^jmifâ^

z z 0zz\ Z N

`lk rk^ cfi^ ab `bolp bk i^ môqbfkcboflo- Obol pf âgrkq^jlp rk^ krbs^ b`r^`fŽk nrb kl pb p^qfpc^d^ mlo i^ qbok^ '013+ 64+ 20(+ mlo bgbjmil i^ b`r^`fŽk t * v * Y < 0+ bkqlk`bp bi mol`bpl ab bifjfk^`fŽk klp `lkar`b ^ i^ j^qofw ^jmifâ^ ab i^ cloj^

, ? F? ?

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Rb^ ? &]99' rk^ j^qofw `râoâ^ j W j* qî nrb @? *%pfbkal 0 i^ j^, qofwfabkqfaâ j W j+ bkqlk`bp ? pb ii^j^ jk oejcqh]n v @ i^ ejrano] ab ? mlo h] evmqean`]Dibdfa^ i^ _^pb rprî ab ilp sb`qlobp `lloabkâlp rkfqôflp ab Tj+ pb^ R9 Tj y Tj i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî `lk j^qofw i'R( < ?- Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bp bi pfdrfbkqb

Gjrano]o `a i]pne_ao _q]`n]`]o

SDNQDL@ 1-1/- J] i]pnev ? ao jk oejcqh]n oe v o‰hkoe R ao ej ranpe^ha- Qe @? < G+ajpkj_ao @ < i'R, /

Baikopn]_e‰j- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb ? bp kl pfkdriô v nrb @? b, Cbjlpqo^, objlp nrb R&t' N fjmif`^ t N- Câl t qî nrb R&t' /+ pb^ W i^ j^qofw `lirjk^ j W 0 clojâ^ ^ môqfoab ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ab t, Orbpql nrb R&t' < /+ i^ j^qofw molar`ql ?V bp rk^ j^qofw `lirjk^ j W 0 clojâ^ mlo `bolp+ ^pŒnrb @'?V( bp q^j_f‹k rk^ j^qofw `lirjk^ ab `bolp- Obol @'?V( '@?(V GV W+ mlo 0/ nrb qlal `ljmlkbkqb ab t bp N- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ R bp fksboqf_ib+ v i^ b`r^`fŽk RR,/ b fjmif`^ nrb i'R(i'R,h( 0 l ?i'R,/' h- Lriqfmif`^kal / ^ i^ fwnrfboa^ mlo @+bk`lkqo^jlp i'R, ' < @- Qb`Œmol`^jbkqb+ pf R bp fksboqf_ib bkqlk`bp R,0R bp i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk fa‹kqf`^ ^pŒnrb i'R,/(i'R( bp i^ j^qofw fabkqfaâ- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb ? bp kl pfkdriô v i'R,0(? < hSla^p i^p molmfbaâbp ab i^p qo^kpcloj^`flkbp ifkbîbp fksboqf_ibp qfbkbk pr `lkqo^môqfa^ mô^ i^p j^qof`bp kl pfkdriôbp- Dk môqf`riô+ i^p fksbop^p mlo i^ fwnrfboa^ 'pf bufpqbk( plk •kf`^p+ v qla^ fksbop^ mlo i^ fwnrfboa^ bp q^j_f‹k fk, sbop^ mlo i^ abobè^- Cfèl ab lqol jlal+ pf ? bp kl pfkdriô v @? < /* bkqlk, `bp ?@ < h- Ki^j^jlp ^ @ i^ ejrano] ab ? v i^ abpfdk^jlp mlo ?,h- K^ fksbo, p^ ? ,0 q^j_f‹k bp kl pfkdriô v oq fksbop^ bp ?, Rbdrfa^jbkqb abjlpqo^jlp nrb bi mol_ibj^ ab i^ abqbojfk^`fŽk bcb`qfs^ ab ilp bibjbkqlp ab i^ fksbop^ ab rk^ j^qofw kl pfkdriô bp bnrfsîbkqb ^ i^ obplir, `fŽk ab j pfpqbj^p ifkbîbp kl eljld‹kblpRb^ ? < ']ef( kl pfkdriô v pb^ ? ,0 < 'êf( pr fksbop^- Klp bibjbkqlp ab ? v ? ,0 bpqŠk ifdâlp mlo i^p j1 b`r^`flkbp-

'1-20(

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&fee%

R`S

pfbkal 'fez 0 pf e g+ v 'f ef N pf e <0< g- Oô^ `â^ sîlo cfgl ab e+mlabjlp `lkpfaboô '1-20( `ljl rk pfpqbj^ kl eljld‹kblab j b`r^`flkbp ifkbîbp `lk j fk`Ždkfq^p ^+f+^1f +--- +^jf- Orbpql nrb ? bp kl pfkdriô+ `â^ rkl ab bplp pfpqbj^p qfbkb plir`fŽk •kf`^+ i^ `lirjk^ g ab @, Slalp bplp pfpqbj^p qfbkbk i^ jfpj^ j^qofw ab `lbcf`fbkqbp ? v afcfbobk q^k pŽil bk prp pbdrkalp jfbj_olpOlo bgbjmil+ pf ? bp rk^ j^qofw 2 W 2+ bufpqbk 8 b`r^`flkbp bk '1-20( nrb mrbabk obmobpbkqôpb`ljl 2 pfpqbj^p ifkbîbp nrb qfbkbk i^p pfdrfbkqbp j^qof`bp ^jmifâ^p9

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao

heja]hao v i]pne_ao

Rf ^mif`^jlp bi mol`bpl ab F^rpp,Iloa^k+ iibd^jlp mif^a^p

^q[

N N

N ^10

0 ^20

0 N

N 0

N ^01[ N ^00

0 ^21

^ i^p obpmb`qfs^pj^qof`bp ^j,

0 N

N 0

N ^02[ N ^12

0 ^11

Dk i^ moŠ`qf`^^molsbè^jlp bi ebèl ab nrb ilp qobppfpqbj^p qfbkbk i^ jfpj^ j^qofw ab `lbcf`fbkqbp v obplisbjlp ilp qobppfpqbj^p ab rk^ sbw qo^_^g^kal `lk i^ j^qofw ^jmifâ^ ]q ]01 ]10 ]11 Y ]20

]21

Di mol`bpl ab bifjfk^`fŽk klp iibs^ ^

K^ j^qofw ab i^ môqbabobè^ ab i^ _ôo^ sboqf`î bp i^ fksbop^ abpbâ^- K^ ab i^ fwnrfboa^ bp i^ j^qofw fabkqfaâ 2 W 2Ml bp mob`fpl`lkl`bo ab ^kqbj^kl pf ? bp kl pfkdriô- Rf ? bp oejcqh]n+ mlab, jlp ^•k ^mif`ô bi j‹qlal ab F^rpp,Hloa^k+ mbol l`roob nrb bk bi mol`bpl rkl ab ilp bibjbkqlp ab i^ af^dlkî pb `lksfboqb bk `bol+ v kl pboŠmlpf_ib qo^kpclojô ? bk i^ j^qofw fabkqfaâTk pfpqbj^ ab j b`r^`flkbp ifkbîbp `lk j fk`Ždkfq^p+bpqŠobmobpbkqâlmlo

]egtg

_e*

e < 0+1+--- +j +

g<0

nrb pb mrbab bp`of_fo+ab rk^ j^kbo^ jŠp pfjmib+ `ljl

rk^ b`r^`fŽk j^qof`f^i

?V<A+ alkab ? < &]ef' bp i^ j^qofw ab ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp+v W X B j^qof`bp `lirjk^+

Cfan_e_eko

:= :-

:8 :k

Rf ? bp kl pfkdri^o+ i^ •kf`^ plir`fŽk abi pfpqbj^ bpqŠa^a^ mlo W<?,0A*'*(

8SN[LRLRX\

@mif`^kal bi mol`bpl ab F^rpp,Hloa^k i^ plir`fŽk dbkbo^i+ pf bufpqb0-

^ `^a^ rkl

* u * 2v < 4 * 3v < 00 ,u * v < 2* 1u * v < 0 * 2u * 2v < 1

t* * * * 3- 2t * 4t * 6t * t * 2- 2t 4t 6t

5- t

1t , 6t *

w<i-

* v <0 * 2v < 1 2u * 4v < 20u * v < 0 2u * 2v < 1 2u * 4v < 2

1u 2u

u ,

* q <0 * 1q < 1 * 2q < 6u , 2v * q < 4 u * v , 1q < 1 u , 6v * 2q < 2u * 1v * 2q * 3r 0u * 6v * hhq * 03r 2u * 5v * iNr * 04r 1u * v * 1q < ,1

4- 2t , 1u -t * u 5t * u

1t , u 1- 2t 4t

ab ilp pfpqbj^p pfdrfbkqbp+ abqbojfk^o

t 1t 2t

v < N-

* * *

t , 1t * 2u 3t , u 4t , 2u

, ,

* *

4v 2v 3v

v , 4q < v , q < 1v * q <

8- Cbjlpqoô nrb bi pfpqbj^ t * v * 1v < 1+ 1t , v * 2w < 1+ 4t , v ir`fŽk •kf`^ pf ] :< 7- Gîiô qla^p i^p plir`flkbp `r^kal ] 70/- ^( Cbqbojfkô qla^p i^p plir`flkbp abi pfpqbj^

< N < N < N-

8 4 2-

< 5+ qfbkb

pl,

* 0u + 5v * 1q < ,0 u * v , q < ,1-

t , _( Cbqbojfk^o

qla^p i^p plir`flkbp 4t

abi pfpqbj^

* 1u , u

t ,

1q < ,0

v ,

t*u*v 00- Dpqb bgbo`f`fl klp fkaf`^ Cbjlpqo^o nrb

`Žjl

pb abqbojfk^k

< ,1 5qla^p i^p j^qof`bp

kl pfkdri^obp 1 W 1-

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao heja]haou i]pne_ao

_I Z

] Yb ` Cbar`fo

nrb Z9

` ,b

05-

*'*)

< ']`

, ^a(0 -

]

bp kl pfkdri^o pf v pĹ˝il pf ]` , ^a y /+ bk `rvl

]` , ^a Cbqbojfk^o

,_I Y`,b

`^pl pr fksbop^ bp

,_I

i^ fksbop^ ab `^a^ rk^ ab i^p j^qof`bp ab ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 01 ^i 05-

8SN[LRLRX\ _J[RX\ \XK[N VJ][RLN\

0- Rf rk^ j^qofw `râoâ^ bp pfkdriô-

qfbkb rk^ `lirjk^

ab `bolp l rk^ cfi^ ab `bolp+ abjlpqo^o

nrb

Cfan_e_ekor]neko ok^na i]pne_ao

1- Oô^ `â^ rk^ ab i^p molmlpf`flkbp pfdrfbkqbp obi^qfs^p ^ j^qof`bp j W j+ aô rk^ ab, jlpqo^`fŽk l rk `lkqo^bgbjmil^( Rf ?@ * @? < N+ bkqlk`bp ?0@1 < @1?0, _( Rf ? X @ plk kl pfkdriôbp+ bkqlk`bp ? * @ bp kl pfkdriô`( RI ? v @ plk kl pfkdriôbp+ bkqlk`bp ?@ bp kl pfkdriôa( Rf ?* @* X ? * @ plk kl pfkdriôbp+ bkqlk`bp ? + @ bp kl pfkdriôb( Rf ?1 < N+ bkqlk`bp ? + h bp kl pfkdriôc( Rf bi molar`ql ab g j^qof`bp ?h%,, ?g bp kl pfkdriô+ `â^ rk^ ab i^p j^qof`bp ?+ bp kl pfkdriô2- Rf ?

3- K^ j^qofw ?

zI+

eîiô rk^ j^qofw kl pfkdriô N qî nrb N+/?N

] Ye

& alkab

<U * U4(+ v

,0+ ]

< Zz ]

zI,

< V , U 4(+ qfbkb

molmfbaâ ab nrb ?0 < ?, Cbpòf_fo bk cloj^ `ljmibq^ qla^p i^p j^qof`bp ?* 1 W 1+ `lk bibjbkqlp `ljmibglp qîbp nrb @1 < ?, 4- Rf ?0 < ?* abjlpqoô nrb &? * h(g < h * '1g , h'?, 5- K^ qbloŒâb i^ obi^qfsfaâ rqfifw^ rk `lkgrkql ab b`r^`flkbp ab i^ cloj^ t% < ]&t 8+re'* v&< v+ v&< Y+ p&< ]'p , rt.a1(@nrŒ r obmobpbkqî^ sbil`faâ ab rk l_gbql nrb pb jrbsb+ a i^ sbil`faâ ab i^ irw+ v ] < a.Ta1 , r1+ alkab Hsi; a- K^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk nrb ^mif`^ bi sb`qlo _f afjbkpflkî &t* p' bk 'u&+p%'pb ii^j^ pn]jobkni]_eˆj à Jknajpv, Rr j^qofw obi^qfs^ ^ i^p _^pbp rprîbp pb abpfdk^ `lk J& r' v sfbkb aâ^ mlo

J'r(

,ra,

N_p‹osbpb nrb J&r' bp kl pfkdriô v nrb J&M' h, Cbjlpqoô nrb J&r'J&q' J&s'* pfbkal t < &q * r'a1-&qr * a1(- Dp ab`fo+ bi molar`ql ab alp qo^kpcloj^`flkbp ab Klobkqw bp lqo^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ab Klobkqw6- Rf `^j_f^jlp i^p cfi^p mlo i^p `lirjk^p bk rk^ j^qofw ob`q^kdriô ?* i^ krbs^ j^qofw ^pŒl_qbkfa^ pb ii^j^ i^ pn]jolqaop] ab ? v pb abpfdk^ mlo ? q- Olo bgbjmil+ pf qbkbjlp

? y Yy y

9I-

bkqlk`bp ?& ,

o+9y

Cbjlpqoô nrb i^p qo^kpmrbpq^p qfbkbk i^p molmfbaâbp pfdrfbkqbp9 ^( '?p(p < ?_( '? * @(p < ?p * @p+ b( '_?(p < _?pk a( '?@(p < @&?&+ b( '?p(,h < '@,i(q pf ? bp kl pfkdriô7- Tk^ j^qofw `râoâ^ 1 W1

`lp '( Zpbk '(

? pb ii^j^

j^qofw loqldlk^i

pf ??

< h- Bljmol_^o

nrb i^ j^qofw

'(I

, pbk `lp '(

bp loqldlk^i

m^o^ `^a^

k•jbol

ob^i '(- Rf ?

bp `r^inrfbo

j^qofw loqldlkî j W j+ abjlpqoô nrb prp cfi^p+`lkpfaboâ^p `ljl sb`qlobp ab T,* clo ok^k rk `lkgrkql loqldlkî8- Oô^ `â^ rk^ ab i^p molmlpf`flkbp pfdrfbkqbp ^`bo`^ ab i^p j^qof`bp j W j+ aô rk^ abjlpqo^`fŽk l bk pr irdô rk `lkqo^bgbjmil^( Rf ? X @ plk loqldlkîbp+ ? * @ bp loqldlkî-

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao heja]haou i]pne_ao

_( Rf ? X @ plk loqldlkîbp+ ?@ bp loqldlkîb( Rf ? X ?@ plk loqldlkîbp+ @ bp loqldlkî0/- K]pne_ao à F]`]i]n`+ ii^jâ^p ^pŒmlo Z^lnrbp Gâ^jôa '0754,0852(+ plk ^nrbii^p j^qof`bp& j W j `lk i^p molmfbaâbp pfdrfbkqbp9 0- Bâ^ bibjbkql bp 0 Ž , 0] 00- Bâ^ cfi^+ `lkpfaboâ^ `ljl rk sb`qlo ab T,* qfbkb ilkdfqra fdrî ^ 00H-Di molar`ql bp`îô ab alp cfi^p afpqfkq^p `rîbpnrfbo^ bp NK^p j^qof`bp ab Gâ^jôa pb mobpbkq^k bk `fboqlp mol_ibj^p ab dbljbqoŒ^ v bk i^ qbloŒâb k•jbolp+ v e^k pfal ^mif`â^p ob`fbkqbjbkqb bk i^ `lafcf`^`fŽk Žmqfj^ mô^ i^ `ljrkf`^`fŽk bpm^`fî- @ mbpô ab pr ^môbkqb pfjmif`faâ+ mobpbkq^k jrèlp mol_ibj^p pfk obplisbo- Di mofk`fmî mol_ibj^ kl obprbiql bk bpqbjljbkql bp bi ab abqbojfkô qlalp ilp sîlobp ab j mô^ ilp nrb bufpqb rk^ j^qofw ab Gâ^jôa j W j- Dpqb bgbo`f`fl a^ fab^ ab rk^ plir`fŽk mô`fî^( Cbqbojfkô qla^p i^p j^qof`bp ab Gâ^jôa 1 W 1 'e^v bu^`q^jbkqb 7(_( Dpq^ môqb abi bgbo`f`fl bp_lw^ rk^ abjlpqo^`fŽk pbk`fii^ abi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^9 Rf ? ao qj] i]pnev à F]`]i]n` j W j+ oeaj`k j 1+ ajpkj_ao j ao qj iŠhpelhk à 3K^ abjlpqo^`fŽk pb _^p^ bk alp ibj^p jrv pbk`fiilp obi^qfslp ^ ilp sb`qlobp bk bi bpm^, `fl ab afjbkpfŽk j- Cbjlpqoô `â^ rkl ab bplp ibj^p v ^mif`ôilp ^ i^p cfi^p ab i^ j^qofw ab Gâ^jôa mô^ abjlpqoô bi qblobj^-

Tj-

KDL@

0- Rf W+W+Y okj ra_pknaoknpkckj]hao `a Tj* oa peaja &V

W'% &V

Y( < HHWH01-

KDL@ 1- N‰jc]oa W 'Vh& --Œ +Vj(+ u 'Wh +Œ-- +Wj(+ Y 'w++--- +Xj(Qe_]`] _kilkjajpa te+We+Xz ao 0 k , 0+ ah lnk`q_pk 'u+ * We('Vz * Xe( ao N „ 3-

2 78E8C?<@4@E8D

+')

<W][XM^LLRmW

Dk krjbolp^p ^mif`^`flkbp abi …idb_o^ ifkbî ^ i^ FbljbqoŒ^ v î @kŠifpfp bi `lk`bmql ab abqbojfk^kqb abpbjmb•^ rk m^mbifjmloq^kqb- Dpqb`^mŒqrilbpqraf^ i^p molmfbaâbpcrka^jbkqîbp ab ilp abqbojfk^kqbp v îdrk^p ab prp ^mif`^`flkbpDk bi Ulirjbk 0 pb fkqolargbolk ilp abqbojfk^kqbp ab pbdrkal v qbo`boloabk `ljl rk^ klq^`fŽk •qfi mô^ bumobpô`fboq^p cŽojri^p bk cloj^ `ljm^`q^- Qb, `loabjlp nrb bi abqbojfk^kqb ab pbdrkal loabk pb abcfkfŽ jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^

]

'2-0(

]010

]hh]11 , ]01]10&

01 @ mbpôabi môb`fal ab i^91zl99flkbp+ bi abqbojfk^kqb ]00 ^ . 'bpòfql `lk ]10 ]11

alp _ôo^p sboqf`îbp( bp `lk`bmqrîjbkqb

afpqfkql ab i^ j^qofw

Y]]10 00

^ ]11

'`lk

alp `loèbqbp(- Di abqbojfk^kqb bp rk jŠiank ^pfdkâl ^ i^ j^qofw v nrb pb `î`ri^ `lk i^ cŽojri^ '2-0(- Oô^ ^`bkqrô bpq^`lkbufŽk q^j_f‹k bpòf_fjlp

I-

^01

]00 < abq Y]00 ]10 ]11 ]10 ]11 Klp abqbojfk^kqbp ab qbo`boloabk pb abcfkfbolk bk bi Ulirjbk ab abqbojfk^kqbp ab pbdrkal loabk jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ '2-1(

^010

]00 ]01 ]02[ abq ]10

]11 ]12

]00

H999

]20 ]21 ]22 32

0 bk crk`fŽk

Bapaniej]jpao

Dpqb`^mŒqril`lkpfabo^ bi `^pl jŠp dbkboî+bi abqbojfk^kqb ab rk^ j^qofw `r^, aoâ^ ab loabk j mô^`rînrfbo bkqbol j 1&90- Mrbpqol mrkql ab sfpq^ `lkpfpqb bk qo^qôbi abqbojfk^kqb `ljl rk^ crk`fŽk nrb ^pfdk^ ^ `â^ j^qofw `râoâ^ ? rk k•jbol ii^jâl abqbojfk^kqb ab ? v nrb pb fkaf`^ mlo abq?- Rb mrbab abcfkfo bp^ crk`fŽk mlo jbafl ab rk^ cŽojri^ nrb dbkboîfw^'2-0( v '2-1(- Sî cŽojri^ bp rk^ prj^ nrb `lkqfbkb j molar`qlp ab bibjbkqlp ab ?, Oô^ sîlobp do^kabp ab j bp^ cŽojri^ bp ab afcŒ`fij^kbgl v pb rp^ ml`l bk i^ moŠ`qf`^-Dp mobcbof_ib bpqrafô ilp abqbojfk^kqbp abpab lqol mrkql ab sfpq^ nrb mlkd^ ab j^kfcfbpql `lk j^vlo ìôfaâ prp molmfbaâbp bpbk`fîbp- Sîbp molmfbaâbp+fjmloq^kqbp bk i^p ^mif`^`flkbp+ pb qljôŠk `ljl ]teki]o môâbcfkfork^ crk`fŽk abqbojfk^kqbDk mofk`fmfl+krbpqol mi^k `lkpqôŠ ab qobpmôqbp90( Irpqfcf`ô,i^ bib``fŽk ab ilp ûflj^p- 1( Cbar`fo lqo^p molmfbaâbpab ilp abqbojfk^kqbp ^ môqfoab ilp ûfl, j^p- 2( Cbjlpqoô nrb bufpqb rk^ crk`fŽk v pŽil rk^ nrb p^qfpc^d^^ qîbp ûflj^p+'*

=^\]RORLJLRmW MNUJNUNLLRmW MNUX\JaRXVJ\YJ[J ^WJO^WLRmW MN]N[VRWJW]N

Dk bi Ulirjbk 0 pb abjlpqoŽ nrb bi molar`ql jfuql ab qobp sb`qlobp ?h +?1 + ?2 bk C2 mrbab bumobp^opb`ljl bi abqbojfk^kqb ab rk^ j^qofw `rv^p cfi^p plk ilp sb`qlobp a^alp- @pŒqbkbjlp

alkab ?h < ']00+ ]01+ ]02(& ?1 < ']10+ ]11+ ]12(& X ?2 < ']20+ ]21+ ]22(& Rf i^p cfi^p plk ifkbîjbkqb fkabmbkafbkqbpbi molar`ql jfuql kl bp kril: bi sîlo ^_plirql abi molar`ql bp fdrî î slirjbk abi môîbibmŒmbal abqbojfkâl mlo ilp zobpsb`qlobp ?h +?1 + ?2 Œ Rf i^p cfi^p plk ifkbîjbkqb abmbkafbkqbpbi mol, ar`ql jfuql bp kril- Dk qî `^pl ?h +?1 + ?2 plk `lmi^kôflp v bi môîbibmŒmbal abdbkbo^ bk rk^ cfdro^ mi^k^ ab slirjbk kril@idrk^p ab i^p molmfbaâbpabi molar`ql jfuql grpqfcf`^ki^ bib``fŽk ab ilp ûflj^p mô^rk^ crk`fŽk abqbojfk^kqb bk bi `^pl k,afjbkpflkî- Oô^ bpq^_ib`bo bpzp molmfbaâbpbk czzj^ ^mq^mô^ i^ dbkboîfw^`fŽk+`lkpfabo^jlp bi molar`ql jHuqz+`ljl rk^ crk`fŽk ab ilp qobpsb`qlobp cfi^ ?h +?1 + ?2Œ Cbpfdk^jlp bpq^ crk`fŽk mlo `: ^pŒmrbp+ f

Hqopebe_]_e‰j `a h] aha__e‰j`a hko ]teki]o

l]n] qj] bqj_e‰j `apaniej]jpa

Bbkqobjlp krbpqo^ ^qbk`fŽk bk i^p molmfba^abppfdrfbkqbp9 ^( Fkikcajae`]` aj _]`] beh]-Olo bgbjmil+ i^ eljldbkbfa^a cfi^ bpq^_ib`bnrb

bk i^ mofjbo^

_( ?èpere`]` aj _]`] beh]-Olo bgbjmil+ i^ âfqfsfaâ bk i^ pbdrka^ cfi^ Rfdkfcf`^nrb

m^o^ qlal sb`qlo Bb( Ch lnk`q_pk ietpk ao jqhk pf `ko `a h]o beh]ookj ecq]haoa( Lkni]hev]_e‰j9 `&e*f*g' < 0+

alkab

e< '0+/+ N(+ f

'/+0+ N(+ g

'/+/+0(

Bâ^ rk^ ab bp^p molmfbaâbpmrbab `ljmol_ôpb cŠ`fijbkqb ^ môqfoab i^p molmfbaâbpab ilp molar`qlp bp`îô v sb`qlofî- @idrk^p plk prdbofa^p mlo i^ obi^`fŽk dblj‹qof`^ bkqobbi molar`ql jfuql v bi slirjbk abi môîbibmŒmbal ab, qbojfkâl mlo ilp sb`qlobp dblj‹qof`lp @i+ ?1 + ?]- Di pfdkfcf`âl dblj‹qof`l ab i^ molmfbaâ âfqfs^ _( bk rk `^pl môqf`riô bp ab bpmb`fî fkqbo‹p-Rf qlj^, jlp b < @i bk _( bi pbdrkal q‹ojfkl abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol bp `bol bk sfoqra ab b(+ v i^ obi^`fŽk _( pb qo^kpcloj^ bk '2-2( Ulirjbk

< `&?*,

?*, @I

Ulirjbk

< `&?*,?*

EHFTQ@ 2-0 Gjpanlnap]_e‰j caki†pne_] `a h] lnklea`]` `'?+ ?! @i( < `'?! ?+ l]n]hahal‡la`ko peajaj rkhŠiajao ecq]hao-

?!?**'

-?! @i(&Jko `ko

Bapaniej]jpao

Dpq^molmfbaâ pb mlkb ab j^kfcfbpql bk i^ cfdro^ 2-0 nrb obmobpbkq^rk môîbib, mŒmbalabqbojfkâl mlo ?h&@1 +?]+ X lqol abqbojfkâl mlo @i+?h * ?1 +?]K^ fdrîaâ '2-2( bpq^_ib`bnrb bplp alp môîbibmŒmbalp qfbkbksli•jbkbp fdrîbpFblj‹qof`^jbkqb biil bp bsfabkqb v^ nrb ilp môîbibmŒmbalp qfbkbk îqro^p fdrîbp v _^pbp ab fdrî Šob^2-2

Blkgrkql ab ^uflj^p

nrb abcfkbk rk^ crk`fŽk abqbojfk^kqb

K^p molmfbaâbp abi molar`ql jfuql jbk`flkâ^p bk i^ pb``fŽk ^kqboflo mrbabk dbkboîfwôpb`lk c^`fifaâ v rqfifwôpb`ljl ûflj^p mô^ abqbojfk^kqbp ab loabk j, Rf ? < &]ez' bp rk^ j^qofw j W j `lk bibjbkqlp obîbp l `ljmibglp&+ abpfdkbjlp prp cfi^pmlo @i +--- +?j ‹ @pŒ+ i^ cfi^ f,‹pfj^ ab ? bp rk sb`qlo bk Cj aâl mlo

Blkpfabobjlp bi abqbojfk^kqb `ljl rk^ crk`fŽk ab i^p j cfi^p @i +--- *?j v ab, pfdkbjlp pr sîlo mlo `'?h+ --- +?j( l mlo abq ?CDEHMHBHˆM @WHNL…SHB@ CD TM@ ETMBHˆM CDSDQLHM@MSDSj] bqj_e‰j _kj r]hknao na]haok _kilhafko `+ àbeje`] l]n] _]`] j _kilkjajpao knàj]`]o à hko ra_pknao ?h* ,,, * @k aj Cj+ oa àjkiej] bqj_e‰j àpaniej]jpa à knàj j oe o]peob]_ahko oecqeajpao]teki]o _q]haomqean]mqa oa]j hko ra_pknao?h* ,,, * ?j v b aj Cj9 @WHNL@ 0- GNLNFDMDHC@C DM B@C@ EHK@- Qe oa iqhpelhe_] h] g,†oei] beh] ?g lkn qj ao_]h]np+ah àpaniej]jpa mqa`] p]iê†j iqhpelhe_]`k lkn p9

`' --- +p?g+

ŒŒŒ (

p `' --- +?g+

@WHNL@

@CHSHUHC@C DM B@C@ EHK@-

@WHNL@

DK CDSDQLHM@MSD

ŒŒŒ (-

N]n] _]`] r]hkn `a g pajaiko

RD @MTK@ RH CNR EHK@R BT@KDRPTHDQ@

RNM

HFT@KDR9

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oe ?e < ?h

DK CDSDQLHM@MSD

`'0h +--- +Gj( < 0+

'l]n] _eanpkoe v f p]haomqa e <0< f,'

CD K@ L@SQHY HCDMSHC@C DR HFT@K

oeaj`k 0g ah g,†oeik ra_pkn _kkn`aj]`k

?h9

qje`]` -

Akjfqjpko `a ]teki]o

mqa `abejaj qj] bqj_e‰j `apaniej]jpa

Klp alp mofjbolp ûflj^p bpq^_ib`bk nrb bi abqbojfk^kqb ab rk^ j^qofw bp rk^ crk`fŽk ifkbî ab `â^ rk^ ab prp cfi^p- Blk cob`rbk`f^ bpql pb bumobpâf, `fbkal nrb bi abqbojfk^kqb bp rk^ crk`fŽk iqhpeheja]h ab prp cfi^p- @mif`^kal obfqboâ^jbkqb i^ ifkbîfaâ ^ i^ mofjbo^ cfi^ mlabjlp bpòf_fo

pfbkal p** ,,, * pl bp`îôbp v B0 + ’’’ +Al sb`qlobp `rîbpnrfbo^ ab Cj@ sb`bp pb rqfifw^ rk^ sbopfŽk môqf`riô abi ûflj^ 29 @WHNL@

2&-

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pf ?g

g*0

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Dp pbk`fiil bpq^_ib`bork^ `lkaf`fŽk kb`bpôf^ v prcf`fbkqbmô^nrb rk^ qo^kp, cloj^`fŽk ifkbî qbkd^ rk^ obmobpbkq^`fŽkbk j^qofw af^dlkîSDNQDL@ 3-0- B]`] qj] pn]jobkni]_e‰j R9 T y T+ `kjà afj T < jQe R peaja qj] nalnaoajp]_e‰jaj i]pnev è]ckj]h+ ateopa ajpkj_ao qj _kjfqjpk à&

008

?qpkr]hknao u ]qpkra_pknao

01/

ahaiajpko ej`alaj`eajpao S/ h]nao @i + -’- + ?j p]haomqa

* ‹‹‹

`a T u qj _knnaolkj`eajpa

_kjfqjpk

`a ao_],

'3-0(

Pa_‡lnk_]iajpa+ oe ateopa qj _kjfqjpk ejàlajèajpa S Sj aj T u qj _kj, fqjpk _knnaolkjèajpa à ao_]h]nao @i+!! @k mqa o]peob]_aj '3-0(+ ajpkj_ao h] i]pnev * ‹‹‹

ao qj] nalnaoajp]_e‰j `a R naola_pk ] h] ^]oa 'q/

* ‹‹‹

Sj( -

Baikopn]_e‰j- Rrmlkd^jlp mofjbol nrb R qfbkb rk^ obmobpbkq^`fŽkbk j^, qofwaf^dlk^i ? < ']eg( `lk obpmb`ql^ i^ _^pb 'ah& --- +a!+(- K^ ^``fŽk ab R pl_ob ilp bibjbkqlp ab i^ _^pb sfbkb a^a^ mlo i^ cŽojri^ j

R&ag' <

]egae

]ggag

e;/

mrbpql nrb ]eg < N môê 6< g - Dpql abjrbpqo^ '3-0( `lk Sg < ag v ?g < ]j , Rrmlkd^jlp êlo^ nrb bufpqbk ilp bibjbkqlp fkabmbkafbkqbp q|* ,,, * Sj v ilp bp`îôbp @i + --’ +@k nrb p^qfpc^`bk'3-0(- Orbpql nrb S0 + ŒŒŒ+ Sj plk fkabmbk, afbkqbp+`lkpqfqrvbk rk^ _^pb mô^ T- Rf abcfkfjlp ]gg < (&h X ]eg < N môê <0<g* bkqlk`bp i^ j^qofw ? < ']eg( bp rk^ j^qofw af^dlkî nrb obmobpbkq^R `lk obp, mb`ql ^ i^ _^pb &q0 + ŒŒŒ+ Sj( Œ @pŒ mrbp-bi mol_ibj^ ab eîiô rk^ obmobpbkq^`fŽkbk j^qofw af^dlkî ab rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî pb e^ obar`fal ^ lqol+ bi ab eîiô ilp bibjbkqlp fkabmbk, afbkqbp S Sj v ilp bp`îôbp @i + ’-’ +@-- nrb p^qfpc^d^k'3-0(- Sîbp bibjbk, qlp qa v bp`îôbp?g pb ii^j^k ]qpkra_pknao l ra_pknao lnkleko v ]qpkr]hknao à R* obpmb`qfs^jbkqb-Dk i^ pb``fŽk pfdrfbkqb bpqraf^jlp ilp ^rqlsb`qlobp v ^rqlsîl, obp ')( bk rk ^pmb`ql jŠp dbkboî/

3-1

* ‹‹‹

@rqlsb`qlobp v ^rqls^ilobp ab rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkb^i

Dk bpqâfp`rpfŽk+T obmobpbkq^ rk bpm^`fl ifkbî v R rk pr_bpm^`fl ab T, Klp bpm^`flp R v T kl e^k ab pbo kb`bpôf^jbkqb ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^')( K^pmî^_o^p]qpk ra_pkn v ]qpkr]hkn plk i^p qoâr``flkbpab i^p mî^_o^pîbj^k^p Cecajragpkn v Cecajsanp- @idrklp^rqlobpbjmib^k ilp q‹ojfklp ra_pkn _]n]_pan‡ope_k+ l ra_pkn lnklek `ljl pfkŽkfjlp ab ^rqlsb`qlo-Klp ^rqlsîlobp q^j_f‹k pb ii^j^k r]hknao _]n]_pan‡o, pe_ko l lnkleko-

?qpkra_pknao v ]qpkr]hknao `a qj] pn]jobkni]_e‰j heja]h

010

Qa] R9 R z T qj] pn]jobkni]_e‰j `a R aj T - Sj ao_]h]n @ oa ]qpkr]hkn `a R oe ateopaqj ahaiajpk jk jqhk t aj R p]hmqa

CDEHMHBHˆM-

`ajkiej]

R&t' < ?V,

'3-1(

Ch ahaiajpk t oa hh]i] ]qpkra_pkn à R lanpaja_eajpa ] =--- Ch ao_]h]n=-- oa hh]i] ]qpkr]hkn _knnaolkjèajpa ] t Dufpqbrk plil ^rqlsîlo `loobpmlkafbkqb ^ rk ^rqlsb`qlo aâl t- Dk bcb`ql+ pf qbkbjlp R't( ?V v R't( l-t mô^rk `fboql t <0< N +bkqlk`bp ?V < l-t `lk il nrb @ < m--

Môanr]_e‰j9 Rf _fbk i^ b`r^`fŽk '3-1( pfbjmob bp sŠifa^ mô^ t < N v `rînrfbo bp`îô @+ i^ ^bcfkf`f5k buìrvb N `ljl ^rqlsb`qlo- Dpql pb grpqfcf`^mlo qbkbo nrb bufpqfork plil ^rqlsîlo @ ^pl`fâl ^ rk ^rqlsb`qlo aâl t-

Klp bgbjmilp pfdrfbkqbpmlkbk ab j^kfcfbpql bi pfdkfcf`âl ab bplp `lk`bmqlpDIDLOKN 0- Kqhpelhe_]_e‰jlkn qj ao_]h]nbef]`k- Rb^ R9 R z T i^ qo^kp, cloj^`fŽk ifkbî abcfkfa^ mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk R't( < at mô^ `â^ t ab R+pfbkal a rk -bp`îôcfgâl- Dk bpqbbgbjmil qlal bibjbkql kl kril ab R bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo mboqbkb`fbkqbî bp`îô _-

1- Ch ]qpkaol]_ek C'?( mqa _kjop] à pk`ko hko t p]hao mqa Rb^ R8 R z T rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî nrb qfbkb rk ^rqlsîlo @+ Rb^ C'?( bi `lkgrkql ab pk`ko ilp bibjbkqlp t ab R qîbpnrb R't( < &Zt-Dpqb`lk• grkql `lkqfbkb bi bibjbkql N v qlalp ilp ^rqlsb`qlobp mboqbkb`fbkqbp ^ @- Dp cŠ`fi abjlpqoô nrb C&%Z' bp rk pr_bpm^`fl ab R+mlonrb pf t b v bpqŠkbk C&%Z' qbkbjlp DIDLOKN

R&t' < ?V,

R']t

^u(

< ]R't( *

^R'u( < ]d

^?W < (+']t

^u(

mô^qlalp ilp bp`îôbp ] v _- Krbdl &]t * û' D C&?' ^pŒnrb C&%Z' bp rk pr_, bpm^`fl- Di bpm^`fl C'&Z(pb ii^j^ ]qpkaol]_ek `loobpmlkafbkqb ^ =--- Orbab pbo ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^l fkcfkfq^-Rf C'?( bp ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^bkqlk`bp afj C'?( y 0+ v^ nrb C&<!' `lkqfbkb mlo 0/ jbklp rk bibjbkql t kl kril `loobpmlkafbkqb ^=!DIDLOKN 2- Cteopaj_e] à ]qpkr]hknao _ank- Rf bufpqb rk ^rqlsb`qlo kl mrbab pbo `bol+ mlo abcfkf`fŽk- Rfk bj_ôdl+ bi bp`îô `bol lqaà pbo rk ^rql, sîlo- Dk bcb`ql+pf N bp rk ^rqlsîlo mô^t bkqlk`bp R't( Mt N+ mlo 0/ nrb t bp abi k•ìbl& ab R, Qb`Œmol`^jbkqb+pf bi k•ìbl ab R `lkqfbkb bibjbkqlp kl krilp `â^ rkl ab ‹plp bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo `lk ^rqlsîlo N- Dk dbkboî+C&?' bp bi k•ìbl ab R , @i -

DIDLOKN

Pabhate‰jaj ah lh]jk tu-

Rb^ R

< T < Up'Q(

v pb^ Rqj]

?qpkr]hknao v ]qpkra_pknao

011

obcibufŽkbk bi mi^kl tu- Dpql bp+R ^`q•^ pl_ob ilp sb`qlobp _^pbp e*f* g ab i^ RH, drfbkqb j^kbo^9 R&e' < e+Rwf' < f* R&g' < , g, Bâ^ sb`qlo kl kril bk bi mi^kl tu bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo `lk rk ^rqlsîlo 0- Klp ^rqlsb`qlobp obpq^kqbpplk ab i^ cloj^ _g+alkab a ;/; N: `â^ rkl ab biilp qfbkb bi ^rqlsîlo ,0DIDLOKN 4- Pkp]_e‰j àh lh]jkDpqbbgbjmil bp môqf`riôjbkqb fkqbob, p^kqbmlonrb mlkb ab j^kfcfbpql nrb i^ bufpqbk`fâb ^rqlsb`qlobp mrbab abmbkabo abi `rboml crka^jbkqî ab bp`îôbp-Di mi^kl mrbab `lkpfaboôpb `ljl rk bpm^`fb ifkbî ab alp j^kbo^p afpqfkq^p90( `ljl rk bpm^`fl ifkbî na]h ab afjbkpfŽk 1+ T < T &P'* `lk alp bibjbkqlp _^pb '0+ N( X 'N+ 0(+ X `lk k•jbolp obîbp `ljl bp`îôbp: l 1( `ljl rk bpm^`fl ifkbî _kilhafk ab afjbkpfŽk 0+ T < T+'A(+ `lk rk bibjbkql _^pb 0+X ilp k•jbolp `ljmibglp `ljl bp`îôbpBlkpfabobjlp mofjbol i^ pbdrka^ fkqbomobq^`fŽk-Bâ^ bibjbkql w;/; N ab T*&A' pb mrbab bumobpôbk cloj^ mliô+w < na! - Rf R fjmofjb ^ w rk dfol ab Škdril ] bkqlk`bp R&v' < nae&M)]'< …]v, @pŒmrbp+`â^ w;/; N bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo `lk ^rqlsîlo @ < ae]‹ N_p‹osbpb nrb bi ^rqlsîlo ap] kl bp obî ^ jbklp nrb t pb^ rk j•iqfmil bkqbol ab Blkpfabobjlp êlo^ bi mi^kl `ljl rk bpm^`fl ifkbî na]h+T1'P( - Orbpql nrb ilp bp`îôbpab T1&P' plk k•jbolp obîbp+i^ olq^`fŽk R âjfqb ^rqlsîlobp obîbp+ •kf`^jbkqb pf ] bp rk j•iqfmil bkqbol ab Cfèl ab lqol jlal+ pf ] kl bp j•i, qfmil bkqbol ab bkqlk`bp R kl qfbkb ^rqlsîlobp obîbp v mlo q^kql q^jml`l ^rqlsb`qlobp- Cb bpql obpriq^ ìôl nrb i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab ^rqlsb`qlobp mrbab ab, mbkabo ab i^ bib``fŽk ab ilp bp`îôbp mô^ T, 1

6S Š

DIDLOKN 5- Ch klan]`kn àner]`]Rb^ T bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qla^p i^p crk, `flkbp obîbp p nrb âjfqbk abofsâ^p ab `rînrfbo loabk bk rk fkqbosîl ^_fboql aâl- Rb^ C i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî nrb ^mif`^ `â^ p bk pr abofsâ^+ B&b' < b% , Klp ^rqlsb`qlobp ab C plk ^nrbii^p crk`flkbp . kl kri^p nrb p^qfpc^`bkrk^ b`r^, `fŽk ab i^ cloj^

b% ;'*/ mô^rk `fboql k•jbol obî @- †pq^ bp rk^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî ifkbî ab mofjbo loabk- Sla^p &prpplir`flkbp sfbkbk aâ^p mlo i^ cŽojri^ b't(

_a&!+

alkab a bp rk^ `lkpq^kqb obî ô_fqoôf^-Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ilp ^rqlsb`qlobp ab C plk qla^p i^p crk`flkbp bumlkbk`fîbp -&t' < _a8! `lk a ;/; N - Di ^rqlsîlo `loobp, mlkafbkqb ^ -&t' < _…8€bp …- Dk bgbjmilp `ljl ‹pqb-bkilp nrb T bp rk bpm^`fl crk`flkî- ilp ^rqlsb`qlobp pb ii^j^k ]qpk.qj_ekjao-

Gj`alaj`aj_e]

012

heja]h `a ]qpkra_pknao

DIDLOKN 6- Ch klan]`kn ejpacn]_ekj- Rb^ T bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p bk rk fkqbosîl cfkfql Y]* ^[, Rf b D U+abpfdkbjlp mlo c;R&b' ^ i^ crk`fŽk aâ^ mlo ,

c't(

H8b'p( `p

pf ] y t y ^ -

K^p ^rqlcrk`flkbp ab R 'pf bufpqbk( plk ^nrbii^p b`r^`fŽk ab i^ cloj^

H8b'p( `p

'3-2(

b kl kri^p nrb p^qfpc^`bkrk^

< ?b't(

mô^ îd•k sîlo obî @- Rf bufpqb rk^ ^rqlcrk`fŽk mlabjlp abofsô bpq^ b`r^`fŽk mô^ l_qbkbo i^ obi^`fŽk b't( < ?b't(+ ab i^ `rî bk`lkqo^jlp b&t' < _a%!*`lk qî nrb @ <0<, N- Cfèl ab lqol jlal+ i^p •kf`^p ^rqlcrk`flkbp mlpf_ibp plk ^nrbii^p crk`flkbp bumlkbk`fîbp ab i^ cloj^ b&t' _a%!8`lk a <0<, b HX@ <0<, N- Ml l_pq^kqb+pf mlkbjlp t < ] bk '3-2( l_qbkbjlp

l < ?b']( < ?_bb.(&Orbpql nrb a].t krk`^ bp `bol+sbjlp nrb i^ b`r^`fŽk R&G'< ?b kl mrbab p^qfp c^`bopb `lk rk^ b kl kri^+ ^pŒnrb R kl qfbkb ^rqlcrk`flkbp kf ^rqlsîlobpDIDLOKN 7- Qq^ aol]_ek ajcaj`n]`k lkn qj ]qpkra_pkn- Rb^ R9 R z T rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî nrb qfbkb rk ^rqlsîlo @- Rb^ t rk ^rqlsb`qlo mboqbkb`fbkqb ^ @ v pb^ J&t' bi pr_bpm^`fl bkdbkaoâl mlo t, Dpql bp+J&t' bp bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp molar`qlp ab t mlo bp`îôbp-Dp cŠ`fi abjlpqoô nrb R ^mif`^ J&t' bk pŒ jfpjl- Dk bcb`ql+pf v < at qbkbjlp

R'u(

R'_t(

_R't(

A'?V(

?'AV(

?u-

Rf a <0<, N bkqlk`bp v <0<, N mlo il nrb qlal bibjbkql kl kril v ab rk ^rqlsb`qlo mboqbkb`fbkqb^ @-

J't(

bp q^j_f‹k

Rb af`b nrb rk pr_bpm^`fl S ab R bp ejr]ne]jpa bk i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk R+ pf ‹pq^ ^mif`^ `â^ bibjbkql ab S bk lqol bibjbkql ab S, @`^_^jlp ab abjlpqoô nrb bi pr_ bpm^`fl bkdbkaoâl mlo rk ^rqlsb`qlo bp fksôf^kqb bk R, 3-2

Hkabmbkabk`fîfkbî ab ^rqlsb`qlobp `loobpmlkafbkqbp^ ^rqlsîlobp afpqfkqlp

Tk^ ab i^p molmfbaâbp jŠp fjmloq^kqbp ab ilp ^rqlsîlobp bp i^ nrb pb bumlkb bk bi qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb- Bljl ^kqbp+R obmobpbkq^rk pr_bpm^`fl ab rk bpm^`fl ifkbî T,

?qpkr]hknao v yqpkra_pknao

013

SDNQDL@ 3-1- Qe Sp* ‹‹‹ * Sg okj ]qpkra_pknaoà qj] pn]jobkni]_e‰j heja]h R9Q y T+ X hko ]qpkr]hknao @{+ --- + ?g okj èopejpko+ajpkj_ao hko ]qpkra_pknao &,hz+ ŒŒŒ+ Sg okj ejàlajèajpao

Baikopn]_e‰j- K^ abjlpqo^`fŽk bp mlo fkar``fŽk bk g- Di obpriqâl bp qofsfî `r^kal g < 0- Rrmlkd^jlp+ bkqlk`bp+ nrb e^ pfal abjlpqoâl mô^ `rî, nrfbo `lkgrkql ab g,0 ^rqlsb`qlobp- Rb^k Sz * ‹‹‹ * qe-g^rqlsb`qlobp mboqbkb`fbk, qbp^ ^rqlsîlobp afpqfkqlp+v prmlkd^jlp nrb bufpqbkbp`îôbp az qîbpnrb g y

< N-

AeSe

f<i

@mif`^kal R ^ ilp alp jfbj_olp < ?zSz bk`lkqo^jlp

ab '3-3( v rqfifw^kal bi eb`el

ab nrb

R&qz'

'3-4(

Ae?eSe

<N-

f<i

Lriqfmif`^kal '3-3( mlo ?g v obpq^kal ab '3-4( l_qbkbjlp

i^ b`r^`fŽk

R(S Ae'?e

?g(Se

N-

f<i

Obol v^ nrb qz * ‹‹‹ * Sg+z plk fkabmbkafbkqbp+ ab_b pbo Az&?z+ ?g' < N mô^ `â^ e < 0+ 1+ &! *g + 0- Orbpql nrb ilp ^rqlsîlobp plk afpqfkqlp qbkbjlp @{ ", ?g mô^ e ", g ^pŒnrb az << N mô^ e < 0+1+ --- +g , 0- Dk sfoqra ab '3-3( sbjlp nrb _a bp q^j_f‹k N+ mlo 0/ nrb ilp ^rqlsb`qlobp Sz * ‹‹‹ -q• plk fkabmbkafbkqbp N_p‹osbpb nrb bi qblobj^ 3-1 kl pboŒ^`fboql pf bi bibjbkql `bol mrafbo^ pbo rk ^rqlsb`qlo- Dpq^bp lqo^ o^wŽkmô^buìrfo N `ljl ^rqlsb`qlo?`ranpaj_e]9 Di ob`Œmol`l abi qblobj^ 3-1 kl bp `fboql- Dpql bp+ pf R qfbkb ^rqlsb`qlobp fkabmbkafbkqbp TH+ ’’’ + qe+ bkqlk`bp ilp `loobpmlkafbkqbp ^rqlsîlobp @i + ’’’ *?g kl plk kb`bpôf^jbkqb afpqfkqlp- Olo bgbjmil+ pf R bp i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk fa‹kqf`^+ R&t' t mô^ qlal t* bkqlk`bp qlal V!D, N bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo+ mbol bufpqb pŽil rk ^rqlsîlo+ @ 0-

Di qblobj^ 3-1 qfbkb `lkpb`rbk`f^p cfkfq^-

fjmloq^kqbp bk bi `^pl ab afjbkpfŽk

SDNQDL@ 3-2- Qe afj T < j+ pk`] pn]jobkni]_e‰j heja]h R9 T y T peaja lkn hk iajko j ]qpkr]hknao èopejpko-QeR peaja at]_p]iajpa j ]qpkr]hknao èopej, pko+ajpkj_ao hko ]qpkra_pknao _knnaolkjèajpao bkni]j qj] ^]oa r]n] T X &h]

Cfan_e_eko

014

i]pnev à R nah]per]] ao] ^]oa ao qj] i]pnev è]ckj]h _kj hko ]qpkr]hknao _kik ahaiajpko è]ckj]haoBaikopn]_e…j- Rf bufpqfbo^kj * 0 ^rqlsîlobp afpqfkqlp-bkqlk`bp+ pbd•k bi qblobj^ 3-1+ T `lkqbkaoŒ^ j * 0 bibjbkqlp fkabmbkafbkqbp-Dpql kl bp mlpf_ib mrbpql nrb afj T < j- K^ pbdrka^ ^cfoj^`fŽk pb abar`b ab ilp qblobj^p 3-0 v /)-) Môanr]_eˆj8 Di qblobj^ 3-2 klp af`b nrb i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab j ^rqlsîlobp afpqfkqlp bp rk^ `lkaf`fŽk oqbe_eajpa mô^ nrb R qbkd^ rk^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk bk j^qofw af^dlkîDpq^ `lkaf`fŽk kl bp kb`bpôf^- Dufpqbk qo^kpcloj^`flkbp ifkbîbp `lk jbklp ab j ^rql, sîlobp afpqfkqlp nrb mrbabk obmobpbkqôpbjbaf^kqb j^qof`bp af^dlkîbp- K^ qo^kpclo, j^`fŽk fabkqfaâ bp rk bgbjmil- Slalp prp ^rqlsîlobp plk fdrîbp ^ 0 mbol mrbab ob, mobpbkqôpb mlo i^ j^qofw fabkqfaâ- Di qblobj^ 3-0 klp af`b nrb i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab j ^rqlsîlobp fkabmbkafbkqbp bp ja_ao]ne] v oqbe_eajpa mô^ nrb R âjfq^ rk^ obmobpbkq^, `fŽk bk j^qofw af^dlkî-

,',

8SN[LRLRX\

0- ^( Rf R qfbkb rk ^rqlsîlo W+abjlpqoô nrb ]R qfbkb bi ^rqlsîlo ]V, _( Qe t bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo mô^ R* v R* abjlpqoô nrb q^j_f‹k il bp mô^ ]R, * ^%G%|, „BŽjl bpqŠk obi^`flkâlp ilp ^rqlsîlobp> 1- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb R9 T y T qfbkb rk ^rqlsb`qlo t mboqbkb`fbkqb ^ rk ^rqlsîlo W- Cb, jlpqoô nrb t bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo ab R&mboqbkb`fbkqb ^ u&v+ `lk j^vlo dbkboîfaâ+ t bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo ab R! mboqbkb`fbkqb ^ W!- Tqfifwô irbdl bi obpriqâl abi bgbo`f`fl 0 mô^ abjlpqoô nrb pf O bp rk mlifkljfl+ bkqlk`bp t bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo ab N&R' mboqbkb`fbkqb ^ O'W(2- Blkpfabobjlp bi mi^kl `ljl rk bpm^`fl ifkbî obî+ T U+'Q(+ v pb^ R rk dfol ab T ab &hR .1 oâf^kbp- Rf _fbk R kl qfbkb ^rqlsb`qlobp+ abjlpqoô nrb qlal sb`qlo kl kril bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo ab R&3- Rf R9 T y T qfbkb i^ molmfbaâ ab nrb R&qfbkb rk ^rqlsîlo kl kbd^qfsl W&+abjlpqoô nrb mlo il jbklp rkl ab ilp alp sîlobp W l , W bp rk ^rqlsîlo mô^ R,

YGj`e_]_eˆj8

R%+ V%G &R

?h'&R + VG',[

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?qpkr]hknao u ]qpkra_pknao

015

8- Rb^ T B'N+&06!( bi bpm^`fl ifkbî obî ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp obîbp `lkqfkr^p bk bi fk, qbosîl ZN+&06!\- Rb^ R bi pr_bpm^`fl ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp b nrb âjfqbk abofsâ^ pb, drka^ `lkqfkr^ v nrb p^qfpc^`bk q^j_f‹k i^p `lkaf`flkbp ab `lkqlokl /&.' < b'&06!( < NRb^ R9 R z T i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî nrb ^mif`^ `â^ Gbk pr abofsâ^ pbdrka^+ R&b'< f!+ Cbjlpqoô nrb ilp ^rqlsîlobp ab R plk ilp k•jbolp ab i^ cloj^ ,j&+ alkab j < 0+1+--- +v nrb i^p ^rqlcrk`flkbp `loobpmlkafbkqbp ^ ,j& plk G'p( < _-pbk jp+ pfbkal _- :0c N 0/- Rb^ T bi bpm^`fl ifkbî ab qla^p i^p pr`bpflkbp `lksbodbkqbp xu-y- Cbcfk^jlp R9 T y T abi jlal pfdrfbkqb9 Rf t < wt,x bp rk^ pr`bpfŽk `lksbodbkqb `lk iŒjfqb ]* R&t' < wu,x* pfbkal v- < ],tmô^ j 9999 0- Cbjlpqoô nrb R qfbkb pŽil alp ^rqlsîlobp+ @< N X @< ,0+X abqbojfkô ilp ^rqlsb`qlobp mboqbkb`fbkqbp ^ `â^ rkl ab bplp @00- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî R qfbkb alp ^rqlsb`qlobp t b v mboqbkb`fbk, qbp ^ ^rqlsîlobp afpqfkqlp @ v {-i- Rf ]t * û bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo ab R+ abjlpqoô nrb ] N l ^ N01- Rb^ R9 R z T rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî qî nrb qlal bibjbkql kl kril ab R bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo- Cbjlpqoô nrb bufpqb rk bp`îô a qî nrb R&t' < at, Cfèl ab lqol jlal+ i^ •kf`^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk `lk bpq^ molmfbaâ bp bi molar`ql ab i^ fabkqfaâ mlo rk bp`îô- YGjè_]_e‰j9 G^`bo rpl abi bgbo`f`fl 00-\

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BŠi`ril ab ^rqls^ilobp v ^rqlsb`qlobp bk bi `^pl ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^

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m^o^ bi ^rqlsb`qlo

@ bp ob^i

'Dpq^ `lkaf`fŽk pb `rjmib bk rk bpm^`fl brìŒabl obî(- S^j_f‹k+ @ bp fj^dfkôfl mrol '@- < +V' pf v pli^jbkqb pf &R&t'* t' bp fj^dfkôfl mrol+ il nrb bp il jfpjl+ pf v pli^jbkqb pf &R&t'* t'

-'*

+&t* R&t€

m^o^ bi ^rqlsb`qlo

E[JW\OX[VJLRXWN\ QN[VR]RJWJ\ b ebjf,ebojfqf^k^p

Dk bpq^ pb``fŽk fkqolar`fjlp alp qfmlp fjmloq^kqbp ab lmboâlobp ifkbîbp nrb ^`q•^k bk bpm^`flp brìŒablp- Dplp lmboâlobp qfbkbk alp `^qbdloŒ^p ab abkl, jfk^`flkbp+ nrb abmbkabk ab pf bi bpm^`fl brìŒabl crka^jbkqî qfbkb molar`ql fkqboflo obî l `ljmibgl- Dk bi `^pl obî i^p qo^kpcloj^`flkbp pb ii^j^k oei†pne_]o l daie,oei†pne_]o- Dk bi `^pl `ljmibgl pb ii^j^k daniepe]j]o l daie,daniepe]j]oDp^p qo^kpcloj^`flkbp pb mobpbkq^k bk jriqfqra ab&^mif`^`flkbp afpqfkq^p- Olo

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao

daniepe]j]o

v daie,daniepe]j]o

032

bgbjmil+ ilp lmboâlobp ebookfqf^klp bk bpm^`flp ab afjbkpfŽk fkcfkfq^ abpbjmb, •^k rk fjmloq^kqb m^mbibk Lb`Škf`^ BrŠkqf`^- Cfp`rqfobjlp bk mofjbo irdô bi `^pl `ljmibgl v^ nrb kl mobpbkq^krbs^p afcf`riqâbpQa]j C qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk v T qj oqâol]_ek heja]h R9 T y C oa hh]i] daniepe]j] aj Toe

CDEHMHBHˆM-

pn]jobkni]_e‰j

&R&t'*u' < &t* R&u'' Ch klan]`kn

R oa hh]i]

l]n]

daie,daniepe]jk

&R&t'*u' < , &t* R&u,''

`a C- Sj]

pk`k t v pk`k v `a T-

aj T oe l]n]

pk`k t v pk`k v `a T-

Cfèl ab lqol jlal+ rk lmboâlo ebojfqf^kl R mrbab m^pôpbab rk c^`qlo ab rk molar`ql fkqboflo î lqol pfk jlafcf`ô bi sîlo abi molar`ql- Sî m^pl bk bi `^pl ab rk lmboâlo ebokf,ebojfqf^kl `^j_f^ bi pfdkl abi molar`qlMôanr]_e‰j9 Bljl v^ pb e^ jbk`flkâl+ pf D bp rk bpm^`fl brìŒabl na]h+i^p qo^kpl cloj^`flkbp ebojfqf^k^p q^j_f‹k pb ii^j^k oei†pne_]o: i^p qo^kpcloj^`flkbp ebjf,ebojf, qf^k^p pb ii^j^k daie,oei†pne_]o-

DIDLOKN

Qeiapn‡] v daie,oeiapne]

aj ah aol]_ek

A']+ ^(-

Rb^ A']+ ^(

bi bpm^`fl ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp obîbp`lkqfkr^p bk rk fkqbosîl `booâl Y]* ^[* `lk bi molar`ql fkqboflo obî

'I+ d( <

b'p(c'p( `p-

Rb^ T rk pr_bpm^`fl ab A']+ ^(- Qe R9 T y A']+ ^( bp rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî+ bkqlk`bp 'f+ R'c• < byb'p(Rc'p(`p+ alkab ebjlp bpòfql Rc'p( bk irdô ab R'c('p( Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+i^p `lkaf`flkbp mô^ i^ pfjbqoŒ^v i^ ebjf,pfjbqoŒ^ pb `lksfbo, qbk bk '4-2(

wH'p(Rc'p( ,

c'p(Rb'p(x `p

pf R bp pfj‹qof`^+

v '4-3(

wH'p(Rc'p(

c'p( Rb'p(x `p < N

pf R bp ebjf,pfj‹qof`^-

DIDLOKN 1- Kqhpelhe_]_e‰j lkn qj] bqj_e‰j fee]- Dk bi bpm^`fl A']+ ^( abi bgbjmil 0+bifg^jlp rk^ crk`fŽk cfg^l v abcfk^jlp R'f( < lb+ molar`ql ab l v bO^o^ bp^ R* i^ b`r^`fŽk '4-2( pb p^qfpc^`b`r^ibpnrfbo^ nrb pb^k b v d bk B'z+ ^'

033

?qpkr]hknao `a klan]`knao

aj aol]_eko aq_h†`ako

mrbpql nrb bi fkqbdo^kal bp `bol- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ i^ jriqfmif`^`fŽk mlo rk^ crk, `fŽk cfg^bp rk lmboâlo pfj‹qof`lDIDLOKN 2- Ch klan]`kn àner]`], Dk bi bpm^`fl A&]* ^' abi bgbjmil 0+ pb^ T bi pr_bpm^`fl ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp b nrb qfbkbk abofsâ^,`lkqfkr^ bk bi fkqbosîl ^_fboql &]* ^' X nrb p^qfpc^`bk q^j_f‹k i^ _kjè_eˆj à _kjpknjk ba]' < &^', Rb^ C9 T y A&]* ^' bi lmboâlo abofsâ^ aâl mlo B&b' < c- Qbpriq^ pbk`fiil abjlpqoô nrb C bp ebjf,pfj‹qof`l- Dk bpqb`^pl bi fkqbdo^kal ab '4-3( bp i^ abofsâ^ abi molar`ql pa-mlo 0/ `rî i^ fkqbdoîbp fdrî ^

H8'bc(&'p( `p < b'^(c'^( Orbpql nrb

b v d p^qfpc^`bk ^j_^p

b&^'c&^' + b&]'c&]'

, b'](c'](-

i^ `lkaf`fŽk

ab `lkqlokl+

qbkbjlp

< N- @pŒmrbp+i^ `lkaf`fŽk ab `lkqlokl fjmif`^ i^ ebjŒ,pfjb,

qoŒâb C- K^p crk`flkbp `lkpq^kqbp plk i^p •kf`^p ^rqlcrk`flkbp `fl T- Oboqbkb`bkî ^rqlsîlo N-

bk bi pr_bpm^,

DIDLOKN 3- Mlan]`knao à Qpqni+Jekqrehha, Dpqb bgbjmil bp fjmloq^kqb bk i^ qbloŒâb i^p b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`fîbp ifkbîbp ab pbdrkal loabk- Tqfif`bjlp rk^ sbw jŠp bi bpm^`fl A&]* ^' abi bgbjmil 0 v pb^ T bi pr_ bpm^`fl ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp b nrb qfbkbk abofsâ^ pbdrka^ `lkqfkr^ bk Y]* ^[ X nrb p^qfpc^`bki^p `lkaf`flkbp ab `lkqlokl

'4-4(

l'](b'](

< N+

l'^(b'^(

< N+

pfbkal l rk^ crk`fŽk cfgâb A&]* ^' `lk abofsâ^ `lkqfkr^ bk Y]* ^[, Rb^ m lqo^ crk`fŽk cfg^bk A&]* ^' v pb^ R8 T y A&]* ^' bi lmboâlo abcfkfal mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk R'b(

'NG&(& * mb•

†pqb pb ii^j^ klan]`kn à Qpqni+Jekqrehha,Oô^ ^sbofdrô pr pfjbqoŒ^l_pbosbjlp nrb R&c' + cR&b' < b&lc%'% + c&lb%'*, Tqfifw^kal bpqb obpriqâl bk '4-2( b fkqb, do^kal mlo môqbp+bk`lkqo^jlp

H8wbR'c(

cR'b(x

< blc& 09,

H8lc&b&`p ,

clb&

09* qNG&d&`p < N+

v^ nrb q^kql b `ljl d p^qfpc^`bk i^p `lkaf`flkbp ab `lkqlokl '4-4(- Olo q^kql R bp pfj‹qof`l bk T, K^p ^rqlcrk`flkbp ab R plk ^nrbii^p crk`flkbp kl kri^p

034

Mnpkckj]he`]` `a hko ]qpkra_pknao

b nrb

p^qfpc^`bk+ mô^ rk `fboql sîlo obî @+ rk^ b`r^`fŽk

afcbobk`f^i ab i^ cloj^

'Nb&(&* mb < ?b bk Y]* ^[* v i^p `lkaf`flkbp 4-2

v ^rqlsb`qlobp

@rqls^ilobp Dk `r^kql

ab `lkqlokl

'4-4(-

ab ilp lmbo^alobp ebojfqf^klp

^ ilp ^rqls^ilobp

qbkbjlp

v ebjf,ebojfqf^klp

bi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^9

4-1- Rf R peaja qj ]qpkr]hkn @+ajpkj_ao9 Rf R ao daniepe]jk+ @ ao na]h9@ < V, Rf R ao daie,daniepe]jk+ @ ao ei]cej]nek lqnk9 @ <

SDNQDL@

Baikopn]_e‰j- Rb^ t rk ^rqlsb`qlo ‹

Hq <

Rf R bp ebojfqf^kl ebojfqf^kl qbkbjlp

&R&t'* t'

,,,

&t* t'

`loobpmlkafbkqb p,

,V-

^ @- Sbkbjlp

bkqlk`bp

&t* R&t€

Hq <,,,,-

&t* t'

qbkbjlp &R&t'* t' < &t* R&t€ ^pŒnrb @< V, Rf R bp ebjf, &R&t'* t' < , &t* R&t€ `lk il `r^i @< ,V-

Môanr]_e‰j9 Rf R bp oei†pne_k+ bi qblobj^ 4-1 kâ^ krbsl klp af`b ^`bo`^ ab ilp ^rqlsîlobp ab R mrbpql nrb qlalp ilp ^rqlsîlobp ab_bk pbo obîbp pf pr molar`ql fkqboflo bp obî- Rf R bp daie,oei†pne_k+ ilp ^rqlsîlobp ab R ab_bk pbo ^ rk qfbjml obîbp b fj^dfkôflp mrolp+ irbdl ab_bk pbo `bol 'pf bufpqbk(-

4-3

Noqldlk^ifa^a

ab ilp ^rqlsb`qlobp

`loobpmlkafbkqbp

^ ^rqls^ilobp

afpqfkqlp

Klp ^rqlsîlobp afpqfkqlp ab rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî `rînrfbo^ `loobpmlk, abk ^ ^rqlsb`qlobp fkabmbkafbkqbp 'pbd•k bi qblobj^ 3-1(- Oô^ i^p qo^kpcloj^, `flkbp ebojfqf^k^p v ebjf,ebojfqf^k^p mlabjlp ab`fo ^•k jŠpSDNQDL@ 4-2- Rf R ao qj] pn]jobkni]_e‰j daniepe]j] k daie,daniepe]j] v oe @ u I,q okj ]qpkr]hknao èopejpko à R _kj hko ]qpkra_pknao _knnaolkjèajpao t a u* ajpkj_ao t a u okj knpkckj]hao: aopk ao &t* u';M, ,

Baikopn]_e‰j- Dp`of_^jlp molar`qlp

< H+pW X `ljm^objlp

&t* R&u€'< &t* "u' < N&t*u',

R&t' ?V* R&u' fkqboflobp &R&t'* u' v &t* R&u€, Sbkbjlp

&R&t'*u' < &H,t*u' < ?&V*u'

ilp alp

?qpkr]hknao `a klan]`knao

035

aj aol]_eko aq_h†`ako

Rf R bp ebojfqf^k^ bpql klp a^ %Z&t* v( zh&t*u' l,&t* v( v^ nrb b+h< zh, Olo `lk, pfdrfbkqb &t* v( < N mrbpql nrb +[<G<xJ- Rf R bp ebjf,ebojfqf^k^ l_qbkbjlp %Z&t* v( +zh&t*u' l,&t*v( nrb fjmif`^ q^j_f‹k &t*v( N-

DIDLOKN@mifnrbjlp bi qblobj^ 4-2 ^ ^nrbii^p crk`flkbp kl kri^p nrb p^qfpc^`bkrk^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i ab i^ cloj^

* mh< (+0

'Nb&(&

'4-5(

bk rk fkqbosîl Y]* ^[* v nrb p^qfpc^`bk q^j_f‹k i^p `lkaf`flkbp ab `lkqlokl l&^'b&^' N- K^ `lkìrpfŽk bp nrb alp plir`flkbp `rîbpnrfbo^ b vd `loobpmleafbkqbp ^ alp sîlobp afpqfkqlp ab +[ plk loqldlkîbp- Olo bgbjmil+ `lk, pfabobjlp i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî abi jlsfjfbkql ôjŽkf`l pfjmib

l&]'b&]'

gy< N

bk bi fkqbosîl ZN+6S\+ pfbkal g <0< N- †pq^ qfbkbi^ cloj^ '4-5( `lk l < 0+ m < N+ X +[< , g1 - Sla^p i^p plir`flkbp sfbkbk aâ^p mlo b&p' < Bi `lp gp * A1 pbk gp K^ `lkaf`fŽk ab `lkqlokl baM( < N fjmif`^ ah < N- K^ pbdrka^ `lkaf`fŽk ab `lkqlokl+ b'6R( N+fjmif`^ A1 pbk g6R N- Orbpql nrb A1 <0< N mô^ rk^ plir`fŽk kl kri^+ ab_b pbo pbk g6R < N+ 0/ nrb fkaf`^ nrb g bp bkqbol- Cfèl ab lqol jlal+ i^p plir`flkbp kl kri^p nrb p^qfpc^`bki^p `lkaf`flkbp ab `lkqlokl bufpqbkpf v pŽil pf g bp bkqbol- Dp^pplir`flkbp plk b&p' < pbk jp+j < ,*,0+,*,1+---- K^ `lk, af`fŽk ab loqldlkîfaâ nrb bi qblobj^ 4-2 fjmif`^+ pb qo^kpcloj^ êlo^ bk i^ obi^`fŽk `lkl`fa^

Hk! pbk jp pbk ip pf i!

`p < N

v j1 plk bkqbolp afpqfkqlp-

4-4 Dgbo`f`flp 0- Rb^k C rk bpm^`fl brìŒabl v T rk pr_bpm^`fl+ v pb^ R9 T y C rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî aâ^- Rb^k @rk bp`îô v t rk bibjbkql kl kril ab T, Cbjlpqoô nrb @ bp rk ^rqlsîlo ab R*`lk t `ljl ^rqlsb`qlo+ pf v pŽil pf &R&t'* u'

?,&t*u'

m^o^ qlal u ab C,

1- Rb^ R't( < at mô^ qlal t rk bpm^`fl ifkbî T+ pfbkal b rk bp`îô cfgâl- Cbjlpqoô nrb R bp pfj‹qof`l pf T bp rk bpm^`fl brìŒabl obî2- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb R8 T y T bp rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ebojfqf^k^^( Cbjlpqoô nrb R! bp ebojfqf^k^ mô^ qlal bkqbol mlpfqfsl j+ v nrb R,& bp ebojfqf^k^ pf R bp fksboqf_ib_( „Pr‹ mrbab ab`fopb ab R! v ab R,& pf R bp ebjf,ebojfqf^k^>

036

Cfan_e_eko

3- Rb^k S+9 T y C X R+9T y C alp qo^kpcloj^`flkbp ebojfqf^k^p^( Cbjlpqoô nrb ]RG * ^&G&+ bp ebojfqf^k^ mô^ qlal mô ab bp`îôbp obîbp ] v ^ _( Cbjlpqoô nrb bi molar`ql 'i^ `ljmlpf`fŽk( RGR*bp ebojfqf^k^ pf RGv R* plk mbojr, q^_ibp+ bpql bp+ pf RGR* < R*R*, 4- Rb^ T < U+'Q( `lk bi molar`ql bp`îô loafkôfl `ljl molar`ql fkqboflo- Rb^ Srk^ pfjbqoŒ^ bk bi mi^kl tu9 bpql bp+R':( < e* RS( < f v R'g( < ,g- Cbjlpqoô nrb R bp pfj‹qof`^5- Rb^ A&M* 0( bi bpm^`fl ifkbî obî ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p bk Z/+0\ `lk molar`ql fkqboflo '.+ d( < h&p'c&p'`p,Rb^ U bi pr_bpm^`fl ab qla^p i^p Gqîbp nrb h&p'`p< l- Rb^ R8 T y A&M*0( bi lmboâlo fkqbdo^`fŽk abcfkfal mlo RG&t' < Iz h&p'`p, Cbjlpqoô nrb R bp ebjf,pŒj‹qof`^6- Rb^ T bi bpm^`fl brìŒabl obî ab qlalp ilp mlifkljflp `lk bi molar`ql fkqboflo &b*d( ;C,/-&p'c&p'`p, Cbqbojfkô `rŠibp ab i^p pfdrfbkqbp qo^kpcloj^`flkbp R8T y Tokj

pfj‹qof`^p l ebokŒ,pŒj‹qoŒ`^p9

^( Rb't( < b' ,t(_( Rb't( < b't(b' ,t(7- Dk bi bgbjmil

b( Rb't( a( Rb't(

3 ab i^ pb``fŽk 4-1+ jlafcf`^o 'b+c(

< b't( * b' < b't( , b'

bi molar`ql

b'p(c'p(s'p(

,t(,t(-

fkqboflo ^pŒ9

`p+

pfbkal t rk^ crk`fŽk mlpfqfs^ cfgâ^ mboqbkb`fbkqb ^ A&]* ^', Llafcf`ô Rqroj,Kflrsfiib bpòf_fbkal R'b(

bi lmbo^alo R ab

'lb&(&* mbs

Cbjlpqoô nrb bi lmboâlo jlafcf`âl bp pfj‹qof`l bk bi pr_bpm^`fl T, 8- Rb^ T rk pr_bpm^`fl ab rk bpm^`fl brìŒabl `ljmibgl C, Rb^ R8 T y C rk^ qo^kpclo, j^`fŽk ifkbî v abcfk^jlp rk^ crk`fŽk ab sîlobp bp`îôbp P bk T* `ljl pfdrb9 O't(

'R't(+ t(

m^o^ qlal

ab T,

^( Rf R bp ebojfqf^k^ bk T* abjlpqoô nrb O&t' bp obî mô^ qlal t, _( Rf R bp ebjf,ebojfqŒ^k^+ abjlpqoô nrb O&t' bp fj^dfkôf^ mro^ mô^ qlal t, b( Cbjlpqoô nrb O&pt' < peO&t' mô^ qlal bp`îô pa( Cbjlpqoô nrb O&t * v( < O&t' * O&u' * &R&t'* v( * &R&u'*t'* v eîiô i^ cŽojri^ ^kŠild^ mô^ O&t * pu', b( Rf O&t' < N mô^ qlal t abjlpqoô nrb R&t' N mô^ qlal t, c( Rf O&t' bp obî mô^ qlal t abjlpqoô nrb R bp ebojfqf^k^- YGjè_]_eˆj8 Tqfifwô i^ molmfbaâ ab nrb O&t * pu' bp fdrî ^ pr `lkgrdâ^ mô^ qlal bp`îô p,[ 0/- Dpqb bgbo`f`fl mlkb ab j^kfcfbpql nrb ilp mlifkljflp ab Kbdbkaob 'fkqolar`falp bk i^ pb``fŽk 0-03( plk ^rqlcrk`flkbp ab rk lmboâlo ab Rqroj,KflrsfiibKlp mlifkljflp ab Kbdbkaob pb abcfkbk jbaf^kqb i^ b`r^`fŽk

alkab ^( Bljmol_^o

nrb &p% + i(g&k'q(< 1jp.-'p( -

bj'p(

< 'p1 ,

H(!+

?qpkr]hknao `a klan]`knao aj aol]_eko aq_h‡`ako

037

_( Cbofsô i^ b`r^`f5k abi ^môqâl^( j * 0 sb`bp+jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ ab Kbf_kfw 'sbo mabi Ulirjbk 0(-`lk 0/ nrb pb l_qfbkb 'p1 ,

h(byj*1('p(

1p'j

Obyj*hh'p(

j'j

h(byj('p(

< 1jpby!*h('p( *

1j'j

iUz!('q(-

`( Cbjlpqoô nrb i^ b`r^`f5k abi ^môqâl_( mrbab mlkbopbbk i^ cloj^ 'p1 ,h(Ny'p([&

j'j

h(N+-'p(-

Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb N,&p' bp rk^ ^rqlcrk`f5k abi- lmboâlo ab Rqroj,Kflrsfiib aâl bk bi fkqbosîl Z,0+0\mlo jbafl ab R&b' < &lb%'%* pfbkal l&p' < b ,,,,9 0- K^ ^rqlcrk`f5k N,&p' mboqbkb`b î ^rqlsîlo @< j&j * 0(- Dk bpqbbgbjmil i^p `lkaf`flkbp ab `lkqlokl môî^ pfjbqoŒ^ pbp^qfpc^`bk^rqljŠqf`^jbkqb mrbpqlnrb m'q( < l& ,0( < N-

-'.

8aR\]NWLRJ MN^WLXWS^W]X loqlkloj^i MNJ^]X_NL]X[N\YJ[J XYN[JMX[N\ ebojf, ]RJWX\b ebjf,ebojŒqf^klp Z^N JL]nJWNWN\YJLRX\MNMRVNW\RmW ORWR]J

Klp alp qblobj^p 4-1 v 4-2 pb crka^jbkq^k bk i^ efmŽqbpfpab nrb R qfbkb rk ^rqlsîlo- Bljl p^_bjlp+ ilp ^rqlsîlobp kl bufpqbkkb`bpôf^jbkqb- Ml l_p, q^kqb pf R ^`q•^ bk rk bpm^`fl _kilhafk ab afjbkpfŽk bejep]+bkqlk`bp bufpqbk pfbjmob ilp ^rqlsîlobp mrbpql nrb plk i^p o^Œ`bpabi mlifkljfl `ô^`qboŒpqf`lRf R bp ebojfqf^kl+ qlalp ilp ^rqlsîlobp plk obîbp- Rf R bp ebjf,ebojfqf^kl+ qlalp ilp ^rqlsîlobp plk fj^dfkôflp mrolpS^j_f‹k p^_bjlp nrb alp ^rqlsîlobp afpqfkqlp mboqbkb`bk^ ^rqlsb`qlobp loqldlkîbp+ pf R bp ebojfqf^kl l ebjf,ebojfqf^klTp^kal bpq^ molmfbaâ pb mrbab mol_ô nrb R qfbkbrk `lkgrkql loqlklojî ab ^rqlsb`qlobp nrb bkdbkao^k qlal bi bpm^`fl- 'Qb`loabjlp nrb rk `lkgrkql loqldlkî pb ii^j^ loqlklojî pf `â^ rkl ab prp bibjbkqlp qfbkb kloj^ 0-( SDNQDL@ 4-3- Qqlkjc]iko mqa afj T < j v oa] R9 T y T daniepe]jk l daie,daniepe]jk- Cteopaj ajpkj_ao j ]qpkra_pknao S0+ ŒŒŒ+ Sj à R mqa bkni]j qj] ^]oa knpkjkni]h l]n] T- Nkn p]jpk+h] i]pnev à R nah]per]] aop] ^]oa ao h] i]pnev è]ckj]h @ < af^d '-[0&--- ++[+-(+ aj `kjà ,Zg ao ah ]qpkr]hkn lanpaja_eajpa

]

Sg Œ

Baikopn]_e‰j- Tqfif`bjlp bi j‹qlal ab fkar``fŽk obpmb`ql^ i^ afjbkpfŽk j- Rf j < 0+ bkqlk`bp R qfbkb bu^`q^jbkqb rk ^rqlsîlo- Brînrfbo ^rqlsb`qlo S ab kloj^ 0 bp rk^ _^pb loqlklojî mô^ T , Rrmlkd^jlp êlo^ bi qblobj^ `fboql mô^ qlal bpm^`fl brìŒabl ab afjbk, pfŽk j+h, Oô^ abjlpqoô nrb bp `fboql mô^ T bifg^jlp rk ^rqlsîlo z mô^ /

038

Palnaoajp]_e‰j i]pne_e]h l]n] klan]`knao

^rqlsb`qlo `loobpmlkafbkqb T ab kloj^ 0- Dkqlk`bp R&q < @0T v < 0 - Rb^ R bi pr_ bpm^`fl bkdbkaoâl mlo Sh ‹ @mif`ôbjlp i^ efmŽqbpfpab fkar``fŽk î pr_bpm^`fl R0- nrb `lkpq^ ab qlalp ilp bibjbkqlp ab U nrb plk loql, dlkîbp ^ T0 +

R X rk

Iiriii

R0,

wt Ht

T* &t* ri(

Ny-

Oô^ biil kb`bpfq^jlp p^_bo nrb afj R0- < j,0 v nrb R ^mif`^ R0- bk pŒjfpjlRbd•k bi qblobj^ 0-6 ^( p^_bjlp nrb q+bp môqbab rk^ _^pb mô^ T* pb^ ‹pq^ i^ _^pb 'r T1 + ŒŒŒ+rj(- Olabjlp prmlkbo+ pfk m‹oafa^ ab dbkboîfaâ+ nrb ‹p^ bp rk^ _^pb loqlkloj^H- 'Rf kl 0/ crbo^+ ^mif`ôŒ^jlp bi j‹qlal ab Fo^j, Rèjfaq mô^ `lksboqfoi^ bk qî+ j^kqbkfbkal T0 `ljl mofjbo bibjbkql ab i^ _^p, ( Sljbjlp pbdrfa^jbkqb rk t `rînrfbo^ bk R0- v bpòf_^jlp i

Dkqlk`bp Vh &t* r N v^ nrb i^ _^pb bp loqlklojî+ ^pŒnrb t mboqbkb`bî bpm^`fl bkdbkaoâl mlo T0*!! Tj‹ Krbdl afj R0- < j,hCbjlpqobjlp ^ `lkqfkr^`fŽk nrb R ^mif`^ RI---bk pŒjfpjl- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb R bp ebojfqf^k^- Rf t D R0- qbkbjlp i(

&R&t'* qh( < &t* R&qh(( < &t* @iri( < @i'W+qh( < N+

mlo 0/ nrb R&t' D o/,, Orbpql nrb R bp ebojfqf^k^ bk Q/, mlabjlp ^mif`ô i^ ef, mŽqbpfpab fkar``fŽk bk`lkqo^kal nrb R qfbkb j , 0 ^rglsb`qlobp S1 + ŒŒŒ-q: nrb `lkpqfqrvbk rk^ _^pb loqlklojî mô^ Q0-- Olo il q^kql+bi `lkgrkql loqldlkî S Sj bp rk^ _^pb loqlklojî mô^ T, Dpql abjrbpqo^ bi qblobj^ pf R bp ebojfqf^k^- @odrjbkql pfjfiô ^mif`ôbjlp pf R bp ebjf,ebojfqf^k^h * ‹‹‹

4-6

Qbmobpbkq^`fŽkj^qof`fî mô^lmboâlobp ebojfqf^klp v ebjf,ebojfqf^klp

Rrmlkbjlp bk bpq^ pb``fŽk nrb T bp rk bpm^`fl brìŒabl ab afjbkpfŽk cfkf, q^l Tk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ebojfqf^k^ l ebjf,ebojfqf^k^ mrbab `ô^`qbofwôpbmlo pr ^``fŽk pl_ob ilp bibjbkqlp ab rk^ _^pb `rînrfbo^SDNQDL@ 4-4- Qa]j 'ah&--- +aj( qj] ^]oa l]n] T u R9 T y T qj] pn]jo, bkni]_e‰j heja]h-Rajaiko ajpkj_ao9 ^( R ao daniepe]j] oe u o‰hkoe 'R'af(+ az( 'af+R'az• l]n] pk`k l]n e*g_( Rao daie,daniepe]j] pf u o‰hkpf'R'af(+az(< , 'af+R'az•l]n] pk`k l]n e*f,

Baikopn]_e‰j- Sljbjlp

alp bibjbkqlp `r^ibpnrfbo^ t b u ab T v bumob

?qpkr]hknao `a klan]`knao aj aol]_eko aq_h‡`ako

04/

pbjlp `^a^ rkl bk crk`fŽk ab ilp bibjbkqlp ab i^ _^pb+ pb^k t < < uzaz- Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bp

t-a+ b

Cbi jfpjl

jlal

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't+ R'u• < f<0f<i

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K^p molmlpf`flkbp ^( v _( pb abar`bk ^i jljbkql U^jlp ab R,

^ bumobp^obpqlp `lk`bmqlp mlo jbafl

^ m^oqfoab bp^pb`r^`flkbpab i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽkj^qof`f^i

SDNQDL@ 4-5- Qa] 'bi&--- *aj' qj] ^]oa knpkjkni]h l]n] T+ u oa] ? < ']e( h] nalnaoajp]_e‰ji]pne_e]h à qj] pn]jobkni]_e‰j heja]hR9 T y T naola_pk à ao] ^]oa- Rajaiko ajpkj_ao9 ^( R ao daniepe]j] oe u o‰hkoe ]-+< ]eel]n] pk`k l]n e+e, _( R ao daie,daniepe]j] oeu o‰hkoe]e: < ,]:: l]n] pk`k l]n e*eBaikopn]_e‰j- Orbpql nrb ? bp i^ j^qofw ab R qbkbjlp R'af( < z<0 ]geagSlj^kal bi molar`ql fkqboflo ab R&af' mlo az v qbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ i^ ifkbîfaâ abi molar`ql fkqboflo l_qbkbjlp

Obol &ag*az' < N p^isl pf g < e* ^pŒ nrb i^ •iqfj^ ]ef'az+az( ]q &v^nrb 'b„ ae( 0 - Krbdl obpriq^

prj^

pb obar`b

]e: < 'R'ae(+ae( mô^qlal mô e*f, Hkqbo`^j_f^kal e X f* qlj^kal ilp `lkgrdâlp+ v qbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ i^ pfjbqoŒ^ ebojfqf^k^ abi molar`ql fkqboflo+bk`lkqo^jlp ]:e << 'a:+R'ae•

m^o^qlal m^o e*e-

Oô^ `ljmibqô- i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk _^pq^ ^mif`ô êlo^ bi qblobj^ 4-44-7 L^qof`bp ebojfqf^k^p v ebjf,ebojfqf^k^p+ L^qofw âgrkq^ ab rk^ j^qofw Di qblobj^ 4+5 klp prdfbob i^ pfdrfbkqb abcfkf`fŽk-

Be]ckj]hev]_e5j `a qj] i]pnev daniepe]j] l daie,daniepe]j]

040

CDEHMHBHˆMSj] i]pnev _q]`n]`] ? ']z.( oa `ajkiej] daniepp]j] - oe ]ee < ]ql]n] pk`k l]n e+f- Qa `e_a mqa ? ao daie,daniepe]j] oe]:e < ,]ze l]n] pk`k l]n e*f-

Di qblobj^ 4-5 bpq^_ib`b nrb rk^ qo^kpcloj^`f5k R bk rk bpm^`fl T ab af, jbkpfŽk cfkfq^ bp ebojfqf^k^l ebjf,ebojfqf^k^ pbd•k nrb pr j^qofw obi^qfs^ ^ rk^ _^pb loqlklojî pb^ ebojfqf^k^ l ebjf,ebojfqf^k^Dp^p j^qof`bp mrbabk fkqolar`fopb ab lqo^ j^kbo^- Ki^jbjlp ? i^ j^qofw l_qbkfa^ obbjmi^w^kal `â^ bibjbkql ab ? mlo pr `ljmibgl `lkgrdâlK^ j^, qofw? pb ii^j^ i^ _kjfqc]`] ab ?- K^ j^qofw ? bp ebojfqf^k^ pf v pŽil pf bp fdrî ^ i^ qo^kpmrbpq^ ab pr `lkgrdâ^ ? ?p- Dp ebjf,ebojfqf^k^ pf ? ?p K^ qo^kpmrbpq^ ab i^ `lkgrdâ^ ob`f_b rk klj_ob bpmb`fî-

CDEHMHBHˆM CD L@SQHY @CITMS@ CD TM@ L@SQHY C@C@- B]`] qj] i]pnev _q]hmqean]?+ h] pn]jolqaop] à h] _kjfqc]`]+ ?p+oa hh]i] p]iê†j ]`fqjp] à ? v oa nalnaoajp] lkn ? ) -

@pŒmrbp+ rk^ j^qofw `râoâ^ ? bp ebojfqf^k^ pf ? < ? )+ v ebjf,ebojf, qf^k^ pf ? < , ? !- Tk^ j^qofw ebojfqf^k^ pb ii^j^ q^j_f‹k ]qpk,]`fqjp]Môanr]_e‰j9 Fo^k môqbab i^ ^kqfdr^ ifqbo^qroôbi^qfs^^ j^qof`bp rqfifwî^ abkljf, k^`fŽk ab ]`fqjp] môî^ qo^kpmrbpq^ ab i^ j^qofw `lc^`qlo+ nrb bp rk bkqb `ljmibq^+ jbkqb afpqfkql-K^ abcfkf`fŽkaâ^ ^nrŒbpqŠab ^`rboal `lk i^ kljbkì^qro^ ^`qrî ab i^ qbloŒâb lmboâlobpifkbîbp-

4-8

CŒ^dlk^iŒw^`Œ‹k ab rk^ j^qofw ebojfqf^k^ l ebjf,ebojfqŒ^k^

SDNQDL@ 4-6Rk`] i]pnev ?+ j W j+ daniepe]j] k daie,daniepe]j] ao oa, iaf]jpa ] h] i]pnev è]ckj]h @ < af^d O&i+--- +-[!+(à oqo ]qpkr]hknao- ?ài…o+ pajaiko

@< a+G?A* aj `kj`a

b ao qj]

i]pnev jk oejcqh]n _qu] ejrano] ao oq ]`fqjp]+ B, < A)i

Baikopn]_e‰j- Rb^ T bi bpm^`fl ab i^p j,lh]o ab k•jbolp

`ljmibglp+ v _^pb loqlklojî ab sb`qlobp `lloabkâlp rkfqôflp- Rf t teaz b v r+a: `lkpfabobjlp bi molar`ql fkqboflo aâl mlo 'u+ v( < t:u:- Oô^ i^ j^qofw aâ^ ?* pb^ R i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk obmobpbkqâ^ mlo ? obi^qfs^ ^ i^ _^pb bibdfa^- Dkqlk`bp bi qblobj^ 4-3 klp af`b nrb T qfbkb rk^ _^pb loqlklojî ab ^rqlsb`qlobp 'ri+ ŠŠŠ*q**'* obpmb`ql ^ i^ `rî R qfbkb rk^ obmob, pbkq^`fŽk bk j^qofw af^dlkî @ < af^d '@i& --’ +@++(+pfbkal @h bi ^rqlsîlo mbol pb^ 'bi!&!

a**' i^

?qpkr]hknao `a klan]`knao aj aol]_eko aq_h‡`ako

041

qbkb`fbkqb^ qe - Orbpql nrb q^kql ? `ljl @ obmobpbkq^kR* pboŠk pbjbg^kqbp+^pŒ nrb qbkbjlp @ A,0?A+ alkab B 'Aez( bp i^ j^qofw kl pfkdri^o nrb obi^`flk^ i^p alp _^pbp9

Dpq^&b`r^`fŽk jrbpqo^ nrb i^ `lirjk^ f ab B `lkpq^ ab ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ab Sz obpmb`ql^ 'ah&--- +aj'% Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ Aez bp bi `ljmlkbkqb e,†oeik ab SzDi molar`ql fkqboflo ab Sz v q+sfbkb a^al mlo j

'qf* qe(

< JAge†geŒ g<h

Orbpql nrb xr Sjx bp rk `lkgrkql loqlkloj^i+ bpl abjrbpqo^ nrb AA) < 0+ `lk 0/ nrb B, < B) + ŠŠŠ+

Môanr]_e‰j9 K^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ 4-6 klp af`b q^j_f‹k i^ j^kbo^ ab abqbo, jfkô i^ j^qofw af^dlkîfw^kqb B- Dk`lkqo^jlp rk `lkgrkql loqlklojî ab ^rqlsb`qlobp q++--- +Sj v irbdl rqfifw^jlp ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ab Sz 'obi^qfslp ^ i^ _^pb ab sb`qlobp `lloabkâlp rkfqôflp( `ljl bibjbkqlp ab i^ `lirjk^ e ab B-

DIDLOKN

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nrb Ap?A < Z9 z\-

DIDLOKN 1- Rf ? bp v^ rk^ j^qofw af^dlkî+ i^ j^qofw af^dlkîfw^kqb B abi qblobj^ 4-6 l _fbk abg^ fksôf^_ib ? l q^k pŽil obloabk^ ilp bibjbkqlp af^dlkîbp-

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K]pne_ao qjep]ne]o- K]pne_ao knpkckj]hao Môanr]_e‰j9 Sla^ j^qofw rkfqôf^ obî bp loqldlkî mrbpql nrb ?•

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Di qblobj^ 4-6 klp af`b nrb rk^ j^qofw ebojfqf^k^ l ebjf,ebojfqf^k^ pfbj, mobmrbab pbo af^dlkîfwâ^ mlo jbafl ab rk^ j^qofw rkfqôf^- Tk^ j^qofw obî ebojfqf^k^ qfbkb ^rqlsîlobp obîbp v ilp ^rqlsb`qlobp `loobpmlkafbkqbp mrbabk qljôpb obîbp- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb- rk^ j^qofw obî ebojfqf^k^ mrbab pbo af^dlk^, ifwâ^ mlo rk^ j^qofw obî loqldlkî- Dpql jk bp `fboql mô^ i^p j^qof`bp ebjf, ebojfqf^k^p obîbp- 'Ubo bi bgbo`f`fl 00 ab i^ pb``fŽk 4-00-( @pfjfpjl qbkbjlp ilp `lk`bmqlp obi^`flkâlp pfdrfbkqbp+ CDEHMHBHˆMSj] hh]i] oei†pne_] oe ?

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?qpkr]hknao `a klan]`knao aj aol]_eko aq_h‡`ako

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Dk `â^ rkl ab ilp bgbo`f`flpabi 4 î 7+eîiô ^( rk `lkgrkql loqldlkî ab ^rqlsb`qlobp mô^?* v _( rk^ j^qofw rkfqôf^B qî nrb A+G?A pb^rk^ j^qofw af^dlkî-

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Rfjmifcf`^kal bp^ b`r^`fŽk pb iibd^ ^ uy * W1 < N+nrb bp i^ b`r^`fŽk ab rk^ m^, oŠ_li^ `lk bi s‹oqf`b bk bi lofdbk- K^ môŠ_li^ bpqŠaf_rgâ^ bk i^ cfdro^ f4-2'_(DIDLOKN 3- A]oko àcajan]`koDi plil `lkl`fjfbkql ab ilp ^rqlsîlobp kl obsbi^ pf i^ b`r^`fŽk `ôqbpf^kôbmobpbkq^ rk^ `Žkf`^ abdbkboâ^- Olo bgbjmil+ i^p qobpb`r^`flkbp t1 * 1v1 < 0+t1 * 1v1 < N X t1 * 1u1 9999 ,0 qfbkbk ilp jfpjlp ^rqlsîlobp9 i^ mofjbo^ obmobpbkq^rk^ bifmpbkl abdbkboâ^+ i^ pbdrka^ pŽil pb p^qfpc^`bmô^ &t* v( < 'N+N(+X i^ qbo`boôbmobpbkq^bi `lkgrkql s^`Œl+ K^p alp •iqfj^p mrbabk `lkpfaboôpb `^plp abdbkboâlp ab bifmpbK^ doŠcf`âb i^ b`r^`fŽk v1 < N bp bi bgbt- K^ b`r^`fŽk v1 , 0 < N obmob, pbkq^ i^p alp ob`q^pmôîbi^pv 9999 0bv 0 - Dpqlp mrbabk `lkpfaboôpb `ljl `^plp abdbkboâlp ab môŠ_li^- K^ b`r^`fŽk t1 , 3u1 9999 N obmobpbkqâlp ob`q^p nrb pb `loq^k v^ nrb pb p^qfpc^`bpf t , 1u < N l pf t * 1v < N - †pqb mrbab `lkpfaboôpb `ljl `^pl abdbkboâl ab efm‹o_li^Rfk bj_ôdl+ pf i^ b`r^`fŽk `ôqbpf^k^]t& * ^tu * _u0 * `t * au * b < N obmobpbkq^rk^ `Žkf`^ kl abdbkboâ^+ bkqlk`bp bi pelk ab `Žkf`^ mrbab abqbojf, kôpb `lk- qla^ c^`fifaâ- Di mlifkljfl `ô^`qboŒpqf`lab i^ j^qofw ab i^ cloj^ `râoŠqf`^ ]t& * ^tu * _u! bp

abq Y

,^.1

]

,^.1[ ?, a

A(?

']_ , e^1(

'? , ?0('? , ?1(-

Olo q^kql+bi molar`ql ab ilp ^rqls^ilobp bp

Orbpql nrb bi qfml ab `Žkf`^ bpqŠabqbojfkâl mlo bi pfdkl îdb_o^f`l abi molar`ql nrb i^ `Žkf`^ bp aheloa+del†n^kh] l l]n…^kh]+pbd•k nrb 3]_ , ^! pb^ lkoeperk+jac]perk l jqhk- Di k•jbol 3]_ , ^! pb ii^j^ èo_neiej]jpa ab i^ cloj^ `râoŠqf`^ ]t& * ^tu * _u! - Dk ilp bgbjmilp 0+1 X 2 bi afpòfjfk^kqb qfbkb ilp sîlobp 23+,13+ X N+obpmb`qfs^jbkqb&[&&[1& sbjlp

055

?qpkr]hknao `a klan]`knao aj aol]_eko aq_h‡`ako

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8SN[LRLRX\

Dk `â^ rkl ab ilp bgbo`f`flp 0 î 6+ eîiô ^( rk^ j^qofw pfj‹qof`^ ? mô^ i^ cloj^ `râoŠqf`^: _( ilp ^rqlsîlobp ab ?: b( rk `lkgrkql loqlkloj^0 ab ^rqlsb`qlobp: a( rk^ j^qofw af^dlkîfw^kqb loqldlkî B-

/, 2ty

2V/V0

ty,

Q, ty 4, 0te

0, V/V0% 1, ty

2, 12ty

0V/V0 + ty, + 02thV0

1ty

* V/V0 * tht] * V0V], * 2Vht] * ty + ty, * 2V/V0 * 6V/V] * 2t0V] *

1ty,

2/ty,

Dk `â^ rkl ab ilp bgbo`f`flp 7 î 07+fabkqfcf`ôi^ `Žkf`^ obmobpbkqâ^mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk `ôqbpf^k^ v e^`bo rk af_rgl-

* 0t0 + Q < N* Qt < Nu0 + 0tu * t0 + Qt < NQt0 + 2tu * 0u0 + 5 < N/7t0 * 2tu * 05v1 , 101u * h.2u < 134, 7t0 * 02tu * 05v1 , Q0t * /2u < 5-

6, u0 + 0tu

/2,

7, u0 + 0tu

/3,

/., //, /0, /1,

05-

* 4tu * Qu0 + 1 < N* 0tu * u0 + 0t * 0u * 2 < N1u1 * 2tu * Qu0 + 0t + u + 3 < Not0

06- u1

)2tu

/6,

+0u0

u + 0t

,01 1

</N-

08- „Oô^ nr‹ sîlo 'l sîlobp( ab a i^ doŠcf`^ ab i^ b`r^`fŽk `ôqbpf^k^ 1tu,3t* 6u*_</ pboŠ rk mô ab ob`q^p> 1/- Rf i^ b`r^`fŽk ]t&* ^tu * `v&< 0 obmobpbkq^rk^ bifmpb+abjlpqoô nrb bi Šob^ ab i^ obdfŽk nrb ifjfq^ bp 10R 3]_ \ ^1Œ Dpql a^ rk pfdkfcf`âl dblj‹qof`l î afpòfjfk^kqb

3]_,^&-

o -').

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4^]X_JUX[N\ MN^WJ ][JW\OX[VJLRmW \RVk][RLJXK]NWRMX\ LXVX _JUX[N\ MN\^ OX[VJ L^JM[j]RLJ

U^jlp ^ mobp`fkafoêlo^ ab i^ bufdbk`f^ ab nrb T pb^ ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^ v s^jlp ^ bk`lkqoô rk^ obi^`fŽk bkqobilp ^rqlsîlobp ab rk lmboâlo pfj‹qof`l v pr cloj^ `râoŠqf`^Rrmlkd^jlp nrb t bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo `lk kloj^ 0 mboqbkb`fbkqb^ rk ^rqls^, ilo @- Dkqlk`bp R&t' < ?V `lk il nrb qbkbjlp '4-02(

O&t'

&R&t'* t'

'le+ t'

?&V*t'

v^ nrb &t* t' < 0- Di `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp t ab T nrb p^qfpc^`bk &t* t' < 0 pb ')( K^p pb``flkbp pb•îâ^p `lk ^pqbofp`l mrbabk prmofjfopb l mlpmlkbopb pfk mbogrf`fl ab i^ `lkqfkrfaâ abi qbj^-

?qpkr]hknao `a qj]

ii^j^ i^ aoban] qje`]`

pn]jobkni]_e‰j

056

oei†pne_]

ab T- K^ b`r^`fŽk '4-02( abjrbpqo^ bi qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb-

SDNQDL@ 4-01- Qa] R9 T y T qj] pn]jobkni]_e‰j oei†pne_] aj qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk na]h T+ v oa] O't( < 'R't(+ t(- Cjpkj_ao hko ]qpkr]hknao à R'oe ateopa ]hcqjk( oa aj_qajpn]j ajpna hko r]hknao mqa P pki] aj h] aoban] qje`]` à TDIDLOKNRb^ T < T1&P' `lk i^ _^pb &e*f' v `lk bi molar`ql bp`îô loaf,

k^ofl `ljl

molar`ql

fkqboflo- Rb^ R i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk pfj‹qof`^ `lk

3/ •7I - Dkqlk`bp i^ cloj^

, Y ?<

`r^aoŠqf`^ ab R sfbkb a^a^ mlo 1

O't(

j^qofw

00]::t:t: 68,68,

3ty

7ty-

Klp ^rqlsîlobp ab R plk @i < 3+ @1 < 7- Dp cŠ`fi sbo nrb bplp ^rqlsîlobp plk+ obpmb`qfs^jbkqb+ilp sîlobp jŒkfjl v jŠufjl nrb qlj^ P bk bi `Œo`ril rkfaâ uf * ty < 0 - Dk bcb`ql+bk bpb `Œo`ril qbkbjlp O't( < 3'ty

ty(

3ty < 3

†pqb ^i`^kw^ bi s^ilo jŒkfjl+ 3+ `r^kal

3ty+

alkab

,0 z

< N X bi jŠufjl+

7+`r^kal

0V1

K^ cfdro^ 4-3 jrbpqo^ bi `Œo`ril rkfaâ v alp bifmpbp-K^ bifmpbfkqboflo qfbkb `ljl b`r^`fŽk `ôqbpf^k^3ty * 7ty < 3- Blkpq^ ab qlalp ilp mrkqlp t < 'Vh& t1( abi mi^kl nrb p^qfpc^`bk O&t' < 3- K^ bifmpb buqboflo bp i^ ab b`r^`fŽk 2ty * 6ty < 7 X `lkpq^ ab ilp mrkqlp nrb p^qfpc^`bk O&t' < 7- Klp mrkqlp '~ 0+N( bk ilp nrb i^ bifmpbfkqboflobp q^kdbkqbî `Œo`ril rkfaâ plk ^rqlsb`qlobp `loobpmlkafbkqbp î ^rqlsîlo 3- Klp mrkqlp 'N+,* 0( ab i^ bifmpb buqboflo plk ^rqlsb`qlobp `loobpmlkafbkqbp î ^rqlsîlo 7Di bgbjmil ^kqboflo firpqo^ molmfbaâbpobi^qfs^p ^ ilp buqobjlp ab ilp ^rql, sîlobp nrb plk sŠifalp `lk j^vlo dbkboîfaâ- Dk i^ pb``fŽk nrb pfdrb mol_ôb, jlp nrb bi jŒkfjl v bi jŠufjl ^rqlsîlo 'pf bufpqbk(plk pfbjmob bi jŒkfjl v bi jŠufjl sîlo nrb P qlj^ bk i^ bpcbo^rkfaâ- Dk i^ afp`rpfŽk nrb s^jlp ^ e^`bo ab bp^p molmfbaâbprqfifwôbjlp bi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^ obi^qfsl ^ cloj^p `râoŠ, qf`^p- Cb_b l_pbosôpb nrb bpqbqblobj^ kl bufdb nrb T pb^ ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^SDNQDL@ 4-02- Qa] R9 T y T qj] pn]jobkni]_e‰j oei†pne_] aj qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk na]h T _kj bkni] _q]`n…pe_] O't( < 'R't(+ t(- Qqlkjc]iko mqa P jk _]iê] à oecjk aj T- Cjpkj_ao oe O't( < N l]n] qj _eanpk t à T p]iê†j pa, jaiko R't( < N- Be_dk à kpnk ik`k+ oe P jk _]iê] à oecjk+ ajpkj_ao P oa ]jqh] okh]iajpa aj ah jŠ_hak à R-

Baikopn]_e‰j-

Rrmlkd^jlp

nrb O't(

< N m^o^ rk `fboql t ab T v pb^

?qpkr]hknao `a klan]`knao aj aol]_eko aq_h‡`ako

057

@rqlsb`qlo mboqbkb`fbkqb^ 7

@rqlsb`qlo O&t'

EHFTQ@

4-3

mboqbkb`fbkqb ^ 3

3 bk bpq^ bifmpb

Pah]_e‰jcaki†pne_] ajpna hko ]qpkr]hknaoà R v hko r]hknao à P aj h] aoban]qje`]`+ ehqopn]`]_kj qj afailhk ê,èiajoekj]h-

rk bibjbkql `rînrfbo^ ab T, Difg^jlp rk p `rînrfbo^ v `lkpfabobjlp O&t * pu', Djmib^kal i^ ifkbîfaâ ab R* i^ ifkbîfaâ abi molar`ql fkqboflo+v i^ pfjbqoŒ^ ab R* qbkbjlp O&t

pu' < &R&t * pu'* t

< &R&t'* t' * < pfbkal ] fdr^ia^a

< 0&R&t'*

O&t'

v( v ^

pu' < &R&t'

p&R&t'*u'

0p&R&t'*u'

< O&u',

^p1

pR&u'*t

p&R&u'*t'

p1O&u' < ]p

pu'

* p1&R&u'*u' * ^p!*

bp kl kbd^qfs^ bk

m^o^qlal k•jbol

qbkbjlp i^ abp,

ob^i p-

Dk lqo^p mî^_o^p+bi mlifkljfl `râoŠqf`l l&p' < ]p * ^p&qfbkb pr joorjl bk p < N- Krbdl l%&M' < N- Obol l%&M' < ] < 0&R&t'* u'* ^pŒnrb &R&t'* v( < N- Orbp, ql nrb v bp ô_fqoôfl+ mlabjlp qljô bk môqf`riô v < R&t'* a^kal &R&t'* R&t''; N- Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb R&t' < NRf P bp kl mlpfqfs^ bk T qbkbjlp l'p( < ]p * ^p&99:N mô^qlal p+^pŒnrb l qfbkb pr jŠufjl bk p < N+X mlo q^kql zR&M' < N `ljl ^kqbpo -')/

B[XYRNMJMN\ [NUJ]R_J\J Na][NVX\ MNUX\J^]X_JUX[N\MN^WJ][JW\OX[VJLRmW \RVk][RLJ

Cbjlpqoôbjlp êlo^ nrb ilp sîlobp buqobjlp ab rk^ cloj^ `râoŠqf`^ bk i^ bpcbo^rkfaâ plk ^rqlsîlobpSDNQDL@

4-03- Qa] R9 T y T qj] pn]jobkni]_e‰j heja]hoei†pne_] aj qj ao,

Nnklea`]`ao

nah]per]o ] atpnaiko `a hko ]qpkr]hknao

058

l]_†] aq_h†àk na]h T* v oa] M&t' < &R&t'* t', Cjpna pk`ko hko r]hknao mqa N pki] aj h] aoban] qje`]`* oqlkjc]iko mqa ateopa qj atpnaik ')( &i„teik k i†jeik' aj qj lqjpk q aj ah mqa &q*q' < 0- Cjpkj_ao peao qj ]qpkra_pkn l]n] R9 ah_knnao+ lkjèajpa ]qpkr]hkn ao M&q'* r]hkn atpnaik à N aj h] aoban] qje`]`, Baikopn]_eˆj, Rrmlkd^jlp nrb N qfbkb rk jŒkfjl bk q, Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bp mô^ qlal t nrb `rjmi^

O&t' y O&q'

'4-03(

Rb^ W fdr^ia^a

M&q', Rf &t* t' 0 qbkbjlp '4-03( mrbab mlkbopb ^pŒ

'4-04(

M&q'

'u+ t' < 0-

< ,Z,&t*t' < &,Z,t*t'

^pŒ nrb

i^ abp,

&R&t'* tx y 'e+t'

`lk qî nrb &t* t' < 0- Cbjlpqobjlp êlo^ nrb '4-04( bp sŠifal mô^ pk`k t ab T, Rrmlkd^jlp nrb H{uff ], Dkqlk`bp t ]u* pfbkal H{XHH 0- Krbdl

&R&t'* t'

&R&]u'* ]u'

< ] &R&u'* u' 0

&?,V*t'

Obol &R&u'* v( z '-[-v+v( v^ nrb 'v+ v( < 0- Lriqfmif`^kal ^j_lp abpfdrîaâ mlo ]1 iibd^jlp ^ '4-04( mô^ t < ]u, Orbpql nrb &R&t'* t' + &,Z,t*t' < &R&t' + ot* t'* mlabjlp aâ '4-04( bk i^ cloj^ &R&t' + ,Z,t*t' y N+ l '4-05(

&Q&t'*t' y N+

alkab

]1&?,u*u',

jfbj_olp

ab bpq^

mlkbo i^ abpfdr^i,

R < R , S-

Br^kal t < q qbkbjlp i^ abpfdrîaâ '4-03( v mlo q^kql q^j_f‹k '4-05(- K^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî Q bp pfj‹qof`^- K^ -abpfdrîaâ '4-05( bpq^_ib`b nrb i^ cloj^ `râoŠqf`^ /0 aâ^ mlo ./&V' < &Q&t'* t' bp kl kbd^qfs^ bk T, Br^kal t q qbkbjlp M*&t' N- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ pbd•k bi qblobj^ 4-02 ab_b pbo Qeq' < N- Cfèl ab lqol ljal+ R&q' < oq* ^pŒnrb q bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo mô^ R* v -[- < M&q' bp bi `loobpmlkafbkqb ^rqlsîloDpql `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk pf N qfbkb rk jŒkfjl bk qRf bufpqb rk jŠufjl bk q qla^p i^p abpfdrîaâbp ab i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ^kqboflo pb fksfboqbk v ^mif`^jlp bi qblobj^ 4-02 ^ i^ cloj^ `râoŠqf`^ kl mlpfqfs^ ./%

')( Rf T bp ab afjbkpfŽk fkcfkfq^+ i^ cloj^ `râoŠqf`^ P kl qfbkb kb`bpôf^jbkqb rk buqobjl bk i^ bpcbo^ rkfaâ- Dpqb pboŠ bi `^pl `r^kal R kl qfbkb ^rqlsîlobp- Dk bi `^pl ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^+P qfbkb pfbjmob rk jŠufjl v rk jŒkfjl bk îd•k mrkql ab i^ bpcbo^ rkfaâ- Dpql obpriq^ `ljl rk^ `lkpb`rbk`f^ ab rk qblobj^ jŠp dbkboî pl_ob ilp sîlobp buqobjlp ab crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p- Dk i^ pb``fŽk 8-05 mrbab sbopb rk `^pl môqf`riô ab bpb qblobj^-

06/

?qpkr]hknao `a klan]`knao aj aol]_eko aq_h‡`ako

) 4-07

B^pl ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^

Rrmlkd^jlp êlo^ nrb afj T < j- Dkqlk`bp R qfbkb j ^rqlsîlobp obîbp nrb mrbabk afpmlkbopb bk loabk òb`fbkqb

Cb ^`rboal `lk bi qblobj^ 4-03+bi jbklo ^rqlsîlo @i bp bi jŒkfjl ab P bk i^ bp, cbo^ rkfaâ+ v bi j^vlo ^rqlsîlo bp bi jŠufjl ab P bk i^ bpcbo^rkfaâ- Cbjlp, qoôbjlp pbdrfa^jbkqb nrb ilp ^rqlsîlobp fkqbojbaflp q^j_f‹k pb mobpbkq^k`ljl sîlobp buqobjlp ab P+ obpqofkdfalp ^ `fboqlp pr_`lkgrkqlp ab i^ bpcbo^ rkfaâRb^ S rk ^rqlsb`qlo bk i^ bpcbo^ rkfaâ nrb jfkfjfw^ P- Dkqlk`bp @i < O&q Rf @ bp rk ^rqlsîlo afpqfkql ab @i `rînrfbo ^rqlsb`qlo `loobpmlk, afbkqb ^ @ ab_b pbo loqldlkî ^ q Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+bp k^qroî _rp`ô `ljl qî rk ^rqlsb`qlo bk bi `ljmibjbkql loqldlkî abi pr_bpm^`fl bkdbkaoâl mlo q-Rb^ R bi pr_ bpm^`fl bkdbkaoâl mlo q0Œ Di `ljmibjbkql loqldlkî R0`lkpq^ ab qlalp ilp bibjbkqlp ab T loqldlkî ^ q-- Dk môqf`riô+R0- `lkqfbkb qlalp ilp ^rqlsb`qlobp `loobpmlkafbkqbp ^ ilp ^rqlsîlobp @ <0< @i& Dp cŠ`fi `lj, mol_ô nrb afj R0- < j , 0 X nrb R ^mif`^ R0- bk pŒjfpjl ')(- Cbpfdkbjlp mlo Rk,0 i^ bpcbo^rkfaâ bk bi pr_bpm^`fl R0- ab afjbkpfŽk j , 0- 'K^ bpcbo^ rkfaâ Rk,0 bp rk pr_`lkgrkql ab i^ bpcbo^rkfaâ bk T,' @mif`^kal bi qblobj^ 4-03 î pr_bpm^`fl R0- bk`lkqo^jlp nrb @1 < O&q1(+ alkab S1 bp rk mrkql nrb e^`b jŒkfjl P bk Rk,0& Di pfdrfbkqb ^rqlsb`qlo @2 mrbab l_qbkbopb bk cloj^ môb`fa^ `ljl bi sîlo jŒkfjl ab P bk i^ bpcbo^rkfaâ Qj,1 bk bi bpm^`fl ab afjbkpfŽk k , 1 nrb `lkpq^ ab ^nrbiilp bibjbkqlp loqldlkîbp pfjriqŠkb^jbkqb ^ S X q,- Blkqfkr^kal bk bpq^ cloj^ bk`lkqo^jlp nrb `â^ ^rqlsîlo @h bp bi sîlo jŒkfjl nrb qlj^ P bk rk^ bpcbo^ rkfaâ Qj,g*0 bk rk pr_bpm^`fl ab afjbkpfŽk j,g * 0- Di j^vlo ab bplp jŒkfjlp+ ?j+ bp q^j_f‹k bi i…teik sîlo nrb qlj^ P bk `â^ rk^ ab i^p bpcbo^pQj,g*&0& Di `loobpmlkafbkqb `lkgrkql ab ^rqlsb`qlobp q0+ ŒŒŒ +Sj cloj^ rk^ _^pb loqlklojî mô^ T, /

0(-

/‹

4-08

So^kpcloj^`flkbp

rkfq^of^p

Blkìrfjlp bpqb `^mŒqril`lk rk^ _obsb afp`rpfŽk ab lqol qfml fjmloq^kqb ab qo^kpcloj^`flkbp ii^jâ^p rkfqôf^p- Dk bi `^pl ab afjbkpfŽk cfkfq^ bpqŠk obmobpbkqâ^pmlo j^qof`bp rkfaâCDEHMHBHˆMQa]j C qj aol]_ek aq_h‡àk u T qj oqâol]_ek à C- Sj] pn]jobkni]_e‰j R9 T y C oa hh]i] qjep]ne] aj T oe pajaiko &R&t'*R&u'' ')(

&t*u'

Dpql pb efwl bk i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk

l]n] pk`k l]n t+ u `a Tabi qblobj^

4-3+ pb``fŽk 4-5-

'4-06(

Rn]jobkni]_ekjao qjep]ne]o

060

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C_q]_ekjao heja]haoà lneian knàj- Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp 0+ 1+ 2+ obplisbo bi mol_ibj^ sîlobp fkf`fîbp bk bi fkqbosîl nrb pb `fq^-

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K^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ ab bufpqbk`f^ v rkf`faâ pb l_qbkaoŠ `ljl `loliôfl ab ilp qblobj^p ab bufpqbk`f^ v rkf`faâ jŠp dbkboîbp nrb pb bpqraf^k bk bi `^mŒqril 6- Dk i^ pb``fŽk 6-8 pb bpqraf^ lqo^ abjlpqo^`fŽk mô^ bi `^pl ab b`r^`flkbp `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp-

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pfbkal t‚ rk mrkql cfgl bk Z+ Di qblobj^ ab rkf`faâ klp af`b nrb R&b' < N fjmif`^ nrb b < N- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ pbd•k bi qblobj^ 1-0/+ R bp rkl ^ rkl bk L&J', Krbdl Rn! q^j_f‹k bp rkl ^ rkl v ^mif`^ Tj bk L&J'* v bi qblobj^ 1-00 abjrbpqo^ nrb afj L&J' afj Tj jOrbpql nrb bi bpm^`fl plir`fŽk qfbkb afjbkpfŽk j+ rk `lkgrkql `rînrfbo^ ab j plir`flkbp fkabmbkafbkqb„pbosfoŠab _^pb- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ `ljl `loliôfl abi qblobj^ ab afjbkpflkîfaâ qbkbjlp9

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Di qblobj^ ab afjbkpflkîfaâ klp af`b nrb bi bpm^`fl plir`fŽk ab rk^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî ifkbî eljld‹kb^ ab loabk j qfbkb pfbjmob rk^ _^pb ab j plir`flkbp+ mbol kl klp af`b `Žjl pb abqbojfk^ bp^ _^pb- Dk obîfaâ+ kl pb `lkl`b rk j‹qlal pbk`fiil mô^ abqbojfkô rk^ _^pb ab plir`flkbp mô^ qla^ b`r^`fŽk ifkbî- Ml l_pq^kqb+pb e^k fabâl j‹qlalp bpmb`fîbpmô^ `^plp mô, qf`riôbp- Dkqob‹pqlp `^_b `lkpfaboô i^p b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`fîbp `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp nrb slisbjlp êlo^ ^ `lkpfaboô5-6 …idb_oâb lmboâlobp ab `lbcf`fbkqbp`lkpq^kqbp Tk lmboâlo ? ab `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp bp rk lmboâlo ifkbî ab i^ cloj^ '5-01(

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072

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073

`ebanaj_e]hao heja]hao

Baikopn]_eˆj, Blkpfabobjlp mofjbol i^ môqb ^(- Rrmlkd^jlp N? < N@, Prbobjlp abjlpqoô nrb ?&u' < @&u' mô^ qla^ v ab `b Orbpql nrb N? < N@* ^j_lp mlifkljflp qfbkbk bi jfpjl doâl v ilp jfpjlp `lbcf`fbkqbp- Olo `lkpf, drfbkqb ? v @ qfbkbkbi jfpjl loabk v ilp jfpjlp `lbcf`fbkqbp+^pŒnrb ?&u' < @&u' mô^qla^ v ab `b Rbdrfa^jbkqb abjlpqo^jlp nrb ? @ fjmif`^ N? N@, K^ obi^`fŽk ? < @ pfdkfcf`^ nrb ?&u' < @&u', mô^ qla^ v ab `b Sljbjlp v < a&!+ pfbkal nqj] `lkpq^kqb- Orbpql nrb u&g' < nga mô^ qlal g y N+qbkbjlp // ’

// ’

npGH

?&u' < N? &n'anv

Œ v

@&ux

< N @'n(an-n-

K^ b`r^`fŽk ?&u' @&u' fjmif`^ l?&n' l@&n', X^ nrb 6 bp `rînrfbo^+ ab_b pbo N? < N@, Dpql `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ab i^ môqb^(K^p môqbp_(+ b( v a( pb abar`bk î jljbkql ab i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab mlifkljfl `ô^`qboŒpqf`lCbi qblobj^ 5-5 obpriq^ nrb qla^ obi^`fŽk îdb_o^f`^ nrb fkìrv^ prj^p+ mol, ar`qlp v molar`qlp mlo bp`îôbp ab ilp mlifkljflp N? v N@ plk q^j_f‹k sŠifalp môîlp lmboâlobp ? v @, Dk môqf`riô+pf bi mlifkljfl `ô^`qboŒpqf`lN? mrbab c^`qlofwôpb`ljl molar`ql ab alp l jŠp mlifkljflp+ `â^ c^`qlo ab_b pbobi mlifkl, jfl `ô^`qboŒpqf`l ab rk `fboql lmboâlo `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp+^pŒnrb pbd•k bi qblobj^ 5-5 bufpqbrk^ `loobpmlkafbkqb c^`qlofw^`fŽkabi lmboâlo ?, Olo bgbj, mil+ pf l?&n' < l@&n'l_&n'* bkqlk`bp ? < @a, Rf l?&n' mrbab c^`qlofwôpb`ljl molar`ql ab j c^`qlobp ifkbîbp+mlo bgbjmil pb^ '5-02( i^ `loobpmlkafbkqb c^`qlofw^`fŽkab ? qlj^ i^ cloj^

Di qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i abi Šidb_o^ klp af`b nrb qlal mlifkljfl l?&n' ab do^al j :b9 0 qfbkb rk^ c^`qlofw^`fŽkab i^ cloj^ '5-02(+ alkab n0 + 61 + ’’’ + n+plk i^p o^Œ`bpab i^ b`r^`fŽk

ii^jâ^ a_q]_eˆj _]n]_pan†ope_] ab ?, Bâ^ o^Œw pb bpòf_b q^kq^psb`bp `ljl fkaf`^ pr loabk ab jriqfmif`faâ- K^p o^Œ`bpmrbabk pbo obîbp l `ljmibg^p- Orbpql nrb N?&n' qfbkb `lbcf`fbkqbp obîbp+i^p o^Œ`bp`ljmibg^p pb mobpbkq^kbk môbpab `lk, grdâ^p+ ] * ef1* ] , ef1* pf f1 ", N- Klp alp c^`qlobp ifkbîbp `loobpmlkafbkqbp ^ `â^ rkl ab qîbp môbp mrbab `lj_fkôpb mô^ aô rk c^`qlo `râoŠqf`l

Bapaniej]_e‰j `a qj] ^]oa `a okhq_ekjao

+1,-+ Xkn *

074

* V `rvlp `lbcf`fbkqbp plk obîbp- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ qlal mlifkl, jfl l?'n( mrbab c^`qlofwôpb`ljl rk molar`ql ab mlifkljflp ifkbîbp v `râoŠ, qf`lp _kj _kabe_eajpaona]hao-Dpql klp molmlo`flk^ rk^ `loobpmlkafbkqb c^`qlofw^, `fŽk abi lmboâlo ? `ljl rk molar`ql ab lmboâlobp ab mofjbo v pbdrkal loabk `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp v obîbp]1

0- Rb^ ? < B1 l?'n( qfbkb i^ c^`qlofw^`fŽk n1 i^ c^`qlofw^`fŽk DIDLOKN

, ,

B1 , 4B DIDLOKN

oŒpqf`lN?&n'

RC * 5- Orbpql nrb bi mlifkljfl `^o^`qboŒpqf`l Ro * 5 < 'n , 1('n , 2(+ bi lmbo^alo ? qfbkb

5 < 'B , 1('B , 2(-

1- Rb^ ? < B3 , 1B2 qfbkb i^ c^`qlofw^`fŽk n3

1n2

1n1

0- Di mlifkljfl

1n * 0 < 'n , 0('n , 0('n1

^pŒnrb ? qfbkbi^ c^`qlofw^`fŽk? < 'B , .'0

1B1

0('B ,

0('B1

`^o^`qb,

0(+

0(-

7N]N[VRWJLRmW MN^WJKJ\NMN\XU^LRXWN\ YJ[J NL^JLRXWN\ URWNJUN\ LXWLXN& ORLRNW]N\ LXW\]JW]N\ YX[ OJL]X[RcJLRmW MNXYN[JMX[N\

Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrb abjrbpqo^ `ljl i^ c^`qlofw^`fŽk ab lmboâlobp `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp klp ^vra^ bk i^ obplir`fŽk ab b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`fîbpifkb^, ibp `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbpSDNQDL@ 5-6- Qa] J qj klan]`kn _kj _kabe_eajpao_kjop]jpao mqa lqaà Y]_, pknev]noa_kik qj lnk`q_pk à klan]`knao _kj _kabe_eajpao_kjop]jpao+lkn afailhk

Cjpkj_ao ah aol]_ek okhq_e‰jà h] a_q]_e‰jèbanaj_e]h heja]h J&u' < N _kjpeaja ah aol]_ek okhq_e‰jà _]`] qj] à h]o a_q]_ekjao èbanaj_e]hao?z&u' < N- Be_dk à kpnk ik`k+ '5-03(

L'?:(

p9: L'J(

l]n] _]`] e < 0+1+--- +g-

Baikopn]_e‰j- Rf q bp bi k•`ibl ^pŒnrb

abi •iqfjl

c^`qlo ?g qbkbjlp ?g&S' < N+

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]hao heja]hao

075

Olo il q^kql+bi k•ìbl ab J `lkqfbkb bi k•ìbl abi •iqfjl c^`qlo ?d Obol v^ nrb ilp lmboâlobp `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp plk mbojrq^_ibp+ mlabjlp obloabkô ilp c^`qlobp ab jlal nrb rkl `rînrfbo^ ab biilp pb^ bi •iqfjl c^`qlo- Dpql ab, jrbpqo^ '5-03(Rf J'q( < N+pb af`b nrb bi lmboâlo J ]jqh] q- Di qblobj^ 5-6 klp af`b nrb pf rk c^`qlo ?e ab J ^kri^ q+q^j_f‹k J ^kri^ qU^jlp ^ sbo `Žjl mrbab rqfifwôpbbi qblobj^ mô^ obplisbo i^p b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`fîbp eljld‹kb^p `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp- Gbjlp bibdfal bgbjmilp mô^ firpqoô afpqfkqlp ^pmb`qlp+nrb abmbkabk ab i^ k^qroîbw^ ab i^p o^Œ`bpab i^ b`r^`fŽk `ô^`qboŒpqf`Â?QM K P]‡_ao na]hao èopejp]oDIDLOKN

0- Gîiô rk^ _^pb ab plir`flkbp môî^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî

'5-04(

'B2 , Qkhq_e‰j- Sfbkb i^ cloj^ J < B2 ,

5(u < N-

J'u( < N `lk

5 <'B

0('B ,

1('B

2(!

Di k•ìbl ab C , 0 `lkqfbkb q0&t' < a!* bi ab C , 1 `lkqfbkb q1&t' < a1e0H+ v bi ab C * 2 `lkqfbkb S2'V( < a,2e0HŒ Dk bi `^mŒqril 0 'm- 01( pb abjlpqoŽ nrb q-+q,+S1 plk fkabmbkafbkqbp-Orbpql nrb qobp plir`flkbp fkabmbkafbkqbp ab rk^ b`r^`fŽk ab qbo`boloabk cloj^k rk^ _^pb mô^ bi bpm^`fl plir`fŽk+ i^ plir`fŽk dbkboî ab '5-04( sfbkb aâ^ mlo

Di j‹qlal rqfifwâl mô^ obplisbo bi bgbjmil 0 klp mbojfqb bk`lkqoô rk^ _^pb mô^ bi bpm^`fl plir`fŽk ab `rînrfbo lmboâlo `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp nrb! mrba^ abp`ljmlkbopb bk molar`ql ab c^`qlobp ifkbîbp afpqfkqlpSDNQDL@ 5-7- Qa] J qj klan]`kn _kj _kabe_eajpao _kjop]jpao _qu] a_q]_e‰j _]n]_pan‡ope_] lJ'n( < N peaja j n]‡_ao na]hao èopejp]o n(-= %pq njk Cjpkj_ao h] okhq_e‰j cajan]h à h] a_q]_e‰j èbanaj_e]h J'u( < N aj ah ejpanr]hk ', //+ * //( reaja `]`] lkn h] b‰niqh] l

'5-05(

u < y_gang!R`S

076

Bapaniej]_e‰j `a qj] ^]oa `a okhq_ekjao Baikopn]_e‰j- Sbkbjlp

i^ c^`qlofw^`fŽk

Orbpql nrb bi k•`ibl ab &B + ng( `lkqfbkb Sg'V( < a&!g!+bi k•`ibl i^p j crk`flkbp

ab J `lkqfbkb

Dk bi `^mŒqril0 'm- 01( pb abjlpqoŽ nrb bp^p crk`flkbp plk fkabmbkafbkqbp-Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb `lkpqfqrvbk rk^ _^pb mô^bi bpm^`fl plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk J&u';;M* ^pŒnrb i^ plir`fŽk dbkboî sfbkb aâ^ mlo '5-05(A?QM IH- P]‡_ao na]haoiŠhpelhaoRf qla^p i^p o^Œ`bpplk obîbp mbol kl afpqfkq^p+i^p crk`flkbp '5-06( kl plk fkabmbkafbkqbpv mlo q^kql kl cloj^k rk^ _^pb mô^ bi bpm^`fl plir`fŽk- Rf rk^ o^Œwn pb mobpbkq^`lk jriqfmif`faâ i+ bkqlk`bp &B + n'i bp rk c^`qlo ab J, Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrb klp af`b `Žjl l_qbkbo i plir`flkbp fkabmbkafbkqbpbk bi k•ìbl ab bpb c^`qloSDNQDL@

5-8- J]o i bqj_ekjao Sh'V( < an,!

'5-06(

okj i ahaiajpko ej`alaj`eajpao

]jqh]`ko lkn ah klan]`kn 'B , o(!-

Baikopn]_e‰j- K^ fkabmbkabk`f^ ab bp^p crk`flkbp pb abar`b ab i^ fkab, mbkabk`f^ ab ilp mlifkljflp 0+t+t1+ ŒŒŒ+ ti+0Œ Oô^ abjlpqoô nrb q0+ q1+ ŒŒŒ-q| plk ^kriâ^p mlo &B + n(i 0/ eôbjlp mlo fkar``fŽkQe i 0 bufpqbq^k pŽil rk^ crk`fŽk+ q/&t' an,! nrb bsfabkqbjbkqb bp ^kriâ^ mlo &B + n', Rrmlkd^jlp bkqlk`bp+nrb bi qblobj^ bp `fboql môî + 0Dpql pfdkfcf`^ nrb i^p crk`flkbp S0+ --Œ +Si,0 plk ^kriâ^p mlo &B + n(\0Orbpql nrb

'B ,

n(i

'B ,

n('B

n(i,0

i^p crk`flkbp S/ * ‹‹‹ *Si,/ q^j_f‹k plk ^kriâ^p mlo &B + n(i- Oô^ `ljmibqô i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk qbkbjlp nrb abjlpqoô nrb &B + n(i ^kri^ q,9 Blkpfabobjlp mlo q^kql

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

077

Sbkbjlp ; &i + /'ti,0aR%!

< &i

+ h'ti,1aR&!

ti,0naRk8 + nty+haRk8

< &i + /'qi\0'V(-

Br^kal ^mif`^jlp 'C , n'\h ^ ilp alp jfbj_olp ab bpq^•iqfj^ b`r^`fŽk l_qb, kbjlp N bk bi pbdrkal jfbj_ol v^ nrb 'C , n'\/ ^kri^ ^ Si+h% Krbdl 'C , n'iqi N `lk 0/ `r^i q| bp ^kri^a^ mlo 'C , n'i, Dpql `ljmibq^ i^ ab, jlpqo^`fŽk-

DIDLOKN

alkab J <

Z(R ,

Gîiô i^ plir`fŽk dbkboî ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî J&u' < N+ C1 , 7C * 01-

Qkhq_e5j- Di lmbo^alo

J qfbkb i^ c^`qlofw^`fŽk J < 'B , 1(1'B

2(-

Rbd•k bi qblobj^ 5-8+ i^p alp crk`flkbp q0't(

< a1/9+

mboqbkb`bkî k•ìbl ab 'C , 1(1- K^ crk`fŽk qo&t' < n mboqbkb`bî k•ìbl ab 'C * 2(- Bljl nrfbo^ nrb S0+ S1& So plk fkabmbkafbkqbp'sbo bgbo`f`fl 06 ab i^ pb``fŽk 5-8( cloj^k rk^ _^pb mô^ bi k•ìbl ab J* ^pŒnrb i^ plir`fŽk dbkboî ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî bp hhH

Di qblobj^ 5-8 klp fkaf`^ `Žjl eîiô rk^ _^pb ab plir`flkbp mô^`rînrfbo b`r^`fŽk ifkbî ab loabk j `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp `rv^ b`r^`fŽk `ô^`qboŒpqf`^ qbkd^ pŽil o^Œ`bpobîbp+îdrk^ ab i^p `rîbp pb obmfq^-Rf i^p o^Œ`bpèopejp]o plk n--n1+ ŒŒŒ -n+v pb mobpbkq^k`lk i^p jriqfmif`faâbp obpmb`qfs^pi-+ i‚ --- -i|+ i^ môqbab i^ _^pb nrb `loobpmlkab ^ nl sfbkb aâ^ mlo i^p il crk`flkbp alkab

m < 0+1+--- +

iGh ‹

Br^kal l qlj^ ilp s^ilobp 0+1+--- +g l_qbkbjlp bk qlq^i ia * --- * ia crk, `flkbp- Dk bi bgbo`f`fl 06 ab i^ pb``fŽk 5-8 bp_lw^jlp rk^ abjlpqo^`fŽk e^`fbkal sbo&nrb qla^p bp^p crk`flkbp plk fkabmbkafbkqbp-Orbpql nrb i^ prj^ ab i^p jri,

Bapaniej]_eˆj

`a qj]

078

^]oa `a okhq_ekjao

qfmif`faâbp i * --- * i€ bp fdrî ^ j* bi loabk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk+ i^p crk`flkbp Sl+m cloj^k rk^ _^pb mô^ bi bpm^`fl plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk/

DIDLOKN

Qbplisbo

h] b`r^`fŽk

'B5

1B4

1B2 ,

B1'u < N-

Sbkbjlp B5*1B4\1B2\B1<B1'B,0('B* 0(2- K^ môqb ab 1 i^ _^pb `loobpmlkafbkqb î c^`qlo C bp q/&t' 0+ q1&t' t9 i^ môqb`loobpmlk, afbkqb î c^`qlo 'C , 0( bp q]&t' < b!&:X i^ `loobpmlkafbkqb î c^`qlo 'C * 0(2 bp q3&t' < a8!* S4 &t' < ta9!+ q5&t' < t&a9!- K^p pbfpcrk`flkbp T0 + ’’’ +S5 plk fk, abmbkafbkqbp+^pŒnrb i^ plir`fŽk dbkboî ab i^ b`r^`fŽk bp Qkhq_eˆj,

A?QM Ghh, P]†_ao _kilhaf]o,

Rf pb bjmib^k bumlkbk`fîbp `ljmibg^p+ kl e^v kb`bpfaâ ab afpqfkdrfo bkqob o^Œ`bpobîbp v `ljmibg^p ab i^ b`r^`fŽk `ô^`qboŒpqf`^ ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî J'u( < N- Rf pb abpb^k plir`flkbp ab sîlo obî+c^`qlofw^jlp bi lmboâlo J bk &c^`qlobpifkbîbp v `râoŠqf`lp `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp obîbp- Bâ^ mô ab o^Œ`bp`lj, mibg^p`lkgrdâ^p ] * ew1*] , ew1`loobpmlkab î c^`qlo `râoŠqf`l+ '5-07(

Di k•ìbl ab bpqblmboâlo ab pbdrkal loabk `lkqfbkb i^p alp crk`flkbp fkabmbk, afbkqbp q&t' a! `lp w1t v r&t' a! pbk w1t, Rf bi mô ab o^Œ`bp] ,*, ew1pb mob, pbkq^`lk jriqfmif`faâ i+ bi c^`qlo `râoŠqf`l pb mobpbkq^bibsâl ^ i^ mlqbk`f^ i,†oei]Di k•ìbl abi lmboâlo

`lkqfbkb 0i

crk`flkbp fkabmbkafbkqbp+ m < 0+1+--- +i-

Dpql mrbab mol_ôpb cŠ`fijbkqb mlo fkar``fŽk obpmb`ql^ i- 'Dk bi bgbo`f`fl 1/ ab i^ pb``fŽk 5-8 pb a^ rk bpnrbj^ ab i^p abjlpqo^`flkbp-( Klp bgbjmilp pfdrfbk, qbpfirpqo^k îdrk^p ab i^p mlpf_fifaâbp-

+^,

DIDLOKN 3- v&! , 3u! * 02u& < N- K^ b`r^`fŽk `^o^`qboŒpqf`^+ 02o < N+qfbkbi^p o^Œ`bpN+1 ,*, 2e: i^ plir`fŽk dbkbo^i bp

u < B0

a1!&'_1`lp 2t

pbk2u(-

/7.

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao DIDLOKN

4- v&&& , 1u!

3n1

3u&, 7u < N- K^ b`r^`fŽk `^o^`qboŒpqf`^ bp 2n + 7 < &n+ 0'&n1

prp o^Œ`bpplk 1+ 0e*+0e*^pŒnrb i^ plir`fŽk dbkbo^i ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i bp

DIDLOKN 5- u'4( , 8u'3( * 23u&&& , 55u! `^o^`qboŒpqf`^mrbab bp`of_fopb^pŒ

&n+ 0'&n1 ,

54u& , 14u < N- K^ b`r^`fŽk

4(1 < N :

prp o^Œ`bpplk 0+1 * e*1 * e*mlo il nrb i^ plir`fŽk dbkbo^i ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcb, obk`f^i bp

5-8 Dgbo`f`flp Gîiô i^ plir`fŽk 0 î 01-

dbkbo^i ab `^a^ rk^ ab i^p b`r^`flkbp

6- u&2' * 05v < N6, u&&& , W < N7, uh2' * 2uhhh * 6u! * 6u%* 2u /., uh2' * 0u! * u < N00- uh4' * 2uh2' * 2u! < N/0, uh4' * 6uh2' * 05v! < N-

0- u%!+ 0u! + 1u%< Nuhhh+ u%*< Nu%%% * 2u! * 2u%< N-

0, 1, 2, 44,

uhhh+ 1u! * 1u%+ W < Nuh2' * 2u%%% * 4u! * 2u%* u

o&!, 05v

afcbobk`f^ibp ab ilp bgbo`f`flp

N-

< N-

02- Rf i bp rk^ `lkpq^kqb mlpfqfs^+eîiô i^ plir`fŽk môqf`riô u cbobk`fî

< b&t'

< N-

ab i^ b`r^`fŽk af,

nrb p^qfpc^dî^p `lkaf`flkbp b&M' /%&.' N+n&M' 003- Tk^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî ifkbî `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp qfbkb i^ b`r^`fŽk `ô^`qboŒp, qf`^ b&n' < N- Rf qla^p i^p o^Œ`bpab i^ b`r^`fŽk `ô^`qboŒpqf`^plk kbd^qfs^p+ abjlpqoô nrb qla^ plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî qfbkab ^ `bol `r^kal t y * b` + „Pr‹ pb mrbab ^pbdroô ^`bo`^ abi `ljmloq^jfbkql ab qla^p i^p plir`flkbp bk bi fkqbosîl ZN+* //( pf qla^p i^p o^Œ`bpab i^ b`r^`fŽk `ô^`qboŒpqf`^plk kl mlpfqfs^p>

Cfan_e_eko

080

04- Dk `â^ `^pl+ eîiô rk^ b`r^`flk afcbobk`fî ifkbî `lk p^qfpc^d^ mô^ qla^p i^p crk`flkbp aâ^p+ ^( _( b( a( b( c( d( e(

qz&t' qz&t' Sz&t' qz&t' qz&t' qz&t' qz&t' qz&t'

`lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp nrb pb

< a!* qv&t' < |€* S1&V' < a0nnH* S2&V' < a+0nnH‹ 0nnH 0nnH < a+ * S0&V' < ta+ * S1&V' < t0a+0nnH, < 0+ S0&V' < t* S1&V' < a!* q2&t' < ta!+ < t* q0&t' < annH* q]At' < ta!9 < t0* S0&V' < a!* q1&t' < ta!+ < a+0nnH `lp 1t* S0&V' < a+0nnH pbk 1t* S1&V' < a+0nnH* q2&t' < ta+0nnH, < `lpe t* S0&V' < p`ke t* S1&V' < t `lpe t* S2&V' < t pbkeu< `lpe t pbku+ S0&V' < pbke t `lp t* q1&t' < t,

05- Rb^k n* ,,, * n,* j k•jbolp obîbp afpqfkqlp+ v M! --- +M-+j mlifkljflp+ `rîbp bp bi mlifkljfl kril- Cbjlpqoô nrb i^p j crk`flkbp

kfkdrkl

ab ilp

plk fkabmbkafbkqbp@komqafk à h] àikopn]_eˆj, Djmibô i^ fkar``fŽk obpmb`ql ^ j, Oô^ j < 0 X j < 1 bi obpriqâl bp cŠ`fijbkqb `ljmol_^_ibRrmlkd^jlp nrb i^ molmlpf`fŽk bp `fboq^ mô^ j < m v pb^k A! ŒŒŒ +A-*h+ O * 0 bp`îôbp obîbp qîbp nrb l*z

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C_q]_ekjao heja]hao`a oacqj`k kn`aj _kj _kabe_eajpao]j]h‡pe_ko

1/6

mô^ t = l+ p^_fbkal nrb i^ b`r^`fŽk eljld‹kb^ qfbkb rk^ plir`fŽk ab i^ cloj^ u<aitŒ 5- N_qbkbo ^ pfjmib fkpmb``fŽk rk^ plir`fŽk kl kri^ v irbdl bk`lkqoô i^ plir`fŽk dbkboî ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî

&u! + 2u%' * t1&u% + 2u'

< N-

6- Gîiô i^ plir`fŽk dbkboî ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî 2t1u!

2tu% + u

< N+

p^_fbkal nrb bufpqbrk^ plir`fŽk môqf`riô ab i^ cloj^ v < t! mô^ t = N7- Gîiô rk^ plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk eljld‹kb^ mlo q^kqbl+v bk`lkqoô irbdl i^ plir`fŽk dbkboî ab i^ b`r^`fŽk

t&/ + t'u! 8- G^ii^o i^ plir`fŽk

+ '0 , 0t'u%

&t1

i(v < '0 , V'1,

dbkbo^i ab i^ b`r^`fŽk &0t + 1t1yu!

2u%* 4tu < N+ bk t-

p^_fbkal nrb qfbkb rk^ plir`fŽk nrb bp rk mlifkljfl 0/- Gîiô i^ plir`fŽk dbkboî ab i^ b`r^`fŽk t1&/

+ t'u!

0t&0 + t'u%

1'0

t'u

t1+

p^_fbkal nrb i^ b`r^`fŽk eljld‹kb^ qfbkb rk^ plir`fŽk ab i^ cloj^ v < t|, 00- Rb^ c&t' < If a%Yp`p pf t = N- 'Ml fkqbkqôbi `Ši`ril ab bpq^ fkqbdoî-( Gîiô qlalp ilp sîlobp ab i^ `lkpq^kqb ] qîbp nrb i^ crk`fŽk b abcfkfa^ mlo

z't( p^qfpc^d^ i^ b`r^`fŽk

afcbobk`f^i ifkb^i

R^_fbkal bpql abqbojfk^o i^ plir`fŽk

.')/

< ,0 a]c'!+(

dbkbo^i ab i^ b`r^`fŽk

bk bi fkqbos^il 'N+ * //(-

8L^JLRXWN\ URWNJUN\ MN\NP^WMX loabk LXWLXNORLRNW]N\ JWJUl]RLX\ Rb af`b nrb rk^ crk`fŽk

b bp ^k^iŒqf`^bk rk fkqbos^il

&tk ,

n*Vk

o( pf b

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

1/7

qfbkb rk abp^ooliil bk pbofbab mlqbk`f^p bk bpb fkqbos^il+ //

b't(

]j't

, tk(j+

U8?

`lksbodbkqb m^o^ ifkb^i eljld‹kb^

Gt + Wli ; n,

u;j(

Rf ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab rk^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i

* --- *

N0't(u;j,h(

Nj'V(W

plk ^kîŒqf`lpbk rk fkqbosîl 'u+ , n*Vk * n'* mrbab bkqlk`bp abjlpqoôpb nrb bufpqbkj plir`flkbp fkabmbkafbkqbpq++--- +Sj+ `â^ rk^ ab i^p `rîbp bp ^kîŒqf`^ bk bi jfpjl fkqbosîl- Cbjlpqoôbjlp bpqbqblobj^ mô^ b`r^`flkbp ab pbdrkal loabk v irbdl afp`rqfobjlp rk fjmloq^kqb bgbjmil nrb pb mobpbkq^bk jrè^p ^mif`^`flkbp5-02- Qa]j N0- v N1 ]j]h‡pe_]o aj qj ejpanr]hk ]êanpk 'tk n(+p]hao_kik

SDNQDL@ Vk

N0't( <

^jAt , tkp+ U8?

Nht(

_j't , tk(j-

U8?

Cjpkj_ao h] a_q]_e‰j`ebanaj_e]h '5-20(

peaja `ko okhq_ekjao ej`alaj`eajpao panr]hkBaikopn]_e5j-

TI+

v z

mqa okj ]j]h‡pe_]o aj ah ieoik

ej,

Hkqbkqbjlp bk`lkqo^o rk^ pbofbab mlqbk`f^p plir`fŽk ab i^

cloj^ //

'5-21(

]jAt , tk(j+ U8?

`lksbodbkqb bk bi fkqbosîl aâl- Oô^ biil+ prpqfqrfjlp i^p pbofbpaâ^p mô^ irbdl i^p obi^`flkbp nrb ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab_bk p^qfpc^`bomô^ nrb i^ crk`fŽk v aâ^ mlo '5-21( p^qfpc^d^ i^ b`r^`fŽkK^p abofsâ^p v& b v! mrbabk l_qbkbopb abofs^kal i^ pbofb ab mlqbk`f^p ab v q‹ojfkl ^ q‹ojfkl 'sbo qblobj^ 00-8 abi Ulirjbk 0(- Dpql klp a^ N* X N1 bk i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî v abqbojfk^jlp

^--

C_q]_ekjao

heja]hao `a oacqj`k

u&<

kn`aj

j]jAt

+ Wl(k,i

U8S

V4=

u! <

j+0

/']j)h&t ^l

j&j + /']jAt

+ Vk'j+0 <

_kj _kabe_eajpao ]j]h†pe_ko

&j j+M

1/8

+ Vk'j*

0'&j

/']j)0&t

+ tk'j,

Klp molar`qlp NG&t'u%v N1&t'u sfbkbk a^alp mlo i^p pbofbpab mlqbk`f^p ')(

Br^kal bp^ppbofbppb prpqfqrvbkbk i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i '5-20( bk`lkqo^jlp

Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i pb p^qfpc^oŠpf bibdfjlp nrb p^qfpc^d^ki^p cŽojri^p ob`roobkqbp

ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp

]j ab jlal '5-22(

0'&j

/']j)0

Y&g* /']g)h^j\g

]gAj+g[

S4=

mô^ j < N+0+1+---- Dpq^ cŽojri^ bumobp^]j)1 bk crk`fŽk ab ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ^kqboflobp],* ]d% ,, * ^-k*i X ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab i^p crk`flkbp aâ^p OHv N0, Difg^, jlp sîlobp ô_fqoôflpab ilp alp mofjbolp `lbcf`fbkqbp ]‚ v î v rqfif`bjlp i^ cŽojri^ ob`roobkqbmôâbcfkfoilp obpq^kqbp`lbcf`fbkqbp ]1+ ]2+ --- + bk crk`fŽk ab ]‚ v ]h- Dpql dô^kqfw^nrb i^ pbofb ab mlqbk`f^p '5-21( p^qfpcôŠi^ b`r^`fŽk af, cbobk`fî '5-20(- Di pfdrfbkqb m^pl ab i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk bp mol_ô nrb i^ pbofb^pŒ abcfkfa^ `lksbodb obîjbkqb mô^ qlal t abi fkqbosîl &tk , n* Vk * n', Dpql pb e^`b j^vlo^kal i^ pbofb'5-21( mlo lqo^ pbofbab mlqbk`f^p `lksbodbkqb- Efkîjbk, qb+abjlpqo^jlp nrb mlabjlp bibdfo ]• v ]h mô^l_qbkbo alp plir`flkbp fkabmbk, afbkqbpCbjlpqobjlp êlo^ nrb i^ pbofb'5-21( `rvlp `lbcf`fbkqbp bpqŠkabcfkfalp mlo '5-22( `lksbodb bk bi fkqbosîl fkaf`âl-

')( Klp ib`qlobp kl c^jfifôfwâlp `lk `lkpriqô bi bgbo`f`fl 6 ab i^ pb``fŽk 5-10-

i^ jriqfmif`^`fŽk

ab pbofbp ab mlqbk`f^p mrbabk

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

10/

Difg^jlp rk mrkql cfgl+ Vy ,<0< Wl bk bi fkqbosîl 'u+ , n+ Vk * o( v pb^ p < zVh , tkh- Orbpql nrb i^p pbofbpnrb abcfkbk OHv N1 `lksbodbk ^_plirq^jbkqb mô^ V < Wi ilp q‹ojfklp ab bp^p pbofbpbpqŠk^`lqâlp+ mlkd^jlp v

m^o^ `fboqlp k•jbolp LH = N+L1 v pK1Œ Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bp

= N- Rb^ L

bi j^vlo

ab ilp alp k•jbolp

K^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^ fjmif`^ i^ abpfdr^ia^a

G^d^jlp ^elo^ ?k h]kh+ @i jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^

i^ii+ v abcfk^jlp ?1+ ?]* ,,, pr`bpfs^jbkqb

'5-23(

mô^ j y N- Dkqlk`bp h]jh y ?! mô^ qlal j y N+^pŒnrb i^ pbofb ]**&t + tk(! bp j^vloâ^ mlo i^ pbofb ?jht , uli!- @mif`^jlp êlo^ bi òfqbofl abi `l`fbkqb môâbjlpqoô nrb ?!ht , tkh! `lksbodb pf Hu, tkh ; pRrpqfqrvbkal j mlo j , 0 bk '5-23( v obpq^kal bi molar`ql ab i^ b`r^`fŽk mlo n9&ab '5-23( bk`lkqo^jlp nrb 'j * 1('j * h'?!)0 + p,h'j * /'j?!)h ; Kpj * 1(@--*H- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb

\ ? j*1

0(j

k*i

1('j

1(Kp h(p &

v e^ii^jlp ?j*1ht ?j*h

j 1 , tkh * Zu, ulik*i

< 'j

* 'j

h(j

* 1('j

1(Kp Zu] uli,* h(p

Hu,

uli p

J] a_q]_e‰j`a Jacaj`na

`r^kal

j y

100

nrb 0 pf Gt , tkh ; p-Krbdl J ]j't

`l + DpqbiŒjfqbbp jbklo

----9VM(P

`lksbodb pf Hu, uli ; p-Obol v^ nrb p < HWi , tkh v nrb Wi bp rk mrkql ô_fqo^, ofl bk bi fkqbosîl 'u+ , n* Vk, * n'* i^ pbofb J ]j&t + WN(Q `lksbodb mô^ qlal t bk 'u+ , n*t• * n', Klp alp mofjbolp `lbcf`fbkqbp ]• v ]h obmobpbkq^kilp sîlobp fkf`fîbp ab u v ab pr abofsâ^ bk bi mrkql VkŒ Rf S bp i^ pbofbab mlqbk`f^p plir`fŽk `lk ^l 0 X ]h < N+ab j^kbo^ nrb

v v

i^ plir`fŽk `lk ^l < N X ]h < 0+ab q^i jlal

nrb

bkqlk`bp i^p plir`flkbp qo^`fŽk+ .')0

T`0

pboŠk fkabmbkafbkqbp-Dpql `ljmibq^ i^ abjlp

>J NL^JLRmW MN>NPNWM[N

Dk bpq^ pb``fŽk bk`lkqo^jlp ab Kbdbkaob+ '5-24(

'i , t1'u!

pbofbpab mlqbk`f^p plir`flkbp m^o^i^ b`r^`fŽk + 0tu% *

h'u < N+

HW'HW

alkab ] bp `rînrfbo `lkpq^kqb obî- Dpq^b`r^`fŽk pb mobpbkq^bk mol_ibj^p ab ^qo^``fŽk v ab cirgl ab `îlo `lk pfjbqoŒ^bpc‹of`^- Br^kal ] bp rk bkqbol mlpfqfsl bk`lkqoôbjlp nrb i^ b`r^`fŽk qfbkb plir`flkbp mlifkŽjf`^p ii^jâ^p lkhejkieko à Jacaj`na- Dplp plk ilp jfpjlp mlifkljflp nrb pb bk`lkqoôlk î bpqrafô bi mol`bpl ab Fo^j,Rèjfaq '`^mŒqril ($ mŠd- 20(K^ b`r^`fŽk ab Kbdbkaob mrbab bpòf_fopb^pŒ9 Y&t1 ,

h'u%[% <

HW'HW

h'u*

nrb ,qfbkb i^ cloj^ R'u(9999?u+

bk alkab R bp rk lmboâlo ab Rqroj,Kflrsfiib+ R& ' 'lbW+ `lk l't( t1 , 0 X @ < ]'] * 0(- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+i^p plir`flkbp kl kri^p ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Kb, dbkaob plk ^rqlcrk`flkbp ab R `loobpmlkafbkqbp î ^rqlsîlo ]'] * 0(- Orbpql nrb l&t' p^qfpc^`bi^p `lkaf`flkbp ab `lkqlokl l&h'

< l&+h' <

N+

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

101

bi lmbo^alo R bp pfj‹qof`l `lk obpmb`ql^i molar`ql fkqboflo &f*d( <

qH b't(c't(

`t -

K^ qbloŒ^dbkboî ab ilp lmboâlobp pfj‹qof`lp klp af`b nrb i^p ^rqlcrk`flkbp `l, oobpmlkafbkqbp^ ^rqlsîlobp afpqfkqlp plk loqldlkîbp 'qblobj^ 4-2(Dk i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî qo^qâ^bk bi qblobj^ 5-02 bi `lbcf`fbkqb ab v! bp 0K^ b`r^`fŽk ab Kbdbkaobmrbab mlkbopbbk bp^ cloj^ pf afsfafjlp mlo 0 , t&+ Cb '5-24( l_qbkbjlp

alkab < ,,,

N/&t'

N &t' <

0 , t1

fW'fW

0 ] t1 &

pf t1 <:5 0- Orbpql nrb 0.'0 , t1( < z:9l u1k mô^ Gth ; 0+O0 X N1 qfbkbk ^j_lp abpôoliilp bk pbofbab mlqbk`f^p bk bi fkqbosîl ^_fboql ' , 0+0( ^pŒnrb bi qblobj^ 5-02 bp ^mif`^_ib- Oô^ bk`lkqoô i^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^ mô^ ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp bp jŠp pbk`fiil abgô i^ b`r^`fŽk bk i^ cloj^ '5-24( b fkqbkqôeîiô rk^ pbofb ab mlqbk`f^p plir`fŽk ab i^ cloj^

sŠifa^ bk bi fkqbos^il ^_fboql ',0+ 0(- Cbofs^kal bpq^ pbofb q‹ojfkl l_qbkbjlp //

u& < z j]!t0&,0

+"c+

j'j

0&,1Œ

, 0(] t 0&

+"4,

Olo 0/ q^kql+qbkbjlp ++

1tu&

< J 1j]0&t0& < J 1j]0&t0&+ +"4+

+"4*

v ++

1 '0 , V (u! < J j'j

j<1

0(]0&t0&,1,

J j'j

;

h(]

j<1 ++

J 'j * +"c=

1('j

h(]0&*1tj , y j'j Vc=

h(]jtj

< z Yaj Vc=

1('j

h(]j*1 ,

j'j

h(]j[tj-

^ q‹ojfkl

a_q]_eˆj

102

`a Jacaj`na

Rf prpqfqrfjlp bp^ppbofbpbk i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i '5-24(+ sbjlp pb p^qfpc^`bpf+v p50/ pf+ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp p^qfpc^`bki^ obi^`f5k &j

0'&j

h']j)1

j&j

+ h']j

m^o^ qlal j y -/- Dpq^b`r^`fŽk bp i^ jfpj^ &j

0'&j

< ,

'l` , 'j

l '5-25(

]j*1

k('l`

/'/'

h']j

nrb

&j + l`('k

h']j)0

0j]j

nrb i^ b`r^`f5k

0('j

Dpq^obi^`fŽk klp mbojfqb abqbojfk^o ]1+ ]e*]5+

M&']j <

N+

0( ]jŒ

ŒŒŒ+

pr`bpfs^jbkqb bk crk`f5k ab /0& O^o^ ilp `lb,

]: @kŠild^jbkqb+ mlabjlp `î`riô ]2+ ]o+],+--- +bk crk`f5k ab cf`fbkqbp`lk Œkaf`bpmôbpqbkbjlp ]1 ]

'l` ,

1('/'

0•1

2( ]

l`'l`

< ,

']0(1

]k+

l`'N' ,

1('l`

2• 3

0('l`

2( ]

v+ bk dbkbo^i+ \

]1j ,

',0(

HW'N', 1( --- 'l` , 1j ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1( - 'l`

0('HW * 2( - , - 'HW* 1j , 0(

&0j'

]k,

Dpql mrbab abjlpqoôpb mlo fkar``fŽk- Oô^ ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp `lk Œkaf`bpfjmôbp bk`lkqo^jlp

]1j)0

\ &\G'j 'l` ,

0('l` ,

2( , - , 'l` ,

,,,,,,,,,,,,y,y&,,,,&,,,,&,,,&,,,,!

0j &0j

0( , 'N' 0(

1('HW * 3( , -- 'HW* 0j'

] 0,

Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+i^ pbofbnrb abcfkb v mrbab bp`of_fopb^pŒ '5-26(

alkab '5-27( {'u( < 0! *

•' //

j;h

\0(j

N'HW,

1( ---

'HW,

1( - 'HW* 0('/' &0j'

2( - , - 'l`

0j + 0( 1j

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

103 v '5-28( \ q0&t'

y&\h'j

+ t

&GV‹,, /'&GV‹,, 2(&-- &GV+ 0j

&0j

U`S

0(&&GV * 0'&GV* 3(&-- '/09 0(

0j'

V0j)0

Di òfqbofl abi `l`fbkqb abjrbpqo^ nrb `â^ rk^ ab bp^p pbofbp`lksbodb mô^ Hui; 0- @pfjfpjl+ v^ nrb i^ obi^`fŽk '5-25( pb p^qfpc^`bpbmôâ^jbkqb mlo ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp môbpb fjmôbp+ `â^ rk^ ab i^p crk`flkbp ii\- v z bp rk^ plir`f5k ab i^ b`r^`f5k afcbobk`fî '5-24(- Dp^pplir`flkbp p^qfpc^`bki^p `lkaf`flkbp fkf`fîbp

T0'/(

Sy'M(

N+

Sy'M(

Orbpql nrb S0 X S1 plk fkabmbkafbkqbp+i^ plir`f5k dbkboî ab i^ b`r^`f5k ab Kb, dbkaob '5-24( bk bi fkqbosîl ^_fboql ',,0+ 0( sfbkb aâ^ mlo i^ `lj_fk^`f5k ifkbî '5-26( `lk i^p `lkpq^kqbp ô_fqoôf^p^ v '0{Br^kal ] bp l rk bkqbol mô mlpfqfsl+ mlo bgbjmil ] 0i* i^ pbofb ab q/&t' pb qo^kpcloj^ bk rk mlifkljfl ab doâl 1i nrb p50/ `lkqfbkb mlqbk`f^p môbpab t- Orbpql nrb qbkbjlp

}

/09'/09 ,

1( --- '/09 ’-- 0j

1( < 0i&0i

+ 1( --- &0i + 0j

ni&-

1( <&i

v '/09

0('/09

2( --- '/09

0j + 0(

* /'&0i * < &0i * 0j' i 0j&0i' &i * j' <

&0i

2( --- &0i

+ j'

0j + 0(

i^ c5ojri^ nrb a^ qz&t' bk bpqb`^pl pb qo^kpcloj^ bk '5-3/(

0'(

0 <

Olo bgbjmil+ `r^kal afbkqbp plk

]

&i '0 &0i '

y&h'g 5 ,

&i \

&0i * 0g' 0g g' &i * g' &0g' t ,

< /+ 1+ 3+ 5 &i < /+ 0+ 1+ 2( ilp mlifkljflp

`loobpmlk,

0 , 2t1*

K^ pbofbnrb a^ q1&t' kl bp rk mlifkljfl `r^kal ] bp m^o ab_fal ^ nrb bi `lbcf, `fbkqb ab V ) krk`^ bp `bolBr^kal ] bp rk bkqbol eil]n+ pb fksfboqbk ilp m^mbibpab T0 X q i^ pbofb 0j /

104

Nkhejkieko `a Jacaj`na `loobpmlkafbkqb ^ S1'V( pb `lksfboqb bk rk mlifkljfl mlifkljfl- Blk`obq^jbkqb+ pf •] < 0i * ($ qbkbjlp &4,2/'

q &t' 0

Olo bgbjmil+ `r^kal

.')1

v i^ pbofbab q &t' kl bp rk G

&i '0 x,',0( g &0i * 0g * 0( &0i * 0( 5 &i + g' &i * g' &0g

]<h+ 2+ 4 'i<M+ ($)!$ ilp mlifkljflp

V0g)/, 0(

`loobpmlkafbkqbpplk

BXURWXVRX\ MN>NPNWM[N

@idrk^p ab i^p molmfbaâbpab i^p plir`flkbp mlifkŽjf`^p ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Kbdbkaob mrbabk abar`fopb afob`q^jbkqb ^ môqfoab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî l ab i^p cŽojri^p '5-3/( v '5-30(- Nqo^p pb abar`bk jŠp cŠ`fijbkqb môqfbkal ab lqo^ cŽojri^ mô^ bplp mlifkljflp nrb abar`fobjlp êlo^N_qbkaobjlp mofjbol rk^ •kf`^ cŽojri^ nrb `lkqfbkb 'pîsl c^`qlobp `lkp, q^kqbp(ilp mlifkljflp '5-3/( v '5-30(- Olkd^jlp 0 Zk.1i

&+/W&0j + 0n'

j+0n

l &t'< , !!y+y++++t j 1j‚n 'j,n( 'j,1n(

'5-31(

Y4=

alkab Yj-0[ obmobpbkq^bi j^vlo bkqbol 994 k.1- Cbjlpqoôbjlp irbdl nrb ‹pb bp bi lkhejkiek à Jacaj`na ab doâl j fkqolar`fal bk bi `^mŒqril 0- Br^kal j bp mô+bp rk j•iqfmil `lkpq^kqb abi mlifkljfl q &t' ab i^ b`r^`fŽk '5-3/(: `r^kal j bp fjmô+ bp rk j•iqfmil `lkpq^kqb abi mlifkljfl q1&t' ab '5-30(- ')( Klp pfbqb mofjbolp mlifkljflp ab Kbdbkaob sfbkbk aâlp mlo i^p cŽojri^p G

NM&t' < N2&t'

NG&t' < t*

+h&13t2+ 1.t1

N4&t' < h4&01/t4 + 1/3t2

< p&1t1

N1&t'

2(+

/.3t1

Nˆ&t' ,

0(+

+h&41t4 ,

N2&t' 5.t2

< p&3t2

1t'*

/3t'*

4(-

>J cfdro^ 5-0 jrbpqo^ i^p doŠcf`^pab i^p `fk`l mofjbo^p ab bp^p crk`flkbp bk bi fkqbosîl Z,0+0\')( Br^kal j bp mô+j < 1i+ mlabjlp obbjmi^wô bi Œkaf`bab prj^`f5k g bk '5-3/( mlo lqol n* pfbkal o < i + g: bk`lkqo^jlp nrb i^ prj^ '5-3/( bp bi molar`ql ab N,&t' mlo rk^ `lkpq^kqb- @kŠild^jbkqb+ `r^kal j bp fjmô- rk `^j_fl ab Œkaf`bqo^kpqloj^ i^ prj^ '5-30( bk bi molar`ql ab N,&t' mlo rk^ `lkpq^kqb-

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

105

EHFTQ@

5-0 En…be_]o `a hko lkhejkieko `a Jacaj`na aj ah ejpanr]hk Z,0- 0\

Olabjlp êlo^ abjlpqoô nrb+ pîsl c^`qlobp bp`îôbp+ilp mlifkljflp ab Kbdbkaob plk ilp nrb pb l_qfbkbk ^mif`^kal bi mol`bpl ab loqldlkîfw^`fŽk ab Fo^j,Rèjfaq ^ i^ pr`bpfŽk ab mlifkljflp 0+u+ t1+ ŒŒŒ + `lk bi molar`ql fkqboflo 'g+d( <

qH b't(c't(

`t +

N_pbosbjlp mofjbol nrb pf i <D j Œlpmlifkljflp N: v Ni plk loqldlkîbp mlonrb plk ^rqlcrk`flkbp ab rk lmboâlo pfj‹qof`l mboqbkb`fbkqbp^ ^rqlsîlobp afpqfkqlp- S^j_f‹k+ mrbpql nrb N| qfbkb doâl j v Ol < 0+ ilp mlifkljflp Nk&t'* N/&t'* ,‹, *Nj&t' bkdbkao^k bi jfpjl pr_bpm^`fl nrb 0+t+--- -t!- Dk i^ pb``fŽk 0-03+ bgbjmil 1+ `lkpqorfjlp lqol `lkgrkql loqldlkî ab mlifkljflp Xl+ Xi *W0 * * qîbp nrb Wk&t' *Wh&V' * ,,, *Wj&V' bkdbkao^k bi jfpjl pr_bpm^`fl nrb 0+t: +tj mô^`â^ j- Di qblobj^ ab loqldlkîfw^`fŽk 'qblobj^ 0-02( klp af`b nrb+ pîsl c^`qlobp bp`îôbp+bufpqbrk plil `lkgrkql ab crk`flkbp loqldlkîbp `lk bp^ molmfbaâ-Krbdl ab_b pbo

D‰niqh]`a Pk`necqao l]n] hkolkhejkieko

`a Jacaj`na

106

mô^`fboqlp bp`îôbp a: Di `lbcf`fbkqb ab t! bk Wj'V( bp 0+^pŒnrb _| bp bi `lbcf, `fbkqb ab t! bk Nj&t', Cb '5-31( sbjlp nrb '1j( b <,,-,! 0!&j '0

5-1/

EŽojri^ ab Qlaofdrbp m^o^ilp mlifkljflp

ab Kbdbkaob

Dk i^ prj^ '5-31( nrb abcfkb Nj&t' l_pbos^jlp '1j , 1n( j,1n `! ++++t ;+t 'j , 1n( `t!

1j,1n

nrb

'j(

0 0 n 'j , n( < j n &

alkab 'z( bp bi `lbcf`fbkqb _fkljf^i+ v bp`of_fjlp i^ prj^ bk i^ cloj^ 0

Net(

< ,,1jj

`j `tj

/5/-0/

'\0n'j(t1j,1nn

J+ X8?

Br^kal Yj-0[ ; o z j* bi q‹ojfkl t0j+0n qfbkb doâl jbklo nrb j* mlo 0/ nrb pr abofsâ^ j,†oei] bp `bol- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+kl pb îqboî^ prj^ pf e^`bjlp nrb o ob`loo^ ilp sîlobp ab N ^ j- Dpql klp a^

Nj't(

Ubjlp &t1

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`t!

!!'\hn'j(t1j,1n-

J+ X8?

^elo^ nrb i^ prj^ abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol i(!- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+qbkbjlp Nj't(

< ,j

`t!

't1 ,

bp bi abp^ooliil abi _fkljfl

0(!-

Dpq^pb `lkl`b `lk bi klj_ob ab b‰niqh] à Pk`necqao+bk elklo ab Nifkab Ql,, aofdrbp '0683,0740(+ b`lkljfpq^ v obclojâlo co^k`‹pBlk i^ cŽojri^ ab Qlaofdrbp v i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî+mlabjlp abar`fo rk k•jbol ab molmfbaâbpfjmloq^kqbp ab ilp mlifkljflp ab Kbdbkaob- @idrk^p ab bp^p molmfbaâbppb `fq^k ^ `lkqfkr^`fŽk- Rrp abjlpqo^`flkbp bpqŠkbp_lwâ^p bk bi `lkgrkql ab bgbo`f`flp nrb pfdrbOô^ `â^ j >9 N qbkbjlp N**&h'< 0-

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

107 @abjŠp+ Nj&t'

bp bi •kf`l

mlifkljfl

nrb p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk

'i , t1'u! + 1tu& * j'j

ab Kbdbkaob

h'u < N

v sîb 0 `r^kal t < 0Oô^ `â^ j y N qbkbjlp

Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb Nj bp rk^ crk`fŽk mô `r^kal j bp mô+v rk^ crk`fŽk fjmô pf j bp fjmôX^ ebjlp jbk`flkâl i^ obi^`fŽk ab loqldlkîfaâ+ pf Br^kal

i < j qbkbjlp

u 9j-

i^ bumobpfŽk ab i^ kloj^

HHOki01<

HGYNet([1 `t

< ]1]0j

Slal mlifkljfl ab do^al j mrbab bumobp^opb`ljl `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkljflp ab Kbdbkaob Nk+N +--- +N• Dk bcb`ql+ pf b bp rk mlifkljfl qbkbjlp

ifkb^i ab ml, ab do^al j

b't( <

_gNet(+

S4=

alkab

@ môqfoab i^ obi^`fŽk ab loqldlkîfaâ

c&t'N j'V( `t

obpriq^ nrb

mô^ qlal mlifkljfl d ab doâl jbklo nrb j- Dpq^ molmfbaâ mrbab rpôpb mô^ abjlpqoô nrb bi mlifkljfl ab Kbdbkaob N j qfbkb j `bolp obîbp v afpqfkqlp pfqr^, alp qlalp bk bi fkqbosîl ',0+ 0(5-1 q

Dgbo`f`flp

0- K^ b`r^`fŽk ab Kbdbkaob '5-24( `lk !

N qfbkb bi mlifkljfl

plir`fŽk qz&t'

0 X rk^

Cfan_e_eko

108

plir`fŽk kl mlifkŽjf`^+ aâ^ mlo i^ pbofb '5-30(^( Cbjlpqoô nrb i^ prj^ ab i^ pbofb nrb a^ q+sfbkb aâ^ mlo

0* t 0, t

0 1

< ,ild,,

S1'V(

m^o^

Hui;

_( Bljmol_ô afob`q^jbkqb nrb i^ crk`fŽk q+ ab i^ môqb-^( bp rk^ b`r^`fŽk ab Kbdbkaob `r^kal ] < N1- Cbjlpqoô nrb i^ crk`fŽk b abcfkfa^ mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk

b'tx

plir`fŽk

ab i^

* t

< 0 , 1!ild 0 ] t

mô^ Gth; 0 p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Kbdbkaob '5-24( `lk ] 0- Dumobpôbpq^ crk`fŽk `ljl `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkbî ab i^p plir`flkbp q+v q+aâ^p mlo i^p b`r^`flkbp '5-27( v '5-28(2- K^ b`r^`fŽk ab Kbdbkaob '5-24( mrbab bpòf_fopbbk i^ cloj^ Y&t1 ,

/'u%[%+ bu' bu

^( Rf ]+^+a plk `lkpq^kqbp pfbkal ] obk`f^i abi qfml

hxu < N-

v 3_ * 0

= N+abjlpqo^o

+ ^xu&[& , _u

Y&t + ]'&t

nrb i^ b`r^`fŽk afcb,

mrbab qo^kpclojôpb bk rk^ b`r^`fŽk ab Kbdbkaob jbaf^kqb rk `^j_fl ab sôf^_ib ab i^ cloj^ t < ?p * @+`lk ? = l- Cbqbojfkô ? v @ bk crk`fŽk ab ] v ^_( Tqfifwôbi j‹qlal prdbofal bk i^ môqb^( mô^ qo^kpclojô i^ b`r^`fŽk &t1

t'u!

&0t + iyv& , 0u

bk rk^ b`r^`fŽk ab Kbdbkaob+ 3- G^ii^o alp plir`flkbp fkabmbkafbkqbp+bk cloj^

ab pbofb ab mlqbk`f^p+ ab i^ a_q]_e‰j

`a Faniepa

W! , -\# W

* 1atu

bk rk fkqbosîl ab i^ cloj^ &+n* n', Cbjlpqoô nrb rk^ ab bp^p plir`flkbp kljfl `r^kal ] bp bkqbol kl kbd^qfslR- Gîiô rk^ pbofb ab mlqbk`f^p plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî tu!

n'u%* 1t1u

sŠifa^ mô^ qlal t- Gîiô rk^ pbdrka^ plir`fŽk ab i^ cloj^

< t,& H ]!t!

VyM,

5- Gîiô rk^ pbofb ab mlqbk`f^p plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî

t1u! * thu& , '`uu *

0'u

bp rk mliŒ

sŠifa^ m^o^

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

--+

sŠifa^ bk rk fkqbosîl ab i^ cloj^ &+n* n', 6- Câ^p alp crk`flkbp ? v @ ^kîŒqf`^pbk rk fkqbosîl &tk + n*tk //

n'*

?&t'

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+ tk'j*

@&t'

V4=

^j&t

+ tk'j,

V4=

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A&t'

_j&t

+ Vk'j*

alkab

V'=

]g^j+g

S4*

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_&j'&t'

ab rk molar`ql

abjlpqo^o nrb i^

&j'?&gh &t'@&j+gh &t' *

g,M

_( G^`bo rpl abi eb`el

ab nrb ?&gH&tk' < g ]g v @&j+gH&tk'< &j + g( ^-,g m^o^ l_qbkbo j _&jh&tk'

< j

]g^j+g% S4=

Orbpql nrb BH!('ul(

j a: nrba^ abjlpqo^a^

i^ cŽojri^

nrb a^ aŒŒ

Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 7 î 03+ N,&t' abpfdk^ bi mlifkljfl ab Kbdbkaob ab doâl j* Dplp bgbo`f`flp a^k bi bpnrbj^ ab i^p abjlpqo^`flkbp ab i^p molmfbaâbp ab ilp mlifkljfklp ab Kbdbkaob abpòfq^p bk i^ pb``fŽk 5-1/7- ^( Blk i^ cŽojri^

ab Qlaofdrbp abjlpqo^o i Nj&t'

< 0j &t

I(!

nrb

&t + h'Oj&t'*

alkab O,&t' bp rk mlifkljfl_( Cbjlpqoô nrb O-N( 0 X nrb N,&+/' ',0(!+ `( Cbjlpqoô nrb N,&t' bp bi •kf`l mlifkljfl plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Kbdbkaob '`lk HW < j' nrb qfbkb sîlo 0 `r^kal t < 08- ^( Tqfifwô i^p b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`fîbp ^ i^p nrb p^qfpc^`bk O- v Oj mô^ abjlpqoô nrb

_( Rf i y j+ fkqbdoôi^ b`r^`fŽk abi ^môqâl ^( abpab ,0 ^ 0 mô^ aô lqo^ abjlp qo^`fŽk ab i^ obi^`fŽk ab loqldlkîfaâ

Cfan_e_eko iN+ ^( Rb^ b&t'

< &t%+

0(!+

110

Blk i^ fkqbdo^`fŽkmlo m^oqbpabjlpqo^o nrb

@mif`ôbpq^ cŽojri^ obfqboâ^jbkqb mô^ abar`fo nrb i^ fkqbdoîabi mofjbo jfbj_ol bp fdrî ^

'0 , t1(j `t *

0&0j'

< `lp

_( K^ prpqfqr`fŽk t Djmib^o i^ obi^`fŽk

qo^kpcloj^ i^ fkqbdo^i

pfk1k* p `p

0j&0j

< ,,,,,,,,,, &0j * /'&0j

'0 ,

t%'j

bk Qc.1 pbk 0j)hp `p+

+ 1( --- 1 + 0( --- 2 - 0

v i^ cŽojri^ ab Qlaofdrbp m^o^ l_qbkbo H

00+

YNj'V([1 `t

< 1,,0 -

)

^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb

alkab O,&t' bp rk mlifkljfl ab doâl jbklo nrb j_( Dumobpôbi mlifkljfl b&t' < t% `ljl `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkbî ab Ol+ OH+N1+ N2+ X N*, b( Cbjlpqoô nrb qlal mlifkljfl b ab doâl j mrbab bumobpôpb`ljl `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkbî ab ilp mlifkljflp ab KbdbkaobOl+ OH+-- +&N-+ 01- ^( Rf b bp rk mlifkljfl ab doâl j+ bpòf_fo j

b't(

1 AgNg'V(S4=

ZDpqlbp mlpf_ib pbd•k bi bgbo`f`fl 00 b(-\ Oô^ rk i cfgl+N 9R i 9R j+ jriqfmif`ô ^j_lp jfbj_olp ab bp^ b`r^`fŽk mlo Ni&t' b fkqbdoôbkqob ,0 v 0- Sbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ ilp bgbo`f`flp 8 _( X 0/ _( abar`fo i^ obi^`fŽk 0i

< ,1,

iIH

\-&t'N

02- Tqfifwôilp bgbo`f`flp8 v 00 môâbjlpqoô nrb d ab doâl jbklo nrb j-

&t' `t ,

D-Hc&t'N,&t'

< N m^o^qlal

mlifkljfl

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

---

03- ^( Blk bi ^rufifl abi qblobj^ ab Qliib abjlpqoô nrb N, kl mrbab qbkbo `bolp j•iqfmibp bk bi fkqbosîl ^_fboql ',0+0(- Dp ab`fo+ ilp `bolp ab N, nrb bpqŠk bk ',0+0( ab_bk pbo `bolp pfjmibp_( Rrmlkd^jlp nrb N, qfbkb i `bolp bk bi fkqbosîl ',0+0(- Rf i /+ pb^ Ok&t' 0Rf i y 0+ pb^

alkab V! V! ŒŒŒ +t: plk i `bolp ab l, bk ',0+ 0(- Cbjlpqoô nrb+ bk `â^ mrkql V ab ',0+ 0(+ Oi'V( qfbkb bi jfpjl pfdkl nrb N,&t', b( Blk bi ^môqâl _( v bi bgbo`f`fl 02+abjlpqoô nrb i^ abpfdrîaâ i ; j klp iibs^ ^ rk^ `lkqoâf``fŽk- Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb N, qfbkb j `bolp obîbp afpqfkqlp+qlalp pfqrâlp bk bi fkqbosîl ^_fboql ',0+0(04- ^( Cbjlpqoô nrb bi sîlo ab i^ fkqbdoîIzi Nj&V'Ny)h &t' `t bp fkabmbkafbkqb àj_( Bî`riô i^ fkqbdoîIzi V Nj&t'Nj\/&t' `t -

.'**

?k]XMXMN9[XKNWR^\

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'5-33(

bk rk bkqlokl ab Wl N- Rf prmlkbjlp nrb bufpqbrk^ plir`fŽk u ]`& v i^ prpqfqrfjlp bk i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i+iibd^jlp ^ i^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^

Rf _fbk bpql klp a^ rk^ pbofb ab mlqbk`f^p u < ]gtg nrb clojîjbkqb p^qfp, c^`b '5-33(+ bi òfqbofl abi `l`fbkqb mlkb bk bsfabk`f^ nrb bp^ pbofb`lksbodb Šje_], iajpa mô^t < N-@pŒ mrbp+kl bufpqbpbofbab mlqbk`f^p plir`fŽk ab '5-33( sŠifa^ bk `rînrfbo fkqbosîl ^_fboql bk qlokl ^ Wl < N- Dpqbbgbjmil kl `lkqoâf`b bi qblobj^ 5-02 mlonrb `r^kal mlkbjlp i^ b`r^`fŽk '5-33( bk i^ cloj^ '5-32( bk`lk, qo^jlp nrb ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp OHv O1 sfbkbk aâlp mlo 0 N/&t' < , !1 V

0 N1&t' < , , t0

K†pk`k

--.

`a Dnk^ajeqo

Dpq^pcrk`flkbp kl âjfqbk abpôoliil bk pbofb ab mlqbk`f^p bk qlokl î lofdbkK^ afcf`riqâ ^nrŒ oâf`^ bk nrb bi `lbcf`fbkqb ab u! bk '5-33( qfbkb bi sîlo N `r^kal t N: bp ab`fo+i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî qfbkbrk mrkql pfkdriô bk t NOô^ ^mob`fô i^p afcf`riqâbp nrb pb mobpbkq^kbk i^ fksbpqfd^`fŽk ab i^p b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`fîbp bk i^p molufjfaâbp ab rk mrkql pfkdriô bp kb`bpôfl `lkl`bo i^ qbloŒâb crk`flkbp ab sôf^_ib `ljmibg^- Rfk bj_ôdl+ îdrklp `^plp môqf`riôbp ab b`r^`flkbp `lk mrkqlp pfkdriôbp mrbabk qo^qôpb`lk j‹qlalp bibjbkqîbp- Olo bgbjmil+ prmlkd^jlp i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî '5-32( bnrfsîbkqb ^ rk^ b`r^`fŽk ab i^ cloj^

'5-34(

&t +

VM(1u!

&t + tk'N&t'u%

O&t'u

< N+

alkab O v P qfbkbk abpôoliilp bk pbofbpab mlqbk`f^p bk rk `fboql fkqbosîl ^_fbo, ql 'u+ , n+Vk * n(- Dk bpqb`^pl ab`fjlp nrb Vk bp cfk mrkql pfkdriô nacqh]n ab i^ b`r^`fŽk- Rf afsfafjlp ^j_lp jfbj_olp ab '5-34( mlo &t + VM(1 i^ b`r^`fŽk pb qo^kpcloj^ bk u!

u&*

N&t' t + Vk

O&t'

&t + VM(1

mô^ t"+ tkŒ Rf N&tk( ", N l O&tk( ", N+l pf O&tk( < N X O%&tk( ", N+l bi `lbcf, `fbkqb ab u& l bi ab v kl qbkaoŠ abpôoliil bk pbofbab mlqbk`f^p bk qlokl î mrkql tk+ ^pŒnrb bi qblobj^ 5-02 kl bp ^mif`^_ib- Dk 0762 bi j^qbjŠqf`l îbjŠk Ilodb Eol_bkfrp '0738,0806( abpôoliiŽ rk j‹qlal jrv moŠ`qf`l mô^ qo^qôqîbp b`r^, `flkbp- Dkrk`fôbjlp bi qblobj^ ab Eol_bkfrp mbol kl aôbjlp pr abjlpqo^, `fŽk- ')( Dk i^ pb``fŽk pfdrfbkqb a^jlp ilp abqîibp ab i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk mô^ rk `^pl môqf`riôfjmloq^kqb+ i^ b`r^`fŽk ab AbppbiDi qblobj^ ab Eol_bkfrp pb abpal_i^ bk alp môqbp+nrb abmbkabk ab i^ k^qroîbw^ ab i^p o^Œ`bpab i^ b`r^`fŽk `râoŠqf`^ '5-35(

p&p+ 0(

N&tk'p

O&tk' < N-

Dpq^b`r^`fŽk `râoŠqf`^ pb ii^j^ i^ a_q]_e‰j à ‡jè_ao ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî aâ^ '5-34(- Klp `lbcf`fbkqbp N&tk( v O&tk( plk ilp q‹ojfklp `>kpq^kqbpab ilp abpôoliilp ab O v P bk pbofbpab mlqbk`f^p- Rb^k ]h v ]0 i^p o^Œ`bpab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Œkaf`bp-Di qfml ab plir`fŽk nrb pb l_qfbkb mlo bi j‹qlal ab Eol_bkfrp ab, mbkab ab pf bp^p o^Œ`bpafcfbobkl kl bk rk k•jbol bkqbol')( Oô^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk s‹^pb D- Gfiib+ ?j]huoeo+Uli- 00+ Ai^fpabii Or_ifpefkd Bl-+ 0855+l D- @- Blaafkdqlk+ ?j Gjpnk`q_pekj pk Mnèj]nu Beffanajpe]hCmq]pekjo+Oobkqf`b,Gîi+ 0850-

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

113

SDNQDL@ 5-03OQHLDQ B@RN CDK SDNQDL@ CD EQNADMHTRQa]j î u]1 h]o n]‡_aoà h] a_q]_e‰jà ejè_ao-u oqlkjc]iko mqa î , ]1 jk ao qj ajpank- Cj, pkj_ao h] a_q]_e‰jèbanaj_e]h '5-34( peaja `ko okhq_ekjao ejàlajèajpao q+u S1 à h] bkni]

'5-36(

qz't(

Zu , tkh]z

]jAt , tk(j+ jyM

_kj

^‚

u ^l

qvAt( < Zu , tkh]ŒJ ^j't , tk(j+ jyM

'5-37(

?i^]o oaneao_kjrancaj aj ah ejpanr]hk Gt o]peob]_al]n] N ; Gt , tkh ; o-

+ uli ;

n+u h] a_q]_e‰j`ebanaj_e]hoa

SDNQDL@ 5-04RDFTMCN B@RN CDK SDNQDL@ CD EQNADMHTRQa]j î W ]1 h]o n]‡_aoà h] a_q]_e‰jà ejè_ao v oqlkjc]iko mqa î , ]1 < L ao qj ajpank jk jac]perk- Cjpkj_ao h] a_q]_e‰jèbanaj_e]h '5-34( peaja qj] okhq_e‰jq+à h] bkni] '5-36( u kpn] okhq_e‰jejàlajèajpa S1 à h] bkni] ^l

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;

5-12 D`r^`fŽk ab Abppbi Dk bpq^ pb``fŽk rqfifw^jlp bi j‹qlal i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Abppbi

prdbofal mlo Eol_bkfrp m^o^ obplisbo

'5-38(

alkab ] bp rk^ `lkpq^kqb kl kbd^qfs^- Dpq^b`r^`fŽk pb bjmib^ bk mol_ibj^p obi^, qfslp ^ sf_o^`flkbp ab jbj_o^k^p+ cirgl ab `îlo bk `fifkaolp+ v molm^d^`fŽk ab `loofbkqbp bi‹`qof`^p bk `lkar`qlobp `fiŒkaof`lp-@idrk^p ab prp plir`flkbp pb `l, kl`bk `lk bi klj_ob ab bqj_ekjao à @aooahS^j_f‹k pb mobpbkq^kbp^p crk`flkbp bk SbloŒ^ ab M•jbolp- K^ b`r^`fŽk qljŽ bi klj_ob abi ^pqoŽkljl îbjŠk E- V- Abppbi'0673,0735(+ pf _fbk v^ ^môb`b bk i^p fksbpqfd^`flkbp ab C^kfbi Aboklriif '0621( v ab Dribo '0653(K^ b`r^`fŽk ab Abppbi qfbkb i^ cloj^ '5-34( `lk t• N+ N&t' 0+ X

C_q]_e‰j`a @aooah

114

O&t' < t1 , |+ ab jlal nrb bi mrkql Wl bp rk mrkql pfkdriô obdriô- Orbpql nrb N v P plk ^kîŒqf`^pbk qla^ ob`q^ obî+fkqbkq^jlp bk`lkqoô plir`flkbp ab

i^ cloj^ //

u <

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Z'0

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m^o^j y 1- Orbpql nrb

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w N+i^ mofjbo^ ab bp^p fjmif`^ nrb ^i < N- K^ pbdrka^

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

115 cŽojri^

mrbab bp`of_fopb bk i^ cloj^ ]j\1

'5-42(

j&j

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Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ i^ bib``fŽk p < ] klp a^ i^ plir`fŽk

Di òfqbofl abi `l`fbkqb abjrbpqo^ nrb i^ pbofb ab mlqbk`f^p nrb ^môb`b bk bpq^ cŽojri^ `lksbodb mô^ qlal t obîDk bpq^ afp`rpfŽk ebjlp prmrbpql nrb t = N- Rf t ; N mlabjlp obmbqfoi^ obbjmi^w^kal tp mlo '\t(pDk`lkqo^jlp krbs^jbkqb nrb p ab_b p^qfpc^`bo i^ b`r^`fŽk p1 , ]1 N- G^`fbkal p ] l_qbkbjlp i^ jfpj^ plir`fŽk+ pîsl nrb bi c^`qlo buqbokl t! nrba^ obbjmi^wâl mlo &+t'!, Olo q^kql i^ crk`fŽk bbu aâ^ mlo i^ pbofb

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bp rk^ plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Abppbi sŠifa^ mô^ qlal obî t <0< N- Oô^ ilp s^, ilobp ab HW mô^ ilp nrb bufpqbk Gy 'N( X/9&.'* i^ plir`fŽk q^j_f‹k bp sŠifa^ mô^ t < NBlkpfabobjlp êlo^ i^ o^Œwp < ,] ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Œkaf`bp- N_qbkbjlp bk irdô ab '5-41(+ i^p b`r^`flkbp

C_q]_e‰j `a @aooah

116

nrb pb `lksfboqbk bk 'i , 10W(^i < N

j&j

+ 0/V']j

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< N-

Rf 1] kl bp bkqbol bp^pb`r^`flkbp klp a^k ]h < N X

m^o^k z 1- Orbpql nrb bpq^cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^ bp i^ jfpj^ prpqfqrfa^ mlo ,]+ iibd^jlp ^ i^ plir`fŽk '5-44(

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iuf,^

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kzi 1• j

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]

( &j + HW(

sŠifa^ mô^qlal obî t <0< NK^ plir`fŽk b,ù pb l_qrsl bk i^ efmŽqbpfpab nrb 1] kl bp rk bkqbol mlpfqfslMl l_pq^kqb+i^ pbofb nrb a^ b ,ù qfbkb pbkqfal fkìrpl pf h] bp rk bkqbol ml, pfqfsl- bk q^kql nrb ] kl pb^ bkqbol mlpfqfsl- Orbab `ljmol_ôpb nrb b ,ù p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Abppbimô^qî sîlo ]- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ mô^`â^ ] y N qbkbjlp i^ pbofbplir`fŽk bù+ aâ^ mlo '5-43(: X pf ] kl bp rk bkqbol kl kbd^qfsl ebjlp bk, `lkqoâl lqo^ plir`fŽk b,at- aâ^ mlo '5-44(- K^p alp plir`flkbp b ù v f,• plk fkab, mbkafbkqbp+v^ nrb rk^ ab bii^p z `r^kal t y N+X i^ lqo^ kl- Rbdrfa^jbkqb pfjmifcf`ôbjlp i^ cloj^ ab i^p plir`flkbp- Oô^biil kb`bpfq^jlp îdrk^p molmfba^, abp ab i^ crk`fŽk d^jj^ ab Dribo nrb _obsbjbkqb s^jlp ^ ob`loaô//

Oô^ `â^ obî p = N abcfkfjlp obp( jbaf^kqb i^ fkqbdoîfjmolmf^

obp( < /!!+& pQ,0a,p`p + Dpq^fkqbdoî`lksbodb pf p = N v afsbodb pf o 4 N- K^ fkqbdo^`fŽkmlo môqbpklp `lkar`b ^ i^ b`r^`fŽk crk`flkî obp * 0( < o obp(-

'5-45(

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* *

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* *

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v+ bk dbkbo^i '5-46(

obp * j( < 'o

j ,

0( --- 'o

h(o obp(

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

--3

m^o^ qlal bkqbol mlpfqfsl j- Orbpql nrb o'0(< p < 0 bk '5-46( bk`lkqo^jlp o'k

Q9%an&`p

0+ `r^kal

mlkbjlp

0( < j ,

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obp( < obp*

'5-47(

0( -

Di pbdrkal jfbj_ol qfbkb pbkqfal pf o 0 = N v o " N- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ mlab, jlp rpô bp^ b`r^`fŽk mô^ àbejen o'p( pf ,0 ; o ; N- Di pbdrkal jfbj_ol ab '5-47( qfbkb êlo^ pbkqfal pf o 1 = N+ o " ,0+ o " N+ X mlabjlp rpô bp^ b`r^`fŽk mô^ abcfkfo o'p( mô^ ,1 ; o ; ,0- Blkqfkr^kal ^pŒ+mlabjlp buqbk, abo i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab o'p( mlo fkar``fŽk ^ `rînrfbo fkqbosîl ^_fboql ab i^ cloj^ ,j ; o ; ,j 0+alkab j bp rk bkqbol mlpfqfsl- K^ b`r^`fŽk crk`flkî '5-45( v pr buqbkpfŽk '5-46( plk êlo^ sŠifa^p mô^ qlal obî o mô^ bi nrb ^j_lp jfbj, _olp qbkd^k pbkqfal-

Ulis^jlp ^elo^ ^ i^ afp`rpfŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab AbppbH-K^ pbofb nrb a^ b]bk i^ b`r^`fŽk '5-43( `lkqfbkb bi molar`ql '0 ]' '1 ]' ,,, &j ]', Olabjlp bumobp^o bpqb molar`ql jbaf^kqb i^ crk`fŽk d^jj^ qlj^kal o< 0 ] bk '5-46(Dpql klp a^

0W('1

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* 0*

* *

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'5-48(

'y(] 1

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k<N

j H&'k* 0 *

'y(1j1

HW(

K^ crk`fŽk H]- abcfkfa^ mlo bpq^ b`r^`fŽk mô^ t = N v ] y N pb ii^j^ bqj_e‰j à @aooahà lneian] aola_ea v à knàj ]- Br^kal ] bp rk bkqbol kl kbd^qfsl+ pb^ ] < l* i^ crk`fŽk ab Abppbi Hl sfbkb aâ^ mlo i^ pbofb ab mlqbk`f^p H &t' < c(

]' ]]*0](k]'z(1k*c(

j<kj 'j

'l << /+ 0+1+--- (-

C_q]_e‰j`a @aooah

--4

Dpq^bp q^j_f‹k plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Abppbim^o^ t ; N- Rb e^k `lkpqorfal q^_i^p ab crk`flkbp ab Abppbi-Dk i^ cfdro^ 5-1 pb e^k af_rg^al i^p doŠcf`^pab i^p alp crk`flkbp ab Abppbi./ o p-u

EHFTQ@

5-1

En…be_]o`a h]o bqj_ekjao `a @aooah v

I{-

Olabjlp abcfkfo rk^ krbs^ crk`fŽk . obbjmi^w^kal ] mlo ,] bk i^ b`r^`fŽk '5-48(+ pf ] bp q^i nrb /%&j * 0 , ]( qfbkbpbkqfal: bpql bp+pf ] kl bp rk bkqbol mlpfqfsl- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ pf t = N u]= N+ ] <0< 0+1+2+--- +abcfkfjlp ,HW

Slj^kal

p< 0, o'k

]

bk '5-46( l_qbkbjlp 0 , bu(

'0 , bu( '1 , bu( ’’’

&j + bu( o'0 , bu(

v sbjlp nrb i^ pbofbnrb a^ .,HW'W( bp i^ jfpj^ nrb i^ ab b+hV&t' ab i^ b`r^`fŽk '5-44( `lk ]‚ < 1!&.0&'0 , ](+ V = N- Olo 0/ q^kql+pf ] kl bp bkqbol mlpfqfsl+ .,HW bp rk^ plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Abppbimô^t = NRf ] kl bp bkqbol+i^p alp plir`flkbp &t' v K &t' plk ifkbîjbkqb fkabmbk, afbkqbpbk bi bgbobî mlpfqfsl 'mrbpql nrb pr `l`fbkqbkl bp `lkpq^kqb( v i^ plir`fŽk dbkboî ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Abppbimô^ t = N bp .HW

Rf ] bp rk bkqbol kl kbd^qfsl+ pb^ ] < l* ebjlp bk`lkqo^al •kf`^jbkqb i^ plir`fŽk h• v prp molar`qlp mlo `lkpq^kqbp sŠifalp m^o^ t = N- Nqo^ plir`fŽk+

12/

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

fkabmbkafbkqbab ‹pq^+mrbab bk`lkqoôpb mlo bi j‹qlal abpòfql bk bi bgbo`f`fl 3 ab i^ pb``fŽk 5-05- bpqb bpq^_ib`b nrb pf S0 bp rk^ plir`fŽk ab u!*N0u&*N1u</ nrb krk`^ pb ^kri^ bk rk fkqbosîl /* rk^ pbdrka^ plir`fŽk S1 fkabmbkafbkqb ab T0 sfbkb aâ^ mlo i^ fkqbdoî S1'V(

< Sh'V(

O'p(

`p+

Yq0'p•(

,ilkab O&V' < a+GNh&**'`!,O^o^ i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Abppbi qbkbjlp N &t' < h-t* ^pŒ nrb O&t' < h-t v rk^ pbdrka^ plir`fŽk S1 sfbkb a^a^ mlo i^ cŽojri^ /

'5-5/(

pf a v t mboqbkb`bkî fkqbosîl 0 bk bi nrb Hl kl pb ^kri^Dpq^pbdrka^ plir`fŽk mrbab mlkbopb bk lqo^p cloj^p- Olo bgbjmil+ ^ môqfo ab '5-48( mlaboklp bpòf_fo 0

YHlwp•(1< p1l clwp(+ alkab cl&M' ;/; N- Dk bi fkqbos^il 0 i^ crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^p

qfbkb rk abp^ooliil bk pbofbab

< + ?Œp!

cep(

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nrb mlaoŒâbqbojfkôpb fdrî^kal `lbcf`fbkqbp bk i^ fabkqfaâ cl&p'&Hl&p'H0 < p0N, Rf prmlkbjlp i^ bufpqbk`fâb qî abpôoliil+ bi fkqbdo^kal ab '5-5/( qlj^ i^ cloj^ ++

00 pYHl'p([1

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? ‹‹

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Het( ild t

* t,l+

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Cfan_e_eko

120

Dpq^ bp i^ cloj^ ab i^ plir`fŽk ^krk`fâ^ bk bi pbdrkal `^pl abi qblobj^ ab Eol_bkfrpG^_fbkal iibdâl ^ bpq^ cŽojri^+ mlabjlp `ljmol_ô nrb bufpqbobîjbkqb rk^ plir`fŽk ab bpq^ cloj^ prpqŒqrvbkalbk bi pbdrkal jfbj_ol ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Abppbiv abqbojfk^kal ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp aj ab jlal nrb i^ b`r^`fŽk pb p^qfpc^d^Klp abqîibp ab bpqb`Ši`ril plk iôdlp v pboŠkljfqfalp- Di obpriqâl cfkî mrbab bumobpôpb^pŒ Iet(

Het(hkct

\h'y(,NG'N , 1 1 j;M

j+,

0( 'y(1j \

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alkab d‚ < N Xd: < 0 * q * --- * 00j mô^j y 0- K^ pbofbabi pbdrkal jfbj, _ol `lksbodb mô^qlal obî t- K^ crk`fŽk I: abcfkfa^ mô^t= N mlo bp^ cŽojri^ pb ii^j^ bqj_e‰j à @aooahà oacqj`] aola_ea v à knàj l- Orbpql nrb I: kl bp bi molar`ql ab rk^ `lkpq^kqb mlo Hl* i^ plir`fŽk dbkboî ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Abppbibk bpqb`^pl mô^ t = N bp u < _/Hl&t'

_0Il&t',

Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp nrb pfdrbk pb afp`rqfoŠk lqo^p molmfba^abpab i^p crk`flkbp ab Abppbi.'*,

8SN[LRLRX\ `r^inrfbo^ ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Abppbi ab loabk ] v c&t' nrb d p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i

0- ^( Rb^k b rk^ plir`fŽk m^o^ t = N- Cbjlpqo^o

0 ,

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3/'1(

* ' 0 * ,,,-{:1 u

N-

3]1 < 0 i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî abi ^môqâl ^( pb qo^kpcloj^ bk v! * v dbkboî bp v < ? `lp t * @pbk t- Tqfifwô bp^ fkcloj^`fŽk v i^ fdrîaâ mô^ abjlpqoô nrb+ mô^ t = N+

s&:

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pbk t

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< N: ')(

C_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]haoheja]hao

121

b( @ môqfoab i^p pbofbpnrb a^k H%?,&t' X H ,G &t'* abar`fo afob`q^jbkqb i^p cŽojri^p abi ^môqâl_(+ 1- Tqfifwôi^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk bk pbofbpab mlqbk`f^pab i^p crk`flkbp ab Abppbimôâbjlp, qoônrb

2- Rb^kD*p:t' < t]H*et' v E]&t' < t+]H] &t' mô^t 9• N- N_p‹osbpbnrb `â^ `bol mlpfqfsl ab H ] bp rk `bol ab E ] v q^j_f‹k il bp ab E|, Blk bi qblobj^ ab Qliib v bi bgbo`f`fl1 abjlpqoô nrb ilp `bolp ab H] v H])/ pb fkqbo`î^k-Dpql bp+bufpqbrk `bol ab H] bkqob `â^ môab `bolp mlpfqfslpab H])/% X rk `bol ab H])h bkqob`â^ môab `bolp mlpf, qfslp ab ]& 'Ubo cfdro^5-1-( 3- ^( @ môqfoab i^p obi^`flkbpabi bgbo`f`fl1 abar`fo i^p obi^`flkbp ab ob`roobk`f^ bu +Het'

Hy&t'

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bu +Het'

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4- Tqfifwôbi bgbo`f`fl 0 _( X rk^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^âb`râ^ môâbjlpqoô nrb

Hy&t'

[G'pbku

< ' 6Rth

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(

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Wg&V'

rk^ plir`fŽk sb`qlof^i ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i

bk / `lk sb`qlo fkf`fî Wg&]' < he+alkab e bp i^ `lirjk^ g ab i^ j^qofw fabkqf, aâ J+j Wj- @nrŒN't(p obmobpbkqî^ qo^kpmrbpqâb N't(- Rb^ E't( i^ j^qofw j Wj `rv^ `lirjk^ g bp Wg&V', Dkqlk`bp F p^qfpc^`bi^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî j^, qof`fî '6-4/(

F&'t(

N't(pE't(

bk / `lk sîlo fkf`fî E&]' < h, Sljbjlp êlo^ i^ qo^kpmrbpqâb `â^ jfbj_ol ab '6-4/(- Orbpql nrb i^ qo^kpmrbpqâb rk molar`ql bp bi molar`ql ab i^p qo^kp, mrbpq^pbk loabk fksboqfal+ l_qbkbjlp wE&'t(N< ,E't(pN't(+ S^j_f‹k+ i^ qo^kpmrbpqâb i^ abofsâ^ F&bp i^ abofsâ^ ab i^ qo^kpmrbpqÊ&+ Olo q^kql i^ j^qofw D't( < E't(p p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî '6-38( `lk sîlo fkf`fî D&]' < h, Cbjlpqobjlp êlo^ nrb D&t' bp kl pfkdriô `lkpqorvbkal pr fksbop^- Rb^ G -& i^ crk`fŽk j^qof`fî j Wj `rv^ `lirjk^ g bp i^ plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî& W&'t( < N't(W't(

Qeopai]o `a a_q]_ekjao

-2+

`lk sîlo fkf`fî W&]' < Go+i^ `lirjk^ ab sîlo fkf`fî

`ebanaj_e]hao

g ab h, Dkqlk`bp G p^qfpc^`b bi mol_ibj^

F%&t' < N&t'F&t'* bk .- Di molar`ql

D&t'F&t'

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< 0+

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D%&t'F&t' < D&t'N&t'F&t'

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bp `lkpq^kqb+ D&t'F&t' ; Dpql `ljmibq^ i^ abjlp,

m^o^ `^a^ t ab .- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb bi molar`ql D&t'F&t' ; D&]'F&]' < /* ^pŒnrb F&t' bp i^ fksbop^ ab D&t', qo^`fŽkDk bi qblobj^

nrb pfdrb nrba^k

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@rknrb bi qblobj^ 6-05 molmlo`flk^ rk^ cŽojri^ bumiŒ`fq^mô^ i^ obplir`fŽk abi pfpqbj^ ifkbî dbkboî '6-40(+ qî cŽojri^ kl pfbjmob obpriq^ •qfi mô^ `î`riô i^ plir`fŽk ab_fal ^ i^ afcf`riqâ nrb prmlkb i^ abqbojfk^`fŽk ab i^ crk`fŽk j^, qof`fî E- Diil bufdb i^ plir`fŽk ab j pfpqbj^p ifkbîbp eljld‹kblp '6-42(- Dk i^ pfdrfbkqb pb``fŽk pb bumlkb rk j‹qlal `lk pbofbp ab mlqbk`f^p nrb ^ sb`bp pb bjmib^ bk i^ obplir`fŽk ab pfpqbj^p ifkbîbp eljld‹kblp {, Tk^ sbw jŠp ob`loa^jlp î ib`qlo nrb i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ 6-05 pb _^pŽ bk bi qblobj^ ab bufpqbk`f^ 6-03+ mô^ ilp pfpqbj^p ifkbîbp eljld‹kblp+ nrb qla^sŒ^ kl ebjlp abjlpqoâl-

Paokhq_e‰j`a oeopai]o heja]haodkikc†jako 6-08 Qbplir`fŽk ab pfpqbj^p ifkb^ibp eljld‹kblp Blkpfabobjlp

160

jbaf^kqb pbofbpab mlqbk`f^p

rk pfpqbj^ ifkb^i eljld‹kbl W%&t'< ?&t' W&t'*

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W&M'

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`lk ilp sb`qlobp @k+@|* @1+ ŒŒŒ `ljl `lbcf`fbkqbp- Orbpql nrb W&M' < @o+ i^ `lk af`fŽk fkf`fî pb p^qfpcôŠqlj^kal @k < @* bi sb`qlo fkf`fî mobpòfql-Oô^ abqbo, jfkô ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp obpq^kqbpprpqfqrfjlp i^ pbofbab mlqbk`f^p nrb a^ W&t' bk i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî b fdrî^jlp ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab mlqbk`f^p pbjbg^kqbp ab t l_qbkfbkal bi pfdrfbkqb pfpqbj^ ab b`r^`flkbp g

'6-44(

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'6-43( bk bi fkqbos^il th ; n+ pfbkal n < jfk wnh+n1xOlo bgbjmil+ pf ?&t' bp rk^ j^qofw `lkpq^kqb ?* bkqlk`bp ?k ? X ?g m^o^ g:&990+^pŒnrb bi pfpqbj^ ab b`r^`flkbp '6-44( pb `lksfboqb bk

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Qeopai]o `a a_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]hao

-2-

Dpql bpqŠ ab ^`rboal `lk bi obpriqâl l_qbkfal ^kqbp mô^ ilp pfpqbj^p ifkbîbp eljld‹kblp `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp/'*(

8SN[LRLRX\

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j t j

2- Rb^k ?&p' rk^ crk`fŽk j^qof`f^i `lirjk^ j W0- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb

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< @*

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?&p' <

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Baikopn]_e‰j `ah paknai] `a ateopaj_e] pfbkal ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp mbojrq^_ibp ?*?*

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//+

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Qeopai]o `a a_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]hao

163

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Qeopai]o `a a_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]hao

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.0&

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mlo i^ `lk,

Qeopai]o `a a_q]_ekjao

-23

`ebanaj_e]hao

Baikopn]_e‰j à `(- K^ b`r^`fŽk W']( < @ obpriq^ î jljbkql ab _(- Cb, _fal î ^môqâl ^(+ bi fkqbdo^kal ab _( bp `lkqfkrl bk h+ ^pŒnrb+ bk sfoqra abi mofjbo qblobj^ crka^jbkqî abi `Ši`ril+ W&'t( bufpqbv bp fdrî ^ ?'t( W't( bk .++ Di fkqbosîl h*p^_bjlp nrb bp rk pr_fkqbosîl `rînrfbo^ ab G`booâl v ^`lqâl v nrb `lkqbkd^ ], Rf h* pb ^jmiŒ^+bi mol`bpl mô^l_qbkbo W&t' kl sôŒ^ mlonrb pŽil fkìrvb i^ fkqbdo^`fŽk ab ] ^ t- Orbpql nrb mô^ qlal t ab . bufpqb rk pr_ fkqbosîl ab . `booâl v ^`lqâl v nrb `lkqfbkb ] v t+ bufpqbrk^ plir`fŽk bk qlal bi fkqbosîl Z+ SDNQDL@ MDNR-

6-06-

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ab '6-52( l_qbkbjlp

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`a ]lnktei]_ekjao

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jfbj_ol

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6-07D

bk bi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^

{X @ao qj ra_pkn j,`eiajoekj]h

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W%&p' < ?&p' W&p'*

peaja qj] v o‰hkqj] okhq_e‰jmqa ao qj ra_pkn j,`eiajoekj]h 6-11 @mif`^`fŽk abi j‹qlal ibp ab mofjbo loabk-

ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p ^ ilp pfpqbj^p kl ifkb^,

Di j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp pfpqbj^p kl ifkb^ibp- Blkpfabobjlp

pr`bpfs^p q^j_f‹k mrbab ^mif`^opb ^ ^idrklp rk pfpqbj^ ab mofjbo loabk ab i^ cloj^

W% < D&p*

'6-55(

alkab D bp rk^ crk`fŽk sb`qlofî k,afjbkpflkî aâ^+ b W bp rk^ crk`fŽk sb`ql, ofî k,afjbkpflkî fk`Ždkfq^ nrb e^v nrb abqbojfkô- Prbobjlp rk^ plir`fŽk W nrb p^qfpc^d^ i^ b`r^`fŽk W%&p' < DYp*W&p'H mô^ `â^ p bk rk `fboql fkqbosîl { v nrb q^j_f‹k p^qfpc^d^ rk^ `lkaf`fŽk fkf`fî aâ^+ mlo bgbjmil W&]' < @*alkab ] D { X @ bp rk sb`qlo k,afjbkpflkî aâl@i fdrî nrb bk bi `^pl ifkbî+ `lkpqorfjlp rk^ pr`bpfŽk ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p Wk* u[* W1 ŒŒŒ + qlj^kal Wk < @ X abcfkfbkal Wg)[ bk crk`fŽk ab Wg jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^ '6-56(

Wg)z&t'

DYp*Wg&p'[`p

m^o^

N+0+1+ ----

Hjmlkfbkal `fboq^p `lkaf`flkbp ^ E+ bpq^ pr`bpfŽk `lksbodboŠ e^`f^ rk^ crk`fŽk iŒjfqb W nrb p^qfpcôŠ i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî v i^ `lkaf`fŽk fkf`fî aâ^p-

Qeopai]o `a a_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]hao

-3+

@kqbp ab ^sbofdrô i^ `lksbodbk`f^ abi mol`bpl s^jlp ^ afp`rqfo îdrklp bgbjmilp rkfafjbkpflkîbp bibdfalp mô^ firpqoô îdrk^p ab i^p afcf`riqâbp nrb mrbabk mobpbkqôpbbk i^ moŠ`qf`^-

0- Blkpfabobjlp bi mol_ibj^ ab sîlo fkf`fî kl ifkbî v& < V1 v1 N `r^kal t < N- Bî`riôbjlp îdrk^p ^molufj^`flkbp ab i^ plir`fŽkW**&t' < N X abqbojfkôbjlp i^p qobp pfdrfbkqbp ^molufj^`flkbp `ljl

DIDLOKN

`lk u < Difg^jlp pfdrb9

W0&t' <

h%! p1 `p

W^( <

v- &t' 2

&!+ Hl Yp * 1

< ,V2 + .

p Iln!%& p *!8

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2 6 2 I y!&Y p * 'p, * ,p (1H `p < ,t * l 2 52 2 1

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48424

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)

1- Blkpfabobjlp bi mol_ibj^+ ab sîlo fkf`fî+ kl ifkbî v&< 0t u < N `r^kal t < N- Bljbkw^jlp `lk i^ crk`fŽk fkf`fî Wk&t' < N X bk`lkqo^jlp

)

DIDLOKN

a!* `lk

b!+• *

Wht(- < l '1p

bi *0( `p < t1

* b&! l bi Œ *0 `p -

@nrŒ+kl pb mrbab pbdrfo âbi^kqb mlo bi ebèl ab nrb i^ •iqfj^ fkqbdoî kl mrbab `î`riôpb `ljl bumobpfŽk ab crk`flkbp bibjbkqîbp- Ml l_pq^kqb+ mô^ rk^ t aâ^ bp mlpf_ib `î`riô rk^ ^molufj^`fŽk krj‹of`^ ab i^ fkqbdoî v `lk biil pb l_qfbkb rk^ ^molufj^`fŽk ab W1&t', @ `^rp^ ab i^p afcf`riqâbp nrb ebjlp sfpql bk ilp alp •iqfjlp bgbjmilp+ bi j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p bk i^ moŠ`qf`^ kl bp bi jŠp •qfi mô^ i^ abqbo, jfk^`fŽk bumiŒ`fqâb plir`flkbpDi ^rq‹kqf`l sîlo abi j‹qlal `lkpfpqb bk pr bjmibl mô^ bpq^_ib`bo qblobj^p ab bufpqbk`f^-

Baikopn]_e‰j `a qj paknai] `a ateopaj_e] v qje_e`]`

170

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mlabjlp buqbkabo bi j‹qlal ab abjlpqo^`fŽk rpâl bk bi `^pl ifkbî ab i^ pb`, `fŽk 6-10Rb^ Gbi fkqbosîl ^_fboql bk bi nrb abpb^jlp rk^ plir`fŽk- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb ] D Gv nrb @ bp rk sb`qlo k,afjbkpflkî aâl- Cbpfdkbjlp `lk R rk `lkgrkql bk bi bpm^`fl ab afjbkpfŽk &j * 0( aâl mlo

p < w&t* W' H

Zu ,

]h y d*

HH W + AHHz

gx*

alkab d = N v g = l- ZRfj < 0+bp rk ob`qŠkdril `lk `bkqol bk &]* @'* `lk _^pb 0d v îqro^ 0g,[ Rrmlkd^jlp nrb bi aljfkfl ab E fkìrvb rk `lkgrkql R ab bpqb qfml v nrb E bp ^`lqâ^ bk R+pb^

GGD&t*X(HHz K

'6-57(

mô^qlal mrkql &t* X( ab R+pfbkal L rk^ `lkpq^kqb mlpfqfs^Rbdrfa^jbkqb+ prmlkd^jlp nrb i^ crk`fŽk `ljmrbpq^ E&t' < D&t* W&t'' bp `lkqfkr^ bk bi fkqbosîl &] + d* ] * d' mô^ qla^ Zrk`fŽk W nrb pb^ `lkqf, kr^ bk &] + d* ] * d' v nrb qbkd^ i^ molmfbaâ ab nrb &t* W&t'' D R mô^ qlal t bk &] + d* ] * d', Dpq^ efmŽqbpfp^pbdro^ i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab i^p fkqbdoîbp nrb pb mobpbkq^kbk bi j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p+ b fjmif`^ q^j_f‹k i^ `lkqfkrfaâ ab i^p crk`flkbp ^p( `lkpqorfa^pEfkîjbkqb+ prmlkd^jlp nrb E p^qfpc^`brk^ `lkaf`fŽk ab i^ cloj^ GGD&t* W' + D&t* Y(HHz ?

0HW + YHH

mô^ qlal mô ab mrkqlp &t* W' v 'u+ Y( ab R+pfbkal ? rk^ `lkpq^kqb mlpfqfs^bpq^ pb ii^j^ rk^ _kjè_e‰j à Jelo_depv bk elklo ab Qralime Kfmpèfqw+ nrb crb bi mofjbol bk fkqolar`foi^ bk 0765- Tk^ qî `lkaf`fŽk kl bp rk obpqof``fŽkjrv pbof^ mô^ rk^ crk`fŽk v klp mbojfqb buqbkabo i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ab i^ bufpqbk`f^ v rkf`faâ abi `^pl ifkbî î kl ifkbîSDNQDL@

6-08-

DWHRSDMBH@X TMHBHC@C CD K@R RNKTBHNMDR CD RHRSDL@R MN

KHMD@KDR CD OQHLDQ NQCDM-

Qqlkjc]iko

mqa E o]peob]_ah] ]_kp]_e‰j+h] _kj pe,

Qeopai]o `a a_q]_ekjao

-3-

`ebanaj_e]hao+

jqe`]` u h]o _kjè_ekjao à Jelo_depv ]jpao _ep]`]o aj qj _kjfqjpk Q- Qa] h ah ejpanr]hk ]êanpk '] , a+] * b(+ `kjà a jfk wd+ g.Kx- Cteopa ajpkj_ao qj] u o‰hkqj] bqj_e‰j W àbeje`] aj J* oeaj`k W']( < @+p]h mqa 'u+ W't(( “ Q X

W&'t( < D't+ W't•

l]n]

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t `a h-

Baikopn]_e‰jOrbpql nrb i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk bp ^kŠild^ ^ i^ abi `^pl ifkbî fkaf`^jlp pli^jbkqb ilp mofk`fmîbp m^plp- Olkd^jlp WGG&t' < @ X abcfk^jlp i^p crk`flkbp sb`qlofîbp Wz+W1+ŒŒŒbk h jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^ Wi)h&V' < @ *

'6-58(

m^o^ i < N+0+1+ ----

DYp* Wi&p'[ `p

O^k9 nrb i^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^ qbkd^ pbkqfal kb`bpfq^jlp p^_bo pf &t* Wj 'u( D Q mô^ `â^ t ab h- Dpql pb abjrbpqo^ cŠ`fijbkqb mlo fkar``fŽk bk i- Br^kal i < N qbkbjlp 't+ Wk't(( < 't+ @(+ nrb bpqŠ bk Q- Rrmlkd^jlp bkqlk`bp nrb &t* Wi&t€ D Q mô^ rk i v `â^ t ab h- Tqfifw^kal '6-58( v '6-57( l_qbkbjlp

0H Wi)h&V'

Orbpql nrb Zu ,

AHH

LH q

p HqGGDYp*Wi&p'[H0 `p Hz

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nrb

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h,i

wWi)h&t' + Wi&t'x j<N

v abjlpqobjlp

nrb Wg&V' qfbkab e^`f^ rk iŒjfqb `r^kal

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i^ pbofb //

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+ Wi&t'/G

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ab i^ abpfdr^ia^a

+ %Wi&V'0Hz

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Zu &i

] 0(

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K?i

;& ,

j*i

nrb

Cfan_e_eko

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nrb pb abjrbpqo^ mlo fkar``fŽk+ rp^kal i^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^ v i^ `lkaf`fŽk ab Kfmp`efqw-Cbcfkfjlp bkqlk`bp i^ crk`fŽk iŒjfqb X mlo W&t'

ifj

Wi&t'

j,,=ll

m^o^ `^a^ t ab / v `ljmol_^jlp W&t'

nrb p^qfpc^`bi^ b`r^`fŽk fkqbdo^i

DYp* W&p'[ `p*

bu^`q^jbkqb `ljl bk bi `^pl ifkbî- Dpql abjrbpqo^ i^ bufpqbk`fâb rk^ plir`fŽkK^ rkf`faâ mrbab bkqlk`bp abjlpqoôpb mlo bi jfpjl j‹qlal rqfifwâl mô^ ab, jlpqoô bi qblobj^ 6-06/'*,

8SN[LRLRX\

0- Blkpfabo^o bi mol_ibj^

ifkbî ab sîlo fkf`fî

u&*u<1a!&+

`lk: u < 0 `r^kal

< N-

^( Gîiô i^ plir`fŽk bu^`q^ W ab bpqb mol_ibj^_( @mif`ô bi j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p+ môqfbkal ab i^ crk`fŽk Wk&t' < 0Cbqbojfkô Wj&t' bumiŒ`fq^jbkqb v abjlpqoô nrb ifj mô^ qlal t obî1- @mif`ô bi j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp

u&<V*u1+

Wj&t' < W&t'

pr`bpfs^p ^i mol_ibj^

`lk

< N `r^kal

ab sîlo fkf`fî kl ifkbî

Sljô Wk&t' < N `ljl crk`fŽk fkŒ`fî v `î`riô W*&t' , 2- @mif`ô bi j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p î mol_ibj^

u&<

0 )tu1+

fkf`f^i

`lk u

N `r^kal

ab sîlo fkf`fî kl ifkbî

t < N-

Sljô Wk&t' < N `ljl crk`fŽk fkf`fî v `î`riô W*&t' , 3- @mif`ô bi j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p î mol_ibj^ `lk

< N `r^kal

< N-

ab sîlo fkf`fî kl ifkbî < N-

Qeopai]o `a a_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]hao

173

Oôqfo ab i^ ~jî^ƒ crk`fŽk fkf`fî Wk&t' < ($ `î`riô& u*&t'* v `ljmôô qâlp abi bgbjmil 0 ab i^ pb``fŽk 6-114- Blkpfaboô bi mol_ibj^ ab sîlo fkf`fî kl ifkbî

`lk

u <

`lk

ilp obpri,

t < N-

i `r^kal

^( @mif`ô bi j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p+ môqfbkal ab i^ crk`fŽk fkf`fî Wk&t' < 0+ X `î`riô W*&t', _( Rb^ P < Z,0+0\ W Z,0+0\- Gîiô bi jbklo L qî nrb Gb&t*v(0 z L bk P- Gîiô rk fkqbosîl / < &+a*a' qî nrb i^ doŠcf`^ ab qla^ crk`fŽk ^molufj^kqb X- bk ($ bpq‹ bk Pb( RrmŽkd^pb nrb i^ plir`fŽk v < W&t' qfbkb rk abpôoliil bk pbofb ab mlqbk`f^p bk rk bkqlokl abi lofdbk- Cbqbojfkô ilp pbfp mofjbolp q‹ojfklp kl krilp ab bpb abpôoliil v `ljmôô bi obpriqâl `lk bi abi ^môqâl ^(5- Blkpfaboô bi mol_ibj^ ab sîbo fkf`fî

u&<G*u1+ ^( @mif`ô bi j‹qlal Wk&t' < N+X `î`riô

`lk u < N `r^kal

ab ^molufj^`flkbp

< N-

pr`bpfs^p+ m^oqfbkal ab i^ crk`fŽk

fkf`f^i

W,&t',

_( Cbjlpqoô nrb qla^ crk`fŽk ^molufj^k qb X- bpqŠ abcfkfa^ bk qlal bi bgb obî`( Tqfifwô bi qblobj^ 6-08 mô^ abjlpqoô nrb bi mol_ibj^ ab sîlo fkf`fî qfbkb mlo il jbklp rk^ plir`fŽk bk `rînrfbo fkqbosîl ab i^ cloj^ &+d*d', a( Qbplisbo i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`fî mlo pbmô^`fŽk ab sôf^_ibp v abjlpqoô ^pŒnrb bufpqb rk^ pli^ plir`fŽk X abi mol_ibj^ ab sîlo fkf`fî bk bi fkqbosîl &+%Rn .1+ %Rn .1( X kfkdrk^ bk rk fkqbosîl jŠp ^jmifl- Dk bpqb bgbjmil+ i^p ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p bpqŠk abcfkfa^p bk qlal bi bgb obî+ mbol `lksbodbk e^`f^ rk^ crk`fŽk iŒjfqb •kf`^jbkqb bk bi fkqbosîl &+%Rn-0*%Rn-0', 6- Arpnrbjlp alp crk`flkbp v < W&t' v v < X&t' nrb p^qfpc^d^k pfjriqŠkb^jbkqb bi pfp, qbj^ ab b`r^`flkbp

u& <v+

v&< t2&u

`lk i^p `lkaf`flkbp fkf`fîbp v 0 X v 0.1 `r^kal t `flkbp fkf`fîbp Wk&t' < 0+ Xk&t' < 0.1+ X bjmibô bi j‹qlal s^p mô^ l_qbkbo i^p crk`flkbp ^molufj^kqbp

W1&t'

< i

2t4

*, * ,

081 &

*, * ]

7- Blkpfabo^o bi pfpqbj^ ab b`r^`flkbp

u&<1t*v+

v&< 2tu

* t1v+

< N- Bljbkw^o

`lk ab ^molufj^`flkbp

i^p crk, pr`bpŒ,

?lnktei]_ekjao `lk

s^ilobp

oq_aoer]o v lqjpko

befko `a klan]`knao

174

fkf`fîbp v < 1 X v < N `r^kal t < N- Oôqfo ab i^p crk`flkbp fkf`fîbp < N+ X `lk bi j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p abqbojfkô W*&t'

Wk&t' 1+ Xk&t' v X*&t',

8- Blkpfabo^o bi mol_ibj^

ab s^ilo `lk

fkf`f^i

u& <

0 `r^kal

< N-

B^j_fô bpqb mol_ibj^ bk lqol bnrfsîbkqb nrb fkìrv^ rk pfpqbj^ ab alp b`r^`flkbp `lk alp crk`flkbp fk`Ždkfq^p v < W&t' v v < X&t'* pfbkal v < u&-@mif`ô bkqlk`bp bi j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p+ môqfbkal ab i^p crk`flkbp fkf`fîbp Wk&t' < 4 v Xk&t' 0+ v abqbojfkô W*&t' v X*&t', 0/- Rb^ b rk^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ bk bi ob`qŠkdril P Z,0+ 0 I W Z,0+ 0 I abi jlal pfdrfbkqb9

-&t*u' y w

pŒ t < N+

0u-t

pf t9z…M

GuhR t1+

pf t9z…M

< t1+

pf t9z…M

+0t

+t1Œ

^( Cbjlpqoô nrb Gb&t*v(0 z 1 mô^ qlal &t* v( ab P_( Cbjlpqoô nrb b kl p^qfpc^`b rk^ `lkaf`fŽk ab Kfmpèfqwbk Pb( Oô^ `â^ `lkpq^kqb B nrb `rjmib HBHz 0+ abjlpqoô nrb v < At& bp rk^ plir`fŽk abi mol_ibj^ ab sîlo fkf`fî v&< b&t* u'* `lk v < N `r^kal t < N- Cbjlpqoô nrb i^ doŠcf`^ ab `â^ rk^ ab bp^p plir`flkbp bk ',0+0( bpqŠ bk Qa( @mif`ô bi j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p î mol_ibj^ ab sîlo fkf`fî+ mô, qfbkal ab Wk&t' < N- Cbqbojfkô W**&t' v abjlpqoô nrb i^p ^molufj^`flkbp `lksbodbk e^`f^ rk^ plir`fŽk abi mol_ibj^ bk bi fkqbosîl ',0+0(b( Qbmbqfo i^ môqb a(+ môqfbkal ab Wk&t' < t, Cbqbojfkô W,&t' v abjlpqoô nrb i^p crk`flkbp ^molufj^k qbp `lksbodbk e^`f^ rk^ plir`fŽk afcbobkqb ab `rînrfbo^ ab i^p abi ^môqâl b(+ c( Qbmbqfoi^ môqb a(+ môqfbkal ab Wk&t' < t%, d( Qbmbqfoi^ môqb a(+ môqfbkal ab Wk&t' t%e%,

o /'*-

4Y[XaRVJLRXWN\ \^LN\R_J\b Y^W]X\ORSX\ MNXYN[JMX[N\

K^ fab^ _Špf`^ abi j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p mrbab rpôpb kl pŽil mô^ bpq^_ib`bo qblobj^p ab bufpqbk`f^ mô^ b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`fîbp pfkl q^j_f‹k mô^ lqolp jrèlp mol_ibj^p abi ^kŠifpfp- Di obpql ab bpqb `^mŒqril obclojri^ bi `fqâl j‹qlal bk rk^ cloj^ nrb ^jmiŒ^ jrèl bi î`^k`b ab prp ^mif`^`flkbpDk i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ 6-07 `lkpqorfjlp rk^ pr`bpfŽk ab crk`flkbp wW` ab ^`rboal `lk i^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^

-31

Qeopai]o `a a_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]hao

Di pbdrkal jfbj_ol ab bpq^cŽojri^ mrbab `lkpfabo^opb `ljl rk lmbo^alo R nrb `lksfboqb `fboq^pcrk`flkbp X bk lqo^p krbs^p R&W' jbaf^kqb i^ b`r^`fŽk R'W( < @

?W'p( `p-

Dk i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ 6-07 bk`lkqo^jlp nrb i^ plir`fŽk X abi mol_ibj^ ab sîlo fkf`fî W%&p'< ?W&p'* W&]' < P* p^qfpc^`bi^ b`r^`fŽk fkqbdoî u

c^&! ?

W'p( `p -

Dumobp^kal ‹pq^ `lk bi lmboâlo R obpriq^ X < R&W', Dp ab`fo+i^ plir`fŽk X mbol j^kb`b fkîqboâ^ mlo bi lmboâlo R- Tk^ qî crk`fŽk X pb ii^j^ rk lqjpk befk abi lmboâlo R, Mrjbolplp b fjmloq^kqbp mol_ibj^p abi ^kŠifpfpmrbabk clojriôpb ab jlal nrb pr plir`fŽk abmbka^ ab i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab rk mrkql cfgl mô^ îd•k lmboâloOlo `lkpfdrfbkqb jbob`b i^ mbk^ fkqbkqôabp`r_ofo molmfbaâbpab lmboâlobp nrb dô^kqf`bk i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab rk mrkql cfgl- Ulis^jlp êlo^ ^ rk qo^q^jfbkql pfp qbjŠqf`l ab bpqbmol_ibjô /'*.

8\YJLRX\URWNJUN\ WX[VJMX\

Oô^ clojriô bi j‹qlal ab ^molufj^`flkbp pr`bpfs^p bk rk^ cloj^ jŠp db, kboî `lksfbkb qo^_^gô`lk bpm^`flp ifkbîbp- Rb^ Q rk &bpm^`flifkbî `rînrfbo^Br^kal e^_i^jlp ab ^molufjô rk bibjbkql t ab R jbaf^kqb lqol bibjbkql u ab Q+`lkpfabo^jlp i^ afcbobk`f^ t , u+ nrb ii^j^jlp bi annkn ab ^molufj^, `fŽk- Oô^ jbafo bi q^j^•l ab bpb boolo fkqolar`fjlp rk^ kloj^ bk bi bpm^`flCDEHMHBHˆM CD MNQL@Qa] Q qj aol]_ek heja]h _q]hmqean]- Sj] bqj_e‰j na]h L àbeje`] aj Q oa hh]i] jkni] oe peaja h]o lnklea`]ào oecqeajpao9 ^( L't(::> N l]n] _]`] t à R_( L'_t( < Zb\ L't( l]n] _]`] t à R u _]`] ao_]h]n _b( L't * u( 9p9:L't( * L'u( l]n] pk`k l]n t a u à Ra( L't( < N eilhe_] t < l-

Tk bpm^`fl ifkb^i `lk rk^ kloj^

^pfdk^a^ pb ii^j^ aol]_ek heja]h jkni]`k-

K^ kloj^ ab t ^ sb`bp pb fkaf`^ `lk zzth bk irdô ab L't(`fŽk i^p molmfbaâbpcrka^jbkqîbp pb bumobp^k9 ^( HGt H::> N mô^`â^ t ab R_( Hiùii < ibi HiuiHmô^ qlal t ab R v qlal bp`îô _-

Blk bpq^ klq^,

l lan]`knao

-32

`a _kjpn]__e‰j

* vii z {iuii * H{vii mô^ qlal mô t b u ab Qa( Hiu&i N fjmif`^ t NRf t b u bpqŠk bk Q+i^ kloj^ f Gt , vi H pb ii^j^ èop]j_e] ab t ^ uRf bi bpm^`fl Q bp brìŒabl+ qfbkb pfbjmob rk^ kloj^ nrb bp `lkpb`rbk`f^ abi molar`ql fkqboflo+ bp ab`fo+ iiui { < 'u+ t' T1- Rfk bj_ôdl+ klplqolp klp fkqbobpôb, jlp mlo rk^ kloj^ bpmb`fî nrb kl obpriq^ ab rk molar`ql fkqboflo_' GV

DIDLOKN-

ab i^p crk`flkbp abcfkfjlp

J] jkni] àh i…teik l jû jkni]Rb^ A'H( bi bpm^`fl ifkbî obîbp `lkqfkr^p bk rk fkqbosîl `booâl v ^`lqâl b, Rf bw C A&H'* 00cx 00

< j^u

Hbw &t'H+

VCH

alkab bi pŒj_lil abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol pfdkfcf`^ bi jûfjl sîlo ^_plirql ab bw bk b, Di ib`qlo mrbab `ljmol_ô nrb bpq^ kloj^ dlw^ ab i^p `r^qol molmfba^, abp crka^jbkqîbpK^ kloj^ abi jŠufjl kl pb abar`b abi molar`ql fkqboflo- Oô^ abjlpqoôil _^pq^ e^`bo sbo nrb i^ kloj^ abi jŠufjl abg^ ab `rjmifo îdrk^ molmfbaâ nrb mlpbbk qla^p i^p kloj^p abar`fa^p ab molar`qlp fkqboflobp- Olo bgbjmil+ pf rk^ kloj^ pb abar`b ab rk molar`ql fkqboflo+ i^ ~ibv abi môîbildo^jlƒ

HHu* vi01 * Zu , vi01 < 1 HHuii1* 1 iHvii1 bp sŠifa^ mô^ qlal mô t b u ab Q- 'Ubo bgbo`f`fl 05 ab i^ pb``fŽk 0-02(- K^ ibv abi môîbildo^jl kl pfbjmob nrba^ p^qfpcbè^ mlo i^ kloj^ abi jŠufjlOlo bgbjmil+ pb^k t b u crk`flkbp bk bi fkqbosîl Z/+0\ aâ^p mlo t'p(

Dkqlk`bp qbkbjlp H uii < Hivii < m^o^ibildo^jl kl pb `rjmib-

o /'*/

u'p(

Hiu* vii

Ght + vii

0+ `lk il nrb i^ ibv ab\

AYN[JMX[N\ MNLXW][JLLRmW

Dk bpq^ pb``fŽk `lkpfabo^jlp bi bpm^`fl ifkbî kloj^ al crk`flkbp obîbp `lkqfkr^p bk rk fkqbosîl `booâl v ^`lqâl i^ kloj^ abi jûfjlBlkpfabobjlp rk lmboâlo

A&H' ab qla^p i^p

H bk bi nrb HHcx 00 bp

R8nI( ,,=, B'I( `rvl aljfkfl bp A&H' v `rvl ob`loofal bp rk pr_`lkgrkql ab A&H', Dpql bp+ pf bw bp `lkqfkr^ bk H* bkqlk`bp R&bw ' q^j_f‹k bp `lkqfkr^ bk b, K^p pfdrfbkqbp cŽojri^p a^k îdrklp bgbjmilp pbk`fiilp ab qîbp lmboâlobp- Dk `â^ `^pl HU bp rk^ crk`fŽk

Qeopai]o `a a_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]hao

-33

ô_fqoôf^ bk A&H' v R&al'&t' pb abcfkb mô^ `â^ t ab + mlo i^ cŽojri^ fkaf`^ R&_l'&t' < ?_l&V'* R&_l'&t'

R&_l'&t'

alkab

_l&p'`p*

@ bp rk k•jbol

ob^i cfgl+

a bp rk mrkql cfgl bk

alkab

nrb pb

bYp* _l&p'[ `p*

pfbkal ^ rk^ `lkpq^kqb v i^ crk`fŽk `ljmrbpq^ bYp*_l&p'[ Mlp fkqbobp^k êlo^ ^nrbiilp lmboâlobp R mô^ ilp + R&hb%',/ bp jbklo nrb bi molar`ql ab GG_l ,ic&HH mlo rk^ ii^j^k klan]`knao à _kjpn]__e‰j: pb abcfkbk abi jlal CDEHMHBHˆM CD TM NODQ@CNQ CD BNMSQ@BBHˆM-

oa hh]i] à _kjpn]__e‰j oe ateopa qj] _kjop]jpa pk`k l]n à bqj_ekjao al v -m à A&H' pajaiko

]+ mqa

`lkqfkr^ bk hnrb i^ afpq^k`f^ GGR&_l'+ `lkpq^kqb ] ; 0- Dplp pb pfdrfbkqb-

Sj klan]`kn R9 A&H'yA&H' oa] N z ] ; 0+ p]h mqa l]n]

'6-6/(

J] _kjop]jpa Lkp]9

]

oa hh]i] _kjop]jpa à _kjpn]__e‰j l]n] RK^ abpfdrîaâ

'6-6/(

bp sŠifa^ pf v pli^jbkqb

GR&nl'&t' + R&pzH'&t'/ y

0- Rb^ R bi lmbo^alo `lkpq^kqb- Orbpql nrb DIDLOKN

HR&_l'&t'

X-iiom ,

q{I00

abcfkfal

+ R&hb%' &t'

m^o^ qlal t`aH,

mlo R&al'&t' < 'nl&t'*

alkab

+[ bp

G?hh_l&t' + //%&V'H+

qbkbjlp HHSBbm(, S'-m(ii < 0+[0 H ;O, -mii-Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb bpqb lmboâlo bp rk lmb, oâlo ab `lkqo^``fŽk pf v pŽil pf i+[ ; 0+bk `rvl `^pl +[imrbab rpôpb `ljl `lkp, q^kqb ab `lkqo^``fŽk1- Rb^ RAnz('t( < ^ ab KfmpèŒqwab i^ cloj^

DIDLOKN

`lkaf`fŽk

G-&t*u' m^o^ qlal

t ab H,

v `r^ibpnrfbo^

* Qy bYp+nz'p([ `p+

+ b%p€* w(0 z I w b v ob^ibp: I

alkab

b p^qfpc^`b rk^

Hv, w\ bp rk^ `lkpq^kqb mlpfqfs^- Cbpfd,

Raknai]

`ah lqjpk

befk l]n]

klan]`knao `a _kjpn]__eˆj

067

kbjlp `lk J&H' i^ ilkdfqra abi fkqbosîl b, Rf IJ&H' ; 0 mlabjlp sbo cŠ`fijbkqb nrb R bp rk lmboâlo ab `lkqo^``fŽk `lk i^ `lkpq^kqb ab `lkqo^``fŽk IJ&H', Dk bcb`ql+mô^qla^ t ab H qbkbjlp fR'al('t(

R'pl('t(H

Hq& wGYp+ al'p([ Hibm, qmiii

y I

, bYp+ pl'p([x `p

q Hz `p

HpJfq hal'p(

pl'p( H`p

Hibm, qmii-

IJ'H(

Rf IJ&H' ; 0+ bkqlk`bp R bp rk lmbo^alo ab `lkqo^``fŽk `lk `lkpq^kqb ab -`lk qo^``fŽk ] < IJ&H', l

! 6-17 Sblobj^ abi mrkql cfgl mô^lmboâlobp ab `lkqo^``fŽk Di qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb abjrbpqo^ nrb qlal lmboâlo ab `lkqo^``fŽk qfbkb rk mrkql cfgl •kf`l6-1/- Qa] R8A&H' y A&H' qj klan]`kn v oˆhk qj] al aj A&H' p]h mqa

SDNQDL@

bqj_eˆj '6-60 (

R'al(

`a _kjpn]__eˆj,

pl -

Baikopn]_eˆj, Rb^ >Il `r^inrfbo crk`fŽk ab A&H' v abcfk^jlp ab crk`flkbp waljx jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^

alj*h

m^o^ j

R'alj(

Cteopa qj]

rk^ pr`bpfŽk

< /+0+1+ ----

N_p‹osbpb nrb alj* DB'I( mô^`â^ j- Cbjlpqoôbjlp nrb i^ pr`bpfŽk wmHjx `lk, sbodb e^`f^ rk^ crk`fŽk iŒjfqb al ab A&H', Di j‹qlal bp môb`fal î rqfifwâl bk i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ 6-07- Dpòf_fjlp `â^ alj `ljl prj^ qbibp`Žmf`^+ I

k,i

alj't(

'6-61( v

mol_^jlp

* Sc= walg*h'V(

< yk't(

i^ `lksbodbk`f^ ab waljx abjlpqo^kal

19walg*h'V(

alg'V(x

nrb i^ pbofb

Ab(

'6-62(

alk't(

alht(x

S4=

`lksbodb rkfclojbjbkqb mrkql cfgl nrb pb `fq^-

bk H, Krbdl abjlpqo^jlp

nrb i^ prj^

ab bp^ pbofbbp bi

Qeopai]o `a a_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]hao

-4+

K^ `lksbodbk`f^ rkfclojb pbofbdblj‹qof`^ `lksbodbkqb

ab i^ pbofb pb bpq^_ib`boŠ`ljm^oŠkali^

`lk i^

alkab K < Olif * Hiooiii+v ] bp i^ `lkpq^kqb ab `lkqo^``fŽk mô^ R, K^ `ljm^, o^`fŽk i^ molmlo`flk^ i^ abpfdrîaâ 00

'6-63(

nrb bp sŠifa^ m^o^qla^ t ab H

qlal g y 0- O^o^ abjlpqo^o '6-63( klqbjlp

Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb i^ abpfdrîaâ '6-63( nrbaôŠ mol_â^ pf abjlpqo^jlp

nrb

'6-64(

m^o^ qlal g y 0- Cbjlpqobjlp

^elo^ '6-64( mlo fkar``fŽk- O^o^ g < 0 qbkbjlp

nrb bp i^ jfpj^ nrb '6-64(- Oô^ abjlpqoô nrb '6-64( bp sŠifa^ mô^ g il bp mô^g l_pbosbjlp nrb

0 pf

Orbpql nrb ‹pq^ bp sŠifa^ m^o^`^a^ t ab H q^j_f‹k ab_b pbo

Dpql abjrbpqo^ '6-64( mlo fkar``fŽk- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb i^ pbofb '6-62( `lksbodb rkfclojbjbkqb bk \- Rf abpfdk^jlp mlo nn&t' pr prj^ qbkbjlp //

'6-65(

oo'u(

< ifj

nnj't(

W&XX

K^ crk`fŽk

ool'u(

* J xooh*i'W( ,

nng'V(x+

;,2

oo bp `lkqfkr^ bk H mlonrb bp i^ prj^ ab rk^ pbofbrkfclojbjbkqb

?lhe_]_ekjao àh paknai] àh lqjpk `lksbodbkqb `ljmô^jlp R qbkbjlp

180

befk

ab crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p- Oô^ abjlpqoô nrb _l bp rk mrkql cfgl ab R R&_l' `lk _l%j)h < R&ANj'% Tqfifw^kal i^ molmfbaâ ab `lkqo^``fŽk ab

Obol ab '6-61( v '6-65( bk`lkqo^jlp

alkab

ebjlp

rqfifw^al '6-63(

bk bi •iqfjl

GR&_l'&t' +

m^pl- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb

H z

ANj*h'V(

'6-66(

fjmif`^

KJGVg*0Œ g<j

Br^kal jykk i^ pbofb abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol qfbkab ^ /+ ^pŒnrb _lj)h&t'yR&nlVt', Obol v^ mqa:lj)h&t'y:N&t' `r^kal jykk+ bpql abjrbpqo^ mqa_l&t' < R&_lVt' mô^ `â^ t ab H, Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb _l < R& :l'* ^pŒnrb _l bp rk mrkql cfglOlo •iqfjl abjlpqo^jlp nrb bpqb mrkql cfgl _l bp •kf`l- Rb^ -{: lqo^ crk`fŽk ab A&-' qî nrb R&pfH( < -{:- Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bp [0 _l + qm[i

00 R& _l' +

R&pl' 00 z

Dpql klp a^ 'i , ]( 0H _l , -{:f Hz N- Orbpql nrb ] l_qbkfbkal i^ abpfdrîaâ Hz`m, fc ifz N- Obol `ljl biil pfdkfcf`^ nrb Hf _l + fc 0 N+X mlo q^kql _l + obj^ abi mrkql cfgl e^ nrbaâl `lkìrfa^-

’ 6-18

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2/0

3- ^( Rf ? bp rk `lkgrkql ^_fboql bk rk bpm^`fl ab afjbkpfŽk j v pf th D ?* abjlpqoô nrb bi `lkgrkql ? + xuy+ l_qbkfal prmofjfbkal ab ? bi mrkql t +bp ^_fboql_( Rf ? bp rk fkqbosîl ^_fboql bk i^ ob`q^ obî v @ rk pr_fkqbosîl ab ? `booâl+ ab, jlpqoô nrb ? + @ bp ^_fboql- ')( b( Rf ? X @ plk fkqbosîlp ^_fboqlp bk i^ ob`q^ obî+abjlpqoô nrb ? 'i @X? s @ plk ^_fboqlpa( Rf ? bp rk fkqbosîl `booâl bk i^ ob`q^ obî+ abjlpqoô nrb pr `ljmibjbkql 'obp, mb`ql ^ i^ ob`q^ obî `ljmibq^( bp ^_fboql4- Cbjlpqoô i^p pfdrfbkqbp molmfbaâbp ab ilp `lkgrkqlp ^_fboqlp bk Q!9 ^( Di `lkgrkql s^`Œl / bp ^_fboql_( C4 bp ^_fboql`( K^ obrkfŽk ab rk^ `lib``fŽk `rînrfbo^ ab `lkgrkqlp ^_fboqlp bp rk `lkgrkql ^_fboqla( K^ fkqbopb``fŽk ab rk^ `lib``fŽk cfkfq^ ab `lkgrkqlp ^_fboqlp bp rk `lkgrkql ^_fboqlb( Cô rk bgbjmil mô^ abjlpqoô nrb i^ fkqbopb``fŽk ab rk^ `lib``fŽk fkcfkfq^ ab `lk, grkqlp ^_fboqlp kl bp kb`bpôf^jbkqb ^_fboq^-

Akjfqjpko _ann]`ko- Tk `lkgrkql R bk C4 oa ii^j^ _ann]`k pf pr `ljmibjbkql Q! , R bp ^_fboql- Klp qobp bgbo`f`flp pfdrfbkqbp pb obcfbobk ^ i^p molmfbaâbp ab ilp `lkgrkqlp `booâlp5- Dk `â^ rkl ab ilp pfdrfbkqbp `^plp+ pb^ R bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp mrkqlp &t* u' ab Q1 nrb p^qfpc^`bk i^p `lkaf`flkbp aâ^p- G^`bo rk doŠcf`l jlpqo^kal bi `lkgrkql R v aô rk^ o^wŽk dblj‹qof`^ mô^ bumif`ô pf R bp ^_fboql+ `booâl+ `booâl v ^_fboql ^ i^ sbw+ l kf `booâl kf ^_fboql^( t1 *u1 zNd( o p € :4::1+2:4::u :4::3_( t1 *u1 ;Ne( h:4::t :4::1+2:4::u ;3b( t1 * u1 :4:: 0 ’ f( u < t1-

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:4::16- ^( Rf ? bp rk `lkgrkql kb`fbkqb ^ ?* abjlpqoô nrb ? s xuy bp q^j_f‹k `booâl_( Cbjlpqoô nrb rk fkqbosîl `booâl Y]* ^[ bk i^ ob`q^ obî bp rk `lkgrkql `booâlb( Rf ? X @ plk fkqbosîlp `booâlp bk i^ ob`q^ obî+abjlpqoô nrb ? 'i @ X ? s @ plk `booâlp7- Cbjlpqoô i^p molmfbaâbp pfdrfbkqbp ab ilp `lkgrkqlp `booâlp ab Q@- Orbabk rqfifwôpb ilp obpriqâlp abi bgbo`f`fl 4^( Di `lkgrkql s^`Œl / bp `booâl_( Q! bp `booâlb( K^ fkqbopb``fŽk ab rk^ `lib``fŽk `rînrfbo^ ab `lkgrkqlp `booâlp bp `booââ( K^ obrkfŽk ab rk k•jbol cfkfql ab `lkgrkqlp `booâlp bp `booâ^b( Cô rk bgbjmil mô^ mol_ô nrb i^ obrkfŽk ab rk^ `lib``fŽk fkcfkfq^ ab `lkgrkqlp `booâlp kl bp kb`bpôf^jbkqb `booâ^8- Rb^ R rk pr_`lkgrkql ab Q@^( Cbjlpqoô nrb fkq R v buqR plk ^j_lp `lkgrkqlp ^_fboqlp_( Cbjlpqoô nrb C4 < 'fkq R( s 'buq R( s^p+ bp rk^ obrkfŽk ab `lkgrkqlp afpgrkqlp+ v rqfifwô bpql mô^ abar`fo nrb i^ colkqbo^ ^p pfbjmob bp rk `lkgrkql `booâl')( Rf ? X @ plk alp `lkgrkqlp+ i^ afcbobk`f^ ? , @ 'ii^jâ^ _kilhaiajpk à @ nao, la_pk à ?( bp bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp bibjbkqlp ab ? nrb kl mboqbkb`bk ^ @-

A…h_qhk`ebanaj_e]h aj _]ilko

2/1

ao_]h]naou ra_pkne]hao

0/- Câl rk `lkgrkql R ab Q@ v rk mrkql -o `lk i^ molmfbaâ ab nrb qla^ qfbkb mrkqlp fkqboflobp v buqboflobp ^ R pfjriqŠkb^jbkqb- Cbjlpqoô nrb colkqbo^ ab R- „Dp `fboq^ i^ molmlpf`fŽk fksbop^> Dpql bp+ „qlal mrkql qfbkb kb`bpôf^jbkqb bpq^ molmfbaâ> 00- Rb^ R rk pr_`lkgrkql ab Q@-Cbjlpqoô nrb buq R < fkq 'Q, , Q', 01- Cbjlpqoô nrb rk `lkgrkql R ab Q, bp `booâl pf v pŽil pf Q 'fkq R(

7-3

_li^ @&t' `lk,

t bp rk mrkql colkqbo^ ab R

kQ,

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J‡iepao v _kjpejqe`]`

2/2

Orbpql nrb bp^p abcfkf`flkbp plk buqbkpflkbp afob`q^p abi `^pl rkf,afjbkpfl, kî+ kl ab_b plomobkabo nrb jrè^p ab i^p molmfbaâbp ab ilp iŒjfqbpv ab i^ `lkqfkrfaâ mrbabk q^j_f‹k buqbkabopb-Olo bgbjmil+ ilp qblobj^p obi^qfslp ^ ilp iŒjfqbpv ^ i^ `lkqfkrfaâ ab prj^p+ molar`qlp v `l`fbkqbp plk q^j_f‹k `fbo, qlp mô^ `^jmlp bp`îôbp- Oô^ `^jmlp sb`qlofîbp+ ilp `l`fbkqbp kl bpqŠk abcf, kfalp mbol qbkbjlp bi qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb obi^qfsl ^ prj^p+ jriqfmif`^`fŽk mlo bp, `îôbp+molar`qlp fkqboflobp v kloj^pSDNQDL@

7-0-

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DIDLOKN 0- Akjpejqe`]` v _kilkjajpao à qj _]ilk ra_pkne]h- Rf rk `^j, ml sb`qlofî b qfbkbilp sîlobp bk Q&!+`â^ rkl ab ilp sîlobp b't( qfbkb i `ljl mlkbkqbp v mlabjlp bpòf_fo

b't( < 'bz't(+ --Œ +bi't•-

2/3

A…h_qhk`ebanaj_e]h aj _]ilko

ao_]h]naov ra_pkne]hao

Klp i `^jmlp bp`îôbp e-+ --- +bi pb ii^j^k _kilkjajpao abi `^jml sb`qlofî b, Cbjlpqoôbjlp nrb b bp `lkqfkrl bk rk mrkql pf+ v pŽil pf+ `â^ `ljmlkbkqb -g bp `lkqfkrl bk afèl mrkqlCbpfdkbjlp `lk ag bi h,‹pfjl sb`qlo `lloabkâl rkfaâ 'qlalp ilp `ljml, kbkqbp ab ag plk N bu`bmql bi h,‹pfjl+ nrb bp fdrî ^ 0(- Dkqlk`bp H:-'t( sfbkb aâl mlo bi molar`ql fkqboflo

Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bi ^môqâl b( abi qblobj^ 7-0 abjrbpqo^ nrb `â^ mrkql ab `lkqfkrfaâ ab b il bp q^j_f‹k ab b^ @abjŠp+ mrbpql nrb qbkbjlp i

b't(

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i^ ^mif`^`fŽk obfqboâ^ ab ilp ^môqâlp ^( v _( abi qblobj^ 7-0 abjrbpqo^ nrb rk mrkql ab `lkqfkrfaâ ab qlalp ilp i `ljmlkbkqbp .0&--- +bi bp q^j_f‹k mrkql ab `lkqfkrfaâ ab b, DIDLOKN 1- Akjpejqe`]` à h] bqj_e‰j eàjpe`]`- K^ crk`fŽk fabkqfaâ+ b't( < t+ bp `lkqfkr^ bk qlal Q!+ Olo q^kql prp `ljmlkbkqbp q^j_f‹k plk `lk, qfkrlp bk qlal Qk- Dplp plk j `^jmlp bp`îôbp aâlp mlo

DIDLOKN 2- Akjpejqe`]` à h]o pn]jobkni]_ekjao heja]hao-Rb^ b: Qk ] Qj rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkbî- Cbjlpqoôbjlp nrb bbp `lkqfkr^ bk `â^ mrkql ] ab Q!+ Dk sfoqra ab i^ ifkbîfaâ qbkbjlp

b']

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Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ _^pq^ abjlpqoô nrb b'd( , N `r^kal d , N - Olkfbkal d bk crk`fŽk ab prp `ljmlkbkqbp qbkbjlp d < e0bi * --- * djajTp^kal i^ ifkb^, ifaâ+ qbkbjlp b'd( < dzb'a0( * --- * djb'aj(Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb b'd( , N `r^kal d, NDIDLOKN 3- Akjpejqe`]` à hko lkhejkieko à j r]ne]^hao- Tk `^jml `îô N abcfkfal bk Q! mlo rk^ cŽojri^ ab i^ cloj^ !63

N&t' pb ii^j^

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J‡iepao

2/4

_kjpejqe`]`

Q! ab_fal ^ nrb bp rk^ prj^ cfkfq^ ab molar`qlp ab `^jmlp bp`îôbp `lkqfkrlp bk qlal Q!- Olo bgbjmil+ rk mlifkljfl ab alp sôf^_ibp t b v+ aâl mlo l

N&t* u(

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bp `lkqfkrl

mrkql &t* v( bk Q1-

bk qlal

Akjpejqe`]` à h]o bqj_ekjao n]_ekj]hao- Tk `^jml bp`îô b < N't(.O't(+ alkab N v P plk mliŒkljflp bk ilp `ljmlkbkqbp

DIDLOKN

a^al mlo z't( ab t+- pb ii^j^ O&t' y N-

crk`fŽk o^`flk^i-

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Orbabk `lkpqorfopb lqolp bgbjmilp pfdrfbkqb qblobj^+ nrb bpqŠ obi^`flk^al mrbpq^p-

7-1- Qa]j

SDNQDL@

bk `^a^ mrkql bk alkab

ab crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p `lk i^ ^vra^ abi `lk i^ `lkqfkrfa^a ab i^p crk`flkbp `lj,

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.+1

A…h_qhk `ebanaj_e]h aj _]ilko

ao_]h]nao v ra_pkne]hao

Dk bpqlp bgbjmilp i^p crk`flkbp plk `lkqfkr^p bk qlalp ilp mrkqlp bk ilp nrb bpqŠk abcfkfa^p- K^ mofjbo^ il bp bk qlalp ilp mrkqlp abi mi^kl v i^ pbdrka^ bk qlalp ilp mrkqlp bu`bmql bk bi lofdbk- K^ qbo`bo^ bp `lkqfkr^ bk qlalp ilp mrkqlp &t* v( bk ilp nrb t * v <cb N+X i^ `rôq^ bk qlalp ilp mrkqlp bk ilp nrb t1 * ekl pb^ rk j•iqfmil fjmô ab ol .1- ZDi `lkgrkql ab ilp mrkqlp 'u+ v( qîbp nrb t1 * e; j6Rf1+ j < 0+2+4+ --- +bp rk^ c^jfif^ ab `fo`rkcbobk`f^p `lk `bkqol bk bi lofdbk-\ Dpqlp bgbjmilp abjrbpqo^k nrb i^p afp`lkqfkrfaâbp ab rk^ crk`fŽk ab alp sôf^, _ibp mrbabk pbo mrkqlp ^fpiâlp+ `ros^p+ l c^jfif^p ab `ros^pDIDLOKN 6- Tk^ crk`fŽk ab alp sôf^_ibp mrbab pbo `lkqfkr^ obpmb`ql ^ `â^ sôf^_ib pbmôâ^jbkqb v bk `^j_fl pbo afp`lkqfkr^ `ljl crk`fŽk ab alp sôf^_ibp- Dpql il ^mob`f^jlp bk bi bgbjmil pfdrfbkqb9

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7-4 Dgbo`f`flp Klp bgbo`f`flp ab bpq^ pb``fŽk pb obcfbobk ^ iŒjfqbp v ^ i^ `lkqfkrfa^a abcfkfalp bk pr_`lkgrkqlp abi mi^kl-

ab `^jmlp

bp`^i^obp

0- Dk `â^ rkl ab ilp pfdrfbkqbp bgbjmilp pb abcfkb rk `^jml bp`îô b jbaf^kqb i^ b`r^, `fŽk aâ^ mô^ qlalp ilp mrkqlp &t* v( abi mi^kl abcfkfalp mlo i^ bumobpfŽk abi pbdrkal jfbj_olCbqbojfkô bk `â^ bgbjmil bi `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp 'u+ v( bk ilp nrb b bp `lkqfkr^-

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A…h_qhk`ebanaj_e]h aj _]ilko

2/7

ao_]h]naou ra_pkne]hao

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A…h_qhk `ebanaj_e]h aj _]ilko

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Akj`e_ekjao

oqbe_eajpaol]n] h] ecq]h`]` `a h]o `aner]`]o l]n_e]hao ietp]o

8- Qbplisbo bi bgbo`f`fl 7 bk `^a^ rkl

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A…h_qhk`ebanaj_e]h aj _]ilko

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